Encyclopedia of Caves (Second Edition)

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAVES SECOND EDITION

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAVES SECOND EDITION Editors

WILLIAM B. WHITE

The Pennsylvania State University

DAVID C. CULVER American University

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX51GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2005 Second edition 2012 Copyright r 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (144) (0) 1865 843830; fax (144) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of caves/editors David C. Culver, William B. White. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-383832-2 (alk. paper) 1. Speleology–Encyclopedias. 2. Caves–Encyclopedias. I. Culver, David C., 1944- II. White, William B. (William Blaine), 1934-GB601.E534 2012 551.44’703–dc23 2011039751 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-383832-2

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Contents

C1v~

Contents by Subject Area ix Litt!ms

/o:, .,, 5 S•md i ments in C.wes J 34

Anduhaline (Anchialinc) C.wcs and

G t t,l.;rlrll

Faun.1 ,,( C Cul..,.·r

Diver:-ity l)c~tterno; in the DindnC K,u-...t Divcr!'ity P01ttenl-r., in tlw Middlt> Fno;t '14 f'ilto/ C.,..l/oll\·fl: 1111d (.)'rr &IT ~-, .. , !.

228

l'>ltr" SAd

C.tnlJ)" 85 c.r.·~s !>. L'~rsus Passive 4G4

295

Van L.

EIli.111So'll

Multilevel Caves a nd Landscapt! Evolution 528

Rescues 648

i)dtll'rlhm1fr.

F.cology 555

c.·m' Fi.~·r

Scallops 679 PfrillrJ! f. llfrrrpl1y

N itrate Contamination in Karst Groundwater 564

Shallow Subterranean Habitats 683

Hria11 C. Kat:

'l'llnJIII''I~m mz.t

Null;ubor Caves, Australia 568 frrlitl M. fartiJ:f.!m:· YL~":' famnin and llhilipp Hait.sdmaml

Paleoclimate Records from Speleothems S'Tl l'r'ct~r

r ..m>lw

Sinking Streams

lid

llrtlr11r N. J>a/rm·r

Philipf' /l.m.'.dmmm

Passages 603

Solution Caves in Regions of Moderate Relief 733

Q~'l')lc Vmi

A'tlwr N . Palm,·r

Population Structure

Spl:'s Interactions

608

Vt1lrno Sll'l•IJt)rri. Ciu/ramr Alf,•gmcn mrd

v,,,~o~tc/1,1 c~~•tmm

Postoj!la - Pl,lnina Cave System. Slovenia Sl111rl'k

Speleotht!mS: General Overvit!W 777

VjcCHiancc and Dispcrs.1list Biogeography 849

Wtllium U. Wlrift•

J•'Vtfl R. Hol$itrgo•r

Spiders and Related Groups 786

Yjetrenica Can:•, Bosnia and llerzegovina

fa!Ill'$ R. Rnld/'11

11q• L11cic

Spring~

797

Volcanic Rock Caves

!'Vtllillm B. IVJrih·

865

51