History and Memory

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Tr an s I ate d by S TEVEN R END ALI.,

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"History and Memor y is a splendid example of Le Goff's work on the notion "history." Highly readable, consis­

tently lucid, and very well-informed, it is a wonderfully thought-provoking assessment, defense, and illustration of historical thinking and historiography." -Gerald Prince, University of Pennsylvania

EUROPEAN PERSPECTIV S A Series in Social Philosophy and Cultural Criticism Lawrence D. Kritzman and Richard Wolin, Editors

Columbia University Press

ISB-N-0-231-07590-1 21 2231 118 $29.50 Our price: $25. 08 �HIST & M/LEGOFF,J •

10/13/92

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/ New Yor/?

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CONTENTS

(lv\,.i\r, tAv..oh PN:.u .W-JM Q.jvJ

..-,. � Me....... COP\ nght 0 19n, 1979\ 1980, 1981, Einaudi. Prtr� '" 1M Jri*ltln edillon copynght C 1986 Editions Galhmard Pr('i� ,olhC' Frmch tchbOn ropynght ()

C(�n�1 e 1901 Coh.ambl-

� of "ic/ Cltro Tlw . 8) -46 $56 eng (r. raved 0 s Ceo of Ide thn t In 47 7 s on nti me n e v a I e , II.C im 4 16 o d d un ni lIn'l slnb es llarbl o of t he syslem of m ne invcn[Or e e r h ' prcpe n mo ( L" , " n 0 le td son ' th ' a S 'd on ns Im t es was still c1 . '; n..ail1" 1'01 , prize ar Athe , ... L 0 ICl cI e ' d so ngs 111 prai se f o"tiC m�," or}S nnd IIe c ompose . o Vl'cto IltYthI'CoII rlllCI p ' ' Cln "' l e E . Of e g nera l : lit· Rome Iy righ.t . '" . of f. "'a s ba In

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pher, and who pIayed a ' l oucault. Ii · e 1t seem s t0 me . . that a H Ca classical clv,jization of Gree rr is i h SI O ry ce ' an Herodorus as the r.ather h d . sto r , cIassical antiqwry y h a d '" were .. On < " th ��" i h ld�:: h oJ as with the ;:: t S h �7 , a lo .. I A e ydld · c OO nd O [ p''''''' I, ",:::'::. ore the ev leved th:t nOt ncerned ",t.he tj�l. em hin slgmficant w�s likely to ha s which would be d a h nd �t. ad th�t re Gr: : o a and the Prin�p clOsely th.e(1S9U/lj/lj 3-8). � nOth'nPal g e C!ntecontaetia) th:�prece ; e h ven t i: a ts of :7 ln p des ce [he C t )" H he the t 0/ 't e k ory Thucydides ( t e !S e dia c h Y J � _ 4 00 n nn . e -c' k po 4 I n 6� B ' �' ) a "Wro � re a h ISto o �'Qn Qr � (ths.. War from its beglnmng in 4 po' sirivisr se rring fonh rh3 tor. abo �r 4 "BeY thfinthe Aelop. o e . k acts In Or HIS philosophy IS rh us inc sty/ired, an ' "

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nt PO t i O ed t O O t U " s rhar his or k wil/ b e ca us e " it will b e valid , same, ' and c isi q ar Ure re only al t rh e e v nts � : ? S he in so th ose wh i h .n th G re . e fU l tur man character. w .lI be s e n the y I ' : vl f J imilar or :n io?ous." T � . nue o t e hu. [0 be jmm obil � erernal, or ra rher ir IS� ilkely h s hIStory is suPplro of a single m o del of change. ThIS' model to be [h e eternal'\ se b l . en t 5, stine e

s ix m t h Ii r e e a philosopher of history. He tak t' ts of a h is ts rorieal research closely II:n k eTr es a Ceqam' d ' tOilCal ntht l Ci O o ,.. Or (tat/it!) s cong ' : n o 'l w' 61 ce r h � p :: 1 c d u r 0 en/ral " Tha� ks ro hi: b e l - J. B" n t ,"" \ blindl I'n cradirion." Wha p ' ",ook "w. n "d ,a"" .�IJQ o n: l i" th eed n �I dons is h . ref..reo� " ety'''and re � markabl 0 I .• t�i'11 . l , � i t c � V I ri ."�" . I ructu a res and doma' even I : on, \V�chbOll��IS' lie., nology nor e mics. Here, �:� ex th gh he a o -::-"': , f a .,:, ��;� m ,· I t" the edifices b y a dyn . ' 'on no 01 l,nd gy '1 ' o .... , ,h" ,, ",h" ,0 . od,, m , ,h no' " m). " " 'Y, rxis " "" "' a (M = h " raXis n'" ",h 'o , p d " "un nin .,b, of m,ddl' n ,h. rid" oo BUl " h.., , m triu ,h. oo [w , """,

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wichout lOreres t from . PJII/ oso t h e Accordin p oi nt g to of vie G eorges tory was che peri0d fro Nadel' the goldew aof toe '" 0/"It. h'IS point of deparrurem aboUt 5:0 to Jn7 ge Of �oilosoPh J ( e oly P and che best appren rIce " biu h· s Oilo� : >or. G: ' e rn J: shi e p nt f o tory.". r acri ve Politi �): ,,�I'3 Phl' tst.. 0.1 /;f, . "; 1 ; Ii.." . I inrroduce one rem IS tO . , Influ ence es 0f M, oh"�W ,' '' 'hf PO i� t I O "I and n G i uic .ltIon of c eac h of histo on cern i Y if w see ' a ng �, m b i a s h . th� g or . my e . t Machi h e o a a i t �II ,- ,h. . l o r o m me l s and ·,s n i sen s mf tia r � l o . 0 , id w n a . e h a ' si O ' of. y, t nce o 'o t)\ I t mUSt [) p t 0I1 cs has e e "en s c; P be e t 0pposed to o 6 b e a s h' to the capnce . s of Fiorrune, as ' dISt..Ory, wh,' " f, a pe "" '.Or S , Of ' Ofl. m d ans thought Fi0' M,,,,,lav fabilI Po a etu r oly Tp l b' I llu US .'n . elJi t» a n d o ch Sllb' men '" mu ' ""'f",1 09 .a pelln l St r . e e ane nt lZ the Soci al r ord which J'uStice. would be di . e , w of od's human re ill a "" w "M ay a s tIio respond Or in u t ' ach iav elJ' I ts I h 0wn /aws' and old . COnseque Y 0 ,hs :;;;''' ,•." ," IS ",oa1 is to keep a socie , ::' ; consequences mf, OOO �ti,"w. 0 'h. p etual fluxo f b' e a scle' nIdea o( po/;'fal coteSlveness � on were "the recogDlti. on 0 hI S rory." .,...Ce;, a f d ° th e thesi whIch expene' nced a later d s of ,h. autonoln "'. necessi ",",0pment with o f pol 't. ty Y (1 965=. 1 71). rh e I lcs con c ept of "' , . Gulcciardini, on rhe 0 t S"'� h h/Story On rhe b ' o m.er ha0 d d. f,., 'od realizes eh ( ,ame ob om, of j serv a ' p l. " o ( o :;:," o oh,o.. '( "",, fd ocuJarly that ' specialist ' h. " dy 0 "": "" _�. ooly �: dlscernib/e in h�I Ut which o Sto 0ge, the hist ( ;:; o _ Orian th .us "'lofred h· ) (o afoo . h,story assumed an a ",ooomo", " " 0'" " ",'Y ."A know/edge, the o in " ' mg o( hi hi"ory f"o£ Th h ri, "Ory ...., b" ,oogh, 0ow wo,1d of .; £ ;"o . o b here G m of0;'''"0, ,i _ d?,au,a ;s th= . . glstrar e, "c,,,d. nee w work c oo "oa ' ; o , Ut it ''' '''0 md,St great w o k of 9 ) } ( 6 " 5 5 f eturno'ng '0 ,dol his' ide a is rI � at /;gh "o em Iirom th e Ren the d ai � Omin ssan 'a ee ' coneeprio or to the Enplary hlStory, d'daerie in n. of his tory was thac of an exem commonp/aces of ehe m ten e, ind. uerl ve meth ' Rom an ScOlCS, rheto 0d, a d Feounded on the neians and histOnan ' s, H'15':Yo"

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t " cent 0 b h ent . c11l1 falIllly, " ete ' nln e f th 0 ....1 ... (\ d n e en see h e t t lus th at 8). have 8 we Il s 1 isl a h (p' ric s. As ou o . 'st I bIgu " h " m f a "i' Y 0 is .. '10sop h qlle et h" , ti m n " We oO,, a , t l hI f also h,, o but h l cfI " her ,", osop ",ho P �o phil .0" eat .. .. i'" , gr ",, • a ,, "" y "", al IS tn • , as not onl d up mm. .. w h$ g o o 0 'J Afl> itS 9 d � 1 " �Ithey, m 64 ay 18 B ( " I ",," . wOOl , n ina ry theo : • ,,� .... .. an own ay t r his w o ate t is ' nstr th I s o a tn is y ry de r Hisw to to n it. gned t "of his eate si thr de ght e tni siar a t r)' aphy CS gre tha tnet tni s eO , on the le ,h i cept a) n n stio sP co que ' e wh O Ih int � g .... tS n ti pu u n All m $h o d siti . y po b , o pr " , b) I � " e Y s � O i '>' w" th hi." o dir sCIence. u .£ m '';' ' •u' " . ci i, " SCI. . '''' at m) w h t ' ,o W Ice ...si d' " .. "" U . (f prel ' " e " th _ P rom �I f � l ut � " o ,� i t d "o star i h. .iVi'StS wh0 0,"' l, , ,� ", -� ,,.. pOSIt m .. or , y 1O es ,ril et ,, sth • .. ae " ry > w n " H' "", ''p ' ·ly, l w n� " " ,, . . . " i,ro ' '" h y . .f . "l o' ibl. n ,) � �' � =ti" .. h . " q o "" mp i,r IO "'" pm "' _ . ;':i iti" po. nce ro'" scie pro i,fi of ' i. .. goal Th If, only •• •�l i." the • " are = ws .f " hl W la lO that m by � clai ",".0< .i'" "i pro " .f who o ,,r -� 1O, w alistS" h. r , uo , atu , � wh. _ i� �, ,he "n ".r " ' ,, . m.y " "' . k , � ",i, po b) ,h. im , ,h. ... m who Ii .f "IO oi" " c) "', _ , and h, .f . f, itsel "'" 'l""m d i" worl .... al i «. oric hist ".u i­ pos the .... a in ' in ered sped .f ",ri cov gra dis e hav they can be eral that ntal gen e ide agin the im ces , who for the acc p ans dee sici hy eve , the ena etap beli nom m and phe k thin of all the e who enc n me the ess of s r head nne r the ive ma ove , nge cha t trol con laws that ti' 79 ) "' 2 938b: ld� (1 ,h. act. bo,h they .f that ".rorici.m .ugh' .

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ith w · tury ses clo e nth cen iqu tee E"'" crit nine its ri", ro and of the m "" cis .... Ori ti hist _ of . ,n' ,h od ' peri " h , " "" he " T"" T oi )' "" 9\' of ' " 6'io (,8 ".r , " ", n,ek oao " Mci od .n , G T ri'" gre" "'" Fri,' 0 "''' ", " ) ,,, " , . k us 6,wo, (,8 orisrn """ ''' Hist '" r h De T,,,,"' bli. e, k po nec y ,h. Mei � ,,,, nd .. a i' 22), ,h, of (19 e

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ized mphas e must be it gh ou phialth re" W, "pu ie e wer v ""ho 'i'S tl. l "Ii O tory ab his Co» f h o C ",.ok ers I e � ar Oph S h � s ilo �,' 1 h oh. is t that a h ory hISt Ut . t 10< � abo ng ki thm n og1 ,, ce ori n hist va and 1 ory ffllIior ad hist een etw C ",.,.5 a b p, on t cti c in s t)JJ e dis o rre5 . the t t h to', Ii' � ,.r.!g' ' h Ies P so Jo h ,p

r e pJthUS� e o ut bs , "a ce o r 9Sflote otl C t a ic r ' o S oh o ' : l "" h 'W ..�:"'f" 'e phllOSOP Yh hW O " g n i ' d , hIS, tCS m e l pO cerl,ry ,0 , I m P Y l e S h , or ht e ���e eg oaeSl,ISh ,he ate .. mO>'

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GramsC/an interpretati, er on of hiStor Oj'It."' Spite of the dangers ical to')mater, of the various Ia l'ISIl] r k ' negated by h IS IS in ds ' conception of 'etls a s ' , of sci h I hi Stor za tl' ence as S two senses of the ; n word being co U PerStC nfl ated_ ' I expression and instr Uctllra l ��t i a S o be 'll Pli::- i� ument of the 'l I _ , S COll] group in h'Istory IS , pushed to Its es � ' cuI mln o P " atlon: o we r, , r flated, thus IOll/lJn 'fh e tgan i•• "' " p« ru ' �0 I �� ' ri ' each ",,100, d_ = n � ", �, h' , , d h .. ' , � ry, re M o 'on 'w nd bI o ellar.d �"",.\\y o. l, Io & �. p'" m 0< . .. ' "" . io m rir d, OW: . 'h -" " ' .re p, .b y: , h" � .h ' " .h '

1f � o ible for '"'the rechni ques o f Cl.OCl . .Sm » '" =, ,i" b g "": rn oo opol, ,f ', handful of ch0I.... ,< ' " , .. "d """ , , an d (he hisrorian h a' m 'iquari ben e broug!" .. .' .. , e \\orkbench " of " . It was 'o o" 'u '" " "' m"m ""e mosr eiemenran p..p ... � of m ' ''" K' of "' fn on" I ;� E, H, ea :.r " nres : " "< • The m o W"ory I 0 010,"" 0 ecomes an d the ",," ' more h i , ,odology b " :'" me , the berter (o r both ( 66 " ""0" p , , ...:grsc :, , like ra � Auge asse r ts: " IS . to . ��v ns[(ru� not gy , n ng to ligh t social I g 0 >a "d

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prefurg's Ginw Carlo (See ..., re, J tu ' cul O Miller, t r entury ula nth-C p Sixtee f/is a po o f d d a W orl n of The ed e : lr accus ""s " be ''D' ''' ltl could \l ans L rr c ton ,e hls ast , is p iled()t ' alld [f e this r "I y th toda � n , 'ay '' WI ' s, but ee S king t f 0 h eeds 111�tl " IS d at y, T th gre histor S oral e hIS 'O of 'th lt o realm \ l e g the o b ab re I ".hidl the Iy n, les, n ,,-by Roy Preis werk . al etho "h a � n o d D 0 e d du _p _ Ul ( ach V s d an n Sen Weidner, , J. "v B u ge nnals o,r E. and .' r r, e "" he A n s M el s "'. 0 B >. ill, . J ' .0 "he\Ing . 1-uc"e . I 6S . ' w " "..,

on l, giovane of l) ado rni, Che vi S'ate a canta an,." /). re in questo loco, Spendere lieramenre i VOSto gioO ..... li, Che giovinea• passa a poco a Lorenzo iJ POco . . . Magnifico, (Bar;, ' 9 ' 3'4· J. Piage" wi,h J. '9' �), 2:20 1 . C/. Bringuier, C,nver.rQllO'U lib ,8.. , 5 · P. Abrams, "The Sense of 'he Past and 'he • l./UU 'rI_ ,., �-rimt KID U

H/SwrW'- F "rehi , ,, Soa"'eL """",• So r ' - ' Tltmdrvu ,

de Psydwlogie ('959), pp. 3 ''

sieck, (Paris, 19 e Hllt" e annals, � On th cher, DiL .6. See G. Hols

II/STORY

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37· C. Bali, !iano o./fert' a

(t 950), \ 2 : 1 75 -2 82 .

La storiografia genovese 6no al secolo

Raifaello Morg"en (Rome, t974). "

StorUo

flak"" per if Mdio Evo

XV;

5IUdi sui Medioevo ens­

38. G. Martini, "La spirilO cinadino e Ie origini dena storiografia communale lombarda;' Nuuva ElMs'a Stoma (t 970), 54:1-2 2.

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39· Montaigne, " 7- t9 ·

£Sais, II,

10, "Des Livres," texts in j. Ehrard and G. Palmade, pp.

40. B. Bucher, La sauvage awe SetrlS peruIarus (Paris, 1 977), pp. 227-28.

"n

notaio-cronista e Ie cronache cittadine in Italia," In Alii JeI

primo congresso intemar'onale de/In Societa ItalUma di Stona JeI DirUto (Florence, 1966), pp. 293-309· la chute 42. Guiwt, Cours d'Histov. Mod.ernc Hisrou. U, civilisation en Europe l'Empire romaUl Jusqu � U, Rivolution Franfaise, 1 828, 7me Le�on, quoted by Ehrard 4 1 . G. Arnaldi,

L 'fIutolre

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43. Lener to J. Weydemayer, March \, 1 8 5 2, quoted by Ehrard and Palmade,

p. 1 9·

222

/ Endn ates · . Hls: corJ

44. de Tocqueville, .0. la Dimoaan'e en Amin 'n�, I 8 , 36-39' L' n, , · 6 .I\eVQlUllon, I 8 5 'AIJ� 45. Keith Hancock, quoted by Banaclough, His«> . ~ •� 46. J. de RomiJIy, Thucydide et l'impirUJlisme a 1P":4i, ans, 1 9 17); ch"{ Thucydide (Paris, 19 56). " 47· A. Taleb, Lettrer "'prison, Fresfles, 10 dlcembre, 195 AIg .... . .. er, ed� 1 966. i ir Gesclliclulidre &cIuwissenschcif;'( 8 48. Savigny, ui"cIviffi 5 , 1 :1. Geschichte. der germanisclz 49. Ranke, 8'1; rp� '9 50. A study on VICO to Le Devernr Soaal, 1896. 1 7, p. � 0/Study in His«>ry. Johns Ho 5 I . H. B. Adams, kins UnI. P versIty ies in HistOry and Polrllcal SCIence ( 1 884), no. 2. S "'