Masters of Meditation and Miracles: Lives of the Great Buddhist Masters of India and Tibet

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Masters of Meditation and Miracles

Masters of Meditation and Miracles LIVES OF THE GREAT BUDDHIST MASTERS OF INDIA AND TIBET

TULKU THONDUP Edited by Harold Talbott

t

SHAMBHALA South Asia Editions 2002

SHAMBHALA PUBLICATIONS, INC. HORTICULTURAL HALL 300 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS o:UIS WWW.SHAMBHALA.COM

C) 1996 BY TULKU THONDUP BUDDHAYANA SERIES: VI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, OR BY ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.

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PRINTED IN INDIA DISTRIBUTED BY RUPA & CO., NEW DELHI, INDIA.

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUES THE HARDCOVER EDITION Of THIS BOOK AS FOLLOWS: THONDUP, TULKU. MASTERS OF MEDITATION AND MIRACLES: LIVES OF THE GREAT BUDDHIST MASTERS OF INDIA AND TIBET / TULKU THONDUP: EDITED BY HAROLD TALBOTT. -

IST ED.

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ISBN I-S7062-II3-6 (ALK. PAPER)

ISBN 1·56957·134·1 I. Ri'IIN-MA-PA LAMAS-CHINA-TIBET-BIOGRAPHY. 2. MEDITATION-RAIN-MA-PA (SECT) I. TALBOTT, HAROLD. BQ7662.A23T48

II. TITLE.

I99S

294·3 1 923 1 092-DC20

9S-IS8S4 (B)

CIP

Contents

ix xi xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHOR'S NOTE PREFACE

Part One INTRODUCTION

4

SHAKYAMUNIBUDDHA

After the Buddha

I I

I3

BUDDHISM IN TIBET THREE MoDES OF LINEAL TRANSMISSION OF THE GENERAL NYINGMA INNER TANTRAS

I8 I8

Mind Transmission of the Buddhas Symbolic Transmission of the Knowledge-holders Oral Transmission of the Ascetics

22

LINEAGES OF THREE MAJOR NYINGMA INNER TANTRAS

23

Mah:lyoga Anuyoga Atiyoga (Dzogpa Chenpo) Semde Longde Me-ngagde

23

28 29 30 3I 32

Part Two THE LINEAGE OF LONGCHEN NYINGTHIG LONGCHEN NYINGTHIG TEACHINGS THE LINEAGE MASTERS OF LONGCHEN NYINGTHIG 1.

Dharmakaya

2.

Sambhogakaya

I9

Contents 3. Nirrna~akaya 4· Prahevajra (Garab Dorje) s. Mai\jushrrrnitra 6. Shrisirp.ha

53 SS 59 62

7· jftan~Dtta 8. Virnalarnitra 9· Guru Rinpoche, Padrnasarnbhava Guru Rinpoche's Visit to Tibet The Five Principal Consorts of Guru Rinpoche The Chief Disciples of Gun~ Rinpoche in Tibet 10. KUnkhyen Longchen Rabjarn (1308-1363) II. Rigdzinjigrne Lingpa (1730-1798) 12. First Dodrupchenjigrne Thrinle Ozer (1745-I82I) 13. Jigrne Gyalwe Nyuku (176S-1843) I 4. Dola Jigrne Kalzang (nineteenth century) IS. Fourth Dzogchen Mingyur Narnkhe Dorje (I793-?) I6. Do Khyentse Yeshe Dorje (I8oo-I866) I7. Gyalse Zhenphen Thaye (18oo-?) 18. Dzogchen Khenpo Perna Dorje (nineteenth century) 19. PaltrUljigrne Chokyi Wangpo (18o8-I887) 20. Second Dodrupchen Jigrne PhUntsok Jungne (I 824-1 863) 21. Jarnyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820-1892) 22. NyoshUl Lungtok Tenpe Nyirna (1829-190II2) 23. Onpo Tendzin Norbu (nineteenth century) 24. Adzorn Drukpa DrodUl Pawo Dorje (1842-1924) 25. Lushul Khenpo Konchok Dronrne (1859-1936) 26. Third Dodrupchenjigrne Tenpe Nyirna (1865-1926) 27. Shuksep Lochen Chonyi Zangrno (I86S-I9S3) 28. Fifth Dzogchen Thupten Chokyi Dorje (1872-1935) 29. Gekong Khenpo KUnzang Palden (1872-1943) 30. Yukhok Chatralwa Choying Rangtrol (1872-1952) 3 I. Kathok Khenpo Ngawang Palzang (1879-1941) 32. Alak Zenkar Perna Ngodrup Rolwe Dorje (1881-1943) 33. Dzongsar Khyentse Chokyi Lodro (1893-1959) VI

65 68 74 83 92 96 109 118 136 163 I 73 I7S I79 198 200 201 2I I 215 222 226 228 230 237 251 256 258 260 266 275 278

Contents 34· Kyala Khenpo Chechok Thondrup {1893-1957)

283

35· Dilgo Khyentse Tashi Paljor (1910-1991)

292

36. Chatral Sangye Dorje (b. 19I3)

296

37· Fourth Dodrupchen Rigdzin Tenpe Gyaltsen (1927-1961)

298

38. Fourth Dodrupchen Thupten Thrinle Palzang (b. 1927)

314

LINEAGE TREE WORKS CITED NOTES INDEX CREDITS

333 35I 359 379 384

Vll

Acknowledgments

M

Y gratitude is due to Harold Talbott for his wisdom and patience in editing this book with great care and appreciation; Michael Baldwin for his never ceasing support and guidance of my Dharma projects for over one and a half decades; Lydia Segal for inspiring me to put this book together and checking many parts of the ·book; the patrons of Buddhayana, under whose sponsorship I have been able to spend the days of my life writing and translating the precious Buddhist teachings since 1975; David Dvore for computering assistance; Jonathan andJoan Miller for taking care of my health; the private Library of Kyabje Dodrupchen Rinpoche at the Mahasiddha Nyingmapa Temple, Hawley, Massachusetts, and the Lehman Library at Columbia University, New York City, for their precious resources; Victor and Ruby Lam for allowing me to use their easeful apartment. I am grateful to Steven Goodman for his many insightful contributions and for preparing the index. I am also thankful to Zenkar Thupten Nyima Rinpoche, Khenpo Choyag, Gelong Konchog Tendzin, Ani Ngawang Chadron, Ani Lodro Palmo, and many others who provided much valuable information. I am grateful to master Samuel Bercholz and the staff of Shambhala Publications for providing the perfect channel for the lives of the Masters to reach the readers, to Larry Mermelstein for refining the book with his great editorial mastery, to Kendra Crossen for infusing the book with her literary insight, and to Brian Boland for designing the book with artistic talent.

Author's Note

I

capitalized the root letters (Ming gZhi) of each word in the transliterated Tibetan in order to ensure a correct and easy reading. For the phonetic transcription of Tibetan, I mainly followed the Nalanda Translation Committee guidelines provided by Larry Mermelstein. Throughout the book I have added words in parentheses to make the meaning of the quoted texts clear or to provide their Sanskrit, Tibetan, or English equivalents. I have also provided a number of alternative translations or synonyms in square brackets. In the bibliography,] stands for "folio," the Tibetan style of pagination; and p for "page" according to the Western style. In the notes, the titles of texts quoted are indicated by abbreviations, such as BC for sNying Thig Gi brGyud 'Debs Byin rLabs Ch'ar rGyun discovered by Jigme Lingpa. The full titles are alphabetically listed in "Works Cited" at the end of this book. When a text in the Tibetan pagination style is quoted, the letters signifying the title are followed by the folio number, which is followed by the letter a or b to designate the front or back side of the folio. This is then followed by the line number. For example, "BC Iaii." Page and line numbers without the letter a or b indicate the Western style of pagination. HAVE

Preface

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asters of Meditation and Miracles is a collection of biographies of realized teachers whose lives were full of peace, enlightenment, and amazing miracles. They flourished in Tibet, the Roof of the World, in its golden days. These teachers belong to the Longchen Nyingthig lineage of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. . Longchen Nyingthig (the heart-essence of infinite expanse, or the ultimate truth of the universal openness) is a cycle of mystical teachings that represent the innermost meditation of Dzogpa Chenpo, revealed by the great scholar and adeptjigme Lingpa (1730-I798).jigme Lingpa discovered them as a "mind ter" (or "mind treasure"}, teachings that were discovered from the enlightened nature of the mind. To Jigme Lingpa and then from him to the present~ the transmission of Longchen Nyingthig was passed through the lineage of many enlightened masters, the most outstanding being the ones whose lives are presented in this book. In the past, when I read the biographies that I have epitomized here, I saw them as most inspiring and amazing lives. But this time, as I was retelling them in my own words with my own feelings, I myself frequently underwent the experiences of pain, hardship, or excitement as well as peace, joy, light, or openness that the masters were going through. So the lives were no longer just stories to read or objects "out there" to think about. They were glimpses of the inner light of the masters, which is the "true nature" of the enlightened lives. In that "true nature," all the different phases and expressions of lives are in communion, like rivers flowing into the ocean, a single body of water. lf these biographies are read as stories with intellectual and emotional perceptions, the best possible benefit that could come is inspiration. If the lives are read in order to feel and unite with the experiences of the masters, the stories will certainly arouse spiritual realization, love, peace, openness, light, and healing in the reader's heart.

Preface It was improper and indeed impossible for me to try to avoid the typical characteristic of Tibetan biographies, namely the inclusion of endless lists of teachers, teachings, ahd disciples of the masters, even though those lists might be b.oring for readers who are not Tibetan. But I tried not to let these details diminish the vividness of the narrative. Wherever possible, I attempted to bring out the inner feelings of the spiritual lives, and at the same time the external daily lives, of the masters: how they faced and healed their physical pain, how they dealt with their emotional turmoil, how they overcame their spiritual or meditative illusions, and, more important, what kind of experiences they had when they awakened their own inner Buddha Mind and Buddha qualities. This book has two parts. The ·first is an introduction providing a short life of the Buddha and a list of major lineages of Buddhism in Tibet. While basing the Buddha's life on traditional scriptures, I have tried to present it in terms of its meaning and his teachings rather than as a historical narrative. For the list oflineages of Buddhism in Tibet, I have given a structural outline of some of the major ones, but few details of them or their teachings. The second part is the main body of the book. It presents the principle of the three Buddha bodies and the biographies of thirty-five masters of the Longchen Nyingthig lineage. The three Buddha bodies are Dharmakaya, the ultimate body, which is the total openness, the absolute nature of the Buddha; Sambhogakaya, the enjoyment body, which designates all the true Buddha forms that appear without subject-object duality; and Nirmal).akaya, the manifested body, which is the forms of the Buddha perceived by ordinary beings. The three Buddha bodies are the sources of the ultimate teachings, such as Longchen Nyingthig. The first master of the Longchen Nyingthig lineage in human form is Prahevajra (also known as Garab Dorje). The lives of the early human masters from Prahevajra down to Guru Rinpoche (9th century CE) have a unique quality. They were manifested as a higher power of discipline and attainments, possessing superhuman endowments and power. From Longchen Rabjam on, although the lives of these later masters reflect a path, dedication, and power different from our own, still they had many experiences that are similar to our own hardships, pain, and emotions, and we can imagine ourselves reaching the point when we would possess their capacity for dedication, healing, and realizations. Thus, the lives of the early masters are the most important ones, but for many readers the XIV

Preface lives of the later masters might be easier to understand and empathize with. It seems that there are two reasons for having these two types of biographies. Changes in the art of writing account for some of the differences between the accounts of early and later masters. But the main reason is the change of drcumstances and gifts of the audience and their level of openness and appreciation. Among the liv~s of the later masters, too, there are many, such as Do Khyentse, who were born with amazing wisdom and power, while others, such as the First Dodrupchen and Jigme Gyalwe Nyuku, accomplished the highest spiritual attainments through disciplines of austerity and dedication. Many masters often faced harsh obstructions in their spiritual journey, but the power of their understanding, commitment, and inspiration not only kept them on the path, but led them to their goals. The Longchen Nyingthig transmission flowed through many masters of various lineages. In this book I was able to include only the main masters of the Longchen Nyingthig lineage itself and those masters who were direcdy involved in bringing the Longchen Nyingthig transmission to my teachers and then on to me. Concerning the lives of many masters there is a vast literature, but for some important masters, Dola Jigme Kalzang, Gyalse Zhenphen Thaye, Khenpo Pema Dorje, the Second Dodrupchen, and Onpo Tendzin Norbu, I could fmd very litde material. Also, I focused more on those masters about whom there is litde material in English rather than on masters whose lives are already available in English. The masters whose lives are chronicled in this book are some of the many rare individuals whom we had in Tibet during its more than tencentury-long history of Buddhism. One should not, however, get the impression that most of the Tibetans were great meditators and accomplished adepts displaying miraculous powers, as the novel Lost Horizon might portray! Such accomplished masters were very rare in Tibet in comparison with the population as a whole. At the same time, there is no reason to doubt that they were people of great spiritual power and realization. Where the circumstances were right and there was total dedication to the advancement of the spiritual quality of the mind rather than to material progress, such spiritual attainments were witnessed not just in Tibetan civilization, but in many cultures throughout the history of the world during the golden times of their spiritual wealth. XV

Preface For me the material in this book was the most inspiring that I have ever worked on. Each master is totally different, yet they are very similar. Each great master has his or her own unique character to manifest, role to play, and place to fill in this golden lineage of Longchen Nyingthig. Most of these great masters have gone, disappeared into the distant past. But their presence in the golden lineage, their words of enlightening teachings, and their power ofliberating blessings are still with us.

XV1

Part One

Introduction

B

UDDHA is the universal truth, and Buddhism is the path to realize it. Buddha is the true nature, the openness, and the enlightened state of the universe, "as it is." All the phenomenal appearances are just the manifestative power of that true nature itself, "as they appear." If we realize our own true nature, the ultimate peace, openness, oneness, and enlightenment, we are all Buddhas. Then all phenomena will spontaneously arise as the Buddha pure land, the power of the true nature. Buddhism is the stages of the path to realize Buddhahood, and it is the teachings that inspire us to that realization. Shakyamuni Buddha (fifth-fourth century BCE)I is one of the many beings who became Buddha through the path of Buddhism in this age of ours. He is the master who propagated the path popularly known as Buddhism. But he is not the only Buddha, and Buddhism is not limited to his words alone. Tantras are the original esoteric scriptures ofBuddhism. They include many Nyingma tantras, such as the tantns of the Longchen Nyingthig cycle. These are not necessarily the written records of words uttered by the Shakyamuni Buddha. However, they are Buddhist teachings since they came from the Buddha bodies, and they provide the methods that lead us to Buddhahood. Furthermore, they were discovered by the realized followers of Sh:ikyamuni Buddha and are in harmony with his teachings.

Shakyamuni Buddha

S

Buddha, the Fully Awakened One, was born amid wondrous signs over twenty-five centuries ago, in the Lumbini garden, now in Nepal, to King Shuddhodana and Queen Mayadevi of the Shakya.lineage. He was named Siddhartha, and he soon became versed in various kinds of knowledge and skilled in different. arts in order to become the future ruler of his kingdom. In time, his consort Princess Yashodhara conceived their son, Prince Rahula. Prince Siddhartha lived amid the supreme enjoyments of worldly pleasures and luxuries that could be provided in his time. His father even tried to prevent him from seeing or learning about people's miseries. But Siddhartha realized that in this mundane world no one has any true joy and there is nothing but suffering, the overwhelming suffering of old age, sickness, death, and endless woes. Whatever is born ends in death, whatever is brought together ends in separation, and whatever is full of joy ends in pain. All the mundane activities, direcdy or indirecdy, cause only suffering of dissatisfaction. All these sufferings are rooted in the wrong mental approach of grasping at "self, " 2 burning with negative emotions of hatred and desire, and craving for painful joy, as when yearning for the sensation of scratching an itch. Siddhartha was determined to find the way to freedom from the life cycle of suffering and to lead others, the mother beings, to the realization of freedom and enlightenment. When he was twenty-nine, after his father reluctandy gave him permission to renounce his mundane life, he became a homeless ascetic wanderer. He went to a number of famous sages of India and meditated according to their teachings. He contemplated while observing severe austerities for six years on the banks of the Nairajiiana River. These pursuits generated high stages of absorption, peace, and joy, but none led him to the ultimate goal he was seeking: total freedom from grasping HAKYAMUNI

Introduction at self, for all those attainments retained some degree of residue of grasping at self. At the age of thirty-five, after realizing that physical austerity was not an effective means of reaching the truth, Siddhartha drank some refined milk. Having nourished himself, he went to Vajrasana, now known as Bodhgaya in the state of Bihar, India. There, on the eve of the full moon of the Vaishakha month (April/May), he sat in the meditation posture beneath a pipal (ashvattha) tree (known since then as the Bodhi Tree) and entered into absorption. Mter dusk, demonic forces massed before him with threats and temptations to prevent him from entering enlightenment. Clouds of demonic forces thundering threats and raining of weapons appeared. Celestial virgins came dancing to him to arouse his senses. But none moved his mind, and he remained in the contemplation of loving-kindness. The rain of weapons became the rain of flowers, and all the apparitions faded away like a mirage. Then, in the early part of the night, 3 he entered into the four stages of absorption (bSam gTan bZhi). The first stage is a one-pointed absorption with joy (dGa') and bliss (bDe), detached from the sensations of the desire realm, reached by thinking about (rTog) and analyzing (dPyod) those sensations as gross and negative. The second stage is a one-pointed absorption in clear mind with joy and bliss, detached from thoughts and analysis of the sensations as in the first stage. The third is a one-pointed absorption with bliss, detached from taking joy in the sensations as in the second stage through equanimity (evenness), recollection, and awareness. The fourth is a one-pointed absorption with equanimity, detached from the feelings of bliss of the third stage by seeing it as too gross by means of pure mindfulness. Then, with that total calm, collected, luminous, applicable, and clear mind created by the four stages of absorption, he focused on dev:eloping the three states of awareness (Rig Pa gSum). (1) He acquired the "awareness of realizing the wisdom with divine eyes" 4 which sees the infinite details of the vicissitudes of all beings with their karma, the cause behind them. (2) He acquired the "awareness of realizing the wisdom of past lives," 5 which sees infinite numbers of past lives of oneself and others and their various happenings and experiences in complete detail. (J) Then, in the early part of the full-moon day, he acquired the "awareness of realizing the wisdom of exhausting the contamination"6 by

s

Shii kyamuni Buddha thinking about and realizing the nature of the "twelve-links of interdependent causation" (rTen 'Brei bChu gNyis), the law oflife. In this stage, he realized that because of (I) ignorance (unenlightenment) there arises the (2) formation of karma (volitional action), because of the formation arises (3) consciousness, because of consciousness arise (4) designation and form (mental ~nd physical objective phenomena), because of designation and form arise the (5) six sense faculties, because of the sense faculties arises (6) contact (of objects, senses, and their application), because of contact arises (7) sensation, because of sensation arises (8) craving, because of craving arises (9) clinging, because of clinging arises (10) becoming [existence], and because of becoming arise (I I) birth, sickness, (12) aging, pain, and death. Then also he r:!alized the law of the reversed process of the twelve-link interdependent causation. Beca~se of the cessation of ignorance formation ceases, and so on. He realized the four noble truths ('Phags Pa'i bDen Pa bZhi) of each twelve-link interdependent causation. He saw what is ignorance, what is the cause of ignorance, what is the cessation of ignorance, and what is the path of the cessation of ignorance, and so on. He realized the four noble truths. (I) He realized the truth of suffering, that the whole of mundane existence in its totality is nothing but a cycle of suffering. (2) He realized the truth of the cause of suffering, the karma with emotional forces rooted in craving and grasping at self. (3) He realized the truth of the cessation of suffering, the attainment of nirva~a, enlightenment. (4) He realized the truth of the path of the cessation of suffering, the training in the eightfold noble path, namely right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Then, in the early dawn, he entered a vajralike absorption, solid, as no obstruction can destroy it; stable, as it cannot be moved by concepts; of the nature of oneness, as all things are of one taste in it; and allpervading, as it is the true nature of all existents. In a single instant he exhausted even the most subtle traces of obscurations that he had harbored in himself, perfected the realization of the three states of awareness, and became the fully enlightened one, the Buddha. He leaped into the air to a height of seven tal (palm) trees and, sitting there, proclaimed: Today, all the rebirths [for me] have ceased. The path is completed. There is nothing more to pursue. 6

Introduction And: I have realized an ambrosia-like Dharma. It is a clear light: uncreated, profound, peaceful, and free from elaborations. During the remaining forty-five years of his life, tirelessly traveling on foot and living on-alms of one meal a day, with love and wisdom Buddha taught the way to Buddhahood and served his sangha, the community of monks, nuns, and devotees and all those whom he met and who came to him. During that period, the Buddha taught various paths for people of different temperaments. 7 According to the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions of Buddhism, Buddha taught not only Hinayana, the common or orthodox Buddhism, but also Mahayana, advanced Buddhism, and Vajrayana, esoteric Buddhism. Hinayana (or Theravadin) tea~hings of the Buddha are known as the Tripitaka, the three baskets. They are the Vinaya, on the moral discipline of the monastic community and lay devotees; Abhidharma, on the wisdom ofBuddhist psychology and metaphysics; and Siitra, on contemplations and various discourses. His first sermon was on the four noble truths. It explains the whole evolution of the mental and physical cycle of the mundane world and the cycle in reverse. He taught it to his first five monk-disciples at the Deer Park, now known as Samath, near Vari!].a5i in India. The Buddha said: 0 monks, there are four noble truths. They are suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path of the cessation of suffering. (1) What is the noble truth of suffering? It is the suffering of birth, old age, sickness, death, separation from desirable things, facing the unwanted, and not getting what one is seeking. In short, the five aggregates of attachment are suffering. This is called suffering. (2) What is the noble truth of the cause of suffering? It is the craving [which produces] re-existence (or re-becoming as beings) and which is accompanied by passionate desire, and which finds total delight in [or attachment to] this and that. This is called the cause of suffering. (3) What is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering? The cessation of suffering is the total cessa-

7

Sha kyamuni Buddha cion of and total freedom from the desire, the craving, which produces re-existence and which is accompanied by passionate desire, and which finds, creates, and takes total delight in this and that. (4) What is the path that leads to the cessation of suffering? It is the noble eightfold path, which consists of right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. 8 The achievement of the fruits ofBuddhism is dependent on the efforts of the individual practitioners themselves, and the Buddha's part is only to teach and inspire them. The Buddha said: I have shown you the path ofliberation. You· should understand that your liberation depends on yoursel£9 The essence of Buddhist training is to act only with the proper discipline and to tame one's own mind through the eightfold noble path. The Buddha said: Commit no evil deeds. Perform all the virtuous deeds. Tame your own mind. That is the Buddha's teaching. 10 If we could tame our mind, all our physical actions would naturiilly become well disciplined, for the mind leads all. Buddha said: Mind is the main factor, and it leads all the actions. With a pure mind, whatever you say or do Will cause only happiness. It is like a shadow that follows. 11 When we understand and realize the truth oflife and nature with our mind, we will attain freedom from all the sufferings. The Buddha said: When you see with your wisdom that all the compound things Are impermanent, . . . suffering . . . [and] selflessness, . . . You will never be hurt by any suffering. That is the right pathP 2 For Mahayana disciples, both human and nonhuman beings, the Buddha delivered the Mahayana teachings such as "transcendental wisdom" 8

Introduction and "Buddha essence" on Mount Gpdhraku~a (Vulture Peak) in Rajgir (Rajagriha) in India and in many other places. Mahayana teachings were given to limited audiences, for the time of Mahayana teachings was not yet ripe. Centuries later, they were revealed to the public by masters who were keeping them and also by many who brought them back from different lands and world systems. Most of the Mahayana disciplines are based on Hinayana, or common Buddhist teachings, but the attitude and view are different. Compassion is an import:a,nt practice in common Buddhism also, but the intention to take total responsibility for others or to remain until every mother being is liberated is called bodhichitta, the mind of enlightenment. To train in the six perfections 13 with that bodhichitta is the unique approach of Mahayana. In respect to view, the concept of emptiness is the central core of Mahayana doctrine. In absolute meaning or ultimate truth all phenomena are emptiness, and on the relative level or in conventional truth all are arising through interdependent causation, like a dream, mirage, or reflection. Thus the two truths are in union, and they are the nature of everything, with no contradictions. Emptiness is not a negative or nil, but it is total openness and freedom from dualistic mentality, conceptual designations, and notions of any extremes, either of existence or nonexistence, neither or both. Primordial wisdom, which is emptiness and the realization of emptiness, clearly sees everything simultaneously without any limits. This wisdom is also symbolized as the mother, the source or dwelling place of all the Buddhas. In respect to training, 14 the followers of Mahayana first employ their mundane mind and mental events as the means of attaining Buddhahood, and by progressing through that process, they finally attain Buddhahood. The Buddha said: Those bodhisattvas who have attained the wisdom of re.alizing the [union of] interdependent arising and the unborn and unceasing [nature of emptiness], Like the rays of the unclouded sun dispelling the darkness, Destroy the ignorance and attain the naturally present [Buddhahood]. 15 And: I bow to the great mother of the Buddhas of the three times, [The emptiness, which is] the domain of self-awareness wisdom,

9

Shakyamuni Buddha Freedom from designations, thoughts, and expressions, And, unborn and unceasing, like space. 16 And: Form is emptiness. E~ptiness is form. Emptiness is not separate from form. Form is not separate from emptiness. 17 To Vajrayana disciples, the exceptionally matured human and nonhuman audience, the Buddha gave the empowerment