Gender and Scientific Discourse in Early Modern Culture (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity)

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Gender and Scientific Discourse in Early Modern Culture (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity)

*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVH LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH Edited by Kathleen P. Long GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE I

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*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVH LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH

Edited by Kathleen P. Long

GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE IN EARLY MODERN CULTURE

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&RQWHQWV List of Illustrations List of Contributors Acknowledgments ,QWURGXFWLRQ*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH   Kathleen P. Long  3LFR3DUDFHOVXVDQG'HH7KH0DJLFDO0HDVXUHRI+XPDQ  3HUIHFWLELOLW\ Elliott M. Simon  *XLOODXPH3RVWHOWKH6KHFKLQDKDQGWKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH   Alain Ekorong

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Bibliography Index

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List of Contributors

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