Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association is a comprehensive guide to the Association's 'International Phonetic Alphabet' . The aim of the International Phonetic Alphabet is to provide a universally agreed system of notation for the sounds of languages, and for over a century the Alphabet has been widely used by phoneticians and others concerned with language. The Handbook presents the bas ics of phonetic analysis so that the principles underlying the Alphabet can be readily understood, and exemplifies the use of each of the phonetic symbols comprising the Alphabet. The application of the Alphabet is then extensively demonstrated by the inclusion of over two dozen 'Illustrations' concise analyses of the sound systems of languages accompanied by a phonetic transcription of a passage of speech . These Illustrations cover languages from allover the world. The Handbook also includes a range of other useful information. The 'Extensions ' to the International Phonetic Alphabet cover speech sounds beyond the sound systems of languages, such as those with paralinguistic functions and those encountered in pathological speech . A full listing is given of internationally agreed computer codings for phonetic symbols, including not only those of the International Phonetic Alphabet but also those of other traditions . And there is extensive information on the history of the International Phonetic Association and its current activities. The Handbook is an essential reference work for all those involved in the analysis of speech. The International Phonetic Association exists to promote the study of the science of phonetics and the applications of that science. The Association can trace its history back to 1886, and since that time the most widely known aspect of its work has been the International Phonetic Alphabet. The Handbook has been produced collaboratively by leading phoneticians who have been on the Executive of the Association , and it incorporates (for instance in the case of the Illustrations) material provided by numerous members of the Association world wide. Sound file s to accompany the book are available at http ://uk .cambridge.org/l ingu istics/ resourccs/ipahand book.

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

•

:::

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

I

CAMBRIDGE UNI VERSITY PRESS

Cambri dge, New York , Me lbourne, Madrid, Cape Town , Singa pore, Silo Paul o Cambri dge University Press The Edin burgh Bu ilding, Cambridge CB2

, 8R~,

UK

Published in the United States of Amer ica by Cambridge University Press, New York www .cambrid ge.org Informa tion on this title:www.cam bridge.org/9780521652360

© The International Phonetic Association 1999 Th is pub lication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provis ions of relevant collective licepsing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cam bridge University Press. First published 1999 Eighth printing 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the Unive rsity Press, Camb ridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN- 13 ISBN-IO ISBN-1 3 ISBN-I O

978-0-521 -65236-0 hardback 0-52 1-65236-7 hardbac k 978-0-521 -6375 1-0 paperback 0-521-6375 1-1 paperback

The IPA fonts and severa l language fonts used in the preparation and printing of this work are available from the Linguist's Software, Inc., PO Box 580, Edmo nds, WA 98020 -0580 USA . Tel: (425) 775- 1130.

Cambri dge University Press has no respon sibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any con tent on such web sites is, or will remain, accur ate or appropriate.

CONTENTS Foreword The IP A Chart

vii ix

PART 1: Introduction to the IPA 3

1

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet?

2

Phonetic description and the IPA Chart Linguistically relevant information in speech 2.1 Segments 2.2 The consonant-vowel distinction 2.3 Consonants 2.4 Non-pulmonic consonants 2.5 Vowels 2.6 Suprasegmentals 2.7 Diacritics 2.8 Other symbols 2.9

13 15 17

3

Guide to IP A notation Exemplification of the symbols 3.1 Languages used f or exemplification 3.2

18 18 25

4

The phonemic principle

27

5

Broad and narrow transcriptions

28

6

IP A transcriptions for a language

30

7

Working with the IPA Symb ol names 7.1 Using the 1PA in handwriting 7.2 Using the 1PA in print 7.3 Using the 1PA on computers 7.4 The /PA and braille 7.5

31 31 31 31 31 32

8 Going beyond the IP A 9

Some 9. / 9.2 9.3

problematic issues Segmentation Aligning transcriptions and speech Transcribing the speaker or the hearer ?

10 The IPA and phonological theory

3 4 4

6 7 9 10

32 33 33 35 36 37

VI

Contents

PART 2: Illustrations of the IPA Am erican English Amharic Ara bic Bulgari an Cantonese Catalan Croa tian Czech Dutch French Galician German Hausa Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Igbo

Irish Japan ese Korean Persian (Farsi) Portuguese Sindhi Slovene Swedish Taba Thai Tukang Besi Turk ish

41 45 51 55 58 61 66

70 74 78

82 86

90 96 100 104 108 II I

11 7 120

124 126

131 135 140 143 147 151

154

PART 3: Appendices Appendi x 1

The Principles of the International Phonetic Associati on

159

Appendi x 2

Computer coding of IPA symbols

161

Appendi x 3

Extensions to the IPA

186

Appendix 4 About the Internat ional Phonetic Association The History of the Association Statutes and By-laws How to fi nd out more about the Association How to j oin the Association

194 194 197 199 199

Appendi x 5

200

Referen ce charts

Foreword The Handbook of the International Phoneti c Association is a resource containing co ncise information on the International Phoneti c Alph abet and guidance on how to use it - a kin d of ' use r's manual' . It replaces the Principles of the Internati onal Phonet ic Asso ciation, whi ch has been out of print for some time and which had not been revi sed since 1949. Bu t although the Handb ook rep laces so me of the functions of the o ld Prin ciples , it is a completely new work with wider obje ctives . The old Prin cipl es contained a short tutorial o n phonetic description, examp les of the use of pho neti c sy mbols, a nd a large number of ' specimens' cons isting of ver y brief comments on the phonetics of a language and a transcription of the 'No rth Wind and the Sun ' text tran s lated into the language. Additionally, there was some information about the Association , and, printed on the inside covers, a brief history of it. Th e new Handb ook broadly speaking retain s these components. It is divided into three part s: part 1 cont ains an introduction to phonetic de scription and exemplificatio n of the use of the sym bols; part 2 consi sts of ' Illustrations' of the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet for different languag es (the se Illustrat ions are ones which have appeared in the Journal of the Interna tional Phonetic Association since 1989 ); and part 3 co nta ins appendices with a variety of referen ce material. Beyond the basic sim ilarity of struc ture, the Handb ook is very diffe rent from the old Principles . Mo st superficial ly, perh aps , it reflects the changes whi ch have been made in that most tangible and wide ly known product of the Asso ciation' s work, the IPA Chart. Discussion and e xemplification is based on the most recent (1996) edition of the chart. M ore subs tant ively, the Handbook acknow ledges the fact that ove r the past half century the advance of techniques for acoustic analys is me ans th at many readers will be familiar with , and qu ite possibly workin g w ith , speech as an acou sti c s ig nal. Thi s me ans it now seems appropriate to use an acoustic display such as a spe ctrogram not only as a way of pre senting one facet of speech , but a lso to discu ss problems whi ch arise in the relation betw een a segm ental ly based syste m of notation and the phy sical speec h e ve nt. The Handbook will a lso co nta in practical information to do with the use of the IPA on computers, such as the computer cod es for phon etic symbols. Th e most fundamental d ifferences between the old Prin ciples and the new Handbook perhaps arise from the expectation that the readership of the new work w ill be much less homogen eous than that envisaged for the old o ne. The new Handbook is inten de d to be a refere nce work not only for language teachers and phoneticians intere sted in the so unds of different languages, but also for speech technolo gists , speec h pa thologi sts, theoretical phon olog ists, and others. Thi s breadth of readership is to be encou raged , given the goa l that the Intern at ional Ph onetic Alph abe t (hereafter ' the IPA' ) should be a standard for the represe nta tio n of speec h. Bu t it poses parti cu lar cha llenges for the writ ing of the ' tutoria l' secti ons of the Handb ook . The challenges are further increased by the verti ca l spread of readers from those who are experienced phon eticians to those who know nothing about phonetics. The

viii Foreword breadth of reader ship has led pe rha ps to a more equi vocal to ne in the pre sentati on of the premis es beh ind the IP A than in the Prin c iples. For inst ance , the way in whic h the IPA dev eloped historically was c lose ly bou n6 up w ith a 'strictly segmented' ph on emic vie w, a nd in sec tio n 10 th e fac t tha t the+ a re alt ern ative s in p ho no logical theory is acknow ledged . Th e ve rtica l sprea d o f readers poses the recurring quest ion of how mu ch or how little to say . Th e low er bound is pres umab ly wh at a novice needs to pick up in orde r to have so me ide a of the pri nc ip les gove rni ng the organiza tio n of the c ha rt. The upper bo u nd is the pr acti c al go a l of a com pac t booklet , read ily afford able by stude nts, and co ncis e en ou gh to be easi ly di ge sted by non-sp ec ialist rea de rs . Th e resulting text in part I is more discur sive than tha t of the ol d Principles. It sh ould , be borne in mi nd, how ev er, that it does riot atte m pt the job either o f a phonetics te xtb ook, or of a critique o f the IPA . Now ad ays th~re are many good pho ne tics te xtbook s available, an d it woul d be exp ected that studen ts of ph onetics wo u ld read one or more o f the se in co nj unc tio n with the Handbook. The pu rp ose of the Handb ook is not to pro vide a co mpre he nsive or balan ced ed uc ation in: ph on etics , but to provide a conc ise summary of infor ma tio n needed for ge tting to grips with the IP A. Likew ise , wh ilst a full -scale c ritique of the assumption s o n wh ich the IP A is fo unde d is pe rhap s du e , the pr acticall y-oriented Handb ook is not the plac e for it. T he IPI\ is a working tool for many, and whil st it may be poss ible to improve that tool, the role of the Handbook is that of an instructi on manua l for the too! whi ch is curren tly available. Th e cre ation of the Handb ook has been in ev ery se nse a co llaborative effo rt. Th e te xt in part I is largel y the res po nsi bi lity of Francis Nol an , and the exemplificati on of the use of so u nds was provi ded by Peter Lad ef oge d and Ian M addi e son. Ian M addieso n, and M artin B arry , as successive edi tors of th e Journal of the In tern ational Ph on et ic Association, hav e been res pons ible for oversee ing and co lla ting the rich an d e ve r gro wi ng stoc k of Illu str ati o ns. Mart in Ba ll was inst ru me nta l in fo rmulati ng the Exten sion s to the IPA (a ppendix 3), and Mi ke Mac Maho n wr ote a ppe nd ix 4 o n th e hist or y of th e Association . John Es ling is res po nsi ble for appe ndix 2 on the co mp ute r co di ng of sy mbols, and for most of the wor k invol ved in the final stages of preparing the Hand book inclu din g the fin al editi ng o f the lIIu stration s. And, of course, particul ar thanks are due to the authors of the Illu st rations, and to the large number of members of the I ntern atio nal Ph on et ic Associati on who responded with sug ges tions and co rrec tio ns when a draft of pa rts of the Handbook was pu blish ed in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association.

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, updated 1996) CONSONAN TS (PUL MONIC)

Brlabsal Lab rodental Dental

I Alveolar Ipostalveo lar

p b

Plosivc Nasal

ill

Trill

B

t d n r

IlJ

Retroflex

Fricative

f

{j

U

Lateral

~.

approx rrnnnt

Where symbols appenr

In

pairs. the one

(Q

3

~

I

Denial

cf

f 9

(Posn otvcolar

:f II

5

Pelaroa lvccla r

Alveolar lateral

G

I~i

I)

J1

Labialized

Palatalized

vcl anzed Pbar yngc ntn ed

1?

g

a a

n

-

! Q t W dW tj dj n c

tV dV I t\' d) ,

Velarized or pbary ngeahzcd

Raised

~

l owered

If

Advanced Tongue ROOI Retr acted Tongue ROOI

D

W here symbols appea r III pa irs, the one to the ng ht represe nts a rounded vo we l.

l;[ rCSS

Se cond ary stress

.founo'n]on

Di acritics may be placed above J symbol with a descender. e.g.

§

B

a CE~Q

vcr cclcss cp rglon al tn can vc

IJ

Stress Engli sh has a very strong distinction between stressed and unst ressed syllables , with stressed syllables being longer, louder, and often marked by a pitch excu rsion . Although stress placement is parti ally predictable, there are many instan ces where it is not, such as in noun/verb pairs like ['eksporUek'sportJ in contrast to [so'port/so'port] . Longer word s frequently have one or more syllables with a seco nda ry stre ss , Stre ss is transcribed using the marks ' (primary stre ss) and , (secondary stress), as in [fons'trjon] ' phonetician' .

Conventions [ p, t, k] are aspirated in word-initi al position, and elsewhere when initial in a stressed syllable, but they are alw ays unaspirated when following [s] in the same syll able , as in 's py, sty, sky ' . [b, d, '9] have littl e or no voicing during the stop clo sure , except when between voiced sounds. When intervocalic and before an unstressed vowel, as in ' city, vicinity ' , [t] is a voiced flap, resembling [r). [d, n] are also flaps in similar circumstances . [I] is velarized except before [j]. The vowel symbols in column (I) have the qu alities shown in the accompanying charts when pronounced in the key word s. Vowels are raised before [I)] in the same syllable, so that the vowel in ' sing' is nearer that in ' seen' than that in ' sin' , the vowel in ' sang ' is close to that in 'sane' , and the vowel in ' length' is intermediate between that in 's ing' and 'sang' . Vowel s are lowered and centralized before [J], and many contrasts are lost , so that ' me rry; Mary , marry ' and 'Murray ' are often all pronounced [rne-ri] . [e] and [0] are usually slightly diphthongized. [u] and [uJ are un rounded , [u] often being pronounced with spread lips . [u] is considerably fronted after [t, d, n, I], all of whi ch are followed by a mid-high front glid e when preceding [u], as in ' two, new' , wh ich are pronounced [tiB, n'u],

Transcription of recorded passage Two transcriptions are given, the first being a broad phonemic trans cription using the symbols in the charts above. This transcription should be interpreted with the aid of the conventions . The second transcription is a narrow phonetic transcription in which the conventions and other detail s have been incorporated. 'The' is often pronounced as [Od] before words beginning with a vowel , but not on this recording. T his spe aker also has [h] in some words (e.g. 'he') where oth ers might have omitted it.

44 Handbook of/he /PA

Broad transcription

a;:l 'ncrf .wrnd an Cop 'sxn W~ drs'pjutnj 'WItJ W;:lZ a;:l 'strcrjqa-, wen ;:l 'ueevsle- ,kern o'lorj 'reept m ;:l 'worm 'klok. oe o'qrid oot a;:l 'WAn hu 'fe-st sak'sidod m 'mekrq O;:l 'treevols- 'tek IZ 'kIok ,of [ud bi kcn'srdo-d 'stroqqoQ;}n 01 ';:la~. oen a;:l 'norf ,wmd 'blu t;:lz 'hurd oz i 'kudo bat 00 'mor hi 'blu Q;} 'mer 'klosli did O;:l 'tnevlo- 'fold hIZ 'klok o'raund rrn; .een et 'leest O;:l 'nol8 ,wmd ,gev 'xp oi o'ternpt. 'oen O;:l 'SAn '[ a tnd ,aut 'wormli, end r'midiotli a;:l 'treevlo- 'tuk ,of IZ 'klok. on 'SO a;} 'nors ,wmd W;}Z o'blarg n kcn'fes a;}t a;} 'SAn W;:lZ Q;} 'strorjqo- ov 00 'tu. I Narrow transcription

O;:l 'norf .wrnd en ;} 'SAn W~ drs'pjurnj 'wit] W;:lZ O;:l 'strorjqe-, wen ;:l 'treevlo,kern ;}'IoI) 'reept m ;:l 'worm 'klok. ae o'qrid Q;}t O;:l 'WAn hu 'fe-st sok'sidcd m 'meknj Q;} 'treevlo- 'tek IZ 'klok ,of Jud bi kon'srdo-d 'strorjqa- a;}n 01 'A O~ . 'a en O;:l 'n:)18 .wrnd 'blu az 'hurd ;}Z hi 'kud, bat a;} 'mor hi 'blu 00 'mor 'klosli drd O;:l 'treevI~ 'fold luz 'klok o'raond rum; .een ot 'leest Q;} 'n:)l8 ,wmd ,gev 'Ap ai o'tempt, '5en a;:l 'SAn 'Jamd ,aut 'wormli, an r'midiotli a;:l 'treevlo- ,tuk 'of IZ 'klok. on 'SO a;:l 'n:)18 .wmd W;:lZ ;}'blkI3 tt konfes 5;:lt 00 'SAn W;}Z 00 'suorjqo;:lV 00 'tu. I Orthographic version The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak . They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more clo sely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the Nprth W ind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun !'Vas the stronger of the two .

Amharic J. HAYWARD * *

KATRINA HAYWARD * AND RICHARD

"Department of South East Asia. • ' Department of Af rica. School of Oriental and African Studies. Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London WCIH

axe. UK

Amharic, the national language of Eth iopia is the Sem itic langu age with the greatest number of spea ke rs afte r Arabic . Howe ve r, while there are large numbers of people throughout Ethi op ia who speak Am haric as a second langua ge, mother-ton gue speakers are co ncentrated in the hig hland plateau extendi ng from somewhat south of Addi s Ababa, the capital, no rthwards to a line runni ng approximately WNW from Korem. Th is territory is bounded to the east and west by lowland areas where other languages are spoke n. So me good description s of Amhar ic phonet ics and phon ology are to be found in Armbruste r ( 1908: 4-50), Cohen ( 1970: 29-68), Ulle ndorff ( 1955), and Podolsky (1991). As regards its dia lect situatio n, Amharic is (n grea t need of sys tema tic research . T he only pub lished wo rk on the subject (Habte Mariam Marcos 1973) is both use fu l and sugges tive for future work, but it is a brief pioneering effort. The speech of Addis Ababa has emerged as the sta ndard dialect and has wide curre ncy across all Amhar ic-speaking communities. Th e most divergent dialect is that of Gojjam province, though the Manz and Wallo varieties also show their own marked features , especially in pho nology. Consonants Bilabia l Plosive

(p)

Labiodental

b

Alveolar

t

Velar

k

Glottal

Labialized Velar

kW g W

9

tI d3

m

Nasa l

p

n

f

Fricative

s

z

I

h

3

r

Taprrrill App ro xima nt

W

J

Lateral Appro ximant

I (p ')

t'

Ejective Affricate Ejective Fricative

Pala tal

d

Affricate

Eject ive Stop

Postalveolar

k'

tI' S'

Additional labialized con sonants : fW, b" , rn'", pW',

r- ' , hW

k W'

46 Handbook of the IPA p

p osta

'post (mail)'

b

bokk'ala

'it sprouted'

p pappa s 'church patriarch' m makkara 'he advised' f;jll;jk' ;j

takkolo

'he planted '

k

d t'

dorrasc

'he arrived'

9

t' ;jr~ g;j

'he swep t'

n

naddofo

' it stung'

'it gushed up'

sa b baro

'he broke s.t.'

Z

za ffo no

'he sang'

S

s' afo

'he wrote'

tJ

tjollama

'it got dark'

b b b;j b;j

'he encircled'

qarramoji ' il surprised me ' k ' k'o ddada ' he tore S.t.'

h

hakim

'doctor'

d:; d:;;jrnm;jr;j ' he began' tI'

w

w at 'o

'he finished' 'u became long'

J

[orrcba

'he plaited'

:;

:;;jm b;jr

'sun'

!

lammcno 'he begged'

J1

t;jJ1J1a

'he lay down'

j

jallom

'there is not'

'he swallowed s.t.'

pW' pW' ag Wum e ' 13th mon th' b W b'.\. ~"i ffi"'1l)l. n"'l.l\ £hl.h~ ~nc :: nH.\J lH. ')'"'1£" au11f.~ i'{)C£" auhAhf l\lIn "11/'1 £1'r1f ~nc :: hH.fll" au11f.?(])- ,,{)c£" auh"hf "()/'I'l' i'lIIJ..'if.(])-l l\{)n t£"'F fMD"t n'Y ll)l. £nl\rTll\ nlllJ..l\ tn01}au-: : nH.\Jau aulPL'l' ht'llllll nh-l\ i'lIIJ..~(j:t'l(])- ~4-t'l IMn",,,(])- rl\n'l' nU£l\ H.. t'l:: lfill" "1"'1 nU£l\ mL..t'l ....'Y( au"'11f.~(J)­ i'1)t'l(])-'J. nt\nt'l(])- l\{)n £f(l"'1 fauc:: nauCl\L7ill" ht'llllll nh-l\ i'lIIJ.. ~(j:t'l(J)- ~4-n n1lt1 L..?>£" ')'4>au:: 6th£lI" ntl.lJl IDrTl'Tr au-ttl O1}(])-L£" n'l'fll"C au11f.~(J)­ lI"lll" "'£4>£ IDSlf(])-'J. i't\nt'l(])-"'1 l\lIn ')'IDt\t:: nauCl\L7ill" ht'l"'l"'1 nh-l\ i'lIIJ..~(j:t'l(])- ~4-n 6th£ n'Y"'1l)l. hfl. i'lI"'l'nl\'Y aulfS:l ft\(])-£" n"l£" ,),au~::

50 Handbook of the IPA

References ARMBRUSTER, C . H. (1908). Initia Amharica: An Introdu ction to Spoken Amh aric. Cambridg e : Th e Un iversity Pre ss . COHEN, M. ( 1970). Traite de langue amharique (Abyssinie). Pari s: In stitut d'ethnologie. HABTE MARIAM MARcos ( 1973). Regi onal variations in Amharic . Journal of Ethiopian Studi es II, 11 3-29. HAYWARD, R. J. (1986). The high ce ntra l vow el in Amharic: New approaches to an old problem. In Fi shman , J. A . et al. (editors), The Fergusonian Impact, Vol. I : From Phonology to Society. Berlin , Ne w York, Am sterdam: M out on de Gru yte r. HETZRON, R. ( 1964). La voyelle du sixieme ordre en amharique. Journal ofAf rican Langua ges 3, 179-90. PODOLSKY, B. (1991). Histori cal Phonetics of Amharic. University of Tel -Aviv. ULLENDORFF, E . (1951). The labiove lars in the Eth iopian lan gu ages . Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 10,71-84. ULLENDORFF, E . ( 1955). The Semitic Langua ges of Ethiopia: A Comparative Phonology. London : Taylor ' s (F oreign ) Pre ss.

Arabic ROBIN THELWALL* AND M . AKRAM SA'ADEDDIN** '2121 l st Avenue NW, Calgary, AB T2N OB6, Canada "University of Kuwait, Kuwait City

There are many tendentious issues in proposing a text in any form of Standard or Classical Arabic in spoken form . We will not justify the present text mor e than to say that the spea ker was born in Safad, North Palestine, lived and was educated in Beirut from age 8 to 15, subsequently studied and taught in Damascus, studied phonetics in Scotland and since then has resided in Scotland and Kuwait. It seems widely accepted that there are two dominant (prestigeful) dialect centres of gravity for Spoken Arabic: first, that of AI-Shaam (greater Syria, from the Mediterranean coast to the eastern edge of the Fertile Crescent) and, second, Egypt (focused on AI-Azhar Mosque and University in Cairo) . This is not to disregard the status of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq or other areas as the sources of models, but the matter remains to be adequately investigated . Consonants Bilabial Labiodental Plosive

b

Nasal

ill

Fricative

Palatal Dental IAlveolarl Postalveolar

k

d

t

Velar Uvular Pharyn- Olonal geaJ

7

q

n

f

51 s

8

z IJ

X

h

Y

h

d3

Affricate

r

Trill Approximant

J

Lateral Approximant

W

1

Pharyngealized consonants:

t".

d~

,

s~,

o~

, 1".

7~

Note: 17'1 is represented as I'll in the transcriptions below.

b m f 8

balla malla dafara da8ara

' recovered ' 'got bored' 'stank' 'covered'

t d n z

tijn dijn nadda saara zaara

'figs' 'religion' 'released' ' walked' 'visited'

k q ? x y

kalb qalb sa?ala xilaaf yilaaf

' dog' 'heart' 'asked' 'dispute ' 'cover' (n)

52 Handbook of the IPA

0

haakaoa 'thus'

J d3 r

'doubling mark'

Jadda

d3adda i ' grandmother' I raw?a 'splendour' law?a : 'sorrow' I

sl' 01'

siarf ol'arf

tl' dl'

'exchange' 'envelope '

II' Vowels 'lidd ij 'lijd aj 'lajn

' promise !' 'feast' 'eye'

a aa

sa'iala

h

huruwb

h j w

huruwb ' escape' (n) jaraqaan 'jaundice' wasil ' receipt'

' coughed ' ' wars'

xitiaab

'letter' xidiaab 'henna' all'll'aa i 'god'

'ladd 'laadd

U

a

'1

'counted' 'came back'

u uw aw

'ludd 'luwd 'lawd

IJ

'come back!' 'lute' 'return'

UW

aa

Stress Stress within Arabic words falls on the final heavy syllable of the morpheme, disregarding suffixes. A heavy syllable is defined as having either a long vowel or a (C)VCC structure. In words with no heavy syllable the matter is still to be investigated for spoken Modern Standard Arabic, and it is assumed that the stress patterns operating in the background Colloquial Arabic of the speaker will operate. Syllabification and the determiner [al·] The assimilation of the consonant of the definite article to following [+ coronal) segments is shown in the transcription . The vowel is assimilated to the final vowel of the preceding word, if any. Since word division is shown according to orthographic conventions, we have left out the vowel of the determiner in such cases. The actual realization is, of course, continuous. Conventions It, k / are aspirated, /tl'/ is unaspirated, /tl', dl', sl', 01'/ are Retracted Tongue Root , involving simultaneous pharyngealization and greater or lesser degrees of velarization . The convenient phonological term within Arabic phonetic studies is 'emphasis/emphatic' .

Illustrations ofthe IPA 53

These consonants exert a strong co-articulatory effect on all sounds in preceding and following syllables in given lexemes . This is not blocked by labials, the labialized IfI, and Ir I . Only Ij I blocks the process. I'll is a Retracted Tongue Root glottal stop. This realization is supported by Gairdner (1925), AI-Ani (1970) and Kastner (198 I) as well as extensive observation of a range of speakers from different regional origins residing in Kuwait at present (1990) . Nowhere have we observed a pharyngeal fricative . Ixl is accompanied by uvular trill. Geminate consonants in word-final position in pre-pausal realization have an incipient syllable onset with [~], e .g. I '1addl ~ [Sad.d-], where [.] represents a syllable boundary. In context they are realized without this feature. The primary vowel allophones are conditioned by the presence or absence of neighbouring emphatics in the same word and by word-final position for non-emphatic contexts. lal has three main allophones: [a] before Retracted Tongue Root consonants, [B] before word boundary, and [a] elsewhere, taking phonological length into account. Length is neutralized in open syllables. iii and lijl become [i] before Retracted Tongue Root and pharyngeal consonants . This may be more retracted than a high central unrounded vowel , reaching towards [V]. In most contemporary colloquial d ialects there is no phonological opposition between [i] and [u]. lui and luwl become [u] and [V] before Retracted Tongue Root and pharyngeal consonants . In word final position the length opposition is neutralized . Points of particular interest in the sound system include: 1. The 'dyim ", which is here pronounced as a voiced lenis palato-alveolar affricate (Gairdner 1925 : 23; see however Kastner 198 I: 65 , where it is described as a fricative) . 2. The '(j~aa?', which is here pronounced 1(j~1 'a voiced dental fricative with tongue root retraction and concomitant pharyngealization and velarization' . See Kastner (198 I : 62ff), and in contrast, Gairdner (1925 : 21) . 3 . The ' '1 aj n', which is realized as a pharyngealized glottal stop (see also Kastner 1981: 49; AI-Ani 1970 : 62-71; and Gairdner 1925: 28-9). There are various different reflexes of these sounds in the present day spoken dialects of Arabic , and in the phonetic descriptions of past dialects, which it is irrelevant to pursue here.

Transcription of recorded passage

kaanat rijhu ffamaali tatadjaadalu wa [jamsa fij ?ajjin minhumaa kaanat ?aqwaa min al?uxraa, wa ?io bi-musaafirin jat'Iu'iu mutalaffi'ian bilabaa?atin samijka. fa tafaqataa lalaa ltibaari ssaabiqi fij ?id3baari Imusaafiri lalaa xal'ii labaa?atihi l?aqwaa. las~afati rijhu ffamaali bi?aqs~aa rna star'aa'iat min quwwa. wa laakin kullumaa zdaada 11as~f izdaada lrnusaafiru tadacfcfuran bi'iabaaratih, ?i1aa ?an ?usqit~a fij jadi rrijh fa taxallat lan muhaawalatihaa. ba'idarioin satia'iati [jarnsu bidif?ihaa, fa maakaana min almusaafiri ?illaa ?an xala'ia labaa?atahu lalaa ttauw. wa haakaoa id~t~urat rijhu ffamaali ?ilaa lritiraafi bi?anna [jamsa kaanat hija I?aqwaa.

54 Handbook of the IPA

Orthographic version

References AL-ANI, S. H. ( 1970). Arabic Phono logy: An Acoustical and Physiological Investigation . The Hague: Mo uton . GAIRDNER , W . H. T. (1925). The Phonetics of Arabic. Lond on : Oxford Un ive rsity Press. KASTNER , H . ( 1981). Phonetik und Ph onologie des modernen Hocharabi sch. Leipzig : Verlag En zyklopadi e.

Bulgarian ELMAR TERNES * AND TATJANA V LADIMIROVA-BUHl'Z** "ln stitut fiir Phonetik, All gem eine Spra chwissenschaft und lndog ermani stik, Universittit Hambu rg, Bogenallee II , D-20144 Hamburg. German y **Aumall ellweg 2. D·79117 Freiburg im Br eisgau, Germa ny

Th e style of speech illu str ated is Standard Bulgarian as used by people w ith an academ ic background, Historically, the Standard contains elements of western and eas tern Bul garian, but in its present form, it ca nnot be localized in any particular region. The speec h on the rec ording is that of a 33-year-old spe aker holdin g a post at the Univ ersity of Sofia. Bulgarian examples are given in a transliteration from Cyrillic script.

Consonants Bil abial

p

Pl osi ve

Labi odental

b

Alveolar

t

f

Fri cative

Pal at al

V

k

d

S

z

ts dz

A ffrica te

J tJ

X

3 d3

j

A pprox im ant Lateral A ppr o xim ant

pija bija

rn most far f v var row

9

r

T rill

p b

Ve lar

n

m

Nasa l

Post alveo lar

' 1 drin k' '1 beat'

' bridge ' ' lighthouse ' ' limestone' ' rose'

I

t d ts dz n s z

tom dom tsar dzift

nos

sarna ziirna lale

' volume ' 'home' ' tsar' 'ta r' 'nose' ' roe ' 'corn ' (pi) ' tulip'

k g tJ d:) x

f

s j

kol gol tSar diob halka Sal ial jak

'p ole ' 'naked ' 'charm' 'pocket' ' ring' 'scarf' ' pity' 'strong '

The phon emi c analysis underlyin g the present transcr iption doe s not assume the exis tence of pal atal ized consonant s. An alt ernative an alysis postulates the followin g palatalized con son ant s: / pi, bi, ti , d ', k i , g i, tsi, dzl, m', ni, rl, 0 , vi, s i, zi , xi, Ii /.

Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese) ERICZEE Phonetics Laboratory, Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowl oon, Hong Kong

The style of speech illustrated is that typi cal of the educated younger generation in Hong Kon g. The recording is that of a 22-year-old male university student who has lived all his life in Hong Kong.

Consonants Bilab ial Plosive

Lab iodent al

Dent al Alveolar

Velar

Labial Velar

k kh

k kwh

Glot tal

W

ts ts"

m

n

f

Fri cative

l)

h

s

Appr oximant

W

J

Later al Appr ox imant

I

m f

pal phal mal fal

'father' ' to lie prone' 'm other' ' flower'

w

wal

' fro g'

p ph

Palatal

t th

p ph

Affri cate Nasal

Postalveolar

t th n s ts ts" j I

tal thal phanl sa l tsal tshal j llul IIlUl

' dozen' 'he/she' ' to climb' ' sand' 't o hold ' ' fork' 'worry ' ' angry'

ka l khal pha l)l

'to add ' ' truck' ' to cook '

kW kWal kwh kwhal

' me lon' ' to boast'

k kh l)

h

hal

's hrimp '

Illustrations of the IPA 59 Vowels Monophthongs (I) or (2 ) i: sil y y: syl SEl E E: hrel oe: oe a a: sa l s:Jl :J :J: u: fUl u

' silk' 'book' 'to lend ' ' boot' 's and' 'comb' ' husband'

'to assist' ' bloo d' ' to ea t' 'to whittl e' 'gu est' 'shell' ' wide '

stk'l

'c olour' 'shirt' 'wet' 'un cle '

sen se pl

e e U

e e U

hip-l hyt-t hek-i soek.t hakh:Jk-l fut-t

suk'l

himl synl SElJl

'm oderate' ' sour ' 'so und' ' hurt' 'three' 's quare ' 'che erful '

seem sarm bIJl funl

'st ar ' 'to inquire ' 'heart' 'l oos e'

snjt

sen l sern't

sUlJl

• lu

\~

Diphth ongs (l ) or (2) ai a:i ei ei a:u au eu eu el ei EU E:U ey ey o.i :JI Ul u:i iu i:u au au

sail seil saul se ul heil tEU-l seyl so i'l

fuit siul SoUl

&\e

u.

•J

't o waste ' 'west' ' basket' 't o receive' ' rare' 'to throw ' ' bad' ' gill' ' ash ' ' to bum ' 'beard'

Tones l -I -I

J 1

A

(high, level) (mid, level) (low-mid, level) (low -mid to low , falling ) (low -mid to high, rising ) (low-mid to mid, rising)

sn si-l

si.t siJ Si1 siA

'silk' 't o try ' ' matter' 'time' 'history ' 'c ity'

srk'l sit-t srk.t

'colour' 't o reveal ' 'to eat'

64

Handbook of the IPA

color [ku'l o] 'c olour' but colo raina [kulu 'rajno] 'bright colours', There are however a number of exceptions, likefutur [fu'tur] 'future '. In emphatic speech and in certain dialects, initial postalveolar frica tives are affricated :

ximple ['(t)Simpl ;J] ' foo lish' , germa [(d)3;Jrima] ' brothe r' . Underlyin g Ivl is realized as Ibl in Central Catalan ; [b] or [13] occ ur before 'a vowel and [w] occurs finally; thi s results in altern ations between [b] or [13) and [w] . Thu s bla va ['bla13;J) ' b lue' (fe rn) vs . blau [blaw] 'blue' (masc).

Transcription of recorded passage l~ tramun'tano j ~l sol oz oispu'ta~;;)n I sustc'nin 'kao u k ef. 'ere I me s for I kwan da 'septa I 'be wan um bio'dje ko s o'kostc mbuli 'kat an una 'vraq 'ka po II ban kumbo'ni ko I ki pri'me fo'ric ks I ~i~'d3e s tro'ves l~ 'ka pa I soris tirj'qup pol mes for I lc tromun'tana s 'poz ~ Bu'fa m 'tota l~ ' s e~~ 'furio I po'ro kern mez ~u'fa~a I mez ~l ~i~'d3e s ~~ri'ya~a m la 'ka po II a lc fi I ba do'[a 'koro ferli 'trewro I elc'zoroz ~l sol kumsn'sa Oa ~ri'Aa I j cl kab d um mu'men I al ~ia'd3e I ben cskolfat I ~s trew l~ 'ka po I ~'Ji I l~ trcmun'tano ~ a '~e O~ kunjfo'sa ka 1 sol 'ero 1 mes for I

Orthographic version Thi s text was published in the Principles of the International Phonetic Association ed ited in 1912 but wa s om itted from the speci mens in the sub sequent versions of the Principles. It had appeared for the fir st time in Le Maitre Phonetique vol. 26 ns . 7-8 ( 19 I I ) p. 119 and was prepared by Josep M . Arte aga (B ar celona, 1846-1913), a Catalan phonetician who became a member of the Co uncil of the IP A in 1907. La tramunt an a i el sol es disputaven, sos tenint cad a u que e ll er a el rnes fo rt, qu an de so bte , veuen un via tge r que s 'acosta ernbolicat en una gran capa. Van conve nir que el qui primer faria que el viatger es trague s la cap a seria tingut pel mes fort . La tramuntana es posa a bufar amb tota la seva fur ia; per o co m rnes buf ava, mes el viatger s'abrigav a amb la ca pa ; a la fi, va de ixar correr fe r-Ii treure, Ale shores el sol corn en ca de brillar, i al cap d 'un moment, el viatger, ben esc alfat, es treu la capa. Aid, la trarnuntana va haver de confe ssar que el sol er a el mes fort.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Canne de In Mota and Antonio Rfos for their useful comments and suggestions.

References ALARCOS, E. (1983). Estudis de Iingiiistica catalana. Barcelona: Ariel. BADIAI M ARGARlT, A. M. (1951). Granuitica historica catalana. Barcelon a: Nog uer. Catalan tran slati on : Valenci a, Tr es i Quatre, 198 I. BADIA I MARGARlT, A . M . (1988). Sons ifonem es de la llengua catalana. Barcel ona: Publi caci ons de la Universitat de Barcelona.

Illustrations of the IPA 65 BONET, E.-LLORET, M.-R. (1998) . Fonologia catalana . Barcelona: Ariel. GIL!, 1. (1974). Introductory Catalan Grammar. Oxford: Dolphin Books. HUALDE, J. 1. (1992). Catalan. London: Routledge. INsTITUTD'EsTUDIS CATALANS. ( 1990). Proposta per a un estandard oral de la llengua catalana I: Fonetica. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. RECASENS, D . (1991) . Fonetica descriptiva del catala. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. RECASENS, D. (1993). Fonetica i fo nologia. Barcelona: Enci clopedia Catalana. VENY, J. (1985 ). Introducci6 ala dialectologia catalana. Barcelona: Enciclopedia Catalana. WHEELER, M. W. (1979). Phonology of Catalan . Oxford: Basil Bl ackwell. YATES, A. (1975). Catalan. London: Hodder and Stoughton (Teach Yourself Books).

Croatian ERN ESTINA LANDAU vuceticev prila; 5, 10020 Zagreb, Croatia

MIJO L ONCARIC Institut e of Croatian Language , Strossmayero v trg 2, 10000 Zag reb , Croatia

D AMI R H ORGA AND Iv o S KARIC Departm ent of Phonetics, Facul ty of Philosophy , University of Zagreb , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia

Croatian is one of the Slavic languages. As the national language of Croats, it consists of three main dialects, Stokavian, Kajkavian and Cakavian, named after the different forms of the interro gative pronoun meaning ' what' IItol, /kaj' and ItI aJ, orthographically sto, kej , ca. Standard Croatian was established in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is based on the New Stokavian Jekavian dialect. The speech on the accompanying recording is that of a 57-year-old female announcer at the Croatian Television Network reading in a colloquial style. The style of speech illustrated is that of many educated speakers of Standard Croatian as spoken in the Republic of Croatia. Consonants Bilabial Plosive

p

Labiodental

b

t

Affricate Nasal Fricative

Denial

Postalveolar

tJ

m

d3

n S

Velar

k

ts

f

Palatal

d tc

9

d~

J1

I

Z

Trill

X

3

r

Approximant

J

0

Lateral Approximant

p b

Alveolar

pi .tee pice 'drink' (n) birtce bice 'creature'

1

t d

tu:ga du:ga

tl1ga diig«

'sorrow' ' rainbow'

A

k 9

kotst k osi ' bone' go:st gos t 'guest'

/

Illustrations of the IPA 67

tsar car tj ep cep d3 d3ep dzep nos n n6:s selo s selo z zatja rn zejem ts

tI

m m6:j rna) ' my' fa :za taza ' phase' u oa.za vaza ' vase '

I Ia:1 3a:l

3

ra :d l6:v

sst zal did I6v

'czar' 'co rk' ' pocket' ' nose' ' village' ' loan' 'scarf' ' beach' ' work' (0) 'c hase'

tc le:tca db Ierdza J1 J16:j x xl.r

Mea 'lentils' IMa 'bac k' (0) n)o) ' to her ' 'caprice' bir

j I.

j iJg Ijeti

jug I.eti

'So uth' ' in summer '

Vowels Th e system of Croatia n vo wels co nsists of five monophthon gal vow els, I i, e, a , 0, ul , whi ch occ ur distincti vely shor t and long , and a diphthong l iel occurring onl y in a long sy llable . These vowels have more or less co nstan t qual ities in stressed and unstr essed posit ions. There is also a sy llabic trill Irl whic h can either be long (4 to 5 co ntacts) or sho rt ( I to 2 co ntacts). W hen occ urr ing betw een two co nsonants, it is so me times pronoun ced togeth er with nonph onem ic [;:I], i.e. as [or], e.g. [ ~ rtl vrt ' garden'. A short [;:I] also occ urs in certai n othe r co ntex ts, as for exa mple in pron oun cin g the names of some letters. Th e di phthong l iel beg ins at the posit ion of the Iii monop hthong and ends a t the position of the monophth on g le i . I t ca n also be pronounced [ijeJ, but thi o 0.: 11 r a single syllable .

Short nile tek e a pas 0 k6d u duga

vil e lek pas kad diJga

' hayfork' ' only ' ' dog' ' by, at' 's tave '

Long u'i:le vile e: te tk tek a: pa:s pas 0: k6:d kOd u: diitq a dug a

' fairies' 'appetite' ' belt' 'code' ' rainb ow '

I:

[;:I] [parst] ie bielo

P!"5l bijelo

'finger ' ' white ' (adj)

Conventions When If, ts, xl preced e a voiced obstru ent they occur as [v, dz, V]: [ gr6 v~b i] grOf bi 'the ear l woul d ' , [ ot adz~b i] alae bi 'fathe r wou ld' , [ o ui y~b i] ovih bi ' of these ...woul d ' .

r:

I

i I

I

68 Handbook a/the IPA I I

(!T ere are similar alternations affecting other voiceless obstruents , but these may be Ie rded as the replacement of one phoneme with another; similarly, voiced obstruents ~l t rnate with their voiceless counterparts when followed by a voiceless obstruent.) The post-alveolar affricates II, 31 appear as the palatal sibilants [c,:/;] when they ;pr cede tic, dz /: [mlc~tee] mls ce ' the mouse will', [pG::/;~tce] pOz ce 'the snail will'. I/u occurs as [w] before the vowel luI: [wink] vOk 'wolf'. 1m! occurs as [11]] before If, u/: [t anjoaj] Iramvaj 'tram'. Inl occurs as [lJ] before Ik, g/: [stanjka] stfinka 'pause' . I I occurs as [h] when it is initial in a consonant cluster: [hmU] bmel] ' hops'. A sequence of vowels across a word boundary may be separated by a glottal stop: [":~?6nda] i onda 'and then' .

I

tress and accent n addition to the contrast of length mentioned in connection with vowels, Croatian also as rising ([ ~]) and falling ([ - ]) pitch accents. It is traditional to regard these two istinctions as forming a four -way contrast of word accent, namely , long rising ('), short denotes length on an unstressed vowel. ising C) , long falling C) and short falling C); he parenthesized signs above are not part of the usual orthography, but are used to mark the accents in specialized linguistic works . The syllable on which the distinctive pitch movement begins and in which it may be completed is the stressed syllable. Monosyllabic (full) words always have a falling accent: ImetJI mec '(sporting) match', Ime:d/ tned 'honey'. Falling accents may also occur on the first syllable of a disyllabic or longer word, e.g. /marna/ mama 'mama', Iformal forma ' form (n)' , but they do not fall on later syllables apart from a few exclamations, e.g. lahaJ aha 'aha!' , and loan words, e.g. 13ele:1 zele 'jelly ' . Rising accents may occur on any syllable but the last of a word , e.g. /zT:ma/ zima 'winter', /terasa/ tersse ' te rrace ' , ITzuiJ1c:J1el izvinjenje ' e xc use (n)' (with a secondary accent on the initial Ii/). There are two groups of words, proclitics and enclitics, which form a unit with the following or preceding stressed word respectively . Enclitics are always unstressed: 10:n~tUe to: rekaolon ti je to d3kao ' he told you that' . Proclitics can be either unstressed or stressed . They are unstressed when the following word has a rising tone, e.g. lu~u6di/ u vodi 'in water', Ipri~ra:dul pri redu 'at work', but they can be stressed when the following word has a falling tone , e.g. lokol i5ko ' eye ' but IG~okol iJ oko 'in the eye'; Igra:dl grad 'town' but IG~gra:dl iJ grad 'to town'; IIGmal siJma 'wood' but 1i1~Jumil u sutni 'in the wood'. The stress position in Croatian is relatively free . Unstressed syllables preceding the stressed one are always short while the unstressed syllables following the stressed one can either be short or long, e .g. Ikiltcal kiJea ' a house' vs. I kG:tca:l kOea ' houses (gen pi)'. The unstressed syllables are shorter than the corresponding stressed ones , by about 50 per cent in the case of long vowels and 30 per cent in the case of short ones.

n

Illustrations of the IPA 69

Transcription of recorded passage

II sjeue.rni: ledeni: ojetar i~sG:ntse~su~se prepirali o~suojoj sna.zi II st6ga odlut]e: da~onome 6 d~ J1 i : x prf padne p6bjeda koji : sou.t]e: I tf6ujeka pG:tnika II ojetar zapot]e sna:3no pinxati I a~budu:tci daje tf6ujek tfuf :sto df3ao odjetcu I nauali om j6f jatje: II tf6ujek park j6f jatje: oCstGdeni prftisnu.t I naou.t]e: na~sebe j 6f oi]er odjetce: I d6~se ojetar ne jirnori: i~prepusti:~ga tada sG:ntsu II a na : u~potfe:tku zasija iimjereno II kad~je tf6ujek ski nuo suoi ijak odjetce: I pooi.si ana: j 6f jat]e: 3eg u I d 6~se tf oojek I u~nemogu:tcnosti da~odoli siint]euo:j toplI ni ne~suu :tf e : I i~n e ~pod~ e : na j ku tpaji e u~rij e:ku tekiitcitsu II prf:tfa pokazuje: da~je~tfe:sto uspjejnije: uojera.oa.pe I neqoli na:si:,(e II Orthographic version with diacritics Sjeverni ledenl vjetar i Stlnc e su se prepirali 0 svoj oj snaz i. St og a odluce da onorne od njih pripadne pobjed a koji svu ce covjeka piltnik a. Vjetar zapoce snazno ptih ati, a buduci da je covj ek cv?sto drzao odjecu, nav ali on j os j a ce. Covjek pak , jos ja(:e od stilde ni priti snut, navuce na sebe jos viSe odjece, dok se vjetar ne umori i prepusti ga tada Silncu. Ona u pocetku zas ij a umjereno. Kad je co vjek sklnuo suvi sak odjece , povlsi ana jM jace ze gu d ok se covjek, u nernogucnosti da odoli suncevoj toplin i, ne svuce i ne pode na kupanje u rijeku tekuc icu, Prica pokazuje daje cesto uspjesn ije uvjeravanje negol i nasilje.

Orthographic version Sjeverni ledeni vjetar i Sun ce su se prepirali 0 svoj oj snazi. Stoga odluce da onome od njih pripadne pobjeda koj i svuc e covje ka putnika. Vjetar zapoce sn azno puhati , a budu ci da je cov jek cvrsto drzao odjecu, navali on j os j ace. Covjek pak, jo s jac e od studeni priti snut, navu ce na sebe j os vise odjec e, dok se vjet ar ne umori i prepusti ga tada Suncu . Ono u pocetku zasij a umje reno . Kad je covjek skinuo suvisak odjece, povi si ono jos j ace zegu d ok se co vje k, u nernc gucnosti da odo li suncevoj toplin i, ne svu ce i ne pede na kup anje u rijeku tekucicu . Prica pok azuje da je cesto uspjesn ije uvjeravanj e negoli nasilje.

Czech lANA DA!'JKOVlc ovA Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London, I

4 Stephenson Way, London NWl 2HE, UK

Czech belongs to the western group of Slavic languages and is spoken as a mother tongue mainly in the Czech Republic. In its two provinces of Bohemia and Mor avia it is spoken by about 10 million people. There are also so me relatively large Czech- speaking communities in North Am erica and sm aller, isolated ones in neighbouring European countries. The closest related languages are Slovak and Polish. A continuous tradition of Czech wri ting begins in the late thirteenth century. A recognisably near-modern spoken language and written standard had evolved by the sixtee nth century. The spoke n language continued to dev elop after the establishment of a relatively stable written standard. Thu s when the written form underwent a modernizing revival from the late eighte e nth century, the result was a noticeable divergence between written and spoken usage. Thi s state has per~ i sted to the present day. The transcripti on of the sample text is 'based on the speech of a native speaker from Prague spe aking standard Czech. I Consonants Bilabial Plosive Nasal Fricative

p

Labiodental

b

Alveolar

t

f

V

S

z

ts

j

k

Glottal

9

p

n

ill

Velar

Palatal

c

d

~

Affricate

Postalveolar

f t]

X

3

fi

r Trill

r

Approximant Lateral Approximant

J 1

All the plo sives occur in voiced/voiceless pairs and are normally not aspirated. The glottal stop , while not phonemic , is typ ically used befor e vowels at the beg innin g of word s or between vowels within the word after a prefix. Apart from the glottal and velar fricativ es, all the fricatives occur in voic ed/v oiceles s pairs . The glottal fricative is alwa ys voiced . The vel ar fri cative is no rmall y voic eless, although its voiced counterpart [V] may occur

Illustrations of the lPA 71

allophonically. For more detail about the interaction between the glottal and velar fricatives with respect to assimilation, see the section on Assimilation below. Two affricate phonemes occur, a voicel ess alveolar Itsl and a voiceless post-alveolar FIJI. They both have an allophonic voiced counterpart arising from voicing assimilation (see below). There are two trills, Irl, as in ruka lrukal 'hand', and Irl, as in Feka IrEka/ 'river' . The first one is an alveolar apical trill with 1-3 periods of vibration. It is immune from voicing assim ilatio n and occurs voic ed in all positions in the word. In the case of Irl, the place of articulation is normally similar to that for Ir/ . Although it may be produced with the blade of the tongue, the main differentiating characteristic from Irl is the number of vibrations, which may be 1-2 greater than in Irl, and their lesser amplitude than for the vibrations in Ir/ . Also, the constriction is narrower and the velocity of air greater. This sound often starts as a trill but continues as a fricative and thus probably the best term for it is 'alveolar trill fricative' with the symbol Ir/. (The laminal diacritic IfI used in Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) does not capture the sound's defining property.) A voiceless allophone of Jrl occurs in places where voicing assimilation applies. There are three nasal phonemes, Iml, Inl and IJ1/. A labiodental nasal may occur allophonically, as the result of assimilation of the place of articulation with a following labiodental fricative. The velar nasal occurs allophonically before a velar stop, and in this position it is obligatory. The lateral III is always voiced and, in standard Czech, it has a clear or neutral quality in all positions in the word. However, some Czech dialects have a phonemic contrast between III (which is often palatalized) and dark It/. The bilabi al nasal 1m!, lateral III, and sonorant trill Irl can be syllabic, e.g. sedm ISEdll)1 'se ven' ; vlk /vl k/ 'wolf" ; vrba /vrb a/ 'willow' . 'pen'

f

fakulta

fa kulta

'faculty'

bota

's hoe'

v

va :za

vdza

'vase'

tento

' this'

s

si:la

sila

'strength'

dum

' house'

z

zrrna

zima

'winter'

telo

'body'

J

sest

delo

'g un'

3

JEst 3Ena

'six'

iena

'woman'

koio

'wheel'

x

xleba

chleba

'bread'

galerie

'gallery'

fi

fiora

hora

'mountain'

matka

'mother'

r

ruka

ruka

'hand'

p

pEro

pero

b t d

bota tento du:m

c

celo

j

j

9

elo kolo qalerrje

ill

matka

k

n

nofia

noOO

'leg'

reka

'ri ver'

J1

neco

'something'

r j

reka

jeden

jeden

'o ne'

tS

J1Etso tsena

eena

'price'

1

IES

les

'forest'

tJ

tjrsti:

Cisl'j

'clean'

72 Handbook of the IPA

Vowels Th e vowel system con sists of a set of five short vowe ls II

E

a

0

ul, their long counterpa rts

Ii: e: a: 0: u:/ , and three diphthongs, all fallin g: loul, laul and leul (the last two can be found only in Joan words). Th e short and long vowel s are in opposition in all positions. The qu ality cf short non -low vowel s and their corresponding long counterparts differs , in gene ral, only to a s mall e xte nt. However, in the pair !II and li:/, the sh ort vowel is noticeably less close and more ce ntral than the long on e. Th e greater difference in quality between the se two vowels than in the case of the other vowel pairs is reflected by the usage

here of a different vow el symbol for each of the two. The vowel 10:/ has a ph onemic status only in loan words (and therefore in the table below it is shown in brackets). The short Ia! is pronounced usually as marginally fronter than the long la:/. Vowel di stinctions are preserved in unstressed positions .

mile let

' nicely'

i:

'flight'

e:

mi.ls let

mile Jet

'summer (gen pl)'

fad

' row (gen pi)' ' water'

r a:t go:1

' order'

voda

a: (0:)

hid

0

rat voda

gol

' goal'

u

domu

domu

' house (gen sg)'

domu:

domu

'home (adv)'

I

mrle

e

let

a

mouxa

moucha

' fly (n)'

(au )

auto

auto

'car'

(eu)

neutra.ljii:

neutrdlni

'n eutr al'

ou

u:

'mile'

Assimilation Czech has ass imilations of place and mann er of articulation, and also voicing assimilation. Both assimilatio n of place of articulation and of voicing are normally anticipatory . Some e xamples of ass im ila tio n of place were mentioned in the di scussion of consonants. Assimilation of manner of articulation is rel ativ ely rare ; if it occurs, it usually con cerns combinations of It! and Is/,/tl and IS!, IdJ and IzI, or /dJ and 131, which may become affricates

Its/,iij/, IdZ/ and 1d31 respe ctively (e.g. detskY can be pronounced either as [jetski.] or

//lustrations of the IPA 73

[jetski.l) , Voicing assimilation affects most consonants . Apart from matching voicing to the following consonant, it also causes devoicing at the end of a word before a pause. When subject to voicing assimilation, the voiced glottal fricative lfiJ and voiceless velar fricative Ix! behave like a voiced/voiceless pair. For instance, in beh Prahou lfiJ in beh is realized as [x] ,

Suprasegmentals Primary lexical stre ss falls on the first syllable of a word; thus it does not have a contrastive phonological role and functions rather as an indication of the word boundary . The stress marks in the transcription below indicate which syllables were accented by the speaker in the recorded passage. II represents the major and I the minor intonation phrase boundary .

Transcription of recorded passage 'severa.k a 'sluntse se 'fia:dah I gdo 'z jnx je 'srljiejji: II f tom 'spatrrh

'potsestne.fio lkteri: 'kra.tj el 'zafialen 'pla.jcern lL'ujednah ted: I 3e 'ten se rna: 'povayovat 'za srljiejji.fio ll qdo 'prvjii: 'doka.je I 'abrsr 'potsestni: 'svle.kl 'plarj c lI'tu zatjal 'severa.k 'foukat 'ze fJi: 'si:lr II ale 'tj'i:m vi:ts 'foukal II ci:m 'vi:ts se 'potsestni: 'zafialoval 'do svcfio 'pla.sce II 'konetjjie se 'ssvera.k 'vzdal 'marne:fio 'u:sr1i: II 'pak zatjalo 'sluntse 'svi:crt a 'fira.t II a 'za jisjaki: 'okamyrk 'potsestni: ,'ktere:mu brio 'fiorko " 'sxojrl 'plaijc lI'tak muse! 'severa.k 'uznat I 3e 'sluntse je 'srljiejji: II Orthographic version Severak a Siunce se hadali, kdo z nich je silnejsf. V tom spatfili pocestneho, ktery kracel zahalen plastern . Ujednali tedy , ze ten se rna povazovat za silnejsfho, kdo prvni dokaze, aby si pocestny svlekl plasi. Tu zacal Severak foukat ze vsi sily, ale eim vic foukal , tim vic se pocestny zahaloval do sveho plaste . Konecne se Severak vzdal marneho iisili . Pak zacalo SJunce svftit a hl'at a za nejaky okarnzik pocestny, kteremu bylo horko, shodil plasi. Tak musel Severak uznat, ze Siunce je silnejsi.

Acknowledgements I would like to thank Martin Barry, Francis Nolan, Zdena Palkova, Miroslav Ptacek, Pfemysl Janota, Marie Svobodova and James Naughton for their comments and suggestions,

References KUCERA, H . (1961). The Phonology of Czech . The Hague: Mouton & Co. LADEFOGED, P. AND MADDIESON, I. (1996) . The Sounds of the World 's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. PALKovA, Z . (1994) . Fonetika afonologie cestiny. Prague: Karolinum . ROMPORTL, M . (1973). Zdklady fon etiky. Prague: Statnf Pedagogicke Nakladatelstvf.

I?utch CARLOS GUSSENHOVEN

Vakgroep Engels-Amerikaans, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Erasmusplein J. 6525 HT Nijm egen, Tile Netherlands

Apa rt from the Republic of Surinam and the Leeward islands of the Dutch Antilles . Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao, where Dutc h is an official langu age, Dutch is spoken in the Net herlands and the northwestern half of Belgium by about 20 m illion speakers. Variation in the pronunciatio n of educated Eu rop ean D utch is substantial. For instance , the Bel g ian va rieties (a lso collect ivel y known as Flemish ) tend to have monophthongal realizations of [e:, 0: , 0:) as o ppo se d to reali zat ion s as cl osi ng diphthon gs in the Ne the rla nds . M ore ge nerally, the so uthern var ieties tend to have a full set of vo iced frica tives lv, z, yl by the side o f I f, s, xi - whi ch sys tem of vo iced fricati ves is redu ced to j us t lv, zl o r j us t h i as one gets c loser to the prest igiou s wes tern part of th e Netherlands (' Ra nds tad'). (T he re is gr eat variability in the voi cin g of fricatives. Low-prest ige urb an varieties in the wes t m ay also lac k h I.) Rou ghl y south of a lin e Rotterd arn -Nijmegen , wh ich is mark ed by the riv ers Rhine, M eu se and W aal , l x, yl are ve la r, wh ile to the north the corres po ndi ng vo ice less fricative is post- ve lar or uvul ar. Th e p~ on eme Irl tend s to be alv eo lar in Bel g ium , in A msterdam and in th e north-e ast of the Ne th erl ands , bu t uvu lar e lse where. T he vari ety illus trated represents W estern , educated , m iddle-gener at ion speech , and a ca re ful colloquial style . More info rm atio n is given by Coll ins and Mees (1982), Mees and Collins (1983), and Booij ( 1995). Con sonants Bilabial Plosivc

p

Labiodental

b

Alveolar

t

m

Nasal

f

Fricative

V

S

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

k

(C)

n

(J1)

Z

(f) (:))

Approximant

l)

fi

X j

U

Lateral Approximant

pen ben

1

' pen' '( I) am '

t

tak

d

dak

([c) ketjap

'bou gh' ' roo f' 'soy sa uce ' )

Glottal

(7)

r

Tap

p b

d

Postalveolar

k X

kal

gal

'cat' 'hole '

Illustrati on s of the IPA

m mens

v u

'human bein g'

fiets oven

'b icycle' 'o ven'

wang lente

'cheek' 'springtime'

n ([P] s z

nek oranje

' neck' 'orange' adj)

sok zeep

's ock' 'soap'

jas rat

'coat' ' rat'

75

eng

'narro w '

([3]

ch ef jury

'section head' ) 'jury' )

([7] fi

beamen 'confirm') ho ed 'hat'

I)

(rn

Ip, t, k/ are voiceless unaspirated, Ib, dl are fully voiced . Alveolars (except Irl) are laminal

and Is, z/ may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. [c, p, J] are the variant s of It, n, sl that occur before Ijl. In fact , all occurrences of these sounds can be analy zed as sequences of alveolar-plus-Ij/; by analogy, [3] could be seen as /zjl and is therefore parenthes ized in the chart above. [c, ji, J, 3] are prepalatal, the tip of the tongue bein g he ld in the lower j aw. Ivl tends to be only weakly voiced. lui is [u] in the onset , and [Q] in the coda. IfI is [f] in the onset , and [J] in the coda; in careful speech, a trill may occur word-in itially. [7] precedes vowel-in itial sylla bles with in words after l a:, 'JI; becau se of its predictable distribution it is also shown in parentheses. Vo iced obstruents and lfil do not occur in the coda; Ivl is restricted to positio ns between voiced segments within the word. Marg inal [9] (not listed ) occurs in a small number of loans. Sentence phonology is ch aracterized by a number of consonantal adjustments. Sequences of identical conso na nts are reduced to single consonants by a pro cess of degemination. Progressive devoicing will affect fricatives after obstruents, while obstruents may be voiced before Ib, d/. Moreover, post-sonorant word -final fricatives, particularly l si, may be voiced before vowel s. Vowels Dutch has a set of lax vowel s, a set of tense vowels, and a reduced vowel. The first colu mn gives the lax vowels and the reduced vow el I'JI, the second column the tense vowels. Vowels in the third column are marginal in the language, and only appe ar in recent loans. The nasalized vowels [e:, 0:, 5:] (not listed ) also have this statu s. There are also three wide diphthongs .

y

e 'J

bit hut bed 't

'bit' 'c abin' 'bed ' 'the '

y e:

¢:

biet fuut beet neus

' beetroot' 'grebe' 'b ite' 'nose'

i: y:

analyse centrifug e e: serre oe: oeuvre

' analysis' 'spindryer' 'con servatory' 'w orks'

76 Handboo k of the lPA a

o

bad bot

'bath' ' bone '

a:

zaad

0:

boot hoed

u

ei ei re y ui AU

zout

'seed' [boet' 'h at'

::>:

u:

zone cruise

' zone' 'cruise'

'egg ' 'onion ' 's alt'

Ii, y, ul are long befo re Ir/ in the same stress foot. Ie: , 1/):, 0:1 are narrow closi ng diphthongs ([e i, /flY, oul) , except before Irl in the same word, when they are pronounced [e;l, /fl;l, O;l).

0:

:)(:)

•

AU

a. Stress and accentuation Main stress falls on the antepenult, the penult, or the final syllable of the word if the penult is open, and on the penult or the final syllable if the penult is closed. The long marginal vowels onl y occur in stres sed syllables. In unstressed syllables, the otherwise long [e:, /fl:, 0:, a:] are short. Minim al pairs are rare, examples bei ng canon [ka. non] 'canon' , kanon [ka 'non] 'c annon'; Servisch [servis] 'Se rbian', servies [ser 'vis] 'd inner service' . Largely depending on focus, intonational pitch accents will occur on the syllable with main stress of some words , marked with [ , ] in the transcription. The realization of these pitch accents will extend as far as the next pitch accent or the single bar I, which marks off a minor intonational phrase . Utterance-final boundary tones may be added before the double bar II.

Transcription of recorded passage do 'notrdoumt en da 'ze n I ficda an drs 'kvsi o.vor da 'fra:x I 'ui fan fivn 'tue ra da 'steroksta uas I tun or 'jceyst imant fo.rbei kuam I di an 'drko 'corms 'jas a:nfiat I za spra rko 'of I dot oi da fo:rbeiXOIpr dortu ZAU 'kreiXa zop 'j a s cey ta treka I da 'ste rcksto ZAU zein II da 'no.rdoom t bax:)n ceyt 'old max ta 'blaizo I ma:r u fiordor i 'blis I des ta 'dlxtar da fo:rbeixal)ar zop jaz om ZIX 'fiem trek II tan 'sloto Xaf to norrdoumt at ma:r 'op I far 'blxanz bax:)n de 'zon I 'kroXtaX ta 's tra rlo I en o'mrdolok darrop I trek ta fo:rbeixol)ar zop 'j a z ceyt I do 'noir dournt ken tun slexs ba '7a:ma I data 'zon da 'stercksto oas.

Illustrations of the IPA 77

Orthographic version De noordenwind en de zon hadden een discussie over de vraag wie van hun tweeen de sterkste was, toen er juist iemand voorbij kwam die een dikke, warme jas aanhad . Ze spraken af dat wie de voorbijganger ertoe zou krijgen zijn jas uit te trekken de sterkste zou zijn . De noordenwind begon uit aile macht te blazen, maar hoe harder hij blies , des te dichter de voorbijganger zijn jas om zich heen trok. Tenslotte gaf de noordenwind het maar op. Vervolgens begon de zon krachtig te stralen, en onmiddellijk daarop trok de voorbijganger zijn jas uit. De noordenwind kon toen slechts beamen dat de zon de sterkste was .

References BOOI1, E. E. (1995). The Phonology of Dutch. Oxford University Press. COLLINS, B. AND MEES, 1. (1982) . A phonetic description of the consonant system of Standard Dutch . Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12,2-12. MEES, 1. AND COLLINS, B. (1983) . A phonetic description of the vowel system of Standard Dutch. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 13,64-75.

French , CECILE FOUGERON*;AND CAROLINE L. SMITH** Phoneti cs Laborat ory, UCLA. 405 Hilgard Avenu e. Los Angeles . CA 900 95- 1543, USA and "ln stitut de Phonetique, CNRS URA102 7, Universite Paris 11/, France "Eloqu ent Technology Inc, Ithaca , NY, USA

The following de scription of French is based on the speech of a young Pari sian female speaker. Varieties of French have almost identical inventories; the main differences are to be found in the maintenance or loss of certain contrasts. Vowels Oral vowels. French vowels, which are all monophthongs, are normally described using four values for height and two or possibly three (front, central, back) for backness . All back vowels are rounded ; there are both rounded and unrounded sets of front vowels. The mid-high and mid-low vowels have limited overlap in their distributions, but cannot be regarded as allophones. The contrast between [e] and [e] is found in open syllables in final position (e.g. [se] ses (3rd person possessive, plural) vs. [se] sail 'knows' and [pwajie] poignet 'wrist' vs. [pwajie] poignee 'handful') . Elsewhere, [e] occurs in open syllables and [e] in closed syllables: compare [se.vir] sevir 'to rage' vs . [ses.vis] servir 'to serve'. For the other pair s of mid vowels, the contrast between mid-high and mid-low is limited for the most part to closed monosyllables . In other environments, the mid-low vowels roe] and [::l] occur in closed syllables and the mid-high vowels [0] and [0] in open syllables. However, in addition to this general rule, the nature of the syll able-final consonant also has an effect: the mid-high vowels [0] and [0] are found in syllables ending

e e

si se se sell'

si ses sait serre

y 0 oe

sy S0 soell'

SLI

S;) sa

ce sa

;)

a

'if' 'his, hers' (pi) 'knows ' 'greenhouse '

'known ' ceux 'these ' soeLlr 'sister' 'this' ' his, hers'

(I)

u 0

o

SU so S::lll'

SOLIS

sot sort

'under' 'silly' ' fate'

Illustra tions a/the IPA 7 9

in [z], and [0] is not fo und even in mon osyll ables end ing in [g ], lfl], and [9] (Delattre 19 66; Leon 1992). It is not icea.ble that our spea ker of ten produces a markedl y ce ntralize d a llop ho ne of [:>], especially before [s] . T his is transc ribed [5] in the passage bel ow. So me speake rs have a contrast between two low vowel s [a] and [a] ; our spea ker has only one low vowe l, [a] , wh ich is central. Schwa , [ ~] , is also a ce ntral vowel , with some rounding. Some spea ke rs re ta in a co ntra st between long and short vow e ls in a very few words , bu t most spea kers no lon ger mainta in any len gth cont rast. Nasalized vowe ls. T radit ion all y, Fr en ch is descr ibed as havin g four d ist inct ivel y nasal ized vowel s, [e], [6 ], [5], and fee]. How ever, our speaker, like m an y othe rs , lack s [ce] , wh ich is replac ed by [£]. Th e vo we l [e] is produc ed with ton gu e and lip positi on ve ry sim ilar to its o ra l co un ter pa rt lel: however, seve ral articulatory stud ies (e.g. Ze rling 1984; Lonchamp 1988) ha ve suggested th at [6] and [5] differ subs tantia lly from thei r sup pos ed o ral co unterparts [a] and [o] , Th e pos ition of the tongue is similar in [6] and [5] , and the main articulatory difference is that [5] has a greater degree of lip rounding . Th ese aut hors sugges t that other sy m bo ls might be more app ro priate for tran scr ibing these two vo we ls , but we hav e retained the trad itional usage as non e of the altern ative proposals has ga ined wid espread acceptance .

6 5

s6

e

s£

sans son saint

s5

' witho ut' ' his, hers ' ' saint'

(m sg)

Consonants Bilabial Plosive

Labiodental

Dental

p b

t

m

Nasal

S

V

Lateral Approximant

pu bu tu du

Velar

Uvular

k

z

(I))

J1

J

9

3

ff

I Palatal

Labial-Palatal

Labial-Velar

J

q

w

Cen tral Approximants

p b t d

Palatal

d n

f

Fricative

Palatealveolar

pa ll

boue tout doux

' louse ' ' mud' 'a ll' 'swee t'

v z

fu vu su zo

[ou va us SO liS

zoo

'crazy' 'you' (pi) 'under' 'zoo'

80 Handbook of /he IPA k g

ku gu

cou gout

'neck ' ' taste'

m n

mu nu aJ10 pask iq

mou nous agn eau parking

' soft'

J1 I)

I

Iu

3

3u

Il'

Il'U

lu

chou j oue roue loup

'c abbage' 'cheek ' 'wheel' 'wolf'

soin sien suint

'care ' ' his, hers' 'grease on sheep's wool '

'we, us'

'lamb ' ' pa rking lot '

w j

swe sje

4

S4€;

French voiced stop s are typic all y full y voiced throughout; voiceless one s are de scribed as un aspirated . When preceding high vowel s, they are often followed by a sho rt period of asp ir ation and/o r fric ation . Th e vel ar nas al occurs only in final position in borrowed (usually Engl ish ) words. French has one rhotic, whose production varies considerabl y am ong spea ke rs and phonetic co ntexts. Th e spe aker presented here uses a uvul ar fricative [I!] that is sometimes reduced to an approx imant [ ~ ], particularly in final position ; it ma y also be dev oiced (for e xamples see the tran scribed text), and can be reduced to zero in so me word-final positions. For other spea kers, a uvular trill [R] is also fairly common , and an api cal trill [r) occurs in some d ialect s. Vow els are oftenlengthened before this segment. The approxim ants [w) , [4], and [j] each correspond to a high vowel . [u], [y) . and [i) respecti vely , There are a few min imal pairs where the approximant and corresponding vowel contras t, but ther e are also many cases where they are in free variatio n, Contrasts between Li) and [i) occur chiefly in fin al position . as in [abej] abeille ' bee ' vs. [abei) abbaye ' monastery' . Word-final con son ants are always released, and in keeping with a general fav ouring of open syllables, the y are usuall y resyll ab ified as onsets when followed by a vowel- initi al wo rd tenchainementi . Underlying word-fin al con sonants that are not pronounced before a co nsonant, are pronounced only when preceding a vowel in the same rhythmic group . Th is process, known as liaison , also contributes to this can on ical open-syllable pattern. Prosody Although Fren ch is often descr ibed as having stress on word -fin al syllables, in connec ted speec h this is pre -empted by the accent on the final syllable of a group of word s (sen se group or accentual group, see Vaissiere 1992 for discussion), Transcription of recorded passage The transcr iptional style ado pted in thi s illu str ation is a rel ati vely narrow one, whi ch reflects the particular pron unci ation us ed in the recording of the passage made for the illustrati on .

Illustrationsof the IPA 81

la biz e 19 sole- sa dispyte II Jake asysd kilete 19 ply f5~ II kat ilzo vy e vwojajoe ki savose II avlope da s5 mate Iii: s5 tobe dab~ ko solqi ki asivse Iapxomje a 19 lui fcsote II Sgffg ffggaffde kern 19 ply f5~ II a15~ la biz Sf; miz a sufle ds tut se f5~s II me ply £1 sufle ply 19 vwojajces sese s5 rndtonrs dg lqi II finalmd el sonosa 19 lqi fasote II a15~ Ig solei korndsa b~ije II e 0 bu d~ mornd Ig vwojajce sejofe ota s5 mota II esi la biz dy sokonet ko 19 sole- ete 19 ply f5~. Orthographic version La bise et Ie soleil se disputaient, chacun assurant qu 'il etait le plus fort. Quand ils ont vu un voyageur qui s'avancait, enveloppe dans son manteau, ils sont tornbes d'accord que celui qui arriverait Ie premier a Ie lui faire ater serait regarde comme Ie plus fort. Alors, la bise s'est mise a souffler de toutes ses forces, mais plus elle soufflait, plus Ie voyageur serrait son manteau autour de lui . Finalement, elle renonca a Ie lui faire otero Alors, Ie solei! cornmenca a briller et au bout d'un moment Ie voyageur, rechauffe, ota son manteau . Ainsi, la bise dut reconnaitre que Ie solei! etait Ie plus fort . Acknowledgement The first auth or was supported by an Allocation de recherche M.R.T. awarded to the D.E.A . de phonetique de Paris .

References DELATIRE, P. (1966). Studies in French and Comparative Phonetics. The Hague : Mouton . LEON, P. (1992) . Phonetism e et prononciations du francais. Paris: Nathan . LONCHAMP, F. (1988) . Etude sur la production et la per ception de la parole, les indic es acoustiques de la nasa lite vocalique, la modification du timbre par la frequence [ondamentale. These de Doctorat d'Etat, Universite de Nancy II. V AISSIERE, J. (1992) . Rhythm, accentuation and final lengthening in French. In Sundberg, J., Nord, L. and Carlson, R. (editors), Music, Language, Speech and Brain (Stockholm: Wenner-Gren International Symposium Series 59), 108-20. ZERLING, J-P . (1984) . Phenomenes de nasalite et de nasalisation vocaliques: etude cineradiographique pour deux locuteurs. Travaux de l'Institut de Phonetique de Strasbourg 16, 241-66.

Galician I

XOSE L. REGUElRA Instituto da Lingua Ca/ fga and Dept. de Filoloxia Ca/ega University of Santiago de' Compostela. J5703 Santiago. Spain

Galician is a Romance language closely related to Portuguese. It is spoken in the far northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. As a result of historical circumstances, Spanish has exerted a strong political and cultural influence over this region since the end of the Middle Ages, and there is in consequence in Galicia today a socially ascendant Spanishspeaking urban minority, while the rest of the population maintains Galician as its mother tongue, As a result, Galician is in a situation of language shift and the spoken language now includes numerous loan-words from Spanish. However, in recent decades Galician has been recognized as an official language in Galicia along with Spanish, and the language has gone through a process of standardization and social recovery. The language variety described here is that of colloquial Galician as spoken by a middleaged male speaker whose speech may be considered representative of an informal variety used by educated urban speakers.

Consonants Bilabial Plosive

p

Labiodental

b

Dental

t

Alveo lar

d

m

n r

Tap

r

f

e

k

9

Jl

1J

j

W

f

§

App roximant Lateral Approximant

Velar

if

Trill

Fricative

Palatal

j

Affricate Nasal

Postalveolar

I

Some varieties of the language, particularly among elderly speakers, display two cont rasting lateral consonants, one alveolar [I] and the other palatal [A]. However, in the language of most speakers, especially in urban and younger speakers, the palatal lateral consonant has been replaced by a voiced palatal plosive [j], as can be seen in the table above. In the dialects of western Galician, instead of leI and I§I there is only one fricative consonant, usually realized as a voiceless lamino-alveolar fricative [s]. This phenomenon is

Illustrations of the IPA

83

known as seseo (Fernandez Rei 1991: 189-215). Another dialectal characteristic which is encountered chiefly in the western half of the Galician-speaking region is known as gheada; thi s dialectal feature con sists of the absence of the voiceless velar plosive /g/, which is replaced by a voiceless fricative with several possible realizations, including pharyngeal [h], uvular [X], velar [x] and glottal [h] . Standard Galician, inc lud ing the variety of pronunciation described here, doe s not show these variants. p b t

'pa po 'bimbjo

j

tinta 'dondo 'ajo

k

'kuko

9

'90l)90

II

'lIulIo 'fofo

d

f 8 §

'8i1J.8a '§i§o

papo vimbio rinta dondo allo cueo ganga chucho fofo cinza siso

'jowl ' ' wicker' 'ink' ' soft' 'garlic' 'cuckoo' ' bargain' 'kiss' 'flabby' ' as h'

I

'[a

xa

m n

'mimo

]1

'ap o

l)

'uqo

'Iiqqwo 'baja

mimo neno aiio unha correr ouro lingua vaia

'bow

yO U

'neno

ko're r 'owro

w

'already' 'cuddle ' (n) 'child ' 'Iamb' 'a' , 'one'

't o run' ' go ld ' ' language' ' goe s' (subj)

'I go '

'good sen se '

The approximants fj) and [w] may appear after a vowel , giving rise to sequences such as [ew] , [ow). [ej], [oj] , etc. While in most phonetic descriptions of Galician these are labelled diphthongs , in the present descripti on they are viewed as sequences o f vowel plu s co nso nant, rath er than as sequences of two vowels. Vowels

•

Nasalization is not di stinctive for vowels, but any vow el can be come fully or partially nasali zed in contact with a nasal. The effect is strongest when a vowel occurs between two nasal consonants , and nasalization is systematically inclicated for this sequence of sounds in the examples in this article. (In the recorded passage, nas alization is indicated wherever the speaker produ ced a nasalized vowel, i.e. in more than ju st the NVN context.)

84 Handbook of the IPA

e

'bir ter 'bero

vir ter berro

a

'pa

pa

e

'to come] 'to have' 'shout' (0) 'shovel' '

o

'nos

0

'koro

u

'duro

nos corro duro

'we'

' I run' 'hard'

Stress Stress in Galician may fall on any of the last three syll able s of a word . If a word has a closed syllable in final position, stress usually falls on that syllable, e.g. final [fi'nal] 'end' , ron con [rorj'koq] ' pipe in a bagpip e' , armor [a r'mar] 't o arm' . In certain loans and learned words stress may be on the penultimate syll able, as in re vol ver [re'~ ol~er] ' rev o lve r', dolmen [dolrneq] ' dolmen', util [util] 'useful' . If there is a final open syllable in a word , stre ss will norma lly fall on the penultimate syllable , e.g. casa ['ko~a] 'house' , hom e [ome] 'm an' , carballo [kcr'[lajo] ' oak' , ed ificio [e{\i'fi8jo] 'building' . However, some words end in a stress ed vowel , e.g . a vo [a'~o] 'grandfather', ala [a'la] ' ove r there ' . This is true of the third pers on singul ar of the futur e tense in all verb s: canta rd [kcnta'ra] ' will sing ', lerd [Ie'ra] 'will read ', vira [bi'ra] 'will come ' . There are in consequence some min imal pairs where s tress placement is contrastiv e, e.g. revol ver [ re'~ ol~er] ' re vo lver' vs. revolver [re~ol'~er] ' to mix'; cantara [kantara] ' s ~ ng ' (subj) vs. cantata [kantara] ' will sing' . Some word s ending in two ope n syllables bear (he stress on the antepe nultimate syllable, e.g. cobado ['ko~ a{\o] 'elbow ', lostrego ['lostr etqo] ' lightning', medico ['me{\iko] ' doctor' , loxico [Iojiko] ' logical' , calculo ['kotkul o] 'calculation' .

Conventions The co nso nants represent ed in the table above as Ib d gl are only realized as a plosive afte r a pause or after a nasal con sonant (and also after a lateral in (he case of (dJ), whereas in other positions the y have approximant va riants W{\ UJ] respectivel y. Thus in vedno [be'Bijro] 'neighbour', (urn be'Oino] ' a neighbour' a plosive is pronoun ced, whil e an approx imant is found in 0 vec iiio [0 ~ e'8ipo] 'the neighb our' , mal vedno [mal ~ e'8 ip o] ' bad neighbour' , ter veciiios ['ter ~e' 8 ipo§ ] ' to have neighbours' . Pla ce of articulation in sylla ble-final nasals is non-contr astive, and assimilates to that of a foll owin g sy llable-initial consonant, e.g. inferno [inj'ferno] 'h ell ' , enredar [enre'(iar] ' to entangle', ancho ['aniijo] ' broad, wide' , nun ca ['nii!)ko] ' never' ; before a pause or before a word beginning with a vowel the realizati on is alwa ys velar [1]] : non [noq] ' no, not' , son un hom e ('§Ol] ii!) 'Sme ] ' I am a man'. The velar nasal also occurs interv ocalically in a small number of word s, for instance unha ['u!)o] 'a, one' , al gunha [ct'tquqo] ' some ' (fern ), ningunha [nl!)'gul)o] 'n o, none' , wher e the place of articulat ion is dist incti ve : unha ['U!)O] 'a , one' vs. ulla [una] 'jo ins' (subj) , una [uji a] 'nail' (Alvarez, Regueira and Mont eagudo 1995: 33) . Nevertheless, some authors do not inclu de [1]] among the phoneme s of Galici an, suggesting that in case s such as those above the velar place of articulat ion is conditioned by the locat ion of the sy llable break: [uq .u] vs. [u .na] (Vei ga 1976: 105-7 ; Castro 1989: 14455). The pres ent descrip tion prefers to regard II]I as a distinct phonem e.

Illustration s of the IPA

85

As with the nasals, the place of articulation of the lateral approximant in syllable-final positions is also affected by a following dental, palat al or velar consonant: alto ['alto] 't all', colcha ['koliija] ' bedspread' , algo [uhqo] 'something' . Elsewhere the lateral approximant is articulated as an alveolar [I]. Fricatives 181 and I§I may become partially or fully voiced in syllable-final position before a voiced consonant: de; meses ['de!;) 'me ses ] - ['deo 'me se s] ' ten months' , tres meses ['tre~ 'me ses] ' three months '. Elsewhere they remain voiceless . The open centra! vowel Ia! is realized as an open back [a] in cont act with velar consonants.

Transcription of recorded passage o '.l}el)to ugphul)wn '9imkAq bu'rxsurna 'bui[mjxn '1;>U:lSUfOg na'qumenum 'weit-urur] 'dandanfii jx'mjxsurmjiida. gw 'tee 'hcnjiimi tur'qxun hed'picbur] ga'maofii ne'rjx 'c we iji i na 'gwnenwn 'wert'turur] 'Allwo !tA'ZASWmj1ida . i'rihajx '!tugphul)wO 'henpirni 'c}u:lcul)e ci'mi 'c}A 'ze.daqo 'il)JAl)haji a'nur] su '~:9sA SW mj1 ida. Orthographic version 1l}~:4 "Bj!'

)-="'.1"

f.!.?

;lJ4 - : :

!J~

References KHUBCHANDANI , L. M. (1961) . The Phonology and Morphophonemics of Sindhi. M .A.

dissertation, Univ ersity of Pennsylvania, Phil adelphia. NIHALANI, P. ( 1974a). An aerodynamic stud y of stops in Sindhi . Phonetica 29, 193-224. NIHALANI, P. (1974b). Lingual articulation of stops in Sindhi. Phonetica 3D, 197-212.

Slovene RASTISLAV SUSTARSIC, SMIUANA KOMAR Department of English, Faculty of Arts, Univers ity of Lju bljana, Askerceva 2. 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

AND BOl AN PETEK Faculty of Natu ral Sciences and Engineering, University of Lju bljana, Snetn ii ka 5. 1000 Lj ubljana. Slovenia

Slovene (or Slovenian) is the national language of the Republic of Slovenia and is also spoken in adjo ining areas of Austria, Hungary and Italy. The variety described here is Standard Slovene as spoken by educated speakers in Slovenia. The transcription is based on a recording of two speakers, a female and a male, from Ljubljana, the capital. Slovene has 21 consonants and 8 vowels. The orthography generally represents the segmental pronunciation quite faithfully . The main exceptions are that [u] can be represented by the letters 'I' and 'v ' as well as 'u' , and that 'e ' is used to represent [e, E, a] and ' 0' to represent [0 , o r. Note also that 'Ij' and ' nj' are pronounced as [I] and [n] unless followed by a vowel. Consonants Bilabial Plosive

p

Dental

Labio-

dental

b

t

I

Approxi manl

s

I

biti

d3

z

J

3

'to drink' 'to be'

9

X

U

J 1

Lateral Approximant

pili

tJ f

f

Fricat ive

Velar

n

m

Tap

Pal atal

k

ts

Nasal

Palate -

alveolar

d

Affricate

p 'pi:ti b 'bitti

Alveolar

t ti:sk d di:sk ts tsi:n

tisk disk

tsin

'print' (n) 'd isk' 'tin' (metal)

k ki:p 9 gi:p tI tji:n d3 dyim

kip gib

tin gi ll

'statue ' ' movement' (army) 'rank' 'g in'

136 Handbook of the IPA

't hrea ds' ' my ths' n 'ni:ti niti 'fine' (adj) s 'si:niti siniti 'to shine out' z 'zi:niti zini ti 'to open o ne's mouth ' I• • ' to dig' r 'ri:ti nil ' to pour' liti u 'ui.di] vid is ' you see' 'li:ti

m 'mi:ti m iti f fi:n fi n

f 3 x

'f i:la '3i:la

fi la Zila

' awls' ' vein'

'xi:ti hiti 'ru sh ' (im p) 'j iidi] jidis ' Yiddish'

Be fore voiceless ob struents and in wor d-final position (unl es s they are followed by a word -init ial vo ice d ob struent) vo iced obstrue nts are completely de voiced : [sla :t] slad ' malt', sladkor ['sla:tbr] ' sugar' . Co mpare: [gra :d qo'rir] grad go ri ' the cas tle is on fire' . Voicele ss obs truen ts becom e voiced be fore voic ed obstruents: [Ie: s] les ' woo d ', [le:z qo'rir ] les go ri 'wood burn s' . Is, z, tsl when followed by If , 3, tJ, d31 ass imilate or coalesc e to U, 3, tJ] res pective ly, e.g . prefix I s-I in rJtJa: s:>ma] scasoma ' in the co urse of time' ; li zl ' from' but [i'3:e:pa] iz tepa ' fro m the pocket' . The nasa l Inl is pronounced as vel ar [I)] before Ik, g , xl: [banjka] banka 'b ank' , ['a njqel] ange l ' angel' , [anj xouc] Anhov o (n ame of a town ). The bil abi al and alveolar nasal s, 1m, nl , are pron ou nced as la biode nta l [fI)] before If, u/: [sinjfo'ni ij a] simfonija 'sympho ny', [sonj 'ue .deu] sem vede l ' I knew', [injfor'ma rtsija] inf orm acija ' information' , [injua'l itd] inval id ' invalid (n)' . Th e sonorants 1m, n, I, r, j , ul are normall y voi ced, but the app roximant lui has four allo pho nic variants: pre cedin g a vowe l it is pron oun ced as labi odent al [u]: [uo tda ] voda ' water' , in fina l positi on or preceding a con sonant it is pron oun ced [u] : [siu] siv ' grey ', [brautsi] bral ci ' readers' , in syllable-initial position preceding a vo iced consonant it is a voiced labial-velar appro ximan t [w] : [wnu :k) vnuk 'g randso n', [od 'wze .t i] odvzeti ' take away' and in sy llable-ini tia l positi on preced ing a voiceless co nsonan t it is a vo ice less lab ial-v el ar approxi mant [M]: [Msa:k] vsak 'e very ' , [pret'wse .rnl p redvsem ' in part icul ar ' . Instead of [w] and [M], the pronunci ation ca n also be [u]. Vowels Tra ditio na lly, the vowel system in Standard Slovene was descri bed as including a vowel length dist inction, wit h I i , a, u, e, :>1 occ ur ring both long and shor t, Ie:, 0:1 only long and I;}I sho rt (To poris ic 1984). Vowe l length , ho weve r, ca n no lo nge r be regarde d as disti nct ive for most speake rs, and it is ge ner al ly acce pted that long vo we ls occur in stresse d, and short vowel s in un stressed posi tio n (Srebot-Rejec 198 8), giving a phonemic inve nto ry of eight d istin cti ve vowe l qu alities, Ii , e, e , ;}, a, 0 , o, uf, as sho wn on the chart. All vowel s occur in stresse d and un stre ssed sy llables, but lei and 101 occur in unstre ssed posi tio n in a fe w gramm atical word s only, e.g. the auxiliary bo ('will') in the recorded passage. Becau se of th is res tric tion, so me authorities con sider th at ther e are on ly six unstress ed vowel qua lities . Wh at is meant by 's tress ' will be d iscu ssed below .

Illust rations of the IPA 137

u·

.

o

:)

Stressed

i: e:

e: a:

o: 0:

u: ;}:

mi.t

mit me:t med 'pe :ta peta ma:t mat 'porton poten po:t pot pu:st pust pes pois

' myth ' ' honey' ' hee l' 'checkmate' 'sweaty' 'path' 'carnival' ' dog '

Un stressed 'mi.ti m iti e 3e 've: ie ve e 'pe.te pete mata a 'ma :ta po'teim potem o 0 bo 'flo: bo sl o 'pu.stu pu stu u ;} 'do.bar dober

' myths ' 'a lre ady kn ows' ' hee l' (gen) 'checkmate ' (gen) ' then ' 'will go' 'carnival' (da t) 'good'

Ph onetic diphthongs ar ise when the approxima nts lui and Ij/ are pre ceded by a vo we l and follo wed by a consona nt or a word boundary. The labiodental lui in the se pos iti ons becomes a ro unde d second el em ent o f a diphthong, i.e . [u] , and Ij/ becomes [i] . Th es e ph onetic diph thon gs do not oc cur w ith sali ent lengthening when they oc cur in stressed sy lla bles. Th e degree of op enness in the fi rst e leme nt in lei! is bet ween that of lei and lei, and for lou! it is between that of 101 and hi.

ei

glei

glej

' look' (imp)

ai oi oi ui

dai

daj tvoj boj tuj

' giv e' (imp) 'your' (masc sg) 'battle ' ' fore ign '

tuoi bi tui

iu eu eu au ou

piu peu leu pau pou

pi! p el lev pa v pol

'drank ' ' sang' 'li on' ' pea coc k' 'ha lf'

;}u

'to.pou

topel

' war m '

Stress and accent In the illustrative wordlists and the tran scribed pas sage below, certain syllables hav e been marked as stress ed . These stressed syllables are ch aracterized by greater duration as well as by amplitude and pitch prominence. Non-compound words hav e no more th an o ne s tressed syll abl e . Stress pl acem ent is not predict able but is also ra rely d ist incti ve in Sl ovene, altho ugh in a few instances different forms of the same noun or ver b differ on ly

138 Handbook of /he IPA

in stress placement, e.g.: ['stua :ri], [stua'ri:], stvar i (' things ', du al vs. plur al ), [norsimo] , [no'si.mo] , nosimo (' ca n)" lst p. pI. indica tive and impera tive) . St and ard S lov ene disti ngui she s two pitch acc ents, trad itionall y referred to as the ' acute' and the 'ci rcumflex ' acce nts, and. these accents are tied to the loc ation of stress . T he pronunciati ons are vari able, but in typical realizati ons , the 'ac ute ' accent involves a step up in pitch and the ' circumflex' a step down in pitch (Top orisic 1984). In non word final positi on, the se pattern s are distributed over a stressed sylla ble and the followin g unstresse d sy llable, so that the ac ute has a low-pitched stressed sy lla ble and a high peak on the unstressed , wher eas the c ircumflex has a high pea k on the stres sed sy llable followed by a lower unstre ssed sy llab le . Hence the acute is also referred to as the low or rising tone me and the circumflex as the high or falling toneme . The accents are illu strated graphically o n the words for ' mother' and "grandfather ' in the follow ing sentenc es: ma

Acute : Circumflex :

Ma

De

je pris la .

dek je prisel.

' Mother has co me' . ' Grandpa has co me' .

The acce nts are seldom le xically dist inct ive, although there are e xampl es such as ['kl :la] kila 'h ern ia' (acute) and ['I

a

a:

kon god lang kjol hot jord

'cone' 'good' 'long' 's kirt' 'threat' 'soil'

Illustrations oj the IPA

i: y: y

\! e e: e:

e

sil sill syl syll Jul full hel hal hall

'strainer' 'herring' 'awl' 'sleeper' 'ugly' 'full' 'whole' ' heel' 'flat rock'

~:

nOt

'nut'

ce

nOli

' w or n'

Q:

mat matt mat moll bot bolt

'food ' 'feeble' 'goal' 'minor' (music) 'penance' 'lived' (perf)

a 0:

o u: u

141

Stress and accent , (p rimary stress), , (se c ond a ry stress), and ' (word accent) as in ['nu:ctan .v rndo n] nordanvinden 'the north wind' .

Conventions Ip, t, k/ are aspirated in stressed position when not preceded by lsi within the same morpheme. It, d, n, s, II are dental. The retroflex sounds [t, I) om VEm OV 'dorn sorn vo 'starkast. 'je st 'go: kom ~n 'vandraro 'vetqon 'fl a m, 'm.sverpt i on 'varm 'kapa. dorn kern do: evo 'rens om, at den sorn 'f~ ~t kendo fa vandraron at to 'o :v SEj 'kapan, han skelo 'an.sets VOla 'starkaro En den 'andra. do: 'blo.sto 'nutdan.vmdon so 'hot han 'non.sm 'kendo, men j~ 'hoidaro han 'bloisto, destu 'tertaro 'svetpto 'vandraron 'kapan 'om SEj, o n 'SISt gov 'nu.dan.vmdon 'ep f~'~0:k~t. do: lert 'surlon sina 'strorlar 'fji:na 'he:lt 'varmt, o 'jenast tug 'vandraron 'o:v sej 'kapan, o so vo 'nindan.vmdon 'tverjon at 'eu.csna, at 'suilan vo den 'starkasto ov dom 'tvor,

142

Handbo ok of the IPA

Orthographic version Nord anvinden oc h sole n tvistade e n gang om vern av dom sa m val' stark ast . Ju st da kom en vandrare vagen fram , insvept i en varm kappa, Dom kom da overens om, att den som forst kunde fa va ndraren all ta av sig kappan, han skuJle anses vara starkare an den andra. Da blaste nord an vinden sa hart han nan sin kunde, men ju hardare han blaste desto tatare svepte vandraren kapp an am sig , och till sist gay nordanv inden upp fors oket, Da Hit solen sina stralar skin a helt varmt oc h genast tog vandraren av sig kapp an, och sa val' nord anvinden tvunge n all erk ann a att solen var den starkaste av dom tva.

Acknowledgement Appreciation is extended to Ian Maddieson for the preparation of the vowel diagram .

Taba JOHN BOWDEN A."lD JOHN HAJEK

Departm ent of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, University of Melbourn e. Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia

Taba (also known as ' East Makian ' or 'Makian Dalam') is an Austronesian language sp oken in northern Maluku provin ce, Indones ia. It is spoken on Makian, Moti and Kay oa islands and also in a few vill age s on other nearby islands . The spee ch recorded here is from the village of Ng ofak iaha on Maki an island. Sl ight dialectal variations are to be found in mos t villages where the language is spoken.

Consonants Bil abial

p

Plosive

Labiodental

Dental

b

Alveo lar

t

m

Nasa l

Pala tal

d

Velar

k

n

f

Fricative

Postalve olar

Glott a l

9 l)

h

S

tI

Affricate

d3

r

Tr ill Approximant

W

J

Lateral Approximant

1

The consonant tab le shows phonemic contrasts. Although /t] I and Id31 are relative ly infre quent and originally borrowed, both can now be considered fully native.

p b m f

pait bait mai fati

' moon' 'wrestle' ' then' 'to cover'

t d n

tf d3 r

top d:J n:J S:J tjoat d3:JU r:JrE bat

'sugar cane' 'couscous ' ' there ' 'to ascend' ' firewood bundle ' 'g ood' 'stone' 'to slice'

k 9

kam gah

l)

rjan

h j w

han jan wah

'1 see' 'theft' 'sun ' 'to go' 'fish' 'island'

144 Handbook of the IPA

Geminates All of the Taba cons onants except /j , w. jr, d3/ can occur with distinctive length (i.e. as 'g eminates') . Interestingly, although geminates are found word-medially, they are mo st common in word-initial position. Geminates are never found in word-final position . They may occur monomorphemically, but they also occur across morpheme boundaries where initial agreement markers are prefi xed to verbs. Phr ase-initial geminates are realized in careful speech with a greater degree of tension and more articul atory force; in more casu al varieties of speech they can be realized with the same reduced tensi on and articu latory force as singleton s. Some illustrative examples of geminate contrasts are given below . t tt 9 99 m mm I] 1]1]

tal a ttala 9:)w:) 99 :)w:) mul mmul I]an I]I]E

'to meet' ' we (inclusive) meet ' 'place' 'neck' 'to return' ' you (sg) return'

I II k kk h hh

lo lb kut kku han hhan

'i nside' 'blo od ' 'lou se ' 't ail' ' to go' 'y ou (pI) go'

'sun'

'canarium nut'

Vowels Taba has a simple five vowel system, as shown on the chart. The phon e [E] is relativ ely rare. Notw ithst andin g the effects of predictable contextual conditioning (see below) , vowels are normally realized as relatively short. Very rare examples of long vowel s can be found, e.g. [ki:] ' vagina ' , but onl y one marg inal exa mple of a length co ntrast has been uncovered : [tEl ' no(t)' vs. [te r] 'if not' . All possible sequences of unalik e vowels occur in the corpus except for [c a] and [E:)], but none are listed here bec ause they are analysed as vowel clusters and not diphthongs.

e a

o u

im hen am :)m

urn

'fishing reel' 'turtle' ' to see' 'uncle' ' house'

lllustrations ofth eIPA 145

Stress Stress is indicated by a greater degree of force in the produ ction of a syllable, a noticeably highe r pitch tha n in unstressed syllables, and som e degree of lengthen ing. In general, primary stress falls on the only syllable of monos yllabic words or on the penultimate syllable of pol ysyllabi c words . Examples of antepenultimate stress are extremely rare, e.g. ['ttji otit] ' we defecate' . Final stress in polysyllabl es is more frequent, but is generally res tricte d to a few loan words , e .g. [a 'had] ' Sunday, week' « Ar abic) , and some polymorphemic verb for ms with monosyllabic roots, e .g. [na'pe] ' he does' from [pe] ' to

do'. Conventions Stops are not released in final position, and [t] is usually slightly palatal ized be fore [i). The nasals [m] and [n] tend to assimilate towards a following labiodental [f] while [n] also tend s to assimilate towards following bilabials and velars. [r] is always strongly trilled. In add ition to its use of initial geminates, Taba is also characterized by the appea rance of a large set of unu sual clusters, e.g. ['nmu] ' muddy water ' , ['mhonas] 'sick', ['nh ik] ' bat' , [khan] ' I go ', [rnto] 'eye '. More common initiall y than mediall y, they are often the result of prefixing simple co nsonants to verb roots in order to mark person and numb er. In nasal co nsonant + [h] clusters, e.g. [rnhonas], the nasal starts off as fully voice d, w ith the latter portion devoiced without any concomitant increase in nasal airflow. The [h] offset is cle ar. Het erorganic clu ster s with initial [h] are also found, e.g. ['hkutan] 'y ou ask' vs. [kutan] ' to ask' . The articulatio n of [h] in onset is also clear. Init ial geminate cont rasts are generally stable, although there is a tendency for so me spea kers to reduc e initial [hh] to [h]. e.g. ['hhan] - [h an] ' you (pI) go ' . Conversely, som e non-gem inate fric ative clusters may be subject to optional metathesis or even compl ete assi milation, e.g. expected ['hsopaq] alongs ide ['shopal)] and [ssop an] ' you (pI) descend ' . There is not much allopho nic variation in the vowels, apart from the kinds of variat ions seen in a great many langu ages : vowels tend to be nasalized before nasal con sonants, and they tend to be lengthened slightly before voiced co nsonant s and in stressed posit ions . Some dialects of T aba repla ce many instances of Ng ofak iaha f of wit h fa t, e.g . lwosl vs. ['wag] 'canoe' .

Transcription of recorded passage A riddl e about being sick

'ba nda 'ni

'WE

'mhonas

I

'nim

'WE

na'lusa 'mhonas

I

'nim pap'puko 'ms

na'lusa 'mhonas I 'birjo nam o'lam I u'lon 'nmau 'nhan I 'poto 'P::>pE 'nmau 'nhan 'ntj'iw i " 'sumo na 'lusa 'kh an I 'mto 'nujak I 'pojo 'rnhonas I bai'bij o nrna'lorjo I u'lon 'nma u 'nha n I 'mtumo E 'lo E II pap 'puk o 'ma i na'lu sa 'mhonas " 'birp na'lusa namo 'lam

I

u'lon jase 'nmau mpa'renta 'nha n

I

146 Handbook of the IPA

'poto 'pops na 'lusa ta'siaki II 'mpili E: 'lo 'li E: I 'polo 'banda ta'siak I 'nhan 'tuli na'hates I 'mau 'nhan 'tuli se'darjkan 'banda na'pe ta'siaki II 'male 'sio I 'malai 'han 'tuli II 'sic 'mul 'malai 'han 'tuli a'han II 'male 'ttj iotit 'hu 'ma lai I 'than I 'ttfi::ltit 'okik 'malai 'than 'tuli I 'than 'tronda II Orthographic version Banda ni we mhonas, nim we nalusa ' mhonas' . Nim pappuko me nalusa 'mhonas'. Bingo namolam . Ulon nmau nhan . Poto pope nmau nhan ncioi. Sumo nalusa 'khan'. Mto nuyak, poyo mhonas, baibiyo nmalongo. Ulon nmau nhan, mtumo e 10 e? Pappuko mai nalusa mhonas . Bingo nalusa namolam. Ulon yase nmau nparenta nhan. Poto pope nalusa tasiaki. Mpili e 10 Ii e? Polo Banda tasiak, nhan tuli nahates. Mau nhan tuli sedangkan Banda nape tasiaki. Male sio malai han tuli . Sio mul malai han tuli ahan. Male tciotit hu malai than. Tciotit okik malai than tuli, than tronda.

Thai M . R. KA LAYA TINGSABADH Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330. Thailand

AND ARTHUR S. ABRAMSON Haskins Laborat ories. New Haven, CT, and Department of Linguistics. The Univers ity of Connecticut, Storrs. CT 06269-1 145, USA

Standard Thai is spoken by educated speakers in every part of Th ai land , used in news broadcasts on rad io and television , taught in school, and described in grammar books and dictionaries , It has developed through the standardization of a soci ally prestigious variety of Central Thai, the reg ional dialect of Bangkok and the surrounding provinces, Th e transcr ip tion of 'The No rth W ind and the Sun' is based on record ings made by three cultivated speakers of the langua ge . who were asked to read the passage in a relaxe d way , In fact , we find them all to have used a fairly formal colloqui al sty le, apparently equivalent to Eugenic J. A. Henderson ' s ' combina tive style ' (He nderso n 1949). In a more deliberate read ing of the text , many words in the passage woul d be transcribed differentl y. The mai n features subject to such styl istic variation are vowel qu ant ity , tone , and glottal stop . Thu s , for exarnple. vter/ ' but' is like ly und er we ak stress to be Itel wit h a short vowel; the modal auxi liary llf;a?I ' abou t to' becomes Iteal, with change of tone from low to mid and loss of fin al glotta l stop. Th e prosodic and sy ntac tic fac tors that see m to be at work he re rema in to be thoroughly ex plore d.

Consonants Bilabial Plosive Nasal Fricative

p

ph

Labiodental

Alveolar

b

t th d

ill

n f

Velar

Glottal

k kh

? I)

h tc

tc h

r

Approximant Lateral Approximant

Palatal

S

Affricate Trill

Postalveolar

J I

W

148 Handbo ok of the IPA

p ph b m f

pam pha :n ba.n ma.n fa :n

'birthmark' 'belligerent ' 'to bloom ' 'demon' 'to slice '

t th d n s

' sugar palm' ' alms' 'calloused' 'long time ' 'court' ' shop ' 'million' 'dish ' ' trash'

tam

tha:n da.:n! nain , sam

ra :n

I

lam

te

team

tch

tcha:n

k kh IJ w j ? h

ka:n kha:n rjam wa rn ja:n ?a:n ha:n

'act' 'shaft' 'work' ' to sow ' 'sagging' ' saddle' 'to divide'

Vowels There are nine vowels. Length is distin~tive for all the vowels. (In some phonological treatments, N :I is analyzed as NYI.) Although small spectral differences between short and long counterparts are psy choacousti cally detectable and have some effect on vowel identification (Abramson and Ren 1990), we find the differences too subtle to place with confidence in the vowel quadrilateral. The vowel lal in unstressed position, including the endings of the diphthongs lia, wa , ua/, is likely to be somewhat raised in quality. The final segme nts of the other two sets of phon etic diphthongs: (I ) [iu, eu , e:u , e.u , au, a:u , iau] and (2) [ai, a:i, oi, ori, ui, Y:i, uai, wail are analyzed as Iwl and Ijl respe ctively .

•

1

u 0

~ a e t:

a 0 0

u Y w

kri t ?en ph

e?

fan kEllJ khan

sut lJyn k'uin

'dagger' 'ligament' 'goat' 'to dream' 'box' 'thick (soup)' ' last, rearrno st ' 'silver' 'to go up'

i:

e: e: a: 0: 0:

u: Y: w:

~, \

e:

/l

ua

(

J

'to cut ' 'to recline' 'to be defeated' ' to slice' 'drum' ' to fell (a tree)' 'to inhale ' sutt dy:n ' to walk ' khlw:n 'wave'

kri it ?e:n ph fam k15:1J kha:n

wa[

ia wa ua

nan niian riian

'to study' 'house' 'to be provocative'

Illustrations of the IPA

Tones There are five tones in Stand ard Th ai: high 1'1, mid kha: kha: kha :

't o get stuck ' 'galangal' 'I'

149

r I, low r I, rising r I , and fallin g F].

kha : khil:

' to engage in trade' 'leg '

Stress Prim ary stress falls on the final syllable of a word. Th e last prim ary stress before the end of a major prosodic group co mmonly takes extra stress .

Conventions The fea ture of aspiration is mani fested in the expe cted fashion for the simple prevoc alic oral stops /p", til, kh/. Th e fairly long lag between the release of the stop and the onset of voic ing is filled with turbulence, i.e. noise -excit ation of the relatively unimped ed supraglottal vocal tract. In the speci al case of the 'as pirated' affricat e ItcN , howe ver , the noise dur ing the voicing lag exc ites a narrow post alveolar constriction, thus givin g rise to local turbulence. It is nece ssarily the case, then , that the constrictio n of the aspirated affricate lasts longer than that of the unaspirated one (Abr am son 1989). Not surprisingl y , it follows from these cons iderations that the aspiration of initial stops as the first element in clu sters occurs during the articul ation of the second element, which must be a member of the set /I, r, wi . Onl y Ip, t, k, 7, m, n, I), w, jl occ ur in syllabl e-final position. Fin al Ip, t, k, ?I have no audibl e release . The final oral plosives are said to be acco mpanied by simultaneo us glottal closure (Hend erson 1964; Harris 1992). Final/?I is o mitted in unstressed positi ons . Initial It, thlare often dent i-alveolar. Initial I tI and IfI are velarized before close front vowels . The con son ant Irl is realized most frequently as [r] but also as [r]. Pe rceptual experim ent s (A bramson 1962: 6-9) have shown that the distinction between Irl and IV is not very robust; ne verthel ess, the norm ativ e attitude amo ng speakers of Standard Thai is that they are separate phonem es, as giv en in Thai sc ript. Th is dist incti o n is rather we ll mainta ined by some cult ivated speakers, especially in form al speech ; however, many show much vacillation , with a tendency to favour the later al phone [1] in the position of a single initial conson ant. As the seco nd element of initial consonant clust ers, both III and /rl tend to be deleted altogether. In plu risyllabic word s, the low tone and the high tone on syllables co ntaining the short vowel lal foll owed by the glottal stop in de liber ate speec h, become the mid tone when unstressed , wi th loss of the glottal sto p.

Transcription of recorded passage

kha'oa? thj .lorn'nuia le ,phni ?a'thlt I kam'lar] 'thial) kan 'wa: I 'khraj tea 'mi: pha'lal) 'ma rk kwa 'ka n I k5 'mi : 'nak,dy:n'tha:l) 'p hO: 'ow l) 'dY:n 'ph n 'rna: I 'saj 'suia.kan'na.w I .lorn'nuia ,phra?a'thlt 'tew l) .tok'lor; kan 'wa : I 'khraj thj .sarrnan 'tham haj 'nak,dY:n'tha:l) 'phO: 'ni : I 'th3 :t 'sui a.kan'na rw ?3k 'daij

Ie

a:

150 Handbook of the IPA

.sa m're t 'ko:n I tca 'thw: 'wa: I pen 'phil: thl 'mi: pha'lal) 'mark 'kwa: I 'Ie? 'le .w I .l orn'nui a k5 kra'p'ui: 'p"at 'j a:1) 'sut!'r£:1) II te JII) 'p"at 'r£:1) 'ma rk 'khwn 'phI arj 'daj I 'nak,dy:n'tha:1) k5 'jII) 'dwl) 'suia.kan'narw 'haj kra'tchap kap 'tiia 'mark 'khw n 'phl al) 'na n II 'Ie? 'na j thi 'su t I .lorn'nuia k5 'ly:k 'lorn 'k' wa rm phaja'ja :m I 'tca.k 'nan I ,phra?a'thl t tcuiq 'sa.t 's£:1) tan 'rom 'r£:1) ?bk 'rna: I 'nak,dY:n'tha:1) k5 'thb:t 'suiaka n'na tw '?b:k 'than 't"l: I 'naj thl 'sut I .lorn'nuia tCWI) 'team 't51) 'j5:m 'rap 'wa: I ,phra?a'thlt mi: pha'lal) 'ma rk 'kwa : 'ton II Orthographic version

'lJru:;~mJL'VIU[)LLfl:;vrs:;miil/lufl1~\lL11tJ\ltl'lJ11'll'l'r'ildj'V'l~\l3Jlnn11tl'lJiHl,rnL~'lJ'Yl1\1c7 " 'VI~\l L~'lJ~l'lJ3Jl 'l~L~Eltl'lJ'VI'lJ11 fl3JL 'V\iJmLfl:;'V'l1:;miil/lu~\ll/lnfl\ln'lJ11 'If'n~m3J11'l rl1'1i'1,rm~'lJ'Yl1\1~tfC1E1(;lL~[)tl'lJ'VI'lJ11E1E1n 1;~lL1"ilnEl'lJ"il:;11 El11Lil'lJ~~il'V'l~\l3Jlnn11 uae LL;lfl 3J L'VI;j El nm:;~ [)~(;lEl ~1\1 ~ (;1 LL1\1 LL~~\I~(;1L L1\1 3Jl n~'lJLWtJ\I 'l(;l ,rnL&1'lJ'Yl1\1il~\I~\lL~EI tl'lJ'VI'lJ11'li'1m:;-a1J tl1J;l3Jl n~'lJ LWtJ\I,T'lJ uae'l'lJ~1:l(;lfl3JL 'VIUEI i1L~n;3Jl'l113J'V'ltJ1tJ13J "ill n , ,T'lJ'V'l1:;mii(;lu~\l1:l1(;1 LL1:l\l5'lJ;EI'lJ LL 1\1E1E1n~1 ,rm~'lJ'Yl1\1ti'lEI (;lL~Eltl'lJ'V\'lJl1E1E1m1'lJri 'l'lJ~ d

ell

0

(LI

Q

~cJ

Q.I

~ (;lfl3JL'V\'lJ EI "il\l"ill (;lEl\ltJEl3J1'1J11'V'l1:;mYll9l tJ3J'V'lfl\l3Jl n nJl191'lJ

Ack now ledgements WethankDr. ChalidaRojanawathanavuthi , Dr. KingkarnThepkanjana, and Miss Surangkana Kaewnamdee, whose readings of thepassage underlieourtranscription. Dr. Theraphan Luangthongkum and Dr.Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin read (he manuscriptandmade helpful comments. Partof (hework of (he secondauthor was supported by Grant HDOl994 fromthe U.S. National Institutes of Healthto Haskins Laboratories.

Refer en ces ABRAMSON, A. S. (1962) . The Vowels and Tones of Standard Thai: Acoustical Measurements and Experiments. Bloom ington: Indiana University Resear ch Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, Publication 20 . ABRAMSON, A. S. ( 1989). Laryngeal control in the plosives of Standard Thai . Pasaa 19, 85-93 . ABRAMSON , A. S. AND REN, N. (1990) . Distinctive vowel length : Duration vs. spectrum in Thai . Journal of Phonetics 18, 79-92. HARRIS, J. G. (1992) . The consonant sounds of 17th century Siamese. M on-Khmer Studies 2 1,1-17 . HENDERSON, E. J. A. (1949) . Pro sodies in Siamese: A study in synthesis. Asia Maj or New Series 1, 189-215. HENDERSON, E. J. A. (1964 ). Marginalia to Siame se phonetic studie s. In Abercrombie, D., Fry, D. B., MacCarthy, P. A. D., Scott , N. C. and Trim , J. L. M. (editors), In Hon our of Daniel Jones: Papers Contributed on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday 12 Sept ember 1961,415-24 . London : Longmans.

Tukang Besi M ARK DON OHUE Department of Lingu istics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

Tukang Besi is an archipelago in so uth-e as t Sulawesi, Ind onesia, where an Au stronesian language is spoken. Th e speech represented here is that of the northern coast of the island of Wanci . With mainly slight lex ical vari at ion it represents the spee ch of the tw o northernmost island s in the archip elago, Wanci and Kaledupa. Consonants Bilabial Plosi ve

p

5

Nasa l

m

Fricative

j3 mp

Alve olar

Dental

t

b

Implosive

Pren asaliz ed Plosive

Labiodental

(d)

Velar

k

9

Glotlal

?

cf

n nt nd

Pren asalized Fricative

h

(z)

S

mb

IJ IJk IJg

ns

T rill

r

Lateral Approx imant

I

The con sonant table represents phonemic contrasts, with the exception of [d) and [z] which are allophones of the loan phoneme Id3/ ; o nly borro wed words (or suspected loans) show this phon eme. Ibl is also a loan phoneme, present only in a few recently borrowed word s, but contrastive with 151, as seen in [bale] 'turn around (wa lking only)' « Malay batik) vs. [fiale] ' frond of coconut tree '. p 5 01

13 mp mb

apa a5a ama ?a13a kompa komba

'up to' ' previous' ' father' 'obtain' 'eel' 'moon '

t rf n s nt nd ns

titi pid i an a asa tinti pindi pinse a ra ala

' breast' ' rubbish' 'child ' 'on e' 'run'

' faeces' 'squeeze' 'if' 'fetch '

k

kai gai alJa

'hook' ' pull out' 'gills'

lJk lJg

5alJka ilJga13 i

' ship ' 'yesterday'

? h

?a cfa hacfa

' send' 'imminent'

9 lJ

I I

152 Handb ook of /he {PA

Vowel s

e

5a li 5a le

a

5a la

o

5a lo 5a lw

w

' turn around ' 'frond of a yo ung cocon ut tree ' (class ifier for soap and small objects) 'an swe r' 'buy'

Stressl accent

o

I

a

!

Stress, rea lized as a gen er ally higher a6d level pit ch on the whole sy lla ble , is almost I always on the penultimate syllable of the word. The definition of the word is so metimes ex tende d to include the following (inhe rently stress less) absol utive art icle ti e). Thus the sentence nomanga te bae ' he ate the rice ca n be pron ounced either as [no'maq at efiae] or as [n orna'qatc 'Bae] . A seco ndary stress, co nsis ting of a grea ter amplitude wi thout the higher pitch that is the cha racteristic of t~e primary stress, is also found on eve ry seco nd sy llable aw ay fro m the primary stress ed syllable. Co ntrastive acce nt pattern s have arise n fro m the introduct ion of loan word s with fin al nasals; the final nasal is borrow ed as a separate syllabic nucl eus, with predi ct able effect s on the penultimate acce nt, and then later dropped. Th is has produ ced at least one cas e of a lex ical diffe ren ce based so lely on accen t: ['kenta] 'fis h ' (a rchaic) vs. [ke'nta] ' potato' (loan , < Mal ay [ken ta rj] ).

l

Conventions

I I

Free variatio n is observed between [.f3] , [] and [u], with [.f3 ] being the most co mmon phone exc ept amo ngs t childre n, who pr~fer [] ; the implosives and Igl are pre glott alized foll ow ing a stress ed sylla ble ([75J, [70 ] and [7g)) . /hi varie s with [] before a high back I vowel. The lateral III is so metimes realized as a retrofl ex later al flap [J] after back vow els . Th e phoneme Irl varies bet ween [r] , [rJ, i[J] and [u; thus, after a back vow el, realiz ati ons of Irl and III overlap. The loa n phon eme Id31 var ies idiolec tally betwee n [d3] (mos t co mmo n), [d] (co ntras ting with [a)) , and;[z]. Thu s: [ kaqa'dar] - [,kata'd3a :] karajaa 'w ork (for a wage)' , [dari] - ['zari] - ['d3ari] ja ri ' then, thus' . Voiceless or sonorant consonants ar4 often ge minated in the stresse d o r post-stressed sy llable, in a restr icti ve set of vocalic environment s that dep end s on the co nso na nt. Thus: ['ak a] - ['ak :a] 'ro ot ', [m otunurur] - [,~otw 't:wrw ] 's leepy ' . The voiced prena sal ized stops so me times redu ce to a geminate nasal in cas ual speec h. Thu s [fia'mbai] - [5a'm:a i] ' com b' , [nd aqa] - ['n:al)a] 'jackfruit' 'i [i'l)ga.f3 i] - [i'l):ja.f3i] 'yesterday' . A glo ttal sto p del ete s or is replaced by [k) in a syll able adj acent to ano the r glottal stop: thus I?wl '2 nd per son singular possessive' and 11)0701 ':nose', but [l)o'70w] 'your nose' « 11)070 + 7w/ ), nel ' 3rd person object' and Itw 701 'cho p down' , but [tur'r oke] 'cho p it down ' « 1t1ll70 + 7el) . I

lllustrations of the IPA 153

The high front vowel shows little variation in quality, nor does the low back vowel. The high back unrounded vowel Iml can round to [u] in a syllable immediately following the vowel 101 or following Iw/ . In these and other environments it shows occasional variation with [u]. The front mid vowel let tends to raise to [e) or even [I] when not followed by a consonant (i.e. finally or before a syllable without an onset), with the notable exception of the core article te, which is invariably [te] . The mid back vowel is higher than the mid front vowel, again tending to be higher when followed by a vowel, especially when the following syllable contains 101 or bn}. Following a bilabial consonant the height of the vowel is also more pronounced , and the closer the syllable to the end of the word, the higher the vowel. All the vowels tend to de-syllabify if they occur before the stressed syllable adjacent to another vowel , or in a stressless word ; usually the highest of the vowels desyllabifies . When two vowels come together across a word boundary, the first of these often deletes . See the text for examples of these phenomena.

Transcription of recorded passage

sa'pajra sa'pajra 'a na , 'a ne ke la 'bela j3a'nde,:!sa'I)ia 'kene la 'bela ?o'lo:. te a'm:ai 'ana .nopo.bosurfiustq 'ako te e'mai na mefiokur. mbe'aka mo'Ieqo '?umpa .norna'imo na 'm ia dnr'mila pu'rnake ?e fiadyur mo'koifia , .sa ri.ta ra'kono, .nose'ttudjur ktqa te ,5a:'5a:no pumalur'Iur?e na 'mia Bumila 'iso, te 'ia nahopo'talur i po.tann'rano 'iso aj. 'mak a te la fiela j3a'nde,:!sa'I)ia 'a na no'top:a, no'topra, no'topra, 'tok:a .same'bukur no'topra .samefxikur te 'ia 'iso no'konta te fiadur .moko'bano. ka'm5ea ,moni'nino . ma,kala'?amo .mbea'karno no'sorba na la 'bela Ba.ndensa'qia 'ana. po'roli 'iso, la fiela ?o'lo: no.paso'soa te 'mia mefiadjur iso 'ke ne ,mbea'kamo o'harda pa'ke te badgtnno. 'dj ar ,a j3a'na :tw no.hopo'talur na la 'bela b'lo:, 'kcne .norno'tal ur na la fiela j3a,nde,:!sa'I]ia i .pota'rur? w ka 'Basa 'iso aj. ,sapa'ira ,sapa'ira .ta rjka'norno. Orthographic version Sapaira sapaira ana, ane ke La Bela Wandensangia kene La Bela '0 100. Te amai ana nopobusubusu ako te emai na mebuku . Mbeaka molengo 'umpa nomaimo na mia wumila pumake te baju mokoba . Sa'itaakono, nosetuju kua te baabaano pumalulu'e na mia wumila iso, te ia nahopotalu i potaru'ano iso ai. Maka te La Bela Wandensangia ana notopa, notopa, notopa, toka samebuku notopa samebuku te ia iso nokonta te baju mokobano . Kambea moninino. Maka la'amo mbeakamo nosoba na La Bela Wandensangia ana . Po'oli iso, La Bela '0100 nopasosoa te mia mebaju iso kene mbeakamo ohada pake te bajuno. Jari awana atu nohopotalu na La Bela '0 100, kene nomotalu na La Bela Wandensangia i potaru 'a u kawasa iso ai. Sapaira sapaira tangkanomo.

r urkish KARL ZIMMER AND ORHAN ORGUN

Department of Linguistics, unive Jry of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA I

The speech is that of a 25-year-old native of Istanbul. This variety of the language is cons idered standard ; most educated speakers of Turkish are familiar with this pronunciation as well as a regional variety.

Consonants Bilabial Plosive and Affricate

P

Labiodental

b

Dental

t

m

Nasal

d

Postalveolar

tI

d3

I

3

Palatal C

V

S

z I

I

Tap

h

j

t

1

I

'stamp' 'find'

t d

tel del

l' wire)

c

i' pierce '

j

I

s

mat rej sar

z

zar

tf

tfam dgarn

m far var

9

:

Lateral Approximant

f v

Glottal

f

Approximant

put but

k

Y

I

p b

J

Velar

I)

f

Fricative

Alveolar

'headlight' 'exists'

'property' I' vote' .'wrap ' 'membrane' I

d3

la:'le

k g n

y h

day [da:] 'mountain' ' every' her

'grief" 'horseshoe'

'pine' I' glass'

! ia'ia

'profit ' ' bit (for a horse)' 's now'

car ]em kar gam nat

i'servant' ['tulip'

jer

'place'

Illustrations of the [PA 155

Vowels

y e ce

a w u 0

kil kyl kel grel kat kwt kut kot

'clay' 'ashes' 'bald' 'lake' 'stay' 'hair' 'slave'

•

u

•0

'ann'

Long vowels are [ir], (e:J, (u:] and (a:]. Diphthongs can be treated as sequences of vowel and Ij/. Stress Word stress tends to be on the last syllable of the word . However, there are some unstressable suffixes which cause the main word stress to fall on the syllable preceding such a suffix, e.g . [jap-turr-rna'lur] 's/he must have (it) done' vs. [jap-rurr-ma-malur] 's/he must refrain from having (it) done', where the negative suffix (-rna] is an unstressable suffix . There are also some lexical exceptions to final stress , e.g. ('masa] ' table' .

Conventions The voiceless stops are usually aspirated in syllable-initial position and are always released in codas unless followed by a homorganic consonant. Ic, jl do not contrast with /k , gl in the native vocabulary, where (c] and (j] appear only in syllables with front vowels, while (k] and (g] appear only in syllables with back vowels . There are, however, some loanwords in which there are unpredictable occurrences of (c) and (j] with back vowels , e.g. Icarl kI1r 'profit' (cf. /karl kar 'snow'). II/ is a palatalized postalveolar lateral, It I a velarized dental lateral; It I does not occur after front vowels. /hI in final position may be realized as a voiceless velar fricative. Irl is most commonly a single tap. Ir , t, II are frequently devoiced in final position or when a voiceless consonant follows. (v] is frequently pronounced as a bilabial fricative or approximant when preceded by a vowel. Iyl corresponds to the ' soft g' (g) in Turkish orthography; its use finds its main justification in accounting for morphological alternations . Iyl between front vowels is pronounced as a weak front-velar or palatal approx imant. When the Iyl is word-final or followed by a consonant it is realized phonetically as a lengthening of the preceding vowel; elsewhere when intervocalic, it is phonetically zero. All vowels except la, 01 have a lower variant in the final open syllable of a phrase , e.g. (kel] 'bald' but [ka 'le] 'castle'.

156 Handbook of the IPA

Transcription of recorded passage ,

poj'razla jy'ne] birbirlerin'den da'ha kuvvet'li ordukiarur'nur ile'ri sy'rerec iddiarla'[urjor-lardur . 'de rce n ka'trnh 'bir 'pat to jij'mi] 'bir jo!3'd3U jcerdyler. 'bu joldju'ja 'pa i tosu'nu tfrn,karttrnrabile'nin da'ha kuvvet'li otduyu'nu ka'bu:l etrni'je ka'rar verdi'ler. poj'raz 'var jy'dvyle esmi'je bajla'dur. 'a ndga k joi'dju 'pai tosu.na 'j itj idb da 'ha surkui sarur'nurjordu. 'sonunda poj'raz uvrajrnak'tan 'va zj e tj ti. 'bu se'fer jy'ne] atj'tur orta'rurk ursur'numdya jot'dju 'pa l tosunu Ihe'me n tjurkar'dur. 'boejledge poj 'raz jyne'[in ,kendisin'den da 'ha kuvv'leeli olduvu'nu ka'bu:l etrnije medj'bur kat'dur, Orthographic version I Poyrazla gunes , birbirlerinden daha kuvvetli olduklarirn iJeri surerek iddialasiyorlardi . Derken, kahn bir palto giyrnis bir yolcu gorduler, Bu yolcuya paltosunu crkartnrabilenin daha kuvvetli oldugunu kabul etmeye karar verdiler. Poyraz, var guctiyle esmeye basladt , Ancak, yolcu paltosuna gitgide daha S~kl sanruyordu . Sonunda poyraz ugrasmaktan J vazgecti, Bu sefer gunes acu ; ortah k isrru nca yolcu paltosunu hemen crkardi , Boylece poyraz, gunesin kendisinden daha kuvvetlj oldugunu kabul etmeye mecbur kaldi . J

PART 3

Appendices

Appendix 1 The Principles of the International Phonetic Association From its earliest days (see appendix 4) the Association has tried to make explicit the principles which guide its work . The statement of these principles has been amended and updated from time to time ; the current formulation (below) was approved at the 1989 Convention of the Association . I The International Phonetic Association has a standard alphabet which is usually referred to by the initials IPA , or, in a number of non-English-speaking countries, API. It is designed primarily to meet practical linguistic needs , such as putting on record the phonetic or phonological structure of languages, providing learners of foreign languages with phonetic trans cript ions to assist them in acquiring the pronunciation, and working out roman orthographies for languages written in other systems or for languages previously unwritten. A large number of symbols and diacritics is also provided for representing fine distinctions of sound quality, making the IPA well suited for use in all disciplines in which the representation of speech sounds is required. 2 The IPA is intended to be a set of symbols for representing all the possible sounds of the world 's languages. The representation of these sounds uses a set of phonetic categories which describe how each sound is made. These categories define a number of natural classes of sounds that operate in phonological rules and historical sound changes. The symbols of the IPA a re shorthand ways of indicating certain intersections of these categories. Thus [p] is a shorthand way of designating the intersection of the categories voiceless, bilabial, and plosive; [m] is the intersection of the categories voiced, bilabial, and nasal; and so on . The sounds that are represented by the symbols are primarily those that serve to distinguish one word from another in a language. 3 In the construction of the IPA attention has been paid not only to the appropriateness of each symbol from a phonetic point of view, but also to the suitability of symbols from the typographical point of view . The non-roman symbols of the IPA have, as far as possible, been made to harmoni ze with the roman lellers . For instance, the Greek letters included in the IPA are roman adaptations; as the ordinary shape of the Greek letter f3 does not harmonize with roman type, in the IPA it has been given the form p. The Association does not favour the use of italic forms of symbols as models for the design of new symbols. 4 The construction and use of the IPA are guided by the following principles: (a) When two sounds occurring in a given language are employed for distinguishing one word from another, they should wherever possible be repre sented by two distinct symbols without diacritics. Ordinary roman letters should be used as far as is practicable, but recourse must be had to other symbols when the roman alphabet is inadequate. (b) When two sounds are very similar and not known to be employed in any language for distinguishing meanings of utterances, they should, as a rule, be represented by the same

160 Handbook of the IPA

I

I

symbol. Separate symbols or diacritics may , however, be used to distinguish such sounds when necessary. : (c) It is not possible to dispense entire lY with dia critics. The International Phonetic Association recommends that their use be limited as far as possible to the follow ing case s: I (i) For denoting length, stre ss and pitch . (ii) For representing minute shades of ~ounds. (iii) When the introduction of a single ,diacritic obviates the necessity for designing a number of new symbols (as, for instance, ip the representation of nasaliz ed vowels). 5 The use of symbols in representing the sounds of a particular lang uage is usu all y guided by the principles of phonological ~ontrast. All languages use a limited number of vowels and co nso nant s that are able to distinguish word meanings: the contrast between English m and n is used to distinguish the ,vords met and net, and these two sounds should therefore be represented by dif ferent symbols. The three k-sounds of the English words keep , c a r t , c oo l can be heard and fel t to be different, but from the linguistic or phonological point of view the differences are not dist inctive and all may be represented I by the same [k] symbol. The same appliesjto the French k-sounds in qui, cas, COU, though these differ phoneti cally from the corre sponding English ones . 6 The Ass ociation recommends that al phonetic tran scription should be enclosed in I square bracket s [ ]. A transcr ipt ion that no es only phonol ogical contrasts may be enclosed in slanted lines or slas hes t t. 7 A tran scription always con sists of a set of symbols and a set of conventions for thei r interpretation . Furthermore, the IPA co nsists of symbols and diacritics whose meaning cann ot be learned entirely from written descriptions of the phonetic categories involved . The Association strongly recommends th ~t anyone intending to use the symbols should rece ive training in order to learn how to produce and recognize the corre sponding sounds with a reason able degr ee of accuracy.

I

I

Appendix 2 Computer coding of IPA symbols This section is a revision of an article which first appeared in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23, 83-97 (1993), entitled 'Computer codes for phonetic symbols', by John H. Esling and Harry Gaylord . The chart of IPA Numbers and the coding tables in this section have been updated to 1998. The process of assigning computer codes to phonetic symbols began when the 1989 Kiel Convention of the International Phonetic Association was called to revise the Association's alphabet. The Workgroup on Computer Coding formed at that time had the task of determining how to represent the IPA alphabet numerically, and of developing a set of numbers referring to IPA symbols unambiguously . This involved assembling phoneticians who work with computer representations of phonetic symbols, and communicating with specialists in computer coding to gauge the fit between the phonetician's perspective on symbol usage and the non-phonetician's understanding of how to identify and use phonetic symbols. Prior to the Kiel meeting, a collection of practical approaches to coded representations was outlined in JIPA (Esling 1988), which dealt mainly with keyboard assignments of characters. At Kiel, after reviewing several submissions on current practice, the Workgroup concluded that each symbol used by the IPA should be assigned a unique, three-digit number known as its IPA Number. IPA Numbers were assigned in linear order following the new IPA Chart which resulted from the deliberations at Kiel (IPA 1989a). IPA Numbers were not only created for approved consonant, vowel, diacritic and suprasegmental symbols, but also for symbols often referred to in IPA deliberations or implied by IPA convention but which do not appear explicitly on the IPA Chart. The conclusions and recommendations reached by the Workgroup at Kiel appeared in JIPA (lPA 1989b) , followed by a supplementary report with an initial listing of IPA Numbers by symbol and by symbol name (Esling 1990) . The comprehensive documentation of phonetic symbol usage and categorization in the Phonetic Symbol Guide by Pullum and Ladusaw (1986, (996) assisted in this process . Several recommendations were made at Kiel , including the use of at least two levels of transcription when entering coded phonetic values to accompany data, but what is most important to point out about the process of associating each possible character with a discrete numerical entity is its comprehensive nature . No symbols could be ignored, and the application of diacritics had to be made explicit. The result is that the list of IPA Numbers includes more characters than are specified on the IPA Chart alone. Thus , in addition to the IPA Chart, an IPA Number Chart was also established to show the equivalent Number for each symbol; and a comprehensive list was drawn up that includes symbols cited by the IPA since 1949, as well as some non-IPA symbols, cross-referenced to their equivalent Numbers.

162 Handbook of the [PA

The reason for the comprehensive inclusion of all symbols is to anticrpate the possibility that some symbols may bf withdrawn while other symbols may be reintroduced into current usage; and a numerical listing of character shapes and types must be comprehensive enough to support slig~t revisions in symbol specification or diacritic placement as well as to be available to alwide spectrum of phonetic users of computer systems. The set of IPA Numbers also allows for the addition of new symbols, within the 100 series for consonants, the 200 series 'for extra symbols and cross-reference to other phonetic sets, the 300 series for vowels, th~I 400 series for diacritics, and the 500 series for suprasegmental symbols . Ligatures for affricates, for example, are included in the 200 series as formerly recognized IPA symbols although they do not occupy a specific I location on the IPA Chart. As the 1989 IPA Chart was subjected to review, several modifications emerged, resulting in the publication of the 1993 IPA Chart (IPA 1993) which was updated in 1996. No new Numbers were required to specify these symbols, even though a few symbols were revived and reinstated. Although the order of IPA Numbers is different from the 1989 order, because the original order was itself arbitrary , the changes on the 1993 Chart do not impinge on the IPA Number scherhe as an effective numer ical interface. In some small measure, the Numbers that accompany the symbols help to document the history of their development. The IPA Number Chart correspond ing to the updated IPA Chart is ! shown as table I. The set of IPA symbols and their numbers were used to draw up an entity set within SGML by the Text Encoding Initiative (TEl). The name of each entity is formed by 'IPA' entity name of lower-case A. These symbols preceding the number, e.g. IPA304 is the can be processed as IPA symbols and represented on paper and screen with the appropriate local font by modifying the :entity replacement text. The advantage of the SGML entity set is that it is independent or the character set being used . At the same time that this work was tieing done, two organizations were drawing up computer character sets for all world languages: the Unicode Consortium and ISO, the International Standards Organization. These projects were linked so that the code for each character is the same in Unicode and the rso Universal Character Set (UCS), also known as ISO 10646. The IPA symbols were su~mitted for inclusion in these character sets and I with a few exceptions have been incorporated. Character set 10646 was approved by the ISO and published on I May 1993. The f~lI set, which comprises over 40,000 characters, undergoes periodic revision. A recent update can be found in The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0 (Unicode Consortium 1996). I Tables 3, 4,5 and 6 below contain the lUCS Code position for each phonetic character. UnicodefUCS is a 16-bit character set, and is represented therefore as a four-character hexadecimal number. There are also some non-IPA phonetic symbols in UnicodefUCS which had been submitted by other groups than the IPA. A few IPA symbols, e.g. the Chao tone characters, have not yet been included in the UnicodefUCS character set. If the symbol is not included, this is indicated by ,------, in the table. A few symbols have two possible encodings, e.g. IPA598 is encoded as 0316 if placed under the symbol and as

rEI

I

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, updated 1996) CO NSONANTS (PULMONIC)

NUMBER CHART

Btloblal Labiodental Denta l Plosrve

I Alveo lar

IPast:l.lveoltir Retroflex

Palo,"1

Velar

Uvular

103 104

105 106

107 108

109 110

III 112

116

117

118

119

101 102

Nasa l

114

Trill

121

115

124

Tap or Flap

Fncanve

126 127

Lateral

'!l! .11

fricativ e

128 129

.

140 141

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

1

150

Lateral approx ima nt

.~. ~;~,

123

142 143

146 147

144 145

"'._.,,:0:

148 149

Approximant

iy

1I ' :.l~': 138 139

134 135

Glon al

113 ~~;~~

125 136 137

1301 3 11132 133

II

I~ -....

120 .,

II

122

'i

Pharyngeal

: ~

',~~,~iIII:

:

.~

..

I~ . . ~

Where symbols appear 10 pairs, (he one 10 (he n ght represents a voiced consonant Shaded areasdenote arn culanons Judged Impossible

VOWELS

CO NSONA NTS (NO N-PULMONIC)

I

Clicks

V OICed

Bilabial

160

Bilabral

177

Denial

162

Dcntalzslveolar

178

(Posunlvcolur

164

Pnlnlal

179

Palmoalveol ar

180

Alveo lar lateral

I

I 166 I 168

Ejecu ves

implosives

176

Velar

Uvul ar

401 101 + 40 1 103 + 401 109 +40 1 132 + 40 1

30 1

3 19 320

Denta l/alveol ar

Close-mid

302

Open- nu d

303

Open

182 183 181

Alveolar lateral flap

VOIced labia l-palata l approxrmam

175

Srmuna neous

172

VOICelesS epiglcual fncauve

174

VOIced epig lottal Inc atrve

Voiced

404

Aspir.ued

4 13

I

t h dh

y

405

Breorhy vo iced

406

Creaky voiced

407

Linguolabinl

420

Less rounded

J

421

Advanced

\l

422

g

g 12 g

Labialized Palatalized

tj

v elerizcd

tY

dJ dY

t~'

d~'

Ret racted

e

423

Pbaryn genli zed

Centralized

e

428

Velarized or pbaryngealized

4 16

Mid-centralized

e

429

Raised

X

432

Non-syllabic

419

Rhoticuy

306

324 3 12

~

Q.

430

~ 327

501

Primary stress

502

Secondary stress

50 3

Long

504

Half-long

505

Extra-short

507

Minor (foot) group

(509)

~

Denial

409

Apical

4 10

Laminal

9 !9 t

t eJ

425

509

Nasal relea se

426

Lateral relcns c

427

No audible release

= voiced al veolar fricative )

(~

=

4 18 Retracted Tongue Root

y

Linking (absence of a break)

dn

209

voiced bilnbinlnpproximanr)

Table 1 The IPA Number Char t

e

Major (i ntonauon) group

e

dl d'

e: e'

Syllable brenk

Nasalized

(t ~

313

508 506

42 4

Advanced Tongue Root

417

a-

Lowered

t}

305

.founc'uj on

408

t Q t W dW

415

Syllabic

326\39 5 - 314

JOined by a lIC bar If necessary

IJ 9 § 1

More rounded

307

SUPRASEG MENT ALS

433

can be represented by two symbols

414

431

X

and

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a desce nder, e.g. 119 + 402B

402A Voiceless 403

3 15

Where symbols nppcar In pam , the one 10 the nglu represents 9. rounded vowel

A f fncn tes and double amc ulnncns

DIAC RIT ICS

412

3 11 -

304

Alveclo- palat al fncan ves

171

173 Epiglcnal plosivc

308

321

323

325

VOiceless labml-vclar fncau ve

- - 316

322

Alveolar Inc anv e

170 VOIced labial-velar approximant

4 11

310 - - 397

Vel ar

OT HER SYMBOLS 169

'" ~"

309

Brlabinl

Back

Cen tral

Front

Close

Examples

ri. zekt

TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR Extra 512 5 19 high 524 529 Rising

5 13

520

High

525

530 Falling

5 14

521

Mid

526

531 rising

High

Low

5 15

522

Low

527

532 rising

5 16

523

Extra tow

528

533 (ailing

5 17

Downstep

5 10

Global rise

5 18

Upsrep

51 1

Global fall

Rising-

164 Handbook of the H'A

02CE if it follows the symbol. When this character set is in wide use, it will be the normal way to encode IP A symbols. In cooperation with ISO, the AssociJtion for Font Information Interchange (AFIl) maintains a registry of glyphs. The IPA sylnbols have been registered with AFII, and their registered glyph numbers are indicated J.,ith a hexadecimal number in the AFIl Code column of tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. The IAFII glyph registry may be used for font standardization in the future. A TEl writing system declaration (wsd) has been drawn up for the IPA symbols. This document gives information about the symbol and its IPA function, as well as its encoding in the accompanying SGML document and in UnicodelUCS and in AFII. The writing system declaration can be read as a text d9cument or processed by machines in an SMGL process. Table 2 illustrates that the 26 roman characters within the IP A symbol set have retained their original or 'ASCII' numbers as their UCS codes. They belong to the 00 or 'base ' table of Unicode/UCS . More specialized phonetic symbols have been assigned to subsequent tables .

I

I

Table 2 1 DCS codes retain original ASCII coding,for roman characters in the IPA set.

Symbol Symbol Name

a d

Lower-case Lower-case Lower-case Lower-case

e

Lower-case E

f g

Lower-case F Looptail G

h J k 1

Lower-case H Lower-case I Lower-case J Lower-case K Lower-case L

m n

Lower-case M Lower-case N

b

c

A B C D

Phonetic Description / Status Open front unrounded vowel Voiced bilabial plosive Voiceless palatal plosive Voiced dental or alveolar plosive Close-mid front unrounded vowel Voiceless labio1dental fricative Voiced velar plosive I Equivalent to 110 Voiceless glottal fricative Close front unrounded vowel Voiced palatal approximant Voiceless velar plosive Voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant I Voiced bilabial nasal Voiced dental or alveolar nasal

i

IPA DCS Number Code

AFII Code

304 102 107 104

0061 0062 0063 0064

E25B E2A3 E2D9 E2BI

302

0065

E256

128 210

0066 0067

E2AC E2E3

146 301 153 109 155

0068 0069 006A 006B 006C

E2EE E251 E2DB E2DE E2BD

114 116

006D 006E

E2AI E2AF

Computer coding of IPA symbols 165 0

P q r

s t U

v w X

Y

z

Lower-case 0 Lower-case P Lower-case Q Lower-case R Lower-case S Lower-case T Lower-case Lower-case Lower-case Lower-case Lower-case Lower-case

U V W X Y Z

Close-mid back rounded vowel Voiceless bilabial plosive Voiceless uvular plosive Voiced dental or alveolar trill Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiceless dental or alveolar plosive Close back rounded vowel Voiced labiodental fricative Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiceless velar fricative Close front rounded vowel Voiced alveolar fricative

307 101 122 132 103

006F 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074

E269 E2A2 E2E6 E2CO E2B6 E2BO

308 129 170 140 309 133

0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 007A

E265 E2AD E2A8 E2EO E252 E2B7

III

The Kiel Convention Workgroup on Pathological Speech and Voice Quality has developed specialized symbols and diacritics with lPA Numbers from 600 to 699 . They are described in Duckworth, Allen, Hardcastle and Ball (1990), and listed together with their Number assignments in Ball (1991). They are not included in the present tables because they were not considered among the original submissions made to ISO for universal coding. At the moment, therefore, there are no UCS codes or AFII codes that can be easily associated with the 'Extended IPA' characters for disordered speech and voice quality of the 600 series. Table 3 lists all phonetic consonant and vowel symbols that have been given a code in the universal coded character set, cross-referencing symbol shape, symbol name, articulatory description, IPA Number, UCS code, and AFII code. The symbols are arranged in pseudo-alphabetical order. Table 4 lists all phonetic diacritic and suprasegmental symbols that have been given a code in the universal coded character set, arranged in the order of the original 1993 IPA Chart. Symbols in the declaration which are not IPA symbols and those which are no longer in IPA usage are specified, with an indication of the date when they were removed from IPA usage or superseded by other symbols. Supplementary tables 5 and 6 offer a cross-referenced listing of all phonetic consonant and vowel, diacritic and suprasegmental symbols in numerical order by IPA Number. An earlier version of these tables appeared in the Handbook of Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems (Gibbon, Moore and Winski 1997). The publication of these lists of coding assignments should not be construed as an endorsement by the lPA of every character in the list, but as a convenient reference to the location of any potential phonetic character in the coding tables as currently constituted.

166 Handbook ofthe IPA Table 3 IPA symbols: Phonetic consonant/vowel r,ym bol codes (in pseudo-alphabetical order by symbollshape) Symbol Symbol Name

a

Phonetic DeJcriPtion / Status Open front urtrounded vowel Near-open central vowel I Open back unrounded vowel Open back rOfnded vowel Near-open front unrounded vowel

Lower-case B Hooktop B Small capital B Beta

Voiced Voiced Voiced Voiced

C

Lower-case C Hooktop C

C

C wedge

Y

C cedilla Curly-tail C Stretched C

Voiceless palatal plosive Voiceless paital implosive Withdrawn ( 993) Voiceless postalveolar affricate Not IPA usag f Voiceless palatal fricative Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative Postalveolar click Superseded by 178 (1989)

a 0

ee

b

5 B

13 c

C

C

AFII Code

I Lower-case A Turned A Script A Turned script A Ash; Lower-case A-E ligature

B

IPA DCS Number Code 304 324 305 313 325

0061 0250 0251 0252 00E6

E25B E263 E26C E26D E25A

102 160 121 127

0062 0253 0299 03B2

E2A3 E2A9 E2FO E2A5

107 163

0063 0188

E2D8 2376

299

OIOD

FIAE

138 182 202

00E7 0255 0297

E2DA E2CE E2C4

104 162 106 219

0064 0257 0256

E2BI E2C2 E2C8 E219

212

02A3

E2F9

214

02A4

E2FA

216

02A5

E2FB

131

OOFO

E2B3

302

0065

E256

I I

bilabial bilabial bilabial bilabial I

plosive implosive trill fricative

I

,

d cf

I

dz

Lower-case D HooktopD Right-tail D Hooktop righttail D D-Z ligature

d3

D-Ezh ligature

~

D-Curly-tail-Z ligature Eth

cl

c(

a

Voiced dental or alveolar plosive Voiced dental or alveolar implosive I Voiced retroflex plosive Voiced retroflex implosive Not eXPlicitlyjlPA approved Voiced alveo ar affricate Superseded bt 104+ 133 Voiced posta veolar affricate Superseded by 104+135 Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate Superseded by 104+183 Voiced dental fricative

I

e

Lower-case E

Close-mid front unrounded vowel

Computer coding of IPA symbols 167 d ~

ae

e f)

3

0

Schwa Superscript schwa Right-hook schwa Reversed E Epsilon Closed epsilon Reversed epsilon Closed reversed epsilon

Mid central vowel Mid central vowel release

322 218

0259

E25F E21A

R-coloured mid central vowel Equivalent to 322+419 Close-mid central unrounded vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel Superseded by 395 (1996) Open-mid central unrounded vowel Open-mid central rounded vowel

327

025A

E260

397 303 396 326 395

0258 025B 029A 025C 025E

E26E E258 E273 E262 E270

f

Lower-case F

Voicele ss labiodental fricative

128

0066

E2AC

9

Opentail G

110

0261

E2DF

9

Hooktop G Looptail G

166 210

0260 0067

E27E E2E3

G

Small capital G Hooktop small capital G Gamma Superscript gamm a Ram's horns

Voiced velar plosive Equivalent to 210 Voiced velar implosive Voiced velar plosive Equivalent to 110 Voiced uvular plosive Voiced uvular implosive

112 168

0262 029B

E2E7 E2FI

Voiced velar fricative Velarized

141 422

0263 02EO

E2EI E28B

Close-mid back unrounded vowel

315

0264

E268

Voicele ss glottal fricative Aspirated Voicele ss pharyngeal fricati ve Voiced glottal fricative Simult aneous voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative Voiced labial-palatal approximant Voiceless epiglottal fricat ive

146 404 144 147 175

0068 02BO 0127 0266 0267

E2EE D565 E2EB E2EF E2D6

171 172

0265 029C

E2A6 E2F2

Close front unrounded vowel Not [PA usag e Close central unrounded vowel Near-close near-front unrounded vowel Superseded by 319 (1989)

301 394 3 17 399

0069 0131 0268 0269

E251 00F5 E25D E253

g

G y y

y

h h

h fi fj q H

i 1

i t

Lower-case H Superscript H Barred H Hooktop H Hooktop heng Turned H Small capital H Lower-case I Undotted I Barred I Iota

168 Handbook of/he [PA

I Small capital I

Near-close near-front unrounded vowel

Lower-case J

Voiced

319

026A

E254

153

006A

E2DB

I

J

pala~al approxim ant I

Superscript J

I

Palata lized Voiced palatal fricat ive

421

02B2

D567

139

029D

E2F3

Voiced postalveolar affricate Not IPA usage Voiced palatal plosive

298

OIFO

E290

108

025F

E2D9

j

Curly-t ail J

J

J wedge

j

Barred dotles s J

J

Hooktop barred dot less J

Voiced palaJal implosive

164

0284

E27C

k K

Lower- case K Hooktop K

109 165

006B 0199

E2DE 2363

)[

Turned K

Voicel ess velar plosi ve Voiceless velar implosive Withdra wn (V993) Withdrawn

291

029E

E2F4

155

006C

E2BD

426 209

02EI 026B

FDA3 E27D

148

026C

E2BB

156

026D

E2CC

158 149

029F 026E

E2F5 E2BC

295

03BB

266E

294

019B

FD7B

114 115

006D 0271

E2AI E2AB

3 16

026F

E264

Lower-case L

t

Superscript L L with tilde Belted L

1

Right-tail L

L

B

Small capital L L-E zh ligature

A

Lambda

"-

Barred lambda

m

Lower- case M Left-tail M (at right) Turned M

llJ ill

1979)

Voiced dent :lor alveolar lateral appro ximant Later al release Velarized voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant Voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative Voiced retroflex lateral I approximant Voiced velar lateral approximant Voiced dental , or alveolar lateral fricative I Voicele ss dental or alveolar lateral fricative N~t IPA usa ge Voiceless dental or alveolar lateral I affr icate Not IPA usage

I

Voiced bilabial nasal Voiced labiodental nasal I

Close back unrounded vowel I

Computer coding of [PA symbols 169

Ul

Turned M, right leg

Voiced velar approximant

154

0270

E2E2

n

Lower-case N Superscript N N, right leg Left-tail N (at left) Eng Right-tail N Small capital N

Voiced dental or alveolar nasal Nasal release Syllabic nasal Withdrawn (1976) Voiced palatal nasal

116 425 293 118

006E 207F 019E 0272

E2AF FDA8 E2E5 E2D7

Voiced velar nasal Voiced retroflex nasal Voiced uvular nasal

119 117 120

014B 0273 0274

E2DD E2C6 E2E4

Lower-case 0 Bull's eye Barred 0 Slashed 0 Lower-case O-E ligature Small capital O-E ligature Open 0 Closed omega

Close-mid back rounded vowel Bilabial click Close-mid central rounded vowel Close-mid front rounded vowel Open-mid front rounded vowel

307 176 323 310 311

006F 0298 0275 00F8 0153

E269 E2AA E261 E257 E259

Open front rounded vowel

312

0276

E25C

Open-mid back rounded vowel Near-close near-back rounded vowel Superseded by 321 (1989)

306 398

0254 0277

E26B E266

13

Lower-case P Hooktop P

101 159

0070 0lA5

E2A2 2378

Phi

Voiceless bilabial plosive Voiceless bilabial implosive Withdrawn (1993) Voiceless bilabial fricative

126

0278

E2M

q

Lower-case Q Hooktop Q

Voiceless uvular plosive Voiceless uvular implosive Withdrawn (1993)

III 167

0071 02AO

E2E6 E2F6

Lower-case R Fish-hook R Long-leg R Turned long-leg R Right-tail R Turned R

Voiced dental or alveolar trill Voiced dental or alveolar tap Withdrawn (1989) Voiced alveolar lateral flap

122 124 206 181

0072 027E 027C 027A

E2CO E2CI E2BE E2BF

Voiced retroflex flap Voiced dental or alveolar approximant

125 151

027D 0279

E2CD E2BA

11 J1 I)

'1 N

0

0 e f/J

ce CE

o (j)

P

c[ r f

r

J

r 1

170 Handbook of/he [PA

Turned R, right tail Small capital R Inverted small capital R

Voiced retroflex approximant

152

027B

E2CB

Voiced uvul r trill Voiced uvular fricative ,I

123 143

0280 0281

E2EA E2E9

S

Lower -case S

Voiceless alveolar fricative

132

0073

E2B6

S

Superscript S S wedge

Withdrawn (1989) Voiceless postalveolar fricative Not [PA usa~e Voiceless retroflex fricative

207 297

02E2 0161

FDA7 FIDC

136

0282

E2C9

134

0283

E2DO

.{ R B"

~

J J t

f

Right-tail S (at left) Esh

Withdrawn (1989) ,

204

0286

E2D2

Lower-case T Hooktop T

103 161

0074 OIAD

E2BO 2379

208

OIAE

E2AO

105 211

0288 02A6

E2C7 E2FC

213

02A7

E2FD

215

02A8

E2FE

201

0287

E2C3

Theta

Voiceless dertal or alveolar plosive Voiceless dental or alveolar implosive Withdrawn (1993) Palatalized voiceless dental or alveolar plosive Withdrawn (1989) Voiceless retroflex plosive Voiceless deptal or alveolar affricate Superseded by 103+ 132 Voiceless postalveolar affricate Superseded by 103+134 Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate Superseded ~y 103+182 Dental click Superseded Qy 177 (1989) Voiceless de' tal fricative

130

03B8

E2B2

Superscript theta

Voiceless dental fricative release

217

Lower- case U Barred U Upsilon

Close back rounded vowel , Close central rounded vowel Near-close near-back rounded ! vowel

308 318 321

0075 0289 028A

E265 E25E E267

Lower-case V Cursive V Turned V

Voiced labiodental fricative Voiced labiodental approximant Open-mid back unrounded vowel

129 150 314

0076 028B 028C

E2AD E2AE E26A

ts

t

Right-tail T T-S ligature

If

T-Esh ligature

tc

T-Curly-tail -C ligature Turned T

e u B

u

v u A

, Voiceless postalveolar fricative

Curly-tail esh

Left-hook T

e

I

E21B

Computer coding of IPA symbols 171

w

Lower-case W Superscript W Turned W

Voiced labial-velar approximant Labialized Voiceless labial-velar fricative

170 420 169

0077 02B7 028D

E2A8 D56E E2A7

Lower-case X Superscript X Chi

Voiceless velar fricative Voiceless velar fricative release Voiceless uvular fricative

140 292 142

0078 02E3 03C7

E2EO D56F E2E8

y

Lower- case Y Turned Y Small capital Y

Close front rounded vowel Voiced palatal lateral approx imant Near-close near-front rounded vowel

309 157 320

0079 028E 028F

E252 E2DC E255

z Z

Lower -case Z Z wedge

133 296

007A 017E

E2B7 FIFO

Z

Curly -tail Z Right-tail Z Ezh; Tailed Z Curly-t ail ezh Barred two

Voiced alveolar fricat ive Voiced postalveolar fricative Not IPA usage Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative Voiced retroflex fricative Voiced postalve o!ar fricative Withdra wn (/989 ) Withdrawn (1976)

183 137 135 205 290

0291 0290 0292 0293 OIBB

E2CF E2CA E2DI E2D3 E2B5

Glottal stop Barred glottal stop Inverted glottal stop Reversed glottal stop Superscript reversed glottal stop Barred reversed glottal stop

Glottal plosive Epiglottal plos ive

113 173

0294 02AI

E2ED E2F7

Alveolar lateral click Sup erseded by 180 (/989) Voiced pharynge al fricative or approximant Pharyngealized

203

0296

E2C5

145

0295

E2EC

423

02E4

E28C

Voiced epiglottal fricative or approximant

174

02A 2

E2F8

Pipe Double-barred pipe Double pipe Exclamation point

Dental click Palatoalveolar click

177 179

OICO 0lC2

23A6 23A4

Alveolar lateral click (Post)alveolar click

180 178

OICI 0l C3

23A7 23A5

w

M

X

X Y A

Zc 3 ~

;1

7 ~

.'> )'

c;

I

:f I

!

172

Handbook of the [PA I

I

T~~4

Phonetic diacritic and suprasegmental symbol codes : (in 1993 IPA Chart order) PlacemenU Phonetic I Symbol Symbol Name Description Status

h

x

v

p' k' ts'

02BC 0325

E249 E229

402B 403

030A 032C

OOCA E22A

404 411

02BO 0339

0565 E23C

9

412

031C

E232

I

I.}

I

~

413 414

031F 0320

E233 E234

415 416 431 432

0308 0330

E221 2311

0329 032F

E22E 23FA

1 9

419 405 406 407

020E 0324 0330 033C

E28A E22B 2308 22E8

tW ti

dW di tV dV

420

02B7

056E

421

02B2

0567

422

02EO

E28B

t~

d~

423

02E4

E28C

l}

9

Ejective Voiceless

Over-ring Subscript wedge

Voiceless Voiced

Superscript H Subscript right half-ring Subscript left half-ring Subscript plus Under-bar

Aspirated More rounded

ph

th

y

y

Less rounded Advanced Retract '"

Umlaut Over-cross

Centralized Mid -centralized

Syllabicity mark Subscript arch

Syllabic Non-syllabic .. Rh otrcity

I}

9

i:l 9 §

I

Breathy voiced Creaky voiced

Linguolabi~

Superscript W

Labialized

Superscript J

Palatalized I

Superscript gamma Superscript reversed glottal stop Subscript bridge Inverted subscript bridge Subscript square

Velarized

Superscript tilde

If'

AFII Code

401 402A

Apostrophe Under-ring

Right hook Subscript umlaut Subscript tilde Subscript seagull W

I

IPA DCS Number Code

Pharyngealized

~

e

e f

n

,1

~

e- e9 ? 9 g

0'-

a-

I Dental Apical

lJ eJ

408 409

032A 033A

E22C 23FD

Laminal

IJ

rJ

410

033B

23FE

Nasalized

e-

O

424

0303

E222

Computer coding of IPA symbols 173 n

dn dl

Superimposed tilde Raising sign

Nasal release Lateral release No audible release Velarized or pharyngealized Raised

Lowering sign

Lowered

y 13T (e T DT) 430

Advancing sign

Advanced tongue 1J root Retracted tongue y root Affricate or double articulation

Superscript N Superscript L Corner

Retracting sign Top tie bar

,

P B

d'

425 426 427

207F 02EI 031A

FOA8 FDA3 23F9

8

428

0334

E226

429

417

03ID/ E22F 0204 031E/ E231 0205 0318 23F7

418

0319

23F8

ts d3 433

0361

E225

0322

E228

002C

E218 002C

492

02BB

00A9

493

0307

E224

494

0207

E239

495

0206

E238

496

02B8

0570

497

0323

E230

498

0321

E227

499

032B

E220

(~

y !

fP

gb

Dol)

489 ~ ~ Superseded by 419 (1989) Not 1PA usage 490 Not IPA usage 491

Subscript right hook

Rhoticity

Open comer Comma

Release/ burst Pause (comma)

Reversed apostrophe Over-dot

Withdrawn (1979) Palatalization! Withdrawn (1979) centralization Retracted variety Use 414 or (backed) 418 (/989) Advanced variety Use 413 or (fronted) 417 (1989) High-front Not IPA usage rounding! palatalized Closer variety/ Use 429 fricative (1989) Palatalized Superseded by 421 (/989) Labialized Superseded by 420 (/989)

Minus sign +

Plus sign

y

Superscript Y

Under-dot Subscript left hook Subscript W

Weak aspiration

i1. &.

174 Handbook of the IPA

Suprasegrnentals Vertical stroke (Superior) Vertical strok e (Inferior) Length mark Half-leng th mark Breve Period

I

"

Vertica l line (thick) Double vertical line (thick) Bottom tie bar

I

.

I

foons'ujon

501

02C 8

E23E

.founa'trjan

502

02CC

E23F

e: e'

503 504 505 506

02DO 02DI 0306 002E

E23A E23 B E223 002E

507

007C

007C

508

20 16

2142

,fa :l~g 'W eI

509

203F

230F

Extra high level

a

5 12

030B

OOCD

High level

6

513

0301

OaC2

Mid level Low level

Q

a

514 515

0304 0300

00C5 OOCI

Extra low level

a

516

030F

23E2

Extra high level

mal

519

02E5

E28D

High level Mid level Low level Extra low level

mai

520 521 522 523

02E6 02E7 02E8 02E9

E28E E28F E29F E29E

524 525 526

030C 0302

OOCF 00C3 E296

Primary

str~ss

I

Second ary

~t ress

Long Half -long Extra -short Syllable break Minor (foot) group Major (intonat ion) group Linki ng (absence of a break) ,

e

ri.eekt

Tones and word accents

1 1 -J

-l J

Double acute acce nt (ove r) Acute accent (over) Macron Grave acce nt (over ) Double grave accen t (over) Extra-high tone letter High tone letter Mid tone letter Low tone letter Extra- low tone letter Wedge;h acek Circumflex Macro n plus acute acce nt Grave accen t plus macro n

Rising co ntour Falling contour Hig h rising contour Low rising , conto ur

I

ma-l m a-l maJ

a

a J

a ~

a

527

E297

Computer coding of IPA symbols 175 ~

A \J 1 ~

-{ J,

t

» -,

Grave plus acute plus grave accent Rising tone letter Falling tone letter High-rising tone letter Low-rising tone letter Rising-falling tone letter Down arrow Up arrow Upward diagonal arrow Downward diagonal arrow Superscript arch

Wedge ; hacek

Rising-falling contour Rising contour Falling contour High rising contour Low rising contour Rising-falling contour Downstep Upstep Global rise

a

528

E298

rnaA mav ma-i

529 530 531

E299 E29A E29B

rn~

532

E29C

533

E29D

rna

"1

517 518 510

2193 2191 2197

EEAF EEAD EF3E

511

2198

EF3D

Not IPA usage 595

0311

23F2

Usage re596 defined (1989) See 524 Usage re597 defined ( 1989) See 525 Superseded 598 (1989) Supers eded 599 (1989)

02C7

E247

02C6

E246

0316/ 02CE 0317/ 02CF

E245

Global fall Long falling tone/ advanced! palatal Falling-rising tone

Circumflex

Rising-falling tone

Subscript grave accent Subscript acute accent

Low falling tone Low rising tone

E243

Transcription delimitation characters Symbol Symbol Name

/ ( )

Left square bracket Right square bracket Slash Left parenthesis Right parenthesis

Phonetic Description / Status

IPA DCS Number Code

AFII Code

Begin phonetic transcription

901

005B

005B

End phonetic transcription

902

005D

005D

Begin/end phonemic transcription Indistinguishable utterance (begin) Indistinguishable utterance (end)

903 906 907

002F 0028 0029

002F 0028 0029

176 Handbook of the IPA

((

»

Left double parenthesis Right double parenthesis Left brace Right brace

Sound obscured (begin)

908

I

Sound obscured (end)

909

I Begin prosodic notation End prosodic notation

910 911

0028+ 0028 0029+ 0029 007B 007D

2127 2128 007B 007D

I Table 5 IP A symbols: Phonetic consonant/vowel symbol codes (in numerical order by IPA Number)

I

Symbol Symbol Name

p b t

d

t

ct

c j

k 9 q G

?

m IT)

n

11.

J1 I) N B

r R [

r

Lower-case P Lower-case B Lower-case T Lower-case D Right-tail T Right-tail D Lower-case C Barred dotless J Lower-case K Opentail G Lower-case Q Small capital G Glottal stop Lower-case M Left-tail M (at right) Lower-case N Right-tail N Left-tail N (at left) Eng Small capital N Small capital B Lower-case R Small capital R Fish-hook R Right-tail R

Phonetic Description / Status

IPA DCS Number Code

AFII Code

Voiceless bilabial plosive Voiced bila~ial plosive Voiceless dental or alveolar plosive Voiced dent~1 or alveolar plosive Voiceless refroflex plosive Voiced retroflex plosive Voiceless palatal plosive Voiced palatal plosive Voiceless velar plosive Voiced velar plosive Equivalent to 210 Voiceless uvular plosive Voiced uvular plosive Glottal plosive Voiced bilatJial nasal Voiced labiodental nasal

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

0070 0062 0074 0064 0288 0256 0063 025F 006B 0261

E2A2 E2A3 E2BO E2BI E2C7 E2C8 E2D8 E2D9 E2DE E2DF

III 112 113 114 liS

0071 0262 0294 006D 0271

E2E6 E2E7 E2ED E2AI E2AB

Voiced dental or alveolar nasal I Voiced retroflex nasa] Voiced palatal nasal

116 117 118

006E 0273 0272

E2AF E2C6 E2D7

Voiced vela!- nasal Voiced uvular nasal Voiced bilabial trill Voiced dentel or alveolar trill Voiced uvular trill Voiced dent~1 or alveolar tap Voiced retroflex flap

119 120 121 122 123 124 125

014B 0274 0299 0072 0280 027E 027D

E2DD E2E4 E2FO E2CO E2EA E2Cl E2CD

I

Computer coding of lPA symbols

i

Phi Beta Lower-case F Lower-case V Theta Eth Lower-case S Lower-case Z Esh Ezh; Tailed Z Right-tail S (at left) Right-tail Z C cedilla Curl y-tail J Lower-case X Gamma Chi Inverted small capital R Barred H Reversed glottal stop Lower-case H Hooktop H Belted L

13

L-Ezh ligature

u

Cursive V Turned R

J) f v

e

(5

s z

S 3 ~ ~

Y J

x

Y

X If

h )

h

11

1

.(

j tq

Turned R, right tail Lower-case J Turned M, right leg Lower-case L

1

Right-tail L

I..

Turned Y

177

Voiceless bilabial fricative Voiced bilabial fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative Voiced labiodental fricative Voiceless dental fricative Voiced dental fricative Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiced alveolar fricative Voiceless posta!veolar fricative Voiced postalveolar fricative Voiceless retroflex fricative

126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136

0278 03B2 0066 0076 03B8 OOFO 0073 007A 0283 0292 0282

E2A4 E2A5 E2AC E2AD E2B2 E2B3 E2B6 E2B7 E2DO E2DI E2C9

Voiced retroflex fricative Voiceless palatal fricative Voiced palatal fricative Voiceless velar fricative Voiced velar fricative Voiceless uvular fricative Voiced uvular fricative

137 138 139 140 141 142 143

0290 00E7 029D 0078 0263 03C7 0281

E2CA E2DA E2F3 E2EO E2E1 E2E8 E2E9

Voiceless pharyngeal fricative Voiced pharyngeal fricative or approximant Voiceless glottal fricative Voiced glottal fricative Voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative Voiced dental or alveolar lateral fricative Voiced labiodental approximant Voiced dental or alveolar approximant Voiced retroflex approximant

144 145

0127 0295

E2EB E2EC

146 147 148

0068 0266 026C

E2EE E2EF E2BB

149

026E

E2BC

150 151

028B 0279

E2AE E2BA

152

027B

E2CB

Voiced palatal approximant Voiced velar approximant

153 154

OOM 0270

E2DB E2E2

Voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant Voiced retroflex lateral approximant Voiced palatal lateral approximant

155

006C

E2BD

156

026D

E2CC

157

028E

E2DC

178 HandbookofthelPA L

P 5 f cf C-

J K

Small capital L Hooktop P Hooktop B HooktopT Hooktop D Hooktop C Hooktop barred dotless J Hooktop K

9

Hooktop G Hooktop Q

G

Hooktop small capital G Turned W Lower-case W Turned H Small capital H Barred glottal stop Barred reversed glottal stop Hooktop heng

c[

!'II

w

q H

1 ~

fj

0

I

!

:f II

1

C ~

Bull's eye Pipe Exclamation point Double-barred pipe Double pipe Turned long-leg R Curly-tail C Curly-tail Z Turned T

158 159

029F 0lA5

160 161

0253 E2A9 OIAD 2379

162 163

0257 0188

E2C2 2376

164

0284

E27C

165

0199

2363

166 167

0260 02AO

E27E E2F6

168

029B

E2FI

169 170 171 172 173

028D 0077 0265 029C 02AI

E2A7 E2A8 E2A6 E2F2 E2F?

174

02A2

E2F8

175

0267

E2D6

176 177 178

0298 OICO 0lC3

E2AA 23A6 23A5

Palatoalveolar click

179

0lC2

23A4

Alveolar lateral click Voiced alveolar lateral flap

180 181

OICI 027A

23A7 E2BF

Voiceless alyeolo-palatal fricative Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

182 183

0255 0291

E2CE E2CF

Dental click Superseded by 177 (1989)

201

0287

E2C3

Voiced velar lateral approximant Voiceless b\labial implosive Withdrawn f993) Voiced bilabial implosive Voiceless dJntal or alveolar I implosive Withdrawn (1993) Voiced dentkl or alveolar implosive Voiceless palatal implosive Withdrawn G1993) Voiced palarl implosive Voiceless velar implosive Withdrawn (1993) Voiced velar implosive Voiceless u~ular implosive Withdrawn (iI993) Voiced uvulr implosive

E2F5 2378

I

Voiceless labial-velar fricative Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced labial-palatal approximant Voiceless epiglottal fricative Epiglottal plosive

I Voiced epiglottal fricative or approximant Simultaneouk voiceless I postalveolarand velar fricative Bilabial click Dental click I (Postjalveolar click

I I

Computercoding of IPA symbols 179

C

Stretched C

!>

Inverted glottal stop Curly-tail esh Curly-tail ezh Long-leg R

I d

r

Superscript S Left-hook T

t

L with tilde

g

Looptail G

ts

T-S ligature

dz

D-Z ligature

If

T-Esh ligature

c;

D-Ezh ligature

te ~

e ~

c( 2

T-Curly-tail-C ligature D-Curly-tail-Z ligature Superscript theta Superscript schwa Hooktop righttailD

};.

Barred two Turned K Superscript X N, right leg Barred lambda

A.

Lambda

){ x

IJ.

PostalveoJar click Superseded by 178 (/989) Alveolar lateral click Superseded by 180 (1989) Withdrawn (/989) Withdrawn (1989) Withdrawn (/989)

202

0297

E2C4

203

0296

E2C5

204 205 206

0286 0293 027C

E2D2 E2D3 E2BE

Withdrawn (1989) Palatalized voiceless dental or alveolar plosive Withdrawn (1989) Velarized voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant Voiced velar plosive Equivalent to 110 Voiceless dental or alveolar affricate Superseded by 103+132 Voiced alveolar affricate Superseded by 104+133 Voiceless postalveolar affricate Superseded by 103+134 Voiced postalveolar affricate Superseded by 104+135 Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate Superseded by 103+182 Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate Superseded by 104+183 Voiceless dental fricative release Mid central vowel release

207 208

02E2 OIAB

FDA7 E2AO

209

026B

E27D

210

0067

E2E3

211

02A6

E2FC

212

02A3

E2F9

213

02A7

E2FD

214

02A4

E2FA

215

02A8

E2FE

216

02A5

E2FB

217 218

E21B E21A

Voiced retroflex implosive Not explicitly [PA approved

219

E219

Withdrawn (1976) Withdrawn (1979) Voiceless velar fricative release Syllabic nasal Withdrawn (1976) Voiceless dental or alveolar lateral affricate Not [PA usage Voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative Not IPA usage

290 291 292 293 294

OIBB 029£ 02E3 019£ 019B

E2B5 E2F4 D56F £2£5 FD7B

295

03BB

266£

180 Handbook of the /PA

Z

Z wedge

~~:~~~P~:J~I:eolar fricative

296

017E

FIFO

S

S wedge

297

0161

FIDC

J

J wedge

298

OIFO

E290

C

C wedge

Voiceless p~stalveolar fricative Not/PA usage Voiced postalveolar affricate I Not /PA usage Voiceless postalveolar affricate Not/PA usage

299

OIOD

FlAB

301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311

0069 0065 025B 0061 0251 0254 006F 0075 0079 00F8 0153

E251 E256 E258 E25B E26C E26B E269 E265 E252 E257 E259

312

0276

E25C

313 314 315 316 317 318 319

0252 028C 0264 026F 0268 0289 026A

E26D E26A E268 E264 E25D E25E E254

320

028F

E255

321

028A

E267

322 323 324 325

0259 0275 0250 00E6

E25F E261 E263 E25A

Open-mid central unrounded vowel 326

025C

E262

I

Lower-case I Lower-case E Epsilon Lower-case A Script A Open 0 Lower-case 0 Lower-case U Lower-case Y Slashed 0 Lower-case O-E ligature Small capital O-E ligature Turned script A Turned V Ram's horns Turned M Barred I Barred U Small capital I

y

Small capital Y

u

Upsilon

cl

Schwa Barred 0 Turned A Ash; Lower-case A-E ligature Reversed epsilon

e e a a o 0

u

Y !/>

ce CE

D

A y

ill

i l:l

e B

ee 3

I Close front unrounded vowel Close-mid ffont unrounded vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel Open front unrounded vowel Open back unrounded vowel Open-mid back rounded vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel Close back rounded vowel I Close front ~ou n ded vowel Close-mid front rounded vowel I Open-mid front rounded vowel I

Open front rounded vowel I

Open back rounded vowel Open-mid b~ck unrounded vowel Close-mid back unrounded vowel Close back ~nrounded vowel Close central unrounded vowel Close central rounded vowel Near-close 'lear-front unrounded vowel I Near-close near-front rounded vowel Near-close near-back rounded I vowel Mid central ~owel 1 Close-mid central rounded vowel I Near-open central vowel Near-open front unrounded vowel I

Computer coding of [PA symb ols

181

a-

Right -hook schwa

R-coloured mid central vowel Equivalent to 322+419

327

025A

E260

1

Undotted I Closed reversed epsilon Closed epsilon Reversed E Closed omega

Not /PA usage Open-mid central rounded vowel

394 395

0131 025E

00F5 E270

Supers eded by 395 (/996) Close-mid central unround ed vowel Near-clo se near-back rounded vowel Superseded by 321 (1989) Near-close near-front unrounded vowel Superseded by 3/ 9 (/989)

396 397 398

029A 0258 0277

E273 E26E E266

399

0269

E253

IPA UCS Number Code

AFIl Code