O Pioneers! (Webster's Thesaurus Edition)

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O PIONEERS! Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

Willa Cather

PSAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE, AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

O Pioneers! Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

Willa Cather

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

ICON CLASSICS Published by ICON Group International, Inc. 7404 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 USA www.icongrouponline.com O Pioneers!: Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005 Printed in the United States of America. Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc. Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-497-25334-8

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Contents PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR .......................................................................................... 1 PART I THE WILD LAND................................................................................................... 3 I................................................................................................................................. 5 II ............................................................................................................................. 13 III ............................................................................................................................ 19 IV ............................................................................................................................ 29 V ............................................................................................................................. 39 PART II NEIGHBORING FIELDS ..................................................................................... 45 I............................................................................................................................... 47 II ............................................................................................................................. 53 III ............................................................................................................................ 59 IV ............................................................................................................................ 69 V ............................................................................................................................. 75 VI ............................................................................................................................ 79 VII ........................................................................................................................... 87 VIII .......................................................................................................................... 91 IX ............................................................................................................................ 97 X ........................................................................................................................... 101 XI .......................................................................................................................... 107 XII ......................................................................................................................... 111 PART III WINTER MEMORIES....................................................................................... 113 I............................................................................................................................. 115 II ........................................................................................................................... 125 PART IV THE WHITE MULBERRY TREE ....................................................................... 129 I............................................................................................................................. 131 II ........................................................................................................................... 139 III .......................................................................................................................... 143 IV .......................................................................................................................... 147 V ........................................................................................................................... 151

iv VI .......................................................................................................................... 155 VII ......................................................................................................................... 161 VIII ........................................................................................................................ 167 PART V ALEXANDRA.................................................................................................... 169 I............................................................................................................................. 171 II ........................................................................................................................... 179 III .......................................................................................................................... 187 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 193

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PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR Designed for school districts, educators, and students seeking to maximize performance on standardized tests, Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in English courses. By using a running thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this edition of O Pioneers! by Willa Cather was edited for students who are actively building their vocabularies in anticipation of taking PSAT®, SAT®, AP® (Advanced Placement®), GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT® or similar examinations.1 Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of synonyms and antonyms for difficult and often ambiguous English words that are encountered in other works of literature, conversation, or academic examinations. Extremely rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority in the notes compared to words which are “difficult, and often encountered” in examinations. Rather than supply a single synonym, many are provided for a variety of meanings, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of the English language, and avoid using the notes as a pure crutch. Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not noted on a page, chances are that it has been highlighted on a previous page. A more complete thesaurus is supplied at the end of the book; Synonyms and antonyms are extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary. Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-onlinedictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected] The Editor Webster’s Online Dictionary www.websters-online-dictionary.org

1 PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

Willa Cather

PART I THE WILD LAND

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I

One %January day, thirty years ago, the little town of Hanover, anchored on a windy Nebraska tableland, was trying not to be blown away. A mist of fine snowflakes was curling and eddying about the cluster of low drab buildings huddled on the gray prairie, under a gray sky. The dwelling-houses were set about haphazard on the tough prairie sod; some of them looked as if they had been moved in overnight, and others as if they were straying off by themselves, headed straight for the open plain. None of them had any appearance of permanence, and the howling wind blew under them as well as over them. The main street was a deeply rutted road, now frozen hard, which ran from the squat red railway station and the grain “elevator” at the north end of the town to the lumber yard and the horse pond at the south end. On either side of this road straggled two uneven rows of wooden buildings; the general merchandise stores, the two banks, the drug store, the feed store, the saloon, the post-office. The board sidewalks were gray with trampled snow, but at two o’clock in the afternoon the shopkeepers, having come back from dinner, were keeping well behind their frosty windows. The children were all in school, and there was nobody abroad in the streets but a few rough-looking countrymen in coarse overcoats, with their long caps pulled down to their noses. Some of them had brought their wives to town, and now and then a red or a plaid shawl flashed out of one store into the shelter of another. At the hitch-bars along the street a

Thesaurus anchored: (adj) fixed, immobile, plod; (adj) junk, litter, huddle, stationary, secure, stable, firm; (v) disarray. plaid: (n) check, tartan, patchwork, rock solid, moored, on a rock, kirtle, fabric, cloth, cape, tippet; (v) tethered. drab: (adj) dreary, gloomy, dingy, mosaic, tesselated; (adj) checked. prairie: (n) meadow, lea, grassland, cheerless, somber, boring, dowdy, dark, colorless, dull, depressing. field, savanna, steppe, heath, bush, ANTONYMS: (adj) colorful, vivid, jungle, desert, pampas. rutted: (adj) uneven, not smooth, lined, brilliant, chic, flashy, interesting, cheerful, distinctive, smart, strong. jagged, irregular, rough, furrowed, lumber: (n) timber, wood; (adj, n) crumpled, potholed, not level, jumble, rubbish; (v) log, trail; (adv, v) bumpy. ANTONYM: (adj) level.

shawl: (n) wrap, mantle, cape, muffler, scarf, pall, mantlet Mantua, wrapper, kerchief, headscarf, stole. straying: (n) digression, departure, error; (adj) errant, mistaking, containing error, incorrect, misleading, astray, mistaken, erroneous. tableland: (n) table, bench, mesa, terrace, highland, Ardennes. trampled: (adj) crushed, damaged, flattened, compressed, packed down.

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few heavy work-horses, harnessed to farm wagons, shivered under their blankets. About the station everything was quiet, for there would not be another train in until night.% On the sidewalk in front of one of the stores sat a little Swede boy, crying bitterly. He was about five years old. His black cloth coat was much too big for him and made him look like a little old man. His shrunken brown flannel dress had been washed many times and left a long stretch of stocking between the hem of his skirt and the tops of his clumsy, copper-toed shoes. His cap was pulled down over his ears; his nose and his chubby cheeks were chapped and red with cold. He cried quietly, and the few people who hurried by did not notice him. He was afraid to stop any one, afraid to go into the store and ask for help, so he sat wringing his long sleeves and looking up a telegraph pole beside him, whimpering, “My kitten, oh, my kitten! Her will fweeze!” At the top of the pole crouched a shivering gray kitten, mewing faintly and clinging desperately to the wood with her claws. The boy had been left at the store while his sister went to the doctor’s office, and in her absence a dog had chased his kitten up the pole. The little creature had never been so high before, and she was too frightened to move. Her master was sunk in despair. He was a little country boy, and this village was to him a very strange and perplexing place, where people wore fine clothes and had hard hearts. He always felt shy and awkward here, and wanted to hide behind things for fear some one might laugh at him. Just now, he was too unhappy to care who laughed. At last he seemed to see a ray of hope: his sister was coming, and he got up and ran toward her in his heavy shoes. His sister was a tall, strong girl, and she walked rapidly and resolutely, as if she knew exactly where she was going and what she was going to do next. She wore a man’s long ulster (not as if it were an affliction, but as if it were very comfortable and belonged to her; carried it like a young soldier), and a round plush cap, tied down with a thick veil. She had a serious, thoughtful face, and her clear, deep blue eyes were fixed intently on the distance, without seeming to see anything, as if she were in trouble. She did not notice the little boy until he

Thesaurus chapped: (adj) cracked, balmy, sidewalk: (n) footpath, path, walk, enlightening, soothing, unsmooth, barmy, bats, batty, understandable, explicable. footway, flags, trottoir, pathway, bonkers, buggy, roughened, coarse, plush: (adj) lush, splendid, opulent, causeway, walkway, curbside, alligatored. sumptuous, luxuriant, luxurious, doorstep. kitten: (n) cat, foal, kitty, colt, foetus; whimpering: (adj) whining, puling, rich, gorgeous, swish, deluxe, (v) teem, flower, fructify, bear fruit, magnificent. ANTONYMS: (adj) childish, querulous; (n) sniveling, cry, farrow, EAN. meager, austere, shabby, Spartan, tear. perplexing: (adj) enigmatic, puzzling, wringing: (adj) saturated, soaked, cheap. shrunken: (adj) wizened, shrivelled, embarrassing, intricate, complex, soaked to the skin, soaking wet, baffling, complicated, bewildering, shrunk, withered, contracted, wizen, sodden, sopping, sopping wet, wet, knotty, troublesome; (adj, n) difficult. narrow, dried, thin, lean, sear. wet through, wringing wet, soaking. ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, ANTONYMS: (adj) plump, bloated. ANTONYM: (adj) dry.

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pulled her by the coat. Then she stopped short and stooped down to wipe his wet face.% “Why, Emil! I told you to stay in the store and not to come out. What is the matter with you?” “My kitten, sister, my kitten! A man put her out, and a dog chased her up there.” His forefinger, projecting from the sleeve of his coat, pointed up to the wretched little creature on the pole. “Oh, Emil! Didn’t I tell you she’d get us into trouble of some kind, if you brought her? What made you tease me so? But there, I ought to have known better myself.” She went to the foot of the pole and held out her arms, crying, “Kitty, kitty, kitty,” but the kitten only mewed and faintly waved its tail. Alexandra turned away decidedly. “No, she won’t come down. Somebody will have to go up after her. I saw the Linstrums’ wagon in town. I’ll go and see if I can find Carl. Maybe he can do something. Only you must stop crying, or I won’t go a step. Where’s your comforter? Did you leave it in the store? Never mind. Hold still, till I put this on you.” She unwound the brown veil from her head and tied it about his throat. A shabby little traveling man, who was just then coming out of the store on his way to the saloon, stopped and gazed stupidly at the shining mass of hair she bared when she took off her veil; two thick braids, pinned about her head in the German way, with a fringe of reddish-yellow curls blowing out from under her cap. He took his cigar out of his mouth and held the wet end between the fingers of his woolen glove. “My God, girl, what a head of hair!” he exclaimed, quite innocently and foolishly. She stabbed him with a glance of Amazonian fierceness and drew in her lower lip--most unnecessary severity. It gave the little clothing drummer such a start that he actually let his cigar fall to the sidewalk and went off weakly in the teeth of the wind to the saloon. His hand was still unsteady when he took his glass from the bartender. His feeble flirtatious instincts had been crushed before, but never so mercilessly. He felt cheap and ill-used, as if some one had taken advantage of him. When a drummer had been knocking about in little drab towns and crawling across the wintry country in dirty

Thesaurus bared: (adj) naked, unclothed, exposed. bartender: (n) barman, barkeep, barmaid, publican, employee, tapster, mixologist. comforter: (n) blanket, muffler, comfortable, pacifier, reliever, bedclothes, bedding, dummy, coverlet, cover, communicator. fierceness: (n) ferocity, violence, cruelty, force, brutality, rage, intensity, strength, vehemence,

wildness, ferociousness. ANTONYMS: (n) friendliness, calmness, meekness. flirtatious: (adj) coy, seductive, playful, kittenish, fast, sexy, brassy. mercilessly: (adv) remorselessly, heartlessly, unmercifully, ruthlessly, unfeelingly, cruelly, relentlessly, brutally, callously, unrelentingly, unkindly. ANTONYMS: (adv) humanely, mercifully. traveling: (n) travel, journey,

travelling, commuting, commutation, peregrination, circumnavigation; (adj) riding, touring, nomadic, road. wintry: (adj, v) frosty, glacial, freezing, icy; (adj) arctic, frigid, wintery, frozen, chilly, chill, hibernal. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, summery, hot, vernal, autumnal, balmy, tropical, warm. woolen: (adj, n) woollen; (n) fleece, tweed, fabric, cloth, woolen goods; (adj) woolly.

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smokingcars, was he to be blamed if, when he chanced upon a fine human creature, he suddenly wished himself more of a man? While the little drummer was drinking to recover his nerve, Alexandra hurried to the drug store as the most likely place to find Carl Linstrum. There he was, turning over a portfolio of chromo “studies” which the druggist sold to the Hanover women who did chinapainting. Alexandra explained her predicament, and the boy followed her to the corner, where Emil still sat by the pole.% “I’ll have to go up after her, Alexandra. I think at the depot they have some spikes I can strap on my feet. Wait a minute.” Carl thrust his hands into his pockets, lowered his head, and darted up the street against the north wind. He was a tall boy of fifteen, slight and narrow-chested. When he came back with the spikes, Alexandra asked him what he had done with his overcoat. “I left it in the drug store. I couldn’t climb in it, anyhow. Catch me if I fall, Emil,” he called back as he began his ascent. Alexandra watched him anxiously; the cold was bitter enough on the ground. The kitten would not budge an inch. Carl had to go to the very top of the pole, and then had some difficulty in tearing her from her hold. When he reached the ground, he handed the cat to her tearful little master. “Now go into the store with her, Emil, and get warm.” He opened the door for the child. “Wait a minute, Alexandra. Why can’t I drive for you as far as our place? It’s getting colder every minute. Have you seen the doctor?” “Yes. He is coming over to-morrow. But he says father can’t get better; can’t get well.” The girl’s lip trembled. She looked fixedly up the bleak street as if she were gathering her strength to face something, as if she were trying with all her might to grasp a situation which, no matter how painful, must be met and dealt with somehow. The wind flapped the skirts of her heavy coat about her. Carl did not say anything, but she felt his sympathy. He, too, was lonely. He was a thin, frail boy, with brooding dark eyes, very quiet in all his movements. There was a delicate pallor in his thin face, and his mouth was too sensitive for a boy’s. The lips had already a little curl of bitterness and skepticism. The two friends stood for a few moments on the windy street corner, not speaking a word, as two travelers, who have lost their way, sometimes stand and admit

Thesaurus brooding: (adj) pondering, thoughtful, pharmacy, pharmaceutist, (n) rosiness, coloration, bloom. skepticism: (n) doubt, incredulity, contemplative, hatching, meditative, dispensatory, drug store, pensive, wistful; (v) brewing, pharmacopolist, pill roller, drugger, distrust, hesitation, misgiving, batching; (n) chick management, drugster, medical attendant. scepticism, mistrust, suspicion, parturition. ANTONYMS: (adj) fixedly: (adv) steadily, steadfastly, uncertainty, reservation, mental rejection. ANTONYMS: (n) faith, shallow, cheerful. regularly, intently, stably, setly, budge: (adj, v) move, go; (v) stir, permanently, rigidly, unwaveringly, certainty, trust, belief. tearful: (adj) dolorous, maudlin, agitate, change, sway, dislodge, surely, resolutely. bump, rouse, push; (adj) flit. pallor: (n) pallidness, wanness, watery, weeping, teary, sad, ANTONYMS: (v) remain, stay. complexion, achromasia, lividity, dolourous, wet, whimpering, chromo: (n) chromolithography. sorrowful; (v) mournful. lividness, luridness, pale, skin color, druggist: (n) apothecary, chemist, whiteness, sallowness. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, tearless.

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their perplexity in silence. When Carl turned away he said, “I’ll see to your team.” Alexandra went into the store to have her purchases packed in the eggboxes, and to get warm before she set out on her long cold drive.% When she looked for Emil, she found him sitting on a step of the staircase that led up to the clothing and carpet department. He was playing with a little Bohemian girl, Marie Tovesky, who was tying her handkerchief over the kitten’s head for a bonnet. Marie was a stranger in the country, having come from Omaha with her mother to visit her uncle, Joe Tovesky. She was a dark child, with brown curly hair, like a brunette doll’s, a coaxing little red mouth, and round, yellow-brown eyes. Every one noticed her eyes; the brown iris had golden glints that made them look like gold-stone, or, in softer lights, like that Colorado mineral called tiger-eye. The country children thereabouts wore their dresses to their shoe-tops, but this city child was dressed in what was then called the “Kate Greenaway” manner, and her red cashmere frock, gathered full from the yoke, came almost to the floor. This, with her poke bonnet, gave her the look of a quaint little woman. She had a white fur tippet about her neck and made no fussy objections when Emil fingered it admiringly. Alexandra had not the heart to take him away from so pretty a playfellow, and she let them tease the kitten together until Joe Tovesky came in noisily and picked up his little niece, setting her on his shoulder for every one to see. His children were all boys, and he adored this little creature. His cronies formed a circle about him, admiring and teasing the little girl, who took their jokes with great good nature. They were all delighted with her, for they seldom saw so pretty and carefully nurtured a child. They told her that she must choose one of them for a sweetheart, and each began pressing his suit and offering her bribes; candy, and little pigs, and spotted calves. She looked archly into the big, brown, mustached faces, smelling of spirits and tobacco, then she ran her tiny forefinger delicately over Joe’s bristly chin and said, “Here is my sweetheart.” The Bohemians roared with laughter, and Marie’s uncle hugged her until she cried, “Please don’t, Uncle Joe! You hurt me.” Each of Joe’s friends gave her a

Thesaurus admiringly: (adv) admire, lovingly, bristled, barbellate, briary. respectfully, reverently, approvingly, ANTONYM: (adj) soft. brunette: (adj) dark, brown, swarthy, enthusiastically, affectionately, tan, russet, chocolate; (n) tanned, indulgently, kindly, dotingly, tenderly. ANTONYMS: (adv) person, somebody, soul, someone. ANTONYM: (n) blonde. disrespectfully, ill. archly: (adv) mischievously, sly, cashmere: (n) calico, cambric, Kasmir, wickedly, playfully, waggishly, cloth, fabric, material, textile, wool. coaxing: (n) blarney, flattery, sweet roguishly, shrewdly, wily, consummately, roundly, craftily. talk, temptation, enticement, soft bristly: (adj) barbed, thorny, rough, soap; (adv) coaxingly; (adj) spiny, stiff, hairy, setaceous, briery, ingratiatory, persuasive, oily.

mustached: (adj) unshaven. noticed: (adj) noted. perplexity: (n) confusion, dilemma, bewilderment, maze, labyrinth, embarrassment, quandary, complication, enigma; (adj, n) difficulty, distress. ANTONYM: (n) understanding. playfellow: (n) fellow, associate, pal, familiar, comrade, companion, buddy, playfere, chum, friend. tippet: (n) mantle, muffler, flap.

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bag of candy, and she kissed them all around, though she did not like country candy very well. Perhaps that was why she bethought herself of Emil. “Let me down, Uncle Joe,” she said, “I want to give some of my candy to that nice little boy I found.” She walked graciously over to Emil, followed by her lusty admirers, who formed a new circle and teased the little boy until he hid his face in his sister’s skirts, and she had to scold him for being such a baby.% The farm people were making preparations to start for home. The women were checking over their groceries and pinning their big red shawls about their heads. The men were buying tobacco and candy with what money they had left, were showing each other new boots and gloves and blue flannel shirts. Three big Bohemians were drinking raw alcohol, tinctured with oil of cinnamon. This was said to fortify one effectually against the cold, and they smacked their lips after each pull at the flask. Their volubility drowned every other noise in the place, and the overheated store sounded of their spirited language as it reeked of pipe smoke, damp woolens, and kerosene. Carl came in, wearing his overcoat and carrying a wooden box with a brass handle. “Come,” he said, “I’ve fed and watered your team, and the wagon is ready.” He carried Emil out and tucked him down in the straw in the wagonbox. The heat had made the little boy sleepy, but he still clung to his kitten. “You were awful good to climb so high and get my kitten, Carl. When I get big I’ll climb and get little boys’ kittens for them,” he murmured drowsily. Before the horses were over the first hill, Emil and his cat were both fast asleep. Although it was only four o’clock, the winter day was fading. The road led southwest, toward the streak of pale, watery light that glimmered in the leaden sky. The light fell upon the two sad young faces that were turned mutely toward it: upon the eyes of the girl, who seemed to be looking with such anguished perplexity into the future; upon the somber eyes of the boy, who seemed already to be looking into the past. The little town behind them had vanished as if it had never been, had fallen behind the swell of the prairie, and the stern frozen country received them into its bosom. The homesteads were few and far apart; here and there a windmill gaunt against the sky, a sod house crouching in a

Thesaurus drowsily: (adv) sleepily, lethargically, somnolently, lazily, dozily, indolently, sluggishly, soporifically, slowly, dreamily, languorously. ANTONYM: (adv) vigorously. effectually: (adv) efficaciously, effectively, validly, adequately, potently, tellingly, strongly, decisively; (adj) nicely, fully, head and shoulders. ANTONYM: (adv) ineffectually. fortify: (n, v) brace, nerve, invigorate;

(v) build up, confirm, consolidate, dully, soundlessly, dummily. secure, buttress, encourage, reinforce, ANTONYM: (adv) noisily. enhance. ANTONYMS: (v) subdue, somber: (adj) gloomy, melancholy, disarm, enfeeble, demoralize, solemn, dull, grave, drab, sober, undermine. dark, sullen, dim, dismal. kerosene: (n) petroleum, kerosine, oil, ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, funny, paraffin, petrol, fuel oil, distillate, cheery, frivolous, fussy. gas, diesel fuel; (n, v) gasoline; (v) volubility: (adj, n) fluency; (n) Naptha. eloquence, articulateness, gab, gift of mutely: (adv) dumbly, wordlessly, gab, smoothness, communicativeness, readiness; (adj) stilly, speechlessly, taciturnly, unspokenly, quietly, noiselessly, flippancy.

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hollow. But the great fact was the land itself, which seemed to overwhelm the little beginnings of human society that struggled in its somber wastes. It was from facing this vast hardness that the boy’s mouth had become so bitter; because he felt that men were too weak to make any mark here, that the land wanted to be let alone, to preserve its own fierce strength, its peculiar, savage kind of beauty, its uninterrupted mournfulness.% The wagon jolted along over the frozen road. The two friends had less to say to each other than usual, as if the cold had somehow penetrated to their hearts. “Did Lou and Oscar go to the Blue to cut wood to-day?” Carl asked. “Yes. I’m almost sorry I let them go, it’s turned so cold. But mother frets if the wood gets low.” She stopped and put her hand to her forehead, brushing back her hair. “I don’t know what is to become of us, Carl, if father has to die. I don’t dare to think about it. I wish we could all go with him and let the grass grow back over everything.” Carl made no reply. Just ahead of them was the Norwegian graveyard, where the grass had, indeed, grown back over everything, shaggy and red, hiding even the wire fence. Carl realized that he was not a very helpful companion, but there was nothing he could say. “Of course,” Alexandra went on, steadying her voice a little, “the boys are strong and work hard, but we’ve always depended so on father that I don’t see how we can go ahead. I almost feel as if there were nothing to go ahead for.” “Does your father know?” “Yes, I think he does. He lies and counts on his fingers all day. I think he is trying to count up what he is leaving for us. It’s a comfort to him that my chickens are laying right on through the cold weather and bringing in a little money. I wish we could keep his mind off such things, but I don’t have much time to be with him now.” “I wonder if he’d like to have me bring my magic lantern over some evening?” Alexandra turned her face toward him. “Oh, Carl! Have you got it?”

Thesaurus brushing: (n) brush, slashing, unkempt, hispid; (adj, n) ragged; (n) tube, lighting fitting, bedside light, rugged. ANTONYMS: (adj) sleek, hairdressing, rub, striking, combing; street light, street lamp, oil lamp, (adj) ripping. ANTONYM: (n) set. lime light, lanthorn. tidy. counts: (adj) details, particulars, items. overwhelm: (v) overpower, defeat, steadying: (n) helpful, equilibrium. hardness: (n) austerity, asperity, inundate, flood, overthrow, drown, uninterrupted: (adj) ceaseless, callousness, difficulty, rigor, deluge, crush, engulf, astound, continuous, continual, unbroken, overturn. ANTONYMS: (v) consistency, stiffness, cruelty, incessant, perpetual, constant, arduousness, tightness, insensibility. encourage, amplify, capitulate, incite, unceasing, endless; (adj, adv) straight, ANTONYMS: (n) ease, limpness, nonstop. ANTONYMS: (adj) install, lose, protect, submit. penetrated: (adj) perforated, entered. malleability. intermittent, temporary, broken, jolted: (adj) agitated. shaggy: (adj) bushy, hirsute, hairy, alternate, noisy, sporadic; (adv) lantern: (n) beacon, light, dormer, bearded, shagged, pilous, brushy, indirectly.

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“Yes. It’s back there in the straw. Didn’t you notice the box I was carrying? I tried it all morning in the drug-store cellar, and it worked ever so well, makes fine big pictures.”% “What are they about?” “Oh, hunting pictures in Germany, and Robinson Crusoe and funny pictures about cannibals. I’m going to paint some slides for it on glass, out of the Hans Andersen book.” Alexandra seemed actually cheered. There is often a good deal of the child left in people who have had to grow up too soon. “Do bring it over, Carl. I can hardly wait to see it, and I’m sure it will please father. Are the pictures colored? Then I know he’ll like them. He likes the calendars I get him in town. I wish I could get more. You must leave me here, mustn’t you? It’s been nice to have company.” Carl stopped the horses and looked dubiously up at the black sky. “It’s pretty dark. Of course the horses will take you home, but I think I’d better light your lantern, in case you should need it.” He gave her the reins and climbed back into the wagon-box, where he crouched down and made a tent of his overcoat. After a dozen trials he succeeded in lighting the lantern, which he placed in front of Alexandra, half covering it with a blanket so that the light would not shine in her eyes. “Now, wait until I find my box. Yes, here it is. Good-night, Alexandra. Try not to worry.” Carl sprang to the ground and ran off across the fields toward the Linstrum homestead. “Hoo, hoo-o-o-o!” he called back as he disappeared over a ridge and dropped into a sand gully. The wind answered him like an echo, “Hoo, hoo-o-o-o-o-o!” Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.

Thesaurus colored: (adj) chromatic, black, tinged, ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, certainly. gully: (n) channel, conduit, gorge, tinted, colorful, dyed, coloured, partial, dark, bleached, biased. valley, dingle, drain, trough, ravine, ANTONYMS: (adj) truthful, white, canyon, trench, groove. uncolored, unbiased, pale, objective, homestead: (n, v) farm; (n) home, honest, genuine, real. abode, farmhouse, farmstead, dozen: (adj, n) XII; (n) dozens, boxcars. dwelling, habitation, estate, demesne, dubiously: (adv) suspiciously, homestall, house. uncertainly, problematically, fishily, howling: (n) howl, cry; (adj) fierce, vaguely, incredulously, skeptically, fantastic, gross, glaring, marvelous, wonderful, wondrous; (adj, n) equivocally, distrustfully, questionably, undecidedly. weeping, sniveling.

likes: (n) kind, sort, type. overcoat: (n) greatcoat, coat, cloak, robe, topcoat, surcoat, coating, overcoating, capote, chesterfield, gown. rattle: (n, v) jingle, jangle, clatter; (n) click, clang, clack; (v) bang, confuse, shake, patter, disconcert. reins: (n) bridle, Reins of a vault, reins of government, wheel, gearshift, joystick, pedals, potency, power, powerfulness.

Willa Cather

13

II

On one of the ridges of that wintry waste stood the low log house in which John Bergson was dying. The Bergson homestead was easier to find than many another, because it overlooked Norway Creek, a shallow, muddy stream that sometimes flowed, and sometimes stood still, at the bottom of a winding ravine with steep, shelving sides overgrown with brush and cottonwoods and dwarf ash. This creek gave a sort of identity to the farms that bordered upon it. Of all the bewildering things about a new country, the absence of human landmarks is one of the most depressing and disheartening. The houses on the Divide were small and were usually tucked away in low places; you did not see them until you came directly upon them. Most of them were built of the sod itself, and were only the unescapable ground in another form. The roads were but faint tracks in the grass, and the fields were scarcely noticeable. The record of the plow was insignificant, like the feeble scratches on stone left by prehistoric races, so indeterminate that they may, after all, be only the markings of glaciers, and not a record of human strivings.% In eleven long years John Bergson had made but little impression upon the wild land he had come to tame. It was still a wild thing that had its ugly moods; and no one knew when they were likely to come, or why. Mischance hung over it. Its Genius was unfriendly to man. The sick man was feeling this as he lay looking out of the window, after the doctor had left him, on the day following

Thesaurus bewildering: (adj) astonishing, puzzling, perplexing, confusing, marvelous, mystifying, amazing, astounding, discomfit, upsetting, staggering. ANTONYMS: (adj) enlightening, simple, soothing. bordered: (adj) fringed, edged, delimited, surrounded. disheartening: (adj) depressing, dispiriting, demoralising, demoralizing, sad, disappointing, blue, bleak, causing dejection; (adj, v)

dismal; (v) discourage. shelving: (n) racking, shelf, bookshelf; mischance: (n) calamity, mishap, (adj) shelvy. disaster, accident, ill luck, bad luck, unescapable: (adj) imminent, misfortune, adversity, affliction, luck, necessary. unfriendly: (adj) inimical, distant, chance. plow: (n) furrow; (v) farm, cultivate, adverse, antagonistic, unkind, cold, inhospitable, icy; (adj, adv) chilly; (adj, hoe, turn over, rake, till, dig, cover, v) unfavorable; (adv) hostilely. dibble, dress the ground. races: (n) racing, athletics. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, ravine: (n, v) gap, cleft; (n) chasm, welcoming, warm, amiable, canyon, dell, defile, gully, glen, pass, approachable, sociable, hospitable, abyss, valley. kindly, nice, outgoing, pleasant.

14

O Pioneers!

Alexandra’s trip to town. There it lay outside his door, the same land, the same lead-colored miles. He knew every ridge and draw and gully between him and the horizon. To the south, his plowed fields; to the east, the sod stables, the cattle corral, the pond,--and then the grass.% Bergson went over in his mind the things that had held him back. One winter his cattle had perished in a blizzard. The next summer one of his plow horses broke its leg in a prairiedog hole and had to be shot. Another summer he lost his hogs from cholera, and a valuable stallion died from a rattlesnake bite. Time and again his crops had failed. He had lost two children, boys, that came between Lou and Emil, and there had been the cost of sickness and death. Now, when he had at last struggled out of debt, he was going to die himself. He was only forty-six, and had, of course, counted upon more time. Bergson had spent his first five years on the Divide getting into debt, and the last six getting out. He had paid off his mortgages and had ended pretty much where he began, with the land. He owned exactly six hundred and forty acres of what stretched outside his door; his own original homestead and timber claim, making three hundred and twenty acres, and the half-section adjoining, the homestead of a younger brother who had given up the fight, gone back to Chicago to work in a fancy bakery and distinguish himself in a Swedish athletic club. So far John had not attempted to cultivate the second half-section, but used it for pasture land, and one of his sons rode herd there in open weather. John Bergson had the Old-World belief that land, in itself, is desirable. But this land was an enigma. It was like a horse that no one knows how to break to harness, that runs wild and kicks things to pieces. He had an idea that no one understood how to farm it properly, and this he often discussed with Alexandra. Their neighbors, certainly, knew even less about farming than he did. Many of them had never worked on a farm until they took up their homesteads. They had been handwerkers at home; tailors, locksmiths, joiners, cigar-makers, etc. Bergson himself had worked in a shipyard. For weeks, John Bergson had been thinking about these things. His bed stood in the sitting-room, next to the kitchen. Through the day, while the baking and

Thesaurus baking: (adj) hot, scorching, roasting, burning, boiling, sweltering, torrid; (n) cookery, cooking, stoving, firing. ANTONYM: (adj) fresh. bergson: (n) Henri Louis Bergson. blizzard: (n) tempest, storm, snowfall, gale, norther, vendaval, khamsin, foehn, Chinook, wuther, squall. corral: (n, v) cage, pen; (v) collect, amass, compile, enclose, gather, catch, grab; (n) enclosure, cattle pen. enigma: (adj, n) mystery, riddle; (n)

rattlesnake: (n) serpent, massasauga, puzzle, secret, perplexity, poser, question, problem, closed book, nut asp, cobra, sidewinder, prairie to crack, logogriph. ANTONYMS: (n) rattlesnake, diamondback, prairie clearness, explanation. rattler, pit viper, horned rattlesnake, hogs: (n) Suidae, boars, family Suidae, ground rattler. shipyard: (n) dock, work, workplace, stock. neighbors: (n) neighbourhood. barnyard, navy yard, yard, naval perished: (adj) decayed, emperished, shipyard, inclosure, boatyard, rotting, annihilated, fallen, lost, cowyard. moldy, nonexistent, putrefied, dead, stallion: (n) entire horse, jennet, horse, decomposed. hart, genet, gander, dog, cock, buck, plowed: (v) plucked; (adj) drunk. boar, bayard.

Willa Cather

15

washing and ironing were going on, the father lay and looked up at the roof beams that he himself had hewn, or out at the cattle in the corral. He counted the cattle over and over. It diverted him to speculate as to how much weight each of the steers would probably put on by spring. He often called his daughter in to talk to her about this. Before Alexandra was twelve years old she had begun to be a help to him, and as she grew older he had come to depend more and more upon her resourcefulness and good judgment. His boys were willing enough to work, but when he talked with them they usually irritated him. It was Alexandra who read the papers and followed the markets, and who learned by the mistakes of their neighbors. It was Alexandra who could always tell about what it had cost to fatten each steer, and who could guess the weight of a hog before it went on the scales closer than John Bergson himself. Lou and Oscar were industrious, but he could never teach them to use their heads about their work.% Alexandra, her father often said to himself, was like her grandfather; which was his way of saying that she was intelligent. John Bergson’s father had been a shipbuilder, a man of considerable force and of some fortune. Late in life he married a second time, a Stockholm woman of questionable character, much younger than he, who goaded him into every sort of extravagance. On the shipbuilder’s part, this marriage was an infatuation, the despairing folly of a powerful man who cannot bear to grow old. In a few years his unprincipled wife warped the probity of a lifetime. He speculated, lost his own fortune and funds entrusted to him by poor seafaring men, and died disgraced, leaving his children nothing. But when all was said, he had come up from the sea himself, had built up a proud little business with no capital but his own skill and foresight, and had proved himself a man. In his daughter, John Bergson recognized the strength of will, and the simple direct way of thinking things out, that had characterized his father in his better days. He would much rather, of course, have seen this likeness in one of his sons, but it was not a question of choice. As he lay there day after day he had to accept the situation as it was, and to be thankful that there was one among his children to whom he could entrust the future of his family and the possibilities of his hard-won land.

Thesaurus entrust: (v) deposit, depute, commission, commend, delegate, surrender, trust, assign, hand over, commit, confide. ANTONYM: (v) retain. fatten: (adj, n) enrich; (adj, v) fat, elaborate; (v) fatten up, feed, fill out; (adj) fructify, bloom, bear fruit, blossom, blow. ANTONYMS: (v) undernourish, starve. hewn: (adj) downed. probity: (adj, n) integrity, honor,

candor, decency; (n) goodness, marine, naval, maritime, seagoing, morality, principle, sincerity, virtue, oceangoing, sea. veracity; (adj) faithfulness. shipbuilder: (n) shipwright, ship ANTONYM: (n) untrustworthiness. builder, constructor, business resourcefulness: (n) resource, organization, business concern, imagination, invention, business, developer, builder, concern. unprincipled: (adj) abandoned, inventiveness, ingenuity, ability, armory, originality, armoury, unscrupulous, depraved, dishonest, inventory, initiative. ANTONYM: (n) unethical, profligate, dissolute, uselessness. shameless, unconscionable, vicious, seafaring: (n) sailing, navigation, immoral. ANTONYMS: (adj) ethical, boating, cabotage, travelling; (adj) moral, honest, professional.

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O Pioneers!

The winter twilight was fading. The sick man heard his wife strike a match in the kitchen, and the light of a lamp glimmered through the cracks of the door. It seemed like a light shining far away. He turned painfully in his bed and looked at his white hands, with all the work gone out of them. He was ready to give up, he felt. He did not know how it had come about, but he was quite willing to go deep under his fields and rest, where the plow could not find him. He was tired of making mistakes. He was content to leave the tangle to other hands; he thought of his Alexandra’s strong ones.% “Dotter,” he called feebly, “Dotter!” He heard her quick step and saw her tall figure appear in the doorway, with the light of the lamp behind her. He felt her youth and strength, how easily she moved and stooped and lifted. But he would not have had it again if he could, not he! He knew the end too well to wish to begin again. He knew where it all went to, what it all became. His daughter came and lifted him up on his pillows. She called him by an old Swedish name that she used to call him when she was little and took his dinner to him in the shipyard. “Tell the boys to come here, daughter. I want to speak to them.” “They are feeding the horses, father. They have just come back from the Blue. Shall I call them?” He sighed. “No, no. Wait until they come in. Alexandra, you will have to do the best you can for your brothers. Everything will come on you.” “I will do all I can, father.” “Don’t let them get discouraged and go off like Uncle Otto. I want them to keep the land.” “We will, father. We will never lose the land.” There was a sound of heavy feet in the kitchen. Alexandra went to the door and beckoned to her brothers, two strapping boys of seventeen and nineteen. They came in and stood at the foot of the bed. Their father looked at them searchingly, though it was too dark to see their faces; they were just the same boys, he told himself, he had not been mistaken in them. The square head and

Thesaurus feebly: (adv) faintly, unenthusiastically, dimly, hopelessly, unproductively, unpersuasively, unconvincingly, uncertainly, reluctantly, powerlessly, insipidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) robustly, confidently, domineeringly, vehemently, stubbornly, strongly, effectively, convincingly, competently, admirably, wholeheartedly. searchingly: (adv) closely, piercingly,

cuttingly, inquisitively, delicate, slim. tangle: (v) entangle, embroil, enmesh, penetratingly, trenchantly, acutely, embrangle, ruffle, mat; (n) maze, exhaustively, curiously, inquiringly, confusion; (n, v) jumble, muddle, exploratorily. stooped: (adj) hunched, stoop, knot. ANTONYMS: (n) order, line, peace; (v) unravel, undo, untangle, stooping, crooked, bended, not straight, inclined, not erect, arched, straighten. twilight: (n) nightfall, night, sunset, asymmetrical, droopy. strapping: (adj) brawny, burly, lusty, gloaming, evening, sundown, beefy, husky, powerful, robust, hefty, eventide, fall, decline, evenfall; (adj) stout, strong; (n) strap. ANTONYMS: aurora. ANTONYMS: (n) daybreak, (adj) puny, weak, frail, feeble, sunrise.

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17

heavy shoulders belonged to Oscar, the elder. The younger boy was quicker, but vacillating.% “Boys,” said the father wearily, “I want you to keep the land together and to be guided by your sister. I have talked to her since I have been sick, and she knows all my wishes. I want no quarrels among my children, and so long as there is one house there must be one head. Alexandra is the oldest, and she knows my wishes. She will do the best she can. If she makes mistakes, she will not make so many as I have made. When you marry, and want a house of your own, the land will be divided fairly, according to the courts. But for the next few years you will have it hard, and you must all keep together. Alexandra will manage the best she can.” Oscar, who was usually the last to speak, replied because he was the older, “Yes, father. It would be so anyway, without your speaking. We will all work the place together.” “And you will be guided by your sister, boys, and be good brothers to her, and good sons to your mother? That is good. And Alexandra must not work in the fields any more. There is no necessity now. Hire a man when you need help. She can make much more with her eggs and butter than the wages of a man. It was one of my mistakes that I did not find that out sooner. Try to break a little more land every year; sod corn is good for fodder. Keep turning the land, and always put up more hay than you need. Don’t grudge your mother a little time for plowing her garden and setting out fruit trees, even if it comes in a busy season. She has been a good mother to you, and she has always missed the old country.” When they went back to the kitchen the boys sat down silently at the table. Throughout the meal they looked down at their plates and did not lift their red eyes. They did not eat much, although they had been working in the cold all day, and there was a rabbit stewed in gravy for supper, and prune pies. John Bergson had married beneath him, but he had married a good housewife. Mrs. Bergson was a fair-skinned, corpulent woman, heavy and placid like her son, Oscar, but there was something comfortable about her;

Thesaurus according: (adj) pursuant, consonant, fare, chow; (v) provender, corn, equal, agreeable, harmonious, nurture, ration, provision. grudge: (v) begrudge, covet; (n, v) conformable, consistent, corresponding, respondent; (adv) spite; (n) malice, anger, umbrage, correspondingly, accordingly. resentment, rancor, gall, pique, feud. corpulent: (adj, adv) portly; (adj) stout, placid: (adj) calm, composed, obese, overweight, fleshy, plump, easygoing, equable, gentle, quiet, pacific, tranquil, cool, peaceable; (adj, lusty, tubby, chubby, beefy, bulky. ANTONYMS: (adj) slight, bony, v) peaceful. ANTONYMS: (adj) underweight, slender, anorexic, thin, rough, energetic, stormy, frenetic, slim. excitable, agitated, unstable, fodder: (n) food, hay, stover, alfalfa, bothered, harsh, boisterous.

plowing: (v) tilling, sowing; (n) tillage, aration, country, cultivation, earth, land. prune: (v) pare, cut, cut back, crop, trim, curtail, abbreviate, dress, shear, snip; (adj, n, v) lop. ANTONYMS: (v) lengthen, augment. quicker: (adv) more quickly, sooner, earlier. stewed: (adj) poached, tipsy, intoxicated, done, drunk, huffy, inebriated, baked, tight.

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perhaps it was her own love of comfort. For eleven years she had worthily striven to maintain some semblance of household order amid conditions that made order very difficult. Habit was very strong with Mrs. Bergson, and her unremitting efforts to repeat the routine of her old life among new surroundings had done a great deal to keep the family from disintegrating morally and getting careless in their ways. The Bergsons had a log house, for instance, only because Mrs. Bergson would not live in a sod house. She missed the fish diet of her own country, and twice every summer she sent the boys to the river, twenty miles to the southward, to fish for channel cat. When the children were little she used to load them all into the wagon, the baby in its crib, and go fishing herself.% Alexandra often said that if her mother were cast upon a desert island, she would thank God for her deliverance, make a garden, and find something to preserve. Preserving was almost a mania with Mrs. Bergson. Stout as she was, she roamed the scrubby banks of Norway Creek looking for fox grapes and goose plums, like a wild creature in search of prey. She made a yellow jam of the insipid ground-cherries that grew on the prairie, flavoring it with lemon peel; and she made a sticky dark conserve of garden tomatoes. She had experimented even with the rank buffalo-pea, and she could not see a fine bronze cluster of them without shaking her head and murmuring, “What a pity!” When there was nothing more to preserve, she began to pickle. The amount of sugar she used in these processes was sometimes a serious drain upon the family resources. She was a good mother, but she was glad when her children were old enough not to be in her way in the kitchen. She had never quite forgiven John Bergson for bringing her to the end of the earth; but, now that she was there, she wanted to be let alone to reconstruct her old life in so far as that was possible. She could still take some comfort in the world if she had bacon in the cave, glass jars on the shelves, and sheets in the press. She disapproved of all her neighbors because of their slovenly housekeeping, and the women thought her very proud. Once when Mrs. Bergson, on her way to Norway Creek, stopped to see old Mrs. Lee, the old woman hid in the haymow “for fear Mis’ Bergson would catch her barefoot.”

Thesaurus crib: (n) pony, cot, bed, trough, cradle, watery, flavorless, uninteresting, cribbing; (v) pilfer, steal, bag, lift, vapid, savorless, boring, tame, humdrum. ANTONYMS: (adj) purloin. disintegrating: (adj) rotten, putrid, exciting, tasty, interesting, flavorful, moldy, dying, decayed, decomposed; spicy, lively, colorful, dark, bright, (n) destruction. inspired, imaginative. flavoring: (n) flavor, spice, seasoning, scrubby: (adj) dirty, mean, shabby, seasoner, flavouring, salt, ail, abject, contemptible, scraggy, paltry, flavorer, fenugreek, coriander, scabby, little, base, stunted. slovenly: (adj) careless, untidy, sloppy, cayenne. forgiven: (v) conciliatory, placable. frowzy, dowdy, unkempt, negligent, insipid: (adj) tasteless, bland, dull, frowsy, messy, disheveled; (adv)

slatternly. ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, neat, diligent. southward: (adv) southwards, southernly; (adj) southbound, southern. striven: (v) strived. worthily: (adv) excellently, honorably, becomingly, praiseworthily, deservingly, splendidly, generously, meritoriously, virtuously, uprightly, goodly. ANTONYMS: (adv) badly, dishonorably.

Willa Cather

19

III

One Sunday afternoon in July, six months after John Bergson’s death, Carl was sitting in the doorway of the Linstrum kitchen, dreaming over an illustrated paper, when he heard the rattle of a wagon along the hill road. Looking up he recognized the Bergsons’ team, with two seats in the wagon, which meant they were off for a pleasure excursion. Oscar and Lou, on the front seat, wore their cloth hats and coats, never worn except on Sundays, and Emil, on the second seat with Alexandra, sat proudly in his new trousers, made from a pair of his father’s, and a pink-striped shirt, with a wide ruffled collar. Oscar stopped the horses and waved to Carl, who caught up his hat and ran through the melon patch to join them.% “Want to go with us?” Lou called. “We’re going to Crazy Ivar’s to buy a hammock.” “Sure.” Carl ran up panting, and clambering over the wheel sat down beside Emil. “I’ve always wanted to see Ivar’s pond. They say it’s the biggest in all the country. Aren’t you afraid to go to Ivar’s in that new shirt, Emil? He might want it and take it right off your back.” Emil grinned. “I’d be awful scared to go,” he admitted, “if you big boys weren’t along to take care of me. Did you ever hear him howl, Carl? People say sometimes he runs about the country howling at night because he is afraid the

Thesaurus dreaming: (n) reverie, ambition, melon: (n) cucumber, watermelon, nightmare, conception, castle in the muskmelon, gourd, dividend, air; (adj) absent-minded, asleep, cantaloupes, cucumber vine, gourd visionary, vacant, wistful, rapt. vine, share, revenue, receipts. excursion: (n) expedition, jaunt, panting: (adj) gasping, breathless, outing, digression, drive, tour, airing, blown, winded, puffed; (v) voyage, deviation, stroll; (n, v) palpitation; (n) heaving, gasp, journey. asthma, heave, puff. heard: (n) hearing. proudly: (adv) haughtily, arrogantly, howl: (n, v) cry, roar, scream, bark, superciliously, boastfully, vainly, shout, yell, bay, yelp; (v) bawl, growl, splendidly, stately, loftily, snootily, yawl. ANTONYM: (v) laugh. disdainfully, conceitedly.

ANTONYMS: (adv) humbly, modestly. ruffled: (adj) rippled, frilly, frilled, upset, disordered, excited, disconcerted, decorated, tousled, tangled, turbulent. wagon: (n) truck, wain, paddy wagon, waggon, lorry, station wagon, dray, car, chariot, Jagger wagon, beach wagon. waved: (adj) undulating, wavy, curly, not dated, undated.

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Lord will destroy him. Mother thinks he must have done something awful wicked.” Lou looked back and winked at Carl. “What would you do, Emil, if you was out on the prairie by yourself and seen him coming?” Emil stared. “Maybe I could hide in a badger-hole,” he suggested doubtfully.% “But suppose there wasn’t any badger-hole,” Lou persisted. “Would you run?” “No, I’d be too scared to run,” Emil admitted mournfully, twisting his fingers. “I guess I’d sit right down on the ground and say my prayers.” The big boys laughed, and Oscar brandished his whip over the broad backs of the horses. “He wouldn’t hurt you, Emil,” said Carl persuasively. “He came to doctor our mare when she ate green corn and swelled up most as big as the water-tank. He petted her just like you do your cats. I couldn’t understand much he said, for he don’t talk any English, but he kept patting her and groaning as if he had the pain himself, and saying, ‘There now, sister, that’s easier, that’s better!’“ Lou and Oscar laughed, and Emil giggled delightedly and looked up at his sister. “I don’t think he knows anything at all about doctoring,” said Oscar scornfully. “They say when horses have distemper he takes the medicine himself, and then prays over the horses.” Alexandra spoke up. “That’s what the Crows said, but he cured their horses, all the same. Some days his mind is cloudy, like. But if you can get him on a clear day, you can learn a great deal from him. He understands animals. Didn’t I see him take the horn off the Berquist’s cow when she had torn it loose and went crazy? She was tearing all over the place, knocking herself against things. And at last she ran out on the roof of the old dugout and her legs went through and there she stuck, bellowing. Ivar came running with his white bag, and the

Thesaurus bellowing: (n) roaring, roar, bellows, coloring matter, stain, complaint; (v) hollo, holloa, rout, yowl, boation, water glass, fresco. mugiency, hollering; (adj) mugient. dugout: (n) canoe, trench, foxhole, cured: (adj) recovered, corned, aged, ditch, pirogue, cot, booth, bothy, mellow, whole, better, pickle cured, cabin, croft, chalet. salted, vulcanised, well, vulcanized. groaning: (adj) moaning, groaningly, delightedly: (adv) elatedly, jubilantly, inarticulate. mournfully: (adv) sadly, sorrowfully, pleasedly, overjoyedly, joyfully, exultantly, gleefully, entrancedly, glumly, woefully, unhappily, joyously, cheerfully; (adv, v) happily. plaintively, grievously, funereally, distemper: (n, v) tempera, tumult; (n) dejectedly, dolorously, poignantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, disease, ailment, malady, paint,

joyfully. persuasively: (adv) compellingly, potently, strongly, forcefully, powerfully, eloquently, effectively, soundly, cogently, movingly, slickly. ANTONYMS: (adv) ineffectively, hesitantly, weakly. petted: (adj) cherished, domesticated, indulged, admired, cade. swelled: (adj) big, inflated, bloated, swollen, adult, boastful, bighearted, bad, fully grown, crowing, elder.

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21

moment he got to her she was quiet and let him saw her horn off and daub the place with tar.” Emil had been watching his sister, his face reflecting the sufferings of the cow. “And then didn’t it hurt her any more?” he asked.% Alexandra patted him. “No, not any more. And in two days they could use her milk again.” The road to Ivar’s homestead was a very poor one. He had settled in the rough country across the county line, where no one lived but some Russians,-half a dozen families who dwelt together in one long house, divided off like barracks. Ivar had explained his choice by saying that the fewer neighbors he had, the fewer temptations. Nevertheless, when one considered that his chief business was horsedoctoring, it seemed rather short-sighted of him to live in the most inaccessible place he could find. The Bergson wagon lurched along over the rough hummocks and grass banks, followed the bottom of winding draws, or skirted the margin of wide lagoons, where the golden coreopsis grew up out of the clear water and the wild ducks rose with a whirr of wings. Lou looked after them helplessly. “I wish I’d brought my gun, anyway, Alexandra,” he said fretfully. “I could have hidden it under the straw in the bottom of the wagon.” “Then we’d have had to lie to Ivar. Besides, they say he can smell dead birds. And if he knew, we wouldn’t get anything out of him, not even a hammock. I want to talk to him, and he won’t talk sense if he’s angry. It makes him foolish.” Lou sniffed. “Whoever heard of him talking sense, anyhow! I’d rather have ducks for supper than Crazy Ivar’s tongue.” Emil was alarmed. “Oh, but, Lou, you don’t want to make him mad! He might howl!” They all laughed again, and Oscar urged the horses up the crumbling side of a clay bank. They had left the lagoons and the red grass behind them. In Crazy Ivar’s country the grass was short and gray, the draws deeper than they were in the Bergsons’ neighborhood, and the land was all broken up into hillocks and

Thesaurus anyhow: (adv) somehow, at any rate, in any case, whatever, in any event, regardless, however, though, besides, nonetheless, one way or another. coreopsis: (n) calliopsis, herb, tickseed, tickweed. crumbling: (adj, v) moldering, ramshackle; (adj) rotten, dilapidated, worn out; (n) ruin, decay, disintegration, fragmentation; (v) waterlogged, tainted. ANTONYM: (adj) pristine.

daub: (n, v) smear, splotch, smudge; (v) spread, besmear, plaster, coat, bedaub, stain; (n) blot, spot. dwelt: (v) dwell, inhabit. fretfully: (adv) restlessly, uneasily, anxiously, querulously, testily, snappishly, fractiously, petulantly, crossly, nervously, worriedly. ANTONYM: (adv) unconcernedly. hammock: (n) berth, hill, cot, cradle, bed, crib, to lash a hammock, stretcher, shakedown, litter,

bedstead. neighborhood: (n) vicinity, district, area, community, locality, place, quarter, environs, section; (adj) neighboring, local. short-sighted: (adj) shortsighted, unwise, stupid, narrow-minded, crazy, ill-advised, half-baked, foolish, improvident. whirr: (n, v) whir, hum, drone, buzz, birr, whine; (v) whiz, churr, hiss, emit; (n) murmur.

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clay ridges. The wild flowers disappeared, and only in the bottom of the draws and gullies grew a few of the very toughest and hardiest: shoestring, and ironweed, and snow-on-the-mountain.% “Look, look, Emil, there’s Ivar’s big pond!” Alexandra pointed to a shining sheet of water that lay at the bottom of a shallow draw. At one end of the pond was an earthen dam, planted with green willow bushes, and above it a door and a single window were set into the hillside. You would not have seen them at all but for the reflection of the sunlight upon the four panes of window-glass. And that was all you saw. Not a shed, not a corral, not a well, not even a path broken in the curly grass. But for the piece of rusty stovepipe sticking up through the sod, you could have walked over the roof of Ivar’s dwelling without dreaming that you were near a human habitation. Ivar had lived for three years in the clay bank, without defiling the face of nature any more than the coyote that had lived there before him had done. When the Bergsons drove over the hill, Ivar was sitting in the doorway of his house, reading the Norwegian Bible. He was a queerly shaped old man, with a thick, powerful body set on short bow-legs. His shaggy white hair, falling in a thick mane about his ruddy cheeks, made him look older than he was. He was barefoot, but he wore a clean shirt of unbleached cotton, open at the neck. He always put on a clean shirt when Sunday morning came round, though he never went to church. He had a peculiar religion of his own and could not get on with any of the denominations. Often he did not see anybody from one week’s end to another. He kept a calendar, and every morning he checked off a day, so that he was never in any doubt as to which day of the week it was. Ivar hired himself out in threshing and corn-husking time, and he doctored sick animals when he was sent for. When he was at home, he made hammocks out of twine and committed chapters of the Bible to memory. Ivar found contentment in the solitude he had sought out for himself. He disliked the litter of human dwellings: the broken food, the bits of broken china, the old wash-boilers and tea-kettles thrown into the sunflower patch. He preferred the cleanness and tidiness of the wild sod. He always said that the

Thesaurus cleanness: (n) cleanliness, spotlessness, purity, sinlessness, whiteness, clean, innocence, neatness, tidiness, pureness, minimalism. ANTONYMS: (n) dirtiness, filth, clutter. coyote: (n) cajote, brush wolf, caribou, coydog, moose, wolf, sambar, elk, musk ox. defiling: (adj) impious, infectious; (n) inquination. doctored: (adj) corrupt, impure.

earthen: (adj) clay, ceramic, earthenware. ironweed: (n) vernonia, herb. panes: (n) Fauni. queerly: (adv) curiously, funnily, fishily, strangely, peculiarly, singularly, comically, fantasticly, fantastically, funny, suspiciously. stovepipe: (n) topper, beaver, high hat, opera hat, dress hat, chimney, lid, chapeau, top hat, hat, castor. threshing: (n) farming, separation.

tidiness: (n) order, orderliness, cleanliness, spruceness, trimness, maintenance, apple-pie order, cleanness, regulation, elegance, method. ANTONYMS: (n) messiness, disorderliness, chaos, disorder. twine: (n, v) coil; (n) string, rope, cord; (v) lace, entwine, enlace, meander, weave, intertwine, twist. ANTONYMS: (v) untwine, straighten, unwind. unbleached: (adj) undyed, uncolored.

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badgers had cleaner houses than people, and that when he took a housekeeper her name would be Mrs. Badger. He best expressed his preference for his wild homestead by saying that his Bible seemed truer to him there. If one stood in the doorway of his cave, and looked off at the rough land, the smiling sky, the curly grass white in the hot sunlight; if one listened to the rapturous song of the lark, the drumming of the quail, the burr of the locust against that vast silence, one understood what Ivar meant.% On this Sunday afternoon his face shone with happiness. He closed the book on his knee, keeping the place with his horny finger, and repeated softly:-He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills; They give drink to every beast of the field; the wild asses quench their thirst. The trees of the Lord are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon which he hath planted; Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house. The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies. Before he opened his Bible again, Ivar heard the Bergsons’ wagon approaching, and he sprang up and ran toward it. “No guns, no guns!” he shouted, waving his arms distractedly. “No, Ivar, no guns,” Alexandra called reassuringly. He dropped his arms and went up to the wagon, smiling amiably and looking at them out of his pale blue eyes. “We want to buy a hammock, if you have one,” Alexandra explained, “and my little brother, here, wants to see your big pond, where so many birds come.” Ivar smiled foolishly, and began rubbing the horses’ noses and feeling about their mouths behind the bits. “Not many birds just now. A few ducks this

Thesaurus asses: (n) equidae. burr: (n) bit, birrus, bureau, burrel, borel, flash, pericarp; (v) pipe, jangle, clink, clank. distractedly: (adj, adv) madly; (adv) distraughtly, frantically, frenziedly, wildly, forgetfully, absentmindedly, inattentively, vaguely, confusedly, preoccupiedly. ANTONYM: (adv) calmly. horny: (adj) corneous, hornlike, hard, hot, excited, ruttish, randy, lecherous,

lascivious, aroused, cornuted. light. locust: (n) courbaril, cicada, wood, rapturous: (adj) overjoyed, enraptured, carob, clammy locust, Colorado rapt, delighted, rhapsodic, blissful; (adj, v) ravishing; (v) ardent, beetle, black locust, acridid, honey locust, locust tree; (v) losel. passionate, fond, erotic. ANTONYM: quail: (v) cringe, cower, wince, funk, (adj) down. shrink, recoil, blench; (n, v) quake; (n) reassuringly: (adv) encouragingly. stork: (n) openbill, marabout, bobwhite, partridge, quiver. quench: (adj, v) extinguish, allay, marabou, adjutant, wader, adjutant slake; (v) appease, quash, put out, stork, adjutant bird, policeman bird, destroy, assuage, annihilate, calm, saddlebill, black stork, marabou chill. ANTONYMS: (v) stimulate, stork.

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morning; and some snipe come to drink. But there was a crane last week. She spent one night and came back the next evening. I don’t know why. It is not her season, of course. Many of them go over in the fall. Then the pond is full of strange voices every night.” Alexandra translated for Carl, who looked thoughtful. “Ask him, Alexandra, if it is true that a sea gull came here once. I have heard so.” She had some difficulty in making the old man understand.% He looked puzzled at first, then smote his hands together as he remembered. “Oh, yes, yes! A big white bird with long wings and pink feet. My! what a voice she had! She came in the afternoon and kept flying about the pond and screaming until dark. She was in trouble of some sort, but I could not understand her. She was going over to the other ocean, maybe, and did not know how far it was. She was afraid of never getting there. She was more mournful than our birds here; she cried in the night. She saw the light from my window and darted up to it. Maybe she thought my house was a boat, she was such a wild thing. Next morning, when the sun rose, I went out to take her food, but she flew up into the sky and went on her way.” Ivar ran his fingers through his thick hair. “I have many strange birds stop with me here. They come from very far away and are great company. I hope you boys never shoot wild birds?” Lou and Oscar grinned, and Ivar shook his bushy head. “Yes, I know boys are thoughtless. But these wild things are God’s birds. He watches over them and counts them, as we do our cattle; Christ says so in the New Testament.” “Now, Ivar,” Lou asked, “may we water our horses at your pond and give them some feed? It’s a bad road to your place.” “Yes, yes, it is.” The old man scrambled about and began to loose the tugs. “A bad road, eh, girls? And the bay with a colt at home!” Oscar brushed the old man aside. “We’ll take care of the horses, Ivar. You’ll be finding some disease on them. Alexandra wants to see your hammocks.” Ivar led Alexandra and Emil to his little cave house. He had but one room, neatly plastered and whitewashed, and there was a wooden floor. There was a

Thesaurus bushy: (adj) dense, shagged, shaggy, hairy, bearded, brushy, gross, bushies, pilous, pappous, hispid. ANTONYMS: (adj) bald, neat, unhealthy, tidy, thin, sparse, sleek. gull: (n, v) fool, cheat, deceive; (v) beguile, bamboozle, cod, befool, take in, kid; (n) chump, cully. mournful: (adj) sad, miserable, melancholy, funereal, dolorous, dark, pensive, gloomy, lugubrious, lamentable; (adj, n) plaintive.

ANTONYMS: (adj) joyful, happy, emotionless. plastered: (adj) drunk, tight, intoxicated, pixilated, loaded, soaked, sloshed, smashed, wet, inebriated, pissed. scrambled: (adj) twisted, snarled, miscellaneous, knotted, jumbled. smote: (v) smite. snipe: (v) attack, lash out, round, sharpshoot, clapperclaw; (n) grouse, plover, dowitcher, rail, blackcock,

jacksnipe. thoughtless: (adj, v) careless, heedless, rash, improvident; (adj) reckless, inattentive, hasty, unthinking, negligent, neglectful, imprudent. ANTONYMS: (adj) considerate, considered, heedful, prudent, kind, cautious, mindful, responsible, attentive, observant, sensible. whitewashed: (adj) overpowered, overcome, crushed, conquered, beaten, routed, painted.

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kitchen stove, a table covered with oilcloth, two chairs, a clock, a calendar, a few books on the window-shelf; nothing more. But the place was as clean as a cupboard.% “But where do you sleep, Ivar?” Emil asked, looking about. Ivar unslung a hammock from a hook on the wall; in it was rolled a buffalo robe. “There, my son. A hammock is a good bed, and in winter I wrap up in this skin. Where I go to work, the beds are not half so easy as this.” By this time Emil had lost all his timidity. He thought a cave a very superior kind of house. There was something pleasantly unusual about it and about Ivar. “Do the birds know you will be kind to them, Ivar? Is that why so many come?” he asked. Ivar sat down on the floor and tucked his feet under him. “See, little brother, they have come from a long way, and they are very tired. From up there where they are flying, our country looks dark and flat. They must have water to drink and to bathe in before they can go on with their journey. They look this way and that, and far below them they see something shining, like a piece of glass set in the dark earth. That is my pond. They come to it and are not disturbed. Maybe I sprinkle a little corn. They tell the other birds, and next year more come this way. They have their roads up there, as we have down here.” Emil rubbed his knees thoughtfully. “And is that true, Ivar, about the head ducks falling back when they are tired, and the hind ones taking their place?” “Yes. The point of the wedge gets the worst of it; they cut the wind. They can only stand it there a little while--half an hour, maybe. Then they fall back and the wedge splits a little, while the rear ones come up the middle to the front. Then it closes up and they fly on, with a new edge. They are always changing like that, up in the air. Never any confusion; just like soldiers who have been drilled.” Alexandra had selected her hammock by the time the boys came up from the pond. They would not come in, but sat in the shade of the bank outside while Alexandra and Ivar talked about the birds and about his housekeeping, and why he never ate meat, fresh or salt.

Thesaurus bathe: (adj, v) steep, lave, immerse, soak; (v) take a bath, tub, clean, rinse, bath; (n, v) swim; (n) bathing. ANTONYMS: (v) smudge, stain, soil, dip. buffalo: (n) American bison, bison bison, anoa, American buffalo, zebu, yak, metropolis, Cape buffalo, city; (v) cow, bully. ducks: (n) geese, family Anatidae, birds, Anseriformes, Anatidae, game birds, order Anseriformes, wildfowl.

hind: (adj, n) rear; (adj) after, posterior, hindermost; (n) doe, clown, peasant, roe, countryman, servant; (v) hinder. housekeeping: (n) housewifery, household, domestic science. oilcloth: (n) linoleum, oilskin, oil cloth, fabric, tarp, cloth, canvas, material. robe: (n, v) dress, array, vest, garb, apparel; (v) clothe, attire, rig; (n) gown, cloak, garment. sprinkle: (v) splash, drizzle, moisten, cast, dot, spatter, spray, spill; (adj, v)

besprinkle; (n, v) dash, rain. timidity: (n) shyness, fear, bashfulness, nervousness, reserve, cowardice, fearfulness, timidness, modesty, humility, coyness. ANTONYMS: (n) confidence, boastfulness, swagger, brashness, security. wedge: (v) compress, jam, pack, ram, stuff, lodge; (n) chock, shim, slice, cuneus; (n, v) stick. ANTONYMS: (v) dislodge, remove; (n) whole.

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Alexandra was sitting on one of the wooden chairs, her arms resting on the table. Ivar was sitting on the floor at her feet. “Ivar,” she said suddenly, beginning to trace the pattern on the oilcloth with her forefinger, “I came to-day more because I wanted to talk to you than because I wanted to buy a hammock.” “Yes?” The old man scraped his bare feet on the plank floor.% “We have a big bunch of hogs, Ivar. I wouldn’t sell in the spring, when everybody advised me to, and now so many people are losing their hogs that I am frightened. What can be done?” Ivar’s little eyes began to shine. They lost their vagueness. “You feed them swill and such stuff? Of course! And sour milk? Oh, yes! And keep them in a stinking pen? I tell you, sister, the hogs of this country are put upon! They become unclean, like the hogs in the Bible. If you kept your chickens like that, what would happen? You have a little sorghum patch, maybe? Put a fence around it, and turn the hogs in. Build a shed to give them shade, a thatch on poles. Let the boys haul water to them in barrels, clean water, and plenty. Get them off the old stinking ground, and do not let them go back there until winter. Give them only grain and clean feed, such as you would give horses or cattle. Hogs do not like to be filthy.” The boys outside the door had been listening. Lou nudged his brother. “Come, the horses are done eating. Let’s hitch up and get out of here. He’ll fill her full of notions. She’ll be for having the pigs sleep with us, next.” Oscar grunted and got up. Carl, who could not understand what Ivar said, saw that the two boys were displeased. They did not mind hard work, but they hated experiments and could never see the use of taking pains. Even Lou, who was more elastic than his older brother, disliked to do anything different from their neighbors. He felt that it made them conspicuous and gave people a chance to talk about them. Once they were on the homeward road, the boys forgot their ill-humor and joked about Ivar and his birds. Alexandra did not propose any reforms in the care of the pigs, and they hoped she had forgotten Ivar’s talk. They agreed that

Thesaurus chairs: (n) seats. displeased: (adj) disgruntled, dissatisfied, angry, annoyed, unhappy, peeved, irritated, disgusted, indignant; (v) pained, afflicted. ANTONYMS: (adj) contented, satisfied, calm. homeward: (adj) oriented, orientated. ill-humor: (n) chagrin. sorghum: (n) kaffir, broomcorn, Indian millet, taffy, millet, sirup, syrup, sorgho, grain sorghum, evergreen

millet, sorghum molasses. sea rover, roofing material, sea stinking: (adj) malodorous, putrid, robber, hair. vagueness: (n) ambiguity, fetid, foul, smelly, loathsome, noisome, odorous, disgusting, funky, indistinctness, haziness, lousy. ANTONYMS: (adj) fragrant, indefiniteness, obscurity, dimness, clean, fresh. ambiguousness, murkiness, swill: (adj, v) guzzle; (n, v) drink, unclearness, indirectness; (adj) potion; (n) slops, waste, pigwash, inconceivableness. ANTONYMS: (n) garbage, refuse; (v) drench, slosh; clarity, accuracy, exactness, (adj) booze. directness, concentration, certainty, thatch: (n) thatching, roof, Edward reliability, confidence, clearness, thatch, teach, ceiling, Blackbeard, tile, attentiveness.

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he was crazier than ever, and would never be able to prove up on his land because he worked it so little. Alexandra privately resolved that she would have a talk with Ivar about this and stir him up. The boys persuaded Carl to stay for supper and go swimming in the pasture pond after dark.% That evening, after she had washed the supper dishes, Alexandra sat down on the kitchen doorstep, while her mother was mixing the bread. It was a still, deep-breathing summer night, full of the smell of the hay fields. Sounds of laughter and splashing came up from the pasture, and when the moon rose rapidly above the bare rim of the prairie, the pond glittered like polished metal, and she could see the flash of white bodies as the boys ran about the edge, or jumped into the water. Alexandra watched the shimmering pool dreamily, but eventually her eyes went back to the sorghum patch south of the barn, where she was planning to make her new pig corral.

Thesaurus doorstep: (n) threshold, sill, brink, tasteful; (n) age; (v) dawdle. mixing: (n) mix, commixture, door, curbside. dreamily: (adv) languorously, admixture, mixed, compounding, moonily, pensively, sleepily, combination, amalgamation, mixture, dreamfully, vaguely, visionarily, mingling, hybrid, intermixture. pasture: (v) graze, browse, crop; (n) slowly, shadowily, idealistically, lethargically. ANTONYMS: (adv) grass, grazing land, pasturage, field, vigorously, alertly, calmly, carefully. ley, lea; (n, v) feed, forage. flash: (n, v) flicker, blaze, shimmer, polished: (adj) glossy, cultured, glitter, gleam, glimmer, blink, flame; finished, refined, smooth, lustrous, (adj, n, v) twinkle; (n) instant; (v) genteel, courtly; (adj, v) courteous, coruscate. ANTONYMS: (adj) civil, polite. ANTONYMS: (adj)

rough, coarse, shoddy, unpolished, amateur, awkward, unsophisticated. shimmering: (adj) glittering, sparkling, gleaming, dazzling, lustrous, bright, iridescent, shimmery, flashing, glittery, glowing. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, dim. splashing: (n) spatter, spattering, painting, splattering, dab, plash; (adj) liquid. washed: (adj) wash, cleaner, colored, refined, wet, watery.

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IV

For %the first three years after John Bergson’s death, the affairs of his family prospered. Then came the hard times that brought every one on the Divide to the brink of despair; three years of drouth and failure, the last struggle of a wild soil against the encroaching plowshare. The first of these fruitless summers the Bergson boys bore courageously. The failure of the corn crop made labor cheap. Lou and Oscar hired two men and put in bigger crops than ever before. They lost everything they spent. The whole country was discouraged. Farmers who were already in debt had to give up their land. A few foreclosures demoralized the county. The settlers sat about on the wooden sidewalks in the little town and told each other that the country was never meant for men to live in; the thing to do was to get back to Iowa, to Illinois, to any place that had been proved habitable. The Bergson boys, certainly, would have been happier with their uncle Otto, in the bakery shop in Chicago. Like most of their neighbors, they were meant to follow in paths already marked out for them, not to break trails in a new country. A steady job, a few holidays, nothing to think about, and they would have been very happy. It was no fault of theirs that they had been dragged into the wilderness when they were little boys. A pioneer should have imagination, should be able to enjoy the idea of things more than the things themselves. The second of these barren summers was passing. One September afternoon Alexandra had gone over to the garden across the draw to dig sweet potatoes--

Thesaurus bakery: (n, v) bakehouse; (n) baker, disheartened, broken, depraved, successful, productive, hopeful, bakeshop, patisserie, oven, candy browbeaten, balked, baffled, vicious, meaningful. anxious; (v) dead beat, done up. habitable: (adj) livable, liveable. store, confectionery, supermarket, ANTONYM: (adj) optimistic. labor: (n, v) toil, endeavor, drudgery, grocery, sweet shop. courageously: (adv) intrepidly, encroaching: (adj) invasive, travail, struggle, confinement, childbirth, delivery, grind; (n) effort, valiantly, boldly, daringly, fearlessly, aggressive. fruitless: (adj, v) abortive; (adj) barren, exertion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) rest; (v) gallantly, heroically, hardily, relax, ignore; (n) management, dauntlessly, audaciously, useless, empty, futile, ineffective, stoutheartedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) idle, pointless, sterile, bootless, leisure, death, relaxation. unproductive. ANTONYMS: (adj) plowshare: (n) colter, share, part, timidly, execrably, fearfully, nervously. fertile, useful, effective, satisfying, parcel, contribution, sock, demoralized: (adj) demoralised, fruitful, worthwhile, profitable, percentage.

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they had been thriving upon the weather that was fatal to everything else. But when Carl Linstrum came up the garden rows to find her, she was not working. She was standing lost in thought, leaning upon her pitchfork, her sunbonnet lying beside her on the ground. The dry garden patch smelled of drying vines and was strewn with yellow seed-cucumbers and pumpkins and citrons. At one end, next the rhubarb, grew feathery asparagus, with red berries. Down the middle of the garden was a row of gooseberry and currant bushes. A few tough zenias and marigolds and a row of scarlet sage bore witness to the buckets of water that Mrs. Bergson had carried there after sundown, against the prohibition of her sons. Carl came quietly and slowly up the garden path, looking intently at Alexandra. She did not hear him. She was standing perfectly still, with that serious ease so characteristic of her. Her thick, reddish braids, twisted about her head, fairly burned in the sunlight. The air was cool enough to make the warm sun pleasant on one’s back and shoulders, and so clear that the eye could follow a hawk up and up, into the blazing blue depths of the sky. Even Carl, never a very cheerful boy, and considerably darkened by these last two bitter years, loved the country on days like this, felt something strong and young and wild come out of it, that laughed at care.% “Alexandra,” he said as he approached her, “I want to talk to you. Let’s sit down by the gooseberry bushes.” He picked up her sack of potatoes and they crossed the garden. “Boys gone to town?” he asked as he sank down on the warm, sun-baked earth. “Well, we have made up our minds at last, Alexandra. We are really going away.” She looked at him as if she were a little frightened. “Really, Carl? Is it settled?” “Yes, father has heard from St. Louis, and they will give him back his old job in the cigar factory. He must be there by the first of November. They are taking on new men then. We will sell the place for whatever we can get, and auction the stock. We haven’t enough to ship. I am going to learn engraving with a German engraver there, and then try to get work in Chicago.”

Thesaurus asparagus: (n) herb, veggie, sparrowgrass, edible asparagus. currant: (n) currant bush, shrub, black currant, red currant, raisin, Corinth, dried currant, bush, grape, berry. engraver: (n) carver, drawer, designer, printmaker, graver, sketcher, limner, lapidist, lapidary, engraving machine, painter. engraving: (n) print, sculpture, plate, picture, carving, copperplate, aquatint, printmaking, engravement,

cutting, chasing. feathery: (adj) light, fluffy, plumy, soft, downy, featherlike, plumose, plumelike, velvety, creamy, tender. ANTONYM: (adj) rough. gooseberry: (n) fish story, Ribes grossularia, shrub, bush, gooseberry bush, feaberry. pitchfork: (v) bolt, fulminate, drive, sling, branch; (n) hayfork, hand tool, shakefork. potatoes: (n) root crop.

reddish: (adj) ruddy, rosy, crimson, cherry, rufescent, rufous, rubicund, scarlet, rubedinous, ruby, colorful. rhubarb: (n) pieplant, veggie, quarrel, dispute, wrangle; (adj, n) brawl, fracas, riot, uproar, tumult; (adj) rumpus. sunbonnet: (n) poke bonnet, shade, sunhat. sundown: (n) nightfall, evening, dusk, twilight, hour. ANTONYMS: (n) dawn, daybreak, sunrise.

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Alexandra’s hands dropped in her lap. Her eyes became dreamy and filled with tears.% Carl’s sensitive lower lip trembled. He scratched in the soft earth beside him with a stick. “That’s all I hate about it, Alexandra,” he said slowly. “You’ve stood by us through so much and helped father out so many times, and now it seems as if we were running off and leaving you to face the worst of it. But it isn’t as if we could really ever be of any help to you. We are only one more drag, one more thing you look out for and feel responsible for. Father was never meant for a farmer, you know that. And I hate it. We’d only get in deeper and deeper.” “Yes, yes, Carl, I know. You are wasting your life here. You are able to do much better things. You are nearly nineteen now, and I wouldn’t have you stay. I’ve always hoped you would get away. But I can’t help feeling scared when I think how I will miss you--more than you will ever know.” She brushed the tears from her cheeks, not trying to hide them. “But, Alexandra,” he said sadly and wistfully, “I’ve never been any real help to you, beyond sometimes trying to keep the boys in a good humor.” Alexandra smiled and shook her head. “Oh, it’s not that. Nothing like that. It’s by understanding me, and the boys, and mother, that you’ve helped me. I expect that is the only way one person ever really can help another. I think you are about the only one that ever helped me. Somehow it will take more courage to bear your going than everything that has happened before.” Carl looked at the ground. “You see, we’ve all depended so on you,” he said, “even father. He makes me laugh. When anything comes up he always says, ‘I wonder what the Bergsons are going to do about that? I guess I’ll go and ask her.’ I’ll never forget that time, when we first came here, and our horse had the colic, and I ran over to your place--your father was away, and you came home with me and showed father how to let the wind out of the horse. You were only a little girl then, but you knew ever so much more about farm work than poor father. You remember how homesick I used to get, and what long talks we used to have coming from school? We’ve someway always felt alike about things.”

Thesaurus brushed: (adj) napped, fleecy. cheeks: (n) Gemini, twins, couple, posterior, pair, deuce, two, duet. colic: (n) Uterine colic , gripe, hurting, mulligrubs, pain, stomach pain, tummy ache, newborn colic, enteralgia, intestinal colic, tummy pain. dreamy: (adj) faraway, romantic, impractical, somnolent, visionary, sleepy, pensive, moony, idealistic, drowsy; (v) balmy. ANTONYMS:

(adj) cynical, vigorous, pragmatic, practical, awake, alert, ordinary, prosaic. homesick: (adj) nostalgic, longing, wistful, unhappy, lonesome. knew: (adj) known; (v) recognize, wist. nineteen: (adj, n) XIX; (n) large integer. scratched: (adj) hurt, abraded, sgraffito, raw, dented, spoiled, damaged, injured. someway: (adv) someways, in some manner, in some way, one way or

another, for some reason. wasting: (n) homicide, atrophy, slaughter, slaying, cachexia, assassination, cachexy, amyotrophy, carnage; (adj) consuming, consumptive. wistfully: (adv) pensively, meditatively, desirously, longingly, yearningly, broodingly, reflectively, wishfully, melancholy, thoughtfully, nostalgically. ANTONYM: (adv) contentedly.

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“Yes, that’s it; we’ve liked the same things and we’ve liked them together, without anybody else knowing. And we’ve had good times, hunting for Christmas trees and going for ducks and making our plum wine together every year. We’ve never either of us had any other close friend. And now--” Alexandra wiped her eyes with the corner of her apron, “and now I must remember that you are going where you will have many friends, and will find the work you were meant to do. But you’ll write to me, Carl? That will mean a great deal to me here.” “I’ll write as long as I live,” cried the boy impetuously. “And I’ll be working for you as much as for myself, Alexandra. I want to do something you’ll like and be proud of. I’m a fool here, but I know I can do something!” He sat up and frowned at the red grass.% Alexandra sighed. “How discouraged the boys will be when they hear. They always come home from town discouraged, anyway. So many people are trying to leave the country, and they talk to our boys and make them low-spirited. I’m afraid they are beginning to feel hard toward me because I won’t listen to any talk about going. Sometimes I feel like I’m getting tired of standing up for this country.” “I won’t tell the boys yet, if you’d rather not.” “Oh, I’ll tell them myself, to-night, when they come home. They’ll be talking wild, anyway, and no good comes of keeping bad news. It’s all harder on them than it is on me. Lou wants to get married, poor boy, and he can’t until times are better. See, there goes the sun, Carl. I must be getting back. Mother will want her potatoes. It’s chilly already, the moment the light goes.” Alexandra rose and looked about. A golden afterglow throbbed in the west, but the country already looked empty and mournful. A dark moving mass came over the western hill, the Lee boy was bringing in the herd from the other halfsection. Emil ran from the windmill to open the corral gate. From the log house, on the little rise across the draw, the smoke was curling. The cattle lowed and bellowed. In the sky the pale half-moon was slowly silvering. Alexandra and Carl walked together down the potato rows. “I have to keep telling myself what

Thesaurus afterglow: (n) twilight, luster, glimmering, afterimage, radiance, glow, light, luminosity, persistance, ruddiness, spark. apron: (n) skirt, proscenium, pall, pontificals, lawn sleeves, pinafore, petticoat, gathering head, wife, jupe, farthingale. curling: (adj) curled, curly, moving, curled up; (adv) curlingly; (n) croquet, pallone, polo, tipcat, golf, curling edge.

half-moon: (n) curve, arc. harder: (adj) serious. impetuously: (adv) rashly, impulsively, vehemently, precipitately, fiercely, headily, passionately, intensely, fierily, spontaneously, thoughtlessly. ANTONYMS: (adv) deliberately, sensibly, patiently. lowed: (adj) dispirited, humbled, dejected. low-spirited: (adj) downcast,

depressed, melancholy, dejected, despondent, downhearted, down in the mouth, sad. plum: (n) damson, greengage, plum tree, prune, drupe, marmalade, lac, licorice; (adv) plumb, clean; (adj) mauve. windmill: (n) wind generator, whirligig, aerogenerator, screw, Rollingstone, wind turbine, wheel, wind engine, grinder, wind machine, pinwheel.

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is going to happen,” she said softly. “Since you have been here, ten years now, I have never really been lonely. But I can remember what it was like before. Now I shall have nobody but Emil. But he is my boy, and he is tender-hearted.” That night, when the boys were called to supper, they sat down moodily. They had worn their coats to town, but they ate in their striped shirts and suspenders. They were grown men now, and, as Alexandra said, for the last few years they had been growing more and more like themselves. Lou was still the slighter of the two, the quicker and more intelligent, but apt to go off at halfcock. He had a lively blue eye, a thin, fair skin (always burned red to the neckband of his shirt in summer), stiff, yellow hair that would not lie down on his head, and a bristly little yellow mustache, of which he was very proud. Oscar could not grow a mustache; his pale face was as bare as an egg, and his white eyebrows gave it an empty look. He was a man of powerful body and unusual endurance; the sort of man you could attach to a corn-sheller as you would an engine. He would turn it all day, without hurrying, without slowing down. But he was as indolent of mind as he was unsparing of his body. His love of routine amounted to a vice. He worked like an insect, always doing the same thing over in the same way, regardless of whether it was best or no. He felt that there was a sovereign virtue in mere bodily toil, and he rather liked to do things in the hardest way. If a field had once been in corn, he couldn’t bear to put it into wheat. He liked to begin his corn-planting at the same time every year, whether the season were backward or forward. He seemed to feel that by his own irreproachable regularity he would clear himself of blame and reprove the weather. When the wheat crop failed, he threshed the straw at a dead loss to demonstrate how little grain there was, and thus prove his case against Providence.% Lou, on the other hand, was fussy and flighty; always planned to get through two days’ work in one, and often got only the least important things done. He liked to keep the place up, but he never got round to doing odd jobs until he had to neglect more pressing work to attend to them. In the middle of the wheat harvest, when the grain was over-ripe and every hand was needed, he would

Thesaurus flighty: (adj) frivolous, light, shameful, blameworthy, guilty. mustache: (n) mustachio, mastax, capricious, volatile, irresponsible, scatterbrained, flippant, changeable, moustachio, beard, whisker, skittish, unstable, mercurial. whiskers, toothbrush, hair, handlebar ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, mustache, body hair, facial hair. neckband: (n) choker, collar, neck, dependable. irreproachable: (adj) blameless, ruff, clerical collar, neck ruff, dog spotless, faultless, flawless, innocent, collar, necklace, stripe, banding, unimpeachable, inculpable, band. reprove: (n, v) censure, blame, chide, impeccable, immaculate, rebuke, reprehend; (v) admonish, unblemished, above reproach. ANTONYMS: (adj) reprehensible, reproach, lecture, condemn, warn,

castigate. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, approve, commend. slighter: (adj) smaller, less. striped: (adj) stripy, brindled, variegated, lined, banded, virgated, zoned, paled, with stripes. suspenders: (n) brace, pair, bitstock, harness, couple. unsparing: (adj) lavish, munificent, liberal, bountiful, hard, prodigal, merciless, strict, unmerciful, stern, profuse.

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stop to mend fences or to patch the harness; then dash down to the field and overwork and be laid up in bed for a week. The two boys balanced each other, and they pulled well together. They had been good friends since they were children. One seldom went anywhere, even to town, without the other.% To-night, after they sat down to supper, Oscar kept looking at Lou as if he expected him to say something, and Lou blinked his eyes and frowned at his plate. It was Alexandra herself who at last opened the discussion. “The Linstrums,” she said calmly, as she put another plate of hot biscuit on the table, “are going back to St. Louis. The old man is going to work in the cigar factory again.” At this Lou plunged in. “You see, Alexandra, everybody who can crawl out is going away. There’s no use of us trying to stick it out, just to be stubborn. There’s something in knowing when to quit.” “Where do you want to go, Lou?” “Any place where things will grow,” said Oscar grimly. Lou reached for a potato. “Chris Arnson has traded his half-section for a place down on the river.” “Who did he trade with?” “Charley Fuller, in town.” “Fuller the real estate man? You see, Lou, that Fuller has a head on him. He’s buying and trading for every bit of land he can get up here. It’ll make him a rich man, some day.” “He’s rich now, that’s why he can take a chance.” “Why can’t we? We’ll live longer than he will. Some day the land itself will be worth more than all we can ever raise on it.” Lou laughed. “It could be worth that, and still not be worth much. Why, Alexandra, you don’t know what you’re talking about. Our place wouldn’t bring now what it would six years ago. The fellows that settled up here just made a mistake. Now they’re beginning to see this high land wasn’t never meant to

Thesaurus biscuit: (n) rusk, hardtack, cooky, cookie, bisque, tea biscuit, almond cookie, wafer, tan, sea bread, oreo. cigar: (n) cheroot, cigars, smoke, cigarette, corona, panatela, panetella, segar, cigarillo. crawl: (adv, v) grovel, lag; (n, v) clamber, climb; (v) sneak, fawn, cringe, teem, swarm, scramble, inch. ANTONYMS: (v) fly, rush, hurry, hasten, dart, dash, lead, soothe, speed.

harness: (adj, n) strap, tether; (n, v) yoke, rein, couple, check; (adj, v) hitch; (v) wear, equip, limit, use. ANTONYM: (v) undo. louis: (n) Joe Louis. mend: (adj, v) improve; (v) correct, cure, heal, doctor, better, amend, restore, convalesce; (n, v) fix, patch. ANTONYMS: (v) worsen, tear, smash, decline, deteriorate; (n) fracture. overwork: (v) exhaust, tax, strain,

overtax, exploit, overlabor, drive, wear, abuse; (adj) overtask; (n) overworking. stubborn: (adj) contrary, hard, intractable, perverse, rigid, determined, persistent, refractory, tenacious, obdurate, inveterate. ANTONYMS: (adj) compliant, irresolute, flexible, amenable, docile, easygoing, malleable, agreeable, accommodating, cooperative, feeble. traded: (adj) listed.

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grow nothing on, and everybody who ain’t fixed to graze cattle is trying to crawl out. It’s too high to farm up here. All the Americans are skinning out. That man Percy Adams, north of town, told me that he was going to let Fuller take his land and stuff for four hundred dollars and a ticket to Chicago.” “There’s Fuller again!” Alexandra exclaimed. “I wish that man would take me for a partner. He’s feathering his nest! If only poor people could learn a little from rich people! But all these fellows who are running off are bad farmers, like poor Mr. Linstrum. They couldn’t get ahead even in good years, and they all got into debt while father was getting out. I think we ought to hold on as long as we can on father’s account. He was so set on keeping this land. He must have seen harder times than this, here. How was it in the early days, mother?” Mrs. Bergson was weeping quietly. These family discussions always depressed her, and made her remember all that she had been torn away from. “I don’t see why the boys are always taking on about going away,” she said, wiping her eyes. “I don’t want to move again; out to some raw place, maybe, where we’d be worse off than we are here, and all to do over again. I won’t move! If the rest of you go, I will ask some of the neighbors to take me in, and stay and be buried by father. I’m not going to leave him by himself on the prairie, for cattle to run over.” She began to cry more bitterly.% The boys looked angry. Alexandra put a soothing hand on her mother’s shoulder. “There’s no question of that, mother. You don’t have to go if you don’t want to. A third of the place belongs to you by American law, and we can’t sell without your consent. We only want you to advise us. How did it use to be when you and father first came? Was it really as bad as this, or not?” “Oh, worse! Much worse,” moaned Mrs. Bergson. “Drouth, chince-bugs, hail, everything! My garden all cut to pieces like sauerkraut. No grapes on the creek, no nothing. The people all lived just like coyotes.” Oscar got up and tramped out of the kitchen. Lou followed him. They felt that Alexandra had taken an unfair advantage in turning their mother loose on them. The next morning they were silent and reserved. They did not offer to take the women to church, but went down to the barn immediately after breakfast

Thesaurus creek: (n) brook, cove, bay, stream, inlet, river, bayou, rivulet; (v) burn, runnel, beck. feathering: (n) plumage, quill, rotation, plume, bevelling, ink creep, feather edging. grapes: (v) clam, chupatty, compote, damper, fish, frumenty, chowder; (n) vintage. graze: (n, v) browse, scrape, touch; (v) rub, chafe, eat, shave, brush, crop, crease; (n) cut. ANTONYM: (v)

smooth. pacifying, quiet, restful, bland, calm, hail: (v) address, cry, acclaim, assuasive; (adj, n) softening; (n) applaud, summon, accost, fall, cheer, alleviation. ANTONYMS: (adj) salute; (n, v) call; (n) greeting. upsetting, disturbing, hostile, scary, ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, criticize. worrying, stimulating, exasperating, sauerkraut: (v) damper, salmis, annoying, invigorating, painful, porterhouse steak, porridge, intimidating. weeping: (adj) tearful, lachrymose, pineapple, oyster, oatmeal, mangosteen, mango, fish; (n) dolourous, dolorous; (n, v) lament, lamentation; (v) wailing; (n) sobbing, sourcrout. skinning: (v) to skin. tears, cry; (adj, n) howling. soothing: (adj) calming, soft, smooth, ANTONYM: (n) celebration.

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and stayed there all day. When Carl Linstrum came over in the afternoon, Alexandra winked to him and pointed toward the barn. He understood her and went down to play cards with the boys. They believed that a very wicked thing to do on Sunday, and it relieved their feelings.% Alexandra stayed in the house. On Sunday afternoon Mrs. Bergson always took a nap, and Alexandra read. During the week she read only the newspaper, but on Sunday, and in the long evenings of winter, she read a good deal; read a few things over a great many times. She knew long portions of the “Frithjof Saga” by heart, and, like most Swedes who read at all, she was fond of Longfellow’s verse,--the ballads and the “Golden Legend” and “The Spanish Student.” To-day she sat in the wooden rocking-chair with the Swedish Bible open on her knees, but she was not reading. She was looking thoughtfully away at the point where the upland road disappeared over the rim of the prairie. Her body was in an attitude of perfect repose, such as it was apt to take when she was thinking earnestly. Her mind was slow, truthful, steadfast. She had not the least spark of cleverness. All afternoon the sitting-room was full of quiet and sunlight. Emil was making rabbit traps in the kitchen shed. The hens were clucking and scratching brown holes in the flower beds, and the wind was teasing the prince’s feather by the door. That evening Carl came in with the boys to supper. “Emil,” said Alexandra, when they were all seated at the table, “how would you like to go traveling? Because I am going to take a trip, and you can go with me if you want to.” The boys looked up in amazement; they were always afraid of Alexandra’s schemes. Carl was interested. “I’ve been thinking, boys,” she went on, “that maybe I am too set against making a change. I’m going to take Brigham and the buckboard to-morrow and drive down to the river country and spend a few days looking over what they’ve

Thesaurus buckboard: (n) carriage, equipage, rig, (n) composure, ease, quiet, leisure, recreation, relaxation; (v) lay. vehicle. cleverness: (n) ingenuity, adroitness, ANTONYMS: (n, v) work; (n) wisdom, aptitude, acumen, activity, panic, agitation. seated: (adj) sat, sedentary. intelligence, skill, dexterity, steadfast: (adj, v) solid, firm, astuteness, brightness, smartness. ANTONYMS: (n) slowness, permanent, loyal, fast, fixed, immovable, faithful; (adj) resolute, clumsiness, imbecility, foolishness, ineptness, simplicity, determined, steady. ANTONYMS: (adj) irresolute, disloyal, unreliable, straightforwardness, uselessness, frankness. undependable, uncommitted, weak, repose: (n, v) recline, peace, lie, calm; transient, fickle, compliant,

acquiescent, inconstant. traps: (n) rigging, gear, paraphernalia, suit, trappings, things, livery, harness, accouterment, caparison, trap. truthful: (adj) honest, genuine, frank, real, candid, sincere, guileless, realistic, reliable, faithful, honorable. ANTONYMS: (adj) dishonest, inaccurate, fictional, guarded, lying, improbable, deceptive, deceitful, false, wrong, evasive.

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got down there. If I find anything good, you boys can go down and make a trade.” “Nobody down there will trade for anything up here,” said Oscar gloomily.% “That’s just what I want to find out. Maybe they are just as discontented down there as we are up here. Things away from home often look better than they are. You know what your Hans Andersen book says, Carl, about the Swedes liking to buy Danish bread and the Danes liking to buy Swedish bread, because people always think the bread of another country is better than their own. Anyway, I’ve heard so much about the river farms, I won’t be satisfied till I’ve seen for myself.” Lou fidgeted. “Look out! Don’t agree to anything. Don’t let them fool you.” Lou was apt to be fooled himself. He had not yet learned to keep away from the shell-game wagons that followed the circus. After supper Lou put on a necktie and went across the fields to court Annie Lee, and Carl and Oscar sat down to a game of checkers, while Alexandra read “The Swiss Family Robinson” aloud to her mother and Emil. It was not long before the two boys at the table neglected their game to listen. They were all big children together, and they found the adventures of the family in the tree house so absorbing that they gave them their undivided attention.

Thesaurus absorbing: (adj) fascinating, engrossing, charming, enthralling, gripping, captivating, riveting, absorbent, attractive, readable; (adj, v) exciting. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, irksome, tedious, repellent, uninteresting. checkers: (n) checker, dominos, go bang, solitaire, chequers, board game, chessboard, backgammon, misere chess. discontented: (adj, v) querulous,

complaining; (adj) disaffected, disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, content. gave: (v) deliver, allow, allot, provide, furnish, impart, administer; (n) gives. liking: (n, v) inclination; (n) fancy, appetite, taste, fondness, predilection, affection, partiality, admiration, approval, appreciation.

ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, aversion, hatred, indifference, detachment, dissatisfaction, antipathy. necktie: (n) cravat, bolo, neckwear, linkup, link, affiliation, crosstie, bow tie, bolo tie, bolas, bola tie. undivided: (adj) complete, whole, unbroken, total, single, integral, continuous, united, full, exclusive, solid. ANTONYMS: (adj) partial, separate, broken, imperfect, individual.

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V

Alexandra and Emil spent five days down among the river farms, driving up and down the valley. Alexandra talked to the men about their crops and to the women about their poultry. She spent a whole day with one young farmer who had been away at school, and who was experimenting with a new kind of clover hay. She learned a great deal. As they drove along, she and Emil talked and planned. At last, on the sixth day, Alexandra turned Brigham’s head northward and left the river behind.% “There’s nothing in it for us down there, Emil. There are a few fine farms, but they are owned by the rich men in town, and couldn’t be bought. Most of the land is rough and hilly. They can always scrape along down there, but they can never do anything big. Down there they have a little certainty, but up with us there is a big chance. We must have faith in the high land, Emil. I want to hold on harder than ever, and when you’re a man you’ll thank me.” She urged Brigham forward. When the road began to climb the first long swells of the Divide, Alexandra hummed an old Swedish hymn, and Emil wondered why his sister looked so happy. Her face was so radiant that he felt shy about asking her. For the first time, perhaps, since that land emerged from the waters of geologic ages, a human face was set toward it with love and yearning. It seemed beautiful to her,

Thesaurus clover: (n) trefoil, shamrock, herb, Dutch clover, claver, riches, wealth, success, prosperity, good life, fat city. crops: (n) crop. farmer: (n) rustic, agriculturist, tiller, boor, cultivator, husbandman, granger, planter, sodbuster, yeoman, backwoodsman. hilly: (adj) steep, rugged, mountainous, cragged, rough, rocky, lofty, irregular, tumulous, knobby, unsmooth. ANTONYM: (adj) flat.

hymn: (n) song, canticle, chant, anthem, carol, chorale, doxology; (v) glorify, laud, sing, extol. northward: (adj, adv) north; (adj) northbound; (adv) northerly, northwards, in the north, to the north. poultry: (n) chicken, fowl, hen, domestic fowl, bird, Guinea, cochin, dove, fowls, capon, chick. radiant: (adj, v) bright, glittering, lustrous, beamy, glorious; (adj)

beaming, luminous, effulgent, lucid, glowing, beautiful. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, dark, pale, unhappy. scrape: (n, v) scratch, graze, score, mark; (v) rub, pare, rake, grate, chafe, abrade; (n) abrasion. yearning: (n) hankering, aspiration, thirst, craving, desire, hunger, nostalgia, eagerness; (adj) wistful, pining, desirous. ANTONYMS: (adj) disinterested; (n) dislike, disinclination, apathy.

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rich and strong and glorious. Her eyes drank in the breadth of it, until her tears blinded her. Then the Genius of the Divide, the great, free spirit which breathes across it, must have bent lower than it ever bent to a human will before. The history of every country begins in the heart of a man or a woman.% Alexandra reached home in the afternoon. That evening she held a family council and told her brothers all that she had seen and heard. “I want you boys to go down yourselves and look it over. Nothing will convince you like seeing with your own eyes. The river land was settled before this, and so they are a few years ahead of us, and have learned more about farming. The land sells for three times as much as this, but in five years we will double it. The rich men down there own all the best land, and they are buying all they can get. The thing to do is to sell our cattle and what little old corn we have, and buy the Linstrum place. Then the next thing to do is to take out two loans on our half-sections, and buy Peter Crow’s place; raise every dollar we can, and buy every acre we can.” “Mortgage the homestead again?” Lou cried. He sprang up and began to wind the clock furiously. “I won’t slave to pay off another mortgage. I’ll never do it. You’d just as soon kill us all, Alexandra, to carry out some scheme!” Oscar rubbed his high, pale forehead. “How do you propose to pay off your mortgages?” Alexandra looked from one to the other and bit her lip. They had never seen her so nervous. “See here,” she brought out at last. “We borrow the money for six years. Well, with the money we buy a half-section from Linstrum and a half from Crow, and a quarter from Struble, maybe. That will give us upwards of fourteen hundred acres, won’t it? You won’t have to pay off your mortgages for six years. By that time, any of this land will be worth thirty dollars an acre--it will be worth fifty, but we’ll say thirty; then you can sell a garden patch anywhere, and pay off a debt of sixteen hundred dollars. It’s not the principal I’m worried about, it’s the interest and taxes. We’ll have to strain to meet the payments. But as sure as we are sitting here to-night, we can sit down here ten

Thesaurus acre: (n) agrimensor, Akka. blinded: (adj) blindfolded, blinder, blindly, reckless, unsighted, blindfold, dizzy. breadth: (n) width, spread, amplitude, wideness, size, length, latitude, extent, area, broadness, stretch. ANTONYMS: (n) length, longitude, emptiness, thinness. corn: (n) clavus, cereals, Zea Mays, callus, wheat, Indian corn, callosity, grain; (v) feed, keep; (adj, n)

commonplace. dollars: (n) bread. drank: (v) absorb. furiously: (adv) irately, angrily, fiercely, wildly, violently, ragingly, wrathfully, infuriatedly, rabidly, impetuously, frantically. ANTONYM: (adv) sluggishly. glorious: (adj) distinguished, beautiful, bright, celebrated, brilliant, eminent, magnificent, super, great, splendid; (adj, v) illustrious. ANTONYMS: (adj)

sorrowful, despicable, horrible, shameful, lowly. rubbed: (adj) polished, refined, terse, attrite, marked, accomplished, fretten. slave: (n) servant, bondman, thrall, bondsman, bondwoman, captive, vassal; (n, v) labor; (v) drudge, work; (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (adj) free; (v) slack. yourselves: (pron) themselves, myself, herself.

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years from now independent landowners, not struggling farmers any longer. The chance that father was always looking for has come.” Lou was pacing the floor. “But how do you know that land is going to go up enough to pay the mortgages and--” “And make us rich besides?” Alexandra put in firmly. “I can’t explain that, Lou. You’ll have to take my word for it. I know, that’s all. When you drive about over the country you can feel it coming.” Oscar had been sitting with his head lowered, his hands hanging between his knees. “But we can’t work so much land,” he said dully, as if he were talking to himself. “We can’t even try. It would just lie there and we’d work ourselves to death.” He sighed, and laid his calloused fist on the table.% Alexandra’s eyes filled with tears. She put her hand on his shoulder. “You poor boy, you won’t have to work it. The men in town who are buying up other people’s land don’t try to farm it. They are the men to watch, in a new country. Let’s try to do like the shrewd ones, and not like these stupid fellows. I don’t want you boys always to have to work like this. I want you to be independent, and Emil to go to school.” Lou held his head as if it were splitting. “Everybody will say we are crazy. It must be crazy, or everybody would be doing it.” “If they were, we wouldn’t have much chance. No, Lou, I was talking about that with the smart young man who is raising the new kind of clover. He says the right thing is usually just what everybody don’t do. Why are we better fixed than any of our neighbors? Because father had more brains. Our people were better people than these in the old country. We ought to do more than they do, and see further ahead. Yes, mother, I’m going to clear the table now.” Alexandra rose. The boys went to the stable to see to the stock, and they were gone a long while. When they came back Lou played on his dragharmonika and Oscar sat figuring at his father’s secretary all evening. They said nothing more about Alexandra’s project, but she felt sure now that they would consent to it. Just before bedtime Oscar went out for a pail of water. When he did not come

Thesaurus bedtime: (n) night, gloaming, going down of the sun, dewy eve. calloused: (adj) tough. came: (v) arrive, come. dully: (adv) slowly, sluggishly, stupidly, tediously, drearily, heavily, tamely, boringly, monotonously, tiresomely, bluntly. ANTONYMS: (adv) animatedly, luminously, brightly, brilliantly. fellows: (n) fellow, membership, faculty.

figuring: (n) calculation, reckoning, pipkin, vessel. shrewd: (adj) sharp, astute, keen, estimation, computing, figure, piercing, clever, cunning, bright; (adj, approximation, conversion, v) sagacious, knowing, crafty, derivative, differential, estimate, prudent. ANTONYMS: (adj) foolish, derived function. knees: (n) knee. gullible, naive, soft, candid, dim, pacing: (n) accelerando, andante, innocent, guileless, obtuse, allegro, allegretto, pace, walk, tempo, indiscriminate. musical time, maneuvering alongside splitting: (adj) ripping; (n) fission, another vessel, cardiac pacing. partition, division, schism, crack, pail: (n) bucketful, jug, tub, pailful, breakup, disunion, dissociation, cleavage; (v) to split. cannikin, pails, skeel, tankard, pot,

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back, Alexandra threw a shawl over her head and ran down the path to the windmill. She found him sitting there with his head in his hands, and she sat down beside him.% “Don’t do anything you don’t want to do, Oscar,” she whispered. She waited a moment, but he did not stir. “I won’t say any more about it, if you’d rather not. What makes you so discouraged?” “I dread signing my name to them pieces of paper,” he said slowly. “All the time I was a boy we had a mortgage hanging over us.” “Then don’t sign one. I don’t want you to, if you feel that way.” Oscar shook his head. “No, I can see there’s a chance that way. I’ve thought a good while there might be. We’re in so deep now, we might as well go deeper. But it’s hard work pulling out of debt. Like pulling a threshing machine out of the mud; breaks your back. Me and Lou’s worked hard, and I can’t see it’s got us ahead much.” “Nobody knows about that as well as I do, Oscar. That’s why I want to try an easier way. I don’t want you to have to grub for every dollar.” “Yes, I know what you mean. Maybe it’ll come out right. But signing papers is signing papers. There ain’t no maybe about that.” He took his pail and trudged up the path to the house. Alexandra drew her shawl closer about her and stood leaning against the frame of the mill, looking at the stars which glittered so keenly through the frosty autumn air. She always loved to watch them, to think of their vastness and distance, and of their ordered march. It fortified her to reflect upon the great operations of nature, and when she thought of the law that lay behind them, she felt a sense of personal security. That night she had a new consciousness of the country, felt almost a new relation to it. Even her talk with the boys had not taken away the feeling that had overwhelmed her when she drove back to the Divide that afternoon. She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass had been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere,

Thesaurus dread: (n, v) apprehension, fear, panic; ANTONYM: (adj) unarmed. ardently, strongly, lively, (n) anxiety, awe, consternation, frosty: (adj, v) icy, glacial; (adj) frigid, penetratingly, fervently, avidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) alarm, trepidation, dismay, freezing, wintry, arctic, chill, frozen, chilly, bleak, cool. ANTONYMS: (adj) unenthusiastically, apathetically, foreboding, terror. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasing, welcomed, pleasant; friendly, pleasant, hot, torrid, faintly, reluctantly, patiently, (v) welcome, want; (n) reassurance, tropical, balmy, approachable. passively, halfheartedly, vaguely. grub: (n, v) drudge; (v) dig, feed, stars: (n) heavenly bodies, fate. fearlessness, confidence, security, delve, eat, scour; (n) food, eats, vastness: (n) enormity, immensity, ease, calm. fortified: (adj) secure, watched over, chuck, maggot, chow. ANTONYM: immenseness, enormousness, (v) plant. shielded, securer, secured, carrying grandeur, size, hugeness, bigness, keenly: (adv) eagerly, zealously, weapons, safeguarded, protected, extent, magnificence, grandness. ANTONYM: (n) closeness. fast, equipped, defended. piercingly, acutely, cuttingly,

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with %the quail and the plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the future stirring.

Thesaurus buzzed: (n) woozy; (adj) intoxicated, languish, ache, wish; (adj, n) boring, inactive, dull, conciliatory, extensive; (n, v) hunger; (adj) asleep, uninspiring, unimpressive; (n) drunk. felt: (v) mat, tangle, snarl, braid, extended, lengthy; (n) length. suppression. entangle, lace, perceive; (adj) sensed, ANTONYMS: (adj) short, brief, wild: (adj, n, v) waste, desert; (adj, v) fierce, violent, reckless, raging; (adj) perceived, conscious, sensible. concise. future: (adj) unborn, prospective, plover: (n) lapwing, pewit, killdeer, boisterous, untamed, stormy, rude, coming, intended, to come, potential, peewit, rock-plover, dotterel, kildeer, desolate. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, impending, approaching; (n) blackcock, grouse, duck, rail. orderly, manageable, sane, domestic, stirring: (adj) lively, exciting, alive, hereafter, fate, time to come. cultivated, tame, restrained, mild, ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, earlier, rousing, spirited, touching, thrilling, sensible, passive. active; (n) agitation; (v) eventful, near, nearby. long: (v) yearn, desire, hanker, brisk. ANTONYMS: (adj) depressing,

Willa Cather

PART II NEIGHBORING FIELDS

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I

It is sixteen years since John Bergson died. His wife now lies beside him, and the white shaft that marks their graves gleams across the wheat-fields. Could he rise from beneath it, he would not know the country under which he has been asleep. The shaggy coat of the prairie, which they lifted to make him a bed, has vanished forever. From the Norwegian graveyard one looks out over a vast checker-board, marked off in squares of wheat and corn; light and dark, dark and light. Telephone wires hum along the white roads, which always run at right angles. From the graveyard gate one can count a dozen gayly painted farmhouses; the gilded weather-vanes on the big red barns wink at each other across the green and brown and yellow fields. The light steel windmills tremble throughout their frames and tug at their moorings, as they vibrate in the wind that often blows from one week’s end to another across that high, active, resolute stretch of country.% The Divide is now thickly populated. The rich soil yields heavy harvests; the dry, bracing climate and the smoothness of the land make labor easy for men and beasts. There are few scenes more gratifying than a spring plowing in that country, where the furrows of a single field often lie a mile in length, and the brown earth, with such a strong, clean smell, and such a power of growth and fertility in it, yields itself eagerly to the plow; rolls away from the shear, not even dimming the brightness of the metal, with a soft, deep sigh of happiness. The

Thesaurus beasts: (n) stock. bracing: (n) brace, backing; (adj) invigorating, brisk, exhilarating, refreshing, tonic, enlivening, cool, benign, energizing. ANTONYMS: (adj) soporific, tiring, debilitating, draining, exhausting, soothing, warm, balmy, still. dimming: (n) eclipse. gayly: (adv) cheerfully, merrily, mirthfully, gaily, jovially, airily, lightly, sportively, easily, finely,

populated: (adj) populous, thick. courageously. gratifying: (adj) agreeable, pleasant, ANTONYM: (adj) uninhabited. smoothness: (n) slipperiness, enjoyable, delightful, pleasurable, rewarding, welcome, satisfying, nice; slickness, sleekness, evenness, polish, (adj, v) grateful; (v) gratify. glossiness, softness, silkiness, grace; ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointing, (adj, n) elegance, delicacy. ANTONYMS: (n) resistance, unwelcome, unrewarding, frustrating, disagreeable, unevenness, hesitation, dampness, heartbreaking, annoying, unpleasant. awkwardness, harshness, hesitancy. moorings: (n) guy, halser, hawser, vibrate: (v) shake, shiver, oscillate, jetty, line, mooring, wire, painter, tremble, quiver, shudder, swing, assistance, rope, ribbon. wobble, palpitate, thrill, throb.

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wheat-cutting sometimes goes on all night as well as all day, and in good seasons there are scarcely men and horses enough to do the harvesting. The grain is so heavy that it bends toward the blade and cuts like velvet.% There is something frank and joyous and young in the open face of the country. It gives itself ungrudgingly to the moods of the season, holding nothing back. Like the plains of Lombardy, it seems to rise a little to meet the sun. The air and the earth are curiously mated and intermingled, as if the one were the breath of the other. You feel in the atmosphere the same tonic, puissant quality that is in the tilth, the same strength and resoluteness. One June morning a young man stood at the gate of the Norwegian graveyard, sharpening his scythe in strokes unconsciously timed to the tune he was whistling. He wore a flannel cap and duck trousers, and the sleeves of his white flannel shirt were rolled back to the elbow. When he was satisfied with the edge of his blade, he slipped the whetstone into his hip pocket and began to swing his scythe, still whistling, but softly, out of respect to the quiet folk about him. Unconscious respect, probably, for he seemed intent upon his own thoughts, and, like the Gladiator’s, they were far away. He was a splendid figure of a boy, tall and straight as a young pine tree, with a handsome head, and stormy gray eyes, deeply set under a serious brow. The space between his two front teeth, which were unusually far apart, gave him the proficiency in whistling for which he was distinguished at college. (He also played the cornet in the University band.) When the grass required his close attention, or when he had to stoop to cut about a head-stone, he paused in his lively air,--the “Jewel” song,--taking it up where he had left it when his scythe swung free again. He was not thinking about the tired pioneers over whom his blade glittered. The old wild country, the struggle in which his sister was destined to succeed while so many men broke their hearts and died, he can scarcely remember. That is all among the dim things of childhood and has been forgotten in the brighter pattern life weaves today, in the bright facts of being captain of the track team, and holding the interstate record for the high jump, in the all-suffusing brightness of being

Thesaurus cornet: (n) bugle, trumpet, bugle-cap, throughway; (adj) national. ANTONYM: (adj) intrastate. trombone, ophicleide, ensign, puissant: (adj) powerful, mighty, cornopean, centurion, car horn, officer, brigadier. forcible, hard, robust, vigorous, cuts: (n) film waste. strong, stout, efficacious, hearts: (n) Black Maria, spades. adamantine, cogent. intermingled: (adj) amalgamated, resoluteness: (n) determination, integrated, coalesced, blended, decision, resolution, resolve, incorporated, assorted, consolidated, obstinacy, bravery, bullheadedness, incorporate, amalgamate, fused. courage, obduracy, adamance, interstate: (n) freeway, highway, fortitude. ANTONYMS: (n) thruway, clearway, parkway, irresoluteness, indecisiveness.

scythe: (n) crotch, crutch, crane, elbow, ankle, fluke, groin, knee, zigzag; (n, v) sithe; (v) reap. tilth: (n) cultivated land, tillage, land, fallow, tilled land, culture, ground, plowland, soil, farmland, status. ungrudgingly: (adv) unsparingly. ANTONYM: (adv) grudgingly. whetstone: (n) oilstone, rub, friction, fault, imperfection, chance, caoutchouc, failing, hindrance, whetstone test, unevenness.

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twenty-one. Yet sometimes, in the pauses of his work, the young man frowned and looked at the ground with an intentness which suggested that even twentyone might have its problems.% When he had been mowing the better part of an hour, he heard the rattle of a light cart on the road behind him. Supposing that it was his sister coming back from one of her farms, he kept on with his work. The cart stopped at the gate and a merry contralto voice called, “Almost through, Emil?” He dropped his scythe and went toward the fence, wiping his face and neck with his handkerchief. In the cart sat a young woman who wore driving gauntlets and a wide shade hat, trimmed with red poppies. Her face, too, was rather like a poppy, round and brown, with rich color in her cheeks and lips, and her dancing yellow-brown eyes bubbled with gayety. The wind was flapping her big hat and teasing a curl of her chestnut-colored hair. She shook her head at the tall youth. “What time did you get over here? That’s not much of a job for an athlete. Here I’ve been to town and back. Alexandra lets you sleep late. Oh, I know! Lou’s wife was telling me about the way she spoils you. I was going to give you a lift, if you were done.” She gathered up her reins. “But I will be, in a minute. Please wait for me, Marie,” Emil coaxed. “Alexandra sent me to mow our lot, but I’ve done half a dozen others, you see. Just wait till I finish off the Kourdnas’. By the way, they were Bohemians. Why aren’t they up in the Catholic graveyard?” “Free-thinkers,” replied the young woman laconically. “Lots of the Bohemian boys at the University are,” said Emil, taking up his scythe again. “What did you ever burn John Huss for, anyway? It’s made an awful row. They still jaw about it in history classes.” “We’d do it right over again, most of us,” said the young woman hotly. “Don’t they ever teach you in your history classes that you’d all be heathen Turks if it hadn’t been for the Bohemians?” Emil had fallen to mowing. “Oh, there’s no denying you’re a spunky little bunch, you Czechs,” he called back over his shoulder.

Thesaurus classes: (n) lessons. pleasure; (adj) good humor, succinctly, shortly, curtly, dryly, color: (n, v) flush, blush, tint, tinge, L'Allegro, spirits; (adj, n) mirth. concisely, briefly, sententiously, paint, stain; (adj, n, v) colour; (v) heathen: (adj, n) gentile, ethnic; (n) summarily, compendiously. redden; (n) guise, complexion; (adj, n) infidel, idolater, paynim, heretic; (adj) poppy: (n) opiate, celandine, tone. ANTONYMS: (v) discolor, pale, heathenish, irreligious, giaour, creamcups, opium poppy, Papaver show, whiten, untwist, denote, godless, barbaric. somniferum, celandine poppy, intentness: (adj, n) earnestness, zeal; depict, represent, blanch, blench. swallowwort, corn poppy, field contralto: (n) vocalist, singer, (adj) ardor, empressement; (n) poppy, bocconia; (v) balm. contratenor; (adj, n) countertenor. spunky: (adj) brave, game, fearless, concentration, absorption, gauntlets: (n) gauntlet, gantlet. engrossment, intentiveness, earnest, feisty, mettlesome, gritty, gamey, gayety: (n) hilarity, glee, cheer, complete attention, handsel. plucky, gamy, valiant, gallant. laconically: (adv) pithily, tersely, went: (v) walked, proceeded. jocundity, joviality, happiness,

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Marie Shabata settled herself in her seat and watched the rhythmical movement of the young man’s long arms, swinging her foot as if in time to some air that was going through her mind. The minutes passed. Emil mowed vigorously and Marie sat sunning herself and watching the long grass fall. She sat with the ease that belongs to persons of an essentially happy nature, who can find a comfortable spot almost anywhere; who are supple, and quick in adapting themselves to circumstances. After a final swish, Emil snapped the gate and sprang into the cart, holding his scythe well out over the wheel. “There,” he sighed. “I gave old man Lee a cut or so, too. Lou’s wife needn’t talk. I never see Lou’s scythe over here.” Marie clucked to her horse. “Oh, you know Annie!” She looked at the young man’s bare arms. “How brown you’ve got since you came home. I wish I had an athlete to mow my orchard. I get wet to my knees when I go down to pick cherries.” “You can have one, any time you want him. Better wait until after it rains.” Emil squinted off at the horizon as if he were looking for clouds.% “Will you? Oh, there’s a good boy!” She turned her head to him with a quick, bright smile. He felt it rather than saw it. Indeed, he had looked away with the purpose of not seeing it. “I’ve been up looking at Angelique’s wedding clothes,” Marie went on, “and I’m so excited I can hardly wait until Sunday. Amedee will be a handsome bridegroom. Is anybody but you going to stand up with him? Well, then it will be a handsome wedding party.” She made a droll face at Emil, who flushed. “Frank,” Marie continued, flicking her horse, “is cranky at me because I loaned his saddle to Jan Smirka, and I’m terribly afraid he won’t take me to the dance in the evening. Maybe the supper will tempt him. All Angelique’s folks are baking for it, and all Amedee’s twenty cousins. There will be barrels of beer. If once I get Frank to the supper, I’ll see that I stay for the dance. And by the way, Emil, you mustn’t dance with me but once or twice. You must dance with all the French girls. It hurts their feelings if you don’t. They think you’re proud because you’ve been away to school or something.” Emil sniffed. “How do you know they think that?”

Thesaurus bridegroom: (v) bride; (n) buffoon, clown. ANTONYMS: (adj) tight, unyielding. honeymooner, newlywed, dramatic, dull, grave, tragic, solemn. swish: (adj) classy, swanky, rhythmical: (n) measured, rhythmics; fashionable, smart, stylish, deluxe; (v) participant, fiance, husband. ANTONYM: (n) wife. (adj) numerose, cyclical, recurrent, lap, rustle, sizzle, whiz; (n) cyclic cranky: (adj) peevish, cantankerous, noise. ANTONYMS: (adj) cadenced, periodic, serial, diatonic, poetic, numerous. ANTONYM: (adj) irascible, petulant, crabby, crank, unfashionable, inelegant, unstylish, Spartan, meager; (n) silence. irritable, crotchety, tetchy, fretful, unrhythmical. cross. ANTONYMS: (adj) sweet, supple: (adj, v) flexible, pliable, limber, tempt: (adj, v) attract, allure; (v) entice, pliant; (adj) lithe, soft, plastic, pleasant, happy, patient, easygoing. decoy, charm, inveigle, invite, coax, droll: (adj) comical, humorous, funny, graceful, lithesome, lissom, lissome. seduce, fascinate, attempt. ANTONYMS: (adj) rigid, inflexible, ANTONYMS: (v) discourage, appall, laughable, burlesque, ludicrous, ridiculous; (adj, n) comic, witty; (n) stocky, clumsy, hard, rough, slow, repel.

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“Well, you didn’t dance with them much at Raoul Marcel’s party, and I could tell how they took it by the way they looked at you--and at me.” “All right,” said Emil shortly, studying the glittering blade of his scythe.% They drove westward toward Norway Creek, and toward a big white house that stood on a hill, several miles across the fields. There were so many sheds and outbuildings grouped about it that the place looked not unlike a tiny village. A stranger, approaching it, could not help noticing the beauty and fruitfulness of the outlying fields. There was something individual about the great farm, a most unusual trimness and care for detail. On either side of the road, for a mile before you reached the foot of the hill, stood tall osage orange hedges, their glossy green marking off the yellow fields. South of the hill, in a low, sheltered swale, surrounded by a mulberry hedge, was the orchard, its fruit trees kneedeep in timothy grass. Any one thereabouts would have told you that this was one of the richest farms on the Divide, and that the farmer was a woman, Alexandra Bergson. If you go up the hill and enter Alexandra’s big house, you will find that it is curiously unfinished and uneven in comfort. One room is papered, carpeted, over-furnished; the next is almost bare. The pleasantest rooms in the house are the kitchen--where Alexandra’s three young Swedish girls chatter and cook and pickle and preserve all summer long--and the sitting-room, in which Alexandra has brought together the old homely furniture that the Bergsons used in their first log house, the family portraits, and the few things her mother brought from Sweden. When you go out of the house into the flower garden, there you feel again the order and fine arrangement manifest all over the great farm; in the fencing and hedging, in the windbreaks and sheds, in the symmetrical pasture ponds, planted with scrub willows to give shade to the cattle in fly-time. There is even a white row of beehives in the orchard, under the walnut trees. You feel that, properly, Alexandra’s house is the big out-of-doors, and that it is in the soil that she expresses herself best.

Thesaurus fruitfulness: (n) fecundity, richness, productivity, abundance, fatness, productiveness, utility, usefulness, use, uberty, prolificness. ANTONYMS: (n) fruitlessness, uselessness. hedging: (n) equivocation, evasion, prevarication, hedgerow, exchange risk cover, covering operation. mulberry: (n) leaves are used to feed silkworms, blackberry, mulberry harbour, berry, black mulberry,

bramble, fruit tree, multiple fruit. singe, scorch. outlying: (adj) faraway, remote, far, thereabouts: (adj, adv) about; (adv) outer, isolated, outdoor, outward, nearly, generally, around, exterior, peripheral, outstanding, approximately, in the region of, more secluded. ANTONYMS: (adj) central, or less, something like, almost, so; (adv, n) hereabouts. metropolitan, nearby, neighboring. out-of-doors: (n) outdoors, outside; trimness: (n) neatness, orderliness, (adj) airy; (adv) without. tidiness, trimming, smartness, pickle: (n) mess, jam, hole, brine, lot, compactness, smallness, precision, quandary; (v) cure, preserve, souse; passementerie, efficiency, (adj, v) salt; (n, v) pot. carefulness. ANTONYMS: (n) swale: (n) swamp, valley; (v) sweal, largeness, messiness.

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II

Emil reached home a little past noon, and when he went into the kitchen Alexandra was already seated at the head of the long table, having dinner with her men, as she always did unless there were visitors. He slipped into his empty place at his sister’s right. The three pretty young Swedish girls who did Alexandra’s housework were cutting pies, refilling coffee cups, placing platters of bread and meat and potatoes upon the red tablecloth, and continually getting in each other’s way between the table and the stove. To be sure they always wasted a good deal of time getting in each other’s way and giggling at each other’s mistakes. But, as Alexandra had pointedly told her sisters-in-law, it was to hear them giggle that she kept three young things in her kitchen; the work she could do herself, if it were necessary. These girls, with their long letters from home, their finery, and their love-affairs, afforded her a great deal of entertainment, and they were company for her when Emil was away at school.% Of the youngest girl, Signa, who has a pretty figure, mottled pink cheeks, and yellow hair, Alexandra is very fond, though she keeps a sharp eye upon her. Signa is apt to be skittish at mealtime, when the men are about, and to spill the coffee or upset the cream. It is supposed that Nelse Jensen, one of the six men at the dinner-table, is courting Signa, though he has been so careful not to commit himself that no one in the house, least of all Signa, can tell just how far the matter has progressed. Nelse watches her glumly as she waits upon the table, and in the

Thesaurus courting: (n) wooing, courtship, bundling, appeal, attraction, case, causa, cause, flirtation, suit. finery: (n) regalia, clothing, attire, decoration, dress, pinchbeck, spangle, trimmings, gimcrack; (adj, n) tinsel, gewgaw. ANTONYM: (n) rags. giggling: (n) laughter. glumly: (adv) morosely, sulkily, dourly, mournfully, moodily, somberly, grumpily, grimly, sadly, gloomily, dolefully. ANTONYMS:

(adv) enthusiastically, happily, peculiarly, on purpose, notably, cheerily. knowingly, designedly. mealtime: (n) dinnertime, suppertime, refilling: (n) alternate, filling, meal, hour, breakfast time. permutation, reclamation, renewal, mottled: (adj) motley, speckled, replacement, back filling. skittish: (adj) nervous, timid, excitable, multicolored, spotted, variegated, coy, lively, fearful; (n) freakish, piebald, marbled, mixed, pinto, blotchy, flecked. ANTONYMS: (adj) fantastic, crotchety, fanciful; (v) mettlesome. ANTONYMS: (adj) monochrome, unblemished, limited. pointedly: (adv) penetratingly, solemn, calm, confident. tablecloth: (n) duster, napery, rag, poignantly, piquantly, markedly; (adj) particularly, by design, table linen.

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evening he sits on a bench behind the stove with his dragharmonika, playing mournful airs and watching her as she goes about her work. When Alexandra asked Signa whether she thought Nelse was in earnest, the poor child hid her hands under her apron and murmured, “I don’t know, ma’m. But he scolds me about everything, like as if he wanted to have me!” At Alexandra’s left sat a very old man, barefoot and wearing a long blue blouse, open at the neck. His shaggy head is scarcely whiter than it was sixteen years ago, but his little blue eyes have become pale and watery, and his ruddy face is withered, like an apple that has clung all winter to the tree. When Ivar lost his land through mismanagement a dozen years ago, Alexandra took him in, and he has been a member of her household ever since. He is too old to work in the fields, but he hitches and unhitches the work-teams and looks after the health of the stock. Sometimes of a winter evening Alexandra calls him into the sittingroom to read the Bible aloud to her, for he still reads very well. He dislikes human habitations, so Alexandra has fitted him up a room in the barn, where he is very comfortable, being near the horses and, as he says, further from temptations. No one has ever found out what his temptations are. In cold weather he sits by the kitchen fire and makes hammocks or mends harness until it is time to go to bed. Then he says his prayers at great length behind the stove, puts on his buffalo-skin coat and goes out to his room in the barn.% Alexandra herself has changed very little. Her figure is fuller, and she has more color. She seems sunnier and more vigorous than she did as a young girl. But she still has the same calmness and deliberation of manner, the same clear eyes, and she still wears her hair in two braids wound round her head. It is so curly that fiery ends escape from the braids and make her head look like one of the big double sunflowers that fringe her vegetable garden. Her face is always tanned in summer, for her sunbonnet is oftener on her arm than on her head. But where her collar falls away from her neck, or where her sleeves are pushed back from her wrist, the skin is of such smoothness and whiteness as none but Swedish women ever possess; skin with the freshness of the snow itself.

Thesaurus airs: (n, v) pretension; (n) affectation, pride, pose, pretensions, attitude; (adj, n) arrogance; (v) precisianism, euphuism, purism, pedantry. ANTONYMS: (n) humility, personality, realness, truthfulness, honesty. calmness: (n) calm, composure, quietness, poise, serenity, stillness, quiet, silence, placidity, peace; (adj, n) coolness. ANTONYMS: (n) anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, panic, fury,

unrest, intensity, discomposure, bustle, annoyance, noise. mismanagement: (n) maladministration, error, malpractice, miscarriage, management, misbehavior, delinquency, abuse, misdemeanor, misgovernment, bad behavior. ruddy: (adj) cherry, rubicund, rosy, flushed, florid, sanguine, reddish, glowing, blooming, crimson; (adj, adv) blushing.

sits: (n) sat. tanned: (adj) bronzed, suntanned, browned; (n) brunette. ANTONYMS: (adj) pale, untanned. whiteness: (n) paleness, ivory, chalk, pearl, bone, bleach, alabaster, frostiness, hoariness, pallor, innocence. ANTONYM: (n) black. withered: (adj) wizened, sear, shriveled, thin, shrunken, dry, dried up, wilted, faded, wizen; (v) lame. ANTONYM: (adj) plump.

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Alexandra did not talk much at the table, but she encouraged her men to talk, and she always listened attentively, even when they seemed to be talking foolishly.% To-day Barney Flinn, the big red-headed Irishman who had been with Alexandra for five years and who was actually her foreman, though he had no such title, was grumbling about the new silo she had put up that spring. It happened to be the first silo on the Divide, and Alexandra’s neighbors and her men were skeptical about it. “To be sure, if the thing don’t work, we’ll have plenty of feed without it, indeed,” Barney conceded. Nelse Jensen, Signa’s gloomy suitor, had his word. “Lou, he says he wouldn’t have no silo on his place if you’d give it to him. He says the feed outen it gives the stock the bloat. He heard of somebody lost four head of horses, feedin’ ‘em that stuff.” Alexandra looked down the table from one to another. “Well, the only way we can find out is to try. Lou and I have different notions about feeding stock, and that’s a good thing. It’s bad if all the members of a family think alike. They never get anywhere. Lou can learn by my mistakes and I can learn by his. Isn’t that fair, Barney?” The Irishman laughed. He had no love for Lou, who was always uppish with him and who said that Alexandra paid her hands too much. “I’ve no thought but to give the thing an honest try, mum. ‘T would be only right, after puttin’ so much expense into it. Maybe Emil will come out an’ have a look at it wid me.” He pushed back his chair, took his hat from the nail, and marched out with Emil, who, with his university ideas, was supposed to have instigated the silo. The other hands followed them, all except old Ivar. He had been depressed throughout the meal and had paid no heed to the talk of the men, even when they mentioned cornstalk bloat, upon which he was sure to have opinions. “Did you want to speak to me, Ivar?” Alexandra asked as she rose from the table. “Come into the sitting-room.”

Thesaurus attentively: (adv) carefully, mindfully, watchfully, observantly, heedfully, vigilantly, cautiously, considerately, diligently, alertly, obligingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unhelpfully, neglectfully, abruptly, carelessly, hastily, casually. bloat: (v) distend, swell, inflate, expand, bulge, billow, blow up, tumefy, puff out; (adj) bloated; (n) puffiness. ANTONYMS: (v) deflate, contract, shrink, shrivel.

conceded: (adj) approved, accepted, doubtful, dubious, suspicious, agreed. unbelieving, freethinking, cynical. grumbling: (n) grumble, growling, ANTONYMS: (adj) credulous, murmur, murmuring, mutter, believing, sure, convinced. muttering; (adj, n) rumbling; (adv) suitor: (n) plaintiff, suer, admirer, grumblingly; (adj) grouchy, grumpy, beau, candidate, complainant, irritable. gallant, boyfriend, applicant, silo: (n) tower, cellar, holder, ensilage, petitioner; (n, v) wooer. uppish: (adj) snotty, snooty, proud, grain silo, storage bin, container, military installation, basket. persnickety, supercilious, snobbish, skeptical: (adj) disbelieving, skeptic, assuming, arrogant, condescending, sceptical, distrustful, doubting, pernickety.

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The old man followed Alexandra, but when she motioned him to a chair he shook his head. She took up her workbasket and waited for him to speak. He stood looking at the carpet, his bushy head bowed, his hands clasped in front of him. Ivar’s bandy legs seemed to have grown shorter with years, and they were completely misfitted to his broad, thick body and heavy shoulders.% “Well, Ivar, what is it?” Alexandra asked after she had waited longer than usual. Ivar had never learned to speak English and his Norwegian was quaint and grave, like the speech of the more old-fashioned people. He always addressed Alexandra in terms of the deepest respect, hoping to set a good example to the kitchen girls, whom he thought too familiar in their manners. “Mistress,” he began faintly, without raising his eyes, “the folk have been looking coldly at me of late. You know there has been talk.” “Talk about what, Ivar?” “About sending me away; to the asylum.” Alexandra put down her sewing-basket. “Nobody has come to me with such talk,” she said decidedly. “Why need you listen? You know I would never consent to such a thing.” Ivar lifted his shaggy head and looked at her out of his little eyes. “They say that you cannot prevent it if the folk complain of me, if your brothers complain to the authorities. They say that your brothers are afraid--God forbid!--that I may do you some injury when my spells are on me. Mistress, how can any one think that?--that I could bite the hand that fed me!” The tears trickled down on the old man’s beard. Alexandra frowned. “Ivar, I wonder at you, that you should come bothering me with such nonsense. I am still running my own house, and other people have nothing to do with either you or me. So long as I am suited with you, there is nothing to be said.”

Thesaurus bandy: (v) exchange, agitate, band, indifferently, frostily, distantly, shuttlecock, argue, debate, shuffle, gelidly, reservedly, bleakly, wintrily, brandish, change bands, flap; (n) frozenly. ANTONYMS: (adv) warmly, bander. affectionately, sympathetically, bothering: (v) teasing, tormenting, sensitively, kindly, cheerfully, carking; (n) harassment, provocation. emotionally. bowed: (adj) arched, curved, inclined, decidedly: (adv) clearly, positively, crooked, arciform, arching, arced, definitely, absolutely, emphatically, bandy, arcuate, twisted, bended. decisively, resolutely, firmly, ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, concave, markedly, surely, determinedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) uncertainly, plucked. coldly: (adv) frigidly, icily, coolly, equivocally, slightly, vaguely.

deepest: (adj) inmost, center, cordial, earnest, genuine, hearty, warm, sincere, innermost. ANTONYM: (adj) outermost. quaint: (adj) odd, funny, picturesque, comical, fanciful, curious, whimsical, strange, queer, peculiar, droll. ANTONYMS: (adj) modern, ordinary, dull. shorter: (adj) smaller, inferior. workbasket: (n) container, workbox, sewing basket.

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Ivar pulled a red handkerchief out of the breast of his blouse and wiped his eyes and beard. “But I should not wish you to keep me if, as they say, it is against your interests, and if it is hard for you to get hands because I am here.” Alexandra made an impatient gesture, but the old man put out his hand and went on earnestly:-“Listen, mistress, it is right that you should take these things into account. You know that my spells come from God, and that I would not harm any living creature. You believe that every one should worship God in the way revealed to him. But that is not the way of this country. The way here is for all to do alike. I am despised because I do not wear shoes, because I do not cut my hair, and because I have visions. At home, in the old country, there were many like me, who had been touched by God, or who had seen things in the graveyard at night and were different afterward. We thought nothing of it, and let them alone. But here, if a man is different in his feet or in his head, they put him in the asylum. Look at Peter Kralik; when he was a boy, drinking out of a creek, he swallowed a snake, and always after that he could eat only such food as the creature liked, for when he ate anything else, it became enraged and gnawed him. When he felt it whipping about in him, he drank alcohol to stupefy it and get some ease for himself. He could work as good as any man, and his head was clear, but they locked him up for being different in his stomach. That is the way; they have built the asylum for people who are different, and they will not even let us live in the holes with the badgers. Only your great prosperity has protected me so far. If you had had ill-fortune, they would have taken me to Hastings long ago.” As Ivar talked, his gloom lifted. Alexandra had found that she could often break his fasts and long penances by talking to him and letting him pour out the thoughts that troubled him. Sympathy always cleared his mind, and ridicule was poison to him.% “There is a great deal in what you say, Ivar. Like as not they will be wanting to take me to Hastings because I have built a silo; and then I may take you with me. But at present I need you here. Only don’t come to me again telling me what people say. Let people go on talking as they like, and we will go on living as we

Thesaurus afterward: (adv, conj) then, after that; (adv) thereafter, afterwards, later, subsequently, later on, next, soon; (adj) following; (n) future. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, previously, before. badgers: (n) family Mustelidae, fissiped, fissiped mammal. blouse: (n) shirt, top, jacket, coat, frock, smock, chemise, tunic, overall, waist, gown. despised: (adj) scorned, despicable,

hated, abject, disparaged, mean, attaching disgrace, unpopular, unloved, reviled, opprobrious. enraged: (adj) angered, furious, infuriated, irate, mad, livid, incensed, exasperated, raging, irritated, boiling. fasts: (adv) quickly. gnawed: (v) gnow, eroded. holes: (n) cavity, holes tow. ridicule: (n, v) laugh at, deride, banter, insult, taunt, scorn, scoff; (n) derision, mockery; (adj, n) irony; (v) jeer.

ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise, respect; (v) approve; (n) approval, admiration. stupefy: (adj, v) astound; (adj, n, v) stun, benumb; (v) daze, bewilder, amaze, bemuse, besot; (n, v) paralyze, deaden, numb. ANTONYM: (v) enlighten. whipping: (n) flagellation, beating, thrashing, licking, lashing, flogging, overcasting, debacle, slaughter, overlocking; (adj) snappy.

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think best. You have been with me now for twelve years, and I have gone to you for advice oftener than I have ever gone to any one. That ought to satisfy you.”% Ivar bowed humbly. “Yes, mistress, I shall not trouble you with their talk again. And as for my feet, I have observed your wishes all these years, though you have never questioned me; washing them every night, even in winter.” Alexandra laughed. “Oh, never mind about your feet, Ivar. We can remember when half our neighbors went barefoot in summer. I expect old Mrs. Lee would love to slip her shoes off now sometimes, if she dared. I’m glad I’m not Lou’s mother-in-law.” Ivar looked about mysteriously and lowered his voice almost to a whisper. “You know what they have over at Lou’s house? A great white tub, like the stone water-troughs in the old country, to wash themselves in. When you sent me over with the strawberries, they were all in town but the old woman Lee and the baby. She took me in and showed me the thing, and she told me it was impossible to wash yourself clean in it, because, in so much water, you could not make a strong suds. So when they fill it up and send her in there, she pretends, and makes a splashing noise. Then, when they are all asleep, she washes herself in a little wooden tub she keeps under her bed.” Alexandra shook with laughter. “Poor old Mrs. Lee! They won’t let her wear nightcaps, either. Never mind; when she comes to visit me, she can do all the old things in the old way, and have as much beer as she wants. We’ll start an asylum for old-time people, Ivar.” Ivar folded his big handkerchief carefully and thrust it back into his blouse. “This is always the way, mistress. I come to you sorrowing, and you send me away with a light heart. And will you be so good as to tell the Irishman that he is not to work the brown gelding until the sore on its shoulder is healed?” “That I will. Now go and put Emil’s mare to the cart. I am going to drive up to the north quarter to meet the man from town who is to buy my alfalfa hay.”

Thesaurus alfalfa: (n) lucerne, Medicago sativa, lucern, trefoil, alfilaria, banyan, fodder, medick, medic. barefoot: (adj) shoeless, unshod, bare footed. ANTONYM: (adj) shoed. gelding: (n) bayard, stot, steer, castration, emasculation, cleft, cut, stallion, division, fashion; (v) gelt. humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly.

ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously. mysteriously: (adv) enigmatically, strangely, obscurely, secretly, uncannily, mystically, darkly, puzzlingly, weirdly, abstrusely, occultly. ANTONYM: (adv) normally. old-time: (adj) old, old-world, veteran, former, bygone, outmoded, practical, skillful, obsolete, versed.

sorrowing: (adj) sorrowful, grieving, mournful, distressed, bereft, bereaved, unhappy, lamenting, regretful, sad; (n) cry. ANTONYM: (adj) joyful. strawberries: (n) genus Fragaria, Fragaria. suds: (n, v) foam, froth, spume; (n) lather, soapsuds, bubbles, head, beer, bubble, lager, surf. wishes: (n) desires, requirements, requests, needs, will.

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III

Alexandra was to hear more of Ivar’s case, however. On Sunday her married brothers came to dinner. She had asked them for that day because Emil, who hated family parties, would be absent, dancing at Amedee Chevalier’s wedding, up in the French country. The table was set for company in the dining-room, where highly varnished wood and colored glass and useless pieces of china were conspicuous enough to satisfy the standards of the new prosperity. Alexandra had put herself into the hands of the Hanover furniture dealer, and he had conscientiously done his best to make her dining-room look like his display window. She said frankly that she knew nothing about such things, and she was willing to be governed by the general conviction that the more useless and utterly unusable objects were, the greater their virtue as ornament. That seemed reasonable enough. Since she liked plain things herself, it was all the more necessary to have jars and punchbowls and candlesticks in the company rooms for people who did appreciate them. Her guests liked to see about them these reassuring emblems of prosperity.% The family party was complete except for Emil, and Oscar’s wife who, in the country phrase, “was not going anywhere just now.” Oscar sat at the foot of the table and his four tow-headed little boys, aged from twelve to five, were ranged at one side. Neither Oscar nor Lou has changed much; they have simply, as Alexandra said of them long ago, grown to be more and more like themselves.

Thesaurus anywhere: (adv, n) anyplace; (adv) ornament: (n) decoration, adornment, disturbing. embellishment, decor; (v) beautify, tow-headed: (adj) fair. someplace, wherever, everywhere. conscientiously: (adv) carefully, decorate, deck, embellish, adorn; (n, unusable: (adj) useless, inoperable, thoroughly, painstakingly, faithfully, v) garnish, dress. ANTONYM: (v) unworkable, not practical, not viable, religiously, meticulously, dutifully, strip. not working, of no use, unfeasible, reassuring: (adj) promising, hopeful, assiduously, closely, diligently, unrealistic, unreasonable, unuseable. industriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) ANTONYMS: (adj) functional, heartening, comforting, reliable, irresponsibly, hastily. soothing, uplifting, rosy, favorable; practical. dining-room: (n) canteen, restaurant. (v) reassure; (n) encouragement. varnished: (adj) sullied, polished, governed: (adj) subject; (n) citizenry; ANTONYMS: (adj) frightening, spotted, shiny, lustrous, smooth, (adv) under. upsetting, worrying, disconcerting, painted, besmirched, glossy, tainted, guests: (n) guest, visitors. flyblown. ANTONYM: (adj) dull. perturbing, threatening, depressing,

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Lou now looks the older of the two; his face is thin and shrewd and wrinkled about the eyes, while Oscar’s is thick and dull. For all his dullness, however, Oscar makes more money than his brother, which adds to Lou’s sharpness and uneasiness and tempts him to make a show. The trouble with Lou is that he is tricky, and his neighbors have found out that, as Ivar says, he has not a fox’s face for nothing. Politics being the natural field for such talents, he neglects his farm to attend conventions and to run for county offices.% Lou’s wife, formerly Annie Lee, has grown to look curiously like her husband. Her face has become longer, sharper, more aggressive. She wears her yellow hair in a high pompadour, and is bedecked with rings and chains and “beauty pins.” Her tight, high-heeled shoes give her an awkward walk, and she is always more or less preoccupied with her clothes. As she sat at the table, she kept telling her youngest daughter to “be careful now, and not drop anything on mother.” The conversation at the table was all in English. Oscar’s wife, from the malaria district of Missouri, was ashamed of marrying a foreigner, and his boys do not understand a word of Swedish. Annie and Lou sometimes speak Swedish at home, but Annie is almost as much afraid of being “caught” at it as ever her mother was of being caught barefoot. Oscar still has a thick accent, but Lou speaks like anybody from Iowa. “When I was in Hastings to attend the convention,” he was saying, “I saw the superintendent of the asylum, and I was telling him about Ivar’s symptoms. He says Ivar’s case is one of the most dangerous kind, and it’s a wonder he hasn’t done something violent before this.” Alexandra laughed good-humoredly. “Oh, nonsense, Lou! The doctors would have us all crazy if they could. Ivar’s queer, certainly, but he has more sense than half the hands I hire.” Lou flew at his fried chicken. “Oh, I guess the doctor knows his business, Alexandra. He was very much surprised when I told him how you’d put up with Ivar. He says he’s likely to set fire to the barn any night, or to take after you and the girls with an axe.”

Thesaurus bedecked: (adj) decked out, decorated, malaria: (n) fever, sewer gas, swamp blandness, stupidity, kindness. uneasiness: (n) disquiet, discomfort, ornate, ornamented. fever, ague, paludism, malarial, dullness: (n) apathy, bluntness, disease, miasm, blackwater fever, inquietude, anxiety, unease, malaise, boredom, dreariness, flatness, mephitis, azote. disquietude, apprehension, unrest, pompadour: (n) hairdo, hair style. impatience; (n, v) agitation. tedium, obtuseness, torpor, monotony, lethargy; (adj, n) phlegm. sharpness: (n, v) keenness, edge; (n) ANTONYMS: (n) peace, calm, ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, severity, bitterness, asperity, acumen, confidence. wrinkled: (adj, n) rough, rugged; (adj) intensity, brilliance, excitement, poignancy, pungency, quickness, perspicacity; (adj, n) roughness. intelligence, shine, asperity, puckered, creased, wrinkly, wizened, ANTONYMS: (n) dullness, haziness, crumpled, lined, gnarled, unironed, animation, gloss, clarity, variation. fried: (adj) fry, grilled, inebriated, daft, softness, slowness, indistinctness, crinkled. ANTONYMS: (adj) deranged, done, intoxicated. gentleness, evenness, courtesy, unwrinkled, ironed, straight.

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Little Signa, who was waiting on the table, giggled and fled to the kitchen. Alexandra’s eyes twinkled. “That was too much for Signa, Lou. We all know that Ivar’s perfectly harmless. The girls would as soon expect me to chase them with an axe.” Lou flushed and signaled to his wife. “All the same, the neighbors will be having a say about it before long. He may burn anybody’s barn. It’s only necessary for one property-owner in the township to make complaint, and he’ll be taken up by force. You’d better send him yourself and not have any hard feelings.” Alexandra helped one of her little nephews to gravy. “Well, Lou, if any of the neighbors try that, I’ll have myself appointed Ivar’s guardian and take the case to court, that’s all. I am perfectly satisfied with him.” “Pass the preserves, Lou,” said Annie in a warning tone. She had reasons for not wishing her husband to cross Alexandra too openly. “But don’t you sort of hate to have people see him around here, Alexandra?” she went on with persuasive smoothness. “He is a disgraceful object, and you’re fixed up so nice now. It sort of makes people distant with you, when they never know when they’ll hear him scratching about. My girls are afraid as death of him, aren’t you, Milly, dear?” Milly was fifteen, fat and jolly and pompadoured, with a creamy complexion, square white teeth, and a short upper lip. She looked like her grandmother Bergson, and had her comfortable and comfort-loving nature. She grinned at her aunt, with whom she was a great deal more at ease than she was with her mother. Alexandra winked a reply.% “Milly needn’t be afraid of Ivar. She’s an especial favorite of his. In my opinion Ivar has just as much right to his own way of dressing and thinking as we have. But I’ll see that he doesn’t bother other people. I’ll keep him at home, so don’t trouble any more about him, Lou. I’ve been wanting to ask you about your new bathtub. How does it work?”

Thesaurus bathtub: (n) tub, vessel, bath-tub, tubful, drum, barrel, container, footbath, pot, sitzmark, bathing tub. complexion: (n, v) tint; (n) cast, character, appearance, look, hue, aspect, flush, glow, dye, fashion. especial: (adj) extraordinary, special, specific, chief, individual, distinct, distinctive, characteristic, appropriate, peculiar, express. ANTONYMS: (adj) general, normal, common, unexceptional, usual.

favorite: (adj, n) darling, favourite, dear, number one; (adj) favored, beloved, popular; (n) pet, choice, pick, preference. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, superior, underdog; (adj) unwanted, despised, disliked, hated, unusual. gravy: (adj) juice, sap, blood, sanies, rheum, ichor; (n) godsend, bunce, bonus, dressing, incentive. preserves: (n) conserve, jam, chowchow, conserves, jelly,

marmalade, canned food, confiture, European federation of importers of dried fruit, preserved food, apple butter. scratching: (n) scrape, scraping, abrasion, mark, scar, poor handwriting, incision, excoriation, chicken feed; (adj) hoarse, abrasive. township: (n) parish, municipality, county, community, shire, country, city, arrondissement, settlement, area, province.

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Annie came to the fore to give Lou time to recover himself. “Oh, it works something grand! I can’t keep him out of it. He washes himself all over three times a week now, and uses all the hot water. I think it’s weakening to stay in as long as he does. You ought to have one, Alexandra.” “I’m thinking of it. I might have one put in the barn for Ivar, if it will ease people’s minds. But before I get a bathtub, I’m going to get a piano for Milly.” Oscar, at the end of the table, looked up from his plate. “What does Milly want of a pianny? What’s the matter with her organ? She can make some use of that, and play in church.” Annie looked flustered. She had begged Alexandra not to say anything about this plan before Oscar, who was apt to be jealous of what his sister did for Lou’s children. Alexandra did not get on with Oscar’s wife at all. “Milly can play in church just the same, and she’ll still play on the organ. But practising on it so much spoils her touch. Her teacher says so,” Annie brought out with spirit.% Oscar rolled his eyes. “Well, Milly must have got on pretty good if she’s got past the organ. I know plenty of grown folks that ain’t,” he said bluntly. Annie threw up her chin. “She has got on good, and she’s going to play for her commencement when she graduates in town next year.” “Yes,” said Alexandra firmly, “I think Milly deserves a piano. All the girls around here have been taking lessons for years, but Milly is the only one of them who can ever play anything when you ask her. I’ll tell you when I first thought I would like to give you a piano, Milly, and that was when you learned that book of old Swedish songs that your grandfather used to sing. He had a sweet tenor voice, and when he was a young man he loved to sing. I can remember hearing him singing with the sailors down in the shipyard, when I was no bigger than Stella here,” pointing to Annie’s younger daughter. Milly and Stella both looked through the door into the sitting-room, where a crayon portrait of John Bergson hung on the wall. Alexandra had had it made from a little photograph, taken for his friends just before he left Sweden; a slender man of thirty-five, with soft hair curling about his high forehead, a

Thesaurus bluntly: (adv) frankly, directly, rudely, bluffly, coarsely, forthrightly, candidly, curtly, brusquely, gruffly, openly. ANTONYMS: (adv) deceitfully, hesitantly, indirectly, guardedly, politely. commencement: (n) opening, start, origin, birth, kickoff, inauguration, inception, onset, outset, origination, source. ANTONYMS: (n) middle, termination, finishing, finish, ending, conclusion, culmination.

crayon: (v) draw, color; (n) Colored plunder, haul, swag, pickings, chalk. trophy, boodle, prize money, flustered: (adj) nervous, disconcerted, treasure. weakening: (adj) enfeebling, perturbed, unsettled, anxious, troubled, upset, bewildered, hurried, enervating, debilitative, flagging; (n) ill at ease; (n) groggy. exhaustion, decline, enfeeblement, fore: (adv) ahead, before; (adj, adv) enervation, debilitation, attenuation, forward; (n) bow, head, forefront, attrition. ANTONYMS: (n) stem; (adj, n) front; (adj) anterior, strengthening, restoration, foremost, frontal. ANTONYMS: (adv) improvement; (adj) growing, aft, behind, rear; (adj) back. increasing. spoils: (n) prize, stolen goods, booty,

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drooping mustache, and wondering, sad eyes that looked forward into the distance, as if they already beheld the New World.% After dinner Lou and Oscar went to the orchard to pick cherries--they had neither of them had the patience to grow an orchard of their own--and Annie went down to gossip with Alexandra’s kitchen girls while they washed the dishes. She could always find out more about Alexandra’s domestic economy from the prattling maids than from Alexandra herself, and what she discovered she used to her own advantage with Lou. On the Divide, farmers’ daughters no longer went out into service, so Alexandra got her girls from Sweden, by paying their fare over. They stayed with her until they married, and were replaced by sisters or cousins from the old country. Alexandra took her three nieces into the flower garden. She was fond of the little girls, especially of Milly, who came to spend a week with her aunt now and then, and read aloud to her from the old books about the house, or listened to stories about the early days on the Divide. While they were walking among the flower beds, a buggy drove up the hill and stopped in front of the gate. A man got out and stood talking to the driver. The little girls were delighted at the advent of a stranger, some one from very far away, they knew by his clothes, his gloves, and the sharp, pointed cut of his dark beard. The girls fell behind their aunt and peeped out at him from among the castor beans. The stranger came up to the gate and stood holding his hat in his hand, smiling, while Alexandra advanced slowly to meet him. As she approached he spoke in a low, pleasant voice. “Don’t you know me, Alexandra? I would have known you, anywhere.” Alexandra shaded her eyes with her hand. Suddenly she took a quick step forward. “Can it be!” she exclaimed with feeling; “can it be that it is Carl Linstrum? Why, Carl, it is!” She threw out both her hands and caught his across the gate. “Sadie, Milly, run tell your father and Uncle Oscar that our old friend Carl Linstrum is here. Be quick! Why, Carl, how did it happen? I can’t believe this!” Alexandra shook the tears from her eyes and laughed.

Thesaurus advent: (n) coming, arrival, apparition, appearance, approach, entrance, emergence, Second Coming, reaching, season, Christmas. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, end, exit, disappearance. beheld: (adj) visual. buggy: (adj) nutty, kooky, loony, loopy, balmy; (n) cart, pushchair, trap, truck, pram, random. castor: (n) caster, roller, castoreum, castorite, wimple, tile, hat, genus

castor, billycock, fur, alpha chatterbox, conversation, small talk. ANTONYM: (n) truth. geminorum. drooping: (adj) flabby, pendulous, orchard: (n) park, garden, plantation, limp, flaccid, cernuous, flagging, arboretum, avenue, pinetum, languid, floppy, lax, tired; (n) droop. shrubbery, woodlet, parterre, pinery, ANTONYMS: (adj) taut, firm. copse. gloves: (n) gauntlet, mitten, mittens, prattling: (n) gab; (adj) voluble, gabby. gauntlets, scarf, ornament, handbag, shaded: (adj) dark, shads, sheltered, belt, batting glove, boxing glove, shadowed, umbrageous, twilight, baseball mitt. sunless, subdued, soft, colored, gossip: (n, v) chatter, rumor, chitchat, darksome. ANTONYM: (adj) gab, talk, babble, natter, tattle; (n) unshaded.

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The stranger nodded to his driver, dropped his suitcase inside the fence, and opened the gate. “Then you are glad to see me, and you can put me up overnight? I couldn’t go through this country without stopping off to have a look at you. How little you have changed! Do you know, I was sure it would be like that. You simply couldn’t be different. How fine you are!” He stepped back and looked at her admiringly.% Alexandra blushed and laughed again. “But you yourself, Carl--with that beard--how could I have known you? You went away a little boy.” She reached for his suitcase and when he intercepted her she threw up her hands. “You see, I give myself away. I have only women come to visit me, and I do not know how to behave. Where is your trunk?” “It’s in Hanover. I can stay only a few days. I am on my way to the coast.” They started up the path. “A few days? After all these years!” Alexandra shook her finger at him. “See this, you have walked into a trap. You do not get away so easy.” She put her hand affectionately on his shoulder. “You owe me a visit for the sake of old times. Why must you go to the coast at all?” “Oh, I must! I am a fortune hunter. From Seattle I go on to Alaska.” “Alaska?” She looked at him in astonishment. “Are you going to paint the Indians?” “Paint?” the young man frowned. “Oh! I’m not a painter, Alexandra. I’m an engraver. I have nothing to do with painting.” “But on my parlor wall I have the paintings--” He interrupted nervously. “Oh, water-color sketches--done for amusement. I sent them to remind you of me, not because they were good. What a wonderful place you have made of this, Alexandra.” He turned and looked back at the wide, map-like prospect of field and hedge and pasture. “I would never have believed it could be done. I’m disappointed in my own eye, in my imagination.” At this moment Lou and Oscar came up the hill from the orchard. They did not quicken their pace when they saw Carl; indeed, they did not openly look in

Thesaurus affectionately: (adv) lovingly, tenderly, warmly, dearly, caringly, devotedly, kindly, ardently, cordially, amorously, dotingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) disapprovingly, frostily, roughly. astonishment: (n) admiration, wonder, wonderment, surprise, marvel, stupefaction, confusion, consternation, awe, alarm, startle. ANTONYMS: (n) calmness, belief, contempt.

hunter: (n) fowler, huntsman, trapper, room, saloon, salon, parlour, parlors, Nimrod, seeker, tracker, falconer, livingroom, common room, parlours, hawker, courser, watch, ticker. drawing room. nervously: (adv) edgily, anxiously, quicken: (v) accelerate, hasten, hurry, timidly, worriedly, uneasily, dispatch, animate, expedite, advance, enliven, precipitate; (n, v) forward, restlessly, timorously, skittishly, speed. ANTONYMS: (v) decelerate, excitedly, neurotically, apprehensively. ANTONYMS: (adv) delay. suitcase: (n) portmanteau, bag, confidently, boldly, fearlessly, unconcernedly, nonchalantly, luggage, grip, valise, gripsack, trustingly. traveling bag, carpetbag, handbag, parlor: (n) front room, lounge, sitting suitcases, baggage.

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his direction. They advanced distrustfully, and as if they wished the distance were longer.% Alexandra beckoned to them. “They think I am trying to fool them. Come, boys, it’s Carl Linstrum, our old Carl!” Lou gave the visitor a quick, sidelong glance and thrust out his hand. “Glad to see you.” Oscar followed with “How d’ do.” Carl could not tell whether their offishness came from unfriendliness or from embarrassment. He and Alexandra led the way to the porch. “Carl,” Alexandra explained, “is on his way to Seattle. He is going to Alaska.” Oscar studied the visitor’s yellow shoes. “Got business there?” he asked. Carl laughed. “Yes, very pressing business. I’m going there to get rich. Engraving’s a very interesting profession, but a man never makes any money at it. So I’m going to try the goldfields.” Alexandra felt that this was a tactful speech, and Lou looked up with some interest. “Ever done anything in that line before?” “No, but I’m going to join a friend of mine who went out from New York and has done well. He has offered to break me in.” “Turrible cold winters, there, I hear,” remarked Oscar. “I thought people went up there in the spring.” “They do. But my friend is going to spend the winter in Seattle and I am to stay with him there and learn something about prospecting before we start north next year.” Lou looked skeptical. “Let’s see, how long have you been away from here?” “Sixteen years. You ought to remember that, Lou, for you were married just after we went away.” “Going to stay with us some time?” Oscar asked. “A few days, if Alexandra can keep me.”

Thesaurus carl: (n) house-car, charlotte, carlhemp, carle, churl, Kerl. distrustfully: (adv) suspiciously, incredulously, cynically, doubtingly, warily, dubiously, jealously, leerily; (adj, adv) doubtfully, skeptically, hesitantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) trustingly, confidently. embarrassment: (n) abashment, difficulty, quandary, discomfiture, humiliation, bewilderment, mortification, uneasiness, shame; (n,

v) distress; (adj, n) dilemma. delicate, wise, considerate, subtle, ANTONYMS: (n) confidence, honor, thoughtful, judicious, sympathetic, sensible. ANTONYMS: (adj) pride, shortage. porch: (n) lobby, hall, vestibule, indiscreet, frank, careless, foolish. unfriendliness: (n) disaffection, veranda, door, entrance, deck, gallery, portico, balcony, inlet. aggression, enmity, alienation, prospecting: (adj) searching. dislike, rancor, ill will, misanthropy, sidelong: (adj) indirect, oblique, side, animosity, unkindness, bad asquint, askance, askant; (adv) constitution. ANTONYMS: (n) sideways, obliquely, askew, aslant, friendliness, closeness, warmth, sideling. ANTONYM: (adj) direct. welcome, harmony. tactful: (adj) discreet, politic, prudent, whether: (pron) where.

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“I expect you’ll be wanting to see your old place,” Lou observed more cordially. “You won’t hardly know it. But there’s a few chunks of your old sod house left. Alexandra wouldn’t never let Frank Shabata plough over it.” Annie Lee, who, ever since the visitor was announced, had been touching up her hair and settling her lace and wishing she had worn another dress, now emerged with her three daughters and introduced them. She was greatly impressed by Carl’s urban appearance, and in her excitement talked very loud and threw her head about. “And you ain’t married yet? At your age, now! Think of that! You’ll have to wait for Milly. Yes, we’ve got a boy, too. The youngest. He’s at home with his grandma. You must come over to see mother and hear Milly play. She’s the musician of the family. She does pyrography, too. That’s burnt wood, you know. You wouldn’t believe what she can do with her poker. Yes, she goes to school in town, and she is the youngest in her class by two years.” Milly looked uncomfortable and Carl took her hand again. He liked her creamy skin and happy, innocent eyes, and he could see that her mother’s way of talking distressed her. “I’m sure she’s a clever little girl,” he murmured, looking at her thoughtfully. “Let me see-- Ah, it’s your mother that she looks like, Alexandra. Mrs. Bergson must have looked just like this when she was a little girl. Does Milly run about over the country as you and Alexandra used to, Annie?” Milly’s mother protested. “Oh, my, no! Things has changed since we was girls. Milly has it very different. We are going to rent the place and move into town as soon as the girls are old enough to go out into company. A good many are doing that here now. Lou is going into business.” Lou grinned. “That’s what she says. You better go get your things on. Ivar’s hitching up,” he added, turning to Annie.% Young farmers seldom address their wives by name. It is always “you,” or “she.”

Thesaurus cordially: (adv) warmly, genially, hurt, distracted, wretched, shocked, troubled. ANTONYMS: (adj) kindly, sincerely, heartfeltly, ardently, friendly, jovially, earnestly, composed, content, euphoric, happy, affectionately, harmoniously. comforted, glad, joyful, collected, ANTONYMS: (adv) disagreeably, unconcerned, unaffected. grandma: (n) grannie, grandmother, frostily. creamy: (adj) greasy, sandy, buttery, granny, grandparent, father's mother, pearly, soft, oily, rich, smooth, thick, paternal grandmother, fatty, unctuous. ANTONYMS: (adj) grandmamma, nan. musician: (n) singer, composer, light, lumpy, clear, watery. distressed: (adj) worried, distraught, instrumentalist, minstrel, clarinettist, anxious, sad, disturbed, downcast, lutenist, director, choirmaster,

accompanist, harpsichordist, harpist. plough: (v) hoe, manure, delve, dibble, dig, dress the ground, cultivate, turn over, rake, weed, to plough. poker: (n) draw, lotto, nap, fire hook, monte, reversis, shovel, squeezers, tongs, trivet, rake. settling: (n) settlement, subsidence, defecation, dregs, clearing, sinking, dreg, remission, cave in; (adj) determining, definitive. wives: (n) woman.

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Having got his wife out of the way, Lou sat down on the step and began to whittle. “Well, what do folks in New York think of William Jennings Bryan?” Lou began to bluster, as he always did when he talked politics. “We gave Wall Street a scare in ninety-six, all right, and we’re fixing another to hand them. Silver wasn’t the only issue,” he nodded mysteriously. “There’s a good many things got to be changed. The West is going to make itself heard.” Carl laughed. “But, surely, it did do that, if nothing else.” Lou’s thin face reddened up to the roots of his bristly hair. “Oh, we’ve only begun. We’re waking up to a sense of our responsibilities, out here, and we ain’t afraid, neither. You fellows back there must be a tame lot. If you had any nerve you’d get together and march down to Wall Street and blow it up. Dynamite it, I mean,” with a threatening nod.% He was so much in earnest that Carl scarcely knew how to answer him. “That would be a waste of powder. The same business would go on in another street. The street doesn’t matter. But what have you fellows out here got to kick about? You have the only safe place there is. Morgan himself couldn’t touch you. One only has to drive through this country to see that you’re all as rich as barons.” “We have a good deal more to say than we had when we were poor,” said Lou threateningly. “We’re getting on to a whole lot of things.” As Ivar drove a double carriage up to the gate, Annie came out in a hat that looked like the model of a battleship. Carl rose and took her down to the carriage, while Lou lingered for a word with his sister. “What do you suppose he’s come for?” he asked, jerking his head toward the gate. “Why, to pay us a visit. I’ve been begging him to for years.” Oscar looked at Alexandra. “He didn’t let you know he was coming?” “No. Why should he? I told him to come at any time.” Lou shrugged his shoulders. “He doesn’t seem to have done much for himself. Wandering around this way!”

Thesaurus battleship: (n) battlewagon, arrhythmical, jerky, unsteady; (n) brilliant, colorful, rebellious, lively. threateningly: (adv) sinisterly, dreadnought, warship, dreadnaught. movement, jolt, dork, jar. bluster: (v) brag, gasconade, swash, reddened: (adj) red, ablaze, aflame, ominously, seriously, warningly, bully; (n, v) swagger, roar, storm, flushed, crimson, inflamed, blazing, perilously, gloomily, dangerously, clatter; (n) boasting, bravado; (adj, v) aroused, blemished, red as scarlet, minatorily, grimly, minaciously, vapor. ANTONYMS: (n) mildness, spotty. loweringly. tame: (v) break, subdue, soften, waking: (adj) wakeful; (n) awakening, reticence, timidity. dynamite: (n, v) blast, plastic domesticate; (adj) meek, docile, wakefulness, consciousness. explosive, plastique; (n) explosive, bland, domestic, gentle, slow; (adj, v) whittle: (v) pare, cut, carve, fashion, lyddite, danger, gelly; (v) detonate, moderate. ANTONYMS: (adj) sculpt, hew; (adj) knife, edge tool, explode; (adj) capable, great. exciting, bright, unmanageable, cutlery, blade, penknife. ANTONYM: jerking: (adj) arrhythmic, (v) increase. interesting, untamed, inspiring,

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Oscar spoke solemnly, as from the depths of a cavern. “He never was much account.” Alexandra left them and hurried down to the gate where Annie was rattling on to Carl about her new dining-room furniture. “You must bring Mr. Linstrum over real soon, only be sure to telephone me first,” she called back, as Carl helped her into the carriage. Old Ivar, his white head bare, stood holding the horses. Lou came down the path and climbed into the front seat, took up the reins, and drove off without saying anything further to any one. Oscar picked up his youngest boy and trudged off down the road, the other three trotting after him. Carl, holding the gate open for Alexandra, began to laugh. “Up and coming on the Divide, eh, Alexandra?” he cried gayly.%

Thesaurus bare: (adj) naked, austere, bald, stark, den; (v) cavern out. snicker; (v) smile; (n) jest, gag, jape, bleak, exposed, desolate, plain; (adj, depths: (n) bottom, abyss, depth, laughter, cackle. ANTONYM: (v) v) empty, vacant; (v) show. lowest point, low point, depression, weep. ANTONYMS: (adj) cultivated, ornate, bowels, rock bottom, slump, midst, rattling: (adj) lively, brisk, racy, nadir. ANTONYM: (n) peak. concealed, elaborate, adorned, marvelous, fantastic, zippy, snappy, hurried: (adj) fast, sudden, speedy, spanking, merry; (adv) very, real. decorated, dressed, clothed, embellished; (v) cover, conceal. rapid, quick, swift, headlong, abrupt, solemnly: (adv) earnestly, gravely, carriage: (n) attitude, conveyance, cab, cursory, precipitate, prompt. majestically, stately, sternly, staidly, ANTONYMS: (adj) unhurried, air, walk, position, mien, shipping; thoughtfully, soberly, formally, (n, v) transport, behavior, port. leisurely, considered, patient, ceremoniously, importantly. cavern: (n) hollow, cove, vault, hole, ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, meticulous, thorough. enclosure, antrum, lair, antre, socket, laugh: (n, v) joke, giggle, chortle, titter, flippantly.

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IV

Carl had changed, Alexandra felt, much less than one might have expected. He had not become a trim, self-satisfied city man. There was still something homely and wayward and definitely personal about him. Even his clothes, his Norfolk coat and his very high collars, were a little unconventional. He seemed to shrink into himself as he used to do; to hold himself away from things, as if he were afraid of being hurt. In short, he was more self-conscious than a man of thirty-five is expected to be. He looked older than his years and not very strong. His black hair, which still hung in a triangle over his pale forehead, was thin at the crown, and there were fine, relentless lines about his eyes. His back, with its high, sharp shoulders, looked like the back of an over-worked German professor off on his holiday. His face was intelligent, sensitive, unhappy.% That evening after supper, Carl and Alexandra were sitting by the clump of castor beans in the middle of the flower garden. The gravel paths glittered in the moonlight, and below them the fields lay white and still. “Do you know, Alexandra,” he was saying, “I’ve been thinking how strangely things work out. I’ve been away engraving other men’s pictures, and you’ve stayed at home and made your own.” He pointed with his cigar toward the sleeping landscape. “How in the world have you done it? How have your neighbors done it?”

Thesaurus beans: (adj) unimportant; (n) money. kinky, wrong. ANTONYMS: (adj) complacent, self-righteous, clump: (n, v) cluster, bundle; (n) lump, sanctimonious, proud, usual, typical, normal, orthodox, group, clot, knot, tuft, chunk, clod, presumptuous, imperturbable. Standard, mainstream, conformist, ball; (v) plod. shrink: (adj, v) recoil; (n, v) flinch, outdated, ordinary, proper, homely: (adj) plain, common, rustic, wince; (v) contract, shorten, lessen, traditional. wayward: (adj) contrary, disobedient, artless, home, snug, homelike, diminish, cower, reduce, quail, domestic; (adj, adv) ugly; (adv) decrease. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, obstinate, stubborn, intractable, plainly, simplely. ANTONYMS: (adj) enlarge, grow, stretch, swell, bloom, unruly, capricious; (adj, n) freakish, sophisticated, striking, rise, inflate. crotchety, wanton, fanciful. unconventional: (adj) improper, ANTONYMS: (adj) controllable, uncomfortable, bleak. paths: (n) path. original, eccentric, unusual, irregular, good, manageable, biddable. self-satisfied: (adj) smug, selfdifferent, odd, peculiar, extreme,

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“We hadn’t any of us much to do with it, Carl. The land did it. It had its little joke. It pretended to be poor because nobody knew how to work it right; and then, all at once, it worked itself. It woke up out of its sleep and stretched itself, and it was so big, so rich, that we suddenly found we were rich, just from sitting still. As for me, you remember when I began to buy land. For years after that I was always squeezing and borrowing until I was ashamed to show my face in the banks. And then, all at once, men began to come to me offering to lend me money--and I didn’t need it! Then I went ahead and built this house. I really built it for Emil. I want you to see Emil, Carl. He is so different from the rest of us!” “How different?” “Oh, you’ll see! I’m sure it was to have sons like Emil, and to give them a chance, that father left the old country. It’s curious, too; on the outside Emil is just like an American boy,--he graduated from the State University in June, you know,--but underneath he is more Swedish than any of us. Sometimes he is so like father that he frightens me; he is so violent in his feelings like that.” “Is he going to farm here with you?” “He shall do whatever he wants to,” Alexandra declared warmly. “He is going to have a chance, a whole chance; that’s what I’ve worked for. Sometimes he talks about studying law, and sometimes, just lately, he’s been talking about going out into the sand hills and taking up more land. He has his sad times, like father. But I hope he won’t do that. We have land enough, at last!” Alexandra laughed.% “How about Lou and Oscar? They’ve done well, haven’t they?” “Yes, very well; but they are different, and now that they have farms of their own I do not see so much of them. We divided the land equally when Lou married. They have their own way of doing things, and they do not altogether like my way, I am afraid. Perhaps they think me too independent. But I have had to think for myself a good many years and am not likely to change. On the

Thesaurus borrowing: (n) lending, loan, lend, recent. lend: (v) grant, give, advance, impart, pledging, borrow, business borrowing, misappropriation, pawn, bestow, contribute, borrow, bring, add, confer; (n) lending. installment plan, acceptance, pretended: (adj, v) sham, mock, appropriation. graduated: (adj) gradational, counterfeit, pseudo, spurious; (adj) gradatory, equal, measured, assumed, fake, feigned, fictitious, proportional, regressive, calibrated; bogus, affected. (n) graduate. squeezing: (n) constriction, lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, compression, pressure, squeeze, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; crushing, compressing, expulsion, (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) extrusion, distress, power play; (v)

expression. studying: (n) poring over, perusal, study, learning, reading, speculation. warmly: (adv) cordially, ardently, hotly, genially, affectionately, vigorously, fervently, zealously, eagerly, strongly, pleasantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) coolly, inhospitably, sourly, disagreeably, indifferently, frostily, roughly, rudely, apathetically. woke: (v) arouse.

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whole, though, we take as much comfort in each other as most brothers and sisters do. And I am very fond of Lou’s oldest daughter.”% “I think I liked the old Lou and Oscar better, and they probably feel the same about me. I even, if you can keep a secret,”--Carl leaned forward and touched her arm, smiling,--”I even think I liked the old country better. This is all very splendid in its way, but there was something about this country when it was a wild old beast that has haunted me all these years. Now, when I come back to all this milk and honey, I feel like the old German song, ‘Wo bist du, wo bist du, mein geliebtest Land?’-- Do you ever feel like that, I wonder?” “Yes, sometimes, when I think about father and mother and those who are gone; so many of our old neighbors.” Alexandra paused and looked up thoughtfully at the stars. “We can remember the graveyard when it was wild prairie, Carl, and now--” “And now the old story has begun to write itself over there,” said Carl softly. “Isn’t it queer: there are only two or three human stories, and they go on repeating themselves as fiercely as if they had never happened before; like the larks in this country, that have been singing the same five notes over for thousands of years.” “Oh, yes! The young people, they live so hard. And yet I sometimes envy them. There is my little neighbor, now; the people who bought your old place. I wouldn’t have sold it to any one else, but I was always fond of that girl. You must remember her, little Marie Tovesky, from Omaha, who used to visit here? When she was eighteen she ran away from the convent school and got married, crazy child! She came out here a bride, with her father and husband. He had nothing, and the old man was willing to buy them a place and set them up. Your farm took her fancy, and I was glad to have her so near me. I’ve never been sorry, either. I even try to get along with Frank on her account.” “Is Frank her husband?” “Yes. He’s one of these wild fellows. Most Bohemians are good-natured, but Frank thinks we don’t appreciate him here, I guess. He’s jealous about

Thesaurus convent: (n, v) abbey, cloister; (n) monastery, friary, priory, nunnery, community, retreat. good-natured: (adj) kindly, friendly, kind, obliging, gracious, kindhearted, genial, good, bland, sweet, good-tempered. graveyard: (n) burial ground, churchyard, necropolis, burying ground, burial site, site, burial place, radioactive cemetery, memorial park, morgue.

haunted: (adj) ghostly, ghostlike, neighboring, adjacent. ANTONYM: (n) foreigner. phantom, taken up, preoccupied, possessed, unearthly, magical, mad, queer: (adj) fantastic, odd, eccentric, infatuated, concerned. funny, curious, gay, peculiar, strange, honey: (n) dear, love, beloved, nectar, quaint, fishy, outlandish. ANTONYMS: (adj) conventional, sweetheart, dearest, duck, molasses, sugar, baby; (v) sweeten. normal, well. larks: (n) family Alaudidae. repeating: (n) repeat, iteration, neighbor: (v) abut, adjoin, populate, renewal, repetition, redundancy, touch; (n) acquaintance, copying, reduplication; (adj) neighborhood, national; (adj) repetitious, iterating, iterative, neighborly, neighbouring, repetitive.

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everything, his farm and his horses and his pretty wife. Everybody likes her, just the same as when she was little. Sometimes I go up to the Catholic church with Emil, and it’s funny to see Marie standing there laughing and shaking hands with people, looking so excited and gay, with Frank sulking behind her as if he could eat everybody alive. Frank’s not a bad neighbor, but to get on with him you’ve got to make a fuss over him and act as if you thought he was a very important person all the time, and different from other people. I find it hard to keep that up from one year’s end to another.” “I shouldn’t think you’d be very successful at that kind of thing, Alexandra.” Carl seemed to find the idea amusing.% “Well,” said Alexandra firmly, “I do the best I can, on Marie’s account. She has it hard enough, anyway. She’s too young and pretty for this sort of life. We’re all ever so much older and slower. But she’s the kind that won’t be downed easily. She’ll work all day and go to a Bohemian wedding and dance all night, and drive the hay wagon for a cross man next morning. I could stay by a job, but I never had the go in me that she has, when I was going my best. I’ll have to take you over to see her to-morrow.” Carl dropped the end of his cigar softly among the castor beans and sighed. “Yes, I suppose I must see the old place. I’m cowardly about things that remind me of myself. It took courage to come at all, Alexandra. I wouldn’t have, if I hadn’t wanted to see you very, very much.” Alexandra looked at him with her calm, deliberate eyes. “Why do you dread things like that, Carl?” she asked earnestly. “Why are you dissatisfied with yourself?” Her visitor winced. “How direct you are, Alexandra! Just like you used to be. Do I give myself away so quickly? Well, you see, for one thing, there’s nothing to look forward to in my profession. Wood-engraving is the only thing I care about, and that had gone out before I began. Everything’s cheap metal work nowadays, touching up miserable photographs, forcing up poor drawings, and spoiling good ones. I’m absolutely sick of it all.” Carl frowned. “Alexandra, all the way out from New York I’ve been planning how I could deceive you and

Thesaurus cowardly: (adj, adv) dastardly, scared, shrinking; (adj) timid, afraid, craven, gutless, sneaky, fainthearted, faint; (adv) recreantly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) brave, daring, bold, courageous; (adj) intrepid, fearless, strong, determined; (adv) dauntless, gutsy, unafraid. deceive: (v) cheat, circumvent, bamboozle, pretend, hoax, fool, cozen, trick, beguile; (n, v) dupe; (n) fraud. ANTONYMS: (v) guide,

inform, undeceive, protect. eagerly, intently, zealously, solemnly, dissatisfied: (adj) discontent, ardently, fervently, heartily, gravely, disgruntled, disappointed, put out, warmly, passionately. ANTONYMS: (adv) indifferently, insincerely, displeased, malcontent, grumpy, annoyed, disaffected; (adj, v) unconcernedly, jokingly. forcing: (adj) pressing, constraining, querulous, complaining. ANTONYMS: (adj) content, penetrating, compulsatory; (n) push. contented, happy, fulfilled, gratified, spoiling: (n) spoilage, spoilation, pleased, idealistic. despoliation, deterioration, downed: (adj) cut, down, felled, hewn. detriment, erosion, indulgence, drawings: (n) drawing, income. injury; (v) withering; (adj) easy, earnestly: (adj, adv) seriously; (adv) lenient.

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make you think me a very enviable fellow, and here I am telling you the truth the first night. I waste a lot of time pretending to people, and the joke of it is, I don’t think I ever deceive any one. There are too many of my kind; people know us on sight.”% Carl paused. Alexandra pushed her hair back from her brow with a puzzled, thoughtful gesture. “You see,” he went on calmly, “measured by your standards here, I’m a failure. I couldn’t buy even one of your cornfields. I’ve enjoyed a great many things, but I’ve got nothing to show for it all.” “But you show for it yourself, Carl. I’d rather have had your freedom than my land.” Carl shook his head mournfully. “Freedom so often means that one isn’t needed anywhere. Here you are an individual, you have a background of your own, you would be missed. But off there in the cities there are thousands of rolling stones like me. We are all alike; we have no ties, we know nobody, we own nothing. When one of us dies, they scarcely know where to bury him. Our landlady and the delicatessen man are our mourners, and we leave nothing behind us but a frock-coat and a fiddle, or an easel, or a typewriter, or whatever tool we got our living by. All we have ever managed to do is to pay our rent, the exorbitant rent that one has to pay for a few square feet of space near the heart of things. We have no house, no place, no people of our own. We live in the streets, in the parks, in the theatres. We sit in restaurants and concert halls and look about at the hundreds of our own kind and shudder.” Alexandra was silent. She sat looking at the silver spot the moon made on the surface of the pond down in the pasture. He knew that she understood what he meant. At last she said slowly, “And yet I would rather have Emil grow up like that than like his two brothers. We pay a high rent, too, though we pay differently. We grow hard and heavy here. We don’t move lightly and easily as you do, and our minds get stiff. If the world were no wider than my cornfields, if there were not something beside this, I wouldn’t feel that it was much worth while to work. No, I would rather have Emil like you than like them. I felt that as soon as you came.”

Thesaurus delicatessen: (n) charcuterie, store, shop, grocery, food shop, greengrocer, lunch counter, market, sweet shop, supermarket, delicatessen food. easel: (n) bench, workbench, trestle, tripod, studio easel, desk. enviable: (adj) invidious, advantageous, envious, happy, pleasing, attractive. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwelcomed, undesirable, undesired, unpleasant.

exorbitant: (adj) unreasonable, landholder, lady of the house. immoderate, steep, unconscionable, thoughtful: (adj, v) serious, solemn, grave; (adj) kind, careful, pensive, inordinate, extravagant, outrageous, enormous, extortionate, extreme, heedful, attentive, discreet, sensible, high. ANTONYMS: (adj) reasonable, courteous. ANTONYMS: (adj) inexpensive, moderate, modest, thoughtless, careless, heedless, sensible, fair. uncaring, unkind, tactless, fiddle: (n, v) con, cheat, trick; (v) superficial, stupid, negligent, idiotic, tamper, play, diddle, meddle, tinker; unthinking. (n) kit, swindle, fraud. typewriter: (v) stenographer; (n) landlady: (n) landlord, madam, character printer, electric typewriter, proprietor, hostess, innkeeper, serial printer.

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“I wonder why you feel like that?” Carl mused.% “I don’t know. Perhaps I am like Carrie Jensen, the sister of one of my hired men. She had never been out of the cornfields, and a few years ago she got despondent and said life was just the same thing over and over, and she didn’t see the use of it. After she had tried to kill herself once or twice, her folks got worried and sent her over to Iowa to visit some relations. Ever since she’s come back she’s been perfectly cheerful, and she says she’s contented to live and work in a world that’s so big and interesting. She said that anything as big as the bridges over the Platte and the Missouri reconciled her. And it’s what goes on in the world that reconciles me.”

Thesaurus cheerful: (adj, v) buoyant; (adj) breezy, unsatisfied, sad, anxious. contented, compensated, paid. despondent: (adj) desperate, dejected, perfectly: (adj, adv) entirely; (adv) fully, merry, optimistic, pleasant, glad, blithe, carefree, bright, lively, happy. depressed, hopeless, disappointed, thoroughly, consummately, utterly, ANTONYMS: (adj) depressed, desolate, gloomy, downcast, flawlessly, absolutely, purely, totally, gloomy, sad, depressing, grim, downhearted, forlorn, low. faultlessly, wholly. ANTONYMS: hopeless, miserable, morose, somber, ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, cheerful, (adv) badly, imperfectly, incorrectly, dejected, unwelcoming. optimistic, joyful, elated, euphoric. wrong, inaccurately, partially, partly, contented: (adj) content, happy, folks: (n) people, folk, tribe, relations, poorly, unpleasantly, wrongly. comfortable, quiet, cheerful, smug, household, house, relatives, relative, reconciled: (adj) consistent, resigned, serene, meet; (v) made friends, complacent, satisfied, easy, proud, kindred, lineage, kin. delighted. ANTONYMS: (adj) hired: (adj) leased, chartered, affriended. ANTONYM: (adj) mercenary, hackneyed, hack; (v) discontented, unhappy, depressed, unreconciled.

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V

Alexandra did not find time to go to her neighbor’s the next day, nor the next. It was a busy season on the farm, with the corn-plowing going on, and even Emil was in the field with a team and cultivator. Carl went about over the farms with Alexandra in the morning, and in the afternoon and evening they found a great deal to talk about. Emil, for all his track practice, did not stand up under farm work very well, and by night he was too tired to talk or even to practise on his cornet.% On Wednesday morning Carl got up before it was light, and stole downstairs and out of the kitchen door just as old Ivar was making his morning ablutions at the pump. Carl nodded to him and hurried up the draw, past the garden, and into the pasture where the milking cows used to be kept. The dawn in the east looked like the light from some great fire that was burning under the edge of the world. The color was reflected in the globules of dew that sheathed the short gray pasture grass. Carl walked rapidly until he came to the crest of the second hill, where the Bergson pasture joined the one that had belonged to his father. There he sat down and waited for the sun to rise. It was just there that he and Alexandra used to do their milking together, he on his side of the fence, she on hers. He could remember exactly how she looked when she came over the close-cropped grass, her skirts pinned up, her head

Thesaurus cows: (n) cattle, cow, bull, ox, oxen, Bos Taurus, bullock, beef, Cowes, steer, milker. crest: (n, v) crown, top, peak, climax; (n) summit, brow, cockscomb, acme, pinnacle, zenith; (v) cap. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom, nadir, trough. cultivator: (n, v) tiller, plowman; (n) agriculturist, grower, raiser, woodcutter, granger, sodbuster, planter, culturist, husbandman.

fence: (n, v) hedge, wall, bar; (n) barrier, hurdle, pale, boundary; (v) quibble, enclose, parry, contend. ANTONYMS: (v) challenge, face, confront. gray: (adj) dull, dim, bleak, gloomy, pale, grizzled, hoary, leaden, old, overcast; (n) grizzle. ANTONYMS: (adj) sunny, cheerful, clear, youthful. hers: (pron) she, his; (adj) own. pinned: (adj) fastened, engaged, helpless, stapled, intended; (adv)

under. practise: (v) execute, practice, perform, exercise, drill, do, rehearse, learn, take, work out, read. pump: (n, v) interrogate, question; (v) draw, milk, examine, squirt, push, wield; (n) ticker, pumps, aspirator. sheathed: (adj) invaginated, enclosed. ANTONYM: (adj) unsheathed. stole: (n) wrap, stolen, scarf, stolon, stealing, robe, alb, tunicle, surplice, alba, cassock.

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bare, a bright tin pail in either hand, and the milky light of the early morning all about her. Even as a boy he used to feel, when he saw her coming with her free step, her upright head and calm shoulders, that she looked as if she had walked straight out of the morning itself. Since then, when he had happened to see the sun come up in the country or on the water, he had often remembered the young Swedish girl and her milking pails.% Carl sat musing until the sun leaped above the prairie, and in the grass about him all the small creatures of day began to tune their tiny instruments. Birds and insects without number began to chirp, to twitter, to snap and whistle, to make all manner of fresh shrill noises. The pasture was flooded with light; every clump of ironweed and snow-on-the-mountain threw a long shadow, and the golden light seemed to be rippling through the curly grass like the tide racing in. He crossed the fence into the pasture that was now the Shabatas’ and continued his walk toward the pond. He had not gone far, however, when he discovered that he was not the only person abroad. In the draw below, his gun in his hands, was Emil, advancing cautiously, with a young woman beside him. They were moving softly, keeping close together, and Carl knew that they expected to find ducks on the pond. At the moment when they came in sight of the bright spot of water, he heard a whirr of wings and the ducks shot up into the air. There was a sharp crack from the gun, and five of the birds fell to the ground. Emil and his companion laughed delightedly, and Emil ran to pick them up. When he came back, dangling the ducks by their feet, Marie held her apron and he dropped them into it. As she stood looking down at them, her face changed. She took up one of the birds, a rumpled ball of feathers with the blood dripping slowly from its mouth, and looked at the live color that still burned on its plumage. As she let it fall, she cried in distress, “Oh, Emil, why did you?” “I like that!” the boy exclaimed indignantly. “Why, Marie, you asked me to come yourself.”

Thesaurus chirp: (n, v) chirrup, peep; (v) sing, trill, chitter, warble, carol, emit, whistle, utter; (adj) take heart. indignantly: (adv) irately, angrily, wrathfully, enragedly, sorely, acrimoniously, cynically, sulkily, hotly, exasperatedly, furiously. milky: (adj) milk, cloudy, lacteal, white, muddy, pearly, milklike, opalescent, lacteous, tender, mild. musing: (adj) contemplative, meditative, thoughtful, pensive; (n)

meditation, consideration, reflection, untidy, dishevelled, unkempt, rumination, reverie, thought, tousled, disordered, frowzled, cogitation. wrinkled, crinkle, crisp. plumage: (n) feather, plume, ANTONYMS: (adj) tidy, smart, neat. shrill: (adj) piercing, penetrating, feathering, quill, aftershaft, alula, strident, keen, shrewd; (v) shriek, marabou, finery, animal material; (adj) plumosity, alular. screech, scream, yell; (adj, v) high, rippling: (n) ripple, wave, riffle, sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) low, quiet, corrugation, moving ridge, wavelet, resonant. ripple formation; (adj) flowing, twitter: (n, v) cheep, chirrup, peep, billowy. flutter, warble, trill, quiver, squeak; rumpled: (adj) crumpled, creased, (n) thrill; (v) tweet, chitter.

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“Yes, yes, I know,” she said tearfully, “but I didn’t think. I hate to see them when they are first shot. They were having such a good time, and we’ve spoiled it all for them.” Emil gave a rather sore laugh. “I should say we had! I’m not going hunting with you any more. You’re as bad as Ivar. Here, let me take them.” He snatched the ducks out of her apron.% “Don’t be cross, Emil. Only--Ivar’s right about wild things. They’re too happy to kill. You can tell just how they felt when they flew up. They were scared, but they didn’t really think anything could hurt them. No, we won’t do that any more.” “All right,” Emil assented. “I’m sorry I made you feel bad.” As he looked down into her tearful eyes, there was a curious, sharp young bitterness in his own. Carl watched them as they moved slowly down the draw. They had not seen him at all. He had not overheard much of their dialogue, but he felt the import of it. It made him, somehow, unreasonably mournful to find two young things abroad in the pasture in the early morning. He decided that he needed his breakfast.

Thesaurus bitterness: (n) acerbity, animosity, hurried, quick, rapid, short, sudden, swift. ANTONYM: (adj) slow. gall, malice, resentment, enmity, sore: (adj, n, v) hurt; (adj) sensitive, acridity, acidity, bitter, rancor, sharpness. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, angry, grievous, raw; (n) injury, lesion, cut, boil; (v) acute; (adj, v) happiness, harmony, kindness, sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, blandness, friendliness, goodwill, idealism, affection. healthy, pleased, comfortable. hunting: (n, v) chase; (v) battue; (n) spoiled: (adj) bad, rotten, stale, spoil, exploration, pursuit, search, ducking, coddled, pampered, corrupt, beagling, coursing, frisking, venery, damaged, spoilt, putrid, rancid. ANTONYM: (adj) unspoiled. shooting. snatched: (adj) hasty, speedy, brief, tearfully: (adv) tearily, weepily,

dolorously, lachrymosely, waterily, sadly, sorrowfully, maudlinly, mournfully, wetly, whimperingly. unreasonably: (adv) absurdly, irrationally, immoderately, unfairly, unscientifically, unjustly, undeservedly, unsuitably, without need, pointlessly; (adj) excessively. ANTONYMS: (adv) sensibly, reasonably, acceptably, sanely, appropriately, fairly, logically, rationally.

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VI

At dinner that day Alexandra said she thought they must really manage to go over to the Shabatas’ that afternoon. “It’s not often I let three days go by without seeing Marie. She will think I have forsaken her, now that my old friend has come back.”% After the men had gone back to work, Alexandra put on a white dress and her sun-hat, and she and Carl set forth across the fields. “You see we have kept up the old path, Carl. It has been so nice for me to feel that there was a friend at the other end of it again.” Carl smiled a little ruefully. “All the same, I hope it hasn’t been quite the same.” Alexandra looked at him with surprise. “Why, no, of course not. Not the same. She could not very well take your place, if that’s what you mean. I’m friendly with all my neighbors, I hope. But Marie is really a companion, some one I can talk to quite frankly. You wouldn’t want me to be more lonely than I have been, would you?” Carl laughed and pushed back the triangular lock of hair with the edge of his hat. “Of course I don’t. I ought to be thankful that this path hasn’t been worn by-well, by friends with more pressing errands than your little Bohemian is likely to have.” He paused to give Alexandra his hand as she stepped over the stile.

Thesaurus errands: (n) everyday Jobs, farm indirectly, guardedly, untruthfully, duties. deceitfully, ambiguously, politely. forsaken: (adj) deserted, abandoned, pressing: (adj, v) exigent, importunate, important; (adj) imperative, lonely, forlorn, derelict, desert, empty, solitary, friendless; (adj, v) immediate, imperious, instant, jilted; (v) crossed in love. critical, insistent; (n) dishing, press. ANTONYM: (adj) unforsaken. ANTONYM: (adj) mild. frankly: (adv) openly, sincerely, ruefully: (adv) contritely, bluntly, honestly, truthfully, directly, remorsefully, sorrowfully, sadly, unreservedly, straightforwardly, piteously, dolefully, woefully, ingenuously, plainly; (adj, adv) freely. pitifully, dismally, repentantly, ANTONYMS: (adv) hesitantly, apologetically.

stepped: (v) advanced, gone, stopen. stile: (n) bar, flight of stairs, upright, vertical, step, barrier, montant. thankful: (adj) appreciative, indebted, beholden, obliged, contented, pleased, gratified, relieved, under obligation, appreciatory, welcome. ANTONYMS: (adj) worried, unappreciative, unthankful, sorry. triangular: (adj) tripartite, trilateral, trigonal, deltoid, triangled, angular, multilateral, angulate.

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“Are you the least bit disappointed in our coming together again?” he asked abruptly. “Is it the way you hoped it would be?” Alexandra smiled at this. “Only better. When I’ve thought about your coming, I’ve sometimes been a little afraid of it. You have lived where things move so fast, and everything is slow here; the people slowest of all. Our lives are like the years, all made up of weather and crops and cows. How you hated cows!” She shook her head and laughed to herself.% “I didn’t when we milked together. I walked up to the pasture corners this morning. I wonder whether I shall ever be able to tell you all that I was thinking about up there. It’s a strange thing, Alexandra; I find it easy to be frank with you about everything under the sun except--yourself!” “You are afraid of hurting my feelings, perhaps.” Alexandra looked at him thoughtfully. “No, I’m afraid of giving you a shock. You’ve seen yourself for so long in the dull minds of the people about you, that if I were to tell you how you seem to me, it would startle you. But you must see that you astonish me. You must feel when people admire you.” Alexandra blushed and laughed with some confusion. “I felt that you were pleased with me, if you mean that.” “And you’ve felt when other people were pleased with you?” he insisted. “Well, sometimes. The men in town, at the banks and the county offices, seem glad to see me. I think, myself, it is more pleasant to do business with people who are clean and healthy-looking,” she admitted blandly. Carl gave a little chuckle as he opened the Shabatas’ gate for her. “Oh, do you?” he asked dryly. There was no sign of life about the Shabatas’ house except a big yellow cat, sunning itself on the kitchen doorstep. Alexandra took the path that led to the orchard. “She often sits there and sews. I didn’t telephone her we were coming, because I didn’t want her to go to

Thesaurus astonish: (adj, v) astound; (adj, n, v) chortle, titter, crow; (v) chuck, laugh, amaze, shake, threaten, electrify. surprise; (adj) astonishing, surprised; cackle, exult; (n) laughter. ANTONYM: (v) soothe. (v) flabbergast, daze, confound, dryly: (adv) coldly, sternly, sourly, thoughtfully: (adv) considerately, dazzle, stun, alarm, nonplus. sarcastically, laconically, huskily. carefully, kindly, reflectively, ANTONYMS: (v) expect, bore. ANTONYMS: (adv) interestingly, meditatively, attentively, solemnly, blandly: (adv) dully, insipidly, mildly, warmly. contemplatively, seriously, hurting: (adj) aching, painful, tender; suavely, flatly, uninterestingly, prudently, cautiously. ANTONYMS: (n) hurt, ache, sting, pain, colic, (adv) unsympathetically, tamely, weakly, boringly, flavorlessly, oily. ANTONYMS: (adv) dysmenorrhea, agony; (v) causing unthinkingly, carelessly, contentedly, pain. ANTONYM: (adj) painless. meaningfully, interestingly, rashly, inconsiderately, selfishly, startle: (n, v) start, jump; (v) frighten, admirably. meanly, insensitively, tactlessly, chuckle: (n, v) snicker, snigger, giggle, scare, astonish, shock, astound, cruelly.

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work and bake cake and freeze ice-cream. She’ll always make a party if you give her the least excuse. Do you recognize the apple trees, Carl?” Linstrum looked about him. “I wish I had a dollar for every bucket of water I’ve carried for those trees. Poor father, he was an easy man, but he was perfectly merciless when it came to watering the orchard.” “That’s one thing I like about Germans; they make an orchard grow if they can’t make anything else. I’m so glad these trees belong to some one who takes comfort in them. When I rented this place, the tenants never kept the orchard up, and Emil and I used to come over and take care of it ourselves. It needs mowing now. There she is, down in the corner. Maria-a-a!” she called.% A recumbent figure started up from the grass and came running toward them through the flickering screen of light and shade. “Look at her! Isn’t she like a little brown rabbit?” Alexandra laughed. Maria ran up panting and threw her arms about Alexandra. “Oh, I had begun to think you were not coming at all, maybe. I knew you were so busy. Yes, Emil told me about Mr. Linstrum being here. Won’t you come up to the house?” “Why not sit down there in your corner? Carl wants to see the orchard. He kept all these trees alive for years, watering them with his own back.” Marie turned to Carl. “Then I’m thankful to you, Mr. Linstrum. We’d never have bought the place if it hadn’t been for this orchard, and then I wouldn’t have had Alexandra, either.” She gave Alexandra’s arm a little squeeze as she walked beside her. “How nice your dress smells, Alexandra; you put rosemary leaves in your chest, like I told you.” She led them to the northwest corner of the orchard, sheltered on one side by a thick mulberry hedge and bordered on the other by a wheatfield, just beginning to yellow. In this corner the ground dipped a little, and the blue-grass, which the weeds had driven out in the upper part of the orchard, grew thick and luxuriant. Wild roses were flaming in the tufts of bunchgrass along the fence. Under a white mulberry tree there was an old wagon-seat. Beside it lay a book and a workbasket.

Thesaurus bake: (v) roast, broil, fire, fry, cook, stew, to bake, grill, scorch, toast, heat. bunchgrass: (n) bunch grass, bluestem. flaming: (adj, n) burning, ardent, glowing, passionate; (adj) blazing, ablaze, aflame, hot; (n) enthusiastic, flame, fire. ANTONYMS: (adj) extinguished, placid, gentle, quiet. luxuriant: (adj, n) lush; (adj) abundant, lavish, exuberant, dense, thick, fertile, flourishing, fecund, opulent, profuse.

ANTONYMS: (adj) barren, meager, unhealthy, arid, withering, sparse, shabby, unadorned. merciless: (adj) brutal, pitiless, unmerciful, remorseless, heartless, implacable, inhuman, hard, grim, barbarous, unfeeling. ANTONYMS: (adj) charitable, kind, humane, soft, caring, tolerant. northwest: (adj) northwestern, Idaho; (n) nW, geographic region, geographical area, geographical

region, geographic area, compass point. recumbent: (adj) prostrate, accumbent, lying, reclining, flat, procumbent, lying down, horizontal, prone, incumbent, idle. watering: (n) tearing, sprinkle, lachrymation, lacrimation, wetting, irrigation, bodily process, body process, replenishment of water supplies, shedding tears, activity. wheatfield: (n) wheat field, grainfield.

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“You must have the seat, Alexandra. The grass would stain your dress,” the hostess insisted. She dropped down on the ground at Alexandra’s side and tucked her feet under her. Carl sat at a little distance from the two women, his back to the wheatfield, and watched them. Alexandra took off her shade-hat and threw it on the ground. Marie picked it up and played with the white ribbons, twisting them about her brown fingers as she talked. They made a pretty picture in the strong sunlight, the leafy pattern surrounding them like a net; the Swedish woman so white and gold, kindly and amused, but armored in calm, and the alert brown one, her full lips parted, points of yellow light dancing in her eyes as she laughed and chattered. Carl had never forgotten little Marie Tovesky’s eyes, and he was glad to have an opportunity to study them. The brown iris, he found, was curiously slashed with yellow, the color of sunflower honey, or of old amber. In each eye one of these streaks must have been larger than the others, for the effect was that of two dancing points of light, two little yellow bubbles, such as rise in a glass of champagne. Sometimes they seemed like the sparks from a forge. She seemed so easily excited, to kindle with a fierce little flame if one but breathed upon her. “What a waste,” Carl reflected. “She ought to be doing all that for a sweetheart. How awkwardly things come about!” It was not very long before Marie sprang up out of the grass again. “Wait a moment. I want to show you something.” She ran away and disappeared behind the low-growing apple trees.% “What a charming creature,” Carl murmured. “I don’t wonder that her husband is jealous. But can’t she walk? does she always run?” Alexandra nodded. “Always. I don’t see many people, but I don’t believe there are many like her, anywhere.” Marie came back with a branch she had broken from an apricot tree, laden with pale yellow, pink-cheeked fruit. She dropped it beside Carl. “Did you plant those, too? They are such beautiful little trees.” Carl fingered the blue-green leaves, porous like blotting-paper and shaped like birch leaves, hung on waxen red stems. “Yes, I think I did. Are these the circus trees, Alexandra?”

Thesaurus armored: (adj) ironclad, unbreakable, sunflower: (n) girasol, mirasol, foliose, foliate, leafed, luxuriant, armor-clad, mailed, panoplied, foliaceous, leaved, bowery, turnsole, showy sunflower, prairie flourishing. ANTONYMS: (adj) reinforced, toughened, shatterproof, sunflower, marigold, lettuces, resistant; (v) bulletproof. leafless, urban, withering. common sunflower, ragweed, ANTONYMS: (adj) fragile, porous: (adj) leaky, poriferous, holey, Asteraceae, goldenrod. sweetheart: (n) dear, girl, darling, unarmored. pervious, open, spongy, kindle: (adj, v) inflame; (v) fire, excite, honeycombed, absorbent, cellular, mistress, flame, beloved, boyfriend, perforated; (v) riddled. ANTONYMS: love, steady; (adj, n) beau, admirer. arouse, burn, flame, awaken, incite, enkindle, stir; (n, v) light. (adj) impermeable, watertight, ANTONYMS: (n) foe, enemy. ANTONYMS: (v) enkindle, dampen, nonporous. waxen: (adj) pale, waxy, white, sparks: (n) fire. calm, extinguish, quench, stifle. colorless, wan, ashen, yielding, soft, leafy: (adj) green, verdant, lush, streaks: (n) stripes, cords. gray, drawn, cereous.

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“Shall I tell her about them?” Alexandra asked. “Sit down like a good girl, Marie, and don’t ruin my poor hat, and I’ll tell you a story. A long time ago, when Carl and I were, say, sixteen and twelve, a circus came to Hanover and we went to town in our wagon, with Lou and Oscar, to see the parade. We hadn’t money enough to go to the circus. We followed the parade out to the circus grounds and hung around until the show began and the crowd went inside the tent. Then Lou was afraid we looked foolish standing outside in the pasture, so we went back to Hanover feeling very sad. There was a man in the streets selling apricots, and we had never seen any before. He had driven down from somewhere up in the French country, and he was selling them twenty-five cents a peck. We had a little money our fathers had given us for candy, and I bought two pecks and Carl bought one. They cheered us a good deal, and we saved all the seeds and planted them. Up to the time Carl went away, they hadn’t borne at all.”% “And now he’s come back to eat them,” cried Marie, nodding at Carl. “That is a good story. I can remember you a little, Mr. Linstrum. I used to see you in Hanover sometimes, when Uncle Joe took me to town. I remember you because you were always buying pencils and tubes of paint at the drug store. Once, when my uncle left me at the store, you drew a lot of little birds and flowers for me on a piece of wrapping-paper. I kept them for a long while. I thought you were very romantic because you could draw and had such black eyes.” Carl smiled. “Yes, I remember that time. Your uncle bought you some kind of a mechanical toy, a Turkish lady sitting on an ottoman and smoking a hookah, wasn’t it? And she turned her head backwards and forwards.” “Oh, yes! Wasn’t she splendid! I knew well enough I ought not to tell Uncle Joe I wanted it, for he had just come back from the saloon and was feeling good. You remember how he laughed? She tickled him, too. But when we got home, my aunt scolded him for buying toys when she needed so many things. We wound our lady up every night, and when she began to move her head my aunt used to laugh as hard as any of us. It was a music-box, you know, and the Turkish lady played a tune while she smoked. That was how she made you feel

Thesaurus candy: (n) bonbon, sweet, toffee, taffy, pendulous, drowsing, droopy, ravage, destruction, damage. annuent, flagging. ANTONYM: (adj) ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, enhance, sugarplum, sugar candy, praline, lozenge, confection, lollipop; (adj, n) save, restore, improve; (n, v) respect; awake. ottoman: (n) hassock, footstool, (n) making, success, triumph, rise, cake. circus: (n) arena, hippodrome, circle, footrest, fauteuil, Osmanli, settle, preservation. ring, square, pygargus, Flavian Turk, Ottomite, woolsack, fag, pouf. saloon: (n) pub, public house, salon, amphitheater, amphitheater, cockpit, peck: (n, v) nibble; (v) beak, pick, kiss, parlour, pothouse, hall, barroom, gin pick up; (n) pile, plenty, mass, slew, turf, troupe. mill, alehouse, tavern, taproom. hookah: (n) narghile, pipe, kalian, tickled: (adj) tickled pink, overjoyed, lot, mint. ruin: (n) devastation, desolation; (adj, water pipe. delighted, detective novel, ecstatic, nodding: (adj) cernuous, drooping, n) downfall; (v) break, consume, elated, jubilant, happy, glad, excited. demolish, destroy; (n, v) doom, ANTONYM: (adj) disappointed. dozy, dozing, somnolent, drugged,

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so jolly. As I remember her, she was lovely, and had a gold crescent on her turban.” Half an hour later, as they were leaving the house, Carl and Alexandra were met in the path by a strapping fellow in overalls and a blue shirt. He was breathing hard, as if he had been running, and was muttering to himself.% Marie ran forward, and, taking him by the arm, gave him a little push toward her guests. “Frank, this is Mr. Linstrum.” Frank took off his broad straw hat and nodded to Alexandra. When he spoke to Carl, he showed a fine set of white teeth. He was burned a dull red down to his neckband, and there was a heavy three-days’ stubble on his face. Even in his agitation he was handsome, but he looked a rash and violent man. Barely saluting the callers, he turned at once to his wife and began, in an outraged tone, “I have to leave my team to drive the old woman Hiller’s hogs out-a my wheat. I go to take dat old woman to de court if she ain’t careful, I tell you!” His wife spoke soothingly. “But, Frank, she has only her lame boy to help her. She does the best she can.” Alexandra looked at the excited man and offered a suggestion. “Why don’t you go over there some afternoon and hog-tight her fences? You’d save time for yourself in the end.” Frank’s neck stiffened. “Not-a-much, I won’t. I keep my hogs home. Other peoples can do like me. See? If that Louis can mend shoes, he can mend fence.” “Maybe,” said Alexandra placidly; “but I’ve found it sometimes pays to mend other people’s fences. Good-bye, Marie. Come to see me soon.” Alexandra walked firmly down the path and Carl followed her. Frank went into the house and threw himself on the sofa, his face to the wall, his clenched fist on his hip. Marie, having seen her guests off, came in and put her hand coaxingly on his shoulder.

Thesaurus clenched: (adj) tight, clinched. breeches, over-all, smalls, small coaxingly: (adv) coax, coaxing. clothes, boiler suit, smock, coverall, fist: (n, v) hand; (n) duke, clenched pantaloons, coveralls. fist, feist, manus, grip, index; (v) placidly: (adv) coolly, calmly, finger, paw, neif, neaf. tranquilly, peacefully, stilly, quietly, good-bye: (n) bye, farewell, goodbye, composedly, silently, meekly, goodby, vale, adios, cheerio. impassively, collectedly. lame: (adj) crippled, disabled, halting, ANTONYMS: (adv) agitatedly, feeble, halt, weak, paralytic; (adj, n) boisterously. game; (adj, v) paralyze, maim, rash: (adj, n) foolhardy, hasty, precipitate, eruption; (adj) imprudent, becripple. overalls: (n) overall, inexpressibles, reckless, impetuous, heedless,

audacious, sudden; (adj, adv) thoughtless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, careful, sensible, wise, considered, deliberate, prudent, modest, slow, responsible, patient. soothingly: (adv) softly, quietly, calmingly, lullingly, lightly, tenderly, kindly, blandly, calmly, comfortingly, sedatively. stubble: (n) stalk, shuck, chaff, husk, bran, straw, shackle, leavings, pale yellow, result, stalking.

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“Poor Frank! You’ve run until you’ve made your head ache, now haven’t you? Let me make you some coffee.” “What else am I to do?” he cried hotly in Bohemian. “Am I to let any old woman’s hogs root up my wheat? Is that what I work myself to death for?” “Don’t worry about it, Frank. I’ll speak to Mrs. Hiller again. But, really, she almost cried last time they got out, she was so sorry.” Frank bounced over on his other side. “That’s it; you always side with them against me. They all know it. Anybody here feels free to borrow the mower and break it, or turn their hogs in on me. They know you won’t care!” Marie hurried away to make his coffee. When she came back, he was fast asleep. She sat down and looked at him for a long while, very thoughtfully. When the kitchen clock struck six she went out to get supper, closing the door gently behind her. She was always sorry for Frank when he worked himself into one of these rages, and she was sorry to have him rough and quarrelsome with his neighbors. She was perfectly aware that the neighbors had a good deal to put up with, and that they bore with Frank for her sake.%

Thesaurus ache: (n, v) hunger, pain, hurt, yen; (n) sultrily, intensely, sharply, torridly; contentious; (adj, v) fretful. twinge, thirst; (v) long, yearn, itch, (adj, adv) violently, vehemently. ANTONYMS: (adj) agreeable, smart, pine. ANTONYMS: (v) help, ANTONYMS: (adv) impassively, peaceful, amiable. assist; (n) comfort, ease, health, relief, mildly. supper: (n) meal, tea, lunch, repast, mower: (n) lawn mower, band mower, reception, mealtime, siesta, social joy. borrow: (v) adopt, lend, appropriate, affair; (v) dejeuner, bever, whet. garden tool, hand mower, knife wheat: (n) corn, spelt, bulgur, emmer, to borrow, assume, take, accept, mower, motor mower, scytheman, acquire, plagiarize, cadge, get. lawn tool. hard wheat, maize, bulghur, wheat ANTONYMS: (v) give, invent, loan, quarrelsome: (adj) argumentative, berry, soft wheat, food grain, Indian originate, return. belligerent, combative, cantankerous, corn. hotly: (adv) heatedly, passionately, worked: (adj) elaborated, beaten. aggressive, disputatious, ugly, currish, termagant; (adj, n) fervidly, fervently, pepperily,

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VII

Marie’s %father, Albert Tovesky, was one of the more intelligent Bohemians who came West in the early seventies. He settled in Omaha and became a leader and adviser among his people there. Marie was his youngest child, by a second wife, and was the apple of his eye. She was barely sixteen, and was in the graduating class of the Omaha High School, when Frank Shabata arrived from the old country and set all the Bohemian girls in a flutter. He was easily the buck of the beer-gardens, and on Sunday he was a sight to see, with his silk hat and tucked shirt and blue frock-coat, wearing gloves and carrying a little wisp of a yellow cane. He was tall and fair, with splendid teeth and close-cropped yellow curls, and he wore a slightly disdainful expression, proper for a young man with high connections, whose mother had a big farm in the Elbe valley. There was often an interesting discontent in his blue eyes, and every Bohemian girl he met imagined herself the cause of that unsatisfied expression. He had a way of drawing out his cambric handkerchief slowly, by one corner, from his breastpocket, that was melancholy and romantic in the extreme. He took a little flight with each of the more eligible Bohemian girls, but it was when he was with little Marie Tovesky that he drew his handkerchief out most slowly, and, after he had lit a fresh cigar, dropped the match most despairingly. Any one could see, with half an eye, that his proud heart was bleeding for somebody.

Thesaurus buck: (n) dollar, stag, beau, boar, disconsolately, resignedly, beat, palpitate, flap, wave, waver, quiver; (v) flit, flitter; (n) excitement. greenback, exquisite, fop, clam, hart; sorrowfully, frantically, franticly. (v) charge; (n, v) buck jump. ANTONYMS: (adv) energetically, graduating: (adj) dividing; (n) debut. ANTONYMS: (v) conform, unsatisfied: (adj) dissatisfied, expectantly, cheerfully. surrender; (n) female, girl. disdainful: (adj) supercilious, disgruntled, unsatiated, unsated, cambric: (n) calico, cambric-muslin, haughty, scornful, arrogant, proud, ungratified, restless, discontent, fidgety, fretful, unsatiable; (v) cashmere, fabric, textile, material, cavalier, derogatory, lordly, unslaked. ANTONYMS: (adj) cloth, linen. condescending, derisive, sneering. curls: (n) hair, tresses, ringlets. ANTONYMS: (adj) respectful, pleased, happy. despairingly: (adv) forlornly, admiring, humble, approving, warm, wisp: (n) lock, fagot, strand, curl, tress, desperately, despondently, reverential, praising, deferential. piece, whisp, piece of hair, puff, slip, flutter: (adj, n, v) bustle, flurry; (n, v) dejectedly, sadly, desolately, small person.

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One Sunday, late in the summer after Marie’s graduation, she met Frank at a Bohemian picnic down the river and went rowing with him all the afternoon. When she got home that evening she went straight to her father’s room and told him that she was engaged to Shabata. Old Tovesky was having a comfortable pipe before he went to bed. When he heard his daughter’s announcement, he first prudently corked his beer bottle and then leaped to his feet and had a turn of temper. He characterized Frank Shabata by a Bohemian expression which is the equivalent of stuffed shirt.% “Why don’t he go to work like the rest of us did? His farm in the Elbe valley, indeed! Ain’t he got plenty brothers and sisters? It’s his mother’s farm, and why don’t he stay at home and help her? Haven’t I seen his mother out in the morning at five o’clock with her ladle and her big bucket on wheels, putting liquid manure on the cabbages? Don’t I know the look of old Eva Shabata’s hands? Like an old horse’s hoofs they are--and this fellow wearing gloves and rings! Engaged, indeed! You aren’t fit to be out of school, and that’s what’s the matter with you. I will send you off to the Sisters of the Sacred Heart in St. Louis, and they will teach you some sense, I guess!” Accordingly, the very next week, Albert Tovesky took his daughter, pale and tearful, down the river to the convent. But the way to make Frank want anything was to tell him he couldn’t have it. He managed to have an interview with Marie before she went away, and whereas he had been only half in love with her before, he now persuaded himself that he would not stop at anything. Marie took with her to the convent, under the canvas lining of her trunk, the results of a laborious and satisfying morning on Frank’s part; no less than a dozen photographs of himself, taken in a dozen different love-lorn attitudes. There was a little round photograph for her watch-case, photographs for her wall and dresser, and even long narrow ones to be used as bookmarks. More than once the handsome gentleman was torn to pieces before the French class by an indignant nun. Marie pined in the convent for a year, until her eighteenth birthday was passed. Then she met Frank Shabata in the Union Station in St. Louis and ran

Thesaurus corked: (adj) bad. laborious: (adj) hard, arduous, plow; (adj) guano. graduation: (n) gradation, completion, backbreaking, heavy, industrious, prudently: (adv) wisely, cautiously, commencement ceremony, diligent, grueling, assiduous, judiciously, discreetly, shrewdly, commencement exercise, exhausting, formidable, tough. sparingly, charily, sagaciously, classification, windup; (adj) adaption, ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, effortless, warily, frugally, circumspectly. adjustment; (v) allotment, ANTONYMS: (adv) recklessly, undemanding, light, brisk. ladle: (v) lade, scoop, dip, laden, apportionment, assortment. imprudently, extravagantly, indignant: (adj) angry, incensed, transfuse; (n, v) shovel; (n) spoon, generously, indiscreetly, immaturely, furious, enraged, wrathful, hurt, trowel, watch glass, vessel, thimble. stupidly. manure: (n) compost, fertiliser, rowing: (n) boating, athletics, dustup, rage, provoked, hot, anger, irate. ANTONYMS: (adj) cool, content, fertilizer; (n, v) muck, soil; (v) quarrel, course; (adj) nautical. sisters: (n) sistren. unaffected. fertilize, cultivate, plough, weed,

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away with him. Old Tovesky forgave his daughter because there was nothing else to do, and bought her a farm in the country that she had loved so well as a child. Since then her story had been a part of the history of the Divide. She and Frank had been living there for five years when Carl Linstrum came back to pay his long deferred visit to Alexandra. Frank had, on the whole, done better than one might have expected. He had flung himself at the soil with savage energy. Once a year he went to Hastings or to Omaha, on a spree. He stayed away for a week or two, and then came home and worked like a demon. He did work; if he felt sorry for himself, that was his own affair.%

Thesaurus bought: (n) crook, hook. deferred: (adj) put off, delayed, belated, late, later than usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) hurried, hastened, expedited, advanced, early. demon: (n) ghost, fiend, incubus, monster, daemon, ogre, daimon, goblin, deuce, genie, elf. ANTONYM: (n) saint. forgave: (v) to excuse. frank: (adj) candid, blunt, sincere, honest, downright, direct, fair,

straightforward, plain, open, hearty. civilized, gentle, nice. ANTONYMS: (adj) guarded, devious, soil: (adj, n) dirt; (adj, v) smudge; (v) pollute, dirty, contaminate, mire; (n, tactful, disingenuous, insincere, v) grime; (n) land, dust, earth; (adj, n, hesitant, hypocritical, evasive. loved: (adj) beloved, pet, cherished, v) blot. ANTONYMS: (v) wash, cleanse, purify; (n) sea. precious, liked, adored, respected, treasured, esteemed, valued; (n) spree: (n, v) frolic; (n) revel, fling, darling. ANTONYM: (adj) hated. revelry, prank, orgy, bout, savage: (adj, v) fierce, wild, furious; merriment, glee, mirth; (v) splurge. (adj) ferocious, brutal, cruel, stayed: (v) staid, serious, philosophic, bloodthirsty, rough, pitiless; (adj, n) sedate, platonic, stoical; (n) stays; brute; (n) vandal. ANTONYMS: (adj) (adj) late.

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VIII

On the evening of the day of Alexandra’s call at the Shabatas’, a heavy rain set in. Frank sat up until a late hour reading the Sunday newspapers. One of the Goulds was getting a divorce, and Frank took it as a personal affront. In printing the story of the young man’s marital troubles, the knowing editor gave a sufficiently colored account of his career, stating the amount of his income and the manner in which he was supposed to spend it. Frank read English slowly, and the more he read about this divorce case, the angrier he grew. At last he threw down the page with a snort. He turned to his farm-hand who was reading the other half of the paper.% “By God! if I have that young feller in de hayfield once, I show him someting. Listen here what he do wit his money.” And Frank began the catalogue of the young man’s reputed extravagances. Marie sighed. She thought it hard that the Goulds, for whom she had nothing but good will, should make her so much trouble. She hated to see the Sunday newspapers come into the house. Frank was always reading about the doings of rich people and feeling outraged. He had an inexhaustible stock of stories about their crimes and follies, how they bribed the courts and shot down their butlers with impunity whenever they chose. Frank and Lou Bergson had very similar ideas, and they were two of the political agitators of the county.

Thesaurus affront: (n, v) insult, abuse, outrage, slight, snub; (v) face, offend; (n) disgrace, slur, offense, mortification. ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise; (v) please, placate, mollify, gratify, flatter, assuage, appease, adulate; (n) pleasantry, appeasement. bribed: (prep) bought. doings: (n) conduct, behavior, behaviour, deportment, demeanour, proceeding, episode, traffic; (v) act, deed, job.

feller: (n) chap, faller, fella, fellow, ANTONYMS: (adj) limited, lumberjack, logger, dude, Dick, unproductive. reputed: (adj) supposed, renowned, woodcutter, guy, comrade. hayfield: (n) grassland. famous, conjectural, assumed, famed, impunity: (n) impune, come off, eminent, prominent, alleged, wellfreedom, immunity, permission, known, distinguished. ANTONYM: forgiveness. ANTONYM: (n) liability. (adj) known. inexhaustible: (adj) indefatigable, snort: (v) snore, huff, inhale; (n, v) snicker, hoot, chuckle, sneer; (n) bird, immeasurable, unfailing, infinite, boundless, illimitable, unlimited, Bronx cheer, boo, razzing. ANTONYM: (v) exhale. incalculable, unexhaustible, stating: (n) reference. unapproachable, unfathomable.

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The next morning broke clear and brilliant, but Frank said the ground was too wet to plough, so he took the cart and drove over to Sainte-Agnes to spend the day at Moses Marcel’s saloon. After he was gone, Marie went out to the back porch to begin her butter-making. A brisk wind had come up and was driving puffy white clouds across the sky. The orchard was sparkling and rippling in the sun. Marie stood looking toward it wistfully, her hand on the lid of the churn, when she heard a sharp ring in the air, the merry sound of the whetstone on the scythe. That invitation decided her. She ran into the house, put on a short skirt and a pair of her husband’s boots, caught up a tin pail and started for the orchard. Emil had already begun work and was mowing vigorously. When he saw her coming, he stopped and wiped his brow. His yellow canvas leggings and khaki trousers were splashed to the knees.% “Don’t let me disturb you, Emil. I’m going to pick cherries. Isn’t everything beautiful after the rain? Oh, but I’m glad to get this place mowed! When I heard it raining in the night, I thought maybe you would come and do it for me to-day. The wind wakened me. Didn’t it blow dreadfully? Just smell the wild roses! They are always so spicy after a rain. We never had so many of them in here before. I suppose it’s the wet season. Will you have to cut them, too?” “If I cut the grass, I will,” Emil said teasingly. “What’s the matter with you? What makes you so flighty?” “Am I flighty? I suppose that’s the wet season, too, then. It’s exciting to see everything growing so fast,--and to get the grass cut! Please leave the roses till last, if you must cut them. Oh, I don’t mean all of them, I mean that low place down by my tree, where there are so many. Aren’t you splashed! Look at the spider-webs all over the grass. Good-bye. I’ll call you if I see a snake.” She tripped away and Emil stood looking after her. In a few moments he heard the cherries dropping smartly into the pail, and he began to swing his scythe with that long, even stroke that few American boys ever learn. Marie picked cherries and sang softly to herself, stripping one glittering branch after another, shivering when she caught a shower of raindrops on her neck and hair. And Emil mowed his way slowly down toward the cherry trees.

Thesaurus begun: (adj) present. churn: (v) seethe, agitate, toss, bubble, eddy, whirl, roil, shake, stir, buffet; (n) butter churn. dreadfully: (adj, adv) frightfully, shockingly; (adv) fearfully, appallingly, hideously, horrendously, horribly, atrociously, ghastly, tremendously, horridly. ANTONYMS: (adv) pleasantly, wonderfully, happily, hardly, superbly, well.

khaki: (n) tan, fabric, cloth, beige, uniform, brown; (adj) chromatic. leggings: (n) gramashes, pedal pushers. puffy: (adj) pompous, swollen, bloated, inflated, bombastic, tumid, puffed, distended, orotund, puff; (v) obese. raindrops: (n) rain, raindrop. raining: (adj) rainy, showery, drizzly; (n) woe. ANTONYM: (adj) dry. spicy: (adj) piquant, racy, fragrant,

pungent, salty, blue, savory, hot, juicy, peppery, redolent. ANTONYMS: (adj) bland, mild, dull, insipid, tasteless, uninteresting, faint, sweet. stripping: (n) baring, denudation, striping, removal, disforestation, scrubbing, strippingly, uncovering, find, back washing, cornhusking. teasingly: (adv) humorously, lightheartedly, mischievously, annoyingly, mockingly, pesteringly.

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That summer the rains had been so many and opportune that it was almost more than Shabata and his man could do to keep up with the corn; the orchard was a neglected wilderness. All sorts of weeds and herbs and flowers had grown up there; splotches of wild larkspur, pale green-and-white spikes of hoarhound, plantations of wild cotton, tangles of foxtail and wild wheat. South of the apricot trees, cornering on the wheatfield, was Frank’s alfalfa, where myriads of white and yellow butterflies were always fluttering above the purple blossoms. When Emil reached the lower corner by the hedge, Marie was sitting under her white mulberry tree, the pail full of cherries beside her, looking off at the gentle, tireless swelling of the wheat.% “Emil,” she said suddenly--he was mowing quietly about under the tree so as not to disturb her--”what religion did the Swedes have away back, before they were Christians?” Emil paused and straightened his back. “I don’t know. About like the Germans’, wasn’t it?” Marie went on as if she had not heard him. “The Bohemians, you know, were tree worshipers before the missionaries came. Father says the people in the mountains still do queer things, sometimes,--they believe that trees bring good or bad luck.” Emil looked superior. “Do they? Well, which are the lucky trees? I’d like to know.” “I don’t know all of them, but I know lindens are. The old people in the mountains plant lindens to purify the forest, and to do away with the spells that come from the old trees they say have lasted from heathen times. I’m a good Catholic, but I think I could get along with caring for trees, if I hadn’t anything else.” “That’s a poor saying,” said Emil, stooping over to wipe his hands in the wet grass. “Why is it? If I feel that way, I feel that way. I like trees because they seem more resigned to the way they have to live than other things do. I feel as if this

Thesaurus apricot: (n) apricot tree, peach, favorable, apropos, auspicious, asymmetrical, not erect, not straight, corrupt; (n) patronage. abricock, abricot, apricots, pink, expedient, happy, handy, timely, orange, salmon pink, yellowish pink. felicitous, favourable; (v) becoming. swelling: (n) protuberance, lump, fluttering: (adj) flying, palpitating, ANTONYMS: (adj) untimely, swell, intumescence, growth, flittering, flaring, aflare, waving; (n) disadvantageous, inappropriate, projection, prominence, bulge, flutter, flapping, flicker, flitting; (adv) inconvenient, unfortunate, unlucky. dropsy; (adj, v) inflated; (adj) purify: (adj, v) clear, cleanse; (v) purge, growing. ANTONYM: (n) decline. flutteringly. foxtail: (n) bottlegrass, bristlegrass, tireless: (adj) diligent, untiring, disinfect, refine, distill, sanctify, meadowgrass, bottle grass, bristle clarify, depurate, lustrate, chasten. energetic, industrious, unflagging, ANTONYMS: (v) pollute, dilute, soil, unwearying, busy, hardworking, grass, foxtail grass. lindens: (n) basswood, genus Tilia. cloud, desecrate. steadfast, active, resolute. opportune: (adj, v) appropriate; (adj) stooping: (adj) hunched, crooked, ANTONYMS: (adj) fickle, lazy.

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tree knows everything I ever think of when I sit here. When I come back to it, I never have to remind it of anything; I begin just where I left off.” Emil had nothing to say to this. He reached up among the branches and began to pick the sweet, insipid fruit,--long ivory-colored berries, tipped with faint pink, like white coral, that fall to the ground unheeded all summer through. He dropped a handful into her lap.% “Do you like Mr. Linstrum?” Marie asked suddenly. “Yes. Don’t you?” “Oh, ever so much; only he seems kind of staid and school-teachery. But, of course, he is older than Frank, even. I’m sure I don’t want to live to be more than thirty, do you? Do you think Alexandra likes him very much?” “I suppose so. They were old friends.” “Oh, Emil, you know what I mean!” Marie tossed her head impatiently. “Does she really care about him? When she used to tell me about him, I always wondered whether she wasn’t a little in love with him.” “Who, Alexandra?” Emil laughed and thrust his hands into his trousers pockets. “Alexandra’s never been in love, you crazy!” He laughed again. “She wouldn’t know how to go about it. The idea!” Marie shrugged her shoulders. “Oh, you don’t know Alexandra as well as you think you do! If you had any eyes, you would see that she is very fond of him. It would serve you all right if she walked off with Carl. I like him because he appreciates her more than you do.” Emil frowned. “What are you talking about, Marie? Alexandra’s all right. She and I have always been good friends. What more do you want? I like to talk to Carl about New York and what a fellow can do there.” “Oh, Emil! Surely you are not thinking of going off there?” “Why not? I must go somewhere, mustn’t I?” The young man took up his scythe and leaned on it. “Would you rather I went off in the sand hills and lived like Ivar?”

Thesaurus branches: (n) branch, brushwood. solemn, sober, demure; (adj) calm, maniple, strong. coral: (adj) rosy, chromatic; (n) roe, red impatiently: (adv) petulantly, quiet, composed, somber, decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, coral, red, precious coral, madrepore, restlessly, keenly, intolerantly, anthozoan, actinozoan, orange. hastily, avidly, uneasily, exciting, funny, daring, playful, fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, enthusiastically, edgily, fidgetily, bright, relaxed. restively. ANTONYMS: (adv) tipped: (adj) canted, tilted, leaning, devoted, tender, loving, amorous, delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, uncomplainingly, calmly, atilt, oblique, inclined, sharp, sloping, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) unenthusiastically, lightly. having Angles. remind: (v) recollect, prompt, recall, unheeded: (adj) unnoticed, neglected, aversion, cold, rough. handful: (n) smattering, armful, disregarded, ignored; (v) unthought commemorate, call up, memorialize, mouthful, capful, containerful, lump; hint, jog, inform, think; (n, v) mind. of, unseen, unperceived, unobserved, (adj) thimbleful, company, several, staid: (adj, v) serious, sedate, grave, unnoted, unmarked, unmissed.

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Marie’s face fell under his brooding gaze. She looked down at his wet leggings. “I’m sure Alexandra hopes you will stay on here,” she murmured.% “Then Alexandra will be disappointed,” the young man said roughly. “What do I want to hang around here for? Alexandra can run the farm all right, without me. I don’t want to stand around and look on. I want to be doing something on my own account.” “That’s so,” Marie sighed. “There are so many, many things you can do. Almost anything you choose.” “And there are so many, many things I can’t do.” Emil echoed her tone sarcastically. “Sometimes I don’t want to do anything at all, and sometimes I want to pull the four corners of the Divide together,”--he threw out his arm and brought it back with a jerk,--”so, like a table-cloth. I get tired of seeing men and horses going up and down, up and down.” Marie looked up at his defiant figure and her face clouded. “I wish you weren’t so restless, and didn’t get so worked up over things,” she said sadly. “Thank you,” he returned shortly. She sighed despondently. “Everything I say makes you cross, don’t it? And you never used to be cross to me.” Emil took a step nearer and stood frowning down at her bent head. He stood in an attitude of self-defense, his feet well apart, his hands clenched and drawn up at his sides, so that the cords stood out on his bare arms. “I can’t play with you like a little boy any more,” he said slowly. “That’s what you miss, Marie. You’ll have to get some other little boy to play with.” He stopped and took a deep breath. Then he went on in a low tone, so intense that it was almost threatening: “Sometimes you seem to understand perfectly, and then sometimes you pretend you don’t. You don’t help things any by pretending. It’s then that I want to pull the corners of the Divide together. If you won’t understand, you know, I could make you!” Marie clasped her hands and started up from her seat. She had grown very pale and her eyes were shining with excitement and distress. “But, Emil, if I

Thesaurus clouded: (adj, n) cloudy; (adj) gloomy, accepting, acquiescent, compliant, boisterous, coarse. dark, overcast, obscure, blurred, conforming, cooperative, loyal, meek, pretending: (n, v) pretense; (n) foggy, misty, hazy, bleary; (v) amenable. affectation, appearance, acting, cymophanous. ANTONYM: (adj) despondently: (adv) sadly, dejectedly, pretence, mannerism, dissembling, pretension, deception, deceit; (adv) clear. despairingly, unhappily, hopelessly, cords: (n) trousers, bands, line, strings, glumly, downheartedly, sorrowfully, pretendingly. sarcastically: (adv) satirically, corduroys, raised bands. forlornly, disappointedly, defiant: (adj) bold, rebellious, disconsolately. ANTONYMS: (adv) mordantly, sharply, bitingly, audacious, resistant, brazen, happily, hopefully, enthusiastically. ironically, tartly, cynically, frowning: (adj) dismal, dark, gloomy, stubborn, unruly, mutinous, rude, scornfully, mockingly, scathingly, recalcitrant, obstinate. ANTONYMS: lowering, scowling, frowny, clouded; derisively. ANTONYM: (adv) gently. (adj) submissive, respectful, (adv) frowningly; (n) austere, self-defense: (n) protection.

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understand, then all our good times are over, we can never do nice things together any more. We shall have to behave like Mr. Linstrum. And, anyhow, there’s nothing to understand!” She struck the ground with her little foot fiercely. “That won’t last. It will go away, and things will be just as they used to. I wish you were a Catholic. The Church helps people, indeed it does. I pray for you, but that’s not the same as if you prayed yourself.” She spoke rapidly and pleadingly, looked entreatingly into his face. Emil stood defiant, gazing down at her.% “I can’t pray to have the things I want,” he said slowly, “and I won’t pray not to have them, not if I’m damned for it.” Marie turned away, wringing her hands. “Oh, Emil, you won’t try! Then all our good times are over.” “Yes; over. I never expect to have any more.” Emil gripped the hand-holds of his scythe and began to mow. Marie took up her cherries and went slowly toward the house, crying bitterly.

Thesaurus began: (v) Gan. bitterly: (adv) bitingly, sourly, fiercely, cruelly, caustically, harshly, poignantly, piercingly, cuttingly, rancorously, acrimoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmoniously, sweetly, warmly, gladly, agreeably, kindly, friendly. damned: (adj) accursed, doomed, blasted, condemned, damn, cussed, wretched, infernal, hateful, goddamned; (adv) damnably.

ANTONYM: (adj) saved. held, seized, captivated, fanatical, entreatingly: (adv) imploringly, absorbed, occupied, preoccupied, rapt, spellbound. ANTONYM: (adj) suppliantly, pleadingly, importunately. uninterested. fiercely: (adv) violently, bitterly, pleadingly: (adv) imploringly, strongly, savagely, brutally, importunately, entreatingly, intensely, wildly, cruelly, suppliantly, pleading, appealingly. toward: (prep) to, towards, vehemently, grimly, furiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, dully, approaching, headed for, just before, tame, docilely, tamely, calmly, feebly. of, in the direction of; (adv, prep) on; gazing: (adj) fixed. (adv) about, around, by. gripped: (adj) obsessed, engrossed, ANTONYMS: (prep) from, away.

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IX

On Sunday afternoon, a month after Carl Linstrum’s arrival, he rode with Emil up into the French country to attend a Catholic fair. He sat for most of the afternoon in the basement of the church, where the fair was held, talking to Marie Shabata, or strolled about the gravel terrace, thrown up on the hillside in front of the basement doors, where the French boys were jumping and wrestling and throwing the discus. Some of the boys were in their white baseball suits; they had just come up from a Sunday practice game down in the ballgrounds. Amedee, the newly married, Emil’s best friend, was their pitcher, renowned among the country towns for his dash and skill. Amedee was a little fellow, a year younger than Emil and much more boyish in appearance; very lithe and active and neatly made, with a clear brown and white skin, and flashing white teeth. The Sainte-Agnes boys were to play the Hastings nine in a fortnight, and Amedee’s lightning balls were the hope of his team. The little Frenchman seemed to get every ounce there was in him behind the ball as it left his hand.% “You’d have made the battery at the University for sure, ‘Medee,” Emil said as they were walking from the ball-grounds back to the church on the hill. “You’re pitching better than you did in the spring.”

Thesaurus baseball: (n) hockey, ball game, horseshoes, brickbat. flashing: (adj) bright, sparkling, ballock, baseball game, football. basement: (n) base, vault, cellarage, blinking, meteoric, scintillating, light, offices, story, storey, kitchen, pantry, brilliant, dazzling, gleaming; (n) flare, scullery, footing; (adj, n) bottom. flashes. boyish: (adj) young, puerile, lithe: (adj, v) limber, flexible; (adj) adolescent, youthful, babyish, graceful, slender, lissom, supple, childish, girlish, kittenish, boylike, lissome, svelte, agile, ductile, elastic. callow, immature. ANTONYM: (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) clumsy, stiff, mature. inflexible. discus: (n) disk, quoit, saucer, ball, ounce: (n) crumb, modicum, atom, shot, quoits, projectile, missile, morsel, bit, Oz, apothecaries' ounce,

shred, little, a few; (adj, n) grain. pitcher: (n) jar, ewer, mug, pot, hurler, creamer, container, pail, bucket, flagon, tankard. pitching: (n) cast, lurch, nosing motion, playing, slant, delivery, lunge, stone facing, pitch shot; (adj) inclined; (adv) headlong. wrestling: (n) grapple, grappling, rassling, bout, event, clamshell, athletics, boxing, braving, pugilism; (adj) fighting.

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Amedee grinned. “Sure! A married man don’t lose his head no more.” He slapped Emil on the back as he caught step with him. “Oh, Emil, you wanna get married right off quick! It’s the greatest thing ever!” Emil laughed. “How am I going to get married without any girl?” Amedee took his arm. “Pooh! There are plenty girls will have you. You wanna get some nice French girl, now. She treat you well; always be jolly. See,”-he began checking off on his fingers,--”there is Severine, and Alphosen, and Josephine, and Hectorine, and Louise, and Malvina--why, I could love any of them girls! Why don’t you get after them? Are you stuck up, Emil, or is anything the matter with you? I never did know a boy twenty-two years old before that didn’t have no girl. You wanna be a priest, maybe? Not-a for me!” Amedee swaggered. “I bring many good Catholics into this world, I hope, and that’s a way I help the Church.” Emil looked down and patted him on the shoulder. “Now you’re windy, ‘Medee. You Frenchies like to brag.” But Amedee had the zeal of the newly married, and he was not to be lightly shaken off. “Honest and true, Emil, don’t you want any girl? Maybe there’s some young lady in Lincoln, now, very grand,”--Amedee waved his hand languidly before his face to denote the fan of heartless beauty,--”and you lost your heart up there. Is that it?” “Maybe,” said Emil.% But Amedee saw no appropriate glow in his friend’s face. “Bah!” he exclaimed in disgust. “I tell all the French girls to keep ‘way from you. You gotta rock in there,” thumping Emil on the ribs. When they reached the terrace at the side of the church, Amedee, who was excited by his success on the ball-grounds, challenged Emil to a jumping-match, though he knew he would be beaten. They belted themselves up, and Raoul Marcel, the choir tenor and Father Duchesne’s pet, and Jean Bordelau, held the string over which they vaulted. All the French boys stood round, cheering and humping themselves up when Emil or Amedee went over the wire, as if they

Thesaurus cheering: (adj, n) encouraging, inspiriting; (adj) comforting, hearty, exhilarating, heartening, amusing; (n) applause, acclaim, ovation, cheers. ANTONYMS: (adj) disheartening, heartbreaking, discouraging, depressing, dejecting, disturbing. denote: (adj, n, v) declare; (adj, v) express; (v) indicate, imply, mean, point, demonstrate, stand for, spell; (n, v) betoken, signify. ANTONYM: (v) connote.

heartless: (adj) hardhearted, ruthless, cruel, pitiless, obdurate, merciless, unfeeling, unkind, stony, insensitive, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) kind, caring, hearted, warmhearted, compassionate, softhearted, merciful, sympathetic, concerned, flattering, generous. languidly: (adv) languorously, listlessly, wearily, lethargically, slowly, dreamily, limply, weakly, torpidly, indolently, impassively.

ANTONYMS: (adv) dynamically, vigorously. ribs: (n) dinner, chest, bosom. slapped: (adj) mistreated. thumping: (adj) spanking, whacking, roaring, thudding, lubberly, walloping, lumpish, gaunt; (n) thud, thump, clump. vaulted: (adj) domed, hollow, hooked, testudinated, rounded, arcuated, in the form of an arch, curved, concave, roofed.

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were helping in the lift. Emil stopped at five-feet-five, declaring that he would spoil his appetite for supper if he jumped any more.% Angelique, Amedee’s pretty bride, as blonde and fair as her name, who had come out to watch the match, tossed her head at Emil and said:-“‘Medee could jump much higher than you if he were as tall. And anyhow, he is much more graceful. He goes over like a bird, and you have to hump yourself all up.” “Oh, I do, do I?” Emil caught her and kissed her saucy mouth squarely, while she laughed and struggled and called, “‘Medee! ‘Medee!” “There, you see your ‘Medee isn’t even big enough to get you away from me. I could run away with you right now and he could only sit down and cry about it. I’ll show you whether I have to hump myself!” Laughing and panting, he picked Angelique up in his arms and began running about the rectangle with her. Not until he saw Marie Shabata’s tiger eyes flashing from the gloom of the basement doorway did he hand the disheveled bride over to her husband. “There, go to your graceful; I haven’t the heart to take you away from him.” Angelique clung to her husband and made faces at Emil over the white shoulder of Amedee’s ball-shirt. Emil was greatly amused at her air of proprietorship and at Amedee’s shameless submission to it. He was delighted with his friend’s good fortune. He liked to see and to think about Amedee’s sunny, natural, happy love. He and Amedee had ridden and wrestled and larked together since they were lads of twelve. On Sundays and holidays they were always arm in arm. It seemed strange that now he should have to hide the thing that Amedee was so proud of, that the feeling which gave one of them such happiness should bring the other such despair. It was like that when Alexandra tested her seed-corn in the spring, he mused. From two ears that had grown side by side, the grains of one shot up joyfully into the light, projecting themselves into the future, and the grains from the other lay still in the earth and rotted; and nobody knew why.

Thesaurus amused: (adj) amusing, smiling, ANTONYM: (n) crater. rotten, unsound. joyfully: (adv) joyously, merrily, gaily, saucy: (adj, n) pert; (adj) bold, tickled pink, pleased, diverted. declaring: (adj) affirming, predicant. gleefully, buoyantly, cheerily, impudent, audacious, insolent, fresh, disheveled: (adj) unkempt, sloppy, jubilantly, pleasantly, mirthfully; forward, impertinent, flippant, rude, (adv, v) happily; (adj, adv) cheerfully. brazen. ANTONYM: (adj) respectful. tousled, uncombed, dishevelled, ANTONYMS: (adv) joylessly, shameless: (adj) bold, immodest, tangled, slovenly, messy, scruffy, grubby, crumpled. ANTONYMS: miserably, despondently. profligate, depraved, audacious, (adj) free, neat, ordered, unwrinkled, proprietorship: (n) property, blatant, barefaced, unscrupulous, impudent, unblushing; (adj, v) groomed, sharp, smart, fresh. proprietary, possession, tenure, hump: (n) bulge, swelling, knob, graceless. ANTONYMS: (adj) demesne, title, holding, lordship, gibbosity, protuberance, bunch, monopoly. restrained, abashed, ashamed, lump; (n, v) hunch; (v) jazz, fuck, bed. rotted: (adj) roted, crappy, icky, lousy, discreet, prudish, apologetic.

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X

While Emil and Carl were amusing themselves at the fair, Alexandra was at home, busy with her account-books, which had been neglected of late. She was almost through with her figures when she heard a cart drive up to the gate, and looking out of the window she saw her two older brothers. They had seemed to avoid her ever since Carl Linstrum’s arrival, four weeks ago that day, and she hurried to the door to welcome them. She saw at once that they had come with some very definite purpose. They followed her stiffly into the sitting-room. Oscar sat down, but Lou walked over to the window and remained standing, his hands behind him.% “You are by yourself?” he asked, looking toward the doorway into the parlor. “Yes. Carl and Emil went up to the Catholic fair.” For a few moments neither of the men spoke. Then Lou came out sharply. “How soon does he intend to go away from here?” “I don’t know, Lou. Not for some time, I hope.” Alexandra spoke in an even, quiet tone that often exasperated her brothers. They felt that she was trying to be superior with them.

Thesaurus amusing: (adj) humorous, fun, pleasant, entertaining, risible, comical, diverting, enjoyable, laughable, agreeable, pleasing. ANTONYMS: (adj) tragic, boring, unpleasant, unfunny, tiring, grim, depressing, sad, annoying, heavy, serious. cart: (n) car, carriage, handcart, barrow, applecart, wagon; (v) haul, drag, bear, take, transfer. definite: (adj) certain, clear, distinct,

concrete, plain, conclusive, specific, neglected: (adj) dilapidated, precise, categorical, decisive; (adj, v) disregarded, ignored, deserted, absolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) derelict, forsaken, obsolete, imprecise, unclear, vague, undefined, antiquated, antique, shabby, unnoticed. ANTONYM: (adj) doubtful, indeterminate, qualified, evasive, indefinite, indescribable, salubrious. stiffly: (adv) firmly, stiff, awkwardly, dubious. exasperated: (adj) incensed, annoyed, unbendingly, difficultly, woodenly, enraged, angered, indignant, mad, strongly, formally, stringently, irate, irritated, cheesed off, testy; (adj, clumsily, strictly. ANTONYM: (adv) prep) provoked. ANTONYM: (adj) loosely. walked: (adj) exempt; (v) yode. pleased.

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Oscar spoke up grimly. “We thought we ought to tell you that people have begun to talk,” he said meaningly.% Alexandra looked at him. “What about?” Oscar met her eyes blankly. “About you, keeping him here so long. It looks bad for him to be hanging on to a woman this way. People think you’re getting taken in.” Alexandra shut her account-book firmly. “Boys,” she said seriously, “don’t let’s go on with this. We won’t come out anywhere. I can’t take advice on such a matter. I know you mean well, but you must not feel responsible for me in things of this sort. If we go on with this talk it will only make hard feeling.” Lou whipped about from the window. “You ought to think a little about your family. You’re making us all ridiculous.” “How am I?” “People are beginning to say you want to marry the fellow.” “Well, and what is ridiculous about that?” Lou and Oscar exchanged outraged looks. “Alexandra! Can’t you see he’s just a tramp and he’s after your money? He wants to be taken care of, he does!” “Well, suppose I want to take care of him? Whose business is it but my own?” “Don’t you know he’d get hold of your property?” “He’d get hold of what I wished to give him, certainly.” Oscar sat up suddenly and Lou clutched at his bristly hair. “Give him?” Lou shouted. “Our property, our homestead?” “I don’t know about the homestead,” said Alexandra quietly. “I know you and Oscar have always expected that it would be left to your children, and I’m not sure but what you’re right. But I’ll do exactly as I please with the rest of my land, boys.”

Thesaurus blankly: (adj, adv) inanely, vacuously, gloomily, dreadfully, hardly, expressionlessly; (adv) emptily, horridly, sullenly. ANTONYMS: (adv) brightly, pleasantly, warmly. hollowly, voidly, cleanly, hanging: (n) execution, curtain, arras, impassively, stupidly, whitely, inexpressively. ANTONYM: (adv) wall hanging; (adj) suspended, brightly. pendent, pendant, pendulous, hung, clutched: (adj) tense, worried, anxious, pending; (n, v) suspension. marry: (n, v) wed, espouse; (v) get neurotic. exchanged: (adj) counterchanged, married, link, conjoin, wive, splice, tie, unite, couple; (n) marriage. bartered, substituted. grimly: (adv) severely, harshly, ANTONYMS: (v) divorce, separate, morosely, fiercely, drearily, sourly, split.

outraged: (adj) angry, incensed, livid, enraged, mad, cross, annoyed, perverted, umbrageous, beside yourself, scandalized. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, indifferent. shouted: (adj) screamed, loud. tramp: (n) bum, hobo, beggar; (n, v) walk, trudge, vagabond, ramble, march; (v) roam, range, plod. ANTONYMS: (n, v) loyalist; (n) resident. whipped: (v) whipt.

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“The rest of your land!” cried Lou, growing more excited every minute. “Didn’t all the land come out of the homestead? It was bought with money borrowed on the homestead, and Oscar and me worked ourselves to the bone paying interest on it.”% “Yes, you paid the interest. But when you married we made a division of the land, and you were satisfied. I’ve made more on my farms since I’ve been alone than when we all worked together.” “Everything you’ve made has come out of the original land that us boys worked for, hasn’t it? The farms and all that comes out of them belongs to us as a family.” Alexandra waved her hand impatiently. “Come now, Lou. Stick to the facts. You are talking nonsense. Go to the county clerk and ask him who owns my land, and whether my titles are good.” Lou turned to his brother. “This is what comes of letting a woman meddle in business,” he said bitterly. “We ought to have taken things in our own hands years ago. But she liked to run things, and we humored her. We thought you had good sense, Alexandra. We never thought you’d do anything foolish.” Alexandra rapped impatiently on her desk with her knuckles. “Listen, Lou. Don’t talk wild. You say you ought to have taken things into your own hands years ago. I suppose you mean before you left home. But how could you take hold of what wasn’t there? I’ve got most of what I have now since we divided the property; I’ve built it up myself, and it has nothing to do with you.” Oscar spoke up solemnly. “The property of a family really belongs to the men of the family, no matter about the title. If anything goes wrong, it’s the men that are held responsible.” “Yes, of course,” Lou broke in. “Everybody knows that. Oscar and me have always been easy-going and we’ve never made any fuss. We were willing you should hold the land and have the good of it, but you got no right to part with any of it. We worked in the fields to pay for the first land you bought, and whatever’s come out of it has got to be kept in the family.”

Thesaurus borrowed: (adj) foreign, rubato, ablaze, enthusiastic, emotional, duster, weapon, arm, knucks, hand. meddle: (v) intervene, interfere, secondary. frantic, warm, heated, delirious, clerk: (n, v) writer, secretary, fervent, passionate. ANTONYMS: intrude, monkey, interpose, fiddle, transcriber; (n) servant, shop (adj) cool, unexcited, bored, tranquil, pry, dabble, interlope; (n) assistant, salesclerk, employee, easygoing, disappointed, despairing, interference; (adj) moil. ANTONYM: accountant, recorder; (v) scrivener, (v) disregard. comatose, apathetic, sedate, nonsense: (n) bosh, absurdity, scribe. composed. easy-going: (adj) carefree, indulgent, fuss: (n, v) flurry, bicker, fidget, humbug, balderdash, foolishness, hubbub; (adj, n) stir; (n) flap, easygoing, tranquil, tolerant, slack, drivel, folderol, baloney, falderal, lax, tender, amiable, breezy, commotion, ado, bother, disturbance; jargon, claptrap. ANTONYMS: (n) (v) fret. ANTONYM: (n) peace. unsociable. sense, wisdom, substance, fact. excited: (adj, v) animated, ardent; (adj) knuckles: (n) brass knuckles, knuckle

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Oscar reinforced his brother, his mind fixed on the one point he could see. “The property of a family belongs to the men of the family, because they are held responsible, and because they do the work.” Alexandra looked from one to the other, her eyes full of indignation. She had been impatient before, but now she was beginning to feel angry. “And what about my work?” she asked in an unsteady voice.% Lou looked at the carpet. “Oh, now, Alexandra, you always took it pretty easy! Of course we wanted you to. You liked to manage round, and we always humored you. We realize you were a great deal of help to us. There’s no woman anywhere around that knows as much about business as you do, and we’ve always been proud of that, and thought you were pretty smart. But, of course, the real work always fell on us. Good advice is all right, but it don’t get the weeds out of the corn.” “Maybe not, but it sometimes puts in the crop, and it sometimes keeps the fields for corn to grow in,” said Alexandra dryly. “Why, Lou, I can remember when you and Oscar wanted to sell this homestead and all the improvements to old preacher Ericson for two thousand dollars. If I’d consented, you’d have gone down to the river and scraped along on poor farms for the rest of your lives. When I put in our first field of alfalfa you both opposed me, just because I first heard about it from a young man who had been to the University. You said I was being taken in then, and all the neighbors said so. You know as well as I do that alfalfa has been the salvation of this country. You all laughed at me when I said our land here was about ready for wheat, and I had to raise three big wheat crops before the neighbors quit putting all their land in corn. Why, I remember you cried, Lou, when we put in the first big wheat-planting, and said everybody was laughing at us.” Lou turned to Oscar. “That’s the woman of it; if she tells you to put in a crop, she thinks she’s put it in. It makes women conceited to meddle in business. I shouldn’t think you’d want to remind us how hard you were on us, Alexandra, after the way you baby Emil.”

Thesaurus conceited: (adj) arrogant, cocky, vain, indignation: (n) anger, resentment, scraped: (adj) scratched, worn out, boastful, proud, smug, affected, displeasure, grudge, umbrage, rage, worn, threadbare, frayed, hurt, assuming, egotistical, haughty, outrage, exasperation, choler, skinned, damaged, raw. pompous. ANTONYMS: (adj) dudgeon; (adj, n) wrath. unsteady: (adj) insecure, changeable, ANTONYMS: (n) contentment, modest, insecure, meek, selfless, dizzy, unbalanced, rickety, unsettled, unassuming. pleasure. shaky, unsound, precarious, uneven; impatient: (adj) eager, anxious, preacher: (n) missionary, parson, (adj, n) uncertain. ANTONYMS: (adj) petulant, fidgety, vexed, keen, edgy, lecturer, clergyman, evangelist, steady, stable, alert, firm, secure, quick, avid, irritable, fretful. pastor, priest, sermonizer, revivalist, constant. ANTONYMS: (adj) patient, enduring, gospeler, preachers. weeds: (n) viduity, mourning band, unenthusiastic, calm, happy, relaxed, puts: (n) stocks, securities, preferred garment, cypress, widowhood, dress; (adj) willow. slow. stock, common stock, bonds.

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“Hard on you? I never meant to be hard. Conditions were hard. Maybe I would never have been very soft, anyhow; but I certainly didn’t choose to be the kind of girl I was. If you take even a vine and cut it back again and again, it grows hard, like a tree.” Lou felt that they were wandering from the point, and that in digression Alexandra might unnerve him. He wiped his forehead with a jerk of his handkerchief. “We never doubted you, Alexandra. We never questioned anything you did. You’ve always had your own way. But you can’t expect us to sit like stumps and see you done out of the property by any loafer who happens along, and making yourself ridiculous into the bargain.” Oscar rose. “Yes,” he broke in, “everybody’s laughing to see you get took in; at your age, too. Everybody knows he’s nearly five years younger than you, and is after your money. Why, Alexandra, you are forty years old!” “All that doesn’t concern anybody but Carl and me. Go to town and ask your lawyers what you can do to restrain me from disposing of my own property. And I advise you to do what they tell you; for the authority you can exert by law is the only influence you will ever have over me again.” Alexandra rose. “I think I would rather not have lived to find out what I have to-day,” she said quietly, closing her desk.% Lou and Oscar looked at each other questioningly. There seemed to be nothing to do but to go, and they walked out. “You can’t do business with women,” Oscar said heavily as he clambered into the cart. “But anyhow, we’ve had our say, at last.” Lou scratched his head. “Talk of that kind might come too high, you know; but she’s apt to be sensible. You hadn’t ought to said that about her age, though, Oscar. I’m afraid that hurt her feelings; and the worst thing we can do is to make her sore at us. She’d marry him out of contrariness.” “I only meant,” said Oscar, “that she is old enough to know better, and she is. If she was going to marry, she ought to done it long ago, and not go making a fool of herself now.”

Thesaurus digression: (n, v) deviation, diversion; flip. ANTONYM: (v) ease. (n) departure, aside, excursion, loafer: (n) dawdler, idler, bum, divagation, aberrance, deflection, layabout, lounger, loon, shirker, deflexion, divergence, difference. slacker, tramp, dallier, blackguard. ANTONYMS: (n) consistency, questioningly: (adv) wonderingly, uniformity, regularity. quizzically, curiously, skeptically, disposing: (adv) disposingly; (v) pryingly, incredulously, suspiciously, dispose; (adj) decretive, dispositive; inquisitively, sceptically, nosily, (n) distribution. doubtfully. doubted: (adj) distrusted, suspected. restrain: (adj, v) confine; (v) control, jerk: (n, v) jump, yank, shake, twitch, rein, hold, curb, bind, contain, jar, tug, bump, heave, pull; (v) fling, prevent, limit, repress; (n, v) check.

ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, promote, unleash, impel, release, intensify, increase, free, extend, express, support. unnerve: (adj) unman, unbrace; (v) enfeeble, unsettle, discourage, upset, shake, disconcert, faze, disturb, untune. ANTONYMS: (v) strengthen, encourage, reassure, comfort, soothe. vine: (n) grapevine, grape, creeper, vignette, vignoble, potato, gourd, groundnut, haoma, horsebrier, hoya.

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Lou looked anxious, nevertheless. “Of course,” he reflected hopefully and inconsistently, “Alexandra ain’t much like other women-folks. Maybe it won’t make her sore. Maybe she’d as soon be forty as not!”%

Thesaurus anxious: (adj) uneasy, alarmed, positively, auspiciously, expectantly, reliably, steadily. maybe: (adv) possibly, probably, thoughtful, fearful, apprehensive, rosily, encouragingly, promisingly, agitated, keen; (adj, v) nervous, tense, buoyantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) perchance, haply, peradventure, in solicitous, jumpy. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopelessly, despairingly, all probability, lest, doubtless, conceivably, mayhap; (n) possibility. relaxed, carefree, confident, rational, pessimistically. inconsistently: (adv) illogically, ANTONYM: (adv) certainly. unconcerned, undisturbed, nevertheless: (adv, conj, prep) however, untroubled, assured, comfortable, irrationally, contradictorily, although; (adv, conj) but, yet, even; cool, apathetic. incongruously, irregularly, forty: (adj, n) XL; (n) two score, forties; conflictingly, discrepantly, (adv) all the same, even so, though, (adj) twoscore. inconstantly, incompatibly, unevenly, anyway, anyhow; (adj, adv) still. hopefully: (adv) confidently, preposterously. ANTONYMS: (adv) reflected: (adj) reflecting, reverberant, optimistically, brightly, cheerfully, constantly, logically, systematically, reflectent.

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XI

Emil came home at about half-past seven o’clock that evening. Old Ivar met him at the windmill and took his horse, and the young man went directly into the house. He called to his sister and she answered from her bedroom, behind the sitting-room, saying that she was lying down.% Emil went to her door. “Can I see you for a minute?” he asked. “I want to talk to you about something before Carl comes.” Alexandra rose quickly and came to the door. “Where is Carl?” “Lou and Oscar met us and said they wanted to talk to him, so he rode over to Oscar’s with them. Are you coming out?” Emil asked impatiently. “Yes, sit down. I’ll be dressed in a moment.” Alexandra closed her door, and Emil sank down on the old slat lounge and sat with his head in his hands. When his sister came out, he looked up, not knowing whether the interval had been short or long, and he was surprised to see that the room had grown quite dark. That was just as well; it would be easier to talk if he were not under the gaze of those clear, deliberate eyes, that saw so far in some directions and were so blind in others. Alexandra, too, was glad of the dusk. Her face was swollen from crying.

Thesaurus crying: (adj, v) exigent, instant, directions: (n) advice, instruction, lounge: (n, v) loiter; (v) loll, loaf, pressing, urgent; (adj) insistent, recline, rest, dawdle, laze; (n) couch, guidance, instructions, briefing, clamant, imperative, blatant; (n) saunter, divan, sofa. ANTONYM: (v) commands, orders, will. weeping; (v) weep; (adj, n) sniveling. dusk: (n) nightfall, twilight, darkness, stand. deliberate: (v) cogitate, consult, slat: (n) board, plank, spline, louver, gloaming, sunset, gloom, night, shade, shadow, sundown; (adj) debate, think, confer, contemplate; amount, Louvre, Sloat, stick, strip of (adj) careful, circumspect, slow, dusky. ANTONYMS: (n) dawn, light, wood; (v) furnish, provide. swollen: (adj, v) inflated, distended; thoughtful, calculated. ANTONYMS: daybreak, morning, afternoon. (adj) unintentional, accidental, hasty, interval: (n) intermission, interruption, (adj) bombastic, puffy, turgid, puffed, high, egotistic, bulging; (v) blown; ingenuous, involuntary, distance, break, interlude, hiatus, (adj, prep) pompous. ANTONYMS: spontaneous, rushed, automatic, interim, pause, period, respite, gap. ANTONYM: (n) intensification. (adj) contracted, shrunken. unwitting, unstudied, subliminal.

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Emil started up and then sat down again. “Alexandra,” he said slowly, in his deep young baritone, “I don’t want to go away to law school this fall. Let me put it off another year. I want to take a year off and look around. It’s awfully easy to rush into a profession you don’t really like, and awfully hard to get out of it. Linstrum and I have been talking about that.” “Very well, Emil. Only don’t go off looking for land.” She came up and put her hand on his shoulder. “I’ve been wishing you could stay with me this winter.” “That’s just what I don’t want to do, Alexandra. I’m restless. I want to go to a new place. I want to go down to the City of Mexico to join one of the University fellows who’s at the head of an electrical plant. He wrote me he could give me a little job, enough to pay my way, and I could look around and see what I want to do. I want to go as soon as harvest is over. I guess Lou and Oscar will be sore about it.” “I suppose they will.” Alexandra sat down on the lounge beside him. “They are very angry with me, Emil. We have had a quarrel. They will not come here again.” Emil scarcely heard what she was saying; he did not notice the sadness of her tone. He was thinking about the reckless life he meant to live in Mexico.% “What about?” he asked absently. “About Carl Linstrum. They are afraid I am going to marry him, and that some of my property will get away from them.” Emil shrugged his shoulders. “What nonsense!” he murmured. “Just like them.” Alexandra drew back. “Why nonsense, Emil?” “Why, you’ve never thought of such a thing, have you? They always have to have something to fuss about.” “Emil,” said his sister slowly, “you ought not to take things for granted. Do you agree with them that I have no right to change my way of living?”

Thesaurus absently: (adv) absentmindedly, missingly, lackingly, inattentively, wantingly, offly, deficiently, lostly, removedly, preoccupiedly, outly. awfully: (adv) atrociously, hideously, appallingly, frightfully, fearfully, ghastly, terribly, horrifically, horrendously, badly; (adj, adv) amazingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) pleasantly, hardly, little, mildly, satisfactorily, slightly, well, adequately, superbly, somewhat.

baritone: (n) brass, singer, vocalist, extravagant, daring, desperate, brash; (adj, v) imprudent, wanton. baritone voice, baritone horn. drew: (n) move, John Drew. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, prudent, quarrel: (adj, n, v) dispute; (n, v) fight, sensible, wise, responsible, feud, brawl, row, altercation, argue, parsimonious, considered, safe, conflict, squabble; (n) dissension, guarded, dutiful, discreet. difference. ANTONYMS: (n) restless: (adj) fidgety, uneasy, agreement, reconciliation, impatient, restive, agitated, fretful, acceptance, concord, consensus; (v) turbulent, feverish; (adj, n) nervous, apprehensive; (adj, v) unquiet. agree. reckless: (adj) careless, rash, ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, peaceful, foolhardy, hasty, incautious, lethargic, unbroken, still, contented.

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Emil looked at the outline of his sister’s head in the dim light. They were sitting close together and he somehow felt that she could hear his thoughts. He was silent for a moment, and then said in an embarrassed tone, “Why, no, certainly not. You ought to do whatever you want to. I’ll always back you.” “But it would seem a little bit ridiculous to you if I married Carl?” Emil fidgeted. The issue seemed to him too far-fetched to warrant discussion. “Why, no. I should be surprised if you wanted to. I can’t see exactly why. But that’s none of my business. You ought to do as you please. Certainly you ought not to pay any attention to what the boys say.” Alexandra sighed. “I had hoped you might understand, a little, why I do want to. But I suppose that’s too much to expect. I’ve had a pretty lonely life, Emil. Besides Marie, Carl is the only friend I have ever had.” Emil was awake now; a name in her last sentence roused him. He put out his hand and took his sister’s awkwardly. “You ought to do just as you wish, and I think Carl’s a fine fellow. He and I would always get on. I don’t believe any of the things the boys say about him, honest I don’t. They are suspicious of him because he’s intelligent. You know their way. They’ve been sore at me ever since you let me go away to college. They’re always trying to catch me up. If I were you, I wouldn’t pay any attention to them. There’s nothing to get upset about. Carl’s a sensible fellow. He won’t mind them.” “I don’t know. If they talk to him the way they did to me, I think he’ll go away.” Emil grew more and more uneasy. “Think so? Well, Marie said it would serve us all right if you walked off with him.” “Did she? Bless her little heart! She would.” Alexandra’s voice broke.% Emil began unlacing his leggings. “Why don’t you talk to her about it? There’s Carl, I hear his horse. I guess I’ll go upstairs and get my boots off. No, I don’t want any supper. We had supper at five o’clock, at the fair.” Emil was glad to escape and get to his own room. He was a little ashamed for his sister, though he had tried not to show it. He felt that there was something

Thesaurus awkwardly: (adv) gawkily, ineptly, ungracefully, embarrassingly, maladroitly, stiffly, gracelessly, inopportunely, bunglingly, inelegantly, unwieldily. ANTONYMS: (adv) gracefully, elegantly, usefully, urbanely, contentedly, coherently, calmly, conveniently, agilely, expertly, amenably. boots: (n) Bootes, bell boy, bootblack, counterjumper, boy, shoeblack,

footwear. embarrassed: (adj) awkward, abashed, uncomfortable, disconcerted, bashful, sheepish, shy, shamefaced, mortified, discomfited, chagrined. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, unabashed, natural, talkative. far-fetched: (adj) improbable, tall, implausible, foreign, unreasonable. roused: (adj) excited, awake, susceptible, emotional, elated, interested.

uneasy: (adj) anxious, fidgety, restless, concerned, nervous, apprehensive, ill at ease, unquiet, awkward, fretful, restive. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, untroubled, composed, relaxed, easy, unconcerned, still, comfortable, carefree, confident, serene. warrant: (n, v) permit, vouch, license, assure, sanction, empower; (n) authority, authorization, security; (v) justify, ensure. ANTONYMS: (n) break; (v) debar.

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indecorous in her proposal, and she did seem to him somewhat ridiculous. There was trouble enough in the world, he reflected, as he threw himself upon his bed, without people who were forty years old imagining they wanted to get married. In the darkness and silence Emil was not likely to think long about Alexandra. Every image slipped away but one. He had seen Marie in the crowd that afternoon. She sold candy at the fair. why had she ever run away with Frank Shabata, and how could she go on laughing and working and taking an interest in things? Why did she like so many people, and why had she seemed pleased when all the French and Bohemian boys, and the priest himself, crowded round her candy stand? Why did she care about any one but him? Why could he never, never find the thing he looked for in her playful, affectionate eyes? Then he fell to imagining that he looked once more and found it there, and what it would be like if she loved him,--she who, as Alexandra said, could give her whole heart. In that dream he could lie for hours, as if in a trance. His spirit went out of his body and crossed the fields to Marie Shabata.% At the University dances the girls had often looked wonderingly at the tall young Swede with the fine head, leaning against the wall and frowning, his arms folded, his eyes fixed on the ceiling or the floor. All the girls were a little afraid of him. He was distinguished-looking, and not the jollying kind. They felt that he was too intense and preoccupied. There was something queer about him. Emil’s fraternity rather prided itself upon its dances, and sometimes he did his duty and danced every dance. But whether he was on the floor or brooding in a corner, he was always thinking about Marie Shabata. For two years the storm had been gathering in him.

Thesaurus affectionate: (adj) fond, tender, kind, fantasy, opinion; (v) imagine; (adj) mild, devoted, ardent, warm, cordial, imaginant. caring, brotherly; (adj, adv) fatherly. indecorous: (adj) indecent, ANTONYMS: (adj) uncaring, callous, unbecoming, impolite, unseemly, undemonstrative, aloof, cool, coarse, indelicate, inappropriate, disapproving, reserved, antagonistic, untoward, immodest, unsuitable, tasteless. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, paternal, rough. fraternity: (adj, n) brotherhood; (n) decorous, proper, dignified, correct, association, company, club, decent. fellowship, society, companionship, playful: (adj) frisky, humorous, clan, circle, community, organization. kittenish, mischievous, skittish, imagining: (n) conception, daydream, impish, naughty, merry, lighthearted,

frivolous, frolicsome. ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, lethargic, solemn, staid, subdued, heavy. sold: (adj) depleted, interested; (v) to market. trance: (adj, n) ecstasy; (n, v) coma, charm; (n) fascination, daze, dream, captivation, spell, stupor, obstupefaction; (v) capture. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalist, reality, alertness. wonderingly: (adv) quizzically.

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XII

Carl came into the sitting-room while Alexandra was lighting the lamp. She looked up at him as she adjusted the shade. His sharp shoulders stooped as if he were very tired, his face was pale, and there were bluish shadows under his dark eyes. His anger had burned itself out and left him sick and disgusted.% “You have seen Lou and Oscar?” Alexandra asked. “Yes.” His eyes avoided hers. Alexandra took a deep breath. “And now you are going away. I thought so.” Carl threw himself into a chair and pushed the dark lock back from his forehead with his white, nervous hand. “What a hopeless position you are in, Alexandra!” he exclaimed feverishly. “It is your fate to be always surrounded by little men. And I am no better than the rest. I am too little to face the criticism of even such men as Lou and Oscar. Yes, I am going away; to-morrow. I cannot even ask you to give me a promise until I have something to offer you. I thought, perhaps, I could do that; but I find I can’t.” “What good comes of offering people things they don’t need?” Alexandra asked sadly. “I don’t need money. But I have needed you for a great many years. I wonder why I have been permitted to prosper, if it is only to take my friends away from me.”

Thesaurus adjusted: (adj) altered, set, arranged, adust. optimistic, encouraging, helpful, feverishly: (adv) excitedly, hotly, accustomed, correct, fitted, right, useful, successful, practical, laudable, tuned, secure, familiarised, febrilely, hecticly, feverously, effective. familiarized. ANTONYM: (adj) hysterically, passionately, frantically, lamp: (n) light, lantern, beacon, maladjusted. fanatically, heatedly, frenziedly. headlight, flashbulb, flashgun, table bluish: (adj) blueish, blasphemous, ANTONYMS: (adv) indifferently, lamp, oil lamp, storm lantern; (n, v) look; (v) behold. powder blue, coloured, colorful, peacefully, sluggishly. hopeless: (adj) incurable, despondent, prosper: (v) advance, flower, thrive, colored, chromatic, bluey, aristocratic, aristocratical. forlorn, disconsolate, desperate, grow, bloom, succeed, boom, get burned: (adj) baked, scorched, ahead, get on; (adj) luxuriate; (n, v) impossible, useless, abject, despair, fare. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, tempered, sore, hurt, heated, dismal, irreparable. ANTONYMS: hardened, destroyed, bleak, parched, (adj) cheerful, competent, promising, collapse, decrease, dwindle, decline.

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“I don’t deceive myself,” Carl said frankly. “I know that I am going away on my own account. I must make the usual effort. I must have something to show for myself. To take what you would give me, I should have to be either a very large man or a very small one, and I am only in the middle class.”% Alexandra sighed. “I have a feeling that if you go away, you will not come back. Something will happen to one of us, or to both. People have to snatch at happiness when they can, in this world. It is always easier to lose than to find. What I have is yours, if you care enough about me to take it.” Carl rose and looked up at the picture of John Bergson. “But I can’t, my dear, I can’t! I will go North at once. Instead of idling about in California all winter, I shall be getting my bearings up there. I won’t waste another week. Be patient with me, Alexandra. Give me a year!” “As you will,” said Alexandra wearily. “All at once, in a single day, I lose everything; and I do not know why. Emil, too, is going away.” Carl was still studying John Bergson’s face and Alexandra’s eyes followed his. “Yes,” she said, “if he could have seen all that would come of the task he gave me, he would have been sorry. I hope he does not see me now. I hope that he is among the old people of his blood and country, and that tidings do not reach him from the New World.”

Thesaurus bearings: (n) bearing, direction, crest, niente, idling speed; (v) to slide; (adj) release. tidings: (n) intelligence, information, position. trifling. happiness: (n) delight, merriment, patient: (adj) forbearing, passive, calm, message, report, word, advice, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, enduring, resigned, uncomplaining, communication, dispute, wind, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, tolerant, stoical, lenient, meek, statement, tiding. persistent. ANTONYMS: (adj) wearily: (adv) sickly, boredly, dully, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, intolerant, annoyed, eager, harsh. languidly, jadedly, exhaustedly, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require, sadly, soberly, gravely, heavily, seriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) discontent, dejection, gloominess, bequeath, leave. snatch: (n, v) pinch, snap, catch, grip; displeasure. hopefully, untiringly, energetically, idling: (n) idleness, loafing, faineance, (v) abduct, clutch, kidnap, seize, jerk, dynamically. capture, pluck. ANTONYM: (v) yours: (adj) own. dalliance, idle motion, dolce far

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PART III WINTER MEMORIES

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I

Winter has settled down over the Divide again; the season in which Nature recuperates, in which she sinks to sleep between the fruitfulness of autumn and the passion of spring. The birds have gone. The teeming life that goes on down in the long grass is exterminated. The prairie-dog keeps his hole. The rabbits run shivering from one frozen garden patch to another and are hard put to it to find frost-bitten cabbage-stalks. At night the coyotes roam the wintry waste, howling for food. The variegated fields are all one color now; the pastures, the stubble, the roads, the sky are the same leaden gray. The hedgerows and trees are scarcely perceptible against the bare earth, whose slaty hue they have taken on. The ground is frozen so hard that it bruises the foot to walk in the roads or in the ploughed fields. It is like an iron country, and the spirit is oppressed by its rigor and melancholy. One could easily believe that in that dead landscape the germs of life and fruitfulness were extinct forever.% Alexandra has settled back into her old routine. There are weekly letters from Emil. Lou and Oscar she has not seen since Carl went away. To avoid awkward encounters in the presence of curious spectators, she has stopped going to the Norwegian Church and drives up to the Reform Church at Hanover, or goes with Marie Shabata to the Catholic Church, locally known as “the French Church.” She has not told Marie about Carl, or her differences with her brothers. She was never very communicative about her own affairs, and when she came to

Thesaurus exterminated: (adj) broken, extinct, destroyed completely, lost, wiped out, annihilated. germs: (n) bacteria, germ, infection, microbes, microorganisms. leaden: (adj) heavy, gray, sluggish, grey, inert, torpid, grave, languid, drab, burdensome, livid. ANTONYM: (adj) bright. perceptible: (adj) conspicuous, appreciable, evident, discernible, obvious, visible, palpable, apparent,

teeming: (adj) abundant, profuse, detectable, manifest, observable. ANTONYMS: (adj) intangible, swarming, crowded, overflowing, unclear, inaudible, inconspicuous, exuberant, copious, plentiful, obscure, undetectable, invisible. productive, prolific, multitudinous. ploughed: (v) plucked. ANTONYM: ANTONYMS: (adj) deserted, lacking, (adj) unplowed. needing, wanting, clear, scarce, rigor: (n) harshness, austerity, scanty. variegated: (adj) mottled, dappled, grimness, exactness, cruelty, hardness, asperity, inclemency, varicolored, varicoloured, various, hardship, precision, strictness. piebald, speckled, assorted, different, ANTONYMS: (n) laxness, flexibility. multicolored, pied. ANTONYM: (adj) slaty: (adj) harder, hard, achromatic. uniform.

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the point, an instinct told her that about such things she and Marie would not understand one another.% Old Mrs. Lee had been afraid that family misunderstandings might deprive her of her yearly visit to Alexandra. But on the first day of December Alexandra telephoned Annie that to-morrow she would send Ivar over for her mother, and the next day the old lady arrived with her bundles. For twelve years Mrs. Lee had always entered Alexandra’s sitting-room with the same exclamation, “Now we be yust-a like old times!” She enjoyed the liberty Alexandra gave her, and hearing her own language about her all day long. Here she could wear her nightcap and sleep with all her windows shut, listen to Ivar reading the Bible, and here she could run about among the stables in a pair of Emil’s old boots. Though she was bent almost double, she was as spry as a gopher. Her face was as brown as if it had been varnished, and as full of wrinkles as a washerwoman’s hands. She had three jolly old teeth left in the front of her mouth, and when she grinned she looked very knowing, as if when you found out how to take it, life wasn’t half bad. While she and Alexandra patched and pieced and quilted, she talked incessantly about stories she read in a Swedish family paper, telling the plots in great detail; or about her life on a dairy farm in Gottland when she was a girl. Sometimes she forgot which were the printed stories and which were the real stories, it all seemed so far away. She loved to take a little brandy, with hot water and sugar, before she went to bed, and Alexandra always had it ready for her. “It sends good dreams,” she would say with a twinkle in her eye. When Mrs. Lee had been with Alexandra for a week, Marie Shabata telephoned one morning to say that Frank had gone to town for the day, and she would like them to come over for coffee in the afternoon. Mrs. Lee hurried to wash out and iron her new cross-stitched apron, which she had finished only the night before; a checked gingham apron worked with a design ten inches broad across the bottom; a hunting scene, with fir trees and a stag and dogs and huntsmen. Mrs. Lee was firm with herself at dinner, and refused a second helping of apple dumplings. “I ta-ank I save up,” she said with a giggle.

Thesaurus dumplings: (n) alimentary paste. exclamation: (n) clamor, ejaculation, exclaiming, utterance, whoop, interjection, shout, expletive, deuce, Dickens, ecphonesis. gingham: (n) cloth. gopher: (n) gauffer, pocket gopher, ground squirrel, Xerobates, gauffre, tortoise, squirrel, sharpy, spermophile, worker, antelope chipmunk. incessantly: (adv) constantly,

endlessly, continually, perpetually, continuously, unceasingly, eternally, persistently, unremittingly, unendingly, steadily. ANTONYMS: (adv) sporadically, briefly. nightcap: (n) drink, dram, game, cap, mobcap, drop. patched: (adj) mean, besmirched, old, damaged, ragged, flyblown. quilted: (adj) thick. refused: (adj) forbidden, refuse, prohibited, hence.

spry: (adj) quick, lively, active, agile, nimble, energetic, sprightly, frisky, prompt, ready, alert. ANTONYMS: (adj) inactive, sluggish, slow. stag: (v) spy, peach, denounce; (n) buck, dog, boar, cock, deer, roe, doe, reynard. twinkle: (n, v) flash, gleam, shimmer, glimmer, glisten, glitter, scintillate, wink; (adj, n, v) flicker; (v) shine, blink. wrinkles: (n) crow's feet.

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At two o’clock in the afternoon Alexandra’s cart drove up to the Shabatas’ gate, and Marie saw Mrs. Lee’s red shawl come bobbing up the path. She ran to the door and pulled the old woman into the house with a hug, helping her to take off her wraps while Alexandra blanketed the horse outside. Mrs. Lee had put on her best black satine dress--she abominated woolen stuffs, even in winter-and a crocheted collar, fastened with a big pale gold pin, containing faded daguerreotypes of her father and mother. She had not worn her apron for fear of rumpling it, and now she shook it out and tied it round her waist with a conscious air. Marie drew back and threw up her hands, exclaiming, “Oh, what a beauty! I’ve never seen this one before, have I, Mrs. Lee?” The old woman giggled and ducked her head. “No, yust las’ night I ma-ake. See dis tread; verra strong, no wa-ash out, no fade. My sister send from Sveden. I yust-a ta-ank you like dis.” Marie ran to the door again. “Come in, Alexandra. I have been looking at Mrs. Lee’s apron. Do stop on your way home and show it to Mrs. Hiller. She’s crazy about cross-stitch.” While Alexandra removed her hat and veil, Mrs. Lee went out to the kitchen and settled herself in a wooden rocking-chair by the stove, looking with great interest at the table, set for three, with a white cloth, and a pot of pink geraniums in the middle. “My, a-an’t you gotta fine plants; such-a much flower. How you keep from freeze?” She pointed to the window-shelves, full of blooming fuchsias and geraniums.% “I keep the fire all night, Mrs. Lee, and when it’s very cold I put them all on the table, in the middle of the room. Other nights I only put newspapers behind them. Frank laughs at me for fussing, but when they don’t bloom he says, ‘What’s the matter with the darned things?’-- What do you hear from Carl, Alexandra?” “He got to Dawson before the river froze, and now I suppose I won’t hear any more until spring. Before he left California he sent me a box of orange

Thesaurus blooming: (adj) rosy, thriving, ejaculation, exclaim, devil, flourishing, healthy, prosperous, interjection, ecphonesis. ruddy, booming, blossoming, cherry, fade: (adj, v) vanish, drop; (v) dissolve, verdant, green. ANTONYMS: (adj) decline, evaporate, discolor, droop, die, languish, expire; (n, v) wither. arid, pale. bobbing: (n) faggot, firewood, peat, ANTONYMS: (v) increase, grow, turf. flourish, enhance, surge, sharpen, darned: (adj) blasted, deuced, damn, brighten, color, wax, stay, rally. fastened: (adj) tied, fast, buttoned, cursed, goddamned, aeonian, goddamn, irritating, infernal, ageless, closed, tight, secure, pinned, binding, annoying. empight, steady, firm. ANTONYMS: exclaiming: (n) deuce, Dickens, (adj) unfastened, unbuttoned.

nights: (adj) nightly; (n) night. tread: (n, v) pace, walk, rate, march, tramp; (n) gait, stride, footstep, footfall, track; (v) trample. veil: (n, v) cover, hide, disguise, mask, cloud, shroud, camouflage; (v) cloak, conceal; (n) curtain, blind. ANTONYMS: (v) disclose, unveil, expose. wraps: (n) concealment, veil of secrecy, cover.

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flowers, but they didn’t keep very well. I have brought a bunch of Emil’s letters for you.” Alexandra came out from the sitting-room and pinched Marie’s cheek playfully. “You don’t look as if the weather ever froze you up. Never have colds, do you? That’s a good girl. She had dark red cheeks like this when she was a little girl, Mrs. Lee. She looked like some queer foreign kind of a doll. I’ve never forgot the first time I saw you in Mieklejohn’s store, Marie, the time father was lying sick. Carl and I were talking about that before he went away.” “I remember, and Emil had his kitten along. When are you going to send Emil’s Christmas box?” “It ought to have gone before this. I’ll have to send it by mail now, to get it there in time.” Marie pulled a dark purple silk necktie from her workbasket. “I knit this for him. It’s a good color, don’t you think? Will you please put it in with your things and tell him it’s from me, to wear when he goes serenading.” Alexandra laughed. “I don’t believe he goes serenading much. He says in one letter that the Mexican ladies are said to be very beautiful, but that don’t seem to me very warm praise.” Marie tossed her head. “Emil can’t fool me. If he’s bought a guitar, he goes serenading. Who wouldn’t, with all those Spanish girls dropping flowers down from their windows! I’d sing to them every night, wouldn’t you, Mrs. Lee?” The old lady chuckled. Her eyes lit up as Marie bent down and opened the oven door. A delicious hot fragrance blew out into the tidy kitchen. “My, somet’ing smell good!” She turned to Alexandra with a wink, her three yellow teeth making a brave show, “I ta-ank dat stop my yaw from ache no more!” she said contentedly.% Marie took out a pan of delicate little rolls, stuffed with stewed apricots, and began to dust them over with powdered sugar. “I hope you’ll like these, Mrs. Lee; Alexandra does. The Bohemians always like them with their coffee. But if you don’t, I have a coffee-cake with nuts and poppy seeds. Alexandra, will you get the cream jug? I put it in the window to keep cool.”

Thesaurus doll: (n) baby, chick, figurine, girl, crackers, loopy, batty, barmy, loony, powdered: (adj) powdery, fine, dotty, daft. ANTONYM: (adj) dolly, dummy, marionette, toy, crushed, milled, ground, broken up, finer, minced, pulverised; (n) blockhead-board, bird, dame. sensible. fragrance: (n, v) aroma, perfume, pinched: (adj) haggard, drawn, punctated, milk. scent, smell; (n) bouquet, odor, stuffed: (adj) crammed, packed, emaciated, cadaverous, narrow, essence, odour, redolence, sweetness; penurious, thin, penniless, adenoidal; congested, replete, loaded, filled, (adj) fragrant. ANTONYMS: (n) stink, (adj, n) necessitous; (n) distressed. fraught, chock-full, crowded, ANTONYM: (adj) relaxed. jammed, gorged. ANTONYMS: (adj) stench. knit: (adj, v) tie, lace; (v) plait, playfully: (adv) sportively, jocularly, hungry, lacking. wink: (n, v) twinkle, blink, flash; (n) intertwine, bind, join, pucker, fasten, puckishly, impishly, merrily, interlace; (adj) stitch, knitted. instant, twinkling, trice; (v) sparkle, naughtily, roguishly, frolicsomely, nuts: (adj) crazy, insane, balmy, nutty, lightheartedly, archly, skittishly. nictitate, flicker, nictate, leer.

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“The Bohemians,” said Alexandra, as they drew up to the table, “certainly know how to make more kinds of bread than any other people in the world. Old Mrs. Hiller told me once at the church supper that she could make seven kinds of fancy bread, but Marie could make a dozen.” Mrs. Lee held up one of the apricot rolls between her brown thumb and forefinger and weighed it critically. “Yust like-a fedders,” she pronounced with satisfaction. “My, a-an’t dis nice!” she exclaimed as she stirred her coffee. “I yust ta-ake a liddle yelly now, too, I ta-ank.” Alexandra and Marie laughed at her forehandedness, and fell to talking of their own affairs. “I was afraid you had a cold when I talked to you over the telephone the other night, Marie. What was the matter, had you been crying?” “Maybe I had,” Marie smiled guiltily. “Frank was out late that night. Don’t you get lonely sometimes in the winter, when everybody has gone away?” “I thought it was something like that. If I hadn’t had company, I’d have run over to see for myself. If you get down-hearted, what will become of the rest of us?” Alexandra asked.% “I don’t, very often. There’s Mrs. Lee without any coffee!” Later, when Mrs. Lee declared that her powers were spent, Marie and Alexandra went upstairs to look for some crochet patterns the old lady wanted to borrow. “Better put on your coat, Alexandra. It’s cold up there, and I have no idea where those patterns are. I may have to look through my old trunks.” Marie caught up a shawl and opened the stair door, running up the steps ahead of her guest. “While I go through the bureau drawers, you might look in those hatboxes on the closet-shelf, over where Frank’s clothes hang. There are a lot of odds and ends in them.” She began tossing over the contents of the drawers, and Alexandra went into the clothes-closet. Presently she came back, holding a slender elastic yellow stick in her hand. “What in the world is this, Marie? You don’t mean to tell me Frank ever carried such a thing?”

Thesaurus critically: (adj, adv) gravely; (adv) drawers: (n) knickers, pants, tights, seriously, severely, censoriously, shorts, bloomers, briefs, underwear, crucially, acutely, significantly, breeches, underpants, underdrawers, hypercritically, decisively, vitally, trousers. importantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) elastic: (adj) flexible, springy, soft, uncritically, slightly, positively, pliable, resilient, limber, pliant, insignificantly, illogically, favorably. yielding, ductile, buoyant; (n) rubber crochet: (n) crocheting, needlecraft, band. ANTONYMS: (adj) rigid, stiff, needlework, embroidery; (v) hook, inflexible, inelastic, unadaptable, intertwine, knit, weave, cop, create intolerant, firm, hard, unyielding. forefinger: (n) index finger, index, from raw material, create from raw stuff. forefingers, paw, thumb, hand,

exponent, antenna, feeler. guiltily: (adv) blameworthily, criminally, hangdogly, wickedly, faultily, sheepishly, delinquently, sinfully, awkwardly, sorrily, ashamedly. stair: (n) stage, degree, footstep, rank, stairway, staircase, corbiestep, ladder, pace, steps, support. tossing: (n) cast; (adj) moving. weighed: (adj) determined, deliberate, tared.

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Marie blinked at it with astonishment and sat down on the floor. “Where did you find it? I didn’t know he had kept it. I haven’t seen it for years.” “It really is a cane, then?” “Yes. One he brought from the old country. He used to carry it when I first knew him. Isn’t it foolish? Poor Frank!” Alexandra twirled the stick in her fingers and laughed. “He must have looked funny!” Marie was thoughtful. “No, he didn’t, really. It didn’t seem out of place. He used to be awfully gay like that when he was a young man. I guess people always get what’s hardest for them, Alexandra.” Marie gathered the shawl closer about her and still looked hard at the cane. “Frank would be all right in the right place,” she said reflectively. “He ought to have a different kind of wife, for one thing. Do you know, Alexandra, I could pick out exactly the right sort of woman for Frank--now. The trouble is you almost have to marry a man before you can find out the sort of wife he needs; and usually it’s exactly the sort you are not. Then what are you going to do about it?” she asked candidly.% Alexandra confessed she didn’t know. “However,” she added, “it seems to me that you get along with Frank about as well as any woman I’ve ever seen or heard of could.” Marie shook her head, pursing her lips and blowing her warm breath softly out into the frosty air. “No; I was spoiled at home. I like my own way, and I have a quick tongue. When Frank brags, I say sharp things, and he never forgets. He goes over and over it in his mind; I can feel him. Then I’m too giddy. Frank’s wife ought to be timid, and she ought not to care about another living thing in the world but just Frank! I didn’t, when I married him, but I suppose I was too young to stay like that.” Marie sighed. Alexandra had never heard Marie speak so frankly about her husband before, and she felt that it was wiser not to encourage her. No good, she reasoned, ever came from talking about such things, and while Marie was thinking aloud,

Thesaurus aloud: (adv) loud, out loud, strong, silly, changeable, vertiginous, studiously, regretfully, sadly, out, audibly, hard, forte. featherbrained, light, fickle, longingly, reflexively. ANTONYMS: (adv) softly, inaudibly, capricious; (adv) careless. timid: (adj) shy, afraid, diffident, coy, ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, dull. quietly. bashful, nervous, frightened, blowing: (n) processing, insufflation, reasoned: (adj) coherent, rational, apprehensive, modest; (adj, adv) bravado; (v) fanning, blow out; (adj) cowardly; (adj, n) cautious. sound, logical, valid, reasonable, ANTONYMS: (adj, n) brave; (adj) windy, breezy. carefully considered, intelligent, cane: (n, v) scourge, whip; (v) flog, heavy, healthy, good. ANTONYM: confident, bold, fearless, resolute, beat, birch, thrash, lash; (n) stick, bat, (adj) confused. forward, daring, brazen, extrovert, reflectively: (adv) contemplatively, rattan, twig. brash, talkative. confessed: (adj) known. meditatively, wistfully, thoughtfully, giddy: (adj, v) flighty; (adj) dizzy, faint, speculatively, ruminatively,

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Alexandra had been steadily searching the hat-boxes. “Aren’t these the patterns, Maria?” Maria sprang up from the floor. “Sure enough, we were looking for patterns, weren’t we? I’d forgot about everything but Frank’s other wife. I’ll put that away.” She poked the cane behind Frank’s Sunday clothes, and though she laughed, Alexandra saw there were tears in her eyes.% When they went back to the kitchen, the snow had begun to fall, and Marie’s visitors thought they must be getting home. She went out to the cart with them, and tucked the robes about old Mrs. Lee while Alexandra took the blanket off her horse. As they drove away, Marie turned and went slowly back to the house. She took up the package of letters Alexandra had brought, but she did not read them. She turned them over and looked at the foreign stamps, and then sat watching the flying snow while the dusk deepened in the kitchen and the stove sent out a red glow. Marie knew perfectly well that Emil’s letters were written more for her than for Alexandra. They were not the sort of letters that a young man writes to his sister. They were both more personal and more painstaking; full of descriptions of the gay life in the old Mexican capital in the days when the strong hand of Porfirio Diaz was still strong. He told about bull-fights and cock-fights, churches and fiestas, the flower-markets and the fountains, the music and dancing, the people of all nations he met in the Italian restaurants on San Francisco Street. In short, they were the kind of letters a young man writes to a woman when he wishes himself and his life to seem interesting to her, when he wishes to enlist her imagination in his behalf. Marie, when she was alone or when she sat sewing in the evening, often thought about what it must be like down there where Emil was; where there were flowers and street bands everywhere, and carriages rattling up and down, and where there was a little blind boot-black in front of the cathedral who could play any tune you asked for by dropping the lids of blacking-boxes on the stone steps. When everything is done and over for one at twenty-three, it is pleasant to

Thesaurus carriages: (n) carriage. dancing: (n) choreography, Terpsichore, saltation, break dancing, ceremonial dance, galloping, hoofing, Pavan; (adj) morrice; (adv) adance; (v) saltant. deepened: (adj) concentrated, gathered. enlist: (v) engage, recruit, employ, enroll, gain, get, join up, hire, acquire, join, enter. ANTONYMS: (v) discharge, resign, quit, dodge, avoid,

leave, fire. neglectful, rushed, sloppy, easy, lazy, glow: (n, v) flush, gleam, shine, rash, rough, slapdash, untidy. glimmer, glare, color, sparkle, beam; robes: (n) garb, fine clothes, costume, (v) burn, flare, kindle. ANTONYMS: best clothes. (n) wanness, darkness, paleness; (v) sewing: (n) embroidery, sew, pale, struggle. needlecraft, stitch, stitching, lids: (n) lid. fancywork, mend, gather, patch, painstaking: (adj) diligent, assiduous, gathering, binding. stove: (n) cooker, hearth, heater, conscientious, careful, laborious, exact, scrupulous, meticulous, furnace, fireplace, kiln, oven, cooking thorough, particular, studious. stove, cookstove, kitchen stove, ANTONYMS: (adj) careless, kitchen range.

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let the mind wander forth and follow a young adventurer who has life before him. “And if it had not been for me,” she thought, “Frank might still be free like that, and having a good time making people admire him. Poor Frank, getting married wasn’t very good for him either. I’m afraid I do set people against him, as he says. I seem, somehow, to give him away all the time. Perhaps he would try to be agreeable to people again, if I were not around. It seems as if I always make him just as bad as he can be.” Later in the winter, Alexandra looked back upon that afternoon as the last satisfactory visit she had had with Marie. After that day the younger woman seemed to shrink more and more into herself. When she was with Alexandra she was not spontaneous and frank as she used to be. She seemed to be brooding over something, and holding something back. The weather had a good deal to do with their seeing less of each other than usual. There had not been such snowstorms in twenty years, and the path across the fields was drifted deep from Christmas until March. When the two neighbors went to see each other, they had to go round by the wagon-road, which was twice as far. They telephoned each other almost every night, though in January there was a stretch of three weeks when the wires were down, and when the postman did not come at all.% Marie often ran in to see her nearest neighbor, old Mrs. Hiller, who was crippled with rheumatism and had only her son, the lame shoemaker, to take care of her; and she went to the French Church, whatever the weather. She was a sincerely devout girl. She prayed for herself and for Frank, and for Emil, among the temptations of that gay, corrupt old city. She found more comfort in the Church that winter than ever before. It seemed to come closer to her, and to fill an emptiness that ached in her heart. She tried to be patient with her husband. He and his hired man usually played California Jack in the evening. Marie sat sewing or crocheting and tried to take a friendly interest in the game, but she was always thinking about the wide fields outside, where the snow was drifting over the fences; and about the orchard, where the snow was falling and packing, crust over crust. When she went out into the dark kitchen to fix her plants for the night, she used to stand by the window and look out at the white fields, or watch

Thesaurus adventurer: (n) venturer, speculator, plunger, argonaut, traveler, daredevil, gambler, adventurers, carpetbagger, divers, mercenary. ANTONYMS: (n) killjoy, milquetoast. crippled: (adj) deformed, game, exhausted, broken, decrepit, crooked, halt, impotent; (n) limping; (v) drooping, flagging. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, functioning, fit. crocheting: (n) needlework, needlecraft, creating from raw

materials. richness, fullness, value, importance, devout: (adj) pious, devoted, saintly, clutter. rheumatism: (n) arthritis, atrophic heartfelt, holy, dear, devotional, hearty, earnest; (adj, v) pure; (adj, n) arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid godly. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreligious, arthritis; (v) lumbago, podagra, agnostic, impious, irreverent, otalgia, neuralgia, earache, unbelieving, undevout, unholy, cephalalgia, odontalgia, sciatica. shoemaker: (n) bootmaker, atheistic, secular, uncommitted. emptiness: (n) blankness, blank, void, dressmaker, cordwainer, boot maker, vanity, vacuity, worthlessness, maker, shaper, souter, Crispin. wires: (n) chains, rigging, ropes, futility, space, inanity, inanition, hollowness. ANTONYMS: (n) dealings.

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the %currents of snow whirling over the orchard. She seemed to feel the weight of all the snow that lay down there. The branches had become so hard that they wounded your hand if you but tried to break a twig. And yet, down under the frozen crusts, at the roots of the trees, the secret of life was still safe, warm as the blood in one’s heart; and the spring would come again! Oh, it would come again!

Thesaurus frozen: (adj) cold, frosty, frigid, ANTONYMS: (adj, n) known, public; twig: (n) sprig, bough, limb, shoot, (adj) open, overt, apparent, wintry, glacial, arctic, icy, freezing, offshoot, spray, branchlet, scion, stalk; (n, v) stick; (v) grasp. stiff, congealed, iced. ANTONYMS: unrestricted, external, visible, (adj) moving, hot, warm, boiling, whirling: (adj) rotary, revolving, outermost, transparent, blatant. snow: (n) cocaine, precipitation, fluid, liquid, melted, unfrozen, dizzy, giddy, lightheaded, rotating, snowfall, bark, barque; (v) vortical; (n) rotation, gyration, thawed, tropical, soft. roots: (n) heredity, family, origin, line, overwhelm, beguile, hoodwink, revolution; (adj, n) swirling. wounded: (adj, v) hurt; (n) casualty, extraction, ancestry. bamboozle, lead by the nose, play secret: (adj, v) mysterious, hidden, maimed; (adj) bruised, injured, false. covert, secluded, confidential; (adj) spring: (n, v) leap, bound, hop, bloody, aggrieved, saddened; (v) concealed, furtive, occult, obscure; fountain, skip, caper, bounce, dive, stricken, wound, struck. ANTONYM: (adj, n) privacy, secrecy. dance; (n) source; (v) originate. (adj) unaffected.

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II

If Alexandra had had much imagination she might have guessed what was going on in Marie’s mind, and she would have seen long before what was going on in Emil’s. But that, as Emil himself had more than once reflected, was Alexandra’s blind side, and her life had not been of the kind to sharpen her vision. Her training had all been toward the end of making her proficient in what she had undertaken to do. Her personal life, her own realization of herself, was almost a subconscious existence; like an underground river that came to the surface only here and there, at intervals months apart, and then sank again to flow on under her own fields. Nevertheless, the underground stream was there, and it was because she had so much personality to put into her enterprises and succeeded in putting it into them so completely, that her affairs prospered better than those of her neighbors.% There were certain days in her life, outwardly uneventful, which Alexandra remembered as peculiarly happy; days when she was close to the flat, fallow world about her, and felt, as it were, in her own body the joyous germination in the soil. There were days, too, which she and Emil had spent together, upon which she loved to look back. There had been such a day when they were down on the river in the dry year, looking over the land. They had made an early start one morning and had driven a long way before noon. When Emil said he was hungry, they drew back from the road, gave Brigham his oats among the bushes,

Thesaurus bushes: (n) underbrush, thicket, undergrowth, minor league. fallow: (adj) dormant, yellow, unbroken, uncultivated, citrine, aureate, idle, unplanted, unseeded; (n) tillage, tilth. ANTONYMS: (adj) planted, fertile, cultivated, active, prolific, creative. germination: (n) genesis, development, growth, generation, sprouting, gemmation, maturation; (v) gemination, fertilization,

man; (adj) psychological, hidden, heterogamy, progeneration. joyous: (adj) happy, gleeful, elated, subliminal, entrenched, inherent, jolly, glad, gay, jovial, merry, festive, bodily, inner, instinctive. cheerful, jocund. ANTONYMS: (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, despairing, joyless, miserable. conscious, expressed, deliberate, proficient: (adj, n) expert, professional; spiritual. (adj) able, accomplished, practiced, uneventful: (adj) eventless, prosaic, good, adroit, capable, skillful, humdrum, slow, dreary, indecisive, competent, deft. ANTONYMS: (adj) without any passion, lifeless, inept, amateur, untrained, uninteresting, general, mere. ANTONYMS: (adj) eventful, inexperienced, bad. subconscious: (n) mind, psyche, inner extraordinary, memorable, inspiring.

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and climbed up to the top of a grassy bluff to eat their lunch under the shade of some little elm trees. The river was clear there, and shallow, since there had been no rain, and it ran in ripples over the sparkling sand. Under the overhanging willows of the opposite bank there was an inlet where the water was deeper and flowed so slowly that it seemed to sleep in the sun. In this little bay a single wild duck was swimming and diving and preening her feathers, disporting herself very happily in the flickering light and shade. They sat for a long time, watching the solitary bird take its pleasure. No living thing had ever seemed to Alexandra as beautiful as that wild duck. Emil must have felt about it as she did, for afterward, when they were at home, he used sometimes to say, “Sister, you know our duck down there--” Alexandra remembered that day as one of the happiest in her life. Years afterward she thought of the duck as still there, swimming and diving all by herself in the sunlight, a kind of enchanted bird that did not know age or change.% Most of Alexandra’s happy memories were as impersonal as this one; yet to her they were very personal. Her mind was a white book, with clear writing about weather and beasts and growing things. Not many people would have cared to read it; only a happy few. She had never been in love, she had never indulged in sentimental reveries. Even as a girl she had looked upon men as work-fellows. She had grown up in serious times. There was one fancy indeed, which persisted through her girlhood. It most often came to her on Sunday mornings, the one day in the week when she lay late abed listening to the familiar morning sounds; the windmill singing in the brisk breeze, Emil whistling as he blacked his boots down by the kitchen door. Sometimes, as she lay thus luxuriously idle, her eyes closed, she used to have an illusion of being lifted up bodily and carried lightly by some one very strong. It was a man, certainly, who carried her, but he was like no man she knew; he was much larger and stronger and swifter, and he carried her as easily as if she were a sheaf of wheat. She never saw him, but, with eyes closed, she could feel that he was yellow like the sunlight, and there was the smell of ripe cornfields about him. She could feel him approach, bend over her and lift her, and then she could

Thesaurus enchanted: (adj) bewitched, delighted, youthhood, maidhood, age. cheaply, simply. indulged: (adj) pet, privileged, overhanging: (adj, v) projecting; (v) charmed, fascinated, rapt, beetling; (adj) covering, imminent, spellbound, blissful, happy, cherished, admired. enamored, possessed; (v) entranced. inlet: (n) bay, cove, gulf, entry, impending, pendent, obumbrant, ANTONYMS: (adj) disenchanted, entrance, arm, gateway, loch, armlet, hanging over, overspreading, unhappy. intake, recess. depending, hanging. flickering: (adj) sparkling, aflicker, luxuriously: (adv) richly, sheaf: (n) fagot, faggot, bunch, bale, desultory, capricious, glistening, sumptuously, extravagantly, package, bundle, truss, stack, parcel, shimmering, glittering; (n) twinkling, opulently, magnificently, fardel, packet. flicker, fluttering; (adv) flickeringly. whistling: (n) whistle, sound, tin voluptuously, lushly, lavishly, girlhood: (n) adolescence, boyhood, palatially, sensually, gorgeously. whistle, music, pennywhistle, sign, ANTONYMS: (adv) meagerly, maidenhood, youth, babyhood, signal, signaling.

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feel herself being carried swiftly off across the fields. After such a reverie she would rise hastily, angry with herself, and go down to the bath-house that was partitioned off the kitchen shed. There she would stand in a tin tub and prosecute her bath with vigor, finishing it by pouring buckets of cold well-water over her gleaming white body which no man on the Divide could have carried very far.% As she grew older, this fancy more often came to her when she was tired than when she was fresh and strong. Sometimes, after she had been in the open all day, overseeing the branding of the cattle or the loading of the pigs, she would come in chilled, take a concoction of spices and warm home-made wine, and go to bed with her body actually aching with fatigue. Then, just before she went to sleep, she had the old sensation of being lifted and carried by a strong being who took from her all her bodily weariness.

Thesaurus aching: (adj) sore, achy, hurt, uncomfortable, tender, hurtful, agonizing; (n) ache, pain, hurting; (v) griped. branding: (n) roundup, stigmatization, stigmatisation. chilled: (adj) frozen, freezing, cool, refrigerated, icy, inhibited, restrained, confined, shivering, iced, stiff. concoction: (n) mixture, admixture, commixture, mix, combination,

distraction. ANTONYM: (n) reality. batter, medley, assortment, confection, fabrication; (n, v) vigor: (n, v) energy; (adj, n) intensity; (n) spirit, vitality, force, life, strength, digestion. overseeing: (n) supervision, control, power, might, vim, stamina. administration; (adj) superintendent, ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, apathy, surveillant. frailty, laziness, enervation, partitioned: (adj) divide, enclosed, inactivity, indifference, illness, partitioned off, separate. lifelessness, sluggishness, tardiness. reverie: (n) dream, fantasy, air castle, weariness: (n) exhaustion, tiredness, brown study, revery, trance, lassitude, languor, asthenopia, abstraction, castle in Spain, castle in defatigation, grogginess, listlessness, the air; (adj) preoccupation, boredom, ennui, prostration.

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PART IV THE WHITE MULBERRY TREE

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I

The French Church, properly the Church of Sainte-Agnes, stood upon a hill. The high, narrow, red-brick building, with its tall steeple and steep roof, could be seen for miles across the wheatfields, though the little town of Sainte-Agnes was completely hidden away at the foot of the hill. The church looked powerful and triumphant there on its eminence, so high above the rest of the landscape, with miles of warm color lying at its feet, and by its position and setting it reminded one of some of the churches built long ago in the wheat-lands of middle France.% Late one June afternoon Alexandra Bergson was driving along one of the many roads that led through the rich French farming country to the big church. The sunlight was shining directly in her face, and there was a blaze of light all about the red church on the hill. Beside Alexandra lounged a strikingly exotic figure in a tall Mexican hat, a silk sash, and a black velvet jacket sewn with silver buttons. Emil had returned only the night before, and his sister was so proud of him that she decided at once to take him up to the church supper, and to make him wear the Mexican costume he had brought home in his trunk. “All the girls who have stands are going to wear fancy costumes,” she argued, “and some of the boys. Marie is going to tell fortunes, and she sent to Omaha for a Bohemian dress her father brought back from a visit to the old country. If you wear those clothes, they will all be pleased. And you must take your guitar. Everybody

Thesaurus blaze: (n, v) flash, glare, flame, mark, unimportance, dip, commonness, scintillation; (n) fire, light, burning, inferiority. inflammation, sheen; (adj, v) burn. sash: (n) girdle, cincture, band, buttons: (n) bellboy, peyote. cummerbund, baldric, framing, costume: (n) clothing, clothes, apparel, waistband, framework, frame, fillet, garb, suit, outfit, uniform, garments, fascia. drapery; (n, v) dress; (v) clothe. sewn: (adj) stitched, sew, sewen, eminence: (n) distinction, elevation, seamed. altitude, celebrity, superiority, rank, steeple: (adj, n) spire, tower; (n) excellence, fame, glory, prominence, campanile, minaret, turret, dome; status. ANTONYMS: (n) (adj) pyramid, column, obelisk, insignificance, cavity, depression, monument, pillar.

strikingly: (adj, adv) notably, signally, unusually, singularly; (adv) prominently, stunningly, imposingly, impressively, markedly, outstandingly, obviously. triumphant: (adj) victorious, successful, triumphal, exulting, winning, joyful, rejoicing, elated, conquering, prideful; (adj, v) exultant. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointed, failing, losing, defeated, miserable, sorrowful.

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ought to do what they can to help along, and we have never done much. We are not a talented family.” The supper was to be at six o’clock, in the basement of the church, and afterward there would be a fair, with charades and an auction. Alexandra had set out from home early, leaving the house to Signa and Nelse Jensen, who were to be married next week. Signa had shyly asked to have the wedding put off until Emil came home.% Alexandra was well satisfied with her brother. As they drove through the rolling French country toward the westering sun and the stalwart church, she was thinking of that time long ago when she and Emil drove back from the river valley to the still unconquered Divide. Yes, she told herself, it had been worth while; both Emil and the country had become what she had hoped. Out of her father’s children there was one who was fit to cope with the world, who had not been tied to the plow, and who had a personality apart from the soil. And that, she reflected, was what she had worked for. She felt well satisfied with her life. When they reached the church, a score of teams were hitched in front of the basement doors that opened from the hillside upon the sanded terrace, where the boys wrestled and had jumping-matches. Amedee Chevalier, a proud father of one week, rushed out and embraced Emil. Amedee was an only son,--hence he was a very rich young man,--but he meant to have twenty children himself, like his uncle Xavier. “Oh, Emil,” he cried, hugging his old friend rapturously, “why ain’t you been up to see my boy? You come to-morrow, sure? Emil, you wanna get a boy right off! It’s the greatest thing ever! No, no, no! Angel not sick at all. Everything just fine. That boy he come into this world laughin’, and he been laughin’ ever since. You come an’ see!” He pounded Emil’s ribs to emphasize each announcement. Emil caught his arms. “Stop, Amedee. You’re knocking the wind out of me. I brought him cups and spoons and blankets and moccasins enough for an orphan asylum. I’m awful glad it’s a boy, sure enough!” The young men crowded round Emil to admire his costume and to tell him in a breath everything that had happened since he went away. Emil had more

Thesaurus embraced: (adj) popular. staddle, youngster, shaver; (adj) ANTONYMS: (adv) boldly, brashly, hillside: (n) acclivity, slope, bank, orphaned. brazenly, urbanely, conspicuously, pounded: (adj) beaten, ground, declivity, hill, gradient, hill-side, confidently, decisively. mountain waist, the area half way up crushed, pulverized, minced, broken stalwart: (adj) brawny, brave, sturdy, a mountain, mountainside, side. up, milled. strapping, resolute, hardy, powerful, hugging: (n) caressing, fondling, rapturously: (adv) ravishingly, sinewy, firm, stout, courageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unreliable, weak, stimulation, embracing, kissing, rhapsodically, overjoyedly, raptly, foreplay, gorgerin, necking, delightedly, enrapturedly, gladly. inconstant, feeble, delicate, cowardly, shyly: (adv) timidly, shily, coyly, smooching, snuggling, arousal. uncommitted. moccasins: (n) mocassin. diffidently, timorously, with reserve, unconquered: (adj) unbeaten, orphan: (n) waif, caterpillar, nymph, embarrassedly, clumsily, uncertainly, unvanquished, not conquered. nympha, cocoon, Aurelia, tyke, tentatively, unremarkably.

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friends up here in the French country than down on Norway Creek. The French and Bohemian boys were spirited and jolly, liked variety, and were as much predisposed to favor anything new as the Scandinavian boys were to reject it. The Norwegian and Swedish lads were much more self-centred, apt to be egotistical and jealous. They were cautious and reserved with Emil because he had been away to college, and were prepared to take him down if he should try to put on airs with them. The French boys liked a bit of swagger, and they were always delighted to hear about anything new: new clothes, new games, new songs, new dances. Now they carried Emil off to show him the club room they had just fitted up over the post-office, down in the village. They ran down the hill in a drove, all laughing and chattering at once, some in French, some in English.% Alexandra went into the cool, whitewashed basement where the women were setting the tables. Marie was standing on a chair, building a little tent of shawls where she was to tell fortunes. She sprang down and ran toward Alexandra, stopping short and looking at her in disappointment. Alexandra nodded to her encouragingly. “Oh, he will be here, Marie. The boys have taken him off to show him something. You won’t know him. He is a man now, sure enough. I have no boy left. He smokes terrible-smelling Mexican cigarettes and talks Spanish. How pretty you look, child. Where did you get those beautiful earrings?” “They belonged to father’s mother. He always promised them to me. He sent them with the dress and said I could keep them.” Marie wore a short red skirt of stoutly woven cloth, a white bodice and kirtle, a yellow silk turban wound low over her brown curls, and long coral pendants in her ears. Her ears had been pierced against a piece of cork by her great-aunt when she was seven years old. In those germless days she had worn bits of broom-straw, plucked from the common sweeping-broom, in the lobes until the holes were healed and ready for little gold rings. When Emil came back from the village, he lingered outside on the terrace with the boys. Marie could hear him talking and strumming on his guitar while

Thesaurus bodice: (n) corsage, stays, corset, brassiere, top, slip, waist, corselet. chattering: (n) chatter, cackle, yak, grabbing, claver; (adj) talkative, loquacious, noisy, gabby, garrulous; (v) natter. egotistical: (adj) conceited, selfish, egocentric, proud, arrogant, narcissistic, pompous, haughty, boastful, vain, brassy. ANTONYMS: (adj) humble, modest, selfless. favor: (n, v) countenance, aid, grace,

support, benefit, boon; (adj, n) kindness; (n) advantage; (v) befriend, encourage, patronize. ANTONYMS: (v) hinder, contradict, dislike, hurt, differ, thwart, reject, demean; (n) derogation, disapproval, unkindness. kirtle: (n) dress, frock, tunic, cape, tippet. predisposed: (adj) inclined, susceptible, partial, disposed, willing, likely, propense, vulnerable, biased, of a mind, interested. ANTONYMS:

(adj) unbiased, impervious. stoutly: (adv) sturdily, robustly, strongly, solidly, lustily, vigorously, toughly, resolutely, stockily, portly, obstinately. ANTONYM: (adv) feebly. swagger: (n, v) strut, prance; (adj, n, v) bluster; (v) boast, show off, parade, ruffle, flourish; (adj, v) bully; (adj) groovy; (n) bragging. turban: (n) peruke, pelt, periwig, pillbox, toque, front, caftan, chignon, turbant, headgear, millinery.

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Raoul Marcel sang falsetto. She was vexed with him for staying out there. It made her very nervous to hear him and not to see him; for, certainly, she told herself, she was not going out to look for him. When the supper bell rang and the boys came trooping in to get seats at the first table, she forgot all about her annoyance and ran to greet the tallest of the crowd, in his conspicuous attire. She didn’t mind showing her embarrassment at all. She blushed and laughed excitedly as she gave Emil her hand, and looked delightedly at the black velvet coat that brought out his fair skin and fine blond head. Marie was incapable of being lukewarm about anything that pleased her. She simply did not know how to give a half-hearted response. When she was delighted, she was as likely as not to stand on her tip-toes and clap her hands. If people laughed at her, she laughed with them.% “Do the men wear clothes like that every day, in the street?” She caught Emil by his sleeve and turned him about. “Oh, I wish I lived where people wore things like that! Are the buttons real silver? Put on the hat, please. What a heavy thing! How do you ever wear it? Why don’t you tell us about the bull-fights?” She wanted to wring all his experiences from him at once, without waiting a moment. Emil smiled tolerantly and stood looking down at her with his old, brooding gaze, while the French girls fluttered about him in their white dresses and ribbons, and Alexandra watched the scene with pride. Several of the French girls, Marie knew, were hoping that Emil would take them to supper, and she was relieved when he took only his sister. Marie caught Frank’s arm and dragged him to the same table, managing to get seats opposite the Bergsons, so that she could hear what they were talking about. Alexandra made Emil tell Mrs. Xavier Chevalier, the mother of the twenty, about how he had seen a famous matador killed in the bull-ring. Marie listened to every word, only taking her eyes from Emil to watch Frank’s plate and keep it filled. When Emil finished his account,--bloody enough to satisfy Mrs. Xavier and to make her feel thankful that she was not a matador,--Marie broke out with a volley of questions. How did the women dress when they went to bull-fights? Did they wear mantillas? Did they never wear hats?

Thesaurus attire: (n, v) array, garb, apparel, wear; cold, listless, halfhearted, mild, cool, understandingly, uncomplainingly, (n) costume, garment, outfit, clothes; unenthusiastic, apathetic, genial, kindly, moderately, permissively, (v) enrobe, clothe, dress up. frigid. ANTONYMS: (adj) hot, cool, meekly, forgivingly. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (v) disrobe, bare, strip, cold, keen. (adv) harshly, intolerantly. unclothe; (n) nakedness. matador: (n) bullfighter, toreador; (v) vexed: (adj) troubled, irritated, angry, clap: (n, v) blast, boom, slam, rumble; Moloch, assassin, bravo, butcher, pestered, peeved, harassed, sore, (n) applause, clapping, gonorrhoea, Cain, cutthroat, garroter, thug, harried, uneasy, cross, offended. smash; (v) acclaim, applaud, hit. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, sabreur. ANTONYMS: (v) hiss, jeer. sang: (n) panax quinquefolius, sing, uncomplicated. falsetto: (adj) alto, penny trumpet, wring: (n, v) squeeze; (v) twist, herb, herbaceous plant. tolerantly: (adv) patiently, indulgently, wrench, wrest, torture, torment, voce di testa, soprano, tenor. lukewarm: (adj) indifferent, warm, generously, liberally, distort, extract, twine, contort, rack.

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After supper the young people played charades for the amusement of their elders, who sat gossiping between their guesses. All the shops in Sainte-Agnes were closed at eight o’clock that night, so that the merchants and their clerks could attend the fair. The auction was the liveliest part of the entertainment, for the French boys always lost their heads when they began to bid, satisfied that their extravagance was in a good cause. After all the pincushions and sofa pillows and embroidered slippers were sold, Emil precipitated a panic by taking out one of his turquoise shirt studs, which every one had been admiring, and handing it to the auctioneer. All the French girls clamored for it, and their sweethearts bid against each other recklessly. Marie wanted it, too, and she kept making signals to Frank, which he took a sour pleasure in disregarding. He didn’t see the use of making a fuss over a fellow just because he was dressed like a clown. When the turquoise went to Malvina Sauvage, the French banker’s daughter, Marie shrugged her shoulders and betook herself to her little tent of shawls, where she began to shuffle her cards by the light of a tallow candle, calling out, “Fortunes, fortunes!”% The young priest, Father Duchesne, went first to have his fortune read. Marie took his long white hand, looked at it, and then began to run off her cards. “I see a long journey across water for you, Father. You will go to a town all cut up by water; built on islands, it seems to be, with rivers and green fields all about. And you will visit an old lady with a white cap and gold hoops in her ears, and you will be very happy there.” “Mais, oui,” said the priest, with a melancholy smile. “C’est L’Isle-Adam, chez ma mere. Vous etes tres savante, ma fille.” He patted her yellow turban, calling, “Venez donc, mes garcons! Il y a ici une veritable clairvoyante!” Marie was clever at fortune-telling, indulging in a light irony that amused the crowd. She told old Brunot, the miser, that he would lose all his money, marry a girl of sixteen, and live happily on a crust. Sholte, the fat Russian boy, who lived for his stomach, was to be disappointed in love, grow thin, and shoot himself from despondency. Amedee was to have twenty children, and nineteen of them were to be girls. Amedee slapped Frank on the back and asked him why he

Thesaurus auctioneer: (n) broker, agent, attorney, secretary, solicitor, clerk, seller, underwriter, proctor, commission agent; (v) auction off. despondency: (n) despair, desperation, dejection, despondence, melancholy, gloom, sadness, hopelessness, desolation, anguish, grief. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, hopefulness, cheerfulness, joy, resilience, delight, cheer. disregarding: (adv) irregardless, no

matter, disregardless, irrespective. gossiping: (adj) gabby, garrulous, scandalous; (n) gossipmongering. hoops: (n) basketball game, earrings, studs, jewelry, basketball. miser: (n) stinginess, curmudgeon, hunks, muckworm, niggard, skinflint, cheapskate, parsimony, moneygrubber, Jew, miserliness. recklessly: (adv) rashly, carelessly, imprudently, hastily, heedlessly, negligently, foolhardily,

inattentively, wildly, wantonly, neglectfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) prudently, responsibly, calmly, discreetly, sensibly, cautiously. studs: (n) jewelry. tallow: (n) grease, lard, oil, suet, cream, butter, cicatrix, beef tallow, dubbin, animal oil, scar. turquoise: (n) turquois, peacock blue, greenish blue, blue, aquamarine, aqua, blueness, opaque gem, turkois; (adj) sapphire, lapis lazuli.

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didn’t see what the fortune-teller would promise him. But Frank shook off his friendly hand and grunted, “She tell my fortune long ago; bad enough!” Then he withdrew to a corner and sat glowering at his wife.% Frank’s case was all the more painful because he had no one in particular to fix his jealousy upon. Sometimes he could have thanked the man who would bring him evidence against his wife. He had discharged a good farm-boy, Jan Smirka, because he thought Marie was fond of him; but she had not seemed to miss Jan when he was gone, and she had been just as kind to the next boy. The farm-hands would always do anything for Marie; Frank couldn’t find one so surly that he would not make an effort to please her. At the bottom of his heart Frank knew well enough that if he could once give up his grudge, his wife would come back to him. But he could never in the world do that. The grudge was fundamental. Perhaps he could not have given it up if he had tried. Perhaps he got more satisfaction out of feeling himself abused than he would have got out of being loved. If he could once have made Marie thoroughly unhappy, he might have relented and raised her from the dust. But she had never humbled herself. In the first days of their love she had been his slave; she had admired him abandonedly. But the moment he began to bully her and to be unjust, she began to draw away; at first in tearful amazement, then in quiet, unspoken disgust. The distance between them had widened and hardened. It no longer contracted and brought them suddenly together. The spark of her life went somewhere else, and he was always watching to surprise it. He knew that somewhere she must get a feeling to live upon, for she was not a woman who could live without loving. He wanted to prove to himself the wrong he felt. What did she hide in her heart? Where did it go? Even Frank had his churlish delicacies; he never reminded her of how much she had once loved him. For that Marie was grateful to him. While Marie was chattering to the French boys, Amedee called Emil to the back of the room and whispered to him that they were going to play a joke on the girls. At eleven o’clock, Amedee was to go up to the switchboard in the vestibule and turn off the electric lights, and every boy would have a chance to kiss his sweetheart before Father Duchesne could find his way up the stairs to

Thesaurus abandonedly: (adv) dissolutely, depravedly, forsakenly, licentiously, profligately, neglectedly, emptily, derelictly, corruptly, dissipatedly, lewdly. churlish: (adj) rude, rough, impolite, loutish, gruff, curt, abrupt, brusque, blunt, brutish, discourteous. ANTONYMS: (adj) agreeable, civil, courteous, nice, polite. delicacies: (n) food, delices, cates, regalia.

fortune-teller: (n) fortuneteller, morose; (adj, n) harsh, rude; (adj, adv) unfriendly. ANTONYMS: (adj) clairvoyant, magician. glowering: (adj) dour, grim, gloomy, cheerful, gentle, pleasant, courteous, morose, dark, false, dogged, easygoing, friendly. forbidding, sour, colored; (n) switchboard: (n) plugboard, scowling. ANTONYM: (adj) cheerful. patchboard, telephone exchange, humbled: (adj) humble, humiliated, monitor desk, nerve center, operating crushed, depressed, dispirited, room, central, telephone department. vestibule: (n) lobby, hall, foyer, abased, broken in, abject, ashamed; (n) humbler; (v) apart. antechamber, entrance hall, hallway, surly: (adj) sullen, grumpy, peevish, entry, porch, passage, anteroom, crusty, churlish, grouchy, gruff, threshold.

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turn the current on again. The only difficulty was the candle in Marie’s tent; perhaps, as Emil had no sweetheart, he would oblige the boys by blowing out the candle. Emil said he would undertake to do that.% At five minutes to eleven he sauntered up to Marie’s booth, and the French boys dispersed to find their girls. He leaned over the card-table and gave himself up to looking at her. “Do you think you could tell my fortune?” he murmured. It was the first word he had had alone with her for almost a year. “My luck hasn’t changed any. It’s just the same.” Marie had often wondered whether there was anyone else who could look his thoughts to you as Emil could. To-night, when she met his steady, powerful eyes, it was impossible not to feel the sweetness of the dream he was dreaming; it reached her before she could shut it out, and hid itself in her heart. She began to shuffle her cards furiously. “I’m angry with you, Emil,” she broke out with petulance. “Why did you give them that lovely blue stone to sell? You might have known Frank wouldn’t buy it for me, and I wanted it awfully!” Emil laughed shortly. “People who want such little things surely ought to have them,” he said dryly. He thrust his hand into the pocket of his velvet trousers and brought out a handful of uncut turquoises, as big as marbles. Leaning over the table he dropped them into her lap. “There, will those do? Be careful, don’t let any one see them. Now, I suppose you want me to go away and let you play with them?” Marie was gazing in rapture at the soft blue color of the stones. “Oh, Emil! Is everything down there beautiful like these? How could you ever come away?” At that instant Amedee laid hands on the switchboard. There was a shiver and a giggle, and every one looked toward the red blur that Marie’s candle made in the dark. Immediately that, too, was gone. Little shrieks and currents of soft laughter ran up and down the dark hall. Marie started up,--directly into Emil’s arms. In the same instant she felt his lips. The veil that had hung uncertainly between them for so long was dissolved. Before she knew what she was doing, she had committed herself to that kiss that was at once a boy’s and a man’s, as timid as it was tender; so like Emil and so unlike any one else in the world. Not

Thesaurus giggle: (n, v) laugh, chuckle, titter, fretfulness, peevishness, temper, break. acerbity; (adj) petulant, flippancy. shuffle: (v) mingle, blend, hobble, twitter, guffaw, gurgle, snort, hoot; (v) cackle, snicker, snigger. rapture: (n) joy, bliss, delight, muddle, drag, scuff, equivocate, marbles: (n) wit, sanity, mind, reason, happiness, exaltation, elation, prevaricate, ruffle, mix; (n, v) exultation, enchantment; (adj, n) shamble. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, jackstones, jacks, cods. oblige: (v) coerce, force, drive, enthusiasm; (n, v) transport; (adj, n, v) tidy, leave. stones: (n) shingle, grit. constrain, make, bind, accommodate, passion. ANTONYMS: (n) uncut: (adj) complete, untrimmed, obligate, necessitate, enforce, impel. indifference, boredom, misery, ANTONYMS: (v) displease, request, gloom, agony, hell, despair. standing, intact, unbroken, unshorn, shiver: (n, v) shake, tremble, shudder, unsevered; (n) unabridged; (adj, n) hinder. petulance: (n) touchiness, testiness, fragment, thrill, splinter, tingle; (v) boisterous, harsh, grating. quake, shatter, palpitate; (adj, v) ANTONYMS: (adj) mown, trimmed. tetchiness, crossness, choler,

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until it was over did she realize what it meant. And Emil, who had so often imagined the shock of this first kiss, was surprised at its gentleness and naturalness. It was like a sigh which they had breathed together; almost sorrowful, as if each were afraid of wakening something in the other.% When the lights came on again, everybody was laughing and shouting, and all the French girls were rosy and shining with mirth. Only Marie, in her little tent of shawls, was pale and quiet. Under her yellow turban the red coral pendants swung against white cheeks. Frank was still staring at her, but he seemed to see nothing. Years ago, he himself had had the power to take the blood from her cheeks like that. Perhaps he did not remember--perhaps he had never noticed! Emil was already at the other end of the hall, walking about with the shoulder-motion he had acquired among the Mexicans, studying the floor with his intent, deep-set eyes. Marie began to take down and fold her shawls. She did not glance up again. The young people drifted to the other end of the hall where the guitar was sounding. In a moment she heard Emil and Raoul singing:-“Across the Rio Grand-e There lies a sunny land-e, My bright-eyed Mexico!” Alexandra Bergson came up to the card booth. “Let me help you, Marie. You look tired.” She placed her hand on Marie’s arm and felt her shiver. Marie stiffened under that kind, calm hand. Alexandra drew back, perplexed and hurt. There was about Alexandra something of the impervious calm of the fatalist, always disconcerting to very young people, who cannot feel that the heart lives at all unless it is still at the mercy of storms; unless its strings can scream to the touch of pain.

Thesaurus breathed: (adj) unvoiced, inaudible, ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, breathing, aphonic. pervious, susceptible, affected, bright-eyed: (adj) well. penetrable, receptive, scared, deep-set: (adj) hollow. sensitive. fatalist: (n) determinist, necessitarian, naturalness: (n) familiarity, dark horse, destinist, pessimist, artlessness, innocence, naturalization, quitter, defeatist, predestinationist. ingenuousness, quality, impervious: (adj) impenetrable, unaffectedness, naturality, inaccessible, callous, impassable, informality, nature, naiveness. ANTONYMS: (n) affectedness, imperviable, invulnerable, waterproof, tight, resistant, insincerity. perplexed: (adj) confused, puzzled, insensitive, pachydermatous.

baffled, confounded, doubtful, distracted, disconcerted; (adj, v) intricate, complicated, lost, involved. ANTONYMS: (adj) unperplexed, assured, clear, knowing. sorrowful: (adj) melancholy, doleful, sad, rueful, lugubrious, gloomy, dreary, grievous, piteous, unhappy, mournful. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, content, joyful, successful. wakening: (n) rousing, reveille, waking up, arousal.

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II

Signa’s wedding supper was over. The guests, and the tiresome little Norwegian preacher who had performed the marriage ceremony, were saying good-night. Old Ivar was hitching the horses to the wagon to take the wedding presents and the bride and groom up to their new home, on Alexandra’s north quarter. When Ivar drove up to the gate, Emil and Marie Shabata began to carry out the presents, and Alexandra went into her bedroom to bid Signa good-bye and to give her a few words of good counsel. She was surprised to find that the bride had changed her slippers for heavy shoes and was pinning up her skirts. At that moment Nelse appeared at the gate with the two milk cows that Alexandra had given Signa for a wedding present.% Alexandra began to laugh. “Why, Signa, you and Nelse are to ride home. I’ll send Ivar over with the cows in the morning.” Signa hesitated and looked perplexed. When her husband called her, she pinned her hat on resolutely. “I ta-ank I better do yust like he say,” she murmured in confusion. Alexandra and Marie accompanied Signa to the gate and saw the party set off, old Ivar driving ahead in the wagon and the bride and groom following on foot, each leading a cow. Emil burst into a laugh before they were out of hearing.

Thesaurus bride: (n) fiance, Bridget, Brigid, saint Brigid, saint Bridget, honeymooner, prioress, newlywed, participant, wife, bridegroom. ANTONYMS: (n) bridegroom, groom. ceremony: (n) courtesy, celebration, ceremonial, parade, pomp, rite, ceremonies, manners, custom, ritual, pageant. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, understatement. counsel: (v) advise, consult, admonish, confer, warn; (n, v) caution, advocate;

(n) barrister, advisement, unfalteringly, boldly, steadily, consultation, admonition. stubbornly, definitely, resolvedly, ANTONYMS: (v) betray, trick, unwaveringly. ANTONYMS: (adv) deceive, conceal, oppose; (n) irresolutely, indecisively, uncertainly, warning. feebly, hesitantly, aimlessly. groom: (n) equerry, bridegroom, tiresome: (adj) tedious, dull, laborious, stableman, hostler; (v) prepare, dress, irksome, monotonous, annoying, slow, dreary, bothersome; (adj, v) arrange, train, coach, tidy, curry. pinning: (n) pining, pin drafting, wearisome, troublesome. ANTONYMS: (adj) stimulating, fun, stemming. resolutely: (adv) determinedly, varied, soothing, pleasant, brisk, decidedly, steadfastly, decisively, exciting, convenient, refreshing.

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“Those two will get on,” said Alexandra as they turned back to the house. “They are not going to take any chances. They will feel safer with those cows in their own stable. Marie, I am going to send for an old woman next. As soon as I get the girls broken in, I marry them off.” “I’ve no patience with Signa, marrying that grumpy fellow!” Marie declared. “I wanted her to marry that nice Smirka boy who worked for us last winter. I think she liked him, too.” “Yes, I think she did,” Alexandra assented, “but I suppose she was too much afraid of Nelse to marry any one else. Now that I think of it, most of my girls have married men they were afraid of. I believe there is a good deal of the cow in most Swedish girls. You high-strung Bohemian can’t understand us. We’re a terribly practical people, and I guess we think a cross man makes a good manager.” Marie shrugged her shoulders and turned to pin up a lock of hair that had fallen on her neck. Somehow Alexandra had irritated her of late. Everybody irritated her. She was tired of everybody. “I’m going home alone, Emil, so you needn’t get your hat,” she said as she wound her scarf quickly about her head. “Good-night, Alexandra,” she called back in a strained voice, running down the gravel walk.% Emil followed with long strides until he overtook her. Then she began to walk slowly. It was a night of warm wind and faint starlight, and the fireflies were glimmering over the wheat. “Marie,” said Emil after they had walked for a while, “I wonder if you know how unhappy I am?” Marie did not answer him. Her head, in its white scarf, drooped forward a little. Emil kicked a clod from the path and went on:-“I wonder whether you are really shallow-hearted, like you seem? Sometimes I think one boy does just as well as another for you. It never seems to make much

Thesaurus clod: (adj, n) lump; (n) oaf, glebe, ball, clay, yokel, gawk, agglomeration, lout, clump; (adj) block. ANTONYM: (n) intellect. fireflies: (n) Lampyridae. glimmering: (n) inkling, ghost, luminosity, light, hint, apparition, radiance; (adj) glittering, glimmery, crepusculous, sciolism. gravel: (adj, v) nonplus, bother; (v) bedevil, rag, chevy, flummox, bewilder, puzzle; (adj) grating; (adj, n)

dirt; (n) grit. grumpy: (adj) grouchy, gruff, crabby, cantankerous, sulky, crabbed, fussy, cranky, testy, touchy, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, courteous, friendly, happy, pleasant, stable. high-strung: (adj) sensitive, tense, fidgety, jumpy, nervous, edgy, temperamental, feverish; (adv) on edge. irritated: (adj) annoyed, exasperated,

incensed, enraged, aggravated, furious, irate, inflamed, sore, displeased, provoked. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, pleased, patient, contented. marrying: (adj) married. overtook: (v) overtake. scarf: (n) neckerchief, handkerchief, stole, necktie, cravat, kerchief, mantilla, shawl, wrap, tie, stock. starlight: (n) rushlight, moonlight, firelight, candlelight.

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difference whether it is me or Raoul Marcel or Jan Smirka. Are you really like that?” “Perhaps I am. What do you want me to do? Sit round and cry all day? When I’ve cried until I can’t cry any more, then--then I must do something else.” “Are you sorry for me?” he persisted.% “No, I’m not. If I were big and free like you, I wouldn’t let anything make me unhappy. As old Napoleon Brunot said at the fair, I wouldn’t go lovering after no woman. I’d take the first train and go off and have all the fun there is.” “I tried that, but it didn’t do any good. Everything reminded me. The nicer the place was, the more I wanted you.” They had come to the stile and Emil pointed to it persuasively. “Sit down a moment, I want to ask you something.” Marie sat down on the top step and Emil drew nearer. “Would you tell me something that’s none of my business if you thought it would help me out? Well, then, tell me, please tell me, why you ran away with Frank Shabata!” Marie drew back. “Because I was in love with him,” she said firmly. “Really?” he asked incredulously. “Yes, indeed. Very much in love with him. I think I was the one who suggested our running away. From the first it was more my fault than his.” Emil turned away his face. “And now,” Marie went on, “I’ve got to remember that. Frank is just the same now as he was then, only then I would see him as I wanted him to be. I would have my own way. And now I pay for it.” “You don’t do all the paying.” “That’s it. When one makes a mistake, there’s no telling where it will stop. But you can go away; you can leave all this behind you.” “Not everything. I can’t leave you behind. Will you go away with me, Marie?”

Thesaurus fault: (adj, n, v) deficiency; (n) error, uncertainly, halfheartedly, leniently, appreciate, distinguish, interpret. nearer: (adj) adjacent, narre, hither; blot, delinquency, flaw, break, unsteadily, shakily, yielding, blunder; (adj, n) failing, blemish; (n, (adv) more rapidly, sooner, quicker, indefinitely, irresolutely, feebly. v) blame, crime. ANTONYMS: (n) incredulously: (adv) skeptically, nigher, NER, faster, earlier, Neer. unhappy: (adj) gloomy, dismal, strength, virtue, capability, disbelievingly, distrustfully, innocence, perfection, credit, ease; (v) suspiciously, dubiously, doubtfully, depressed, melancholy, sad, praise, absolve. questioningly, uncertainly, miserable, sorrowful, distressed, firmly: (adv) solidly, steadfastly, mistrustfully, doubtingly, cynically. disconsolate, infelicitous, low. mistake: (n, v) miss, blunder, err, slip; ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, cheerful, securely, resolutely, strongly, (n) failure, error, misconception, steadily, unwaveringly, stably, satisfied, pleased, glad, euphoric, misapprehension, defect, demerit; (v) fortunate, contented, joyful, timely, fixedly, robustly, rigidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) weakly, loosely, misapprehend. ANTONYMS: (v) lucky.

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Marie started up and stepped across the stile. “Emil! How wickedly you talk! I am not that kind of a girl, and you know it. But what am I going to do if you keep tormenting me like this!” she added plaintively.% “Marie, I won’t bother you any more if you will tell me just one thing. Stop a minute and look at me. No, nobody can see us. Everybody’s asleep. That was only a firefly. Marie, stop and tell me!” Emil overtook her and catching her by the shoulders shook her gently, as if he were trying to awaken a sleepwalker. Marie hid her face on his arm. “Don’t ask me anything more. I don’t know anything except how miserable I am. And I thought it would be all right when you came back. Oh, Emil,” she clutched his sleeve and began to cry, “what am I to do if you don’t go away? I can’t go, and one of us must. Can’t you see?” Emil stood looking down at her, holding his shoulders stiff and stiffening the arm to which she clung. Her white dress looked gray in the darkness. She seemed like a troubled spirit, like some shadow out of the earth, clinging to him and entreating him to give her peace. Behind her the fireflies were weaving in and out over the wheat. He put his hand on her bent head. “On my honor, Marie, if you will say you love me, I will go away.” She lifted her face to his. “How could I help it? Didn’t you know?” Emil was the one who trembled, through all his frame. After he left Marie at her gate, he wandered about the fields all night, till morning put out the fireflies and the stars.

Thesaurus awaken: (v) arouse, wake, rouse, call, dragon fly. reinforcement, process, rigidifying, honor: (n, v) respect, reputation, glory, procedure. stir, kindle, get up, raise, wake up, waken, revive. ANTONYMS: (v) fame, reward; (n) award, accolade, tormenting: (v) bothering, teasing, pestering, harassing; (adj) harrowing, dampen, calm, retire, suppress, spoil, reverence; (v) celebrate; (adj, n, v) worship, grace. ANTONYMS: (n, v) quench, douse, stifle. perturbing, plaguy, raging, upsetting, entreating: (adj) beseeching, dishonor, disgrace; (n) shame, vexatious; (adj, v) worrying. imploring, suppliant, begging, humiliation, wickedness, contempt, weaving: (adj) lurching, staggering, insult; (v) break, ignore, disrespect, supplicant, imploratory, asking walking unsteadily, unstable, submissively, pleading, piteous. discredit. stupefying, irregular, astounding, firefly: (n) glowworm, lightning bug, sleepwalker: (n) somnambulist, unsteady; (n) braiding, creating from fire beetle, pyrophorus noctiluca, noctambulist, sleeper. raw materials, aspect weaving. elaterid beetle, elaterid, elater; (v) fly, stiffening: (n) stiffness, rigidification,

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III

One %evening, a week after Signa’s wedding, Emil was kneeling before a box in the sitting-room, packing his books. From time to time he rose and wandered about the house, picking up stray volumes and bringing them listlessly back to his box. He was packing without enthusiasm. He was not very sanguine about his future. Alexandra sat sewing by the table. She had helped him pack his trunk in the afternoon. As Emil came and went by her chair with his books, he thought to himself that it had not been so hard to leave his sister since he first went away to school. He was going directly to Omaha, to read law in the office of a Swedish lawyer until October, when he would enter the law school at Ann Arbor. They had planned that Alexandra was to come to Michigan--a long journey for her--at Christmas time, and spend several weeks with him. Nevertheless, he felt that this leave-taking would be more final than his earlier ones had been; that it meant a definite break with his old home and the beginning of something new--he did not know what. His ideas about the future would not crystallize; the more he tried to think about it, the vaguer his conception of it became. But one thing was clear, he told himself; it was high time that he made good to Alexandra, and that ought to be incentive enough to begin with. As he went about gathering up his books he felt as if he were uprooting things. At last he threw himself down on the old slat lounge where he had slept when he was little, and lay looking up at the familiar cracks in the ceiling.

Thesaurus bringing: (n) delivery, consignment, listlessly: (adv) sluggishly, spiritlessly, serving, service, passage, post. indifferently, languidly, slowly, crystallize: (v) clear, shape, crystallise, weakly, indolently, supinely, lazily, effloresce, clarify, clear up, interpret; inanimately, slackly. ANTONYMS: (adj) candy, cake, cohere, clot. (adv) brightly, nimbly. kneeling: (n) homage, kowtow, packing: (n) boxing, package, gasket, kneelingly, prostration, genuflexion, bundling, fill, pad, pack, genuflection, curtsy, courtesy, envelopment, wadding, wrap, obeisance. backpacking. leave-taking: (n) farewell, adieu, sanguine: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, parting, goodbye, leave, separation, bloody, rubicund, confident, crimson, cheerful, buoyant, sanguineous; (adj, departure, exit.

n) red, florid. ANTONYMS: (adj) pessimistic, gloomy, doubtful. stray: (v) wander, ramble, range, digress, straggle, meander, depart, deviate, rove, drift, err. ANTONYM: (v) settle. trunk: (n) stem, boot, torso, bole, body, stalk, snout, proboscis, stock, tree trunk, box. uprooting: (n) cutting out, ablation, deracination, extraction, displacement, excision.

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“Tired, Emil?” his sister asked.% “Lazy,” he murmured, turning on his side and looking at her. He studied Alexandra’s face for a long time in the lamplight. It had never occurred to him that his sister was a handsome woman until Marie Shabata had told him so. Indeed, he had never thought of her as being a woman at all, only a sister. As he studied her bent head, he looked up at the picture of John Bergson above the lamp. “No,” he thought to himself, “she didn’t get it there. I suppose I am more like that.” “Alexandra,” he said suddenly, “that old walnut secretary you use for a desk was father’s, wasn’t it?” Alexandra went on stitching. “Yes. It was one of the first things he bought for the old log house. It was a great extravagance in those days. But he wrote a great many letters back to the old country. He had many friends there, and they wrote to him up to the time he died. No one ever blamed him for grandfather’s disgrace. I can see him now, sitting there on Sundays, in his white shirt, writing pages and pages, so carefully. He wrote a fine, regular hand, almost like engraving. Yours is something like his, when you take pains.” “Grandfather was really crooked, was he?” “He married an unscrupulous woman, and then--then I’m afraid he was really crooked. When we first came here father used to have dreams about making a great fortune and going back to Sweden to pay back to the poor sailors the money grandfather had lost.” Emil stirred on the lounge. “I say, that would have been worth while, wouldn’t it? Father wasn’t a bit like Lou or Oscar, was he? I can’t remember much about him before he got sick.” “Oh, not at all!” Alexandra dropped her sewing on her knee. “He had better opportunities; not to make money, but to make something of himself. He was a quiet man, but he was very intelligent. You would have been proud of him, Emil.”

Thesaurus crooked: (adj) bent, corrupt, dishonest, economy, frugality, parsimony, stitching. curved, unfair, deformed; (adj, n, v) unscrupulous: (adj) dishonest, prudence, paucity, moderation, awry; (adj, v) irregular, askew, wry, austerity, necessity, bareness. unprincipled, unethical, immoral, indirect. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, knee: (n) bracket, articulation, joint, dishonorable, crooked, unfair, honest, principled, even, aboveboard, kneel, knee joint, genu, articulatio unconscionable, sharp, lawful, level, moral, flat, aligned, genus, scythe, zigzag, sickle, bend. unconscientious, sly. ANTONYMS: stirred: (adj) excited, agitated, moved, (adj) scrupulous, principled, ethical, honorable. extravagance: (n) dissipation, luxury, affected, aroused, emotional, aflame, honest, moral. excess, profligacy, lavishness, Stirn, horny, susceptible, stirred up. walnut: (n) wood, walnut tree; (v) stitching: (n) seam, needlework, stitch, succotash, waffle, vanilla, trepang, squandering, recklessness, waste, prodigality, magnificence, needlecraft, mending, darning, porterhouse steak, supawn, salmis, immoderateness. ANTONYMS: (n) suturing, suture, cover, edging, wire sea slug, sauerkraut.

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Alexandra felt that he would like to know there had been a man of his kin whom he could admire. She knew that Emil was ashamed of Lou and Oscar, because they were bigoted and self-satisfied. He never said much about them, but she could feel his disgust. His brothers had shown their disapproval of him ever since he first went away to school. The only thing that would have satisfied them would have been his failure at the University. As it was, they resented every change in his speech, in his dress, in his point of view; though the latter they had to conjecture, for Emil avoided talking to them about any but family matters. All his interests they treated as affectations.% Alexandra took up her sewing again. “I can remember father when he was quite a young man. He belonged to some kind of a musical society, a male chorus, in Stockholm. I can remember going with mother to hear them sing. There must have been a hundred of them, and they all wore long black coats and white neckties. I was used to seeing father in a blue coat, a sort of jacket, and when I recognized him on the platform, I was very proud. Do you remember that Swedish song he taught you, about the ship boy?” “Yes. I used to sing it to the Mexicans. They like anything different.” Emil paused. “Father had a hard fight here, didn’t he?” he added thoughtfully. “Yes, and he died in a dark time. Still, he had hope. He believed in the land.” “And in you, I guess,” Emil said to himself. There was another period of silence; that warm, friendly silence, full of perfect understanding, in which Emil and Alexandra had spent many of their happiest half-hours. At last Emil said abruptly, “Lou and Oscar would be better off if they were poor, wouldn’t they?” Alexandra smiled. “Maybe. But their children wouldn’t. I have great hopes of Milly.” Emil shivered. “I don’t know. Seems to me it gets worse as it goes on. The worst of the Swedes is that they’re never willing to find out how much they don’t know. It was like that at the University. Always so pleased with themselves!

Thesaurus admire: (v) revere, look up to, idolize, broadminded, tolerant, unprejudiced, appreciate, adore, wonder, praise, humanitarian, liberal, moderate, fair. conjecture: (n) supposition, worship, admiring, esteem, honor. ANTONYMS: (v) despise, loathe, speculation, assumption, surmise, hypothesis; (v) suppose, believe, scorn, hate, condemn, abhor, anticipate, assume, speculate; (n, v) disrespect, detest, disregard, estimate. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty; disapprove, deprecate. avoided: (adj) unpopular. (v) demonstrate, know, learn, prove. bigoted: (adj) fanatic, opinionated, disapproval: (n) condemnation, narrow, fanatical, hidebound, bigot, disapprobation, censure, blame, insular, zealot, arbitrary, dogmatic, criticism, dislike, disfavor, dissent, biased. ANTONYMS: (adj) objection, dispraise, denunciation.

ANTONYMS: (n) blessing, commendation, favor, respect, pleasure, acceptance, praise, admiration, enthusiasm. disgust: (n) antipathy, aversion, abhorrence, abomination, detestation, dislike, repugnance; (n, v) shock, distaste; (v) nauseate, displease. ANTONYMS: (n, v) delight; (n) love, attraction, liking, adoration; (v) attract, allure, charm, entice, please. gets: (n) getting.

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There’s no getting behind that conceited Swedish grin. The Bohemians and Germans were so different.” “Come, Emil, don’t go back on your own people. Father wasn’t conceited, Uncle Otto wasn’t. Even Lou and Oscar weren’t when they were boys.” Emil looked incredulous, but he did not dispute the point. He turned on his back and lay still for a long time, his hands locked under his head, looking up at the ceiling. Alexandra knew that he was thinking of many things. She felt no anxiety about Emil. She had always believed in him, as she had believed in the land. He had been more like himself since he got back from Mexico; seemed glad to be at home, and talked to her as he used to do. She had no doubt that his wandering fit was over, and that he would soon be settled in life.% “Alexandra,” said Emil suddenly, “do you remember the wild duck we saw down on the river that time?” His sister looked up. “I often think of her. It always seems to me she’s there still, just like we saw her.” “I know. It’s queer what things one remembers and what things one forgets.” Emil yawned and sat up. “Well, it’s time to turn in.” He rose, and going over to Alexandra stooped down and kissed her lightly on the cheek. “Good-night, sister. I think you did pretty well by us.” Emil took up his lamp and went upstairs. Alexandra sat finishing his new nightshirt, that must go in the top tray of his trunk.

Thesaurus believed: (adj) whispered, alleged, beginning; (adj) first. barricaded, safe, protected, fastened. grin: (n, v) beam; (v) laugh, sneer, leer, nightshirt: (n) nightdress, nightie, thought, held. duck: (adj, n, v) plunge; (v) douse, quib, quip, satire, skit; (n) smirk, nightclothes, nightwear, night robe, dodge, dive, evade, circumvent, bob, grinning, simper. ANTONYM: (v) night clothes, pajamas. shirk; (adj, n) darling; (adj, v) souse; tray: (n) plate, salver, dish, frown. (n) canvas. ANTONYMS: (v) incredulous: (adj) dubious, doubtful, cheeseboard, tray bar, server, waiter, confront, rise, jump, meet, accept; (n) suspicious, unbelieving, faithless, Cran, inkstand, icetray, jardiniere. wandering: (adj) itinerant, nomadic, drake. skeptical, doubting, lacking faith, finishing: (n) completion, close, questioning, cynical, mistrustful. erratic, rambling, errant, migratory; ANTONYM: (adj) convinced. (adj, v) stray, vagrant, vagabond, accomplishment, conclusion, end, coating; (adj, n) ending; (adj) closing, locked: (adj) bolted, closed, fast, unsettled; (n) peregrination. last, final, ultimate. ANTONYMS: (n) barred, blocked, fixed, guaranteed, ANTONYM: (adj) resident.

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IV

The next morning Angelique, Amedee’s wife, was in the kitchen baking pies, assisted by old Mrs. Chevalier. Between the mixing-board and the stove stood the old cradle that had been Amedee’s, and in it was his black-eyed son. As Angelique, flushed and excited, with flour on her hands, stopped to smile at the baby, Emil Bergson rode up to the kitchen door on his mare and dismounted.% “‘Medee is out in the field, Emil,” Angelique called as she ran across the kitchen to the oven. “He begins to cut his wheat to-day; the first wheat ready to cut anywhere about here. He bought a new header, you know, because all the wheat’s so short this year. I hope he can rent it to the neighbors, it cost so much. He and his cousins bought a steam thresher on shares. You ought to go out and see that header work. I watched it an hour this morning, busy as I am with all the men to feed. He has a lot of hands, but he’s the only one that knows how to drive the header or how to run the engine, so he has to be everywhere at once. He’s sick, too, and ought to be in his bed.” Emil bent over Hector Baptiste, trying to make him blink his round, beadlike black eyes. “Sick? What’s the matter with your daddy, kid? Been making him walk the floor with you?” Angelique sniffed. “Not much! We don’t have that kind of babies. It was his father that kept Baptiste awake. All night I had to be getting up and making

Thesaurus assisted: (adj) aided. bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent. blink: (v) twinkle, flicker, blench, shirk, nictate, shine; (n, v) flash; (n) blinking, instant, winking, glimmer. ANTONYM: (v) attend.

chevalier: (n) maharaja, nawab, elated. ANTONYM: (adj) cool. header: (n, v) dive; (n) heading, lintel, palsgrave, pasha, rajah, waldgrave, knight, Maurice chevalier. title, chief, head, plunge, brick, cope, cradle: (n) cot, birthplace, nursery, coping, dip. berth, crib, nest, hammock, bassinet, mare: (n) Maria, Money makes the origin; (v) hold, groundwork. mare go, broodmare, doe, hen, bitch, flour: (adj) meal, bran, spore, sporule, horse, region, part, jennet, roe. paddy, rice; (n) farina, foodstuff, thresher: (n) threshing machine, fox wheat flour, flower, semolina. shark, thresher shark, shark, flushed: (adj, n) red, sanguine; (adj) harvester, farm machine, mocking feverish, glowing, aroused, aflame, thrush, single dressing thresher. burning, exultant, exulting; (n) flush,

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mustard plasters to put on his stomach. He had an awful colic. He said he felt better this morning, but I don’t think he ought to be out in the field, overheating himself.” Angelique did not speak with much anxiety, not because she was indifferent, but because she felt so secure in their good fortune. Only good things could happen to a rich, energetic, handsome young man like Amedee, with a new baby in the cradle and a new header in the field.% Emil stroked the black fuzz on Baptiste’s head. “I say, Angelique, one of ‘Medee’s grandmothers, ‘way back, must have been a squaw. This kid looks exactly like the Indian babies.” Angelique made a face at him, but old Mrs. Chevalier had been touched on a sore point, and she let out such a stream of fiery patois that Emil fled from the kitchen and mounted his mare. Opening the pasture gate from the saddle, Emil rode across the field to the clearing where the thresher stood, driven by a stationary engine and fed from the header boxes. As Amedee was not on the engine, Emil rode on to the wheatfield, where he recognized, on the header, the slight, wiry figure of his friend, coatless, his white shirt puffed out by the wind, his straw hat stuck jauntily on the side of his head. The six big work-horses that drew, or rather pushed, the header, went abreast at a rapid walk, and as they were still green at the work they required a good deal of management on Amedee’s part; especially when they turned the corners, where they divided, three and three, and then swung round into line again with a movement that looked as complicated as a wheel of artillery. Emil felt a new thrill of admiration for his friend, and with it the old pang of envy at the way in which Amedee could do with his might what his hand found to do, and feel that, whatever it was, it was the most important thing in the world. “I’ll have to bring Alexandra up to see this thing work,” Emil thought; “it’s splendid!” When he saw Emil, Amedee waved to him and called to one of his twenty cousins to take the reins. Stepping off the header without stopping it, he ran up to Emil who had dismounted. “Come along,” he called. “I have to go over to the

Thesaurus abreast: (adv) opposite, acquainted, off, au fait, alongside, on one side, abeam; (adj) near, aligned, knowledgeable; (prep) against. ANTONYMS: (adv) uninformed, lost, unaware. fuzz: (n) beard, copper, down, blur, bull, hair, pig, fur, coma, representation; (adj) Dick. jauntily: (adv) cheerfully, airily, brightly, sprucely, smartly, merrily, dashingly, nattily, buoyantly,

breezily, lightly. breathless, bepuffed, overflowing, overheating: (n) heating, excessive out of breath. saddle: (v) charge, load, burden, heating, superheat, superheating, burning, soaking. encumber, adjure, bear down, blame; pang: (n) pain, torture, ache, agony, (n) pillion, seat, saddleback, bicycle twinge, affliction, sting, stab, distress, seat. ANTONYM: (v) relieve. squaw: (n) wife, woman; (adj) wintry. ailment, cramp. patois: (n) idiom, dialect, lingo, slang, wiry: (adj) lean, muscular, sinewy, cant, vernacular, accent, brogue, fibrous, brawny, stalwart, ropy, thin, language, argot, tongue. supple, vigorous, rough. puffed: (adj) puff, bloated, distended, ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, small, puffy, tumid, turgid, swell, tiny, smooth, soft, stout, fat.

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engine for a minute. I gotta green man running it, and I gotta to keep an eye on him.” Emil thought the lad was unnaturally flushed and more excited than even the cares of managing a big farm at a critical time warranted. As they passed behind a last year’s stack, Amedee clutched at his right side and sank down for a moment on the straw.% “Ouch! I got an awful pain in me, Emil. Something’s the matter with my insides, for sure.” Emil felt his fiery cheek. “You ought to go straight to bed, ‘Medee, and telephone for the doctor; that’s what you ought to do.” Amedee staggered up with a gesture of despair. “How can I? I got no time to be sick. Three thousand dollars’ worth of new machinery to manage, and the wheat so ripe it will begin to shatter next week. My wheat’s short, but it’s gotta grand full berries. What’s he slowing down for? We haven’t got header boxes enough to feed the thresher, I guess.” Amedee started hot-foot across the stubble, leaning a little to the right as he ran, and waved to the engineer not to stop the engine. Emil saw that this was no time to talk about his own affairs. He mounted his mare and rode on to Sainte-Agnes, to bid his friends there good-bye. He went first to see Raoul Marcel, and found him innocently practising the “Gloria” for the big confirmation service on Sunday while he polished the mirrors of his father’s saloon. As Emil rode homewards at three o’clock in the afternoon, he saw Amedee staggering out of the wheatfield, supported by two of his cousins. Emil stopped and helped them put the boy to bed.

Thesaurus homewards: (adv) toward home, home, to your house. innocently: (adv) innocuously, ingenuously, inoffensively, naively, purely, simplely, artlessly, unsophisticatedly, blamelessly, spotlessly, cleanly. ANTONYMS: (adv) artfully, meaningfully, indecently, immorally, illicitly, intentionally, knowingly, unkindly, suspiciously, offensively, deliberately.

insides: (n) bowels, innards, entrails, ANTONYMS: (adj) unremarkable, intestines, filling, belly, gut, viscera, normal, lovely, comforting. unnaturally: (adv) falsely, unusually, stomach. practising: (adj) practicing, contrivedly, affectedly, churchgoing. extraordinarily, monstrously, shatter: (v) fragment, ruin, smash, manneredly, by artificial means, destroy, burst, dash, rupture, crash, abnormally, peculiarly, cruelly. ANTONYM: (adv) normally. crumble, crack, demolish. staggering: (adj) astounding, amazing, warranted: (adj) legitimate, secured, incredible, inconceivable, prodigious, bonded, legal, locked, mistaken, necessary; (v) privileged, sanctioned, marvelous, startling, ghastly, shocking, remarkable, extraordinary. allowed; (n) securer.

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V

When Frank Shabata came in from work at five o’clock that evening, old Moses Marcel, Raoul’s father, telephoned him that Amedee had had a seizure in the wheatfield, and that Doctor Paradis was going to operate on him as soon as the Hanover doctor got there to help. Frank dropped a word of this at the table, bolted his supper, and rode off to Sainte-Agnes, where there would be sympathetic discussion of Amedee’s case at Marcel’s saloon.% As soon as Frank was gone, Marie telephoned Alexandra. It was a comfort to hear her friend’s voice. Yes, Alexandra knew what there was to be known about Amedee. Emil had been there when they carried him out of the field, and had stayed with him until the doctors operated for appendicitis at five o’clock. They were afraid it was too late to do much good; it should have been done three days ago. Amedee was in a very bad way. Emil had just come home, worn out and sick himself. She had given him some brandy and put him to bed. Marie hung up the receiver. Poor Amedee’s illness had taken on a new meaning to her, now that she knew Emil had been with him. And it might so easily have been the other way--Emil who was ill and Amedee who was sad! Marie looked about the dusky sitting-room. She had seldom felt so utterly lonely. If Emil was asleep, there was not even a chance of his coming; and she could not go to Alexandra for sympathy. She meant to tell Alexandra everything,

Thesaurus appendicitis: (adj) ague, angina (adj) light, bright, sunny, radiant, (adj) merciful, agreeable, friendly. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, pectoris, inflammation, redness. clear. bolted: (adj) barred, Bolten, secured, operated: (adj) driven. unfeeling, callous, uncaring, seizure: (n) arrest, confiscation, firm, barricaded, blockaded, bolted unsociable, unforgiving, unfriendly, attachment, fast, fastened, latched, capture, seizing, apprehension, negative, sarcastic, opposed, tight. appropriation, attachment, unhelpful. brandy: (n) applejack, spirits, convulsion, detention; (adj, n) attack, utterly: (adv) completely, absolutely, assumption. ANTONYMS: (n) brandies, liquor, Brandywine, Marc, totally, entirely, extremely, fruit brandy; (v) brandy smash. release, restoration, surrender. altogether, expressly, purely, dead, dusky: (adj) dark, cloudy, gloomy, sympathetic: (adj, v) compassionate, fully, wholly. ANTONYMS: (adv) black, swarthy, dull, murky, obscure, tender, affectionate; (adj, n) kindly, partly, uncertain, slightly, dingy, sooty, somber. ANTONYMS: congenial, humane, gentle, favorable; incompletely, hardly, somewhat.

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as soon as Emil went away. Then whatever was left between them would be honest.% But she could not stay in the house this evening. Where should she go? She walked slowly down through the orchard, where the evening air was heavy with the smell of wild cotton. The fresh, salty scent of the wild roses had given way before this more powerful perfume of midsummer. Wherever those ashes-ofrose balls hung on their milky stalks, the air about them was saturated with their breath. The sky was still red in the west and the evening star hung directly over the Bergsons’ wind-mill. Marie crossed the fence at the wheatfield corner, and walked slowly along the path that led to Alexandra’s. She could not help feeling hurt that Emil had not come to tell her about Amedee. It seemed to her most unnatural that he should not have come. If she were in trouble, certainly he was the one person in the world she would want to see. Perhaps he wished her to understand that for her he was as good as gone already. Marie stole slowly, flutteringly, along the path, like a white night-moth out of the fields. The years seemed to stretch before her like the land; spring, summer, autumn, winter, spring; always the same patient fields, the patient little trees, the patient lives; always the same yearning, the same pulling at the chain-until the instinct to live had torn itself and bled and weakened for the last time, until the chain secured a dead woman, who might cautiously be released. Marie walked on, her face lifted toward the remote, inaccessible evening star. When she reached the stile she sat down and waited. How terrible it was to love people when you could not really share their lives! Yes, in so far as she was concerned, Emil was already gone. They couldn’t meet any more. There was nothing for them to say. They had spent the last penny of their small change; there was nothing left but gold. The day of lovetokens was past. They had now only their hearts to give each other. And Emil being gone, what was her life to be like? In some ways, it would be easier. She would not, at least, live in perpetual fear. If Emil were once away and settled at work, she would not have the feeling that she was spoiling his life. With the memory he left her, she could be as rash as she chose. Nobody could be the

Thesaurus bled: (v) bleed; (n) bulla. perfume: (n, v) scent, essence, odor, flutteringly: (adv) flyingly, smell; (n) aroma, bouquet, cologne, incense, odour; (v) embalm, palpitatingly, wavingly. inaccessible: (adj) impervious, remote, aromatize. ANTONYMS: (n) stink, impenetrable, distant, stench. salty: (adj) salt, piquant, salted, unapproachable, unattainable, untouchable, unobtainable, pungent, racy, spicy, brackish, unaccessible, impossible, aloof. poignant, trenchant, saltish, caustic. ANTONYMS: (adj) available, nearby, ANTONYMS: (adj) sweet, bland. attainable, approachable, achievable. saturated: (adj, v) sodden; (adj) midsummer: (n) summer, solstice, drenched, concentrated, sopping, June solstice, June. soaked, full, soggy, soppy, wet

through, pure; (v) impregnate. ANTONYM: (adj) unsaturated. unnatural: (adj) affected, artificial, grotesque, supernatural, forced, abnormal, eccentric, uncanny, stilted, mannered, anomalous. ANTONYMS: (adj) natural, normal, real, unaffected, commonplace, genuine, sincere. weakened: (adj) lessened, faded, hurt, vitiated, damaged, cut, diluted, thinned, attenuated, attenuate, disabled.

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worse for it but herself; and that, surely, did not matter. Her own case was clear. When a girl had loved one man, and then loved another while that man was still alive, everybody knew what to think of her. What happened to her was of little consequence, so long as she did not drag other people down with her. Emil once away, she could let everything else go and live a new life of perfect love.% Marie left the stile reluctantly. She had, after all, thought he might come. And how glad she ought to be, she told herself, that he was asleep. She left the path and went across the pasture. The moon was almost full. An owl was hooting somewhere in the fields. She had scarcely thought about where she was going when the pond glittered before her, where Emil had shot the ducks. She stopped and looked at it. Yes, there would be a dirty way out of life, if one chose to take it. But she did not want to die. She wanted to live and dream--a hundred years, forever! As long as this sweetness welled up in her heart, as long as her breast could hold this treasure of pain! She felt as the pond must feel when it held the moon like that; when it encircled and swelled with that image of gold. In the morning, when Emil came down-stairs, Alexandra met him in the sitting-room and put her hands on his shoulders. “Emil, I went to your room as soon as it was light, but you were sleeping so sound I hated to wake you. There was nothing you could do, so I let you sleep. They telephoned from Sainte-Agnes that Amedee died at three o’clock this morning.”

Thesaurus breast: (n) boob, udder, tit, titty, chest, reluctantly: (adv) loathly, aversely, sweetness: (n) sugariness, sweet, knocker, mammilla, bust, pap, heart; grudgingly, backwardly, hesitantly, redolence, pleasantness, fragrance, (n, v) front. reluctant, slowly, unenthusiastically, aroma, charm, perfume, amenity, drag: (v) attract, draw, lug, cart, heave, indisposedly, lothly, charily. niceness, kindness. ANTONYMS: (n) tow; (n, v) pull, puff; (adv, v) trail; (n) ANTONYMS: (adv) freely, sourness, sharpness, unpleasantness, bother; (adj) dragging. ANTONYMS: wholeheartedly. harshness, tastelessness, unkindness. (n) pleasure; (v) hasten, hurry, shove, sleeping: (adj) asleep, inactive, latent, treasure: (n) gem, fortune, riches, sleepy, vegetive, vegetative; (n) funds; (n, v) hoard, prize, store; (v) speed, rush, propel, fly. encircled: (adj) enclosed, bounded, cherish, appreciate; (adj, n) jewel, dormancy, noctambulism, precious stone. ANTONYMS: (v) circinate, circular, decorated, quiescence, quiescency, short sleep. ANTONYMS: (adj) active; (n) dislike, disparage, scorn, neglect; (n) delimited, ringed, wreathed, bordered, annulated, annular. waking. dud, poverty.

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VI

The Church has always held that life is for the living. On Saturday, while half the village of Sainte-Agnes was mourning for Amedee and preparing the funeral black for his burial on Monday, the other half was busy with white dresses and white veils for the great confirmation service to-morrow, when the bishop was to confirm a class of one hundred boys and girls. Father Duchesne divided his time between the living and the dead. All day Saturday the church was a scene of bustling activity, a little hushed by the thought of Amedee. The choir were busy rehearsing a mass of Rossini, which they had studied and practised for this occasion. The women were trimming the altar, the boys and girls were bringing flowers.% On Sunday morning the bishop was to drive overland to Sainte-Agnes from Hanover, and Emil Bergson had been asked to take the place of one of Amedee’s cousins in the cavalcade of forty French boys who were to ride across country to meet the bishop’s carriage. At six o’clock on Sunday morning the boys met at the church. As they stood holding their horses by the bridle, they talked in low tones of their dead comrade. They kept repeating that Amedee had always been a good boy, glancing toward the red brick church which had played so large a part in Amedee’s life, had been the scene of his most serious moments and of his happiest hours. He had played and wrestled and sung and courted under its shadow. Only three weeks ago he had proudly carried his baby there to be

Thesaurus bridle: (n, v) curb, check, control, column, convoy; (adj) rank and file, snaffle, rein, leash; (n) arrest, reins, line of battle, cortege; (v) file. brake; (v) inhibit, contain. comrade: (n) colleague, chum, buddy, ANTONYMS: (v) unbridle, fellow, compeer, partner, brother, mate, familiar; (adj, n) associate, ally. unharness, release. bustling: (adj) lively, busy, boisterous, ANTONYMS: (n) stranger, enemy, buzzing, brisk, alive, vibrant, noisy, foe, opponent. tumultuous; (v) stirring, full of glancing: (adj) passing. incident. ANTONYM: (adj) inactive. hushed: (adj) calm, silent, still, carried: (adj) conveyed, imported. subdued, placid, muffled, noiseless, cavalcade: (n) parade, pageant, soft, soundless, tranquil, gentle. ANTONYM: (adj) noisy. caravan, spectacle, celebration,

mourning: (n) lament, lamentation, bereavement, gloom, woe, memorial, sorrowfulness, sadness, sorrow; (adj) grieving; (v) lamenting. rehearsing: (n) rehearsal. sung: (v) sing; (n) call, sung dynasty, strain, song dynasty, song, birdsong, birdcall; (adj) spoken, outspoken, choral. trimming: (n) decoration, dressing, adornment, ornament, fringe, border, clipping, cutting, frill, edging, lace.

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christened. They could not doubt that that invisible arm was still about Amedee; that through the church on earth he had passed to the church triumphant, the goal of the hopes and faith of so many hundred years.% When the word was given to mount, the young men rode at a walk out of the village; but once out among the wheatfields in the morning sun, their horses and their own youth got the better of them. A wave of zeal and fiery enthusiasm swept over them. They longed for a Jerusalem to deliver. The thud of their galloping hoofs interrupted many a country breakfast and brought many a woman and child to the door of the farmhouses as they passed. Five miles east of Sainte-Agnes they met the bishop in his open carriage, attended by two priests. Like one man the boys swung off their hats in a broad salute, and bowed their heads as the handsome old man lifted his two fingers in the episcopal blessing. The horsemen closed about the carriage like a guard, and whenever a restless horse broke from control and shot down the road ahead of the body, the bishop laughed and rubbed his plump hands together. “What fine boys!” he said to his priests. “The Church still has her cavalry.” As the troop swept past the graveyard half a mile east of the town,--the first frame church of the parish had stood there,--old Pierre Seguin was already out with his pick and spade, digging Amedee’s grave. He knelt and uncovered as the bishop passed. The boys with one accord looked away from old Pierre to the red church on the hill, with the gold cross flaming on its steeple. Mass was at eleven. While the church was filling, Emil Bergson waited outside, watching the wagons and buggies drive up the hill. After the bell began to ring, he saw Frank Shabata ride up on horseback and tie his horse to the hitchbar. Marie, then, was not coming. Emil turned and went into the church. Amedee’s was the only empty pew, and he sat down in it. Some of Amedee’s cousins were there, dressed in black and weeping. When all the pews were full, the old men and boys packed the open space at the back of the church, kneeling on the floor. There was scarcely a family in town that was not represented in the confirmation class, by a cousin, at least. The new communicants, with their clear, reverent faces, were beautiful to look upon as they entered in a body and took

Thesaurus digging: (n) excavation, excavating, digs, dug, excavate, take, locality, mining, barb, creating by removal, attack reception. episcopal: (adj) pontifical, bishoplike, clerical, episcoparian. galloping: (v) flying. horseback: (n) hogback, body part. reverent: (adj, v) pious, devout, religious; (adj) respectful, holy, deferential, godly, reverential, worshipful, pietistic; (v) devotional.

ANTONYMS: (adj) blasphemous, disrespectful, impious, irreverent. salute: (v) greet, hail, kiss, accost, acknowledge, buss; (n) salutation, bow, salaam; (n, v) address, compliment. spade: (v) grub, delve, scoop, excavate; (n) nigger, coon, nigra, jigaboo, boy, black person, spit. thud: (n) crash, clunk, clump; (n, v) bang, beat, rap, knock, pulse; (v) bump, hit, crump.

troop: (n) group, corps, gang, crowd, band, brigade, crew, herd, swarm, horde; (n, v) flock. uncovered: (adj) naked, open, bare, nude, unclothed, bald, unreserved, unprotected, evident, frank, manifest. ANTONYMS: (adj) indoor, concealed. zeal: (adj, n) eagerness; (n) fervor, enthusiasm, devotion, passion, vehemence, fire, fervency, heat, fervour, ardour. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, lethargy, patience.

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the front benches reserved for them. Even before the Mass began, the air was charged with feeling. The choir had never sung so well and Raoul Marcel, in the “Gloria,” drew even the bishop’s eyes to the organ loft. For the offertory he sang Gounod’s “Ave Maria,”--always spoken of in Sainte-Agnes as “the Ave Maria.” Emil began to torture himself with questions about Marie. Was she ill? Had she quarreled with her husband? Was she too unhappy to find comfort even here? Had she, perhaps, thought that he would come to her? Was she waiting for him? Overtaxed by excitement and sorrow as he was, the rapture of the service took hold upon his body and mind. As he listened to Raoul, he seemed to emerge from the conflicting emotions which had been whirling him about and sucking him under. He felt as if a clear light broke upon his mind, and with it a conviction that good was, after all, stronger than evil, and that good was possible to men. He seemed to discover that there was a kind of rapture in which he could love forever without faltering and without sin. He looked across the heads of the people at Frank Shabata with calmness. That rapture was for those who could feel it; for people who could not, it was non-existent. He coveted nothing that was Frank Shabata’s. The spirit he had met in music was his own. Frank Shabata had never found it; would never find it if he lived beside it a thousand years; would have destroyed it if he had found it, as Herod slew the innocents, as Rome slew the martyrs.% San--cta mari-i-i-a, wailed Raoul from the organ loft; O--ra pro no-o-bis! And it did not occur to Emil that any one had ever reasoned thus before, that music had ever before given a man this equivocal revelation. The confirmation service followed the Mass. When it was over, the congregation thronged about the newly confirmed. The girls, and even the boys,

Thesaurus conflicting: (adj) repugnant, opposed, incompatible, clashing, inconsistent, opposite, contrary, divergent, adverse, paradoxical; (v) antagonistic. ANTONYMS: (adj) consistent, compatible, parallel, peaceful, harmonious, corresponding, agreeing, agreeable, congruous. coveted: (adj) sought after, desirable, in demand. ANTONYM: (adj) unpopular. equivocal: (adj) ambiguous, indefinite,

doubtful, dubious, questionable, elusive, cryptic, precarious, problematic, apocryphal, double. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, unequivocal, definite, obvious, plain, unquestionable, certain, direct. faltering: (n) falter, pause, vacillation; (adj) tentative, vacillating, doubtful, irresolute, hesitant, uncertain, unsure; (adv) falteringly. ANTONYMS: (adj) decided, firm, eloquent, decisive, sure.

offertory: (n) offering, gift; (v) oblation, donative, alms, dole, help, largess, bounty. slew: (n) wad, turning, sight, heap, stack, lot, flock; (v) rotate, slue, swerve, veer. sucking: (n) suck, intake, uptake, aspiration, ingestion, consumption. thronged: (adj) throng, busy, populous, brisk, teeming, swarming, sprightly, sensitive, replete, overflowing; (n) persistent.

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were kissed and embraced and wept over. All the aunts and grandmothers wept with joy. The housewives had much ado to tear themselves away from the general rejoicing and hurry back to their kitchens. The country parishioners were staying in town for dinner, and nearly every house in Sainte-Agnes entertained visitors that day. Father Duchesne, the bishop, and the visiting priests dined with Fabien Sauvage, the banker. Emil and Frank Shabata were both guests of old Moise Marcel. After dinner Frank and old Moise retired to the rear room of the saloon to play California Jack and drink their cognac, and Emil went over to the banker’s with Raoul, who had been asked to sing for the bishop.% At three o’clock, Emil felt that he could stand it no longer. He slipped out under cover of “The Holy City,” followed by Malvina’s wistful eye, and went to the stable for his mare. He was at that height of excitement from which everything is foreshortened, from which life seems short and simple, death very near, and the soul seems to soar like an eagle. As he rode past the graveyard he looked at the brown hole in the earth where Amedee was to lie, and felt no horror. That, too, was beautiful, that simple doorway into forgetfulness. The heart, when it is too much alive, aches for that brown earth, and ecstasy has no fear of death. It is the old and the poor and the maimed who shrink from that brown hole; its wooers are found among the young, the passionate, the gallanthearted. It was not until he had passed the graveyard that Emil realized where he was going. It was the hour for saying good-bye. It might be the last time that he would see her alone, and today he could leave her without rancor, without bitterness. Everywhere the grain stood ripe and the hot afternoon was full of the smell of the ripe wheat, like the smell of bread baking in an oven. The breath of the wheat and the sweet clover passed him like pleasant things in a dream. He could feel nothing but the sense of diminishing distance. It seemed to him that his mare was flying, or running on wheels, like a railway train. The sunlight, flashing on the window-glass of the big red barns, drove him wild with joy. He was like an

Thesaurus cognac: (n) brandy. entertained: (adj) diverted, pleased. forgetfulness: (n) neglect, amnesia, obliviousness, inattention, memory loss, omission, unknowingness, unawareness, Lethe, carelessness, loss of memory. ANTONYMS: (n) awareness, concentration, remembering, attention. maimed: (adj) disabled, mutilated, deformed, truncated, faulty, cut short, game, cut off; (n) wounded.

parishioners: (n) people attending worship, worshippers. rancor: (adj, n) gall, venom; (n) grudge, enmity, hostility, ill will, spite, malice, animosity, hatred, hate. ANTONYMS: (n) amicability, goodwill, harmony, affection. rejoicing: (n) exultation, jubilation, happiness, joy, mirth, pleasure, elation; (adj) jubilant, exultant; (v) rejoice; (adv) rejoicingly. ANTONYM: (n) sadness.

soar: (v) climb, hover, fly, mount, glide, leap, jump, lift, billow; (n, v) rise, increase. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, drop, descend, collapse, sink. visitors: (n) visitation. wistful: (adj, v) reflective, meditative, thoughtful; (adj) contemplative, sad, melancholy, longing, plaintive, wishful, yearning; (v) anxious. ANTONYMS: (adj) alert, satisfied, shallow.

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arrow shot from the bow. His life poured itself out along the road before him as he rode to the Shabata farm. When Emil alighted at the Shabatas’ gate, his horse was in a lather. He tied her in the stable and hurried to the house. It was empty. She might be at Mrs. Hiller’s or with Alexandra. But anything that reminded him of her would be enough, the orchard, the mulberry tree. . . When he reached the orchard the sun was hanging low over the wheatfield. Long fingers of light reached through the apple branches as through a net; the orchard was riddled and shot with gold; light was the reality, the trees were merely interferences that reflected and refracted light. Emil went softly down between the cherry trees toward the wheatfield. When he came to the corner, he stopped short and put his hand over his mouth. Marie was lying on her side under the white mulberry tree, her face half hidden in the grass, her eyes closed, her hands lying limply where they had happened to fall. She had lived a day of her new life of perfect love, and it had left her like this. Her breast rose and fell faintly, as if she were asleep. Emil threw himself down beside her and took her in his arms. The blood came back to her cheeks, her amber eyes opened slowly, and in them Emil saw his own face and the orchard and the sun. “I was dreaming this,” she whispered, hiding her face against him, “don’t take my dream away!”%

Thesaurus amber: (n) yellow, yellowness, electrum, ambergris, gold, brown, electron, gum; (adj) chromatic. arrow: (n) missile, bolt, dart, barb, gun, spear, bullet, cursor; (adj, n) rocket; (adj) hydrargyrum, quicksilver. cherry: (adj, n) cerise, red; (n) cherry tree, capulin, virgin; (adj) ruddy, crimson, ruby, scarlet, rubicund, blooming. faintly: (adv) dimly, vaguely,

indistinctly, lightly, weakly, hazily, slightly, softly, shadowily, infirmly, palely. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, intensely, distinctly, overpoweringly, harshly, considerably, powerfully, strongly, brightly, obviously, audibly. hiding: (n) covering, concealment, concealing, beating, screening, thrashing, flogging, rout, burial, drubbing, ambush. lather: (n, v) froth, bubble; (v) lash,

flog, trounce, whip, soap, welt; (n) head, flap, spume. limply: (adv) softly, loosely, flaccidly, languidly, flimsily, floppily, droopily, weakly, indolently, inertly, flabbily. ANTONYMS: (adv) animatedly, energetically. poured: (adj) concrete. riddled: (v) infundibular, porous, cribriform, honeycombed; (adj) damaged; (n) fuller. trees: (n) foliage.

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VII

When Frank Shabata got home that night, he found Emil’s mare in his stable. Such an impertinence amazed him. Like everybody else, Frank had had an exciting day. Since noon he had been drinking too much, and he was in a bad temper. He talked bitterly to himself while he put his own horse away, and as he went up the path and saw that the house was dark he felt an added sense of injury. He approached quietly and listened on the doorstep. Hearing nothing, he opened the kitchen door and went softly from one room to another. Then he went through the house again, upstairs and down, with no better result. He sat down on the bottom step of the box stairway and tried to get his wits together. In that unnatural quiet there was no sound but his own heavy breathing. Suddenly an owl began to hoot out in the fields. Frank lifted his head. An idea flashed into his mind, and his sense of injury and outrage grew. He went into his bedroom and took his murderous 405 Winchester from the closet.% When Frank took up his gun and walked out of the house, he had not the faintest purpose of doing anything with it. He did not believe that he had any real grievance. But it gratified him to feel like a desperate man. He had got into the habit of seeing himself always in desperate straits. His unhappy temperament was like a cage; he could never get out of it; and he felt that other people, his wife in particular, must have put him there. It had never more than dimly occurred to Frank that he made his own unhappiness. Though he took up

Thesaurus dimly: (adv) obscurely, darkly, faintly, dissatisfaction; (adj) annoyance; (adj, n) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) justice, dully, duskily, vaguely, shadowily, hazily, gloomily, somberly; (adj, adv) praise. palely. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, hoot: (n, v) hiss, boo, cry, jeer, mock, beep; (n) gibe, honk, catcall; (v) call, strongly, distinctly. gratified: (adj) glad, satisfied, pleased, howl. delighted, happy, thankful, grateful, impertinence: (n) audacity, gall, content, complacent, comfortable, impudence, insolence, disrespect, cheerful. effrontery, brass, boldness, grievance: (n) injustice, wrong, impertinency, sauciness, freshness. ANTONYMS: (n) politeness, grudge, affliction, protest, objection, disaffection, discontentment, seriousness, reticence.

murderous: (adj) cutthroat, homicidal, gory, bloodthirsty, cruel, brutal, fierce, mortal, deadly, lethal, killing. ANTONYM: (adj) easy. stairway: (n) ladder, stairs, flight, stair, steps, flight of steps, companionway, roadway, backstairs, escalator, pathway. straits: (n) pass, head, distress, sound, isthmus, dire straits, destitution, point, crack, chief, caput. took: (adj) taken; (v) receive.

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his gun with dark projects in his mind, he would have been paralyzed with fright had he known that there was the slightest probability of his ever carrying any of them out.% Frank went slowly down to the orchard gate, stopped and stood for a moment lost in thought. He retraced his steps and looked through the barn and the hayloft. Then he went out to the road, where he took the foot-path along the outside of the orchard hedge. The hedge was twice as tall as Frank himself, and so dense that one could see through it only by peering closely between the leaves. He could see the empty path a long way in the moonlight. His mind traveled ahead to the stile, which he always thought of as haunted by Emil Bergson. But why had he left his horse? At the wheatfield corner, where the orchard hedge ended and the path led across the pasture to the Bergsons’, Frank stopped. In the warm, breathless night air he heard a murmuring sound, perfectly inarticulate, as low as the sound of water coming from a spring, where there is no fall, and where there are no stones to fret it. Frank strained his ears. It ceased. He held his breath and began to tremble. Resting the butt of his gun on the ground, he parted the mulberry leaves softly with his fingers and peered through the hedge at the dark figures on the grass, in the shadow of the mulberry tree. It seemed to him that they must feel his eyes, that they must hear him breathing. But they did not. Frank, who had always wanted to see things blacker than they were, for once wanted to believe less than he saw. The woman lying in the shadow might so easily be one of the Bergsons’ farm-girls. . . . Again the murmur, like water welling out of the ground. This time he heard it more distinctly, and his blood was quicker than his brain. He began to act, just as a man who falls into the fire begins to act. The gun sprang to his shoulder, he sighted mechanically and fired three times without stopping, stopped without knowing why. Either he shut his eyes or he had vertigo. He did not see anything while he was firing. He thought he heard a cry simultaneous with the second report, but he was not sure. He peered again through the hedge, at the two dark figures under the tree. They had fallen a little apart from each other, and were perfectly still-- No, not quite; in a white patch of

Thesaurus ceased: (adj) finished. hum, whisper, mutter, whine, babble, traveled: (adj) travel, passable, fret: (n, v) gall, irritate, trouble, worry; drone; (v) complain, bubble, breathe. cultured, cosmopolitan. (v) agitate, chafe, rub, fray, upset, murmuring: (n) murmuration, tremble: (adj, n, v) shiver; (n, v) quiver, annoy; (n) anxiety. shudder, thrill, palpitate; (adj, v) murmur, complaint, grumble, hayloft: (n) loft, garret, attic. totter, quake; (n) throb; (v) flutter, muttering, mutter, murmur vowel; inarticulate: (adj) unintelligible, silent, (adj) whispering, humming, droning, quail, falter. ANTONYMS: (v) steady, vague, muffled, incoherent, mute, murmurous. calm. paralyzed: (adj) palsied, crippled, vertigo: (n) giddiness, incomprehensible, unarticulate, speechless, guttural, fuzzy. disabled, helpless, torpid, powerless, lightheadedness, swimming, ANTONYMS: (adj) articulate, prostrate, enervated, dead, impotent, symptom, wooziness, daze, dizzy, eloquent, fluent, distinct, talkative. inert. dizzy round, dizzy spell, faint, murmur: (n, v) grumble, mumble, peering: (adj) nosy, prying, snoopy. faintness.

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light, where the moon shone through the branches, a man’s hand was plucking spasmodically at the grass.% Suddenly the woman stirred and uttered a cry, then another, and another. She was living! She was dragging herself toward the hedge! Frank dropped his gun and ran back along the path, shaking, stumbling, gasping. He had never imagined such horror. The cries followed him. They grew fainter and thicker, as if she were choking. He dropped on his knees beside the hedge and crouched like a rabbit, listening; fainter, fainter; a sound like a whine; again--a moan-another--silence. Frank scrambled to his feet and ran on, groaning and praying. From habit he went toward the house, where he was used to being soothed when he had worked himself into a frenzy, but at the sight of the black, open door, he started back. He knew that he had murdered somebody, that a woman was bleeding and moaning in the orchard, but he had not realized before that it was his wife. The gate stared him in the face. He threw his hands over his head. Which way to turn? He lifted his tormented face and looked at the sky. “Holy Mother of God, not to suffer! She was a good girl--not to suffer!” Frank had been wont to see himself in dramatic situations; but now, when he stood by the windmill, in the bright space between the barn and the house, facing his own black doorway, he did not see himself at all. He stood like the hare when the dogs are approaching from all sides. And he ran like a hare, back and forth about that moonlit space, before he could make up his mind to go into the dark stable for a horse. The thought of going into a doorway was terrible to him. He caught Emil’s horse by the bit and led it out. He could not have buckled a bridle on his own. After two or three attempts, he lifted himself into the saddle and started for Hanover. If he could catch the one o’clock train, he had money enough to get as far as Omaha. While he was thinking dully of this in some less sensitized part of his brain, his acuter faculties were going over and over the cries he had heard in the orchard. Terror was the only thing that kept him from going back to her, terror that she might still be she, that she might still be suffering. A woman, mutilated and bleeding in his orchard--it was because it was a woman that he was so

Thesaurus buckled: (v) wreathy, frizzly, crepe; hypersensitized, hypersensitive, (adj) warped, misshapen, malformed, susceptible, supersensitized, distorted, askew, deformed. supersensitive, supersensitised, faculties: (n) mother wit. hypersensitised. moonlit: (adj) moony, dreamy, bright. soothed: (adj) composed. ANTONYM: (adj) moonless. spasmodically: (adv) convulsively, mutilated: (adj) maimed, disabled, fitfully, intermittently, irregularly, truncated, crippled, lacerated, desultorily, brokenly, frequently, shapeless, mutilous, mutilate, spastically, startingly. ANTONYM: (adv) recurrently. lopped, lacerate, imperfect. plucking: (n) harvesting, rip out. tormented: (adj) worried, tortured, sensitized: (adj) allergic, hagridden, troubled, beleaguered,

beset, besieged, cruciate, cruciform, distraught, distressed. ANTONYM: (adj) calm. whine: (n, v) groan, cry, whimper, grumble, sigh, wail, squeal, screech; (v) complain, howl; (n) complaint. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness; (v) praise, compliment. wont: (adj, n) use, custom, usage; (n) practice, tradition, cleanliness, assuetude, assuefaction, convention, rut; (v) practise.

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afraid. It was inconceivable that he should have hurt a woman. He would rather be eaten by wild beasts than see her move on the ground as she had moved in the orchard. Why had she been so careless? She knew he was like a crazy man when he was angry. She had more than once taken that gun away from him and held it, when he was angry with other people. Once it had gone off while they were struggling over it. She was never afraid. But, when she knew him, why hadn’t she been more careful? Didn’t she have all summer before her to love Emil Bergson in, without taking such chances? Probably she had met the Smirka boy, too, down there in the orchard. He didn’t care. She could have met all the men on the Divide there, and welcome, if only she hadn’t brought this horror on him.% There was a wrench in Frank’s mind. He did not honestly believe that of her. He knew that he was doing her wrong. He stopped his horse to admit this to himself the more directly, to think it out the more clearly. He knew that he was to blame. For three years he had been trying to break her spirit. She had a way of making the best of things that seemed to him a sentimental affectation. He wanted his wife to resent that he was wasting his best years among these stupid and unappreciative people; but she had seemed to find the people quite good enough. If he ever got rich he meant to buy her pretty clothes and take her to California in a Pullman car, and treat her like a lady; but in the mean time he wanted her to feel that life was as ugly and as unjust as he felt it. He had tried to make her life ugly. He had refused to share any of the little pleasures she was so plucky about making for herself. She could be gay about the least thing in the world; but she must be gay! When she first came to him, her faith in him, her adoration--Frank struck the mare with his fist. Why had Marie made him do this thing; why had she brought this upon him? He was overwhelmed by sickening misfortune. All at once he heard her cries again--he had forgotten for a moment. “Maria,” he sobbed aloud, “Maria!” When Frank was halfway to Hanover, the motion of his horse brought on a violent attack of nausea. After it had passed, he rode on again, but he could think of nothing except his physical weakness and his desire to be comforted by his

Thesaurus affectation: (n) pretension, feint, pose, inscrutable, fabulous. ANTONYMS: (adj) conceivable, believable, likely, display, airs, affectedness, ostentation, show, pretense, understandable, credible. mannerism, sham. ANTONYMS: (n) nausea: (n) sickness, queasiness, artlessness, honesty, modesty. squeamishness, revulsion, comforted: (adj) thankful, pleased, repugnance, qualm, illness; (v) comfortable, calmed. loathing, aversion, dislike, distaste. inconceivable: (adj, v) unbelievable, plucky: (adj) daring, manful, hard to believe; (adj) impossible, courageous, brave, spirited, stout, implausible, incomprehensible, intrepid, mettlesome, gutsy, gallant, unimaginable, unthinkable, gamy. sickening: (adj) revolting, nauseous, improbable, unintelligible,

offensive, repulsive, foul, nauseating, noisome, obnoxious, loathsome, repugnant, abominable. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, pleasant, delightful, wholesome, light, appealing, wonderful. unappreciative: (adj) ungrateful, thankless, offensive, ingrateful, distasteful, unthankful. wrench: (n, v) pull, jerk, strain, turn, twist, tug, yank; (n) spanner; (v) distort, contort, force.

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wife. He wanted to get into his own bed. Had his wife been at home, he would have turned and gone back to her meekly enough.%

Thesaurus gone: (adj, prep) past; (adj) deceased, bygone, departed, desperate, lost, late; (adj, v) exhausted, extinct; (adj, adv) absent, away. ANTONYMS: (adj) present, remaining, found, alive. home: (n) domicile, abode, house, residence, base, place, dwelling, family, habitation; (adj) domestic; (adj, n) household. ANTONYMS: (adj) external, national, public, away, foreign; (adv) out. meekly: (adv) humbly, submissively,

tamely, compliantly, obediently, docilely, peacefully, lowly, modestly, placidly, kindly. ANTONYMS: (adv) haughtily, harshly, wildly, arrogantly, assertively, brashly. turned: (adj) off, curved, rancid, twisted, false, bent, altered, sullen, having inflections, versed, glowering. ANTONYM: (adj) unturned. wanted: (adj) welcome, cherished, precious, treasured, marketable, invited, necessary, needed, desirable,

desired, loved. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwanted, unwelcome. wife: (n) matron, missis, partner, married woman, spouse, consort, helpmate, housewife, lady, woman, viscountess.

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VIII

When old Ivar climbed down from his loft at four o’clock the next morning, he came upon Emil’s mare, jaded and lather-stained, her bridle broken, chewing the scattered tufts of hay outside the stable door. The old man was thrown into a fright at once. He put the mare in her stall, threw her a measure of oats, and then set out as fast as his bow-legs could carry him on the path to the nearest neighbor.% “Something is wrong with that boy. Some misfortune has come upon us. He would never have used her so, in his right senses. It is not his way to abuse his mare,” the old man kept muttering, as he scuttled through the short, wet pasture grass on his bare feet. While Ivar was hurrying across the fields, the first long rays of the sun were reaching down between the orchard boughs to those two dew-drenched figures. The story of what had happened was written plainly on the orchard grass, and on the white mulberries that had fallen in the night and were covered with dark stain. For Emil the chapter had been short. He was shot in the heart, and had rolled over on his back and died. His face was turned up to the sky and his brows were drawn in a frown, as if he had realized that something had befallen him. But for Marie Shabata it had not been so easy. One ball had torn through her right lung, another had shattered the carotid artery. She must have started

Thesaurus artery: (n) aorta, corridor, road, hurrying: (n) hastening, speed, luck, misery, affliction. ANTONYMS: tendon, thoroughfare, celiac axis, quickening, rushing, early, speeding, (n) joy, bonus, opportunity, privilege, Pipe-stem arteries, arteria, aisle, speeding up, stepping up, success, happiness. muttering: (n) grumbling, mutter, arteriola, arteriole. amphetamine, forward, eager. brows: (n) brow. jaded: (adj) tired, fatigued, worn, murmuring, grumble, murmuration, carotid: (adj) carotic, carotis, artery. weary, wearied, fed up, satiate, murmur vowel, complaint, heart chewing: (n) chew, mastication, chaw, worn-out, bored, satiated, sick. murmur, cardiac murmur; (adj) change of state; (adj) masticatory. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, innocent, mumbling, faint. frown: (adj, v) lower; (adj, n) scowl; (n, brilliant. oats: (n) Avena, grain, millet, cereal, v) pout, grimace, glower, glare; (adj) misfortune: (n) accident, hardship, cereal grass, common oats, genus black looks, gloam, glout; (v) sulk, misadventure, disaster, calamity, Avena, Haver, holder, maize, gnash. ANTONYM: (v) approve. mischance, catastrophe, mishap, bad buckwheat.

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up and gone toward the hedge, leaving a trail of blood. There she had fallen and bled. From that spot there was another trail, heavier than the first, where she must have dragged herself back to Emil’s body. Once there, she seemed not to have struggled any more. She had lifted her head to her lover’s breast, taken his hand in both her own, and bled quietly to death. She was lying on her right side in an easy and natural position, her cheek on Emil’s shoulder. On her face there was a look of ineffable content. Her lips were parted a little; her eyes were lightly closed, as if in a day-dream or a light slumber. After she lay down there, she seemed not to have moved an eyelash. The hand she held was covered with dark stains, where she had kissed it.% But the stained, slippery grass, the darkened mulberries, told only half the story. Above Marie and Emil, two white butterflies from Frank’s alfalfa-field were fluttering in and out among the interlacing shadows; diving and soaring, now close together, now far apart; and in the long grass by the fence the last wild roses of the year opened their pink hearts to die. When Ivar reached the path by the hedge, he saw Shabata’s rifle lying in the way. He turned and peered through the branches, falling upon his knees as if his legs had been mowed from under him. “Merciful God!” he groaned; Alexandra, too, had risen early that morning, because of her anxiety about Emil. She was in Emil’s room upstairs when, from the window, she saw Ivar coming along the path that led from the Shabatas’. He was running like a spent man, tottering and lurching from side to side. Ivar never drank, and Alexandra thought at once that one of his spells had come upon him, and that he must be in a very bad way indeed. She ran downstairs and hurried out to meet him, to hide his infirmity from the eyes of her household. The old man fell in the road at her feet and caught her hand, over which he bowed his shaggy head. “Mistress, mistress,” he sobbed, “it has fallen! Sin and death for the young ones! God have mercy upon us!”

Thesaurus darkened: (adj) darkens, obscured, old, obfuscate, murky, cloudy, opaque, overcast. eyelash: (n) cilium, eyelashes, cut, eyewinker, hair. ineffable: (adj) indescribable, unspeakable, unutterable, indefinable, inexpressible, beyond expression, unimaginable, beyond words, unpronounceable, dreadful, untellable. infirmity: (adj, n) frailty, foible,

imbecility; (n) feebleness, impotence, clement, benign, kindly, gentle, disability, decrepitude, illness, beneficent, forgiving. ANTONYMS: (adj) pitiless, merciless, unforgiving, sickness, disease, weakness. ANTONYMS: (n) health, wellness, spiteful, harsh, impatient, severe, strength. hardhearted. interlacing: (adj) network, complex, slumber: (n, v) rest, doze, snooze, nap, drowse, repose, catnap; (v) be asleep, interleaving, interlinking, kip, take a nap; (n) siesta. interwoven. lurching: (adj) stumbling, unsteady, tottering: (adj) unsteady, ramshackle, weaving, astonishing, astounding. easily shaken, tottery, sick, rocky, merciful: (adj) humane, gracious, broken, trembling, cracked; (v) drooping; (n) convulsion. lenient, compassionate, kind,

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PART V ALEXANDRA

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I

Ivar was sitting at a cobbler’s bench in the barn, mending harness by the light of a lantern and repeating to himself the 101st Psalm. It was only five o’clock of a mid-October day, but a storm had come up in the afternoon, bringing black clouds, a cold wind and torrents of rain. The old man wore his buffalo-skin coat, and occasionally stopped to warm his fingers at the lantern. Suddenly a woman burst into the shed, as if she had been blown in, accompanied by a shower of rain-drops. It was Signa, wrapped in a man’s overcoat and wearing a pair of boots over her shoes. In time of trouble Signa had come back to stay with her mistress, for she was the only one of the maids from whom Alexandra would accept much personal service. It was three months now since the news of the terrible thing that had happened in Frank Shabata’s orchard had first run like a fire over the Divide. Signa and Nelse were staying on with Alexandra until winter.% “Ivar,” Signa exclaimed as she wiped the rain from her face, “do you know where she is?” The old man put down his cobbler’s knife. “Who, the mistress?” “Yes. She went away about three o’clock. I happened to look out of the window and saw her going across the fields in her thin dress and sun-hat. And now this storm has come on. I thought she was going to Mrs. Hiller’s, and I

Thesaurus barn: (n) outhouse, shed, cowshed, cowhouse, stable, bawn, grange, byre, godown, granary, storehouse. bench: (n) banquette, chair, workbench, court, terrace, bank, bar, judicatory, Ottoman, board, form. blown: (adj) puffy, panting, swollen, winded, inflated, moving, high, haughty lofty, late; (v) puffing and blowing; (n) blowen. clouds: (n) exhaust, fumes, gas, smoke, vapors.

mending: (n) fix, repair, fixing, maintenance, restoration, reparation, improvement, darning, mend, amendment, correction. mistress: (n) dame, concubine, madame, inamorata, lady, lover, fancy woman, doxy, girl, kept woman, missis. shed: (v) discard, drop, moult, scatter, exuviate, molt, cast off, dismiss; (n) shack, hut, cabin. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, cover; (adj) persistent.

shower: (n, v) wash, rain, hail, drizzle, bath; (v) sprinkle, bathe, shed, scatter; (n) rain shower, rainfall. ANTONYM: (n) trickle. staying: (n) stays, arrest; (adj) continual, old, left. torrents: (n) white water, rapids. wrapped: (prep) covered; (adj) clothed, draped, rapt, intent, absorbed, engrossed, mantled, packed, immersed; (adj, prep) cloaked.

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telephoned as soon as the thunder stopped, but she had not been there. I’m afraid she is out somewhere and will get her death of cold.” Ivar put on his cap and took up the lantern. “Ja, ja, we will see. I will hitch the boy’s mare to the cart and go.” Signa followed him across the wagon-shed to the horses’ stable. She was shivering with cold and excitement. “Where do you suppose she can be, Ivar?” The old man lifted a set of single harness carefully from its peg. “How should I know?” “But you think she is at the graveyard, don’t you?” Signa persisted. “So do I. Oh, I wish she would be more like herself! I can’t believe it’s Alexandra Bergson come to this, with no head about anything. I have to tell her when to eat and when to go to bed.” “Patience, patience, sister,” muttered Ivar as he settled the bit in the horse’s mouth. “When the eyes of the flesh are shut, the eyes of the spirit are open. She will have a message from those who are gone, and that will bring her peace. Until then we must bear with her. You and I are the only ones who have weight with her. She trusts us.” “How awful it’s been these last three months.” Signa held the lantern so that he could see to buckle the straps. “It don’t seem right that we must all be so miserable. Why do we all have to be punished? Seems to me like good times would never come again.” Ivar expressed himself in a deep sigh, but said nothing. He stooped and took a sandburr from his toe.% “Ivar,” Signa asked suddenly, “will you tell me why you go barefoot? All the time I lived here in the house I wanted to ask you. Is it for a penance, or what?” “No, sister. It is for the indulgence of the body. From my youth up I have had a strong, rebellious body, and have been subject to every kind of temptation. Even in age my temptations are prolonged. It was necessary to make some allowances; and the feet, as I understand it, are free members. There is no divine prohibition for them in the Ten Commandments. The hands, the tongue, the

Thesaurus buckle: (n, v) clasp, warp; (v) curve, debauchery, hobby, tolerance, disobedient, contrary, contumacious, crumple, distort, fasten; (adj, n) luxury, enjoyment, leniency, pardon. insurgent, stubborn, unruly, button; (n) screw, hook, fastener; (adj) ANTONYMS: (n) denial, virtue, malcontent. ANTONYMS: (adj) strap. ANTONYMS: (v) unbuckle, intolerance, uprightness, necessity, docile, conventional, obedient, flatten, smooth, straighten. indifference, dismay, severity. conformist, content, conforming, hitch: (v) fasten, attach; (n, v) catch, members: (n) convention, personnel. cooperative, loyal, meek, submissive, limp, hobble, arrest; (n) hindrance, penance: (n) atonement, sacrament, obliging. shivering: (adj) quivering, shaking, drawback, barrier, difficulty, check. confession, compunction, penalty, ANTONYMS: (n) advantage, ease, expiation, remorse, repentance, trembling, shaky, quaking, help; (v) detach, undo. tremulous, shuddering, chilled; (n) punishment, reparation, hair shirt. indulgence: (adj, n) gratification, rebellious: (adj) insubordinate, chill, cold, shiver. ANTONYM: (adj) delight; (n) allowance, extravagance, mutinous, disaffected, defiant, composed.

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eyes, the heart, all the bodily desires we are commanded to subdue; but the feet are free members. I indulge them without harm to any one, even to trampling in filth when my desires are low. They are quickly cleaned again.” Signa did not laugh. She looked thoughtful as she followed Ivar out to the wagon-shed and held the shafts up for him, while he backed in the mare and buckled the hold-backs. “You have been a good friend to the mistress, Ivar,” she murmured.% “And you, God be with you,” replied Ivar as he clambered into the cart and put the lantern under the oilcloth lap-cover. “Now for a ducking, my girl,” he said to the mare, gathering up the reins. As they emerged from the shed, a stream of water, running off the thatch, struck the mare on the neck. She tossed her head indignantly, then struck out bravely on the soft ground, slipping back again and again as she climbed the hill to the main road. Between the rain and the darkness Ivar could see very little, so he let Emil’s mare have the rein, keeping her head in the right direction. When the ground was level, he turned her out of the dirt road upon the sod, where she was able to trot without slipping. Before Ivar reached the graveyard, three miles from the house, the storm had spent itself, and the downpour had died into a soft, dripping rain. The sky and the land were a dark smoke color, and seemed to be coming together, like two waves. When Ivar stopped at the gate and swung out his lantern, a white figure rose from beside John Bergson’s white stone. The old man sprang to the ground and shuffled toward the gate calling, “Mistress, mistress!” Alexandra hurried to meet him and put her hand on his shoulder. “tyst! Ivar. There’s nothing to be worried about. I’m sorry if I’ve scared you all. I didn’t notice the storm till it was on me, and I couldn’t walk against it. I’m glad you’ve come. I am so tired I didn’t know how I’d ever get home.”

Thesaurus commanded: (adj) lawful. desires: (n) requirements, needs. downpour: (n) cloudburst, torrent, storm, shower, soaker, rainstorm, flood, waterspout, torrential rain, monsoon; (v) drench. ANTONYMS: (n) drought, shower; (v) drizzle. dripping: (adj) wet, damp, drenched, sodden, soaked, soggy; (adj, adv) sopping, soaking; (adj, v) reeking; (n) dribble, a drop. ANTONYM: (adj) lacking.

ducking: (n) dip, dousing, hunting, wetting, submersion, duckbilled platypus, duckbill, duck hunting, dive, complete attention; (v) owe. filth: (n) grime, garbage, foulness, impurity, soil, blot, stain, nastiness, squalor, uncleanliness; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (n) cleanliness, luxury, loveliness. miles: (adj) far. rein: (n) bridle, curb, restraint, check, strap; (v) leash, harness, contain, rule,

rein in, confine. shuffled: (adj) disorganized. subdue: (adj, n, v) conquer; (v) overpower, crush, defeat, quell, quash, suppress, restrain; (n, v) reduce; (adj, v) repress; (adv, v) control. ANTONYMS: (v) incite, enliven, resist, submit. trampling: (n) trample; (adj) moving. trot: (n, v) run; (n) crib, canter, pony, gait, ride, lope; (v) gallop, general, frequent, household.

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Ivar swung the lantern up so that it shone in her face. “gud! You are enough to frighten us, mistress. You look like a drowned woman. How could you do such a thing!” Groaning and mumbling he led her out of the gate and helped her into the cart, wrapping her in the dry blankets on which he had been sitting.% Alexandra smiled at his solicitude. “Not much use in that, Ivar. You will only shut the wet in. I don’t feel so cold now; but I’m heavy and numb. I’m glad you came.” Ivar turned the mare and urged her into a sliding trot. Her feet sent back a continual spatter of mud. Alexandra spoke to the old man as they jogged along through the sullen gray twilight of the storm. “Ivar, I think it has done me good to get cold clear through like this, once. I don’t believe I shall suffer so much any more. When you get so near the dead, they seem more real than the living. Worldly thoughts leave one. Ever since Emil died, I’ve suffered so when it rained. Now that I’ve been out in it with him, I shan’t dread it. After you once get cold clear through, the feeling of the rain on you is sweet. It seems to bring back feelings you had when you were a baby. It carries you back into the dark, before you were born; you can’t see things, but they come to you, somehow, and you know them and aren’t afraid of them. Maybe it’s like that with the dead. If they feel anything at all, it’s the old things, before they were born, that comfort people like the feeling of their own bed does when they are little.” “Mistress,” said Ivar reproachfully, “those are bad thoughts. The dead are in Paradise.” Then he hung his head, for he did not believe that Emil was in Paradise. When they got home, Signa had a fire burning in the sitting-room stove. She undressed Alexandra and gave her a hot footbath, while Ivar made ginger tea in the kitchen. When Alexandra was in bed, wrapped in hot blankets, Ivar came in with his tea and saw that she drank it. Signa asked permission to sleep on the slat lounge outside her door. Alexandra endured their attentions patiently, but she

Thesaurus drowned: (adj) prostrate, sunken; (v) drenched, drent. footbath: (n) bathtub. mumbling: (n) gumming, diction, enunciation, chewing, mussitation, mastication; (adj) inarticulate, incoherent. reproachfully: (adv) critically, abusively, admonitorily, vituperatively, disapprovingly, wearily, contemptuously, disparagingly, disdainfully,

(adj) gloomy, gruff, glum, moody, witheringly, shamefully. ANTONYMS: (adv) approvingly, dark, cross, surly; (adj, v) grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, cheery; (n) hopefully. solicitude: (n) care, consideration, cheeriness. undressed: (adj) naked, unclad, anxiety, thought, apprehension, regard, attention, fear, disquietude, unclothed, bare, raw, stripped, heed, fret. ANTONYMS: (n) unattired, unappareled, crude, rough, negligence, serenity, thoughtlessness. disrobed. ANTONYMS: (adj) spatter: (n, v) splash, plash, sputter; (v) covered, decent. dash, slop, scatter, smear, spit, spray, wrapping: (n) covering, wrapper, squirt, soil. envelope, bandage, wrap, swathe, sullen: (adj, n) morose, sulky, sour; case, packaging, plaster, film, lint.

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was glad when they put out the lamp and left her. As she lay alone in the dark, it occurred to her for the first time that perhaps she was actually tired of life. All the physical operations of life seemed difficult and painful. She longed to be free from her own body, which ached and was so heavy. And longing itself was heavy: she yearned to be free of that.% As she lay with her eyes closed, she had again, more vividly than for many years, the old illusion of her girlhood, of being lifted and carried lightly by some one very strong. He was with her a long while this time, and carried her very far, and in his arms she felt free from pain. When he laid her down on her bed again, she opened her eyes, and, for the first time in her life, she saw him, saw him clearly, though the room was dark, and his face was covered. He was standing in the doorway of her room. His white cloak was thrown over his face, and his head was bent a little forward. His shoulders seemed as strong as the foundations of the world. His right arm, bared from the elbow, was dark and gleaming, like bronze, and she knew at once that it was the arm of the mightiest of all lovers. She knew at last for whom it was she had waited, and where he would carry her. That, she told herself, was very well. Then she went to sleep. Alexandra wakened in the morning with nothing worse than a hard cold and a stiff shoulder. She kept her bed for several days, and it was during that time that she formed a resolution to go to Lincoln to see Frank Shabata. Ever since she last saw him in the courtroom, Frank’s haggard face and wild eyes had haunted her. The trial had lasted only three days. Frank had given himself up to the police in Omaha and pleaded guilty of killing without malice and without premeditation. The gun was, of course, against him, and the judge had given him the full sentence,--ten years. He had now been in the State Penitentiary for a month. Frank was the only one, Alexandra told herself, for whom anything could be done. He had been less in the wrong than any of them, and he was paying the heaviest penalty. She often felt that she herself had been more to blame than poor Frank. From the time the Shabatas had first moved to the neighboring farm, she had omitted no opportunity of throwing Marie and Emil together. Because she

Thesaurus bronze: (adj, n, v) tan; (n) brown, brass, sculpture, statuette; (v) terra cotta, discolour, discolor, marble, plate; (adj) bronzed. courtroom: (n) bar, tribunal. gleaming: (adj) brilliant, shiny, radiant, glossy, lustrous, glowing, beaming, resplendent; (n) gleam, glimmer; (adj, adv) agleam. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, dirty, rough. haggard: (adj) emaciated, gaunt, cadaverous, careworn, tired, worn,

lean, thin, wasted, pinched, squalid. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, carefree, healthy. longing: (n, v) desire, aspiration; (adj) eager, wistful, nostalgic; (n) nostalgia, wish, hankering, urge, appetite; (adj, n) yearning. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, disinclination; (adj) satisfied, unconcerned. malice: (n) spite, animosity, enmity, venom, ill will, hatred, malevolence, cruelty, envy, hate, spleen.

ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, benevolence, affection, goodness. neighboring: (adj, adv) adjacent, near; (adj) adjoining, nearby, contiguous, neighbor, abutting, next, neighborly, nigh, next to. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, remote, far, national. premeditation: (n) predetermination, predestination, provision, preparation, purpose, aforethought, predeliberation, forecast, preordination, foresight, planning.

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knew Frank was surly about doing little things to help his wife, she was always sending Emil over to spade or plant or carpenter for Marie. She was glad to have Emil see as much as possible of an intelligent, city-bred girl like their neighbor; she noticed that it improved his manners. She knew that Emil was fond of Marie, but it had never occurred to her that Emil’s feeling might be different from her own. She wondered at herself now, but she had never thought of danger in that direction. If Marie had been unmarried,--oh, yes! Then she would have kept her eyes open. But the mere fact that she was Shabata’s wife, for Alexandra, settled everything. That she was beautiful, impulsive, barely two years older than Emil, these facts had had no weight with Alexandra. Emil was a good boy, and only bad boys ran after married women.% Now, Alexandra could in a measure realize that Marie was, after all, Marie; not merely a “married woman.” Sometimes, when Alexandra thought of her, it was with an aching tenderness. The moment she had reached them in the orchard that morning, everything was clear to her. There was something about those two lying in the grass, something in the way Marie had settled her cheek on Emil’s shoulder, that told her everything. She wondered then how they could have helped loving each other; how she could have helped knowing that they must. Emil’s cold, frowning face, the girl’s content--Alexandra had felt awe of them, even in the first shock of her grief. The idleness of those days in bed, the relaxation of body which attended them, enabled Alexandra to think more calmly than she had done since Emil’s death. She and Frank, she told herself, were left out of that group of friends who had been overwhelmed by disaster. She must certainly see Frank Shabata. Even in the courtroom her heart had grieved for him. He was in a strange country, he had no kinsmen or friends, and in a moment he had ruined his life. Being what he was, she felt, Frank could not have acted otherwise. She could understand his behavior more easily than she could understand Marie’s. Yes, she must go to Lincoln to see Frank Shabata. The day after Emil’s funeral, Alexandra had written to Carl Linstrum; a single page of notepaper, a bare statement of what had happened. She was not a

Thesaurus attended: (adj) attent, fraught, tended inactivity, idling, unemployment, patient, placid, premeditated. kinsmen: (n) kin, kindred, family, to. sloth, inaction, inertia, faineance, behavior: (n, v) bearing, demeanor; (n) idlesse. ANTONYMS: (n) energy, kinsfolk, people, affinity. notepaper: (n) writing paper, notepad, carriage, conduct, deportment, act, activity, bustle, liveliness, behaviour, manner, character, action, responsibility. scribbling pad, stationery, letterhead, impulsive: (adj) capricious, hasty, morality. block, notebook. carpenter: (n) woodman, woodsman, driving, rash, instinctive, changeable, tenderness: (n) fondness, soreness, woodworker, Joseph; (v) build. love, affection, sympathy; (adj, n) hotheaded, quick-tempered, grieved: (adj) sore, sad, sorry, impellent, headlong, passionate. clemency, mildness, compassion, ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, sorrowful, upset, woeful, pained, gentleness, softness, delicacy. affected, brokenhearted. considered, predictable, unflappable, ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, dryness, idleness: (n) lethargy, laziness, torpor, prepared, sensible, gradual, overdue, hatred, strength, detachment.

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woman who could write much about such a thing, and about her own feelings she could never write very freely. She knew that Carl was away from postoffices, prospecting somewhere in the interior. Before he started he had written her where he expected to go, but her ideas about Alaska were vague. As the weeks went by and she heard nothing from him, it seemed to Alexandra that her heart grew hard against Carl. She began to wonder whether she would not do better to finish her life alone. What was left of life seemed unimportant.%

Thesaurus feelings: (n) emotions, opinion, freely: (adv) loosely, frankly, openly, bosom, emotion, thought, reputation, generously, independently, honor, feeling, sentiments, thoughts, gratuitously, voluntarily, liberally, free, sparely; (adj, adv) spontaneously. manner. finish: (n, v) close, complete, ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, consummate; (v) achieve, execute, deceitfully, accurately, meagerly, discontinue, cease, accomplish, parsimoniously, secretly, stingily, determine; (n) conclusion, death. unwillingly; (adj) restricted. ANTONYMS: (n) beginning, grew: (v) become, develop; (adj) opening, inception, middle, creation; grown. (v) begin, continue, sustain, save, interior: (adj) inner, internal, inland, renew, conserve. inward, midland, central, domestic,

innermost; (n) hinterland, bosom; (adj, n) center. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) exterior; (adj) external, foreign, outer, outdoor; (n) shore, shoreline, edge. vague: (adj) obscure, indistinct, indeterminate, undefined, undetermined, indefinite, uncertain, faint, ambiguous; (adj, v) loose, equivocal. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, distinct, exact, particular, precise, specific, sure, certain, defined, alert, detailed.

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II

Late in the afternoon of a brilliant October day, Alexandra Bergson, dressed in a black suit and traveling-hat, alighted at the Burlington depot in Lincoln. She drove to the Lindell Hotel, where she had stayed two years ago when she came up for Emil’s Commencement. In spite of her usual air of sureness and selfpossession, Alexandra felt ill at ease in hotels, and she was glad, when she went to the clerk’s desk to register, that there were not many people in the lobby. She had her supper early, wearing her hat and black jacket down to the dining-room and carrying her handbag. After supper she went out for a walk.% It was growing dark when she reached the university campus. She did not go into the grounds, but walked slowly up and down the stone walk outside the long iron fence, looking through at the young men who were running from one building to another, at the lights shining from the armory and the library. A squad of cadets were going through their drill behind the armory, and the commands of their young officer rang out at regular intervals, so sharp and quick that Alexandra could not understand them. Two stalwart girls came down the library steps and out through one of the iron gates. As they passed her, Alexandra was pleased to hear them speaking Bohemian to each other. Every few moments a boy would come running down the flagged walk and dash out into the street as if he were rushing to announce some wonder to the world. Alexandra felt a great tenderness for them all. She wished one of them would

Thesaurus armory: (n) arsenal, armament, armoury, resourcefulness, imagination, metalworks, resource, foundry, hall, munitions store, armamentary. campus: (n) field, grounds, college, campuses, academe, academy, school, further education college, institution of higher education, penitentiary, prison. dash: (adj, n, v) rush; (n, v) touch, sprint, strike, splash, jog; (v) dart,

break; (n) tinge, beat; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (v) dawdle, inspirit, languish, saunter, encourage, linger; (n) stagnation, languor, listlessness, mass, dullness. gates: (n) bill Gates. handbag: (n) purse, pocketbook, reticule, valise, grip, suitcase, handbag, wallet, shoulder bag, dish, base. self-possession: (n) composure, poise, imperturbability, serenity, aplomb, coolness, balance, restraint, self-

control, morale, presence. spite: (n) malice, grudge, hatred, malevolence, rancour, venom, rancor, maliciousness, ill will, animosity; (n, v) pique. ANTONYMS: (v) please; (n) benevolence, goodwill, love, affection, harmony. sureness: (n) confidence, certainty, firmness, faith, steadiness, conviction, authority, security, trust, dominance, sanction. ANTONYM: (n) uncertainty.

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stop and speak to her. She wished she could ask them whether they had known Emil.% As she lingered by the south gate she actually did encounter one of the boys. He had on his drill cap and was swinging his books at the end of a long strap. It was dark by this time; he did not see her and ran against her. He snatched off his cap and stood bareheaded and panting. “I’m awfully sorry,” he said in a bright, clear voice, with a rising inflection, as if he expected her to say something. “Oh, it was my fault!” said Alexandra eagerly. “Are you an old student here, may I ask?” “No, ma’am. I’m a Freshie, just off the farm. Cherry County. Were you hunting somebody?” “No, thank you. That is--” Alexandra wanted to detain him. “That is, I would like to find some of my brother’s friends. He graduated two years ago.” “Then you’d have to try the Seniors, wouldn’t you? Let’s see; I don’t know any of them yet, but there’ll be sure to be some of them around the library. That red building, right there,” he pointed. “Thank you, I’ll try there,” said Alexandra lingeringly. “Oh, that’s all right! Good-night.” The lad clapped his cap on his head and ran straight down Eleventh Street. Alexandra looked after him wistfully. She walked back to her hotel unreasonably comforted. “What a nice voice that boy had, and how polite he was. I know Emil was always like that to women.” And again, after she had undressed and was standing in her nightgown, brushing her long, heavy hair by the electric light, she remembered him and said to herself, “I don’t think I ever heard a nicer voice than that boy had. I hope he will get on well here. Cherry County; that’s where the hay is so fine, and the coyotes can scratch down to water.” At nine o’clock the next morning Alexandra presented herself at the warden’s office in the State Penitentiary. The warden was a German, a ruddy, cheerfullooking man who had formerly been a harness-maker. Alexandra had a letter to

Thesaurus bareheaded: (adj) hatless, bare, bald, (adv) apathetically, nonchalantly, nightshirt, night clothes, night robe, unclothed, alone; (v) cap in hand, grudgingly, patiently, halfheartedly, lingerie. strap: (n, v) lash, whip; (n) strop, leash, obsequious, respectful, reverential, reluctantly, unenthusiastically. inflection: (n) accent, inflexion, rein, shoulder strap, band, bar; (v) decorous, ceremonious. detain: (v) arrest, confine, catch, bind, flog; (adj, n) tie. ANTONYM: (v) flection, modulation, flexion, capture, apprehend, stay, keep, jail, intonation, declension, bending, untie. imprison, incarcerate, retard. conjugation, accentuation, emphasis. warden: (n) custodian, keeper, ANTONYMS: (v) free, liberate, rush. lingeringly: (adv) slowly, longly, caretaker, guard, chancellor, provost, eagerly: (adv) zealously, readily, chronically, dilatorily, extendedly, prefect, warder, watchman, ranger, burgomaster. ANTONYM: (n) keenly, fervently, avidly, greedily, leisurely. nightgown: (n) nightie, nightclothes, enthusiastically, intently, earnestly, attacker. impatiently, actively. ANTONYMS: nightwear, pajamas, bedgown,

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him from the German banker in Hanover. As he glanced at the letter, Mr. Schwartz put away his pipe.% “That big Bohemian, is it? Sure, he’s gettin’ along fine,” said Mr. Schwartz cheerfully. “I am glad to hear that. I was afraid he might be quarrelsome and get himself into more trouble. Mr. Schwartz, if you have time, I would like to tell you a little about Frank Shabata, and why I am interested in him.” The warden listened genially while she told him briefly something of Frank’s history and character, but he did not seem to find anything unusual in her account. “Sure, I’ll keep an eye on him. We’ll take care of him all right,” he said, rising. “You can talk to him here, while I go to see to things in the kitchen. I’ll have him sent in. He ought to be done washing out his cell by this time. We have to keep ‘em clean, you know.” The warden paused at the door, speaking back over his shoulder to a pale young man in convicts’ clothes who was seated at a desk in the corner, writing in a big ledger. “Bertie, when 1037 is brought in, you just step out and give this lady a chance to talk.” The young man bowed his head and bent over his ledger again. When Mr. Schwartz disappeared, Alexandra thrust her black-edged handkerchief nervously into her handbag. Coming out on the streetcar she had not had the least dread of meeting Frank. But since she had been here the sounds and smells in the corridor, the look of the men in convicts’ clothes who passed the glass door of the warden’s office, affected her unpleasantly. The warden’s clock ticked, the young convict’s pen scratched busily in the big book, and his sharp shoulders were shaken every few seconds by a loose cough which he tried to smother. It was easy to see that he was a sick man. Alexandra looked at him timidly, but he did not once raise his eyes. He wore a white shirt under his striped jacket, a high collar, and a necktie, very carefully tied. His

Thesaurus genially: (adv) cordially, graciously, ANTONYMS: (v) express, light, modestly, apprehensively. ANTONYMS: (adv) confidently, jovially, warmly, amiably, benignly, encourage. streetcar: (n) tramcar, trolley car, brightly, heartily, pleasantly, bravely, daringly, brashly, fearlessly, cheerfully, affably. ANTONYMS: trolley, cable car, tramway, cable decisively, brazenly. (adv) frostily, nastily, spitefully. tramway, aerial tramway, horsecar, unpleasantly: (adv) distastefully, ledger: (n) book, account book, ropeway. disagreeably, rudely, obnoxiously, thrust: (n, v) poke, stab, jab, drive, daybook, account, book of account, bitterly, painfully, awfully, leger, books, calendar, diary, shove, force, punch, boost, cast, dig; troublesomely, offensively, hardly, (v) ram. ANTONYM: (n) inertia. displeasingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) ephemeris, crossbar. smother: (v) stifle, suffocate, choke, timidly: (adv) fearfully, timorously, delightfully, agreeably, kindly, muffle, extinguish, put out, suppress, cautiously, shyly, diffidently, politely, graciously, attractively, asphyxiate, hush up, gag, repress. anxiously, nervously, shily, gingerly, sweetly, well, humbly.

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hands were thin and white and well cared for, and he had a seal ring on his little finger. When he heard steps approaching in the corridor, he rose, blotted his book, put his pen in the rack, and left the room without raising his eyes. Through the door he opened a guard came in, bringing Frank Shabata.% “You the lady that wanted to talk to 1037? Here he is. Be on your good behavior, now. He can set down, lady,” seeing that Alexandra remained standing. “Push that white button when you’re through with him, and I’ll come.” The guard went out and Alexandra and Frank were left alone. Alexandra tried not to see his hideous clothes. She tried to look straight into his face, which she could scarcely believe was his. It was already bleached to a chalky gray. His lips were colorless, his fine teeth looked yellowish. He glanced at Alexandra sullenly, blinked as if he had come from a dark place, and one eyebrow twitched continually. She felt at once that this interview was a terrible ordeal to him. His shaved head, showing the conformation of his skull, gave him a criminal look which he had not had during the trial. Alexandra held out her hand. “Frank,” she said, her eyes filling suddenly, “I hope you’ll let me be friendly with you. I understand how you did it. I don’t feel hard toward you. They were more to blame than you.” Frank jerked a dirty blue handkerchief from his trousers pocket. He had begun to cry. He turned away from Alexandra. “I never did mean to do not’ing to dat woman,” he muttered. “I never mean to do not’ing to dat boy. I ain’t had not’ing ag’in’ dat boy. I always like dat boy fine. An’ then I find him--” He stopped. The feeling went out of his face and eyes. He dropped into a chair and sat looking stolidly at the floor, his hands hanging loosely between his knees, the handkerchief lying across his striped leg. He seemed to have stirred up in his mind a disgust that had paralyzed his faculties. “I haven’t come up here to blame you, Frank. I think they were more to blame than you.” Alexandra, too, felt benumbed. Frank looked up suddenly and stared out of the office window. “I guess dat place all go to hell what I work so hard on,” he said with a slow, bitter smile. “I

Thesaurus benumbed: (adj) torpid, asleep, stiff, colorless: (adj) achromatic, neutral, insensible, dull, dead, numbed, drab, dull, monotonous, wan, tame, hardened, drugged, uninterested, pallid, bloodless, white, colourless. ANTONYMS: (adj) rosy, interesting, cold. bleached: (adj) blanched, artificial, rich, vivid, brilliant, vibrant, attenuate, attenuated, biased, stimulating, lively, glamorous, colored, coloured, dyed, faded, faint, exciting, distinctive. stolidly: (adv) stupidly, fair. chalky: (adj) cretaceous, calcareous, phlegmatically, phlegmaticly, candid, pale, powdery, white, doltishly, dully, bovinely, obtusely, achromatic, bloodless, cloudy, heavily, bluntly, firmly, opaque, crumbly. unintelligently.

sullenly: (adv) sulkily, sourly, grumpily, morosely, moodily, dourly, somberly, peevishly, surly, crossly, petulantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) graciously, contentedly, gladly, cheerily. yellowish: (adj) sallow, yellowed, flavescent, xanthous, turning yellow, sensationalistic, jaundiced, luteous, chickenhearted, easily frightened, chicken.

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not care a damn.” He stopped and rubbed the palm of his hand over the light bristles on his head with annoyance. “I no can t’ink without my hair,” he complained. “I forget English. We not talk here, except swear.” Alexandra was bewildered. Frank seemed to have undergone a change of personality. There was scarcely anything by which she could recognize her handsome Bohemian neighbor. He seemed, somehow, not altogether human. She did not know what to say to him.% “You do not feel hard to me, Frank?” she asked at last. Frank clenched his fist and broke out in excitement. “I not feel hard at no woman. I tell you I not that kind-a man. I never hit my wife. No, never I hurt her when she devil me something awful!” He struck his fist down on the warden’s desk so hard that he afterward stroked it absently. A pale pink crept over his neck and face. “Two, t’ree years I know dat woman don’ care no more ‘bout me, Alexandra Bergson. I know she after some other man. I know her, oo-oo! An’ I ain’t never hurt her. I never would-a done dat, if I ain’t had dat gun along. I don’ know what in hell make me take dat gun. She always say I ain’t no man to carry gun. If she been in dat house, where she ought-a been-- But das a foolish talk.” Frank rubbed his head and stopped suddenly, as he had stopped before. Alexandra felt that there was something strange in the way he chilled off, as if something came up in him that extinguished his power of feeling or thinking. “Yes, Frank,” she said kindly. “I know you never meant to hurt Marie.” Frank smiled at her queerly. His eyes filled slowly with tears. “You know, I most forgit dat woman’s name. She ain’t got no name for me no more. I never hate my wife, but dat woman what make me do dat-- Honest to God, but I hate her! I no man to fight. I don’ want to kill no boy and no woman. I not care how many men she take under dat tree. I no care for not’ing but dat fine boy I kill, Alexandra Bergson. I guess I go crazy sure ‘nough.” Alexandra remembered the little yellow cane she had found in Frank’s clothes-closet. She thought of how he had come to this country a gay young fellow, so attractive that the prettiest Bohemian girl in Omaha had run away with

Thesaurus annoyance: (n) anger, harassment, ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressed, aggravation, disturbance, clear, oriented, precise, inconvenience, pain, bother, understanding, alert. bristles: (n) beard, five o'clock botheration, temper, displeasure, vexation. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, shadow. extinguished: (adj) extinct, out, dead, satisfaction, patience, calmness, quenched, allayed, destroyed; (n) delight, equanimity, advantage, balm. defunctness, complete annihilation, bewildered: (adj) bemused, confused, experimental extinction, confounded, perplexed, befuddled, extermination, extinction. puzzled, dumbfounded, taken aback, kindly: (adj) kind, amiable, genial, addled, disoriented; (adj, v) lost. charitable; (adv) sympathetically,

benevolently, tenderly; (adj, n) benign, gentle, sympathetic, benevolent. ANTONYMS: (adv) harshly, nastily, callously, cruelly, sharply, disagreeably, grumpily, malevolently; (adj) upsetting, unfeeling, sour. palm: (n) medal, decoration, prize, palm tree, victory, thenar, laurel wreath; (v) filch, cabbage, rob; (adj) totipalmate.

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him. It seemed unreasonable that life should have landed him in such a place as this. She blamed Marie bitterly. And why, with her happy, affectionate nature, should she have brought destruction and sorrow to all who had loved her, even to poor old Joe Tovesky, the uncle who used to carry her about so proudly when she was a little girl? That was the strangest thing of all. Was there, then, something wrong in being warm-hearted and impulsive like that? Alexandra hated to think so. But there was Emil, in the Norwegian graveyard at home, and here was Frank Shabata. Alexandra rose and took him by the hand.% “Frank Shabata, I am never going to stop trying until I get you pardoned. I’ll never give the Governor any peace. I know I can get you out of this place.” Frank looked at her distrustfully, but he gathered confidence from her face. “Alexandra,” he said earnestly, “if I git out-a here, I not trouble dis country no more. I go back where I come from; see my mother.” Alexandra tried to withdraw her hand, but Frank held on to it nervously. He put out his finger and absently touched a button on her black jacket. “Alexandra,” he said in a low tone, looking steadily at the button, “you ain’ t’ink I use dat girl awful bad before--” “No, Frank. We won’t talk about that,” Alexandra said, pressing his hand. “I can’t help Emil now, so I’m going to do what I can for you. You know I don’t go away from home often, and I came up here on purpose to tell you this.” The warden at the glass door looked in inquiringly. Alexandra nodded, and he came in and touched the white button on his desk. The guard appeared, and with a sinking heart Alexandra saw Frank led away down the corridor. After a few words with Mr. Schwartz, she left the prison and made her way to the streetcar. She had refused with horror the warden’s cordial invitation to “go through the institution.” As the car lurched over its uneven roadbed, back toward Lincoln, Alexandra thought of how she and Frank had been wrecked by the same storm and of how, although she could come out into the sunlight, she had not much more left in her life than he. She remembered some lines from a poem she had liked in her schooldays:--

Thesaurus cordial: (adj) genial, warm, affable, sinking: (n) sinkage, settling, fall, content; (v) rejoice. warm-hearted: (adj) warm, amiable, friendly, genuine, ardent, descent, foundering, depression, unaffected, gracious, honest; (n) immersion, submersion, affectionate, cordial, amiable, liqueur. ANTONYMS: (adj) submergence; (v) decrease, decline. benevolent, compassionate, ANTONYM: (adj) rising. unfriendly, stern, cold, cool, demonstrative, genial, good-natured, disagreeable, aloof, reserved, distant, sorrow: (n, v) regret, lament, grieve; kind-hearted, loving. (v) mourn; (n) mourning, heartache, wrecked: (adv, v) aground; (adj) rude, uncordial, unpleasant. inquiringly: (adv) enquiringly, repentance, remorse; (adj, n) sadness, destroyed, shipwrecked, ruined, misery; (adj, n, v) distress. inquisitively, nosily, curiously, disabled, doomed, falling apart, ANTONYMS: (n) joy, delight, falling down; (v) grounded, pryingly, interestedly, searchingly, inquiring, quizzically, intrusively. happiness, peace, hopefulness, swamped, cast away. ANTONYMS: roadbed: (n) bed, precoating. (adj) whole, pristine. cheerfulness, shamelessness, calm,

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Henceforth the world will only be A wider prison-house to me,-and sighed. A disgust of life weighed upon her heart; some such feeling as had twice frozen Frank Shabata’s features while they talked together. She wished she were back on the Divide.% When Alexandra entered her hotel, the clerk held up one finger and beckoned to her. As she approached his desk, he handed her a telegram. Alexandra took the yellow envelope and looked at it in perplexity, then stepped into the elevator without opening it. As she walked down the corridor toward her room, she reflected that she was, in a manner, immune from evil tidings. On reaching her room she locked the door, and sitting down on a chair by the dresser, opened the telegram. It was from Hanover, and it read:-ARRIVED HANOVER LAST NIGHT. SHALL WAIT HERE UNTIL YOU COME. PLEASE HURRY. CARL LINSTRUM Alexandra put her head down on the dresser and burst into tears.

Thesaurus burst: (adj, n, v) crack; (adj, v) split, escalator. sinless. immune: (adj) free, insusceptible, blow up, explode, splinter, detonate; envelope: (n, v) covering, cloak, (n, v) rupture, blast; (adj, n) flash; (v) blanket; (n) casing, container, pack, resistant, impervious, vacant, not break out, belch. ANTONYMS: (v) liable; (n) carrier, person, soul, case, coating, jacket, integument, attach, join, connect, fasten, trickle. vesicle. someone, somebody. ANTONYMS: dresser: (n) cabinet, chest of drawers, evil: (adj) bad, criminal, corrupt, (adj) vulnerable, liable. wicked, destructive, depraved; (adj, telegram: (n) cablegram, wire, bureau, commode, chest, sideboard, n) ill, detriment; (n) adversity, chiffonier, toilet table, assistant, telegraph, message, letter telegram, disaster, depravity. ANTONYMS: (n) report, overseas telegram, news, dressing table, table. elevator: (n) levator, extensor, crane, goodness, righteousness, morality; marconigram, embassy, conducting (adj) kindhearted, righteous, benign, lifter, rise, winch, ski lift, silo, wire. paternoster; (v) dumbwaiter, moral, pure, upright, virtuous,

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III

The next afternoon Carl and Alexandra were walking across the fields from Mrs. Hiller’s. Alexandra had left Lincoln after midnight, and Carl had met her at the Hanover station early in the morning. After they reached home, Alexandra had gone over to Mrs. Hiller’s to leave a little present she had bought for her in the city. They stayed at the old lady’s door but a moment, and then came out to spend the rest of the afternoon in the sunny fields.% Alexandra had taken off her black traveling suit and put on a white dress; partly because she saw that her black clothes made Carl uncomfortable and partly because she felt oppressed by them herself. They seemed a little like the prison where she had worn them yesterday, and to be out of place in the open fields. Carl had changed very little. His cheeks were browner and fuller. He looked less like a tired scholar than when he went away a year ago, but no one, even now, would have taken him for a man of business. His soft, lustrous black eyes, his whimsical smile, would be less against him in the Klondike than on the Divide. There are always dreamers on the frontier. Carl and Alexandra had been talking since morning. Her letter had never reached him. He had first learned of her misfortune from a San Francisco paper, four weeks old, which he had picked up in a saloon, and which contained a brief account of Frank Shabata’s trial. When he put down the paper, he had already

Thesaurus browner: (n) browning dish. frontier: (n) border, edge, line, boundary, limit, brink, barrier, bound, bourn, borderland; (v) confine. fuller: (adj) rotund; (n) roller; (v) tucker. lustrous: (adj, v) bright, splendent; (adj) glossy, brilliant, lucid, shiny, shining, light, luminous, sleek, radiant. ANTONYM: (adj) unhealthy. midnight: (n) dark, noon, hour.

oppressed: (adj) laden, persecuted, broken, burdened, drawn, gloomy, aggrieved, downcast, heavy, ladened, loaded. picked: (adj) select, chosen, best, recherche, rare, priceless, preferred, pointed, elected, named; (v) choose. scholar: (n) learner, academic, student, pundit, apprentice, intellectual, brain, exhibitioner, academician, professor, disciple. ANTONYM: (n) teacher. sunny: (adj) bright, clear, gay,

cheerful, merry, blithe, shiny, shining, radiant, brilliant, fair. ANTONYMS: (adj) overcast, dull, shady, unhappy, cloudy, sad, miserable, gloomy, unpleasant. whimsical: (adj, n) fanciful, eccentric; (adj) capricious, freakish, humorous, changeable, fickle, erratic, wayward, odd, arbitrary. ANTONYMS: (adj) reasonable, behaving, normal, serious, predictable.

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made up his mind that he could reach Alexandra as quickly as a letter could; and ever since he had been on the way; day and night, by the fastest boats and trains he could catch. His steamer had been held back two days by rough weather.% As they came out of Mrs. Hiller’s garden they took up their talk again where they had left it. “But could you come away like that, Carl, without arranging things? Could you just walk off and leave your business?” Alexandra asked. Carl laughed. “Prudent Alexandra! You see, my dear, I happen to have an honest partner. I trust him with everything. In fact, it’s been his enterprise from the beginning, you know. I’m in it only because he took me in. I’ll have to go back in the spring. Perhaps you will want to go with me then. We haven’t turned up millions yet, but we’ve got a start that’s worth following. But this winter I’d like to spend with you. You won’t feel that we ought to wait longer, on Emil’s account, will you, Alexandra?” Alexandra shook her head. “No, Carl; I don’t feel that way about it. And surely you needn’t mind anything Lou and Oscar say now. They are much angrier with me about Emil, now, than about you. They say it was all my fault. That I ruined him by sending him to college.” “No, I don’t care a button for Lou or Oscar. The moment I knew you were in trouble, the moment I thought you might need me, it all looked different. You’ve always been a triumphant kind of person.” Carl hesitated, looking sidewise at her strong, full figure. “But you do need me now, Alexandra?” She put her hand on his arm. “I needed you terribly when it happened, Carl. I cried for you at night. Then everything seemed to get hard inside of me, and I thought perhaps I should never care for you again. But when I got your telegram yesterday, then--then it was just as it used to be. You are all I have in the world, you know.” Carl pressed her hand in silence. They were passing the Shabatas’ empty house now, but they avoided the orchard path and took one that led over by the pasture pond.

Thesaurus arranging: (n) arrange, arrangements, deliberate, advisable, canny. disposition, composing, composition, ANTONYMS: (adj) imprudent, order, position, set, orchestration, reckless, spendthrift, stupid, careless, organization, agreement. unwise, unsafe, tactless. fastest: (adj) record, best, best ever, ruined: (adj, v) lost; (adj) dilapidated, greatest, top. desolate, broke, broken, bankrupt, pond: (n) lake, mere, pool, plash, loch, finished, devastated, desolated, insolvent, spoiled. ANTONYMS: (adj) fishpond, sea, tank, reservoir, millpond, broad. solvent, pure, rich, whole. prudent: (adj, v) discreet; (adj) sidewise: (adv) sideway, laterally, cautious, circumspect, reasonable, obliquely, sidelong, athwart, aside, perversely; (adj) lateral, side. chary, economical, careful, frugal,

steamer: (n) steamship, boat, liner, ship, Mya Arenaria, steam engine, sports car, roadster, clam, paddle steamer, cruise ship. terribly: (adv) horribly, awfully, terrifically, very, badly, awful, appallingly, atrociously, terrificly; (adj, adv) frightfully, shockingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) wonderfully, slightly, superbly, fortunately, happily, laudably, little, marvelously, pleasantly, hardly, honorably.

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“Can you understand it, Carl?” Alexandra murmured. “I have had nobody but Ivar and Signa to talk to. Do talk to me. Can you understand it? Could you have believed that of Marie Tovesky? I would have been cut to pieces, little by little, before I would have betrayed her trust in me!”% Carl looked at the shining spot of water before them. “Maybe she was cut to pieces, too, Alexandra. I am sure she tried hard; they both did. That was why Emil went to Mexico, of course. And he was going away again, you tell me, though he had only been home three weeks. You remember that Sunday when I went with Emil up to the French Church fair? I thought that day there was some kind of feeling, something unusual, between them. I meant to talk to you about it. But on my way back I met Lou and Oscar and got so angry that I forgot everything else. You mustn’t be hard on them, Alexandra. Sit down here by the pond a minute. I want to tell you something.” They sat down on the grass-tufted bank and Carl told her how he had seen Emil and Marie out by the pond that morning, more than a year ago, and how young and charming and full of grace they had seemed to him. “It happens like that in the world sometimes, Alexandra,” he added earnestly. “I’ve seen it before. There are women who spread ruin around them through no fault of theirs, just by being too beautiful, too full of life and love. They can’t help it. People come to them as people go to a warm fire in winter. I used to feel that in her when she was a little girl. Do you remember how all the Bohemians crowded round her in the store that day, when she gave Emil her candy? You remember those yellow sparks in her eyes?” Alexandra sighed. “Yes. People couldn’t help loving her. Poor Frank does, even now, I think; though he’s got himself in such a tangle that for a long time his love has been bitterer than his hate. But if you saw there was anything wrong, you ought to have told me, Carl.” Carl took her hand and smiled patiently. “My dear, it was something one felt in the air, as you feel the spring coming, or a storm in summer. I didn’t see anything. Simply, when I was with those two young things, I felt my blood go

Thesaurus charming: (adj) beautiful, lovely, deserted, uncrowded, loose. loving: (adj) fond, devoted, amorous, captivating, winning, attractive, enchanting, delightful, pleasing, nice, kind, friendly, ardent, attached, magic, cute. ANTONYMS: (adj) admiring, gentle, fatherly; (adj, v) tender. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, repellent, unpleasant, unappealing, repulsive, charmless, disgusting, uncaring, malicious, cruel, unloving, gross, irritating, offensive, rough, paternal, indifferent, distant, uninteresting, annoying. disapproving, callous. crowded: (adj) compact, congested, patiently: (adv) perseveringly, full, packed, busy, dense, populous, invalidly, quietly, uncomplainingly, jammed, cramped, tight; (adj, n) persistently, forbearingly, resignedly, thronged. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, steadily, doggedly, calmly, meekly.

ANTONYM: (adv) eagerly. pieces: (n) debris, trash. shining: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) lustrous, radiant, glossy, luminous, glorious, glowing; (adj, n) lucid, resplendent, clear; (v) shine. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, pale, blemished. storm: (n, v) rush, tempest, hail, attack, assault, charge; (v) fume; (n) shower, blizzard, hurricane, gust. ANTONYM: (n) trickle. women: (n) sex, gentle sex.

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quicker, I felt--how shall I say it?--an acceleration of life. After I got away, it was all too delicate, too intangible, to write about.” Alexandra looked at him mournfully. “I try to be more liberal about such things than I used to be. I try to realize that we are not all made alike. Only, why couldn’t it have been Raoul Marcel, or Jan Smirka? Why did it have to be my boy?” “Because he was the best there was, I suppose. They were both the best you had here.” The sun was dropping low in the west when the two friends rose and took the path again. The straw-stacks were throwing long shadows, the owls were flying home to the prairie-dog town. When they came to the corner where the pastures joined, Alexandra’s twelve young colts were galloping in a drove over the brow of the hill.% “Carl,” said Alexandra, “I should like to go up there with you in the spring. I haven’t been on the water since we crossed the ocean, when I was a little girl. After we first came out here I used to dream sometimes about the shipyard where father worked, and a little sort of inlet, full of masts.” Alexandra paused. After a moment’s thought she said, “But you would never ask me to go away for good, would you?” “Of course not, my dearest. I think I know how you feel about this country as well as you do yourself.” Carl took her hand in both his own and pressed it tenderly. “Yes, I still feel that way, though Emil is gone. When I was on the train this morning, and we got near Hanover, I felt something like I did when I drove back with Emil from the river that time, in the dry year. I was glad to come back to it. I’ve lived here a long time. There is great peace here, Carl, and freedom. . . . I thought when I came out of that prison, where poor Frank is, that I should never feel free again. But I do, here.” Alexandra took a deep breath and looked off into the red west.

Thesaurus acceleration: (n) rapidity, rise, rush, unalike, disparate, unlike, opposite; spiritual, elusive, imperceptible, (adv) differently, unequally, insubstantial, airy, indefinable; (n) pickup, precipitation, quickness, intangible asset. ANTONYMS: (adj) speedup, swiftness, quickening, Unit unevenly. brow: (n) peak, brink, brows, height, of acceleration , Retardation of the concrete, palpable, touchable, actual. tides. ANTONYMS: (n) braking, owls: (n) order Strigiformes, summit, forehead, eyebrow, edge, crown, brim, border. ANTONYM: (n) Strigiformes. decelerating, deceleration, tenderly: (adv) softly, kindly, retardation, slowness. trough. alike: (adj) corresponding, equal, dearest: (n) dear, darling, love, honey, delicately, affectionately, fondly, equivalent, cognate, analogical, lover, sweetheart, loved one, baby; warmly, painfully, sensitively, parallel, analogous, identical, similar, (adj) precious, intimate, sweet. caringly, sympathetically, gently. intangible: (adj) immaterial, ANTONYMS: (adv) roughly, the same, duplicate. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, dissimilar, contrasting, incorporeal, ethereal, indefinite, severely, disapprovingly, harshly.

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“You belong to the land,” Carl murmured, “as you have always said. Now more than ever.” “Yes, now more than ever. You remember what you once said about the graveyard, and the old story writing itself over? Only it is we who write it, with the best we have.” They paused on the last ridge of the pasture, overlooking the house and the windmill and the stables that marked the site of John Bergson’s homestead. On every side the brown waves of the earth rolled away to meet the sky.% “Lou and Oscar can’t see those things,” said Alexandra suddenly. “Suppose I do will my land to their children, what difference will that make? The land belongs to the future, Carl; that’s the way it seems to me. How many of the names on the county clerk’s plat will be there in fifty years? I might as well try to will the sunset over there to my brother’s children. We come and go, but the land is always here. And the people who love it and understand it are the people who own it--for a little while.” Carl looked at her wonderingly. She was still gazing into the west, and in her face there was that exalted serenity that sometimes came to her at moments of deep feeling. The level rays of the sinking sun shone in her clear eyes. “Why are you thinking of such things now, Alexandra?” “I had a dream before I went to Lincoln-- But I will tell you about that afterward, after we are married. It will never come true, now, in the way I thought it might.” She took Carl’s arm and they walked toward the gate. “How many times we have walked this path together, Carl. How many times we will walk it again! Does it seem to you like coming back to your own place? Do you feel at peace with the world here? I think we shall be very happy. I haven’t any fears. I think when friends marry, they are safe. We don’t suffer like--those young ones.” Alexandra ended with a sigh. They had reached the gate. Before Carl opened it, he drew Alexandra to him and kissed her softly, on her lips and on her eyes.

Thesaurus exalted: (adj) elevated, eminent, noble, neglectingly, beside. tranquility, placidity. ANTONYMS: (n) anxiety, uproar, chaos, anger, high, August, elated, dignified, great, plat: (n, v) plait, plot; (v) braid, diagram, mat, twill; (n) plan, chart, sublime, grand, big. ANTONYMS: panic, bustle, disturbance, (adj) belittled, condemned, criticized, lot, model, contrivance. impatience, turbulence, turmoil. rays: (n) light, sunlight, Selachii, sigh: (n, v) groan, suspire, murmur; (v) debased, humble, humiliated, low, breathe, languish, pine; (n) breath, lowly, minor, ridiculed, base. dogfishes, elasmobranch, fears: (n) worries, uncertainties, Elasmobranchii, emission, daylight, wail, whimper, whine, suspiration. sunset: (n) dusk, sundown, nightfall, doubts, qualms, misgivings. sunshine, selachian, subclass overlooking: (adj) commanding, Elasmobranchii. twilight, night, sunsetting, periodic serenity: (n) quiet, peace, calm, dominating, ascendent, autocratic, event, crepuscule, atmospheric bossy; (n) oversight, omission, quietness, equanimity, calmness, phenomenon, hour, recurrent event. neglect, general supervision; (adv) quietude, repose; (adj, n) composure, ANTONYMS: (n) sunrise, daybreak.

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She leaned heavily on his shoulder. “I am tired,” she murmured. “I have been very lonely, Carl.”% They went into the house together, leaving the Divide behind them, under the evening star. Fortunate country, that is one day to receive hearts like Alexandra’s into its bosom, to give them out again in the yellow wheat, in the rustling corn, in the shining eyes of youth!

Thesaurus bosom: (n) heart, interior, boob, unsatisfactory. thorax, chest, bust, tit; (n, v) embrace; heavily: (adv) seriously, weightily, (v) cherish, hug; (adj) intimate. severely, ponderously, hard, firmly, ANTONYMS: (n) outside, exteriority. thickly, grievously, sadly, strongly, fortunate: (adj) favorable, lucky, compactly. ANTONYMS: (adv) auspicious, advantageous, favored, gently, nimbly, briskly, sparsely, happy, prosperous, fortuitous, well, thinly, slightly. successful; (adj, n) blessed. leaned: (v) erudite, lettered; (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) unlucky, tilted, inclined, educated. lonely: (adj) deserted, lone, dreary, disadvantaged, disastrous, solitary, forsaken, desert; (adj, n) unfavorable, underprivileged, isolated, alone; (adv) lonesomely, inauspicious, unenviable,

solely, solitarily. ANTONYMS: (adj) sheltered, populous, cheerful, nearby; (n) foe. rustling: (n) rustle, whispering, whisper, larceny; (adj) murmurous, susurrous, active, soughing. yellow: (adv) cowardly; (adj) amber, xanthous, chickenhearted, fearful, chicken, craven, spineless; (n) coward, saffron, maize. ANTONYMS: (adj) bold, brave, confident.

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GLOSSARY abandonedly: (adv) dissolutely, depravedly, forsakenly, licentiously, profligately, neglectedly, emptily, derelictly, corruptly, dissipatedly, lewdly abreast: (adv) opposite, acquainted, off, au fait, alongside, on one side, abeam; (adj) near, aligned, knowledgeable; (prep) against. ANTONYMS: (adv) uninformed, lost, unaware abroad: (adj, adv) overseas, away; (adv) afield, forth, beyond seas, yonder, farther, at large, further; (adj) foreign, out. ANTONYMS: (adj) remaining, nearby abruptly: (adv) precipitously, rudely, brusquely, curtly, gruffly, shortly, sharply, bluntly, hastily, unexpectedly, steeply. ANTONYMS: (adv) gradually, civilly, attentively, kindly, politely, verbosely, eventually, pleasantly, slowly, indirectly absence: (n) absenteeism, deficiency, lack, default, dearth, want, nonattendance, scarcity, paucity, shortage, privation. ANTONYMS: (n) attendance, existence, fulfillment, inclusion, occurrence, abundance, glut, confirmation, supply, excess absent: (adj) wanting, inattentive, not present, preoccupied, lost, missing, faraway, nonexistent, absentminded, out; (adj, adv) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) alert, attendant, attending, existing, here, real, attentive; (adv) in, visible absently: (adv) absentmindedly, missingly, lackingly, inattentively, wantingly, offly, deficiently, lostly, removedly, preoccupiedly, outly absolutely: (adv) entirely, completely, fully, purely, utterly, perfectly, totally, categorically, definitely, thoroughly; (adv, int)

certainly. ANTONYMS: (adv) partly, doubtfully, questionably, somewhat, moderately, indefinitely, incompletely, fairly, conditionally, probably, possibly absorbing: (adj) fascinating, engrossing, charming, enthralling, gripping, captivating, riveting, absorbent, attractive, readable; (adj, v) exciting. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, irksome, tedious, repellent, uninteresting abuse: (n, v) affront, insult, outrage, reproach, harm, wrong; (v) mistreat, injure, violate; (adj, v) maltreat, profane. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect; (v) compliment, protect, nurture, laud, honor, help, flatter; (n) compliments, kindness, flattery abused: (adj) maltreated, physically abused, downtrodden, perverted, dull acceleration: (n) rapidity, rise, rush, pickup, precipitation, quickness, speedup, swiftness, quickening, Unit of acceleration , Retardation of the tides. ANTONYMS: (n) braking, decelerating, deceleration, retardation, slowness accent: (v) emphasize, emphasise, punctuate, accentuate; (n) dialect, emphasis, idiom, importance, speech, articulation, pronunciation. ANTONYMS: (v) attenuate, downplay, hide, ignore, lessen, minimize, slight accord: (n) agreement, consensus, harmony; (n, v) consent, concord, assent; (adj, v) agree; (v) give, bestow, suit, grant. ANTONYMS: (n) discord, strife, antagonism, hostility, friction, dissidence, dissension; (n, v) conflict; (v) withhold, question, oppose according: (adj) pursuant, consonant, equal, agreeable, harmonious, conformable, consistent,

corresponding, respondent; (adv) correspondingly, accordingly accordingly: (adv) therefore, thus, so, then, ergo, as a result, correspondingly, according, appropriately, as a consequence, properly. ANTONYM: (adv) unsuitable ache: (n, v) hunger, pain, hurt, yen; (n) twinge, thirst; (v) long, yearn, itch, smart, pine. ANTONYMS: (v) help, assist; (n) comfort, ease, health, relief, joy aching: (adj) sore, achy, hurt, uncomfortable, tender, hurtful, agonizing; (n) ache, pain, hurting; (v) griped acquired: (adj) acquisitive, acquisite, extrinsic, noninheritable, derivative acre: (n) agrimensor, Akka acres: (n) land, acres and perches, roods and perches, landed estate, leasehold, homestead, glebe, manor, freehold, fief, feoff active: (adj) diligent, lively, alert, strong, nimble, busy, live, effective, agile, alive; (adj, v) smart. ANTONYMS: (adj) dormant, sluggish, inactive, lethargic, idle, latent, sedentary, slow, extinct, passive, quiet adams: (n) John Quincy Adams, John Adams, president John Quincy Adams, Sam Adams, Samuel Adams, mount Adams, president Adams, president John Adams address: (n, v) lecture, accost, discourse; (n) abode, residence, speech, skill, allocution, sermon; (v) greet, speak. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, avoid, evade, overlook, pass, shun, slight, cut, disregard; (n) tactlessness adjoining: (adj) contiguous, neighbor, near, abutting, touching, conterminous, neighboring, immediate, next, vicinal; (adj, v)

194 close. ANTONYMS: (adj) separate, divided, detached, apart, far adjusted: (adj) altered, set, arranged, accustomed, correct, fitted, right, tuned, secure, familiarised, familiarized. ANTONYM: (adj) maladjusted admiration: (n) esteem, adoration, appreciation, reverence, estimation, amazement, liking, awe, compliment; (adj, n) regard; (v) laud. ANTONYMS: (n) disdain, criticism, disapproval, contempt, abhorrence, loathing, disgust, despising, dishonor, disparagement, detestation admire: (v) revere, look up to, idolize, appreciate, adore, wonder, praise, worship, admiring, esteem, honor. ANTONYMS: (v) despise, loathe, scorn, hate, condemn, abhor, disrespect, detest, disregard, disapprove, deprecate admired: (adj) respected, admirable, estimable, favorite, pet, beloved, honored, August, loved, accepted, popular. ANTONYM: (adj) disreputable admiring: (adj) admire, admiringly, loving, respectful, glowing, affectionate, amatory, appreciative, enthusiastic, flattering, approving. ANTONYMS: (adj) defamatory, critical, disdainful, disapproving, disrespectful, uncomplimentary admiringly: (adv) admire, lovingly, respectfully, reverently, approvingly, enthusiastically, affectionately, indulgently, kindly, dotingly, tenderly. ANTONYMS: (adv) disrespectfully, ill admit: (n, v) allow; (adj, v) acknowledge; (v) concede, accede, grant, affirm, confess, include, permit, take, welcome. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, exclude, bar, dispute, gainsay, withhold, refuse, oust, hide, eject, dismiss admitted: (v) admitting, understood, of course; (adj) acknowledged, undisputed, known, orthodox adored: (adj) loved, respected, precious, idolized, idolised, acclaimed, blessed, favorite, dearly loved, beloved, venerated advanced: (adj) progressive, senior, higher, precocious, modern, new, late, superior, ripe, cultured, developed. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, fundamental, slow, traditional, simple, obsolete, neurotic, behind, after, backwards,

O Pioneers! incomplete advancing: (adj) progressive, moving forward, increasing, moving, processive, thriving, ongoing, aggressive; (n) advancement, progression, proceeding advantage: (n) privilege, behalf, profit, good, preponderance, account, lead, virtue, expediency, perk; (n, v) boot. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disadvantage; (n) drawback, difficulty, detriment, hindrance, minus, restriction, obstacle, loss, inferiority, inconvenience advent: (n) coming, arrival, apparition, appearance, approach, entrance, emergence, Second Coming, reaching, season, Christmas. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, end, exit, disappearance adventurer: (n) venturer, speculator, plunger, argonaut, traveler, daredevil, gambler, adventurers, carpetbagger, divers, mercenary. ANTONYMS: (n) killjoy, milquetoast adventures: (n) experiences, fortunes, confessions, journal, life, biography, autobiography, personal narrative advise: (v) recommend, propose, warn, inform, acquaint, suggest, notify, announce, tell, offer, forewarn. ANTONYMS: (v) betray, deceive, delude, fool, trick advised: (adj) studied, considered, premeditated, deliberate, calculated, intended; (v) determinate, express, designed adviser: (n) advisor, counselor, counsel, counsellor, guide, prompter, teacher, advisors, advisers, consultants, lawyer affair: (n) occurrence, event, business, concern, occasion, job, topic, duty, subject, amour, thing affairs: (n) dealings, concern, circumstances, transaction, occupation, duty, matters, matter, personal business, gear, finances affectation: (n) pretension, feint, pose, display, airs, affectedness, ostentation, show, pretense, mannerism, sham. ANTONYMS: (n) artlessness, honesty, modesty affected: (adj) unnatural, pretentious, stilted, pompous, pedantic, studied, feigned, pretended, factitious, exaggerated, strained. ANTONYMS: (adj) unchanged, natural, genuine, calm, modest, unswayed, untouched, untroubled, unmoved; (adv) modestly

affectionate: (adj) fond, tender, kind, mild, devoted, ardent, warm, cordial, caring, brotherly; (adj, adv) fatherly. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncaring, callous, undemonstrative, aloof, cool, disapproving, reserved, antagonistic, paternal, rough affectionately: (adv) lovingly, tenderly, warmly, dearly, caringly, devotedly, kindly, ardently, cordially, amorously, dotingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) disapprovingly, frostily, roughly affliction: (n, v) adversity; (n) distress, regret, martyrdom, torment, curse, trial, bane, misadventure, sorrow, agony. ANTONYMS: (n) gift, godsend, solace, blessing affront: (n, v) insult, abuse, outrage, slight, snub; (v) face, offend; (n) disgrace, slur, offense, mortification. ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise; (v) please, placate, mollify, gratify, flatter, assuage, appease, adulate; (n) pleasantry, appeasement afraid: (adj) fearful, timid, shy, apprehensive, anxious, worried, scared, frightened, nervous, terrified; (adj, adv) cowardly. ANTONYMS: (adj) brave, venturesome, calm, confident, cool, courageous, eager, unafraid, valiant, bold, carefree afterglow: (n) twilight, luster, glimmering, afterimage, radiance, glow, light, luminosity, persistance, ruddiness, spark afternoon: (n) Pm, farewell, greeting, P, salutation, in the afternoon, daytime, noon, postmeridian, midday, daylight. ANTONYMS: (n) morning, nighttime afterward: (adv, conj) then, after that; (adv) thereafter, afterwards, later, subsequently, later on, next, soon; (adj) following; (n) future. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, previously, before aged: (adj) senile, elderly, older, hoary, ripe, venerable, ancient, senior, decrepit, antique, antiquated. ANTONYMS: (adj) youthful, new, fresh, green, unripe, unseasoned, smooth ages: (n) time out of mind, time immemorial, coon's age, blue moon, month of Sundays aggressive: (adj) active, offensive, enterprising, warlike, energetic, pushy, hostile, invasive, vigorous, strong, strenuous. ANTONYMS:

Willa Cather (adj) peaceable, friendly, passive, suspicious, calm, timid, antiwar, easygoing, ineffectual, lazy, mild agitation: (n) disturbance, excitement, tumult, stirring, convulsion, stir, commotion, emotion, unrest, shake, turmoil. ANTONYMS: (n) serenity, calm, equanimity, rest, peace, deterrent agree: (v) admit, acknowledge, acquiesce, adjust, concord, bargain, suit, accede, harmonize, fit; (n, v) coincide. ANTONYMS: (v) oppose, differ, argue, refuse, object, refute, conflict, fight, dispute, decline, contend agreeable: (adj) accordant, nice, sweet, consistent, suitable, amusing, enjoyable, affable; (adj, v) pleasant, desirable; (adj, n) acceptable. ANTONYMS: (adj) disagreeable, discordant, unpleasant, nasty, unwilling, resistant, aggressive, repugnant, averse, stubborn, unacceptable ahead: (adv) in advance, formerly, beforehand, previously, along, onward, beyond, in the van; (adj) front; (adj, adv) forward; (v) precede. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) late; (adv) subsequently, following, back, before, after, ago, backward, losing, later; (adj) behindhand airs: (n, v) pretension; (n) affectation, pride, pose, pretensions, attitude; (adj, n) arrogance; (v) precisianism, euphuism, purism, pedantry. ANTONYMS: (n) humility, personality, realness, truthfulness, honesty alarmed: (adj) afraid, scared, frightened, apprehensive, horrified, anxious, uneasy, agitated, shocked, terrified, concerned. ANTONYM: (adj) carefree alaska: (n) last frontier albert: (n) Eugne D'Albert, Jeanne d'Albert, Prince Albert, Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel alcohol: (n) juice, liquor, ethanol, intoxicant, hooch, alcoholic beverage, potable, firewater, drinkable, spirits; (v) alcoholism alert: (adj) active, agile, quick, lively, intelligent, aware, vigilant, clever, animated, ready; (adj, v) awake. ANTONYMS: (adj) drowsy, absentminded, dazed, tired, sleepy, unconscious, slow, asleep, unobservant, forgetful, dim alfalfa: (n) lucerne, Medicago sativa,

lucern, trefoil, alfilaria, banyan, fodder, medick, medic alike: (adj) corresponding, equal, equivalent, cognate, analogical, parallel, analogous, identical, similar, the same, duplicate. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, dissimilar, contrasting, unalike, disparate, unlike, opposite; (adv) differently, unequally, unevenly alive: (adj) live, vivacious, living, sensible, delicate, snappy, animated, lively, spry, responsive; (n) life. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, inanimate, unanimated, dispirited, dull, inactive, lethargic, lifeless, listless, nonfunctioning, sluggish alone: (adj) forlorn, individual, lonely, lonesome; (adj, adv) only, apart; (adv) solely, entirely, exclusively, separately, individually. ANTONYMS: (adj) overshadowed, ordinary, mobbed, equaled, crowded, accompanied, common, grouped, surpassed; (adv) jointly; (n) foe aloud: (adv) loud, out loud, strong, out, audibly, hard, forte. ANTONYMS: (adv) softly, inaudibly, quietly altar: (n) shrine, Communion table, sanctuary, table, structure, sanctum sanctorum, sacristy, construction, examination hall, holy of Holies altogether: (adv) absolutely, all, wholly, perfectly, purely, all in all, completely, entirely, totally, simply, ensemble. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompletely, partially amazed: (adj) astounded, astonished, stunned, dumbfounded, flabbergasted, shocked, staggered, bewildered, surprised, thunderstruck, aghast amazement: (n) admiration, wonder, surprise, consternation, stupefaction, stupor, wonderment, feeling, alarm, jolt; (v) amaze. ANTONYMS: (n) preparation, indifference, expectation, coolness, cool, composure, calmness, contempt, belief amber: (n) yellow, yellowness, electrum, ambergris, gold, brown, electron, gum; (adj) chromatic amiably: (adv) kindly, affably, graciously, decently, courteously, thoughtfully, cordially, lovelily, in a friendly way, favorably, pleasantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unkindly, disagreeably amid: (adv, prep) among, amongst;

195 (prep) between, amidst, mid, during, in the midst of, with, surrounded by, stuck between; (n) midst. ANTONYMS: (prep) outside, separate amused: (adj) amusing, smiling, tickled pink, pleased, diverted amusement: (n) pleasure, recreation, entertainment, distraction, diversion, sport, pastime, laughter, enjoyment, joy, hobby. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, boredom, work, tedium, business, despondency, discomfort, displeasure amusing: (adj) humorous, fun, pleasant, entertaining, risible, comical, diverting, enjoyable, laughable, agreeable, pleasing. ANTONYMS: (adj) tragic, boring, unpleasant, unfunny, tiring, grim, depressing, sad, annoying, heavy, serious anchored: (adj) fixed, immobile, stationary, secure, stable, firm; (v) rock solid, moored, on a rock, tethered angel: (n, v) sponsor, support; (n) backer, cherub, messenger, patron, benefactor, saint; (adj) Dulcinea, goddess; (adj, n) darling. ANTONYMS: (n) fiend, devil, jerk, demon angelique: (n) angelica, archangel anger: (n) fury, rage, displeasure, resentment, indignation; (v) incense, offend, irritate, exasperate; (adj) angry; (n, v) wrath. ANTONYMS: (v) placate, pacify, tickle; (n) pleasure, composure, glee, affection, serenity, goodwill, forbearance; (n, v) calm angry: (adj) anger, furious, provoked, incensed, vehement, fierce, irate, raging, maddened, shirty, indignation. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, gentle, joyful, content, euphoric, mild, happy, resigned, joyous, gleeful, quiet anguished: (adj) tormented, suffering, tortured, dolorous, uneasy, distressing, woeful, pained, upset, distressed, worried. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, content, happy animals: (n) beast, nature, natural world, flora and fauna, stock, animal kingdom announce: (v) advertise, declare, enunciate, proclaim, return, promulgate, publicize, publish, tell, communicate, foretell.

196 ANTONYMS: (v) withhold, conceal, repress, request announced: (adj) proclaimed, declared announcement: (n) annunciation, advertisement, declaration, release, statement, communication, report, proclamation, promulgation, pronouncement, intimation. ANTONYM: (n) request annoyance: (n) anger, harassment, aggravation, disturbance, inconvenience, pain, bother, botheration, temper, displeasure, vexation. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, satisfaction, patience, calmness, delight, equanimity, advantage, balm anxiety: (n) disquiet, trouble, fear, care, alarm, anxiousness, uneasiness, worry, anguish, concern; (adj, n) solicitude. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, bravery, confidence, reassurance, security, relaxation, indifference, serenity, tranquility, peace, satisfaction anxious: (adj) uneasy, alarmed, thoughtful, fearful, apprehensive, agitated, keen; (adj, v) nervous, tense, solicitous, jumpy. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, carefree, confident, rational, unconcerned, undisturbed, untroubled, assured, comfortable, cool, apathetic anxiously: (adv) uneasily, restlessly, carefully, worriedly, fearfully, nervously, concernedly, solicitously, timidly, keenly, enthusiastically. ANTONYMS: (adv) calmly, confidently, merrily, indifferently, fearlessly, nonchalantly, patiently, unconcernedly anybody: (adv) any, each; (n, pron) any person, a person; (n) everyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, someone; (pron) whoever anyhow: (adv) somehow, at any rate, in any case, whatever, in any event, regardless, however, though, besides, nonetheless, one way or another anywhere: (adv, n) anyplace; (adv) someplace, wherever, everywhere apart: (adj, adv) aloof; (adv) aside, asunder, especially; (adj) alone, distant, detached, isolated, only; (adj, v) separate; (v) segregate. ANTONYMS: (adv) adjoining, near, surrounded; (adj) connected, nearby appearance: (n) look, face, shape, show, apparition, advent, form, image, surface, impression; (adj, n)

O Pioneers! semblance. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, vanishing appeared: (n) appearing appendicitis: (adj) ague, angina pectoris, inflammation, redness appetite: (n, v) desire; (n) appetence, appetency, relish, inclination, stomach, taste, thirst, passion, liking, gusto. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, repulsion, revulsion, apathy, distaste apple: (n) Malus pumila, pome, earth, city, world, orchard apple tree; (v) apple slump, ball; (adj) green appointed: (adj) specified, prescribed, destined, ordained, fit, set, fitted, commissioned, nominated, designated; (v) appoint appreciate: (adj, v) understand, realize; (v) esteem, treasure, prize, fathom, appraise, comprehend, admire, acknowledge, apprize. ANTONYMS: (v) scorn, disregard, ignore, neglect, disparage, underrate, underestimate, dislike, overlook, assume, undervalue approaching: (adj) future, forthcoming, impending, imminent, oncoming, near; (adj, n) coming; (n, v) approach; (adv) nearly, almost; (prep) toward apricot: (n) apricot tree, peach, abricock, abricot, apricots, pink, orange, salmon pink, yellowish pink apron: (n) skirt, proscenium, pall, pontificals, lawn sleeves, pinafore, petticoat, gathering head, wife, jupe, farthingale arbor: (n) bower, mandrel, axle, spindle, hinge, arbour, axis, mandril, alcove, stud, frame archly: (adv) mischievously, sly, wickedly, playfully, waggishly, roguishly, shrewdly, wily, consummately, roundly, craftily armored: (adj) ironclad, unbreakable, armor-clad, mailed, panoplied, reinforced, toughened, shatterproof, resistant; (v) bulletproof. ANTONYMS: (adj) fragile, unarmored armory: (n) arsenal, armament, armoury, resourcefulness, imagination, metalworks, resource, foundry, hall, munitions store, armamentary arrangement: (n) order, settlement, array, distribution, design, system, adjustment, sequence, contract, alignment; (adj, n) method. ANTONYMS: (n) disarray, individual

arranging: (n) arrange, arrangements, disposition, composing, composition, order, position, set, orchestration, organization, agreement arrival: (n) advent, accession, entrance, incoming, newcomer, return, attainment, coming, comer, entry, reaching. ANTONYMS: (n) exit, leaving, disappearance, conclusion arrived: (adv) here, at home; (adj) accepted arrow: (n) missile, bolt, dart, barb, gun, spear, bullet, cursor; (adj, n) rocket; (adj) hydrargyrum, quicksilver artery: (n) aorta, corridor, road, tendon, thoroughfare, celiac axis, Pipe-stem arteries, arteria, aisle, arteriola, arteriole artillery: (n) battery, gun, cannon, field-artillery, cannonry, persuasion, voltigeur, dragoon, uhlan, mounted rifles, light horse ascent: (n) ascension, climb, ascending, elevation, hill, incline, advance, grade; (n, v) rise; (v) ascend, uprise. ANTONYMS: (n) fall, drop, declivity ashamed: (adj) hangdog, guilty, embarrassed, sheepish, remorseful, regretful, bashful, disconcerted, contrite, chagrined; (v) dashed. ANTONYMS: (adj) proud, arrogant, unremorseful, unashamed, pleased, blatant, bold, happy, unabashed, unrepentant aside: (adv) apart, away, beside, alongside, in reserve, off, abreast; (adj, adv) by; (n) digression, divagation, parenthesis. ANTONYMS: (adv) erectly, uprightly, vertically asking: (v) ask; (n) invitation, prayer, suit, application, begging, supplication, entreaty, billing; (adj) interrogatory, interrogative asleep: (adj) sleeping, deceased, sleepy, dormant, numb, dead, sound asleep, snoozing, slumbering, napping, gone. ANTONYMS: (adj) up, attentive, alert, conscious asparagus: (n) herb, veggie, sparrowgrass, edible asparagus asses: (n) equidae assisted: (adj) aided astonish: (adj, v) astound; (adj, n, v) surprise; (adj) astonishing, surprised; (v) flabbergast, daze, confound, dazzle, stun, alarm, nonplus. ANTONYMS: (v) expect,

Willa Cather bore astonishment: (n) admiration, wonder, wonderment, surprise, marvel, stupefaction, confusion, consternation, awe, alarm, startle. ANTONYMS: (n) calmness, belief, contempt asylum: (n) shelter, sanctuary, haven, retreat, home, madhouse, insane asylum, institution, cover, harbor, protection athlete: (n) gymnast, acrobat, sportsman, contestant, jock, amateur, contender, hurdler, sport, athletes, wrestler athletic: (adj) vigorous, gymnastic, strong, brawny, sportive, robust, acrobatic, stalwart, healthy, stout, strapping. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfit, weak, feeble, frail, sedentary, inactive atmosphere: (n) ambience, ambiance, mood, aura, feel, environment, feeling, background, quality, medium, setting attach: (v) append, adhere, add, affix, bind, link, associate, assign, nail, apply, annex. ANTONYMS: (v) undo, separate, unfasten, disconnect, free, deflect, dissociate, loosen, quit, take, unscrew attack: (n, v) assail, attempt, thrust, raid, charge; (n) incursion, seizure, aggression, fit; (v) invade, aggress. ANTONYMS: (v) defend, protect, flatter, aid, avoid, commend, compliment, procrastinate; (n, v) retreat, praise; (n) protection attempted: (adj) unsuccessful attempts: (adj) trying attend: (n, v) tend, escort, nurse, conduct; (v) assist, serve, minister, aid, look, partake, follow. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, leave, ignore, disregard, desert, abandon attended: (adj) attent, fraught, tended to attentively: (adv) carefully, mindfully, watchfully, observantly, heedfully, vigilantly, cautiously, considerately, diligently, alertly, obligingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unhelpfully, neglectfully, abruptly, carelessly, hastily, casually attire: (n, v) array, garb, apparel, wear; (n) costume, garment, outfit, clothes; (v) enrobe, clothe, dress up. ANTONYMS: (v) disrobe, bare, strip, unclothe; (n) nakedness attitude: (n) aspect, posture, behavior, mind, notion, approach, air, bearing, disposition, point of

view, outlook attractive: (adj) good-looking, engaging, appealing, amiable, charming, alluring, adorable, agreeable, striking, enchanting, sweet. ANTONYMS: (adj) ugly, unappealing, revolting, disgusting, repellent, unpleasant, repulsive, straight, boring, uninteresting, tasteless auction: (n, v) sale; (v) auctioneer, auction off, sell; (n) bidding, auction sale, auction bridge, cant, portsale, Dutch auction, angle auctioneer: (n) broker, agent, attorney, secretary, solicitor, clerk, seller, underwriter, proctor, commission agent; (v) auction off aunt: (n) uncle, auntie, aunty, father's younger brother's wife, father's older brother's wife, mother's sister, kinswoman, nephew, niece, paternal aunt, maternal uncle's wife autumn: (n) fall, season, downfall, descent, declivity, harvest avoid: (v) shun, parry, avert, escape, evade, ward off, duck, circumvent, prevent, ignore; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) associate, tackle, face, validate, participate, invite, seek, embrace, court, permit, encourage avoided: (adj) unpopular awake: (v) wake, awaken, realize, waken; (adj) alive, alert, attentive, conscious, keen, intelligent; (adj, v) broad awake. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconscious, sleeping, comatose, sleepy, relaxed; (v) deaden, lull, sleep awaken: (v) arouse, wake, rouse, call, stir, kindle, get up, raise, wake up, waken, revive. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, calm, retire, suppress, spoil, quench, douse, stifle awful: (adj) fearful, dreadful, terrible, abominable, appalling, nasty, abhorrent, atrocious, bad, horrible, lousy. ANTONYMS: (adj) excellent, wonderful, marvelous, great, lovely, nice, pleasant, beautiful, pleasing, good, minor awfully: (adv) atrociously, hideously, appallingly, frightfully, fearfully, ghastly, terribly, horrifically, horrendously, badly; (adj, adv) amazingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) pleasantly, hardly, little, mildly, satisfactorily, slightly, well, adequately, superbly, somewhat awkward: (adj) inconvenient, clumsy, embarrassing, uncomfortable,

197 ungainly, untoward, crude, inept, sticky, left-handed, heavy. ANTONYMS: (adj) graceful, easy, adroit, manageable, straightforward, simple, dexterous, rotund, convenient, helpful, skillful awkwardly: (adv) gawkily, ineptly, ungracefully, embarrassingly, maladroitly, stiffly, gracelessly, inopportunely, bunglingly, inelegantly, unwieldily. ANTONYMS: (adv) gracefully, elegantly, usefully, urbanely, contentedly, coherently, calmly, conveniently, agilely, expertly, amenably babies: (n) children, babes, babe, babying, offspring baby: (n) babe, child, darling; (v) pamper, indulge, coddle, mollycoddle, spoil; (adj, n) miniature, young; (adj) small. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect; (adj) large, mature, big; (n) parent, adolescent, adult, grownup backed: (adj) upheld, support, backed up, coated, lined background: (n) groundwork, backdrop, education, basis, context, scene, environment, backcloth, panorama, ground, situation. ANTONYM: (n) future backward: (adj, adv) late, behindhand; (adj) tardy, retarded, reluctant, coy, slow, laggard, dilatory; (adv) behind, backwardly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) ahead; (adv) onward; (adj) quick, developing, advanced, confident, brilliant, bold backwards: (adv) back, rearward, rearwards, vice versa, conversely, aback, abaft; (adj) upside down, adverse; (adj, adv) topsy-turvy; (v) fall back bacon: (n) Francis bacon, statesman, solon, philosopher, lard, gammon, livelihood, pay, middlings, Roger bacon, salary badger: (v) annoy, tease, bother, harass, hassle, molest, beleaguer, worry, plague, bug, hound. ANTONYMS: (v) please, soothe, encourage badgers: (n) family Mustelidae, fissiped, fissiped mammal bake: (v) roast, broil, fire, fry, cook, stew, to bake, grill, scorch, toast, heat bakery: (n, v) bakehouse; (n) baker, bakeshop, patisserie, oven, candy store, confectionery, supermarket,

198 grocery, sweet shop baking: (adj) hot, scorching, roasting, burning, boiling, sweltering, torrid; (n) cookery, cooking, stoving, firing. ANTONYM: (adj) fresh balanced: (adj) equal, firm, wellbalanced, steady, stable, staid, regular, suitable, harmonious, uniform, symmetrical. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfair, unbalanced, unsettled, unsymmetrical, uncertified, asymmetrical, disproportionate, imbalanced, unequal, uneven, irrational ball: (adj, n) globe; (n) bulb, shell, bead, party, orb, bullet, lump, pellet, football, dance. ANTONYM: (v) square balls: (n) guts, family jewels, intestinal fortitude, nerve, spirit, tenacity, valor, audacity, prowess band: (n) cluster, set, party, swathe, lace, knot, collar, circle, strip, zone, company. ANTONYMS: (v) disperse, divide, scatter, disband bands: (n) cords, stripes bandy: (v) exchange, agitate, band, shuttlecock, argue, debate, shuffle, brandish, change bands, flap; (n) bander banker: (n) cashier, teller, cambist, investor, moneyman, bank employee, capitalist, ditcher, goldsmith, usurer, moneyer banks: (n) thumb index, sir Joseph Banks, sidewalls, bank shares, bank balance bare: (adj) naked, austere, bald, stark, bleak, exposed, desolate, plain; (adj, v) empty, vacant; (v) show. ANTONYMS: (adj) cultivated, ornate, concealed, elaborate, adorned, decorated, dressed, clothed, embellished; (v) cover, conceal bared: (adj) naked, unclothed, exposed barefoot: (adj) shoeless, unshod, bare footed. ANTONYM: (adj) shoed bareheaded: (adj) hatless, bare, bald, unclothed, alone; (v) cap in hand, obsequious, respectful, reverential, decorous, ceremonious barely: (adv) merely, just, nakedly, scantily, simply, nudely, baldly, purely, narrowly; (adj, adv) scarcely, only. ANTONYMS: (adj) enough, amply, sufficiently, abundantly; (adv) much, thoroughly, well, easily, obviously, clearly, strongly bargain: (adj, n, v) cheap; (n, v)

O Pioneers! covenant, deal; (n) agreement, treaty, arrangement, buy, chaffer; (v) exchange, stipulate, agree. ANTONYM: (adj) inflated baritone: (n) brass, singer, vocalist, baritone voice, baritone horn barn: (n) outhouse, shed, cowshed, cowhouse, stable, bawn, grange, byre, godown, granary, storehouse barney: (v) altercation, high words, snarl, spat, words, squabble, tiff, tracasserie, quarrel barracks: (n) billet, quarters, encampment, casern barren: (adj, n) sterile; (adj) infertile, deserted, arid, void, dry, stark, meagre, fruitless, abortive; (n) waste. ANTONYMS: (adj) productive, lush, fruitful, developing, growing, profitable, rewarding, rich, sheltered, humid, populous bartender: (n) barman, barkeep, barmaid, publican, employee, tapster, mixologist baseball: (n) hockey, ball game, ballock, baseball game, football basement: (n) base, vault, cellarage, offices, story, storey, kitchen, pantry, scullery, footing; (adj, n) bottom bath: (n, v) wash, clean; (v) bathe, immersion; (n) bathroom, tank, dip, tub, bathtub, ablution, bate bathe: (adj, v) steep, lave, immerse, soak; (v) take a bath, tub, clean, rinse, bath; (n, v) swim; (n) bathing. ANTONYMS: (v) smudge, stain, soil, dip bathtub: (n) tub, vessel, bath-tub, tubful, drum, barrel, container, footbath, pot, sitzmark, bathing tub battery: (n) troop, cell, barrage, army, suite, company, artillery, assault and battery, barrage fire, primary cell, squad battleship: (n) battlewagon, dreadnought, warship, dreadnaught beans: (adj) unimportant; (n) money bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull beard: (v) defy, dare; (adj, v) brave; (adj, n) hair; (n) whiskers, moustache, sloven, facial hair; (n, v) camouflage, disguise, mask. ANTONYM: (n) shaven bearings: (n) bearing, direction, crest, position

beast: (n) animal, monster, swine, fiend, creature, scavenger, savage, critter, animate being, barbarian; (adj) bear. ANTONYM: (n) man beasts: (n) stock beaten: (adj) overpowered, routed, conquered, overcome, prostrate, frothy, trounced, worsted; (v) beat, lose, fail. ANTONYMS: (adj) heartened, uplifted, triumphant, encouraged, loose beautiful: (adj) attractive, goodlooking, bright, neat, beauteous, pleasant, picturesque, fine, pretty, lovely; (n) beauty. ANTONYMS: (adj) unattractive, homely, grotesque, plain, repulsive, awkward, ordinary, dull beauty: (n) attractiveness, beaut, charm, pulchritude, loveliness, exquisiteness, grace, grandeur, looker, good looks; (adj) beautiful. ANTONYMS: (n) hag, plainness, shortcoming, flaw, witch, dog, disadvantage, detraction, repulsiveness, eyesore, awkwardness bedecked: (adj) decked out, decorated, ornate, ornamented bedroom: (n) bedchamber, dormitory, sleeping room, apartment, assembly, berth, boudoir, master bedroom; (adj) sexy bedtime: (n) night, gloaming, going down of the sun, dewy eve beer: (v) wine, heavy wet, stingo, spirits; (n) lager, ale, brewage, malt liquor, suds, alcoholic beverage, alcoholic drink begging: (n) mendicancy, request, plea; (v) asking, beg; (adj) beseeching, entreating, mendicant, imploring, suppliant, vagabond begin: (v) commence, arise, initiate, become, enter, rise, originate, undertake, create, dawn, set out. ANTONYMS: (v) end, stop, cease, terminate, die, delay, complete, conclude beginnings: (n) origin, root, early stages, early period, first phase begun: (adj) present behalf: (n) sake, part, interest, behoof, defense, lieu, good, stead, score, service, side behave: (n, v) conduct, exercise; (v) bear, deal, deport, operate, perform, acquit, walk, react, go. ANTONYMS: (v) misdemean, malfunction behavior: (n, v) bearing, demeanor; (n) carriage, conduct, deportment,

Willa Cather act, behaviour, manner, character, action, morality beheld: (adj) visual belief: (n) feeling, doctrine, supposition, opinion, idea, thought, impression, trust, view, confidence, assumption. ANTONYMS: (n) unbelief, doubt, disavowal, distrust, denial, rejection, uncertainty, independence, innovation believed: (adj) whispered, alleged, thought, held bell: (n, v) chime; (n) gong, Alexander Graham Bell, ring, doorbell, handbell, tocsin, alarum, Alexander Bell, buzz, angelus bellowing: (n) roaring, roar, bellows, hollo, holloa, rout, yowl, boation, mugiency, hollering; (adj) mugient belong: (v) appertain, pertain, lie, go, belong to, attach, dwell, consist, come, rank, stand. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, disagree, disassociate, leave, quit, differ bench: (n) banquette, chair, workbench, court, terrace, bank, bar, judicatory, Ottoman, board, form benches: (n) bleachers bend: (n, v) bow, turn, arch, arc, crook, twist, elbow; (adj, n, v) curve; (v) stoop, crouch; (adj, v) flex. ANTONYMS: (n, v) square; (v) align, unbend, leave bends: (n) caisson disease, aeroembolism, air embolism, bend, gas embolism, compressed air sickness beneath: (adv, prep) below, under; (adj) low, inferior; (adv) downward, infra, at a lower place; (prep) lower than, less than, unworthy of, unbefitting. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) over; (adv) higher bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent benumbed: (adj) torpid, asleep, stiff, insensible, dull, dead, numbed, hardened, drugged, uninterested, cold bergson: (n) Henri Louis Bergson beside: (adv) on, abreast, aside, closely, nearly; (prep) about; (adv, prep) besides; (adj) adjacent; (n) while, at; (adj, prep) near besides: (adv) as well, moreover, too, furthermore, again, as well as, anyway, additionally; (prep) apart

from, beside; (adj, adv) more bewildered: (adj) bemused, confused, confounded, perplexed, befuddled, puzzled, dumbfounded, taken aback, addled, disoriented; (adj, v) lost. ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressed, clear, oriented, precise, understanding, alert bewildering: (adj) astonishing, puzzling, perplexing, confusing, marvelous, mystifying, amazing, astounding, discomfit, upsetting, staggering. ANTONYMS: (adj) enlightening, simple, soothing bible: (n) scripture, scriptures, book, Holy Scripture, word of God, good book, bibliography, bibliotheca, Holy Bible, handbook, word bigger: (adj) greater, larger, better, major, largest, biggest, big, large, great, vast, wide. ANTONYM: (adj) lesser biggest: (adj) utmost, largest, bigger, greatest, major, most, best, superlative, top, big, main bigoted: (adj) fanatic, opinionated, narrow, fanatical, hidebound, bigot, insular, zealot, arbitrary, dogmatic, biased. ANTONYMS: (adj) broadminded, tolerant, unprejudiced, humanitarian, liberal, moderate, fair birch: (v) lash, flog, scourge, wipe, warm, whop; (adj) birchen; (n) birch tree, stick, white birch, rod bird: (n) wench, poultry, fowl, girl, birdie, hen, chick, Bronx cheer, shuttlecock, archaeornis, archeopteryx birds: (n) aves, class Aves, Craniata, flora and fauna, natural world, nature, subphylum Craniata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Vertebrata, amphibians birthday: (n) anniversary, date, celebration, natal day, bicentennial, Ash Wednesday biscuit: (n) rusk, hardtack, cooky, cookie, bisque, tea biscuit, almond cookie, wafer, tan, sea bread, oreo bishop: (n) pontiff, primate, chessman, prelate, minister, metropolitan, Martin, lord; (v) wassail, flip, punch bite: (n, v) nip, cut, taste, hurt, pain; (v) pinch, chew, erode, gnaw, eat; (n) morsel. ANTONYMS: (n) lot, whole, mildness bits: (n) odds and ends, scraps, debris bitter: (adj, v) acrimonious, acrid; (adj) sharp, acid, malicious, caustic, virulent, sour, resentful, keen,

199 acerbic. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, charitable, hot, sugary, kind, wonderful, warm, pleasant, nice, agreeable, gentle bitterly: (adv) bitingly, sourly, fiercely, cruelly, caustically, harshly, poignantly, piercingly, cuttingly, rancorously, acrimoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmoniously, sweetly, warmly, gladly, agreeably, kindly, friendly bitterness: (n) acerbity, animosity, gall, malice, resentment, enmity, acridity, acidity, bitter, rancor, sharpness. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, happiness, harmony, kindness, blandness, friendliness, goodwill, idealism, affection blade: (n) knife, beau, foil, falchion, cutlass, sword, leaf, shaft, razor, brand, steel blame: (v) arraign, chide; (n, v) reprimand, censure, attack, charge, reproach, rap, rebuke, fault; (n) onus. ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise; (v) absolve, exonerate, commend, clear, acquit; (n) vindication, exoneration, honor, absolution, glory blamed: (adj) goddamned, goddamn, damned, goddam, infernal, damnable, ageless, answerable, beatified, blessed, aeonian blandly: (adv) dully, insipidly, mildly, suavely, flatly, uninterestingly, tamely, weakly, boringly, flavorlessly, oily. ANTONYMS: (adv) meaningfully, interestingly, admirably blanket: (adj) sweeping, overall, comprehensive, global, wholesale, generic; (n, v) cloak; (n) sheath, sheet, bedding; (v) clothe. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncomprehensive, discerning, incomplete, partial, specific blankly: (adj, adv) inanely, vacuously, expressionlessly; (adv) emptily, hollowly, voidly, cleanly, impassively, stupidly, whitely, inexpressively. ANTONYM: (adv) brightly blaze: (n, v) flash, glare, flame, mark, scintillation; (n) fire, light, burning, inflammation, sheen; (adj, v) burn blazing: (adj) flaming, afire, burning, ardent, aflame, glaring, bright, blatant, alight, passionate; (n) blaze. ANTONYMS: (adj) freezing, quiet bleached: (adj) blanched, artificial, attenuate, attenuated, biased, colored, coloured, dyed, faded, faint, fair

200 bleak: (adj) austere, bare, barren, cold, dreary, murky, black, desolate, raw, bald, bitter. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, lush, sunny, hopeful, encouraging, cheery, bright, sheltered, soulful, cozy, populated bled: (v) bleed; (n) bulla bleeding: (adj) bloody, gory, blasted; (n) haemorrhage, bloodletting, runout, cupping, leeches, venesection, phlebotomy; (v) bleed bless: (v) consecrate, celebrate, sanctify, anoint, eulogize, sign, praise, keep, grant, glorify; (n) blessing. ANTONYMS: (v) curse, condemn, disapprove, damn, disallow, deny blessing: (n) benediction, approval, mercy, felicity, benison, benefit, luck, advantage, boon, bless, godsend. ANTONYMS: (n) curse, misfortune, disaster, condemnation, adversity, desecration, refusal, veto, disadvantage blind: (n) curtain, shutter, veil, drape, awning, trick; (v) bedazzle, dazzle, daze; (adj) sightless; (adj, v) obscure. ANTONYMS: (adj) sighted, uncovered, understanding, sharp, seeing, revealed, quick, perceptive, open, controlled, cautious blinded: (adj) blindfolded, blinder, blindly, reckless, unsighted, blindfold, dizzy blink: (v) twinkle, flicker, blench, shirk, nictate, shine; (n, v) flash; (n) blinking, instant, winking, glimmer. ANTONYM: (v) attend blizzard: (n) tempest, storm, snowfall, gale, norther, vendaval, khamsin, foehn, Chinook, wuther, squall bloat: (v) distend, swell, inflate, expand, bulge, billow, blow up, tumefy, puff out; (adj) bloated; (n) puffiness. ANTONYMS: (v) deflate, contract, shrink, shrivel blond: (adj, v) fair; (adj, n) blonde; (adj) light, flaxen, pale, creamy; (n) someone, soul, somebody, person; (v) to stick together. ANTONYM: (adj) brunet blonde: (adj) fair, golden, fairish, sandy, flaxen; (n) towheaded, person, somebody, someone, soul, buff. ANTONYM: (n) brunette bloom: (adj, n, v) flower; (v) prosper, flourish, thrive, burgeon; (adj, v) blow, fructify; (n) prime, blush, flush, bud. ANTONYMS: (v) shrivel, struggle, wane, die, deteriorate, decrease; (n) pallor, withering

O Pioneers! blooming: (adj) rosy, thriving, flourishing, healthy, prosperous, ruddy, booming, blossoming, cherry, verdant, green. ANTONYMS: (adj) arid, pale blouse: (n) shirt, top, jacket, coat, frock, smock, chemise, tunic, overall, waist, gown blow: (n) beat, knock, shock, wallop, gust, jolt; (adj, n, v) gasp, puff; (n, v) blast, slap; (v) squander. ANTONYMS: (n, v) calm; (v) save, conserve, store, stillness, inhale, come, arrive; (n) luck, comfort, caress blowing: (n) processing, insufflation, bravado; (v) fanning, blow out; (adj) windy, breezy blown: (adj) puffy, panting, swollen, winded, inflated, moving, high, haughty lofty, late; (v) puffing and blowing; (n) blowen blue: (adj) depressed, down, gloomy, low, spicy, livid, naughty, sapphire, sad, downhearted, downcast. ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, happy, joyous, refined, moral, decent, upbeat, joyful, gay, cheerful, cheery bluff: (v) beguile, delude, blague; (n) bravado, cheat, hill; (adj) rough, direct, blunt, candid; (adj, n) peak. ANTONYMS: (n) truth, honesty; (v) reveal, guide; (adj) roundabout, suave, subtle, hesitant bluish: (adj) blueish, blasphemous, powder blue, coloured, colorful, colored, chromatic, bluey, aristocratic, aristocratical bluntly: (adv) frankly, directly, rudely, bluffly, coarsely, forthrightly, candidly, curtly, brusquely, gruffly, openly. ANTONYMS: (adv) deceitfully, hesitantly, indirectly, guardedly, politely blur: (n, v) blemish, smudge, slur; (v) taint, smear, cloud, obscure, blear, dim; (adj, v) daub; (adj, n) stain. ANTONYMS: (v) sharpen, accentuate, uncloud, purify, focus, define, cleanse, clean bluster: (v) brag, gasconade, swash, bully; (n, v) swagger, roar, storm, clatter; (n) boasting, bravado; (adj, v) vapor. ANTONYMS: (n) mildness, reticence, timidity boat: (n) yacht, steamship, ark, scull, craft, steamboat, dinghy, pinnace, ship, gondola, hoy bobbing: (n) faggot, firewood, peat, turf bodice: (n) corsage, stays, corset,

brassiere, top, slip, waist, corselet bodies: (n) people, public bodily: (adj) material, corporeal, corporal, animal, carnal, somatic, real, personal, sensual; (adv) altogether, fleshly. ANTONYMS: (adj) mental, spiritual, soulful, intellectual; (adv) mentally bohemian: (n) Gypsy, Romany, palmer, hadji, pilgrim, unconventional, vagabond, maverick, nomad; (adj, n) nonconformist; (adj) raffish bolted: (adj) barred, Bolten, secured, firm, barricaded, blockaded, bolted attachment, fast, fastened, latched, tight bone: (n) framework, os, skeleton, anatomy, ivory, astragal, true middlings; (adj, n, v) cartilage; (v) swot, gristle, prepare bonnet: (n) cap, protection, chapeau, tile, wimple, beret, lid, cowling, castor, poke bonnet, sunbonnet booth: (n) stall, cubicle, stand, carrel, hut, shed, cabin, chalet, cell, kiosk, compartment boots: (n) Bootes, bell boy, bootblack, counterjumper, boy, shoeblack, footwear bordered: (adj) fringed, edged, delimited, surrounded bore: (v) dig, tire, pierce, tap, annoy, perforate; (n, v) bother, plague; (n) auger, well, gimlet. ANTONYMS: (v) fascinate, excite, hypnotize, engage, entertain, stimulate; (n) charmer, exciter, excitement, pleasure born: (adj) native, natural, congenital, inbred, inborn, innate, inherent, untutored; (v) be born, to be born, arise. ANTONYMS: (adj) learned, unborn, acquired, trained borne: (adj) weak, wanting, spoony, soft, sappy, shallow, little, limited borrow: (v) adopt, lend, appropriate, to borrow, assume, take, accept, acquire, plagiarize, cadge, get. ANTONYMS: (v) give, invent, loan, originate, return borrowed: (adj) foreign, rubato, secondary borrowing: (n) lending, loan, lend, pledging, borrow, business borrowing, misappropriation, pawn, installment plan, acceptance, appropriation bosom: (n) heart, interior, boob, thorax, chest, bust, tit; (n, v) embrace; (v) cherish, hug; (adj) intimate. ANTONYMS: (n) outside,

Willa Cather exteriority bother: (n, v) trouble, torment, worry, hassle, pain; (adj, n, v) fuss, bore; (v) vex, annoy, irritate; (n) nuisance. ANTONYMS: (n, v) delight; (v) soothe, please, help, aid, comfort, placate, encourage, defend; (n) accord, satisfaction bothering: (v) teasing, tormenting, carking; (n) harassment, provocation bottle: (n) container, jug, flask, cruet, vial, pot, phial, jar, decanter, carboy; (n, v) can bottom: (n) basis, backside, bed, behind, foot, footing, back, foundation, posterior, floor; (n, v) ground. ANTONYMS: (n) pinnacle, summit, peak, roof, apex, ceiling, middle; (adj) highest bought: (n) crook, hook bout: (n, v) round; (n) attack, spell, turn, competition, fight, battle, fighting, effort, game, fit bowed: (adj) arched, curved, inclined, crooked, arciform, arching, arced, bandy, arcuate, twisted, bended. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, concave, plucked boxes: (n) auditory, pit, parquet, gallery, box, case, front of the house, bleachers, stalls boyish: (adj) young, puerile, adolescent, youthful, babyish, childish, girlish, kittenish, boylike, callow, immature. ANTONYM: (adj) mature bracing: (n) brace, backing; (adj) invigorating, brisk, exhilarating, refreshing, tonic, enlivening, cool, benign, energizing. ANTONYMS: (adj) soporific, tiring, debilitating, draining, exhausting, soothing, warm, balmy, still brag: (n, v) bluster, vaunt, crow; (v) pride, gasconade, blow, show off, rodomontade; (n) boasting, bragging; (adj) great brain: (n) mastermind, genius, head, mind, reason, wit, psyche, noddle, intelligence, nous, brains. ANTONYMS: (n) emotion, moron, body, dummy, imbecile, idiot, physicality brains: (n) cleverness, intellect, intelligence, sense, mind, wisdom, pate, wit, wits, reason; (adj, n) head. ANTONYM: (n) stupidity branch: (n, v) fork; (n) wing, jump, affiliate, ramus, member, stem, limb, agency, stick, subdivision. ANTONYMS: (n) composite, trunk; (v) converge, merge

branches: (n) branch, brushwood branding: (n) roundup, stigmatization, stigmatisation brandy: (n) applejack, spirits, brandies, liquor, Brandywine, Marc, fruit brandy; (v) brandy smash brass: (n, v) face; (adj, n) boldness; (n) nerve, cheek, administration, audaciousness, insolence, arrogance; (adj) bronze; (v) assurance, impudence brave: (adj, n) bold, hardy; (adj) audacious, fearless, courageous, virile, intrepid, valiant; (adj, v) endure; (v) defy, face. ANTONYMS: (adj) cowardly, frightened, pathetic, gutless, afraid, cautious, fainthearted, meek, mousy, nervous; (v) skip bravely: (adv) courageously, fearlessly, valiantly, boldly, intrepidly, dauntlessly, gallantly, audaciously, undauntedly, heroically, doughtily. ANTONYMS: (adv) timidly, fearfully, execrably, nervously bread: (n) livelihood, bun, maintenance, cash, currency, loot, dough, pelf, food, sustenance, kale breadth: (n) width, spread, amplitude, wideness, size, length, latitude, extent, area, broadness, stretch. ANTONYMS: (n) length, longitude, emptiness, thinness break: (n, v) crack, fracture, breach, burst, rupture, stop, pause; (n) interruption, respite, suspension; (v) infringe. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, honor, lose, make, observe, resume, stay, strengthen; (n, v) mend; (n) continuation, misfortune breakfast: (n) repast, banquet, dejeuner, mealtime, feast, meal; (v) sup, take tea, eat, have a meal, dine breaks: (n) lot, destiny, opportunity, chance breast: (n) boob, udder, tit, titty, chest, knocker, mammilla, bust, pap, heart; (n, v) front breath: (n) wind, air, inspiration, puff, soul, aspiration, respite, airflow; (v) breathe, respire; (adj, n) whisper breathed: (adj) unvoiced, inaudible, breathing, aphonic breathing: (adj) animate, live, living, respiratory, alive, above ground; (v) breathe, respire; (n) respiration, instant, moment. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate, breathless, dead breathless: (adj, adv) out of breath; (adj) panting, inanimate,

201 breathtaking, winded, choking, puffing; (v) all agog, aghast; (adj, n) eager; (n) in hysterics. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, expected, boring breeze: (n) breath, air, gust, gale, flurry, zephyr, rumor, wind, blow, bise; (v) move bribed: (prep) bought brick: (n) adobe, block, rough diamond, ugly duckling, lump, unit, red; (adj) trump, concrete; (v) pot, terra cotta bride: (n) fiance, Bridget, Brigid, saint Brigid, saint Bridget, honeymooner, prioress, newlywed, participant, wife, bridegroom. ANTONYMS: (n) bridegroom, groom bridegroom: (v) bride; (n) honeymooner, newlywed, participant, fiance, husband. ANTONYM: (n) wife bridle: (n, v) curb, check, control, snaffle, rein, leash; (n) arrest, reins, brake; (v) inhibit, contain. ANTONYMS: (v) unbridle, unharness, release brief: (adj) concise, transient, little, abridge, short-lived, abrupt; (adj, n) abstract, summary; (n) epitome, report; (v) notify. ANTONYMS: (adj) permanent, lengthy, rambling, wordy, prolonged, extended, lasting, civil; (adv) civilly; (v) secrete, hide briefly: (adv) concisely, pithily, momentarily, curtly, tersely, succinctly, fleetingly, transitorily, transiently; (adj, adv) summarily, quickly. ANTONYMS: (adv) permanently, endlessly, slowly, thoroughly, verbosely bright: (adj) alive, vivid, intelligent, apt, shining, brilliant, lustrous, luminous, light, beaming, shiny. ANTONYMS: (adj) cloudy, stupid, gloomy, dim, unintelligent, dreary, dark, overcast, shadowy, thick, leaden bright-eyed: (adj) well brightness: (n) luminance, light, shine, clarity, lustre, glow, glare, glitter, luminosity; (n, v) illumination, gloss. ANTONYMS: (n) cloudiness, murkiness, dimness, darkness, mistiness, softness, sadness, bleakness, dirtiness, pessimism; (adv) seriously brilliant: (adj, v) splendid, glorious, illustrious, smart; (adj) sunny, intelligent, magnificent, luminous, spectacular, vivid, beautiful. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, dim, awful,

202 dark, unexceptional, typical, tarnished, grimy, unintelligent, normal, useless bringing: (n) delivery, consignment, serving, service, passage, post brink: (n, v) edge; (n) border, hem, threshold, boundary, brim, shore, periphery, lip, margin, limit. ANTONYMS: (n) middle, interior, end brisk: (adj) bracing, agile, alive, bright, lively, acute, alert, energetic, sprightly; (adj, v) quick, smart. ANTONYMS: (adj) soporific, sluggish, hesitant, tedious, temperate, inactive, civil, torpid, slack, serious, lethargic bristles: (n) beard, five o'clock shadow bristly: (adj) barbed, thorny, rough, spiny, stiff, hairy, setaceous, briery, bristled, barbellate, briary. ANTONYM: (adj) soft broad: (adj) wide, sweeping, comprehensive, vast, general, extensive, large, ample, free, big; (n) female. ANTONYMS: (adj) specific, thin, restricted, polite, minor, limited, exclusive, dogmatic, decent, cultured, confined broke: (adj) bankrupt, poor, insolvent, impecunious, penniless, impoverished, skint, bust, destitute, strapped, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj) solvent, wealthy, affluent broken: (adj) torn, tame, damaged, intermittent, uneven, imperfect, rugged, rough, out of order; (adj, v) busted, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbroken, intact, wild, whole, working, uplifted, uninterrupted, triumphant, running, indomitable, incessant bronze: (adj, n, v) tan; (n) brown, brass, sculpture, statuette; (v) terra cotta, discolour, discolor, marble, plate; (adj) bronzed brooding: (adj) pondering, thoughtful, contemplative, hatching, meditative, pensive, wistful; (v) brewing, batching; (n) chick management, parturition. ANTONYMS: (adj) shallow, cheerful brother: (n) fellow, blood brother, associate, counterpart, crony, comrade, buddy, peer, chum, sidekick, monk. ANTONYMS: (n) enemy, opposer, opponent brow: (n) peak, brink, brows, height, summit, forehead, eyebrow, edge, crown, brim, border. ANTONYM:

O Pioneers! (n) trough brown: (adj, n) brunette; (adj) tanned, swarthy, dark; (v) sear, cook, fry; (n) tan, coffee, brownness, mahogany browner: (n) browning dish brows: (n) brow brunette: (adj) dark, brown, swarthy, tan, russet, chocolate; (n) tanned, person, somebody, soul, someone. ANTONYM: (n) blonde brush: (n, v) broom, touch, kiss; (v) sweep, polish, graze, clean; (n) brushwood, conflict, copse, encounter brushed: (adj) napped, fleecy brushing: (n) brush, slashing, hairdressing, rub, striking, combing; (adj) ripping. ANTONYM: (n) set bubbles: (n) froth, suds, effervescence, spume, fizz, lather, sparkle buck: (n) dollar, stag, beau, boar, greenback, exquisite, fop, clam, hart; (v) charge; (n, v) buck jump. ANTONYMS: (v) conform, surrender; (n) female, girl buckboard: (n) carriage, equipage, rig, vehicle bucket: (n) pail, container, bucketful, scoop, tankard, pipkin, skeel, mug, pan, can; (v) rain cats and dogs buckle: (n, v) clasp, warp; (v) curve, crumple, distort, fasten; (adj, n) button; (n) screw, hook, fastener; (adj) strap. ANTONYMS: (v) unbuckle, flatten, smooth, straighten buckled: (v) wreathy, frizzly, crepe; (adj) warped, misshapen, malformed, distorted, askew, deformed budge: (adj, v) move, go; (v) stir, agitate, change, sway, dislodge, bump, rouse, push; (adj) flit. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, stay buffalo: (n) American bison, bison bison, anoa, American buffalo, zebu, yak, metropolis, Cape buffalo, city; (v) cow, bully buggy: (adj) nutty, kooky, loony, loopy, balmy; (n) cart, pushchair, trap, truck, pram, random build: (n, v) make, shape; (v) erect, establish, raise, rise, found, base, fabricate, fashion; (n) frame. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, dismantle, raze, overturn, obliterate, decrease, decelerate, ruin, disassemble buildings: (n) edifice, construction, lane, passage, place, property, quad, quadrangle, parade, rents, road built: (v) establish, create; (adj) made,

shapely, robust, curvaceous, reinforced, improved, heavy, buxom, assembled bully: (n, v) hector; (v) bluster, bulldoze, threaten, ballyrag; (n) tough, rowdy, hooligan, ruffian, bravo; (adj, v) domineer. ANTONYMS: (n) urge, flatter, cajole; (v) help, encourage, assist, obey, protect, reassure bunch: (n, v) crowd, clump, pack, bundle, group, huddle; (n) batch, lot, band, troop, gang. ANTONYMS: (v) spread, separate, scatter; (n) individual bunchgrass: (n) bunch grass, bluestem bureau: (n) office, authority, chest, division, department, desk, dresser, commode, chest of drawers, chambers, burr burial: (v) bury, funebrial; (n) sepulture, entombment, burying, inhumation, funeral, concealment, sepulcher, hiding, committal buried: (adj) hidden, covert, interred, underground, inhumed, profound, covered, ulterior; (v) perdu, imbed, embed. ANTONYMS: (adj) explicit, overt burn: (adj, v) glow; (n, v) bite, fire, sunburn; (v) sting, scorch, incinerate, blaze, flare, ignite, cremate. ANTONYMS: (v) smother, give, subdue, help, quench, repay, stifle, extinguish, wet burned: (adj) baked, scorched, tempered, sore, hurt, heated, hardened, destroyed, bleak, parched, adust burning: (adj) blazing, ablaze, boiling, afire, flaming, hot; (n) combustion, firing; (adj, n) passionate, zealous, glowing. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, trivial, cool, out, painless, quenched, soothing, unimportant, apathetic, insignificant, unconcerned burnt: (adj) adust, heated, baked, torrid, sunburnt, seared, scorched, well done, tempered, overdone, combust. ANTONYMS: (adj) underdone, unburned, wet burr: (n) bit, birrus, bureau, burrel, borel, flash, pericarp; (v) pipe, jangle, clink, clank burst: (adj, n, v) crack; (adj, v) split, blow up, explode, splinter, detonate; (n, v) rupture, blast; (adj, n) flash; (v) break out, belch. ANTONYMS: (v) attach, join, connect, fasten, trickle bury: (v) inter, overwhelm, lay to

Willa Cather rest, hide, mask, secrete, conceal, cloak, entomb, suppress; (n) burial. ANTONYMS: (v) exhume, unearth, uncover, dig, disclose, distract, expose, ignore, reveal, air, remember bushes: (n) underbrush, thicket, undergrowth, minor league bushy: (adj) dense, shagged, shaggy, hairy, bearded, brushy, gross, bushies, pilous, pappous, hispid. ANTONYMS: (adj) bald, neat, unhealthy, tidy, thin, sparse, sleek busily: (adv) actively, occupiedly, briskly, industriously, engagedly, energetically, assiduously, lively, officiously, fussily, meddlesomely. ANTONYM: (adv) inactively bustling: (adj) lively, busy, boisterous, buzzing, brisk, alive, vibrant, noisy, tumultuous; (v) stirring, full of incident. ANTONYM: (adj) inactive busy: (adj) brisk, engaged, assiduous, occupied, agile, meddlesome, industrious, crowded, officious, live; (v) occupy. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, inactive, dodging, available, deserted, lazy, quiet, still, unengaged, avoiding, empty butt: (v) bunt, abut; (n) extremity, stump, grip, stub, rump, cask, rear, tail; (n, v) edge butter: (v) gloze, slaver, flatter; (adj) butyraceous, dough, pudding; (n) fat, scrapper, fighter, oil, tallow butterflies: (adj) anxious, apprehensive, frightened; (n) trepidation, nervousness, anxiety button: (n, v) knob; (adj, n) tie; (n) knop, push button, push, key, fastening, clasp, bud, buckle; (v) fasten buttons: (n) bellboy, peyote buying: (n) purchasing, buy, purchase, business, shopping, import, export, transaction, ownership, patronage, sale buzzed: (n) woozy; (adj) intoxicated, drunk cage: (n, v) jail; (n) basket, birdcage, hutch, gaol, frame, corral, cell; (v) confine, imprison, enclose. ANTONYMS: (v) release; (n) freedom, liberation cake: (n) biscuit, cookie, bar, block, pastry, lump, pie, pancake, griddlecake; (v) set, harden calendar: (n) agenda, the calendar, schedule, diary, journal, timetable, program, Calendar year, system, organization; (n, v) list

california: (n) purple Chinese houses, parry manzanita, innocense, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Golden State, desert Selaginella, Collinsia heterophylla, Collinsia bicolor, calcium, CA; (adj) southwestern calling: (n) business, occupation, call, avocation, job, trade, career, employment, walk, pursuit; (n, v) profession. ANTONYMS: (n) entertainment, hobby calloused: (adj) tough calls: (n) securities, puts, bonds, preferred stock, common stock calm: (adj, n, v) assuage, appease, lull; (adj, v) cool, pacify, peaceful, easy, steady; (adj, adv, n, v) still; (n, v) allay; (v) mollify. ANTONYMS: (adj) agitated, wild, stormy, nervous, angry, scared, terrified, tense; (v) agitate, provoke; (adj, v) upset calmly: (adv) stilly, tranquilly, coolly, serenely, placidly, sedately, smoothly, peacefully, easily, undisturbedly, steadily. ANTONYMS: (adv) anxiously, hysterically, nervously, agitatedly, uncontrollably, histrionically, restlessly, frantically, irritably, emotionally, tensely calmness: (n) calm, composure, quietness, poise, serenity, stillness, quiet, silence, placidity, peace; (adj, n) coolness. ANTONYMS: (n) anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, panic, fury, unrest, intensity, discomposure, bustle, annoyance, noise cambric: (n) calico, cambric-muslin, cashmere, fabric, textile, material, cloth, linen campus: (n) field, grounds, college, campuses, academe, academy, school, further education college, institution of higher education, penitentiary, prison candidly: (adv) openly, ingenuously, sincerely, outspokenly, honestly, forthrightly, straightforwardly, plainly, bluntly, directly; (adj, adv) freely. ANTONYMS: (adv) deceitfully, hesitantly, dishonestly, untruthfully, guardedly, ambiguously, shyly candle: (n) candela, light, taper, bougie, CD, candlepower, lamp, wax light, Standard candle; (v) examine, illuminate candy: (n) bonbon, sweet, toffee, taffy, sugarplum, sugar candy, praline, lozenge, confection,

203 lollipop; (adj, n) cake cane: (n, v) scourge, whip; (v) flog, beat, birch, thrash, lash; (n) stick, bat, rattan, twig canvas: (n) duck, sail, sheet, tarpaulin, cloth, tarp, burlap; (n, v) canvass; (v) painting, tableau, solicit caps: (n) brevier, bourgeois, pica boldface captain: (n) head, master, leader, guide, commodore, commander, boss, skipper, chieftain; (v) govern, manage. ANTONYM: (n) minion card: (n) calling card, board, bill of fare, ticket, label, postal, identity card, menu, notice, placard, visiting card cards: (n) baccarat, boodle, card, rum, poker, cribbage, rummy, Newmarket, pinocle, pinochle, penuchle career: (adj, n) job; (n) calling, profession, vocation, occupation, work, trade; (v) speed, dash; (n, v) course; (adj) occupational. ANTONYMS: (n) entertainment, hobby, sideline, avocation careful: (adj, v) attentive, anxious; (adj) thrifty, thoughtful, frugal, mindful, prudent, deliberate, alert, economical, guarded. ANTONYMS: (adj) reckless, slapdash, neglectful, wasteful, unconcerned, tactless, stupid, spendthrift, rash, negligent, inaccurate carefully: (adv) scrupulously, thoroughly, deliberately, charily, warily, watchfully, prudently, painstakingly, guardedly, thriftily, meticulously. ANTONYMS: (adv) hastily, recklessly, rashly, inaccurately, unhelpfully, incautiously, indifferently, thoughtlessly, abstractedly, clumsily, unwisely careless: (adj) forgetful, inattentive, insouciant, haphazard, cursory, reckless, lax, unwary, sloppy; (adj, adv) thoughtless; (adj, v) heedless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, prudent, meticulous, thoughtful, diligent, attentive, thorough, wary, guarded, methodical, strict caring: (adj) tender, affectionate, loving, fond, compassionate, concerned, sympathetic, kind, solicitous, considerate, obliging. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncaring, unfeeling, callous, flippant, unkind, inhumane, hardhearted, unhelpful, thoughtless, rough, paternal carl: (n) house-car, charlotte, carl-

204 hemp, carle, churl, Kerl carotid: (adj) carotic, carotis, artery carpenter: (n) woodman, woodsman, woodworker, Joseph; (v) build carpet: (v) cover, drape, rebuke, encase, row, chew out; (n) rug, carpeting, tapis, runner, covering carriage: (n) attitude, conveyance, cab, air, walk, position, mien, shipping; (n, v) transport, behavior, port carriages: (n) carriage carried: (adj) conveyed, imported carrying: (n) transport, conveyance, carriage, transportation, haulage, hauling, shipping; (adj) bearing, gerent; (v) convey, bring cart: (n) car, carriage, handcart, barrow, applecart, wagon; (v) haul, drag, bear, take, transfer cashmere: (n) calico, cambric, Kasmir, cloth, fabric, material, textile, wool cast: (n, v) throw, stamp, form, fling, shape, figure; (v) shed, pitch, chuck; (n) casting, appearance. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, receive, subtract, reject, take, gather, catch, retain, keep castor: (n) caster, roller, castoreum, castorite, wimple, tile, hat, genus castor, billycock, fur, alpha geminorum catalogue: (n, v) list, schedule, register; (n) bill, roll, inventory, prospectus, table, menu; (v) sort, range catch: (n, v) capture, hook, haul, hitch, trick, grab, snatch; (v) get, apprehend, intercept; (n) pawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) release; (v) misunderstand, unhitch, mistake, Miss, misinterpret, free, give, lose; (n) advantage, boon catching: (adj) communicable, infectious, epidemic, gripping, transferable, zymotic; (n) discovery, take, playing, uncovering, getting. ANTONYM: (adj) noncommunicable cathedral: (n) church, temple, place of worship, house of worship; (adj) authoritative, parochial, official, cathedralic catholic: (adj) liberal, general, universal, Christian, prevailing, broad-minded, tolerant, scriptural, schismless, divine; (n) Roman. ANTONYMS: (adj) sectarian, limited, parochial, provincial, conservative cats: (n) Felidae, cates, public, people, order Carnivora, fissiped mammal,

O Pioneers! fissiped, Carnivora, bears, badgers, family Felidae cattle: (n) stock, cows, neat, bull, beef, bovine, livestock, ox, kine, cow, oxen caught: (adj) fixed, guilty, accomplished, wedged, trapped, interested, exposed, defenseless, culpable; (v) seize, get. ANTONYM: (adj) loose cautious: (adj) guarded, conservative, prudent, watchful, attentive, reserved, shy, provident, judicious, circumspect, chary. ANTONYMS: (adj) rash, open, impulsive, impetuous, careless, irresponsible, wasteful, incautious, thoughtless, imprudent, unwary cautiously: (adv) guardedly, prudently, warily, circumspectly, charily, discreetly, vigilantly, timidly, attentively, watchfully, sparingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) openly, irresponsibly, imprudently, bravely, recklessly, incautiously, thoughtlessly, wastefully, tactlessly, rashly, liberally cavalcade: (n) parade, pageant, caravan, spectacle, celebration, column, convoy; (adj) rank and file, line of battle, cortege; (v) file cavalry: (n) cavalier, voltigeur, uhlan, hussar, troops, soldiery, mounted rifles, light horse, horse artillery, dragoon, horse cavalry cave: (n) lair, hole, grotto, hollow, cove, den, cell, grot, nest; (v) undermine, calve. ANTONYMS: (n) hump; (v) withstand cavern: (n) hollow, cove, vault, hole, enclosure, antrum, lair, antre, socket, den; (v) cavern out ceased: (adj) finished ceiling: (n) cap, limit, maximum, overhead, upper limit, top, roof, limitation, confine, tile, thatch. ANTONYMS: (n) minimum, floor cell: (n) cage, jail, cadre, hole, cave, booth, cavity, compartment, coop, cubicle; (adj) cellular cellar: (n) basement, cellarage, wine cellar, godown, warehouse, winery, silo, pit, excavation, story, storey ceremony: (n) courtesy, celebration, ceremonial, parade, pomp, rite, ceremonies, manners, custom, ritual, pageant. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, understatement certainty: (n) assurance, sureness, certain, trust, confidence, fact, reliability, surety, security, reality, certitude. ANTONYMS: (n) doubt,

unpredictability, indecisiveness, skepticism, unknown, idealism, vagueness, fantasy, feeling, hesitation, insecurity chain: (n) network, rope, cable, band, catena, range; (adj, n, v) tether; (v) bind, fetter; (adj, v) tie; (n, v) handcuff. ANTONYMS: (v) emancipate, liberate, unchain, detach chains: (n) fetters, bond, chain, bonds, handcuffs, irons, manacles, shackles, iron, confine, trammel chair: (n, v) chairman; (n) bench, president, chairperson, throne, couch, armchair, electric chair, chairwoman; (v) moderate, lead chairs: (n) seats chalky: (adj) cretaceous, calcareous, candid, pale, powdery, white, achromatic, bloodless, cloudy, opaque, crumbly champagne: (v) chain lightning, cocktail; (n) sparkling wine, blonde chances: (n) probability, odds, opportunities, possibility, state, circumstances changed: (adj) transformed, varied, switched, change, transform, converted, distorted, affected, changeling, disguised, inverse. ANTONYM: (adj) unchanged changing: (adj) unsettled, shifting, variable, dynamic, moving, choppy, uncertain, various, varying, inconstant, fickle. ANTONYMS: (adj) usual, fixed channel: (n, v) canal, conduct; (n) conduit, groove, trough, waterway, drain, line, passage; (v) carry, convey. ANTONYMS: (v) keep; (n) ridge chapped: (adj) cracked, balmy, unsmooth, barmy, bats, batty, bonkers, buggy, roughened, coarse, alligatored chapters: (n) contents character: (n) type, part, note, role, brand, spirit, disposition; (adj, n) nature, kind, eccentric, constitution. ANTONYMS: (n) deceit, dishonor, corruption, body characteristic: (adj, v) typical, representative; (adj) individual, distinctive, original, specific; (n) sign, attribute, character, point; (adj, n) peculiar. ANTONYMS: (adj) common, unusual, untypical, rare, abnormal, typical, atypical characterized: (adj) affected, formed, molded, cast charged: (adj) laden, loaded, replete,

Willa Cather aerated, tense, strained, full, filled, emotional, abounding, deferred charming: (adj) beautiful, lovely, captivating, winning, attractive, enchanting, delightful, pleasing, nice, magic, cute. ANTONYMS: (adj) repellent, unpleasant, unappealing, repulsive, charmless, disgusting, gross, irritating, offensive, uninteresting, annoying chase: (v) pursue, trail, follow, track, stalk, expel, banish, go after; (n, v) hunt, search; (n) game. ANTONYMS: (v) escape, lead, find, precede chatter: (n, v) babble, gossip, prattle, gab, cackle, natter; (adj, n, v) jabber; (adj, v) prate, palaver; (v) blabber, patter. ANTONYM: (v) drawl chattering: (n) chatter, cackle, yak, grabbing, claver; (adj) talkative, loquacious, noisy, gabby, garrulous; (v) natter cheap: (adj) tacky, low, stingy, base, flashy, worthless, sleazy, shabby, niggardly, mean, economical. ANTONYMS: (adj) expensive, costly, tasteful, generous, luxurious, quality, noble, inflated, precious, dear, steep checked: (adj) checkered, chequered, check, plaid, examine, temperate, tartan, silent, safe, pent-up, numbered checkers: (n) checker, dominos, go bang, solitaire, chequers, board game, chessboard, backgammon, misere chess checking: (n) examination, verification, audit, inspection, scrutiny, going-over, arrest, interference, supervision, collation, approval of plans cheek: (n) audacity, nerve, brass, boldness, impertinence, face, lip, mouth, gall, insolence, impudence. ANTONYMS: (n) respect, cowardice, timidity, humbleness, meekness, reticence, seriousness; (v) praise cheeks: (n) Gemini, twins, couple, posterior, pair, deuce, two, duet cheerful: (adj, v) buoyant; (adj) breezy, merry, optimistic, pleasant, glad, blithe, carefree, bright, lively, happy. ANTONYMS: (adj) depressed, gloomy, sad, depressing, grim, hopeless, miserable, morose, somber, dejected, unwelcoming cheerfully: (adj, adv) gladly; (adv, v) happily; (adv) merrily, readily, brightly, jovially, cheerily, genially,

chirpily, lively, blithely. ANTONYMS: (adv) bleakly, dismally, grimly, sullenly, unhappily, somberly, sadly, grudgingly, gloomily, dourly, forlornly cheering: (adj, n) encouraging, inspiriting; (adj) comforting, hearty, exhilarating, heartening, amusing; (n) applause, acclaim, ovation, cheers. ANTONYMS: (adj) disheartening, heartbreaking, discouraging, depressing, dejecting, disturbing cherry: (adj, n) cerise, red; (n) cherry tree, capulin, virgin; (adj) ruddy, crimson, ruby, scarlet, rubicund, blooming chest: (n) bosom, ark, bust, box, chest of drawers, case, hutch, bureau, caisson, casket, dresser chevalier: (n) maharaja, nawab, palsgrave, pasha, rajah, waldgrave, knight, Maurice chevalier chewing: (n) chew, mastication, chaw, change of state; (adj) masticatory chicago: (n) boodle, Windy City, cabbage, Michigan, Newmarket, stops chicken: (n) fowl, hen, broiler, coward, cock, poultry, weakling, nestling; (adj) yellow, fearful, chicken-hearted. ANTONYM: (n) daredevil chickens: (n) Galliformes, order Galliformes chief: (adj, n) principal, head, cardinal, capital, arch, essential, paramount; (n) administrator, boss, executive, leader. ANTONYMS: (adj) associate, secondary, junior, smallest, inessential, unimportant, least, trivial; (n) subordinate, underling, inferior childhood: (n) babyhood, boyhood, immaturity, infancy, puerility, youth, youthhood, immatureness, adolescence, age, anal phase. ANTONYMS: (adj) recent; (n) maturity chilled: (adj) frozen, freezing, cool, refrigerated, icy, inhibited, restrained, confined, shivering, iced, stiff chilly: (adj, adv) unfriendly; (adv) coolly, frigidly; (adj) cool, bleak, algid, freezing, frozen, icy, frosty; (adj, n) cold. ANTONYMS: (adj) hot, tropical, responsive, mild, welcoming, friendly, balmy, torrid chin: (n) jaw, Kuki, jawbone,

205 lineament, rap, jowl; (v) elevate, speak, chin up, confer, bring up china: (v) porcelain, ceramics, crockery, pottery, ceramic ware; (n) mainland China, chinaware, magnetism, Korea, earthenware, Communist China chirp: (n, v) chirrup, peep; (v) sing, trill, chitter, warble, carol, emit, whistle, utter; (adj) take heart choir: (n) quire, chancel, choral society, choral group, crypt, Golgotha, nave, transept, vestry, chorister, ensemble choking: (n) strangulation, throttling, slugging, asphyxiation; (adj) suffocative, suffocating, smothering, breathless, clogging, bitter, blinding cholera: (n) Asiatic cholera, asphyxia, epidemic cholera choose: (v) adopt, elect, select, pick, prefer, take, appoint, assign, decide, excerpt; (n) picking. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, waver, decline, forgo, spurn, dislike, elect chorus: (n, v) choir; (v) chant; (n) ensemble, coir, refrain, chorale, acclamation, Greek chorus; (adv) descant, glee, madrigal. ANTONYMS: (n) disagreement, discord chose: (v) choose, opt, decide; (n) thing christ: (n) Jesus, Messiah, rescuer, word, Christly, deliverer, God the Son, redeemer, Good Shepherd, Jesus of Nazareth, logos christmas: (n) Yuletide, Yule, Xmas, Christmastide, Christmas Day, advent, Easter, Epiphany, Allhallowmas, Christmastime, jewel chromo: (n) chromolithography chubby: (adj) fat, plump, fleshy, round, pudgy, stout, chunky, heavy, tubby, overweight, ample. ANTONYMS: (adj) skinny, slim, bony, anorexic, slender chuckle: (n, v) snicker, snigger, giggle, chortle, titter, crow; (v) chuck, laugh, cackle, exult; (n) laughter churlish: (adj) rude, rough, impolite, loutish, gruff, curt, abrupt, brusque, blunt, brutish, discourteous. ANTONYMS: (adj) agreeable, civil, courteous, nice, polite churn: (v) seethe, agitate, toss, bubble, eddy, whirl, roil, shake, stir, buffet; (n) butter churn cigar: (n) cheroot, cigars, smoke, cigarette, corona, panatela, panetella, segar, cigarillo

206 cigarettes: (n) tobacco, cigaret cinnamon: (adj, n) brown; (n) Ceylon cinnamon tree, laurel, cassia, cinnamon bark, nutmeg; (adj) chestnut, dapple, auburn, bay, castaneous circle: (n) association, field, range, beat, set; (n, v) ring, band, compass, turn, whirl; (v) encircle circus: (n) arena, hippodrome, circle, ring, square, pygargus, Flavian amphitheater, amphitheater, cockpit, turf, troupe clap: (n, v) blast, boom, slam, rumble; (n) applause, clapping, gonorrhoea, smash; (v) acclaim, applaud, hit. ANTONYMS: (v) hiss, jeer classes: (n) lessons claws: (v) tentacle, tenaculum, unguis, hook, fangs, teeth; (n) clutches, jaws clay: (n) soil, remains, adobe, loam, dust, dirt, mud, bentonite, ashes; (adj, n) pottery; (adj) earthen clean: (adj, adv) fair; (v) cleanse, brush, bathe, disinfect; (adj) antiseptic, blank, pure, chaste, unblemished; (n, v) wash. ANTONYMS: (adj) filthy, unclean, muddy, unhygienic, tainted, unwholesome, syrupy, full; (v) soil, contaminate, pollute cleaned: (adj) purified, spick-andspan; (n) cleaner, curried cleaner: (n) cleanser, detergent, scourer, char, chimneysweep, chimneysweeper, cleaners, tradesman, lifter, shopkeeper, storekeeper cleanness: (n) cleanliness, spotlessness, purity, sinlessness, whiteness, clean, innocence, neatness, tidiness, pureness, minimalism. ANTONYMS: (n) dirtiness, filth, clutter cleared: (adj) absolved, clean, empty, exculpated, bleak, innocent, exempt, vindicated, exonerated, guiltless, let off. ANTONYMS: (adj) full, uncleared, guilty clearing: (n) clarification, clearance, purgation, purging, purge, clearmelting, correction, tract, improvement, release, freeing clenched: (adj) tight, clinched clerk: (n, v) writer, secretary, transcriber; (n) servant, shop assistant, salesclerk, employee, accountant, recorder; (v) scrivener, scribe clever: (adj) capable, acute, intelligent, able, apt, expert, skillful,

O Pioneers! cunning, sharp; (adj, v) brilliant, smart. ANTONYMS: (adj) clumsy, unintelligent, dim, dull, inept, thick, naive, idiotic, moronic, incompetent, open cleverness: (n) ingenuity, adroitness, wisdom, aptitude, acumen, intelligence, skill, dexterity, astuteness, brightness, smartness. ANTONYMS: (n) slowness, clumsiness, imbecility, foolishness, ineptness, simplicity, straightforwardness, uselessness, frankness climate: (n) atmosphere, clime, ambience, latitude, mood, milieu, weather, environment, zone, conditions, isobar climb: (v) ascend, arise, scale, escalate, go up, scramble; (n, v) clamber, mount, increase; (n) ascent, jump. ANTONYMS: (n, v) drop; (n) descent; (v) wane, dismount, plummet clinging: (adj) adhering, sticky, adherent, devoted, adhering closely, affectionate, dependent, tenacious, osculant; (n) coherence cloak: (n, v) veil, mask, camouflage, wrap, masquerade, screen, pall; (n) cape; (v) conceal, dissemble, hide. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, uncloak, unmask; (n, v) uncover clock: (n) chronometer, horologe, alarm, alarm clock, clepsydra, ticker, cuckoo clock, clock radio; (n, v) time, stopwatch; (v) measure clod: (adj, n) lump; (n) oaf, glebe, ball, clay, yokel, gawk, agglomeration, lout, clump; (adj) block. ANTONYM: (n) intellect closed: (v) close, tight; (adj) blind, finished, blocked, shut, congested, enclosed, folded, fastened, not open. ANTONYMS: (adj) beginning, running, started, starting, welcoming, continuing closely: (adv) nearly, narrowly, intimately, strictly, exactly, thickly, firmly, securely, confidentially, solidly, familiarly. ANTONYMS: (adv) loosely, thoughtlessly, heedlessly, carelessly, approximately, inconveniently, sparsely, casually, lightly, inaccurately closer: (adv) nearer, closest, more rapidly; (adj) close, approximate, near, dear, good, nigh; (n) finisher, finale closet: (n) cupboard, cubicle, cell, latrine, bathroom, wardrobe, water

closet; (adj) clandestine, confidential, secret, private. ANTONYM: (adj) open closing: (n) end, finish, conclusion, close, ending, shutting, finishing; (adj) ultimate, last, final, terminal. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) opening; (adj) first cloth: (n) drapery, fabric, clothes, clothing, rag, stuff, linen, tapestry, silk, flannel; (v) napkin clothes: (n) apparel, clothing, dress, garb, wardrobe, vestment, garment, cloth, thing, gown, wear clothing: (n) attire, threads, outfit, gear, dress, cloth, duds, habit, wear; (n, v) apparel, vesture clouded: (adj, n) cloudy; (adj) gloomy, dark, overcast, obscure, blurred, foggy, misty, hazy, bleary; (v) cymophanous. ANTONYM: (adj) clear clouds: (n) exhaust, fumes, gas, smoke, vapors cloudy: (adj) dull, gloomy, nebulous, murky, dark, turbid, foggy, muddy, misty, sunless, vaporous. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, bright, sunny, cloudless clover: (n) trefoil, shamrock, herb, Dutch clover, claver, riches, wealth, success, prosperity, good life, fat city clown: (n) fool, joker, jester, boor, harlequin, joke, comedian, rustic, comic, acrobat; (v) antic clump: (n, v) cluster, bundle; (n) lump, group, clot, knot, tuft, chunk, clod, ball; (v) plod clumsy: (adj) bumbling, bungling, cumbersome, unwieldy, rude, inept, inapt, maladroit, gawky, unskilled, wooden. ANTONYMS: (adj) graceful, dexterous, clever, skillful, deft, adroit, elegant, coordinated, expert, athletic, agile cluster: (n, v) clump, bundle, huddle, group, crowd; (n) batch, agglomeration, gang, collection, tuft; (v) collect. ANTONYMS: (v) dissemble, scatter; (n) individual clutched: (adj) tense, worried, anxious, neurotic coarse: (adj) vulgar, boorish, rough, brutal, crude, gross, common, earthy, blunt, bawdy; (adj, v) harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) sophisticated, refined, smooth, polite, soft, civil, cultured, delicate, fine, genteel, gentlemanly coast: (n) shore, bank, seaside, beach, seashore, waterside, brink; (n, v) slide, glide; (adj) coastal; (v) drift.

Willa Cather ANTONYMS: (v) bump, lurch, struggle; (n) inland, Midlands coat: (v) cloak, blanket; (n, v) sheath, plaster; (n) coating, fur, film, crust, jacket, layer, bark. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, expose coaxing: (n) blarney, flattery, sweet talk, temptation, enticement, soft soap; (adv) coaxingly; (adj) ingratiatory, persuasive, oily coaxingly: (adv) coax, coaxing coffee: (n) Java, cafe, coffee tree, coffee bean, cocoa, burnt umber, chicory, espresso, tea; (adj, n) brown, chocolate cognac: (n) brandy cold: (n) chilliness, chill; (adj) chilly, frigid, distant, indifferent, aloof, callous, icy, apathetic, impassive. ANTONYMS: (adj) warm, friendly, hot, prepared, burning, affectionate, loving, soporific, fervid; (n) heat, warmth coldly: (adv) frigidly, icily, coolly, indifferently, frostily, distantly, gelidly, reservedly, bleakly, wintrily, frozenly. ANTONYMS: (adv) warmly, affectionately, sympathetically, sensitively, kindly, cheerfully, emotionally colic: (n) Uterine colic , gripe, hurting, mulligrubs, pain, stomach pain, tummy ache, newborn colic, enteralgia, intestinal colic, tummy pain collar: (n, v) arrest, catch, capture, pinch; (n) choker, ruff, lapel; (v) apprehend, nail, grab, clutch. ANTONYMS: (v) free, release color: (n, v) flush, blush, tint, tinge, paint, stain; (adj, n, v) colour; (v) redden; (n) guise, complexion; (adj, n) tone. ANTONYMS: (v) discolor, pale, show, whiten, untwist, denote, depict, represent, blanch, blench colorado: (adj) Arizona, California, southwestern; (n) carbon dioxide, carbonic acid gas, Centennial State, cobalt, Co colored: (adj) chromatic, black, tinged, tinted, colorful, dyed, coloured, partial, dark, bleached, biased. ANTONYMS: (adj) truthful, white, uncolored, unbiased, pale, objective, honest, genuine, real colorless: (adj) achromatic, neutral, drab, dull, monotonous, wan, tame, pallid, bloodless, white, colourless. ANTONYMS: (adj) rosy, interesting, rich, vivid, brilliant, vibrant, stimulating, lively, glamorous, exciting, distinctive

colt: (n) novice, filly, foal, calf, horse, beginner, kitten, pup, fledgling, freshman, greenhorn comfort: (n, v) ease, allay, support, aid, alleviate; (n) consolation, relief, amenity, assistance; (adj, n, v) assuage; (v) cheer. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, aggravation, agony; (v) alarm, annoy, frighten, afflict, aggravate, bother, burden, disappoint comfortable: (adj, v) easy, snug; (adj) pleased, pleasing, prosperous, agreeable, pleasurable, congenial, rich, enjoyable, homely. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, tense, formal, unpleasant, unhappy, unaccustomed, intimidating, difficult, anxious, broke, destitute comforted: (adj) thankful, pleased, comfortable, calmed comforter: (n) blanket, muffler, comfortable, pacifier, reliever, bedclothes, bedding, dummy, coverlet, cover, communicator commanded: (adj) lawful commands: (n) orders, instructions, information, guidelines commencement: (n) opening, start, origin, birth, kickoff, inauguration, inception, onset, outset, origination, source. ANTONYMS: (n) middle, termination, finishing, finish, ending, conclusion, culmination commit: (v) consign, assign, charge, confide, dedicate, apply, entrust, submit, intrust, leave, give. ANTONYMS: (v) stop, desist, divest, end, idle, withhold, wait, cease, keep, refuse committed: (adj) engaged, dedicated, firm, devoted, involved, connected, loyal, constant, linked, vigorous; (v) compromised. ANTONYMS: (adj) unattached, passive, casual, flippant, uncaring, halfhearted communicative: (adj) communicable, chatty, communicatory, expansive, expressive, clear, frank, fluent, companionable, conversational, open. ANTONYMS: (adj) uninformative, reserved, reticent, closed, taciturn, impassive, restrained, inarticulate companion: (adj, n) associate; (n) colleague, buddy, mate, peer, chum, partner, fellow, comrade, assistant, brother. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, stranger, adversary complain: (v) bemoan, protest, whine, squawk, bewail, beef, grudge, accuse, carp, plain,

207 complaint. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, applaud, cheer, recommend, rejoice, laud, approve, agree, accept complaint: (n) charge, ailment, disease, affection, whine, disorder, wail, complain, plaint, protest, sickness. ANTONYMS: (n) compliment, commendation, health completely: (adv) thoroughly, perfectly, fully, totally, altogether, consummately, roundly, purely, absolutely, unreservedly; (adv, pref) all. ANTONYMS: (adv) partly, partially, hardly, slightly, incompletely, superficially, somewhat, halfheartedly, barely complexion: (n, v) tint; (n) cast, character, appearance, look, hue, aspect, flush, glow, dye, fashion complicated: (adj, v) intricate; (adj) elaborate, hard, complicate, difficult, sophisticated, awkward, convoluted, obscure, deep; (v) involved. ANTONYMS: (adj) straightforward, clear, easy, plain, primitive, direct, amicable, basic comrade: (n) colleague, chum, buddy, fellow, compeer, partner, brother, mate, familiar; (adj, n) associate, ally. ANTONYMS: (n) stranger, enemy, foe, opponent conceded: (adj) approved, accepted, agreed conceited: (adj) arrogant, cocky, vain, boastful, proud, smug, affected, assuming, egotistical, haughty, pompous. ANTONYMS: (adj) modest, insecure, meek, selfless, unassuming conception: (n) concept, idea, view, thought, creation, mind, design, imagination, impression, understanding, fancy. ANTONYMS: (n) termination, finish, ending, concrete, abortion, ignorance, destruction concern: (adj, n, v) worry; (n, v) interest, care, affect, regard, trouble, bother; (n) affair, attention, matter, anxiety. ANTONYMS: (n) reassurance, negligence, unresponsiveness, calmness, coldness, detachment, pleasure, confidence, recklessness, serenity, thoughtlessness concert: (n) agreement, tune, consonance, performance, recital, concordance, harmony, concord, unison; (v) contrive, arrange. ANTONYMS: (n) discord, disharmony, disunity concoction: (n) mixture, admixture,

208 commixture, mix, combination, batter, medley, assortment, confection, fabrication; (n, v) digestion confessed: (adj) known confidence: (n) assurance, certainty, certitude, belief, faith, hope, nerve, credit, conviction, reliance, expectation. ANTONYMS: (n) insecurity, doubt, nervousness, anxiety, diffidence, distrust, fear, timidity, hopelessness, aimlessness, embarrassment confirm: (v) corroborate, verify, approve, validate, bear out, prove, clinch, assert, demonstrate, authenticate; (adj, v) establish. ANTONYMS: (v) contradict, deny, weaken, cancel, void, veto, undermine, repudiate, question, open, negate confirmation: (n) ratification, approval, corroboration, testimony, sanction, demonstration, agreement, authentication, check, endorsement, evidence. ANTONYMS: (n) opposite, question, repudiation, retraction, withdrawal, condemnation, denial confirmed: (adj) inveterate, assured, habitual, constant, settled, definite, established, affirmed, fixed, ingrained, corroborated. ANTONYMS: (adj) unproven, unconfirmed, undecided, uncommitted, questionable, infrequent, dubious, mild, unfaithful conflicting: (adj) repugnant, opposed, incompatible, clashing, inconsistent, opposite, contrary, divergent, adverse, paradoxical; (v) antagonistic. ANTONYMS: (adj) consistent, compatible, parallel, peaceful, harmonious, corresponding, agreeing, agreeable, congruous conformation: (n) shape, compliance, constitution, configuration, accordance, composition, build, accord, cast, line, formation. ANTONYMS: (n) disobedience, noncompliance confusion: (n) commotion, chaos, disarray, bedlam, pandemonium, disorder, disturbance, distraction, clutter, tumult, agitation. ANTONYMS: (n) clarity, understanding, tidiness, systematization, enlightenment, peace, organization, lucidity, neatness, space, calm congregation: (n) assembly,

O Pioneers! gathering, meeting, collection, fold, flock, crowd, convocation, congregating, company; (n, v) assemblage conjecture: (n) supposition, speculation, assumption, surmise, hypothesis; (v) suppose, believe, anticipate, assume, speculate; (n, v) estimate. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty; (v) demonstrate, know, learn, prove connections: (n) contacts, communication, influence, communications, links, transactions, quinze, put, network, inside track, dealings conscientiously: (adv) carefully, thoroughly, painstakingly, faithfully, religiously, meticulously, dutifully, assiduously, closely, diligently, industriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) irresponsibly, hastily conscious: (adj) alive, premeditated, mindful, deliberate, cognizant, calculated, intended, discerning, self-conscious, studied, voluntary. ANTONYMS: (adj) unaware, ignorant, unintentional, dead, accidental, inanimate, spontaneous, subconscious, unplanned, inadvertent, oblivious consciousness: (n) feeling, sense, conscience, cognizance, mind, notion, knowledge, sensibility, feel, Consciousness of kind, self. ANTONYMS: (n) ignorance, oblivion, certainty, numbness consent: (adj, n, v) accord; (n, v) acquiescence, agreement; (v) concur, approve, agree, acquiesce, accept; (n) consensus, approval; (adj, v) allow. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, reject, protest, object, differ, oppose; (n, v) veto; (n) refusal, opposition, dissent, disagreement consequence: (n) effect, outcome, import, result, importance, product, account, concern, event, aftermath; (n, v) weight. ANTONYMS: (n) cause, inconsequence, insignificance, antecedent, unimportance, triviality, source, meaninglessness conserve: (v) economize, keep, save, embalm, protect, husband, maintain, defend; (n) jam, conserves; (adj) conserving. ANTONYMS: (v) waste, spend, use, damage, exhaust, squander, destroy; (n, v) expend considerably: (adv, v) well, fully; (adv) much, very, substantially, hugely, largely, rather, noticeably,

markedly, immensely. ANTONYMS: (adv) insignificantly, somewhat, faintly, unremarkably, modestly, barely conspicuous: (adj) apparent, blatant, visible, manifest, obvious, marked, glaring, blazing, flagrant, famous; (adj, v) salient. ANTONYMS: (adj) unobtrusive, unremarkable, unnoticeable, concealed, hidden, indistinct, invisible, secret, unimportant, unseen, doubtful contained: (adj) implicit, unspoken, unexpressed, latent, understood, numbered, inside, confined to a small area, being within, limited to a small area. ANTONYMS: (adj) unrestrained, generalized, pervasive containing: (adj) including, comprehensive content: (n) meaning, matter, capacity, contents, subject; (n, v) contentment; (v) appease, please, satisfy, suffice; (adj) happy. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discontent; (adj) tormented, unhappy, dissatisfied, rebellious, discontented, troubled; (adj, v) upset; (n) unhappiness, sadness; (v) trouble contented: (adj) content, happy, comfortable, quiet, cheerful, smug, complacent, satisfied, easy, proud, delighted. ANTONYMS: (adj) discontented, unhappy, depressed, unsatisfied, sad, anxious contentedly: (adv) gladly, satisfiedly, contently, gratifiedly, pleasedly, cheerfully, joyfully, smugly, easily, complacently, placidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) crossly, awkwardly, unhappily, discontentedly, sadly contentment: (n) content, happiness, pleasure, fulfillment, ease, delight, comfort, complacency, bliss, joy, contentedness. ANTONYMS: (n) dissatisfaction, sadness, discomfort, discontentment, misery, unhappiness, displeasure, discontent, panic, anxiety contents: (n) substance, content, matter, inside, subject matter, list, volume, synopsis, conspectus, cargo, catalogue continual: (adj, adv) constant; (adj) ceaseless, incessant, endless, continuous, frequent, everlasting, uninterrupted, perpetual, unrelenting, perennial. ANTONYMS: (adj) sporadic, temporary, occasional, finite, inconstant, infrequent, ending,

Willa Cather ceasing, halting, rare, acute continually: (adv) perpetually, ceaselessly, incessantly, endlessly, unceasingly, continuously, persistently, eternally, steadily, frequently; (adj, adv) always. ANTONYMS: (adv) acutely, infrequently, spasmodically, sporadically continued: (adj) extended, continual, constant, unremitting, serial, sequential, unbroken, persistent, nonstop, lasting, incessant. ANTONYM: (adj) discontinued contracted: (adj) insular, contract, constricted, tight, bound, close, narrow-minded, confined, brief; (v) shrunk; (adj, v) selfish. ANTONYM: (adj) expanded contralto: (n) vocalist, singer, contratenor; (adj, n) countertenor contrariness: (n) cussedness, perversity, perverseness, fractiousness, wilfulness, incongruity, contrariety, inconsistency, obstinacy, opposition, difference. ANTONYMS: (n) obedience, cooperation convent: (n, v) abbey, cloister; (n) monastery, friary, priory, nunnery, community, retreat conventions: (n) protocol conversation: (n) talk, conference, communication, colloquy, confabulation, discussion, language, discourse, speech, talking, palaver conviction: (n) belief, confidence, certainty, condemnation, persuasion, faith, trust, certitude, firmness, doctrine, determination. ANTONYMS: (n) acquittal, doubt, release, absolution, disbelief, justification, insecurity, distrust convince: (v) persuade, convert, sway, reassure, prevail on, induce, entice, argue, convict, win over; (adj, v) satisfy. ANTONYMS: (v) discourage, repel cook: (v) boil, prepare, brew, bake, make, stew, simmer, grill, falsify, concoct; (n) chef cool: (adj, v) chill, assuage, soothe; (adj) chilly, cold, collected, composed, fine, aloof; (v) quench; (n) poise. ANTONYMS: (v) heat; (adj) hot, agitated, excited, friendly, feverish, enthusiastic, tepid, temperate, bad, upset cope: (v) contend, make do, combat, struggle, surmount, do, deal, get by, get along, grapple; (n) coping. ANTONYMS: (v) mismanage,

crumble coral: (adj) rosy, chromatic; (n) roe, red coral, red, precious coral, madrepore, anthozoan, actinozoan, orange cordial: (adj) genial, warm, affable, amiable, friendly, genuine, ardent, unaffected, gracious, honest; (n) liqueur. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfriendly, stern, cold, cool, disagreeable, aloof, reserved, distant, rude, uncordial, unpleasant cordially: (adv) warmly, genially, kindly, sincerely, heartfeltly, ardently, friendly, jovially, earnestly, affectionately, harmoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) disagreeably, frostily cords: (n) trousers, bands, line, strings, corduroys, raised bands coreopsis: (n) calliopsis, herb, tickseed, tickweed cork: (n, v) plug; (n) bung, stopper, phellem, bobber, bob, bobfloat; (v) cap, stop, close; (adj) cobweb corked: (adj) bad corn: (n) clavus, cereals, Zea Mays, callus, wheat, Indian corn, callosity, grain; (v) feed, keep; (adj, n) commonplace corner: (n) bend, angle, nook, dilemma, recess, hole, coign, predicament, niche; (n, v) turn; (adj) angular. ANTONYMS: (v) free; (n) solution corners: (adj) cornered cornet: (n) bugle, trumpet, bugle-cap, trombone, ophicleide, ensign, cornopean, centurion, car horn, officer, brigadier corpulent: (adj, adv) portly; (adj) stout, obese, overweight, fleshy, plump, lusty, tubby, chubby, beefy, bulky. ANTONYMS: (adj) slight, bony, underweight, slender, anorexic, thin, slim corral: (n, v) cage, pen; (v) collect, amass, compile, enclose, gather, catch, grab; (n) enclosure, cattle pen corridor: (n) aisle, lobby, hall, lane, hallway, vestibule, artery, alley, gallery, way; (n, v) passage corrupt: (adj, v) adulterate, taint, infect, rotten, canker; (adj, n, v) contaminate, poison; (v) bribe, debase, defile; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, pure, principled, ethical, honorable, wholesome, virtuous, uncorrupt, truthful; (v) purify; (adj, v) clean costume: (n) clothing, clothes, apparel, garb, suit, outfit, uniform,

209 garments, drapery; (n, v) dress; (v) clothe cotton: (n) absorbent cotton, yarn, thread, cotton cloth, cotton plant, cotton wool, upland cotton, cord, string, fiber; (v) agree cough: (v) clear the throat, to cough, spit up, cough up, expectorate; (n) expiration, exhalation, symptom, sneeze, breathing out counsel: (v) advise, consult, admonish, confer, warn; (n, v) caution, advocate; (n) barrister, advisement, consultation, admonition. ANTONYMS: (v) betray, trick, deceive, conceal, oppose; (n) warning count: (v) compute, weigh, consider, estimate, matter; (n, v) calculate, tally, number, total; (n) calculation, computation. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, except, estimate, disregard, dismiss, abandon, ignore, subtract counts: (adj) details, particulars, items courage: (n) audacity, fortitude, boldness, nerve, spirit, backbone, valor, heroism, gallantry, mettle, chivalry. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, faintheartedness, weakness, wimpiness, yellowness courageously: (adv) intrepidly, valiantly, boldly, daringly, fearlessly, gallantly, heroically, hardily, dauntlessly, audaciously, stoutheartedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) timidly, execrably, fearfully, nervously courting: (n) wooing, courtship, bundling, appeal, attraction, case, causa, cause, flirtation, suit courtroom: (n) bar, tribunal courts: (n) judges cousin: (n) nephew, cousins, friend, cousinship, relation, akin, relative, full cousin, companion covered: (adj) veiled, concealed, covert, coated, secret, wrapped, thick, obscured, masked, shrouded; (adj, prep) cloaked. ANTONYMS: (adj) bare, uncovered, open, plain, exposed, outdoor, empty covering: (n) cover, coating, blanket, coat, casing, wrapper, case, concealment, awning; (adj, n, v) clothing; (n, v) apparel. ANTONYMS: (prep) exactly, beneath coveted: (adj) sought after, desirable, in demand. ANTONYM: (adj) unpopular cowardly: (adj, adv) dastardly,

210 scared, shrinking; (adj) timid, afraid, craven, gutless, sneaky, fainthearted, faint; (adv) recreantly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) brave, daring, bold, courageous; (adj) intrepid, fearless, strong, determined; (adv) dauntless, gutsy, unafraid cows: (n) cattle, cow, bull, ox, oxen, Bos Taurus, bullock, beef, Cowes, steer, milker coyote: (n) cajote, brush wolf, caribou, coydog, moose, wolf, sambar, elk, musk ox crack: (n, v) chink, fracture, split, fissure, crevice, burst, snap, breach, clap, check; (n) cleft. ANTONYMS: (n, v) mend; (v) set, misunderstand, misinterpret, fix, compose; (adj) mediocre, lowly, inferior, deficient cradle: (n) cot, birthplace, nursery, berth, crib, nest, hammock, bassinet, origin; (v) hold, groundwork crane: (n) capstan, winch, pulley, derrick, ankle, stork, fluke, zigzag, wader; (v) extend, stretch cranky: (adj) peevish, cantankerous, irascible, petulant, crabby, crank, irritable, crotchety, tetchy, fretful, cross. ANTONYMS: (adj) sweet, pleasant, happy, patient, easygoing crawl: (adv, v) grovel, lag; (n, v) clamber, climb; (v) sneak, fawn, cringe, teem, swarm, scramble, inch. ANTONYMS: (v) fly, rush, hurry, hasten, dart, dash, lead, soothe, speed crawling: (adj, n) creeping; (n) creep, itch; (adj) slow, teeming, thick, swarming, reptant, populous, packed, moving crayon: (v) draw, color; (n) Colored chalk crazy: (adj) wild, mad, brainsick, absurd, eccentric, silly, wacky, cracked, crazed, demented; (adj, n) madcap. ANTONYMS: (adj) sensible, sane, rational, indifferent, stable, reasonable, realistic, balanced, levelheaded, cool, calm cream: (n, v) best, top, ream; (v) skim; (adj, n) prime, flower, milk; (n) ointment, balm, liniment, elite. ANTONYMS: (n) trash, dregs, worst; (v) lose creamy: (adj) greasy, sandy, buttery, pearly, soft, oily, rich, smooth, thick, fatty, unctuous. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, lumpy, clear, watery creature: (n) being, brute, animal, tool, individual, person, body, entity, human, puppet, somebody

O Pioneers! creek: (n) brook, cove, bay, stream, inlet, river, bayou, rivulet; (v) burn, runnel, beck crescent: (n) circus, carve, arch, arcade, bow, peristyle, lunule; (adj) semilunar, falcate; (adj, n) convex, concave. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncoiled, straight, unbent, unbowed crest: (n, v) crown, top, peak, climax; (n) summit, brow, cockscomb, acme, pinnacle, zenith; (v) cap. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom, nadir, trough crib: (n) pony, cot, bed, trough, cradle, cribbing; (v) pilfer, steal, bag, lift, purloin criminal: (adj, v) wicked, wrong; (n) crook, malefactor, hoodlum, gangster; (n, v) culprit; (adj, n) convict, delinquent; (adj) illegal, sinful. ANTONYMS: (adj) legitimate, lawful, honest, righteous, right, rightful, good; (n) innocent crippled: (adj) deformed, game, exhausted, broken, decrepit, crooked, halt, impotent; (n) limping; (v) drooping, flagging. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, functioning, fit critical: (adj) important, decisive, severe, ticklish, vital, acute, delicate, momentous, minute, particular; (adj, n) urgent. ANTONYMS: (adj) complimentary, positive, insignificant, flattering, approving, unimportant, praising, noncritical, minor, mild, uncritical critically: (adj, adv) gravely; (adv) seriously, severely, censoriously, crucially, acutely, significantly, hypercritically, decisively, vitally, importantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) uncritically, slightly, positively, insignificantly, illogically, favorably criticism: (n) critique, commentary, blame, review, attack, comment, censure, animadversion, denunciation, disapproval, rebuke. ANTONYMS: (n) praise, approval, compliment, admiration, commendation, support, credit, defense, raves, acclaim crochet: (n) crocheting, needlecraft, needlework, embroidery; (v) hook, intertwine, knit, weave, cop, create from raw material, create from raw stuff crocheting: (n) needlework, needlecraft, creating from raw materials cronies: (n) allies, associates, circle, partners, buddies

crooked: (adj) bent, corrupt, dishonest, curved, unfair, deformed; (adj, n, v) awry; (adj, v) irregular, askew, wry, indirect. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, honest, principled, even, aboveboard, lawful, level, moral, flat, aligned, honorable crop: (adj, v) clip, reap, shave; (v) browse, top, graze, cultivate, cut; (n, v) fruit, harvest; (n) craw crops: (n) crop cross: (adj) crabby, angry, grumpy, grouchy, cantankerous; (v) intersect, cover, thwart, baffle; (adj, v) traverse; (n) crisscross. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, cheerful, happy; (v) uncross, assist, separate, remain, help, stay, unmix, aid crossed: (adj) crossbred, mixed, hybrid, interbred, decussated, intercrossed; (v) matted, disconcerted dashed, unhinged, frustrated crouched: (v) subjacent, squat; (adj) crutched, hunkered down, hunkered, low, huddled crouching: (adj) sneaking, huddled, obsequious, squat, hunkered, cowering, hunkered down; (v) submissive, resigned crow: (n, v) brag, cry, snigger; (v) exult, triumph, cackle, chuckle, talk big; (n) gasconade, crowing; (adj) raven crowd: (n, v) huddle, flock, swarm, press, squeeze, cluster, mob; (n) crew, collection, circle, army. ANTONYMS: (v) disperse, empty, retreat, scatter, desert; (n) dispersal, scattering, trickle, few crowded: (adj) compact, congested, full, packed, busy, dense, populous, jammed, cramped, tight; (adj, n) thronged. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, deserted, uncrowded, loose crown: (n, v) top, cover; (v) cap, complete; (n) apex, pinnacle, crest, summit, peak, kingdom, acme. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom; (v) dishonor, dethrone, begin, commence, start, depose crumbling: (adj, v) moldering, ramshackle; (adj) rotten, dilapidated, worn out; (n) ruin, decay, disintegration, fragmentation; (v) waterlogged, tainted. ANTONYM: (adj) pristine crushed: (adj) beaten, subdued, low, conquered, flattened, dispirited, compressed, overwhelmed, shattered; (v) victimized; (n) crushing. ANTONYMS: (adj)

Willa Cather victorious, euphoric crust: (n) skin, peel, bark, cheekiness, gall, impertinence, covering, shell, cortex, coating, encrustation crying: (adj, v) exigent, instant, pressing, urgent; (adj) insistent, clamant, imperative, blatant; (n) weeping; (v) weep; (adj, n) sniveling crystallize: (v) clear, shape, crystallise, effloresce, clarify, clear up, interpret; (adj) candy, cake, cohere, clot cultivate: (v) civilize, educate, train, produce, polish, farm, crop, develop, domesticate, raise; (adj, v) promote. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, sterilize, brutalize, stunt, retard, pollute, ignore, harm, discourage cultivator: (n, v) tiller, plowman; (n) agriculturist, grower, raiser, woodcutter, granger, sodbuster, planter, culturist, husbandman cupboard: (n) cabinet, buffet, armoire, commode, wardrobe, locker, dresser, sideboard, chest of drawers, bookcase, storeroom cups: (n) plates, dishes, dishware, tableware cured: (adj) recovered, corned, aged, mellow, whole, better, pickle cured, salted, vulcanised, well, vulcanized curious: (adj) odd, unusual, abnormal, strange, peculiar, interested, quizzical, quaint, queer, inquiring, inquisitive. ANTONYMS: (adj) incurious, ordinary, apathetic, uninterested, unconcerned, typical, indifferent, everyday, disinterested, conventional, common curiously: (adv) inquisitively, peculiarly, unusually, strangely, nosily, pryingly, queerly, funnily, weirdly; (adj, adv) singularly, particularly. ANTONYMS: (adv) ordinarily, typically curl: (n, v) crimp, loop, kink, roll, wave; (adj, v) bow; (adj, n) lock, tress; (v) crinkle, fold; (adj) crisp. ANTONYMS: (v) align, straighten, uncurl, unwind curling: (adj) curled, curly, moving, curled up; (adv) curlingly; (n) croquet, pallone, polo, tipcat, golf, curling edge curls: (n) hair, tresses, ringlets curly: (adj) crinkly, kinky, curled, crimped, frizzed, permed, curved; (adv) wavily, kinkily, curledly, curlingly. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbent, uncoiled, flat currant: (n) currant bush, shrub, black currant, red currant, raisin,

Corinth, dried currant, bush, grape, berry cuts: (n) film waste cutting: (adj) biting, keen, caustic, bitter, acrimonious, incisive, raw; (adj, n) acute; (n) cut, slip; (adj, v) satirical. ANTONYMS: (adj) blunt, complimentary, flattering, kind, pleasant, hot, consoling; (n) extension, freedom, expansion, addition daddy: (n) Dada, father, begetter, pop, pater, pappa, papa, dadda, old man, poppa, pa dairy: (n) farm, dairy farm, milk, laundry, greengrocer, dairy processing plant, delicatessen, fish store, supermarket, confectionery, grocery damn: (adj, adv, v) bloody; (v) curse, imprecate, beshrew, blaspheme, cuss, slam, convict; (adj) blasted, cursed; (n) damnation. ANTONYMS: (v) bless, laud, glorify, exalt, commend, praise damned: (adj) accursed, doomed, blasted, condemned, damn, cussed, wretched, infernal, hateful, goddamned; (adv) damnably. ANTONYM: (adj) saved damp: (adj) moist, muggy, clammy, cool, dank; (v) check, chill, deaden, break; (n) moisture, dampness. ANTONYMS: (n) dryness; (adj) parched, arid, dried, fresh, hard dance: (v) caper, bop, to dance, cavort, play, skip, to show courage, step; (n, v) hop, jump, shake dancing: (n) choreography, Terpsichore, saltation, break dancing, ceremonial dance, galloping, hoofing, Pavan; (adj) morrice; (adv) adance; (v) saltant danger: (n) risk, peril, hazard, chance, jeopardy, threat, trouble, precariousness, slipperiness, disaster, insecurity. ANTONYMS: (n) security, ease, privilege dangerous: (adj, n) critical; (adj) severe, serious, grave, adventurous, unhealthy, precarious, hazardous, perilous, threatening, chancy. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, secure, protected, unhazardous, slight, weak, harmless, friendly, favorable, calm, pleasant dangling: (adj) suspended, pendent, pendant, limp, floppy, pendulous; (n) suspension, abeyance, break, abatement; (adv) adangle. ANTONYM: (adj) upright danish: (n) Dane, pastry; (adj) dansk

211 dare: (n, v) venture; (v) defy, brave, hazard, confront, risk, resist, make bold; (n) adventure, daring, defiance. ANTONYMS: (v) avoid, flee, pass, refrain, retreat, obey dark: (adj) dismal, black, cheerless, obscure, dim, mysterious, murky, gloomy; (n) evening, night, shadow. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, sunny, fair, sunlit, clear, pallid, pale, cheerful, white, versed; (n) day darkened: (adj) darkens, obscured, old, obfuscate, murky, cloudy, opaque, overcast darkness: (n) dark, shade, shadow, blindness, gloom, blackness, duskiness, murk, cloud, blackout, dimness. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, lightness, glow, comprehension, knowledge, day, clearness darned: (adj) blasted, deuced, damn, cursed, goddamned, aeonian, goddamn, irritating, infernal, ageless, annoying dash: (adj, n, v) rush; (n, v) touch, sprint, strike, splash, jog; (v) dart, break; (n) tinge, beat; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (v) dawdle, inspirit, languish, saunter, encourage, linger; (n) stagnation, languor, listlessness, mass, dullness daub: (n, v) smear, splotch, smudge; (v) spread, besmear, plaster, coat, bedaub, stain; (n) blot, spot dawn: (adj, n) break of day, daybreak; (n) beginning, commencement, cockcrow, onset, morning, prime, aurora; (v) break, begin. ANTONYMS: (n) twilight, sunset, nightfall, close, departure, demise, conclusion, ending; (n, v) end, finish; (v) set dealer: (n) merchant, trader, monger, vendor, seller, marketer, barterer, broker, agent, trafficker, chandler. ANTONYM: (n) buyer dear: (adj, adv) close, near; (adj, n) darling; (adj) costly, expensive, lovely, precious, affectionate, adorable, cherished; (n) love. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, inexpensive, valueless, despised, modest, loathed, hateful, distant; (n) rival, foe, enemy dearest: (n) dear, darling, love, honey, lover, sweetheart, loved one, baby; (adj) precious, intimate, sweet debt: (n) score, debit, loan, liability, obligation, due, bill, commitment, arrears, pocket, hole. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, cash, credit

212 deceive: (v) cheat, circumvent, bamboozle, pretend, hoax, fool, cozen, trick, beguile; (n, v) dupe; (n) fraud. ANTONYMS: (v) guide, inform, undeceive, protect decidedly: (adv) clearly, positively, definitely, absolutely, emphatically, decisively, resolutely, firmly, markedly, surely, determinedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) uncertainly, equivocally, slightly, vaguely declared: (adj) stated, apparent, state, public, professed, proclaimed, explicit, ostensible, expressed, confirmed, alleged declaring: (adj) affirming, predicant deep: (adj) thick, profound, strong, rich, broad, sound, absorbed, wide, abstruse, dark; (adj, v) intense. ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, high, weak, soft, light, open, frivolous, lightweight, narrow, straightforward, simple deepened: (adj) concentrated, gathered deepest: (adj) inmost, center, cordial, earnest, genuine, hearty, warm, sincere, innermost. ANTONYM: (adj) outermost deeply: (adv) strongly, heavily, intensely, deep, thickly, highly, soundly, greatly, gravely, extremely, richly. ANTONYMS: (adv) slightly, mildly, unemotionally, fitfully, moderately, thinly, hardly, barely, lightly deep-set: (adj) hollow deferred: (adj) put off, delayed, belated, late, later than usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) hurried, hastened, expedited, advanced, early defiant: (adj) bold, rebellious, audacious, resistant, brazen, stubborn, unruly, mutinous, rude, recalcitrant, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) submissive, respectful, accepting, acquiescent, compliant, conforming, cooperative, loyal, meek, amenable defiling: (adj) impious, infectious; (n) inquination definite: (adj) certain, clear, distinct, concrete, plain, conclusive, specific, precise, categorical, decisive; (adj, v) absolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) imprecise, unclear, vague, undefined, doubtful, indeterminate, qualified, evasive, indefinite, indescribable, dubious definitely: (adv) decidedly, absolutely, precisely, clearly, surely,

O Pioneers! specifically, positively, determinately, distinctly, particularly, finally. ANTONYMS: (adv) maybe, doubtfully, vaguely, possibly, questionably, uncertainly, indefinitely, hesitantly, irresolutely, unclearly deliberate: (v) cogitate, consult, debate, think, confer, contemplate; (adj) careful, circumspect, slow, thoughtful, calculated. ANTONYMS: (adj) unintentional, accidental, hasty, ingenuous, involuntary, spontaneous, rushed, automatic, unwitting, unstudied, subliminal deliberation: (n) cogitation, counsel, debate, caution, thought, advisement, attention, contemplation, consultation; (adj, n) calculation, circumspection. ANTONYMS: (n) thoughtlessness, carelessness, impetuosity, distraction, rashness delicacies: (n) food, delices, cates, regalia delicate: (adj) accurate, tender, dainty, refined, breakable, fragile, beautiful, brittle, soft, nice, frail. ANTONYMS: (adj) inelegant, robust, heavy, sturdy, tough, careless, inaccurate, rough, well, substantial, unscrupulous delicately: (adv) exquisitely, softly, tenderly, gracefully, subtlely, sensitively, daintily, precisely, elegantly, ticklishly, weakly. ANTONYMS: (adv) inelegantly, tactlessly, thickly, imprecisely, clumsily, ungracefully, unsubtly, heavily, carelessly, roughly, severely delicatessen: (n) charcuterie, store, shop, grocery, food shop, greengrocer, lunch counter, market, sweet shop, supermarket, delicatessen food delicious: (adj, v) delicate; (adj) tasteful, pleasing, delightful, appetizing, agreeable, sweet, toothsome, savory, enjoyable, dainty. ANTONYMS: (adj) tasteless, distasteful, yucky, unsavory, unpleasant, unappetizing, revolting, nauseating, inedible, gross, dry delighted: (adj) glad, cheerful, blissful, jubilant, happy, overjoyed, joyful, captivated, pleasant; (adj, v) pleased, elated. ANTONYMS: (adj) shocked, unhappy, sorrowful, depressed, melancholy, miserable, desolate, sorry, sad, down delightedly: (adv) elatedly,

jubilantly, pleasedly, overjoyedly, joyfully, exultantly, gleefully, entrancedly, joyously, cheerfully; (adv, v) happily deliver: (v) consign, bear, carry, save, rescue, abandon, send, pronounce, hand over, bring; (adj, v) utter. ANTONYMS: (v) capture, confine, imprison, hold, oppress, enslave, restrain, retain, collect, withhold, shackle deliverance: (n) salvation, rescue, release, freedom, escape, emancipation, delivery, relief, liberation, liberty, salvage. ANTONYMS: (n) downfall, suppression demon: (n) ghost, fiend, incubus, monster, daemon, ogre, daimon, goblin, deuce, genie, elf. ANTONYM: (n) saint demonstrate: (v) authenticate, present, establish, exhibit, attest, show, argue, denote, explain, manifest; (adj, v) display. ANTONYMS: (v) conceal, mask, hide, distort, disguise, confute, approve, misrepresent, accept, confuse demoralized: (adj) demoralised, disheartened, broken, depraved, browbeaten, balked, baffled, vicious, anxious; (v) dead beat, done up. ANTONYM: (adj) optimistic denote: (adj, n, v) declare; (adj, v) express; (v) indicate, imply, mean, point, demonstrate, stand for, spell; (n, v) betoken, signify. ANTONYM: (v) connote dense: (adj, v) compact, close; (adj) thick, crowded, deep, heavy, stupid, impenetrable, solid, crass, dim. ANTONYMS: (adj) insightful, bright, loose, sparse, simple, readable, clever, intelligent, sharp, thin, alert denying: (v) deny; (adv) denyingly; (adj) opposed, recusative, unselfish, abnegative depend: (adj, v) hang; (v) dangle, count, rely, stay, reckon, confide, suspend, calculate, attend, pivot. ANTONYM: (v) distrust depot: (n) store, depository, arsenal, warehouse, station, storehouse, godown, storeroom, stop, cache, entrepot depressed: (adj) low, blue, dejected, sad, dispirited, downhearted, downcast, down, gloomy, hollow, disappointed. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, happy, convex, booming,

Willa Cather elated, encouraged, euphoric, exhilarated, flourishing, optimistic, prospering depressing: (adj) sad, gloomy, dark, dismal, oppressive, desolate, blue, bleak, grim, dreary, chill. ANTONYMS: (adj) inspiring, heartening, cheery, bright, exhilarating, uplifting, cheering, happy, encouraging, hopeful, constructive deprive: (v) divest, bereave, despoil, denude, deny, rob, dispossess, dismantle, starve; (adj, v) abridge, curtail. ANTONYMS: (v) provide, present, offer, indulge, give, endow, appropriate, supply, add depths: (n) bottom, abyss, depth, lowest point, low point, depression, bowels, rock bottom, slump, midst, nadir. ANTONYM: (n) peak descriptions: (n) images desert: (adj, n, v) waste; (v) escape, forsake, relinquish, ditch, defect, leave; (adj, v) desolate; (adj, n) worth, merit; (adj) barren. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, support, remain, inhabit, assist, aid, help, keep; (adj) cultivated, productive, fertile desirable: (adj) eligible, suitable, fitting, worthy, expedient, appropriate, alluring, charming, covetable, good, fascinating. ANTONYMS: (adj) repulsive, bad, detrimental, disadvantageous, disgusting, repugnant, repellant, unattractive, unenviable, unwanted, useless desire: (n) ambition, aspiration, craving, dream; (adv, n, v) will; (n, v) fancy, wish, aim; (v) want, aspire, seek. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike, hate; (n) aversion, reality, revulsion, apathy; (v) spurn, abhor, answer, command, insist desires: (n) requirements, needs desk: (n) bench, box, coffer, table, secretary, bureau, writing desk, escritoire, caisson, caddy, case despair: (n) disappointment, desolation, dejection, melancholy, gloom, desperation, depression, dismay, discouragement, pessimism, sorrow. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, hopefulness, expectation, joy, cheer, cheerfulness, resilience, elation, joyfulness despairing: (adj) hopeless, desperate, despondent, forlorn, desolate, dejected, pessimistic, sad, brokenhearted, miserable,

inconsolable. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rosy, happy, confident, cheerful despairingly: (adv) forlornly, desperately, despondently, dejectedly, sadly, desolately, disconsolately, resignedly, sorrowfully, frantically, franticly. ANTONYMS: (adv) energetically, expectantly, cheerfully desperate: (adj) despairing, dire, critical, abject, dangerous, in despair, grave, awful, despondent, drastic; (adj, v) forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rational, promising, minor, cautious, casual, careful, trivial, secure, satisfied desperately: (adv) forlornly, despairingly, hopelessly, terribly, extremely, despondently, recklessly, seriously, wretchedly; (adj, adv) severely, madly. ANTONYMS: (adv) hopefully, easily, optimistically, trivially, cheerfully, slightly, sluggishly, hardly despised: (adj) scorned, despicable, hated, abject, disparaged, mean, attaching disgrace, unpopular, unloved, reviled, opprobrious despondency: (n) despair, desperation, dejection, despondence, melancholy, gloom, sadness, hopelessness, desolation, anguish, grief. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, hopefulness, cheerfulness, joy, resilience, delight, cheer despondent: (adj) desperate, dejected, depressed, hopeless, disappointed, desolate, gloomy, downcast, downhearted, forlorn, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, cheerful, optimistic, joyful, elated, euphoric despondently: (adv) sadly, dejectedly, despairingly, unhappily, hopelessly, glumly, downheartedly, sorrowfully, forlornly, disappointedly, disconsolately. ANTONYMS: (adv) happily, hopefully, enthusiastically destined: (adj, v) bound, fated; (adj) predetermined, sure, inescapable, intended, predestined, inevitable, prepared, foreordained, appointed. ANTONYMS: (adj) unscheduled, unlikely destroy: (v) demolish, blight, despoil, subvert, dismantle, devour, wreck, devastate; (adj, v) desolate, abolish; (n, v) murder. ANTONYMS: (v)

213 preserve, create, make, construct, protect, repair, restore, uphold, sustain, submit, revive destroyed: (adj) ruined, lost, desolate, shattered, desolated, broken, depressed, dead, damaged, undone, fallen. ANTONYMS: (adj) preserved, living destruction: (n, v) defeat; (n) death, ruin, collapse, demolition, devastation, downfall, abolition, damage, desolation, end. ANTONYMS: (n) preservation, protection, creation, reparation, formation, conservation, restoration, building, help, making, order detail: (v) describe, enumerate, relate, appoint, itemize, recite, cast, assign; (n) point, feature, item. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, withhold, generalize, guess, approximate; (n) total, sum, emptiness, aggregate detain: (v) arrest, confine, catch, capture, apprehend, stay, keep, jail, imprison, incarcerate, retard. ANTONYMS: (v) free, liberate, rush devil: (n) fiend, demon, ghost, monster, Lucifer, Satan, Beelzebub, deuce, daemon; (v) torment, rag. ANTONYM: (n) angel devout: (adj) pious, devoted, saintly, heartfelt, holy, dear, devotional, hearty, earnest; (adj, v) pure; (adj, n) godly. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreligious, agnostic, impious, irreverent, unbelieving, undevout, unholy, atheistic, secular, uncommitted dialogue: (n, v) talk; (n) colloquy, conversation, interview, interlocution, chat, conference, discussion, dialog, talks, communication diaz: (n) Bartholomeu Dias, Bartholomeu Diaz diet: (n) convocation, council, convention, nurture, food, nutriment, assembly, viands, meal, dieting; (v) lose weight. ANTONYMS: (adj) fattening; (n, v) binge; (v) stuff, overeat, indulge, gorge; (n) overindulgence differences: (n) difference; (v) agree, straighten out differently: (adv) variously, otherwise, divergently, dissimilarly, disparately, distinctly, unlikely, contrarily, individually, unusually, oppositely. ANTONYMS: (adv) alike, correspondingly difficulty: (n) trouble, bother, asperity, jam, barrier, difficultness,

214 fix, hardship; (n, v) hindrance, obstacle; (adj, n) strait. ANTONYMS: (n) simplicity, advantage, help, assurance, easiness, accommodation, effortlessness, gentleness, reassurance, agreement, resolution digging: (n) excavation, excavating, digs, dug, excavate, take, locality, mining, barb, creating by removal, attack reception digression: (n, v) deviation, diversion; (n) departure, aside, excursion, divagation, aberrance, deflection, deflexion, divergence, difference. ANTONYMS: (n) consistency, uniformity, regularity diminishing: (adj) abating, declining, dwindling, lessening, waning; (n) decrease, shrinking, reducing, reduction; (adv) diminishingly; (v) diminish. ANTONYMS: (adj) increasing, growing, burgeoning dimly: (adv) obscurely, darkly, faintly, dully, duskily, vaguely, shadowily, hazily, gloomily, somberly; (adj, adv) palely. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, strongly, distinctly dimming: (n) eclipse dining-room: (n) canteen, restaurant dinner: (n) banquet, lunch, dinner party, meal, party, beanfeast, spread; (v) tiffin, dejeuner, bever; (adj) dinnerly dipped: (adj) immersed, unfit, swaybacked, lordotic, curved in, swayback direction: (n, v) conduct, charge, management; (n) bearing, guidance, command, course, instruction, rule, control, address directions: (n) advice, instruction, guidance, instructions, briefing, commands, orders, will directly: (adj, adv) immediately, forthwith; (adv) instantly, frankly, bluntly, personally, straightly, straightforwardly, at once, outspokenly, sincerely. ANTONYMS: (adv) obliquely, later, ambiguously, equivocally, subsequently, hesitantly, eventually, distantly, whenever, wrong, untruthfully dirt: (n, v) soil, grime; (n) filth, dust, scandal, garbage, ground, earth, crap, mire, contamination. ANTONYMS: (n) cleanness, purity, luxury, cleanliness, newness dirty: (adj, v) muddy, dirt; (v) corrupt, contaminate; (n, v) soil,

O Pioneers! defile; (adj) contemptible, bawdy, contaminated, dingy, impure. ANTONYMS: (adj) spotless, hygienic, pure, immaculate, sanitary, pleasant, sparkling, fair, wholesome, washed; (v) purify disappeared: (adj) lost, missing, extinct, vanished, left. ANTONYM: (adj) remaining disappointed: (adj) despondent, disgruntled, regretful, dissatisfied, depressed, sad, unhappy, frustrated, disenchanted, dejected, disappoint. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, satisfied, composed, happy, triumphant, fulfilled, cheerful, idealistic disappointment: (n) anticlimax, failure, letdown, comedown, frustration, shame, disillusionment, annoyance, dismay, setback, misfortune. ANTONYMS: (n) satisfaction, boost, happiness, pleasure, hopefulness, fulfillment, comfort, idealism, climax, bonus, gratification disapproval: (n) condemnation, disapprobation, censure, blame, criticism, dislike, disfavor, dissent, objection, dispraise, denunciation. ANTONYMS: (n) blessing, commendation, favor, respect, pleasure, acceptance, praise, admiration, enthusiasm disapproved: (adj) old-fashioned, contraband, chid disaster: (n) calamity, blow, accident, adversity, casualty, cataclysm, debacle, destruction, misfortune, misadventure, fiasco. ANTONYMS: (n) success, blessing, joy, miracle, opportunity, wonder, order discharged: (adj) released, exempt, clear, freer, free, fired, finished, drained, dismissed, defunct, deadened disconcerting: (adj) disquieting, upsetting, baffling, alarming, disconcertingly, disturbing, worrying, embarrassing, discomfiting, shocking, confusing. ANTONYMS: (adj) soothing, comforting, pleasing discontent: (n) disapproval, discontentment, disaffection, displeasure, disappointment, discontentedness, unrest; (adj) melancholy, dissatisfied, disgruntled, discontented. ANTONYMS: (n) contentment, pleasure, accord, happiness; (v) content; (adj, n) happy; (adj)

contented discontented: (adj, v) querulous, complaining; (adj) disaffected, disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, content discouraged: (adj) despondent, downhearted, downcast, demoralized, dejected, dispirited, disheartened, frustrated, crestfallen, pessimistic, depressed. ANTONYMS: (adj) uplifted, heartened, cheered, inspired, cheerful, encouraged, hopeful, happy, calm, positive, enthusiastic discover: (v) discern, disclose, ascertain, find, perceive, catch, expose, hear, determine, sense, detect. ANTONYMS: (v) overlook, ignore, disregard, confuse, conceal, lose discovered: (adj) revealed, disclosed, exposed, naked, detected, determined, observed, open, unconcealed, bare. ANTONYM: (adj) concealed discus: (n) disk, quoit, saucer, ball, shot, quoits, projectile, missile, horseshoes, brickbat discussion: (n) argument, conference, discourse, debate, conversation, controversy, consultation, dialogue, talk, deliberation, consideration. ANTONYMS: (n) quiet, silence discussions: (n) contumely, blameworthy, abuse, dictated disdainful: (adj) supercilious, haughty, scornful, arrogant, proud, cavalier, derogatory, lordly, condescending, derisive, sneering. ANTONYMS: (adj) respectful, admiring, humble, approving, warm, reverential, praising, deferential disease: (n, v) ailment; (n) illness, sickness, condition, complaint, affection, ill, disorder, affliction, bug; (adj, n) infirmity. ANTONYM: (n) health disgrace: (adj, n, v) dishonor; (n, v) discredit, shame, stain, blemish, blot, slur, reproach; (v) degrade, debase; (n) degradation. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect, esteem, credit; (v) glorify, dignify, praise; (n) merit, grace, pride, rise, worthiness disgraced: (adj) shamed, dishonored, abashed, ashamed, damaged, dishonest, humiliated, mortified, disfigured

Willa Cather disgraceful: (adj) dishonorable, scandalous, shocking, degrading, disreputable, infamous, base, ignominious, outrageous, black, ignoble. ANTONYMS: (adj) admirable, honorable, reputable, exalted, commendable, respectable, noble, glorious disgust: (n) antipathy, aversion, abhorrence, abomination, detestation, dislike, repugnance; (n, v) shock, distaste; (v) nauseate, displease. ANTONYMS: (n, v) delight; (n) love, attraction, liking, adoration; (v) attract, allure, charm, entice, please disgusted: (adj) fed up, ill, weary, sickened, nauseated, queasy, indisposed, demented, shocked, crazy, horrified. ANTONYMS: (adj) attracted, happy, pleased disheartening: (adj) depressing, dispiriting, demoralising, demoralizing, sad, disappointing, blue, bleak, causing dejection; (adj, v) dismal; (v) discourage dishes: (n) food, meal, crockery, dinner service, dishware, menu, plates disheveled: (adj) unkempt, sloppy, tousled, uncombed, dishevelled, tangled, slovenly, messy, scruffy, grubby, crumpled. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, neat, ordered, unwrinkled, groomed, sharp, smart, fresh disintegrating: (adj) rotten, putrid, moldy, dying, decayed, decomposed; (n) destruction disliked: (adj) hated, detested, averse, lousy, loath, undesirable, companionless. ANTONYMS: (adj) popular, liked dispersed: (adj) sparse, spread, distributed, scattered, diffused, scatter, outspread, disseminated, split, dissipated, separate display: (n, v) exhibit, parade, array, scene; (v) disclose, produce, expose, flaunt; (n) presentation, appearance, screen. ANTONYMS: (v) conceal, hide, cover, mask, disguise, camouflage, fold, absorb; (n) hiding, understatement, modesty displeased: (adj) disgruntled, dissatisfied, angry, annoyed, unhappy, peeved, irritated, disgusted, indignant; (v) pained, afflicted. ANTONYMS: (adj) contented, satisfied, calm disposing: (adv) disposingly; (v) dispose; (adj) decretive, dispositive;

(n) distribution dispute: (adj, n, v) quarrel, debate, question; (n) conflict, difference; (n, v) argue, wrangle, row, fight, squabble; (v) discuss. ANTONYMS: (n) agreement, understanding, accord, concord; (v) surrender, concede, concur, confess, support, accept disregarding: (adv) irregardless, no matter, disregardless, irrespective dissatisfied: (adj) discontent, disgruntled, disappointed, put out, displeased, malcontent, grumpy, annoyed, disaffected; (adj, v) querulous, complaining. ANTONYMS: (adj) content, contented, happy, fulfilled, gratified, pleased, idealistic dissolved: (adj) adulterate, gone, liquified, broken distance: (n, v) remove; (n) space, way, gap, aloofness, interval, altitude, measure, mileage; (adj, n) length; (v) dissociate. ANTONYMS: (v) associate, attach, involve; (n) proximity, nearness, intimacy, closeness, warmth, bias, lovingness distant: (adj) remote, aloof, chill, detached, far, reserved, cool, long, icy, removed; (adv) afar. ANTONYMS: (adj) close, neighboring, adjacent, friendly, near, nearby, warm, pending, intimate, involved, alert distemper: (n, v) tempera, tumult; (n) disease, ailment, malady, paint, coloring matter, stain, complaint; (v) water glass, fresco distinctly: (adv) clearly, particularly, evidently, expressly, obviously, markedly, definitely, precisely, manifestly, separately, decidedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) inaudibly, faintly, vaguely, silently, imperceptibly, poorly distinguish: (v) discriminate, perceive, know, describe, make out, discover, descry, behold, identify, recognize, separate. ANTONYMS: (v) mistake, confound, ignore, Miss, unite, demean distinguished: (adj) dignified, celebrated, illustrious, renowned, conspicuous, important, reputable, great, noble, high, well-known. ANTONYMS: (adj) ordinary, insignificant, undignified, Standard, pedestrian, low, common, coarse, base, undistinguished, modest distractedly: (adj, adv) madly; (adv) distraughtly, frantically, frenziedly,

215 wildly, forgetfully, absentmindedly, inattentively, vaguely, confusedly, preoccupiedly. ANTONYM: (adv) calmly distress: (n, v) pain, torment, trouble, concern, torture, upset, worry; (n) anguish, agony; (adj, n) difficulty, grief. ANTONYMS: (n, v) comfort; (v) please, soothe, relieve; (n) peace, encouragement, straightforwardness, solace, relieving, relief, prosperity distressed: (adj) worried, distraught, anxious, sad, disturbed, downcast, hurt, distracted, wretched, shocked, troubled. ANTONYMS: (adj) composed, content, euphoric, happy, comforted, glad, joyful, collected, unconcerned, unaffected district: (n) region, territory, jurisdiction, province, county, field; (adj, n) area, community, neighborhood; (adj) local; (n, v) zone. ANTONYM: (adj) national distrustfully: (adv) suspiciously, incredulously, cynically, doubtingly, warily, dubiously, jealously, leerily; (adj, adv) doubtfully, skeptically, hesitantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) trustingly, confidently disturb: (v) trouble, disorder, disconcert, distress, perturb, disquiet, distract, discompose, disrupt, upset, concern. ANTONYMS: (v) calm, please, soothe, smooth, order, reassure, sort, settle, respect, quiet, organize disturbed: (adj, v) concerned; (adj) anxious, disquieted, upset, confused, worried, restless, disordered, unsettled, distressed, turbulent. ANTONYMS: (adj) rational, relaxed, calm, sane, unaffected, unbroken, peaceful, stable, carefree, unconcerned, untroubled diverted: (adj) abstracted, entertained, pleased, inattentive, sidetracked, unfocused, preoccupied divide: (n, v) cut, part, distribute, share, split; (v) dissociate, dismember, separate, dispense, disconnect, detach. ANTONYMS: (v) unite, join, connect, combine, multiply, lump, link, keep, hold, gather, disarrange divided: (adj) cleft, detached, distributed, forked, shared, separated, separate, disjointed, branched, pronged, disunited divine: (adj) sacred, wonderful, blessed, holy, exquisite; (n)

216 clergyman; (v) guess, conjecture, augur, anticipate; (adj, n) almighty. ANTONYMS: (adj) imperfect, profane, earthly, dreadful, physical, ugly, secular diving: (n) immersion, dives, belly whopper, skin diving, belly flopper, belly whop, diving event, gainer; (adv) headlong, headfirst; (v) submerge division: (n) disagreement, section, part, branch, class, split; (n, v) break, allotment, compartment, distribution; (adj, n) constituent. ANTONYMS: (n) closeness, unification, estimation, union, unity, whole, marriage, accord, agreement, all, understanding divorce: (v) detach, disunite, separate, break up, divide, isolate, disjoin, disjoint; (n) separation, divorcement; (n, v) rupture. ANTONYMS: (n) wedding, union; (v) unite, associate, espouse, join, marry doctored: (adj) corrupt, impure dogs: (n) foxes, Canidae, Carnivora, cats, family Canidae, forceps, order Carnivora, bears; (adj) dogging doings: (n) conduct, behavior, behaviour, deportment, demeanour, proceeding, episode, traffic; (v) act, deed, job doll: (n) baby, chick, figurine, girl, dolly, dummy, marionette, toy, blockhead-board, bird, dame dollar: (n) greenback, note, coin, cartwheel, clam, bill, dollars, silver dollar, sterling coin, symbol, currency dollars: (n) bread domestic: (adj, v) home; (adj) civil, native, internal, household, familiar, inland, national; (n) maid, servant; (adj, n) homely. ANTONYMS: (adj) foreign, wild, external, public, office, professional, imported, global, alien, undomestic doorstep: (n) threshold, sill, brink, door, curbside doorway: (n) door, entrance, entry, passage, entryway, way in, access, driveway, gate, gateway, lobby double: (adj, n) twin; (adj) dual, duple, twofold; (v) fold, bend, geminate; (adj, v) reduplicate; (n) substitute, mate, image. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) single; (v) decrease, divide, halve; (adj) multivalent, univalent, lone doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, query, dispute; (n) disbelief,

O Pioneers! misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, confidence, conclusiveness, belief, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, believe, consider, swallow doubted: (adj) distrusted, suspected doubtfully: (adj, adv) hesitantly, distrustfully; (adv) suspiciously, uncertainly, doubtingly, tentatively, indecisively, unsurely, skeptically, precariously, shadily. ANTONYMS: (adv) indisputably, surely, trustingly, inevitably, confidently, optimistically, plausibly downed: (adj) cut, down, felled, hewn downpour: (n) cloudburst, torrent, storm, shower, soaker, rainstorm, flood, waterspout, torrential rain, monsoon; (v) drench. ANTONYMS: (n) drought, shower; (v) drizzle downstairs: (adv) beneath, below, underneath, down the stairs, downward, infra, at a lower place, downhill, on a lower floor; (adj) downstair; (n) floor. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) upstairs dozen: (adj, n) XII; (n) dozens, boxcars drab: (adj) dreary, gloomy, dingy, cheerless, somber, boring, dowdy, dark, colorless, dull, depressing. ANTONYMS: (adj) colorful, vivid, brilliant, chic, flashy, interesting, cheerful, distinctive, smart, strong drag: (v) attract, draw, lug, cart, heave, tow; (n, v) pull, puff; (adv, v) trail; (n) bother; (adj) dragging. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure; (v) hasten, hurry, shove, speed, rush, propel, fly dragged: (adj) depressed, dejected, upset, unhappy, spent, dispirited, somber, melancholy, gloomy, joyless, low dragging: (n) pulled wire, stemming, haulage; (adj) slow, sickly, slack, unfit, sluggish, tardy, tedious; (v) involve. ANTONYMS: (adj) energetic, energizing, exciting, prompt, short drain: (v) deplete, bleed, leak, consume; (adj, v) waste, exhaust, spill; (n) culvert, dike; (adj) cloaca, dissipate. ANTONYMS: (v) fill, replenish, renew, supply, replace, refresh, increase, conserve, enrich, invigorate; (n) ridge dramatic: (adj) spectacular, impressive, scenic, stagy, sudden,

sensational, striking, exciting, thespian, moving, tense. ANTONYMS: (adj) undramatic, prosaic, normal, unexciting, unmoving, lyric, dull, blah, modest, natural, restrained drank: (v) absorb draw: (n, v) drag, pull, delineate, tie, design, puff; (v) depict, describe, derive, bring; (n) attraction. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, deposit, shove, shorten, thrust, cut, curtail, contract, alienate; (n) repulsion, win drawers: (n) knickers, pants, tights, shorts, bloomers, briefs, underwear, breeches, underpants, underdrawers, trousers drawing: (n) draft, delineation, picture, plan, cartoon, depiction, draught, draw, draftsmanship, painting, image drawings: (n) drawing, income drawn: (adj) careworn, worn, drew, pinched, gaunt, taut, tired, cadaverous, thin, tense, withdraw. ANTONYMS: (adj) rested, robust, refreshed, hale, fresh, vigorous, carefree dread: (n, v) apprehension, fear, panic; (n) anxiety, awe, consternation, alarm, trepidation, dismay, foreboding, terror. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasing, welcomed, pleasant; (v) welcome, want; (n) reassurance, fearlessness, confidence, security, ease, calm dreadfully: (adj, adv) frightfully, shockingly; (adv) fearfully, appallingly, hideously, horrendously, horribly, atrociously, ghastly, tremendously, horridly. ANTONYMS: (adv) pleasantly, wonderfully, happily, hardly, superbly, well dream: (n) aspiration, ambition, reverie, desire, fantasy, figment, nightmare; (n, v) vision, sleep; (v) muse, imagine. ANTONYMS: (n) alertness, nightmare dreamily: (adv) languorously, moonily, pensively, sleepily, dreamfully, vaguely, visionarily, slowly, shadowily, idealistically, lethargically. ANTONYMS: (adv) vigorously, alertly, calmly, carefully dreaming: (n) reverie, ambition, nightmare, conception, castle in the air; (adj) absent-minded, asleep, visionary, vacant, wistful, rapt dreamy: (adj) faraway, romantic, impractical, somnolent, visionary, sleepy, pensive, moony, idealistic,

Willa Cather drowsy; (v) balmy. ANTONYMS: (adj) cynical, vigorous, pragmatic, practical, awake, alert, ordinary, prosaic dress: (n, v) attire, costume, clothe, apparel, clothing, array, trim, garb, rig, cover; (n) dressing. ANTONYMS: (n, v) undress; (v) uncover, disrobe, rumple, strip, wrinkle dressed: (adj) attired, clad, garbed, appareled, spruced up, spiffed up, covered, polished, garmented; (v) clothed, habited dresser: (n) cabinet, chest of drawers, bureau, commode, chest, sideboard, chiffonier, toilet table, assistant, dressing table, table dressing: (n) bandage, stuffing, fertilization, binding, bandaging, scolding, fertilizer, manure, compress, preparation, farce drew: (n) move, John Drew drifting: (adj, adv) aimless, wandering; (adv) adrift; (adj) floating, nomadic, vagabond, rootless, roaming, wayfaring, migratory; (n) running with the regulator closed. ANTONYM: (adj) resident drill: (n, v) practice, discipline; (v) bore, coach, pierce, train, tap, educate; (n) auger, rehearsal, borer drink: (n, v) beverage, draught, swallow; (n) alcohol, brew, potion, intoxicant; (v) booze, carouse, bib, swig. ANTONYMS: (v) regurgitate, sip, abstain drinking: (n) consumption, ingestion, intake, potation, drunkenness, crapulence, boozing, drinkable, uptake, intemperateness, booze dripping: (adj) wet, damp, drenched, sodden, soaked, soggy; (adj, adv) sopping, soaking; (adj, v) reeking; (n) dribble, a drop. ANTONYM: (adj) lacking drive: (n, v) ride, push, force, crusade, urge, thrust, campaign, cause; (v) compel, chase, actuate. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, inertia, lethargy, walk, indifference; (v) discourage, repress, stop, prevent, inhibit, dissuade driven: (v) drive, impel, operate, propel; (adj) impelled, compulsive, motivated, involuntary, dynamic, successful; (n) drove driver: (n) drive, carter, chauffeur, conductor, device driver, cabman, drayman, teamster, wagoner, charioteer, Jehu. ANTONYM: (n)

nondriver driving: (adj) energetic, impulsive, enterprising, pushing, vigorous; (n) drive, travel, drove, direction, motoring, push. ANTONYMS: (adj) lethargic, weak, light droll: (adj) comical, humorous, funny, laughable, burlesque, ludicrous, ridiculous; (adj, n) comic, witty; (n) buffoon, clown. ANTONYMS: (adj) dramatic, dull, grave, tragic, solemn drooping: (adj) flabby, pendulous, limp, flaccid, cernuous, flagging, languid, floppy, lax, tired; (n) droop. ANTONYMS: (adj) taut, firm drop: (n, v) decline, dribble, deposit, decrease, jump, ebb; (adj, n, v) collapse; (v) droop, sink, cast, drip. ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase; (v) lift, pour, sharpen, raise, recuperate; (n) growth, mass, lot, upswing, elevation dropped: (adj) dropping, fallen, decreased, drop, fall, degraded, dead, born, abandoned dropping: (adj) dropped, down, fatigued, plunging, plummeting, dipping; (n) sagging, reducing, sinking, dropping of the launcher stages, dispatching drove: (adj, n) flock, swarm, shoal; (n) horde, crowd, covey, mob, throng, multitude; (adj) bevy, driven drowned: (adj) prostrate, sunken; (v) drenched, drent drowsily: (adv) sleepily, lethargically, somnolently, lazily, dozily, indolently, sluggishly, soporifically, slowly, dreamily, languorously. ANTONYM: (adv) vigorously drug: (n) cure, anesthetic, medication, remedy, medicament, prescription; (v) dose, anesthetize, medicate, narcotize, potion druggist: (n) apothecary, chemist, pharmacy, pharmaceutist, dispensatory, drug store, pharmacopolist, pill roller, drugger, drugster, medical attendant drummer: (n) bagman, traveling man, percussionist, trumpeter, tympanist, vendor, traveler, fiddler, harper, fifer, piper drumming: (n) roll, drums, sound, thump, pulse, barrelling, percussion, buzzing, stress, tapping, throb drying: (n) curing, desiccation, seasoning, dryness, ventilation, drying up, aeration, airing; (adj) desiccative, siccative, parching

217 dryly: (adv) coldly, sternly, sourly, sarcastically, laconically, huskily. ANTONYMS: (adv) interestingly, warmly dubiously: (adv) suspiciously, uncertainly, problematically, fishily, vaguely, incredulously, skeptically, equivocally, distrustfully, questionably, undecidedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, certainly duck: (adj, n, v) plunge; (v) douse, dodge, dive, evade, circumvent, bob, shirk; (adj, n) darling; (adj, v) souse; (n) canvas. ANTONYMS: (v) confront, rise, jump, meet, accept; (n) drake ducking: (n) dip, dousing, hunting, wetting, submersion, duckbilled platypus, duckbill, duck hunting, dive, complete attention; (v) owe ducks: (n) geese, family Anatidae, birds, Anseriformes, Anatidae, game birds, order Anseriformes, wildfowl dugout: (n) canoe, trench, foxhole, ditch, pirogue, cot, booth, bothy, cabin, croft, chalet dull: (adj) dreary, dense, sluggish, dismal, slack, torpid; (adj, v) blunt, stupid; (v) deaden, dampen; (adj, n) cold. ANTONYMS: (adj) lively, sharp, stimulating, exciting, lustrous, interesting, exhilarating, varied, glossy, glittery, luminous dullness: (n) apathy, bluntness, boredom, dreariness, flatness, tedium, obtuseness, torpor, monotony, lethargy; (adj, n) phlegm. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, intensity, brilliance, excitement, intelligence, shine, asperity, animation, gloss, clarity, variation dully: (adv) slowly, sluggishly, stupidly, tediously, drearily, heavily, tamely, boringly, monotonously, tiresomely, bluntly. ANTONYMS: (adv) animatedly, luminously, brightly, brilliantly dumplings: (n) alimentary paste dusk: (n) nightfall, twilight, darkness, gloaming, sunset, gloom, night, shade, shadow, sundown; (adj) dusky. ANTONYMS: (n) dawn, light, daybreak, morning, afternoon dusky: (adj) dark, cloudy, gloomy, black, swarthy, dull, murky, obscure, dingy, sooty, somber. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, bright, sunny, radiant, clear dust: (v) sprinkle, clean, spray, wipe, spread; (n) dirt, earth, relics, grit, remains, soil. ANTONYMS: (n)

218 newness; (v) dirty duty: (n) function, commitment, obligation, chore, assignment, office, dues, job, responsibility, must; (n, v) charge. ANTONYMS: (n) disobedience, option dwarf: (adj, n) midget, miniature; (n) gnome, fairy, brownie, manikin, pygmy; (v) overshadow; (adj) little, runt, baby. ANTONYMS: (adj) large, big, huge; (v) maximize dwelling: (n) domicile, home, residence, house, place, accommodation, address, building, lodge, habitation; (adj, n) dwell dwelt: (v) dwell, inhabit dying: (n) death, demise, decease, mortality; (adj) vanishing, moribund, last, final, ultimate, failing, ebbing. ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, well, opening, aborning, developing, flourishing, growing, reviving, rejuvenating; (n) birth dynamite: (n, v) blast, plastic explosive, plastique; (n) explosive, lyddite, danger, gelly; (v) detonate, explode; (adj) capable, great eagerly: (adv) zealously, readily, keenly, fervently, avidly, greedily, enthusiastically, intently, earnestly, impatiently, actively. ANTONYMS: (adv) apathetically, nonchalantly, grudgingly, patiently, halfheartedly, reluctantly, unenthusiastically eagle: (n) bird of Jove, colors, double eagle, oriflamme, oriflamb, raptor, labarum, emblem, flag, dibs, streamer earnest: (adj, v) devout; (adj) eager, solemn, heartfelt, diligent, studious, sincere, intense, ardent, staid; (n) guarantee. ANTONYMS: (adj) flippant, halfhearted, uncertain, insincere, unimportant, nonchalant, lethargic, apathetic, unenthusiastic, indifferent, frivolous earnestly: (adj, adv) seriously; (adv) eagerly, intently, zealously, solemnly, ardently, fervently, heartily, gravely, warmly, passionately. ANTONYMS: (adv) indifferently, insincerely, unconcernedly, jokingly ears: (n) antenna earth: (n) world, dust, ground, land, lair, dry land, terra firma, clay, creation, ball, country earthen: (adj) clay, ceramic, earthenware ease: (v) alleviate, assuage, relieve, allay; (n) convenience, rest, leisure, relief, satisfaction; (adj, v) facilitate;

O Pioneers! (n, v) relax. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, formality, awkwardness, worry, toil, problem, pain, maladroitness; (v) aggravate, worsen, impede easel: (n) bench, workbench, trestle, tripod, studio easel, desk easy-going: (adj) carefree, indulgent, easygoing, tranquil, tolerant, slack, lax, tender, amiable, breezy, unsociable eaten: (v) eat eating: (n) ingestion, intake, feeding, browsing, banqueting, food, lunching, supping, pica, repletion; (v) eat echo: (n, v) answer, repeat, resound, rebound, reply; (v) reproduce, reverberate, imitate; (n) repercussion, reaction, replication ecstasy: (n) delight, rapture, joy, bliss, delirium, happiness, trance, enthusiasm, exaltation, elation; (n, v) transport. ANTONYMS: (n) desolation, gloom, downheartedness, melancholy, depression, dejection, anguish, sadness, despair, agony, bore edge: (n, v) bound, verge, hem, skirt, line; (n) boundary, margin, brink, blade, extremity, limit. ANTONYMS: (n) center, disadvantage, obstacle, handicap, mainstream, end; (v) interior, dull, blunt, speed editor: (n) publisher, redactor, writer, copyreader, copy editor, anthologist, edit, editor in chief, application program, applications programme, editor program effectually: (adv) efficaciously, effectively, validly, adequately, potently, tellingly, strongly, decisively; (adj) nicely, fully, head and shoulders. ANTONYM: (adv) ineffectually effort: (n) exertion, trouble, application, trial, try, endeavor, struggle, drive, diligence, bid, great effort. ANTONYMS: (n) inaction, lackadaisicalness, laziness, negligence, lethargy efforts: (n) pains eggs: (n) seed, ball, ballock, roe, bollock egotistical: (adj) conceited, selfish, egocentric, proud, arrogant, narcissistic, pompous, haughty, boastful, vain, brassy. ANTONYMS: (adj) humble, modest, selfless elastic: (adj) flexible, springy, soft, pliable, resilient, limber, pliant,

yielding, ductile, buoyant; (n) rubber band. ANTONYMS: (adj) rigid, stiff, inflexible, inelastic, unadaptable, intolerant, firm, hard, unyielding elbe: (n) Elbe river elbow: (n, v) poke, nudge, jolt; (n) cubitus, elbow joint, angle, articulation; (v) jostle, push, shove, crowd elder: (adj) older, big, adult; (n) dean, doyen, patriarch, ancient, boss, elderberry, superior, presbyter. ANTONYMS: (n) youngster, minor, child, inferior; (adj) youngest, younger, little electric: (n) electricity; (adj) exciting, electrical, galvanic, emotional, hasty, stimulating, restless; (v) eagle winged, telegraphic; (adj, v) mercurial. ANTONYMS: (adj) boring, uncharged, unexciting electrical: (adj) electrics, thrilling, electricity, galvanic, automated elevator: (n) levator, extensor, crane, lifter, rise, winch, ski lift, silo, paternoster; (v) dumbwaiter, escalator eleven: (adj, n) xi; (n) eight, squad, football team, team eligible: (adj) acceptable, advisable, fit, due, adequate, desirable, becoming, proper, able, capable, admissible. ANTONYMS: (adj) ineligible, unqualified, disqualified, unsuitable, unfit, unworthy embarrassed: (adj) awkward, abashed, uncomfortable, disconcerted, bashful, sheepish, shy, shamefaced, mortified, discomfited, chagrined. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, unabashed, natural, talkative embarrassment: (n) abashment, difficulty, quandary, discomfiture, humiliation, bewilderment, mortification, uneasiness, shame; (n, v) distress; (adj, n) dilemma. ANTONYMS: (n) confidence, honor, pride, shortage embraced: (adj) popular embroidered: (adj) ornate, inflated, exaggerated, bewrought, decorated emerge: (v) come out, spring, emanate, arise, transpire, surface, rise, develop, come forth, issue, occur. ANTONYMS: (v) leave, fade, recede, sink eminence: (n) distinction, elevation, altitude, celebrity, superiority, rank, excellence, fame, glory, prominence, status. ANTONYMS: (n)

Willa Cather insignificance, cavity, depression, unimportance, dip, commonness, inferiority emotions: (n) reputation, emotion, feeling, temperament, personality, character, disposition, breast, bosom emphasize: (n, v) accentuate; (v) underline, underscore, emphasise, punctuate, play up, highlight, to emphasize, stress, bring out; (n) emphasizing. ANTONYMS: (v) understate, downplay, ignore, soften, weaken, deny emptiness: (n) blankness, blank, void, vanity, vacuity, worthlessness, futility, space, inanity, inanition, hollowness. ANTONYMS: (n) richness, fullness, value, importance, clutter empty: (adj, v) clear, discharge, destitute, void; (adj) hollow, bare, blank, barren, abandoned; (v) deplete, pour. ANTONYMS: (adj) crowded, meaningful, packed, occupied, inhabited, swarming, brimming, laden, filled, cultivated; (v) fill enchanted: (adj) bewitched, delighted, charmed, fascinated, rapt, spellbound, blissful, happy, enamored, possessed; (v) entranced. ANTONYMS: (adj) disenchanted, unhappy encircled: (adj) enclosed, bounded, circinate, circular, decorated, delimited, ringed, wreathed, bordered, annulated, annular encounter: (n) collision, conflict, battle, action, confrontation, brush; (n, v) combat, contest, rencounter; (v) confront, face. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, surrender, evade, avoid, yield; (n) shunning, avoidance, withdrawal encourage: (v) abet, advance, comfort, urge, promote, foster, further, aid, boost, advocate; (adj, v) back. ANTONYMS: (v) dishearten, prevent, deter, hurt, obstruct, stop, dampen, hinder, aggravate, bully, constrain encouraged: (adj) optimistic, confident, enthused, expectant, inspired, pleased, positive, stimulated, stirred, moved. ANTONYM: (adj) pessimistic encouragingly: (adv) promisingly, inspiritingly, encourage, hopefully, propitiously, positively, sympathetically, cheeringly, hortatorily, brightly, kindly. ANTONYMS: (adv) negatively,

inauspiciously encroaching: (adj) invasive, aggressive ended: (adj) concluded, finished, over, done, completed, closed, through, terminated, consummate, all over; (adj, v) past ends: (n) tops, crook, band, bend, bind, limits, clippings, curve, trimmings, boundaries endurance: (adj, n) sufferance; (n) stamina, tolerance, courage, permanence, continuance, energy, fortitude, tenacity, duration, toughness. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inconsistency, impatience, frailty, discontinuation, discontinuance, death energetic: (adj) animated, brisk, busy, driving, dynamic, powerful, strong, effective, agile, emphatic, forcible. ANTONYMS: (adj) sluggish, lazy, weary, languid, inactive, exhausted, indolent, apathetic, dull, indifferent, listless engaged: (adj) occupied, betrothed, employed, affianced, engrossed, reserved, absorbed, working, pledged, involved, committed. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, unengaged, unemployed, uncommitted, unattached, single, detached, idle engine: (n) locomotive, contrivance, utensil, organ, mechanism, tool, instrument, implement, device, tank engine, gin engineer: (v) conduct, organize, direct, contrive, plan, construct, finagle; (n) architect, engine driver, technologist; (n, v) mastermind engraver: (n) carver, drawer, designer, printmaker, graver, sketcher, limner, lapidist, lapidary, engraving machine, painter engraving: (n) print, sculpture, plate, picture, carving, copperplate, aquatint, printmaking, engravement, cutting, chasing enigma: (adj, n) mystery, riddle; (n) puzzle, secret, perplexity, poser, question, problem, closed book, nut to crack, logogriph. ANTONYMS: (n) clearness, explanation enjoy: (v) hold, have, relish, bask, appreciate, own, rejoice, revel, love, experience; (adj, v) like. ANTONYMS: (v) need, suffer, loathe, lack, hate, detest, despise, want enlist: (v) engage, recruit, employ, enroll, gain, get, join up, hire, acquire, join, enter. ANTONYMS:

219 (v) discharge, resign, quit, dodge, avoid, leave, fire enraged: (adj) angered, furious, infuriated, irate, mad, livid, incensed, exasperated, raging, irritated, boiling enter: (v) enroll, embark, chronicle, book, record, input, arrive, come, pierce, register, penetrate. ANTONYMS: (v) depart, exit, delete, stop, refrain, erase, egress, abstain, cancel, exclude, disembark enterprise: (n) business, company, concern, endeavor, activity, adventure, energy, effort, courage, venture, endeavour. ANTONYMS: (n) lethargy, apathy, laziness, passiveness, sloth, idleness entertained: (adj) diverted, pleased entertainment: (n) distraction, diversion, enjoyment, show, pleasure, recreation, fun, reception, pastime; (adj, n) party; (n, v) regalement. ANTONYMS: (n) job, boredom, discomfort enthusiasm: (adj, n) devotion; (n, v) ardor, zeal; (adj, n, v) passion; (n) ardour, animation, craze, ebullience, gusto, inspiration, interest. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, lethargy, passivity, unwillingness, boredom, unconcern, detachment, gloom, gloominess, patience, reluctance entreating: (adj) beseeching, imploring, suppliant, begging, supplicant, imploratory, asking submissively, pleading, piteous entreatingly: (adv) imploringly, suppliantly, pleadingly, importunately entrust: (v) deposit, depute, commission, commend, delegate, surrender, trust, assign, hand over, commit, confide. ANTONYM: (v) retain envelope: (n, v) covering, cloak, blanket; (n) casing, container, pack, case, coating, jacket, integument, vesicle enviable: (adj) invidious, advantageous, envious, happy, pleasing, attractive. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwelcomed, undesirable, undesired, unpleasant envy: (v) begrudge, want; (n) enviousness, desire, heartburning, resentment, envies, heartburn, jealousy, hatred; (adj) jealous. ANTONYM: (n) generosity episcopal: (adj) pontifical, bishoplike, clerical, episcoparian

220 equally: (adv) evenly, equivalently, levelly, alike, justly, as, parallelly, uniformly, similarly; (adj, adv, conj) as well; (adj) even. ANTONYMS: (adv) unevenly, individually, differently, unfairly equivalent: (n) counterpart, match; (adj) comparable, analogous, even, alike, matching, same, identical, like; (n, v) consideration. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) dissimilar; (adj) unlike, differing, diverse, incompatible, unequal equivocal: (adj) ambiguous, indefinite, doubtful, dubious, questionable, elusive, cryptic, precarious, problematic, apocryphal, double. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, unequivocal, definite, obvious, plain, unquestionable, certain, direct errands: (n) everyday Jobs, farm duties escape: (v) elude, avoid, evade, circumvent, bolt; (n, v) break, dodge, leak, run; (n) avoidance, evasion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) return; (v) remain, catch, stay, face, block, attend; (n) incarceration, imprisonment, endurance, abidance especial: (adj) extraordinary, special, specific, chief, individual, distinct, distinctive, characteristic, appropriate, peculiar, express. ANTONYMS: (adj) general, normal, common, unexceptional, usual essentially: (adv) fundamentally, substantially, primarily, principally, necessarily, inherently, mainly, importantly, chiefly; (adj, adv) naturally, intrinsically. ANTONYMS: (adv) superficially, insignificantly, slightly estate: (n) land, order, demesne, rank, domain, property, acres, substance, state, asset, assets eventually: (adv) at long last, at length, sooner or later, lastly, ultimately, definitively, in the end, at last, in time, all along of; (adv, conj) yet. ANTONYMS: (adv) promptly, directly, immediately, soon everybody: (adv) each, any; (n, pron) anyone, anybody; (n) every person, world, everything, horde, throng; (pron) any person, someone. ANTONYMS: (n, pron) nobody everywhere: (adv) everyplace, all over, far and wide, overall, somewhere, far and near, about, where; (adv, pron) anywhere; (adv, n) anyplace; (adj) throughout.

O Pioneers! ANTONYM: (adv) nowhere evil: (adj) bad, criminal, corrupt, wicked, destructive, depraved; (adj, n) ill, detriment; (n) adversity, disaster, depravity. ANTONYMS: (n) goodness, righteousness, morality; (adj) kindhearted, righteous, benign, moral, pure, upright, virtuous, sinless exalted: (adj) elevated, eminent, noble, high, August, elated, dignified, great, sublime, grand, big. ANTONYMS: (adj) belittled, condemned, criticized, debased, humble, humiliated, low, lowly, minor, ridiculed, base exasperated: (adj) incensed, annoyed, enraged, angered, indignant, mad, irate, irritated, cheesed off, testy; (adj, prep) provoked. ANTONYM: (adj) pleased except: (adj, conj, prep) save; (v) exclude, demur, omit, elide; (adv, conj, prep) but; (adv, prep) besides; (prep) excepting, excluding, aside from; (conj, n) without. ANTONYMS: (prep) including; (v) receive, admit exchanged: (adj) counterchanged, bartered, substituted excited: (adj, v) animated, ardent; (adj) ablaze, enthusiastic, emotional, frantic, warm, heated, delirious, fervent, passionate. ANTONYMS: (adj) cool, unexcited, bored, tranquil, easygoing, disappointed, despairing, comatose, apathetic, sedate, composed excitedly: (adv) passionately, feverishly, wildly, frantically, nervously, ardently, enthusiastically, eagerly, animatedly, fervently, cheerfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) lifelessly, patiently, peacefully, nonchalantly, indifferently, despondently, unenthusiastically excitement: (n) commotion, emotion, animation, agitation, disturbance, elation, enthusiasm, eagerness, taking, excitation, tumult. ANTONYMS: (n) dullness, boredom, tediousness, desolation, apathy, bore, dormancy, indifference, somnolence, despondency, lifelessness exciting: (adj) provocative, breathtaking, impressive, stirring, exhilarating, moving, rousing, dramatic, emotional, agitated; (adv) excitingly. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, bland, monotonous, insipid,

uninteresting, unexciting, uninspiring, listless, unenthusiastic, staid, somnolent exclaiming: (n) deuce, Dickens, ejaculation, exclaim, devil, interjection, ecphonesis exclamation: (n) clamor, ejaculation, exclaiming, utterance, whoop, interjection, shout, expletive, deuce, Dickens, ecphonesis excursion: (n) expedition, jaunt, outing, digression, drive, tour, airing, voyage, deviation, stroll; (n, v) journey excuse: (n, v) pardon, palliate; (v) absolve, exculpate, condone, acquit, justify, forgive; (n) alibi, pretext, evasion. ANTONYMS: (v) blame, accuse, chide, discipline, include, reprimand, castigate; (n) accusation exert: (v) wield, employ, act, use, apply, strain, operate, have recourse to, profit by; (n) excite, energize existence: (n) being, entity, life, subsistence, living, essence, lifetime, aliveness, actuality, occurrence, availability. ANTONYMS: (n) nonbeing, nonexistence, absence, extinction exorbitant: (adj) unreasonable, immoderate, steep, unconscionable, inordinate, extravagant, outrageous, enormous, extortionate, extreme, high. ANTONYMS: (adj) reasonable, inexpensive, moderate, modest, sensible, fair exotic: (adj) alien, foreign, strange, outlandish, unusual, extraneous, different, odd, curious, extrinsic, unknown. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, ordinary, usual, native expense: (n) disbursement, expenditure, price, outlay, amount, toll, fee, payment, costs; (n, v) charge, detriment. ANTONYM: (n) income experiences: (n) life, biography, journal, personal narrative, fortunes experiments: (n) data explain: (v) comment, interpret, account, define, decipher, clarify, solve, gloss, excuse, expound, explicate. ANTONYMS: (v) complicate, perplex, obfuscate, puzzle, outline expressed: (adj) express, spoken, phrased, explicit, voiced, expresssed, verbal, verbalized, verbalised, unequivocal, graphic expression: (n) phrase, voice, aspect, appearance, demonstration, declaration, manifestation,

Willa Cather articulation, express, face, style. ANTONYMS: (n) hint, suggestion, smile, insinuation, concealment, misconstruction exterminated: (adj) broken, extinct, destroyed completely, lost, wiped out, annihilated extinct: (adj) dead, deceased, defunct, departed, obsolete, extinguished, exhausted, inanimate, out, quenched, gone. ANTONYMS: (adj) alive, living, extant, active, dormant, thriving, existing, live extinguished: (adj) extinct, out, dead, quenched, allayed, destroyed; (n) defunctness, complete annihilation, experimental extinction, extermination, extinction extravagance: (n) dissipation, luxury, excess, profligacy, lavishness, squandering, recklessness, waste, prodigality, magnificence, immoderateness. ANTONYMS: (n) economy, frugality, parsimony, prudence, paucity, moderation, austerity, necessity, bareness extreme: (adj) deep, excessive, enormous, supreme, terrible, uttermost, ultimate, utmost, intense, immoderate; (n) edge. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) mild, slight; (adj) middle, reasonable, near, limited, close, conventional, ordinary, normal, insignificant eyebrow: (n) supercilium, eyebrows, forehead, strap line, hair eyelash: (n) cilium, eyelashes, cut, eyewinker, hair facing: (n) revetment, face, coating, lining, veneer, cladding, front, covering; (prep) against, before; (adj) fronting factory: (n) plant, mill, works, shop, business, cannery, establishment, studio, workshop, yard, manufacturing plant facts: (n) reality, details, proof, grounds, premises, praecognita, truth, testimony, particulars, physical constraints, reasonableness faculties: (n) mother wit fade: (adj, v) vanish, drop; (v) dissolve, decline, evaporate, discolor, droop, die, languish, expire; (n, v) wither. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, grow, flourish, enhance, surge, sharpen, brighten, color, wax, stay, rally faded: (adj) pale, bleached, dull, exhausted, faint, washy, withered, colorless, discoloured, attenuate; (adj, v) dilapidated. ANTONYMS:

(adj) vivid, Colored, colorful, fresh, vigorous, strong, bright fading: (n) attenuation, bleaching, discoloration, disappearance, evaporation, colour fading, decay; (adj) disappearing, paling, weakening, decaying. ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, increasing, growing failed: (adj) unsuccessful, failing, abortive, bankrupt, fruitless, futile, declining, deteriorating, ineffective, insolvent failure: (n) bankruptcy, breakdown, loser, downfall, disappointment, disaster, defeat, debacle; (n, v) deficiency, decline, loss. ANTONYMS: (n) achievement, hit, winner, victory, capability, achiever, attainment, growth, triumph, Victor, champion faint: (adj, n, v) swoon; (adj) dim, feeble, dizzy, indistinct, vague, soft, dull; (adj, v) weak; (v) languish, pass out. ANTONYMS: (adj) distinct, clear, obvious, loud, considerable, pungent, invigorated, hearty, energetic, defined; (v) revive faintly: (adv) dimly, vaguely, indistinctly, lightly, weakly, hazily, slightly, softly, shadowily, infirmly, palely. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, intensely, distinctly, overpoweringly, harshly, considerably, powerfully, strongly, brightly, obviously, audibly fair: (adj) clear, beautiful, sweet, reasonable, dispassionate, average, fine, impartial; (adj, v) bright; (adj, adv) clean; (n) blonde. ANTONYMS: (adj) biased, unjust, exceptional, dark, partial, mismatched, unwarranted, foul, imbalanced, prejudiced, poor fairly: (adj, adv) justly; (adv) moderately, honestly, completely, purely, impartially, somewhat, righteously, lightly, rightly, squarely. ANTONYMS: (adv) unjustly, extremely, subjectively, very, dishonestly, unreasonably, completely, entirely, unlawfully, excessively, wholly faith: (n) confidence, belief, conviction, trust, credence, credit, creed, assurance, cult, expectation, dependence. ANTONYMS: (n) disbelief, distrust, dubiosity, skepticism, despair, uncertainty, doubt, independence fallen: (adj) drop, decline, prostrate, flat, destroyed, down, lapsed, alight, degenerate, lose, get. ANTONYMS:

221 (adj) esteemed, honorable, honored, lauded, prestigious falling: (n) descent, fall, downfall, degradation, depreciation; (adj) descending, decreasing, declining, tumbling, ebb, down. ANTONYMS: (adj) standing, increasing, burgeoning fallow: (adj) dormant, yellow, unbroken, uncultivated, citrine, aureate, idle, unplanted, unseeded; (n) tillage, tilth. ANTONYMS: (adj) planted, fertile, cultivated, active, prolific, creative falls: (n) cataract, waterfall, chute, angel, torrent, Victoria, twin, force, body of water, Guaira, Niagara falsetto: (adj) alto, penny trumpet, voce di testa, soprano, tenor faltering: (n) falter, pause, vacillation; (adj) tentative, vacillating, doubtful, irresolute, hesitant, uncertain, unsure; (adv) falteringly. ANTONYMS: (adj) decided, firm, eloquent, decisive, sure familiar: (adj) conversant, everyday, usual, ordinary, commonplace; (adj, n) customary, common, intimate, habitual, accustomed; (n) companion. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfamiliar, strange, foreign, unaccustomed, new, unknown, ignorant, formal, shy, rare, distant families: (n) family famous: (adj) celebrated, splendid, distinguished, renowned, illustrious, famed, capital, prominent, well-known, fine, stunning. ANTONYMS: (adj) infamous, ordinary, anonymous, insignificant, obscure, inglorious, undistinguished fancy: (n, v) desire, fantasy, caprice, dream, wish, daydream; (v) imagine, consider; (adj, v) conceive; (n) conception, conceit. ANTONYMS: (n) reality, certainty, actuality, conviction; (adj) unadorned, common; (v) hate, demonstrate, detest, disapprove, test fare: (n, v) do; (n) food, aliment, board, table, charge, chow, menu, traveller; (v) come, eat. ANTONYM: (v) stop far-fetched: (adj) improbable, tall, implausible, foreign, unreasonable farm: (n) farming, grange, dairy, croft, farmstead, estate; (v) raise, cultivate, hire, plant, produce farmer: (n) rustic, agriculturist, tiller, boor, cultivator, husbandman, granger, planter, sodbuster,

222 yeoman, backwoodsman farming: (n) cultivation, husbandry, culture, gardening, tillage, land, arboriculture, dairying, animal husbandry; (adj) agrarian, agricultural fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) leisurely; (v) gorge, eat fastened: (adj) tied, fast, buttoned, closed, tight, secure, pinned, binding, empight, steady, firm. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfastened, unbuttoned fastest: (adj) record, best, best ever, greatest, top fasts: (adv) quickly fatal: (adj) deadly, pestilent, lethal, disastrous, destructive, dangerous, deathly, fateful, murderous, critical; (adj, v) mortal. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmless, nourishing, healthful, benign, uncritical, mild fatalist: (n) determinist, necessitarian, dark horse, destinist, pessimist, quitter, defeatist, predestinationist fate: (n, v) doom; (n) chance, luck, fatality, fortune, kismet, allotment, portion, lot; (v) destine, designate. ANTONYMS: (n) will, design, choice, accident, chance fatigue: (v) exhaust, tire, weary, harass, enervate, fag, jade, wear; (n) exhaustion, weariness, tiredness. ANTONYMS: (n) energy, liveliness, vitality, vigor, strength; (v) energize, renew, rejuvenate, restore, invigorate fatten: (adj, n) enrich; (adj, v) fat, elaborate; (v) fatten up, feed, fill out; (adj) fructify, bloom, bear fruit, blossom, blow. ANTONYMS: (v) undernourish, starve fault: (adj, n, v) deficiency; (n) error, blot, delinquency, flaw, break, blunder; (adj, n) failing, blemish; (n, v) blame, crime. ANTONYMS: (n) strength, virtue, capability, innocence, perfection, credit, ease; (v) praise, absolve favor: (n, v) countenance, aid, grace, support, benefit, boon; (adj, n) kindness; (n) advantage; (v) befriend, encourage, patronize. ANTONYMS: (v) hinder, contradict, dislike, hurt, differ, thwart, reject, demean; (n) derogation,

O Pioneers! disapproval, unkindness favorite: (adj, n) darling, favourite, dear, number one; (adj) favored, beloved, popular; (n) pet, choice, pick, preference. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, superior, underdog; (adj) unwanted, despised, disliked, hated, unusual fear: (n) awe, dismay, alarm, fright, consternation, care, anguish; (n, v) apprehension, doubt, concern, reverence. ANTONYMS: (n) fearlessness, reassurance, confidence, courage, valor, calm, boldness, security, equanimity, peace; (v) brave fears: (n) worries, uncertainties, doubts, qualms, misgivings feather: (n) pen, feathering, pinion, nib, plumage, quill, kind, spline; (n, v) plume; (adj, n, v) fringe; (v) fledge feathering: (n) plumage, quill, rotation, plume, bevelling, ink creep, feather edging feathers: (n) plumage, fur, indument, garment, garb, fine hair, clothing, dress, apparel, attire, array feathery: (adj) light, fluffy, plumy, soft, downy, featherlike, plumose, plumelike, velvety, creamy, tender. ANTONYM: (adj) rough features: (n) face, characteristics, aspect, appearance, character, facial appearance, trait, complexion, nature; (adj) declensions; (v) lineaments feeble: (adj) delicate, decrepit, ailing, helpless, powerless, poor, mild, lax, thin; (adj, v) faint, debilitated. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, vigorous, hearty, tough, effective, powerful, unrelenting, robust, potent, persuasive, able feebly: (adv) faintly, unenthusiastically, dimly, hopelessly, unproductively, unpersuasively, unconvincingly, uncertainly, reluctantly, powerlessly, insipidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) robustly, confidently, domineeringly, vehemently, stubbornly, strongly, effectively, convincingly, competently, admirably, wholeheartedly feed: (v) eat, dine, browse, encourage, board, diet, nourish, fatten; (n, v) nurture, provender; (n) aliment. ANTONYMS: (v) thwart, crave, desire, sap feeding: (n) alimentation, eating, nourishment, grazing, dining,

browsing, feed supply, banqueting, supplying, ingestion, intake feelings: (n) emotions, opinion, bosom, emotion, thought, reputation, honor, feeling, sentiments, thoughts, manner feller: (n) chap, faller, fella, fellow, lumberjack, logger, dude, Dick, woodcutter, guy, comrade fellow: (adj, n) comrade, associate; (n) boy, equal, brother, peer, chap, colleague, compeer, buddy; (adj, n, v) concomitant. ANTONYMS: (n) female, woman, girl, foe, enemy, antagonist, competitor fellows: (n) fellow, membership, faculty fence: (n, v) hedge, wall, bar; (n) barrier, hurdle, pale, boundary; (v) quibble, enclose, parry, contend. ANTONYMS: (v) challenge, face, confront fencing: (n) swordplay, enclosure, paling, evasion, barrier, railing, inclosure, weir; (v) prevarication, equivocation, fraud fertility: (n) productivity, birthrate, affluence, fertileness, abundance, plenty, prolificacy, richness, natality, birth rate; (adj, n) uberty. ANTONYMS: (n) infertility, fruitlessness, impotence, barrenness feverishly: (adv) excitedly, hotly, febrilely, hecticly, feverously, hysterically, passionately, frantically, fanatically, heatedly, frenziedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) indifferently, peacefully, sluggishly fewer: (n) not as much as, negative amount, deficiency, defect, lesser amount fiddle: (n, v) con, cheat, trick; (v) tamper, play, diddle, meddle, tinker; (n) kit, swindle, fraud fields: (n) field, domains, plain, notification fields, rotation, alternation of crops, grounds fierce: (adj) bitter, acute, cruel, ferocious, brutal, grim, nasty, intense, ardent; (adj, v) savage, furious. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, mild, calm, quiet, tame, docile, weak, peaceful, pleasant fiercely: (adv) violently, bitterly, strongly, savagely, brutally, intensely, wildly, cruelly, vehemently, grimly, furiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, dully, tame, docilely, tamely, calmly, feebly fierceness: (n) ferocity, violence, cruelty, force, brutality, rage,

Willa Cather intensity, strength, vehemence, wildness, ferociousness. ANTONYMS: (n) friendliness, calmness, meekness fiery: (adj, n) burning, passionate, glowing; (adj) fervent, ablaze, hot, fervid, impassioned, peppery; (adj, v) fierce, violent. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, passionless, dispassionate, indifferent, placid, gentle, cool; (adv) easygoing fifty: (adj, n) l; (n) half a hundred, fifty dollar bill, cubic decimeter, cubic decimetre fight: (n, v) battle, dispute, contest, quarrel, engagement, feud, squabble, argue, struggle, clash; (adj, n, v) brawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) withdrawal, retreat; (n) fear, surrender, agreement; (v) compromise, favor, submit figuring: (n) calculation, reckoning, estimation, computing, figure, approximation, conversion, derivative, differential, estimate, derived function fill: (v) block, clog, stuff, line, charge, execute, accomplish, complete, brim, fulfill; (n) crowd. ANTONYMS: (v) empty, free, deplete, unpack, unload, notch, deflate, desert fille: (n) maiden, miss, lassie, lass, wench, girl, belle, chick, doll, dame, maid filled: (adj) replete, packed, fraught, teeming, laden, abundant, congested, charged, stuffed; (adj, adv) crowded; (n) fuller. ANTONYMS: (adj) lacking, clear filling: (n) filler, weft, contents, loading, plug, packing, pad, replenishment, padding, impletion, stuffing. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, insufficient filth: (n) grime, garbage, foulness, impurity, soil, blot, stain, nastiness, squalor, uncleanliness; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (n) cleanliness, luxury, loveliness filthy: (adj) unclean, dingy, nasty, foul, disgusting, squalid, bawdy, muddy, grimy, grubby, vile. ANTONYMS: (adj) decent, pleasant, attractive finding: (n) detection, judgment, determination, discovery, verdict, ruling, breakthrough, resolution, doom, decree, find finery: (n) regalia, clothing, attire, decoration, dress, pinchbeck, spangle, trimmings, gimcrack; (adj, n) tinsel, gewgaw. ANTONYM: (n)

rags finger: (v) feel, handle, touch, thumb, indicate, point; (n) digit, dactyl, forefinger, pointer; (n, v) hand. ANTONYM: (v) clear finish: (n, v) close, complete, consummate; (v) achieve, execute, discontinue, cease, accomplish, determine; (n) conclusion, death. ANTONYMS: (n) beginning, opening, inception, middle, creation; (v) begin, continue, sustain, save, renew, conserve finished: (adj, adv) ended, completed; (adj) complete, consummate, absolute, accomplished, ruined, spent, ripe, polished; (adj, v) done. ANTONYMS: (adj) incomplete, remaining, rough, leftover, uncultured finishing: (n) completion, close, accomplishment, conclusion, end, coating; (adj, n) ending; (adj) closing, last, final, ultimate. ANTONYMS: (n) beginning; (adj) first fired: (adj) discharged, unemployed, passionate, interested, heated, enthusiastic, ablaze, zealous fireflies: (n) Lampyridae firefly: (n) glowworm, lightning bug, fire beetle, pyrophorus noctiluca, elaterid beetle, elaterid, elater; (v) fly, dragon fly firing: (n, v) discharge, explosion; (n) dismissal, fire, combustion, sack, lighting, dismission, release; (adj) combustible; (v) burst firm: (adj, adv) hard; (adj, v) stable, compact, determined, close, resolute; (adj) fixed, steadfast, solid, strong; (adj, n) steady. ANTONYMS: (adj) irresolute, weak, soft, hesitant, limp, liquid, soggy, lenient, indefinite, loose, inconstant firmly: (adv) solidly, steadfastly, securely, resolutely, strongly, steadily, unwaveringly, stably, fixedly, robustly, rigidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) weakly, loosely, uncertainly, halfheartedly, leniently, unsteadily, shakily, yielding, indefinitely, irresolutely, feebly fishing: (n) fishery, casting, fishing job, piscary, piscation, rodding, halieutics, sport fishing; (v) coursing, hawking; (adj) halieutic fist: (n, v) hand; (n) duke, clenched fist, feist, manus, grip, index; (v) finger, paw, neif, neaf fitted: (adj) capable, efficient,

223 competent, able, finished, qualified, trained, primed, outfitted, initiated; (adj, v) convenient fixed: (adj, v) determined, durable; (adj, adv, v) stable; (adj) definite, intent, fast, determinate, certain, set; (adj, adv, n) steady; (adj, n, v) constant. ANTONYMS: (adj) flexible, separate, adaptable, adjustable, changeable, movable, variable, compliant, temporary, removable, portable fixedly: (adv) steadily, steadfastly, regularly, intently, stably, setly, permanently, rigidly, unwaveringly, surely, resolutely fixing: (n) fixation, fix, adjustment, repair, mending, altering, emasculation, castration, furniture, fastener, fitting flame: (adj, n) fire, sweetheart; (adj, v) burn, glow; (n, v) flash; (n) ardour, burning, fervor, enthusiasm, combustion, sheen flaming: (adj, n) burning, ardent, glowing, passionate; (adj) blazing, ablaze, aflame, hot; (n) enthusiastic, flame, fire. ANTONYMS: (adj) extinguished, placid, gentle, quiet flannel: (n) washcloth, cloth, face cloth, pants, trousers, flannelette, white, tweed, gabardine; (v) blanket, fur flapping: (adj) loose, detached, baggy, streaming, flying, slack; (n) fluttering, flutter, flaps, dither, disturbance flash: (n, v) flicker, blaze, shimmer, glitter, gleam, glimmer, blink, flame; (adj, n, v) twinkle; (n) instant; (v) coruscate. ANTONYMS: (adj) tasteful; (n) age; (v) dawdle flashing: (adj) bright, sparkling, blinking, meteoric, scintillating, light, brilliant, dazzling, gleaming; (n) flare, flashes flask: (n) bottle, flasket, container, cask, ampulla, carafe, decanter, jar, flagon, vacuum flask, vial flat: (n) apartment; (adj) even, bland, insipid, level, tasteless, dreary, boring; (adj, n) plain, plane; (adj, v) uninteresting. ANTONYMS: (adj) bumpy, emotional, hilly, variable, sharp, negative, natural, lively, contrasty, choppy; (adv) indirectly flavoring: (n) flavor, spice, seasoning, seasoner, flavouring, salt, ail, flavorer, fenugreek, coriander, cayenne flesh: (adj) carnality, concupiscence; (n) mortality, beef, form, figure,

224 frame, person, mankind, humanity, meat flickering: (adj) sparkling, aflicker, desultory, capricious, glistening, shimmering, glittering; (n) twinkling, flicker, fluttering; (adv) flickeringly flight: (adj, n) herd, flying, bevy, drove; (n) escape, run, exodus, evasion, elopement, departure; (n, v) avolation flighty: (adj) frivolous, light, capricious, volatile, irresponsible, scatterbrained, flippant, changeable, skittish, unstable, mercurial. ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, dependable flirtatious: (adj) coy, seductive, playful, kittenish, fast, sexy, brassy flooded: (adj) swamped, inundated, engulfed, afloat, submerged, waterlogged, soaked, busy, weak, teeming, swarming. ANTONYMS: (adj) idle, clear flour: (adj) meal, bran, spore, sporule, paddy, rice; (n) farina, foodstuff, wheat flour, flower, semolina flow: (n, v) stream, course, flux, surge, run, jet; (n) current, discharge; (v) float, emanate, well. ANTONYMS: (n) drought; (v) trickle flower: (n, v) blossom, blow; (v) effloresce, flourish; (adj, n) prime; (n) efflorescence, elite, cream, bouquet, floret, florescence. ANTONYMS: (n) residue; (v) wither flowers: (n) analecta, anthology flushed: (adj, n) red, sanguine; (adj) feverish, glowing, aroused, aflame, burning, exultant, exulting; (n) flush, elated. ANTONYM: (adj) cool flustered: (adj) nervous, disconcerted, perturbed, unsettled, anxious, troubled, upset, bewildered, hurried, ill at ease; (n) groggy flutter: (adj, n, v) bustle, flurry; (n, v) beat, palpitate, flap, wave, waver, quiver; (v) flit, flitter; (n) excitement fluttering: (adj) flying, palpitating, flittering, flaring, aflare, waving; (n) flutter, flapping, flicker, flitting; (adv) flutteringly flutteringly: (adv) flyingly, palpitatingly, wavingly flying: (adj) fast, quick, rapid, swift, moving, flaring, aflare; (n) fly, flight, aviation, ballooning fodder: (n) food, hay, stover, alfalfa, fare, chow; (v) provender, corn, nurture, ration, provision

O Pioneers! fold: (n, v) crease, pucker, wrinkle, lap, double, roll, bend; (v) crumple, collapse, wrap; (n) flock. ANTONYMS: (v) flatness, expose, open, create, thrive, smooth; (n) unfolding folded: (adj) plaited, pleated, doubled, artful, braided, corrugated, doubled over, fluted folk: (n) family, common people, nationality, nation, country, clan, tribe, race, persons, man; (adj) popular folks: (n) people, folk, tribe, relations, household, house, relatives, relative, kindred, lineage, kin folly: (n) fatuity, foolishness, silliness, tomfoolery, nonsense, stupidity, craziness, density, freak; (adj, n) irrationality, trifling. ANTONYM: (n) sense fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, devoted, tender, loving, amorous, delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) aversion, cold, rough fool: (n) blockhead, dunce, clown, idiot, ass, booby, buffoon; (v) deceive, bamboozle; (n, v) joke, gull. ANTONYM: (n) savant foolish: (adj) childish, fool, crazy, dumb, daft, fatuous, stupid, unwise, preposterous, dopey; (adj, n) silly. ANTONYMS: (adj) wise, sensible, shrewd, prudent, visionary, diplomatic, levelheaded, sane, rational, mature, judicious foolishly: (adv) idiotically, ridiculously, stupidly, indiscreetly, silly, insanely, injudiciously, preposterously, absurdly, senselessly; (adj, adv) madly. ANTONYMS: (adv) sensibly, solemnly, shrewdly, prudently, responsibly, judiciously, carefully, rationally foot: (n) base, feet, foundation, footing, pes, paw, basis, leg, measure; (v) hoof, pay. ANTONYMS: (v) owe; (n) head footbath: (n) bathtub forcing: (adj) pressing, constraining, penetrating, compulsatory; (n) push fore: (adv) ahead, before; (adj, adv) forward; (n) bow, head, forefront, stem; (adj, n) front; (adj) anterior, foremost, frontal. ANTONYMS: (adv) aft, behind, rear; (adj) back forefinger: (n) index finger, index, forefingers, paw, thumb, hand, exponent, antenna, feeler forehead: (n) brow, front, foreland,

lineament, mut, phiz, physiognomy, visage, eyebrow, skull; (adv) foremost foreigner: (adj, n) stranger; (n) outlander, outsider, unknown, barbarian, gringo, newcomer, immigrant, deportee, traveler; (adj) foreign. ANTONYMS: (n) inhabitant, domestic, citizen foreman: (n) boss, master, overseer, gaffer, supervisor, ganger, craftsman, straw boss, foreperson, leader, foremen. ANTONYM: (n) worker foresight: (n) prevision, forecast, caution, prospicience, calculation, prescience, prediction, precaution, vision, foresightedness; (n, v) expectation. ANTONYM: (n) hindsight forest: (v) afforest, reforest; (n) woodland, jungle, wood, timberland, woods, grove, greenwood, bush, coppice forever: (adv) always, eternally, evermore, everlastingly, continually, permanently; (adj) eternal, permanent; (n) eternity; (adj, adv) interminably, ad infinitum. ANTONYMS: (adj) occasionally, never, sporadically; (adv) briefly, intermittently forgave: (v) to excuse forge: (adj, v) falsify; (v) fake, devise, fabricate, fashion, contrive, coin, invent, construct, mould; (n, v) mint forget: (v) leave, miss, blank out, bury, to forget, overlook, neglect, ignore, fail, unlearn, abandon. ANTONYMS: (v) mind, attend forgetfulness: (n) neglect, amnesia, obliviousness, inattention, memory loss, omission, unknowingness, unawareness, Lethe, carelessness, loss of memory. ANTONYMS: (n) awareness, concentration, remembering, attention forgiven: (v) conciliatory, placable forgotten: (adj) lost, disregarded, elapsed, past, abandoned, gone, Gone With the Wind, irrecoverable, lapsed, disoriented, no more. ANTONYM: (adj) remembered formed: (adj) shaped, settled, defined, characterized, conceived, affected, fashioned, established, constructed, definite, firm formerly: (adv) already, previously, earlier, lately, originally, anciently, aforetime, first, erstwhile, at one time, once. ANTONYMS: (adv) afterward, lastly, later, now

Willa Cather forsaken: (adj) deserted, abandoned, lonely, forlorn, derelict, desert, empty, solitary, friendless; (adj, v) jilted; (v) crossed in love. ANTONYM: (adj) unforsaken forth: (adv) away, along, onward, ahead, before, on, off, on the high road, on the road, on the way, under way fortified: (adj) secure, watched over, shielded, securer, secured, carrying weapons, safeguarded, protected, fast, equipped, defended. ANTONYM: (adj) unarmed fortify: (n, v) brace, nerve, invigorate; (v) build up, confirm, consolidate, secure, buttress, encourage, reinforce, enhance. ANTONYMS: (v) subdue, disarm, enfeeble, demoralize, undermine fortnight: (n) two weeks, period, amount of time fortunate: (adj) favorable, lucky, auspicious, advantageous, favored, happy, prosperous, fortuitous, well, successful; (adj, n) blessed. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlucky, disadvantaged, disastrous, unfavorable, underprivileged, inauspicious, unenviable, unsatisfactory fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, luck, accident, means, assets, riches, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) design fortunes: (n) adventures, fortune, personal narrative, life, journal fortune-teller: (n) fortuneteller, clairvoyant, magician forty: (adj, n) XL; (n) two score, forties; (adj) twoscore forwards: (adv) ahead, forth, onwards, onward, before, fore, forrader, forrad, forrard, on, in advance. ANTONYMS: (adv) back, behind foundations: (n) fundamentals, foundation, practicalities, brass tacks, details fourteen: (adj, n) XIV foxtail: (n) bottlegrass, bristlegrass, meadowgrass, bottle grass, bristle grass, foxtail grass fragrance: (n, v) aroma, perfume, scent, smell; (n) bouquet, odor, essence, odour, redolence, sweetness; (adj) fragrant. ANTONYMS: (n) stink, stench frail: (adj, v) weak, feeble; (adj) fragile, flimsy, delicate, breakable, rickety, slender, light, slim; (v) faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) substantial,

robust, tough, fit, healthy, hearty, perfect, weighty, well, capable, sturdy frame: (n, v) construct, design, fabricate, make, fashion, border, build, forge; (v) draft, erect, contrive frames: (n) framework, ribs frank: (adj) candid, blunt, sincere, honest, downright, direct, fair, straightforward, plain, open, hearty. ANTONYMS: (adj) guarded, devious, tactful, disingenuous, insincere, hesitant, hypocritical, evasive frankly: (adv) openly, sincerely, bluntly, honestly, truthfully, directly, unreservedly, straightforwardly, ingenuously, plainly; (adj, adv) freely. ANTONYMS: (adv) hesitantly, indirectly, guardedly, untruthfully, deceitfully, ambiguously, politely fraternity: (adj, n) brotherhood; (n) association, company, club, fellowship, society, companionship, clan, circle, community, organization freedom: (adj, n) franchise, immunity; (n) deliverance, autonomy, release, discharge, emancipation, escape, liberty, right; (adj) frankness. ANTONYMS: (n) imprisonment, restriction, captivity, suppression, dependence, restraint, capture, chance, conformity, inclusion freely: (adv) loosely, frankly, openly, generously, independently, gratuitously, voluntarily, liberally, free, sparely; (adj, adv) spontaneously. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, deceitfully, accurately, meagerly, parsimoniously, secretly, stingily, unwillingly; (adj) restricted freeze: (v) chill, cool, solidify, block, harden, set; (n) frost, congelation; (n, v) arrest, stop; (adj) frozen. ANTONYMS: (v) thaw, boil, unblock, warm, dissolve, begin, soften frenchman: (n) French person, Gaul, frog, Norman, Parisian, Frenchwoman, savoyard, Breton, Angevine, Angevin, monsieur frenzy: (n) fury, anger, insanity, mania, hysteria; (adj, n) distraction, aberration, alienation, phrensy, derangement; (n, v) craze. ANTONYMS: (n) calmness, calm, order fresh: (adj) clean, bracing, novel, bright, recent, original, airy, bold,

225 pure, green; (adj, v) brisk. ANTONYMS: (adj) stale, decayed, hot, tired, worn, rotten, off, musty, muggy, humid, exhausted freshness: (adj) coolness; (n) impertinence, gall, greenness, impudence, insolence, newness, viridity, originality, crust, crispness. ANTONYMS: (n) oldness, clutter, humidity, mustiness fret: (n, v) gall, irritate, trouble, worry; (v) agitate, chafe, rub, fray, upset, annoy; (n) anxiety fretfully: (adv) restlessly, uneasily, anxiously, querulously, testily, snappishly, fractiously, petulantly, crossly, nervously, worriedly. ANTONYM: (adv) unconcernedly fried: (adj) fry, grilled, inebriated, daft, deranged, done, intoxicated friendly: (adj, n) favorable; (adj) amiable, affectionate, decent, goodnatured, kind, convivial, companionable, benevolent, amicable; (adj, adv) comradely. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfriendly, distant, disagreeable, aggressive, aloof, formal, frosty, belligerent, curt, reserved, impersonal fright: (n, v) dismay, alarm, scare, affright; (n) awe, fear, dread, terror, horror, consternation, apprehension. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, fearlessness, courage, confidence, security frighten: (v) cow, alarm, daunt, terrify, appall, scare, affright, intimidate, terrorize, appal; (n, v) fright. ANTONYMS: (v) comfort, reassure, soothe, calm frightened: (adj) fearful, timid, startled, terrified, scared, alarmed, anxious, apprehensive, horrified, intimidated, restless. ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressed, confident, brave, fearless, reassured fringe: (n) brim, brink, boundary, periphery, rim, lip, bound; (n, v) edge, hem, skirt; (adj, n, v) feather. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) mainstream; (n) center frock: (n) dress, gown, clothing, attire, robe, kirtle, habit, clothes, coat, chemise, caftan frontier: (n) border, edge, line, boundary, limit, brink, barrier, bound, bourn, borderland; (v) confine frosty: (adj, v) icy, glacial; (adj) frigid, freezing, wintry, arctic, chill, frozen, chilly, bleak, cool. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, pleasant, hot, torrid, tropical, balmy, approachable

226 frown: (adj, v) lower; (adj, n) scowl; (n, v) pout, grimace, glower, glare; (adj) black looks, gloam, glout; (v) sulk, gnash. ANTONYM: (v) approve frowning: (adj) dismal, dark, gloomy, lowering, scowling, frowny, clouded; (adv) frowningly; (n) austere, boisterous, coarse frozen: (adj) cold, frosty, frigid, wintry, glacial, arctic, icy, freezing, stiff, congealed, iced. ANTONYMS: (adj) moving, hot, warm, boiling, fluid, liquid, melted, unfrozen, thawed, tropical, soft fruit: (n) crop, outgrowth, product, fruitage, progeny, acorn, production, yield, aftermath; (n, v) result; (v) return fruitfulness: (n) fecundity, richness, productivity, abundance, fatness, productiveness, utility, usefulness, use, uberty, prolificness. ANTONYMS: (n) fruitlessness, uselessness fruitless: (adj, v) abortive; (adj) barren, useless, empty, futile, ineffective, idle, pointless, sterile, bootless, unproductive. ANTONYMS: (adj) fertile, useful, effective, satisfying, fruitful, worthwhile, profitable, successful, productive, hopeful, meaningful fuller: (adj) rotund; (n) roller; (v) tucker fundamental: (adj, n) essential; (n) base, basis, root; (adj) cardinal, key, basic, rudimentary, elementary, chief, significant. ANTONYMS: (adj) minor, advanced, trivial, unimportant, superfluous, subsequent, peripheral, marginal, irrelevant, actual, special funds: (n) capital, money, assets, means, treasury, cash, exchequer, bankroll, purse, funding, treasure funeral: (n) entombment, interment, sepulture, funeral rite, wake, pyre, observance, funeral sermon, funeral pile; (adj) sepulchral; (v) bury funny: (adj) amusing, strange, peculiar, facetious, droll, eccentric, fishy, diverting, queer, suspicious, unusual. ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, grave, obvious, tragic, ordinary, normal, easy, dull furiously: (adv) irately, angrily, fiercely, wildly, violently, ragingly, wrathfully, infuriatedly, rabidly, impetuously, frantically. ANTONYM: (adv) sluggishly furniture: (n) fitment, equipment,

O Pioneers! appliance, fixture, appointments, furnishings, goods, dresser, article of furniture, cabinet; (v) stuff fuss: (n, v) flurry, bicker, fidget, hubbub; (adj, n) stir; (n) flap, commotion, ado, bother, disturbance; (v) fret. ANTONYM: (n) peace fussy: (adj) fastidious, busy, particular, choosy, crabbed, crabby, fidgety, picky, difficult, finical, meticulous. ANTONYMS: (adj) easy, plain, easygoing, indiscriminate, shy, understated, consistent, lax, careless, relaxed, sloppy fuzz: (n) beard, copper, down, blur, bull, hair, pig, fur, coma, representation; (adj) Dick galloping: (v) flying games: (n) athletics, gaming, fun, amusement, sports instruction, sports education, recreation, tournament, exercise gasping: (adj) panting, winded, blown, out of breath, thirsty, pursy; (v) spavined, touched in the wind gate: (n) door, mouth, entry, doorway, port, exit, goal, barrier, approach, inlet, threshold gates: (n) bill Gates gathered: (adj) deepened, congregated, accumulated, amassed, assembled, concentrated, equanimous, congregate, collective gathering: (n) collection, accumulation, concourse, congregation, assemblage, crowd, compilation, meeting, crew, gather, throng. ANTONYMS: (n) dismantling, scattering gaunt: (adj) lean, thin, cadaverous, desolate, bleak, dreary, meager, bony, angular, lanky, sullen. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, rounded, obese gauntlets: (n) gauntlet, gantlet gayety: (n) hilarity, glee, cheer, jocundity, joviality, happiness, pleasure; (adj) good humor, L'Allegro, spirits; (adj, n) mirth gayly: (adv) cheerfully, merrily, mirthfully, gaily, jovially, airily, lightly, sportively, easily, finely, courageously gaze: (n, v) stare, regard, look, behold; (v) gape, see, contemplate, face, pry, view, glance. ANTONYMS: (v) glance, peek gazing: (adj) fixed gelding: (n) bayard, stot, steer, castration, emasculation, cleft, cut,

stallion, division, fashion; (v) gelt genially: (adv) cordially, graciously, jovially, warmly, amiably, benignly, brightly, heartily, pleasantly, cheerfully, affably. ANTONYMS: (adv) frostily, nastily, spitefully genius: (adj, n) capacity, ability, endowment, faculty, gift, cleverness; (n) flair, brain, prodigy, bent, aptitude. ANTONYM: (n) amateur gentle: (adj) easy, friendly, soft, kind, affable, balmy, mild, feeble, compassionate; (adj, adv) calm; (adj, v) tame. ANTONYMS: (adj) harsh, loud, fierce, caustic, violent, rough, hardhearted, abrupt, heavy, steep, sheer gentleman: (n) gent, Mr, male, patrician, sir, adult male, esquire, sahib, gentlemen; (adj) gentilhomme, gentlemanly gentleness: (adj, n) kindness, courtesy, benignity, compassion; (n) kindliness, lenity, mildness, sweetness, softness, benevolence, mercy. ANTONYMS: (n) severity, harshness, fierceness, cruelty, ferocity, brusqueness, abruptness, rage, callousness, sharpness, roughness gently: (adv) tenderly, slowly, mildly, soft, slow, kindly, delicately, softly, lightly, meekly, quietly. ANTONYMS: (adv) sharply, fiercely, forcefully, harshly, abruptly, violently, severely, roughly, intensely, meanly, heavily german: (n) German language, Jerry, Teuton, Hun, Yiddish, High German; (adj) Teutonic, Germanic; (adj, n) Alman germination: (n) genesis, development, growth, generation, sprouting, gemmation, maturation; (v) gemination, fertilization, heterogamy, progeneration germs: (n) bacteria, germ, infection, microbes, microorganisms gesture: (n, v) sign, signal, motion; (n) beck, gesticulation, indication, movement; (v) gesticulate, beckon, wave, bless gets: (n) getting giddy: (adj, v) flighty; (adj) dizzy, faint, silly, changeable, vertiginous, featherbrained, light, fickle, capricious; (adv) careless. ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, dull giggle: (n, v) laugh, chuckle, titter, twitter, guffaw, gurgle, snort, hoot; (v) cackle, snicker, snigger giggling: (n) laughter

Willa Cather gilded: (adj, v) gilt; (adj) rich, gold, golden, deluxe, gilden, fortunate, garish, advantageous, aurated, luxurious ginger: (n) fire, pep, galangal, vim, zest, zing, courage; (adj) gingery, auburn, carroty, red gingham: (n) cloth girlhood: (n) adolescence, boyhood, maidenhood, youth, babyhood, youthhood, maidhood, age glad: (adj) jubilant, cheerful, gay, blithe, delighted, festive, content, delightful, genial, bright, willing. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, apologetic, dismayed, unwilling, disappointed, sorry glance: (n, v) look, peek, flash, peep; (n) gaze, glimpse, coup d'oeil, gander; (v) bounce, glint, ricochet. ANTONYMS: (n, v) study; (n) examination, perusal; (v) stick, stare glancing: (adj) passing gleaming: (adj) brilliant, shiny, radiant, glossy, lustrous, glowing, beaming, resplendent; (n) gleam, glimmer; (adj, adv) agleam. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, dirty, rough glimmering: (n) inkling, ghost, luminosity, light, hint, apparition, radiance; (adj) glittering, glimmery, crepusculous, sciolism glittering: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) sparkling, flashing, dazzling, glistering, glistening, glinting, shining, scintillating, splendid; (adj, adv) aglitter gloom: (n) desolation, dark, darkness, blackness, depression, dimness, dusk, dreariness, despair, dejection; (n, v) cloud. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, happiness, cheerfulness, glee, ecstasy, joy, optimism, cheer gloomily: (adv) murkily, obscurely, drearily, darkly, somberly, morosely, sadly, sorrowfully, despondently, unhappily, glumly. ANTONYMS: (adv) brightly, favorably, happily, optimistically, contentedly; (adj) auspiciously gloomy: (adj) black, desolate, dejected, cheerless, depressing, dismal, downcast, disconsolate, melancholy, funereal, downhearted. ANTONYMS: (adj) encouraging, cheery, cheerful, bright, hopeful, light, promising, uplifting, joyful, sunny, clear glorious: (adj) distinguished, beautiful, bright, celebrated, brilliant, eminent, magnificent,

super, great, splendid; (adj, v) illustrious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sorrowful, despicable, horrible, shameful, lowly glossy: (adj, v) sleek; (adj) smooth, bright, glazed, brilliant, flat, glistening, burnished, resplendent, lustrous, glassy. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, rough, coarse, shoddy glove: (n) boxing glove, gloves, mitt, mitten, baseball mitt, baseball glove, handwear, wristband, sleeve, mittens, batting glove gloves: (n) gauntlet, mitten, mittens, gauntlets, scarf, ornament, handbag, belt, batting glove, boxing glove, baseball mitt glow: (n, v) flush, gleam, shine, glimmer, glare, color, sparkle, beam; (v) burn, flare, kindle. ANTONYMS: (n) wanness, darkness, paleness; (v) pale, struggle glowering: (adj) dour, grim, gloomy, morose, dark, false, dogged, forbidding, sour, colored; (n) scowling. ANTONYM: (adj) cheerful glumly: (adv) morosely, sulkily, dourly, mournfully, moodily, somberly, grumpily, grimly, sadly, gloomily, dolefully. ANTONYMS: (adv) enthusiastically, happily, cheerily gnawed: (v) gnow, eroded goaded: (adj) provoked, forced, motivated, unvoluntary, aggravated, compulsive, determined, involuntary goal: (n) destination, butt, purpose, design, end, basket, objective, intention, object, target, ambition. ANTONYM: (n) extension goats: (n) suborder Ruminantia, Ruminantia, giraffes, deer, frank Capra, genus Capra, bison, antelopes, family Bovidae, camels, Capra gold: (n) Au, money, riches, wealth, bullion, treasure, yellow, amber; (adj) aureate, gilt, golden golden: (adj) aureate, fortunate, gilded, auspicious, gold, gilt, lucky, advantageous, fair, favorable, favored. ANTONYM: (adj) inauspicious goldfields: (n) wildflower good-bye: (n) bye, farewell, goodbye, goodby, vale, adios, cheerio good-natured: (adj) kindly, friendly, kind, obliging, gracious, kindhearted, genial, good, bland, sweet, good-tempered

227 goose: (n) goof, fathead, cuckoo, barnacle, fool, jackass, brent, brant, goosecap; (n, v) spur; (v) serpent gooseberry: (n) fish story, Ribes grossularia, shrub, bush, gooseberry bush, feaberry gopher: (n) gauffer, pocket gopher, ground squirrel, Xerobates, gauffre, tortoise, squirrel, sharpy, spermophile, worker, antelope chipmunk gossip: (n, v) chatter, rumor, chitchat, gab, talk, babble, natter, tattle; (n) chatterbox, conversation, small talk. ANTONYM: (n) truth gossiping: (adj) gabby, garrulous, scandalous; (n) gossipmongering governed: (adj) subject; (n) citizenry; (adv) under governor: (n) chief, manager, regulator, administrator, lord, superintendent, ruler, controller, leader, president, protector grace: (adj, v) adorn; (v) garnish, deck, embellish, beautify, decorate, embroider; (adj, n, v) favor; (n) elegance, beauty; (adj, n) clemency. ANTONYMS: (n) unseemliness, awkwardness, disfavor, inelegance, heaviness, unkindness; (v) deface, demean graceful: (adj) beautiful, delicate, amiable, easy, fine, charming, fair, airy, becoming, lovely, lithe. ANTONYMS: (adj) inelegant, stocky, awkward, vigorous, jerky, ugly, stilted, heavy, coarse, strenuous graciously: (adv) gracefully, mildly, politely, courteously, benevolently, benignantly, civilly, sympathetically, mercifully, leniently, suavely. ANTONYMS: (adv) bitterly, coarsely, poorly, ungraciously, harshly graduated: (adj) gradational, gradatory, equal, measured, proportional, regressive, calibrated; (n) graduate graduating: (adj) dividing; (n) debut graduation: (n) gradation, completion, commencement ceremony, commencement exercise, classification, windup; (adj) adaption, adjustment; (v) allotment, apportionment, assortment grain: (adj, n) crumb; (n) bit, berry, fragment, cereal, scrap, kernel, speck, atom, grist, character. ANTONYM: (n) lot grand: (adj, n) glorious, excellent; (adj, n, v) noble; (adj) gorgeous,

228 August, superb, important, majestic, exalted; (adj, v) great, dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressive, humble, modest, unimportant, poor, base, inferior, limited, incomplete, restricted, small grandfather: (n) gramps, grandad, grandpapa, grandpa, grandsire, granddaddy, ancestor, father's father, paternal grandfather, father, forefather grandma: (n) grannie, grandmother, granny, grandparent, father's mother, paternal grandmother, grandmamma, nan grandmother: (n) grandma, granny, crone, grannie, grandam, mother, dam, grandmamma, father's mother, paternal grandmother, hag granted: (adj, v) assumed; (adj) fixed, approved, settled, privileged, legal, decided, acknowledged, arranged; (v) disposed; (adv) yes grapes: (v) clam, chupatty, compote, damper, fish, frumenty, chowder; (n) vintage grasp: (adj, n, v) catch; (n, v) clutch, clasp, hold, clinch; (v) comprehend, embrace, grapple, apprehend, conceive, cling. ANTONYMS: (n, v) Miss; (v) overlook, lose, give; (n) ignorance grass: (v) denounce, betray; (n) forage, cannabis, hay, pasture, fink, sward, pasturage; (adj, n) green, marijuana. ANTONYM: (n) patriot grassy: (adj) verdant, gramineous, weedy, herby, woody, fertile, blossoming, abundant, leafy, lush, flourishing. ANTONYMS: (adj) grassless, urban, withering grateful: (adj, n) welcome; (adj) agreeable, appreciative, beholden, pleasing, pleasant, acceptable, indebted, obliged, pleasurable; (v) appreciate. ANTONYMS: (adj) ungrateful, unwelcome, unappreciative gratified: (adj) glad, satisfied, pleased, delighted, happy, thankful, grateful, content, complacent, comfortable, cheerful gratifying: (adj) agreeable, pleasant, enjoyable, delightful, pleasurable, rewarding, welcome, satisfying, nice; (adj, v) grateful; (v) gratify. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointing, unwelcome, unrewarding, frustrating, disagreeable, heartbreaking, annoying, unpleasant grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad,

O Pioneers! grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, minor, insignificant, favorable gravel: (adj, v) nonplus, bother; (v) bedevil, rag, chevy, flummox, bewilder, puzzle; (adj) grating; (adj, n) dirt; (n) grit graves: (n) Robert Graves, Robert Ranke Graves graveyard: (n) burial ground, churchyard, necropolis, burying ground, burial site, site, burial place, radioactive cemetery, memorial park, morgue gravy: (adj) juice, sap, blood, sanies, rheum, ichor; (n) godsend, bunce, bonus, dressing, incentive gray: (adj) dull, dim, bleak, gloomy, pale, grizzled, hoary, leaden, old, overcast; (n) grizzle. ANTONYMS: (adj) sunny, cheerful, clear, youthful graze: (n, v) browse, scrape, touch; (v) rub, chafe, eat, shave, brush, crop, crease; (n) cut. ANTONYM: (v) smooth greatest: (adj) top, superlative, biggest, utmost, largest, extreme, first; (adj, n) maximum, most; (adj, v) paramount, supreme. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, secondary greatly: (adv) badly, enormously, considerably, extremely, highly, vastly, immensely, mightily, hugely; (adj, adv) far, deeply. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, hardly, superficially, poorly, lightly, insignificantly, barely, moderately green: (adj) callow, immature, young, jealous, youthful, emerald, crude, juvenile, gullible, inexperienced; (adj, v) raw. ANTONYMS: (adj) ripe, urban, withering, sophisticated, seasoned, old, arid, mature, limp, artificial greet: (n, v) receive; (v) address, acknowledge, hail, welcome, cry, salute, bid, weep, meet, recognize grew: (v) become, develop; (adj) grown grief: (adj, n, v) affliction; (n) dolor, anguish, distress, agony, pain, wound, chagrin, concern; (n, v) regret; (adj) sore. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, happiness, comfort, content, peace grievance: (n) injustice, wrong, grudge, affliction, protest, objection, disaffection, discontentment, dissatisfaction; (adj) annoyance; (adj,

n) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) justice, praise grieved: (adj) sore, sad, sorry, sorrowful, upset, woeful, pained, affected, brokenhearted grimly: (adv) severely, harshly, morosely, fiercely, drearily, sourly, gloomily, dreadfully, hardly, horridly, sullenly. ANTONYMS: (adv) brightly, pleasantly, warmly grin: (n, v) beam; (v) laugh, sneer, leer, quib, quip, satire, skit; (n) smirk, grinning, simper. ANTONYM: (v) frown gripped: (adj) obsessed, engrossed, held, seized, captivated, fanatical, absorbed, occupied, preoccupied, rapt, spellbound. ANTONYM: (adj) uninterested groaning: (adj) moaning, groaningly, inarticulate groceries: (n) foodstuff, provisions, chow, victuals, grocery, compensation, earnings, essential, fare, fundamental, heart groom: (n) equerry, bridegroom, stableman, hostler; (v) prepare, dress, arrange, train, coach, tidy, curry grounds: (n) cause, reason, account, basis, motive, justification, foundation, evidence, field, rationale; (adj, n) dregs. ANTONYM: (n) effect grouped: (adj) sorted, classified, collective, gather grow: (v) expand, advance, augment, enlarge, come, emerge, spring, become, farm, turn, get. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, weaken, shrink, decline, drop, collapse, struggle, wane, plummet, dwindle, deteriorate growing: (n) development, growth; (adj, adv) increasing; (adj) flourishing, thriving, blossoming, expanding, swelling, progressive; (adj, n) developing; (v) grow. ANTONYMS: (adj) dwindling, decreasing, downward; (n) nondevelopment grown: (adj) mature, big, growed, grown-up, developed, ripe, grownup, fully grown, full-grown, growth, become. ANTONYM: (adj) unripe grub: (n, v) drudge; (v) dig, feed, delve, eat, scour; (n) food, eats, chuck, maggot, chow. ANTONYM: (v) plant grudge: (v) begrudge, covet; (n, v) spite; (n) malice, anger, umbrage,

Willa Cather resentment, rancor, gall, pique, feud grumbling: (n) grumble, growling, murmur, murmuring, mutter, muttering; (adj, n) rumbling; (adv) grumblingly; (adj) grouchy, grumpy, irritable grumpy: (adj) grouchy, gruff, crabby, cantankerous, sulky, crabbed, fussy, cranky, testy, touchy, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, courteous, friendly, happy, pleasant, stable guard: (n) defense, protection, escort, bulwark, watchman, custody, fender; (n, v) care, shield, cover; (adj, n, v) ward. ANTONYMS: (v) endanger, expose, neglect, reveal; (n) attacker guardian: (n) guard, defender, champion, curator, warden, conservator, bodyguard, keeper; (adj, n) protector; (adj) protective, custodial. ANTONYMS: (n) attacker, detractor guess: (n, v) surmise, estimate, forecast; (v) suppose, deem, reckon, divine, believe, foretell; (n) assumption, supposition guessed: (adj) rude, inscrutable guest: (n) caller, visitor, customer, alien, foreigner, client, invite, foreign, company, guests, houseguest guests: (n) guest, visitors guided: (adj) conducted, directed, led guiltily: (adv) blameworthily, criminally, hangdogly, wickedly, faultily, sheepishly, delinquently, sinfully, awkwardly, sorrily, ashamedly guilty: (adj) culpable, faulty, wicked, hangdog, criminal, chargeable, sinful, blameworthy; (n) guilt, culprit; (adj, v) condemned. ANTONYMS: (adj) blameless, aggressive, proud guitar: (n) acoustic guitar, uke, electric guitar gull: (n, v) fool, cheat, deceive; (v) beguile, bamboozle, cod, befool, take in, kid; (n) chump, cully gully: (n) channel, conduit, gorge, valley, dingle, drain, trough, ravine, canyon, trench, groove guns: (n) weapons, weaponry, arms, arsenal, armaments, artillery habit: (n) clothing, practice, dress, garb, attire, convention, character, ritual, addiction, clothes; (n, v) use. ANTONYM: (n) innovation habitable: (adj) livable, liveable habitation: (adj, n) abode; (n)

domicile, residence, house, home, habitat, lodging, place, occupancy, inhabitation, inhabitancy. ANTONYM: (n) vacancy haggard: (adj) emaciated, gaunt, cadaverous, careworn, tired, worn, lean, thin, wasted, pinched, squalid. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, carefree, healthy hail: (v) address, cry, acclaim, applaud, summon, accost, fall, cheer, salute; (n, v) call; (n) greeting. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, criticize half-hearted: (adj) hesitant, lukewarm, irresolute, lackadaisical, tepid, unsympathetic, listless half-moon: (n) curve, arc halfway: (adj, n) middle; (adj) central, center, intermediate, partial, mean, median; (adv) partly, imperfectly, nearly; (prep) between. ANTONYM: (adj) extreme hammock: (n) berth, hill, cot, cradle, bed, crib, to lash a hammock, stretcher, shakedown, litter, bedstead handbag: (n) purse, pocketbook, reticule, valise, grip, suitcase, handbag, wallet, shoulder bag, dish, base handful: (n) smattering, armful, mouthful, capful, containerful, lump; (adj) thimbleful, company, several, maniple, strong handkerchief: (n) hankie, kerchief, bandanna, cravat, hanky, wipe, bandana, collar, shawl; (n, v) napkin; (v) sudary handle: (n, v) conduct, administer; (v) feel, wield, deal, treat, touch, control, manipulate, direct; (n) clutch. ANTONYMS: (n) blade, head; (v) mishandle, bungle, conceal, crumble, avoid handsome: (adj) fair, beautiful, fine, generous, charming, comely, attractive, bountiful, considerable, bonny, prepossessing. ANTONYMS: (adj) ugly, unattractive, meager, ungenerous, measly, plain hang: (adj, n, v) suspend; (v) dangle, depend, drape, float, fall, hover, append, string up; (n, v) delay; (adj) hung hanging: (n) execution, curtain, arras, wall hanging; (adj) suspended, pendent, pendant, pendulous, hung, pending; (n, v) suspension hanover: (n) Hanoverian line, house of Hanover haphazard: (adj, n) chance; (adj) careless, fortuitous, contingent, random, casual, indiscriminate,

229 occasional, slipshod, adventitious; (adv) casually. ANTONYMS: (adj) methodical, discerning, planned, organized, meticulous, regular, careful, deliberate happen: (n, v) betide; (v) arise, befall, develop, go, come, fall, chance, come about, occur, get. ANTONYM: (v) disappear happily: (adv) fortunately, joyously, joyfully, merrily, luckily, gladly, blissfully, cheerfully, felicitously, providentially, successfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) miserably, unhappily, sadly, unfortunately, unsuccessfully, reluctantly, gloomily, discontentedly, despondently, negatively, grudgingly happiness: (n) delight, merriment, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, discontent, dejection, gloominess, displeasure hardened: (adj) hard, callous, confirmed, tough, indurated, tempered, unfeeling, inured, habitual, enured, veteran. ANTONYMS: (adj) inexperienced, smooth, unaccustomed, untempered, feeling, mild harder: (adj) serious hardly: (adj, adv) barely, scarcely; (adv) severely, harshly, roughly, badly, toughly, laboriously, arduously, cruelly, heavily. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, fully, well, easily hardness: (n) austerity, asperity, callousness, difficulty, rigor, consistency, stiffness, cruelty, arduousness, tightness, insensibility. ANTONYMS: (n) ease, limpness, malleability hard-won: (adj) difficult hare: (n) leporid, cony, puss, doe, jackrabbit, coney; (adj) antelope, courser, eagle, gazelle, greyhound harm: (adj, n, v) damage, hurt; (adj, n) evil, detriment, injury; (n, v) abuse, wound, blemish, disadvantage; (n) bruise; (adj, v) injure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) benefit, respect, help; (n) reparation, service; (v) enable, spoil, protect, defend, repair harmless: (adj) safe, benign, inoffensive, hurtless, innocent, innoxious, intact, simple; (n) silly;

230 (adj, n) foolish; (v) weaponless. ANTONYMS: (adj) lethal, damaging, destructive, poisonous, toxic, serious, offensive, malicious, hurtful, noxious, unpleasant harness: (adj, n) strap, tether; (n, v) yoke, rein, couple, check; (adj, v) hitch; (v) wear, equip, limit, use. ANTONYM: (v) undo harvest: (n, v) fruit; (v) gain, glean, gather, amass, get, reap, pick; (n) ingathering, profit, produce harvesting: (n) gathering, gather, harvest home, crop, reap, plucking, harvests, ingathering, reaping, farming, harvest time hastily: (adv) hurriedly, rapidly, quickly, rashly, promptly, suddenly, thoughtlessly, impetuously, swiftly, imprudently, speedily. ANTONYMS: (adv) carefully, unhurriedly, industriously, sensibly, prudently, late, calmly, thoroughly, patiently, gradually, cautiously hastings: (n) Thomas Hastings hate: (v) abhor, detest, loathe, abominate; (n) enmity, abhorrence, detestation, hatred, animosity, antipathy, aversion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) like; (v) adore, cherish, admire; (n) attraction, liking, delight, adoration hated: (adj) despised, disliked, not liked, reviled, scorned, unloved, unpopular. ANTONYM: (adj) precious haul: (v) tow, drag, cart, carry, lug, draught, tug, transport; (n, v) pull, heave; (n) freight haunted: (adj) ghostly, ghostlike, phantom, taken up, preoccupied, possessed, unearthly, magical, mad, infatuated, concerned hawk: (v) peddle, cough, expectorate, sell, vend, hunt, huckster; (n) eagle, goshawk, harrier, buzzard hayfield: (n) grassland hayloft: (n) loft, garret, attic headed: (n) maturer; (adj) oriented. ANTONYM: (adj) unheaded header: (n, v) dive; (n) heading, lintel, title, chief, head, plunge, brick, cope, coping, dip heads: (n) conspectus, contents, prospectus, syllabus, synopsis, public, textbook, people, outlines, head stick healed: (adj) recovered, heal, recover, whole, corned, well, aged hearing: (n) audition, ear, auditory sense, trial, consultation, reach, auscultation, inquiry; (n, v) earshot,

O Pioneers! sound; (adj, n) audience heartless: (adj) hardhearted, ruthless, cruel, pitiless, obdurate, merciless, unfeeling, unkind, stony, insensitive, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) kind, caring, hearted, warmhearted, compassionate, softhearted, merciful, sympathetic, concerned, flattering, generous hearts: (n) Black Maria, spades heat: (adj, n) fever, excitement, passion; (v) bake, burn; (n) warmth, fervor, summer, estrus; (n, v) fire; (adj) flush. ANTONYMS: (n) cold, chill, coldness, anestrus, apathy, coolness, dryness, indifference heathen: (adj, n) gentile, ethnic; (n) infidel, idolater, paynim, heretic; (adj) heathenish, irreligious, giaour, godless, barbaric heavily: (adv) seriously, weightily, severely, ponderously, hard, firmly, thickly, grievously, sadly, strongly, compactly. ANTONYMS: (adv) gently, nimbly, briskly, sparsely, thinly, slightly heavy: (adj, n) dull; (adj) deep, fat, dense, grave, dark, full, gross, thick, bulky; (adj, adv) hard. ANTONYMS: (adj) slim, easy, thin, slight, skinny, puny, gentle, insubstantial, animated, nimble, entertaining hector: (adj, v) domineer; (v) browbeat, bluster, bullyrag, tyrannize, swagger, ballyrag; (adj) hectic, Amazon, dictate; (n) Captain Bobadil. ANTONYM: (v) encourage hedge: (v) fudge, dodge, elude, evade, skirt, duck, avoid, circumvent, equivocate; (n) barrier, hedging. ANTONYM: (v) confront hedging: (n) equivocation, evasion, prevarication, hedgerow, exchange risk cover, covering operation heed: (n, v) consideration, concern, regard, mind, attention, notice; (n) caution, advertence, advertency; (v) attend, hear. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disregard; (n) inattentiveness height: (n) apex, crest, altitude, pinnacle, peak, top, culmination, level, zenith, summit, climax. ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, nadir, depth, trough, deepness, base, dip hell: (n) blaze, Hades, underworld, perdition, inferno, pandemonium, netherworld, Abaddon, Gehenna, purgatory, trial. ANTONYM: (n) paradise helped: (adj) aided, assisted; (v) HALP

helpful: (adj) beneficial, useful, friendly, advantageous, handy, convenient; (adj, n) favorable, benevolent, beneficent, kindly; (adj, v) adjuvant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhelpful, uncooperative, worthless, negative, disruptive, reticent, neglectful, detrimental, confusing, hopeless, harmful helping: (n) portion, share, plateful, serving, part, quota, drumstick; (adj) auxiliary, assistant, aiding, assisting helplessly: (adv) weakly, powerlessly, lostly, destitutely, shiftlessly, defenselessly, unprotectedly, ineffectively, wretchedly, incompetently, disabledly. ANTONYM: (adv) powerfully henceforth: (adv) hence, in future, after this; (adj) following herd: (n, v) crowd; (adj) bevy, many; (adj, n, v) swarm; (n) drove, gang, crew, collection, covey, multitude, mob herod: (adj) bear down, out Herod, ride roughshod; (n) Herod the great hers: (pron) she, his; (adj) own hewn: (adj) downed hidden: (adj) clandestine, concealed, obscure, dark, secret, latent, covert, invisible, arcane, covered; (adj, v) confidential. ANTONYMS: (adj) exposed, open, active, noticeable, overt, revealing, known, explicit, mainstream, transparent, visible hide: (n, v) cover, disguise, shelter, veil; (adj, v) obscure; (n) fur, fell, coat; (v) bury, mask; (adj, n, v) darken. ANTONYMS: (v) show, expose, express, divulge, unearth, amplify, advertise, clarify hideous: (adj) dreadful, frightful, fearful, ghastly, horrid, ugly, repulsive, lurid, horrible, grisly, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, pleasant, beautiful, wonderful hiding: (n) covering, concealment, concealing, beating, screening, thrashing, flogging, rout, burial, drubbing, ambush highly: (adv) greatly, extremely, much, loftily, exceedingly, mightily, eminently, toweringly, too, largely; (adj, adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adv) insignificantly, poorly, simply, slightly, ill high-strung: (adj) sensitive, tense, fidgety, jumpy, nervous, edgy, temperamental, feverish; (adv) on edge highway: (n) highroad, way, path,

Willa Cather route, street, thoroughfare, course, main road, expressway, bus, freeway hill: (n, v) gradient, bank, ascent, acclivity, rise; (n) mound, elevation, embankment, hillock, knoll, mountain. ANTONYMS: (n) valley, hollow hills: (n) home, dry land, foothills, earth, ground hillside: (n) acclivity, slope, bank, declivity, hill, gradient, hill-side, mountain waist, the area half way up a mountain, mountainside, side hilly: (adj) steep, rugged, mountainous, cragged, rough, rocky, lofty, irregular, tumulous, knobby, unsmooth. ANTONYM: (adj) flat hind: (adj, n) rear; (adj) after, posterior, hindermost; (n) doe, clown, peasant, roe, countryman, servant; (v) hinder hire: (v) employ, charter, enlist, take, rent, take on, retain; (n, v) wage; (n) employment, salary, engagement. ANTONYM: (v) fire hired: (adj) leased, chartered, mercenary, hackneyed, hack; (v) contented, compensated, paid hitch: (v) fasten, attach; (n, v) catch, limp, hobble, arrest; (n) hindrance, drawback, barrier, difficulty, check. ANTONYMS: (n) advantage, ease, help; (v) detach, undo hogs: (n) Suidae, boars, family Suidae, stock holding: (n) keeping, belongings, hold, claim, property, asset, ownership, take, retention, capture; (adj) retaining hole: (adj, n) gap; (n) aperture, den, hollow, crack, pocket, break, lair, pit, fix, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) mansion, mend holes: (n) cavity, holes tow holiday: (n, v) vacation; (n) festival, time off, sabbath, break, celebration, holy day, leisure, recess; (v) fete; (adj) festive hollow: (adj, n) blank; (n) cavity, depression, cave, dell; (adj) empty, false; (adj, n, v) concave; (n, v) excavate, dent, scoop. ANTONYMS: (adj) convex, sincere, true, full, meaningful, cramped, valid; (n) hump, bump, hill, lump holy: (adj) devout, divine, heavenly, religious, blessed, hallowed, spiritual, devotional, pure; (adj, adv) saintly; (adv) sacredly. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreligious,

unholy homely: (adj) plain, common, rustic, artless, home, snug, homelike, domestic; (adj, adv) ugly; (adv) plainly, simplely. ANTONYMS: (adj) sophisticated, striking, uncomfortable, bleak homesick: (adj) nostalgic, longing, wistful, unhappy, lonesome homestead: (n, v) farm; (n) home, abode, farmhouse, farmstead, dwelling, habitation, estate, demesne, homestall, house homeward: (adj) oriented, orientated homewards: (adv) toward home, home, to your house honest: (adj) fair, genuine, sincere, good, equitable, artless, heartfelt, guileless, frank, forthright, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) lying, misleading, guarded, corrupt, disloyal, unwholesome, discourteous, disreputable, fictional, crafty, crooked honestly: (adj, adv) justly, sincerely, candidly, fairly, genuinely, really; (adv) openly, directly, faithfully, plainly, truthfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) misleadingly, deceitfully, unfairly, insincerely, hesitantly, untruthfully, guardedly, ambiguously, politely honey: (n) dear, love, beloved, nectar, sweetheart, dearest, duck, molasses, sugar, baby; (v) sweeten honor: (n, v) respect, reputation, glory, fame, reward; (n) award, accolade, reverence; (v) celebrate; (adj, n, v) worship, grace. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dishonor, disgrace; (n) shame, humiliation, wickedness, contempt, insult; (v) break, ignore, disrespect, discredit hook: (n, v) crook, catch, draw, bend, trap, lure; (n) fishhook, claw, crotchet; (v) fasten, hitch. ANTONYMS: (v) undercharge, detach, undo hookah: (n) narghile, pipe, kalian, water pipe hoops: (n) basketball game, earrings, studs, jewelry, basketball hoot: (n, v) hiss, boo, cry, jeer, mock, beep; (n) gibe, honk, catcall; (v) call, howl hopefully: (adv) confidently, optimistically, brightly, cheerfully, positively, auspiciously, expectantly, rosily, encouragingly, promisingly, buoyantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) hopelessly, despairingly, pessimistically

231 hopeless: (adj) incurable, despondent, forlorn, disconsolate, desperate, impossible, useless, abject, despair, dismal, irreparable. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, competent, promising, optimistic, encouraging, helpful, useful, successful, practical, laudable, effective hoping: (adj) desirous, expectant, optimistic, eager horizon: (n) ambit, reach, purview, vista, view, perspective, prospect, skyline, arena, celestial horizon, amphitheater horn: (n) car horn, antler, klaxon, cornet, French horn, ivory, foghorn, cornu, alarm, trumpet, arm horny: (adj) corneous, hornlike, hard, hot, excited, ruttish, randy, lecherous, lascivious, aroused, cornuted horror: (n) abomination, abhorrence, dismay, fear, fright, revulsion, alarm, repulsion, anxiety; (adj, n) dread, terror. ANTONYMS: (n) delight, attraction, proclivity, bravery, calm, confidence, security horse: (n, v) mount; (n) buck, heroin, junk, charger, knight, pony, rider, trestle, eohippus, dog horseback: (n) hogback, body part horses: (n) stock, equidae, domestic animals, cattle, extinct animals, asses, pigs, sheep, family equidae, farm animals, force hostess: (n) mistress, air hostess, flight attendant, housewife, steward, innkeeper, landlady, prostitute, host hotly: (adv) heatedly, passionately, fervidly, fervently, pepperily, sultrily, intensely, sharply, torridly; (adj, adv) violently, vehemently. ANTONYMS: (adv) impassively, mildly household: (adj, n) house, home; (adj) domestic; (adj, v) ordinary, common; (n) folk, stock, clan, menage; (v) everyday, usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfamiliar, public housekeeper: (n) factotum, mistress, shepherd, householder, housewife, domestic, cleaning woman, croupier, domestic help, seneschal, house servant housekeeping: (n) housewifery, household, domestic science housewife: (n) homemaker, mistress, housekeeper, matron, wife, hostess, hussif, dame, woman of the house, lady of the house, busy bee

232 housework: (n) housekeeping, chore, work howl: (n, v) cry, roar, scream, bark, shout, yell, bay, yelp; (v) bawl, growl, yawl. ANTONYM: (v) laugh howling: (n) howl, cry; (adj) fierce, fantastic, gross, glaring, marvelous, wonderful, wondrous; (adj, n) weeping, sniveling huddled: (adj) crouched, crouching, hunkered down, hunkered hugging: (n) caressing, fondling, stimulation, embracing, kissing, foreplay, gorgerin, necking, smooching, snuggling, arousal humbled: (adj) humble, humiliated, crushed, depressed, dispirited, abased, broken in, abject, ashamed; (n) humbler; (v) apart humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously humor: (n, v) caprice, freak, humour; (n) temper, mood, disposition, wit; (v) indulge, gratify; (adj, n) spirit, frame of mind. ANTONYMS: (n) seriousness, gravity, solemnity; (v) displease hump: (n) bulge, swelling, knob, gibbosity, protuberance, bunch, lump; (n, v) hunch; (v) jazz, fuck, bed. ANTONYM: (n) crater hung: (n) hanging; (v) Heng; (adj) fatigued, puzzled, decorated hungry: (adj) eager, avid, famished, starving, esurient, greedy, ravenous, desirous, meager, starveling; (v) starve. ANTONYMS: (adj) full, satiated, sated, thirsty, unconcerned, moderate, healthy, disinterested hunter: (n) fowler, huntsman, trapper, Nimrod, seeker, tracker, falconer, hawker, courser, watch, ticker hunting: (n, v) chase; (v) battue; (n) exploration, pursuit, search, ducking, beagling, coursing, frisking, venery, shooting hurried: (adj) fast, sudden, speedy, rapid, quick, swift, headlong, abrupt, cursory, precipitate, prompt. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhurried, leisurely, considered, patient, meticulous, thorough hurry: (n) haste; (n, v) bustle, hasten, dispatch, flurry, rush; (v) scurry, dash, accelerate, expedite, run.

O Pioneers! ANTONYMS: (n) slowness, calmness, patience, unimportance; (v) dawdle, delay, linger, crawl, amble; (intj) wait hurrying: (n) hastening, speed, quickening, rushing, early, speeding, speeding up, stepping up, amphetamine, forward, eager hurt: (adj, n, v) damage, detriment; (adj, n) evil; (n, v) wound, pain, ache, distress; (n) disadvantage, lesion; (v) afflict; (adj, v) injure. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhurt, unaffected, healed; (v) encourage, please, protect, repair, defend; (n, v) help; (n) reparation, pleasure hurting: (adj) aching, painful, tender; (n) hurt, ache, sting, pain, colic, dysmenorrhea, agony; (v) causing pain. ANTONYM: (adj) painless hushed: (adj) calm, silent, still, subdued, placid, muffled, noiseless, soft, soundless, tranquil, gentle. ANTONYM: (adj) noisy huss: (n) John Huss, Hus hymn: (n) song, canticle, chant, anthem, carol, chorale, doxology; (v) glorify, laud, sing, extol identity: (n) unity, identicalness, sameness, individuality, personality, identification, character, identity operator, similarity, equality, person idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, unfounded, fruitless, baseless, groundless, frivolous, empty, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) active, employed, industrious, energetic, meaningful, productive, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, work idleness: (n) lethargy, laziness, torpor, inactivity, idling, unemployment, sloth, inaction, inertia, faineance, idlesse. ANTONYMS: (n) energy, activity, bustle, liveliness, responsibility idling: (n) idleness, loafing, faineance, dalliance, idle motion, dolce far niente, idling speed; (v) to slide; (adj) trifling ill-humor: (n) chagrin illinois: (n) IL, land of Lincoln, prairie state; (adj) Midwestern illness: (n, v) ailment, disorder, distemper; (n) sickness, complaint, malady, attack, affliction, pain, bug, trouble. ANTONYMS: (n) wellness, health illusion: (n, v) delusion; (n) fantasy, apparition, deception, magic, fancy, deceit, dissimulation, phantom, trick, vision. ANTONYMS: (n)

reality, fact illustrated: (adj) embellished, decorated, distinguished, graphic image: (n, v) picture, fancy, design; (n) impression, conception, effigy, idea, form, resemblance, epitome; (v) depict. ANTONYM: (n) reality imagination: (n) vision, fancy, image, dream, conceit, imagery, originality, invention, resource, reflection, phantasy imagined: (adj) fanciful, notional, unreal, fancied, fictitious, nonexistent, unseen, hypothetical, feigned, dubious, doubtful imagining: (n) conception, daydream, fantasy, opinion; (v) imagine; (adj) imaginant immune: (adj) free, insusceptible, resistant, impervious, vacant, not liable; (n) carrier, person, soul, someone, somebody. ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, liable impatient: (adj) eager, anxious, petulant, fidgety, vexed, keen, edgy, quick, avid, irritable, fretful. ANTONYMS: (adj) patient, enduring, unenthusiastic, calm, happy, relaxed, slow impatiently: (adv) petulantly, restlessly, keenly, intolerantly, hastily, avidly, uneasily, enthusiastically, edgily, fidgetily, restively. ANTONYMS: (adv) uncomplainingly, calmly, unenthusiastically, lightly impersonal: (adj) neutral, objective, detached, cold, impartial, indifferent, aloof, personal, equitable, remote, clinical. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, friend, involved impertinence: (n) audacity, gall, impudence, insolence, disrespect, effrontery, brass, boldness, impertinency, sauciness, freshness. ANTONYMS: (n) politeness, seriousness, reticence impervious: (adj) impenetrable, inaccessible, callous, impassable, imperviable, invulnerable, waterproof, tight, resistant, insensitive, pachydermatous. ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, pervious, susceptible, affected, penetrable, receptive, scared, sensitive impetuously: (adv) rashly, impulsively, vehemently, precipitately, fiercely, headily, passionately, intensely, fierily, spontaneously, thoughtlessly.

Willa Cather ANTONYMS: (adv) deliberately, sensibly, patiently import: (n, v) matter, sense, denote; (n) meaning, effect, connotation, implication, moment, significance, value; (v) imply. ANTONYMS: (n, v) export; (n) insignificance, inconsequence, triviality impossible: (adj) unimaginable, insufferable, unbelievable, hopeless, impracticable, impractical, inconceivable, unlikely, unthinkable, unable, ridiculous. ANTONYMS: (adj) feasible, achievable, manageable, bearable, attainable, on, tolerable, probable, hopeful, easy, consistent impressed: (adj) touched, bewildered, amazed, susceptible, stupefied, stunned, confused, bemused; (v) imprinted, stamped, carved. ANTONYM: (adj) unimpressed impression: (n) feeling, idea, imprint, conception, depression, notion, mark, image, dent, feel, opinion. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, hump, lump improved: (adj) enhanced, new, reformed, finer, enlarged, greater, greater than before, more, higher, increased, transformed. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, lesser, unimproved impulsive: (adj) capricious, hasty, driving, rash, instinctive, changeable, hotheaded, quicktempered, impellent, headlong, passionate. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, considered, predictable, unflappable, prepared, sensible, gradual, overdue, patient, placid, premeditated impunity: (n) impune, come off, freedom, immunity, permission, forgiveness. ANTONYM: (n) liability inaccessible: (adj) impervious, remote, impenetrable, distant, unapproachable, unattainable, untouchable, unobtainable, unaccessible, impossible, aloof. ANTONYMS: (adj) available, nearby, attainable, approachable, achievable inarticulate: (adj) unintelligible, silent, vague, muffled, incoherent, mute, incomprehensible, unarticulate, speechless, guttural, fuzzy. ANTONYMS: (adj) articulate, eloquent, fluent, distinct, talkative incapable: (adj) impotent,

inadequate, unable, helpless, powerless, unqualified, inept, insufficient, inapt, ineffectual, unfit. ANTONYMS: (adj) able, competent, strong, powerful, effective incentive: (n) encouragement, cause, motive, impulse, inspiration, spur, motivation, fillip, whip; (n, v) stimulus, goad. ANTONYMS: (n) disincentive, constraint, penalty incessantly: (adv) constantly, endlessly, continually, perpetually, continuously, unceasingly, eternally, persistently, unremittingly, unendingly, steadily. ANTONYMS: (adv) sporadically, briefly inch: (n) in, bit, column inch, morsel; (v) crawl, creep, ease; (adj) tatter, mite, seed, shive inconceivable: (adj, v) unbelievable, hard to believe; (adj) impossible, implausible, incomprehensible, unimaginable, unthinkable, improbable, unintelligible, inscrutable, fabulous. ANTONYMS: (adj) conceivable, believable, likely, understandable, credible inconsistently: (adv) illogically, irrationally, contradictorily, incongruously, irregularly, conflictingly, discrepantly, inconstantly, incompatibly, unevenly, preposterously. ANTONYMS: (adv) constantly, logically, systematically, reliably, steadily incredulous: (adj) dubious, doubtful, suspicious, unbelieving, faithless, skeptical, doubting, lacking faith, questioning, cynical, mistrustful. ANTONYM: (adj) convinced incredulously: (adv) skeptically, disbelievingly, distrustfully, suspiciously, dubiously, doubtfully, questioningly, uncertainly, mistrustfully, doubtingly, cynically indecorous: (adj) indecent, unbecoming, impolite, unseemly, coarse, indelicate, inappropriate, untoward, immodest, unsuitable, tasteless. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, decorous, proper, dignified, correct, decent indeterminate: (adj) inconclusive, indefinite, equivocal, vague, neutral, indistinct, obscure, undetermined, indecisive, inexact, adventitious. ANTONYMS: (adj) quantifiable, definite, determinate, specific, exact, certain, strong indian: (n) American Indian, Red Indian, redskin, India, Amerindian,

233 Shoshones, Aleut, squaw, sannup, creeks; (adj, n) Amerind indifferent: (adj) apathetic, impassive, cold, cool, callous, fair, insensible, unconcerned, careless, dull, average. ANTONYMS: (adj) enthusiastic, fervent, keen, obsessive, energetic, eager, involved, surprised, exceptional, concerned, shocked indignant: (adj) angry, incensed, furious, enraged, wrathful, hurt, rage, provoked, hot, anger, irate. ANTONYMS: (adj) cool, content, unaffected indignantly: (adv) irately, angrily, wrathfully, enragedly, sorely, acrimoniously, cynically, sulkily, hotly, exasperatedly, furiously indignation: (n) anger, resentment, displeasure, grudge, umbrage, rage, outrage, exasperation, choler, dudgeon; (adj, n) wrath. ANTONYMS: (n) contentment, pleasure indolent: (adj) idle, lazy, slothful, sluggish, careless, slow, dull, torpid, inert, drowsy, listless. ANTONYMS: (adj) active, industrious, vigorous, diligent indulge: (n, v) gratify, humor; (v) coddle, cosset, baby, pamper, spoil, satisfy, please, mollycoddle, cocker. ANTONYMS: (v) frustrate, deprive, stifle, neglect, deny, displease, fast indulged: (adj) pet, privileged, cherished, admired indulgence: (adj, n) gratification, delight; (n) allowance, extravagance, debauchery, hobby, tolerance, luxury, enjoyment, leniency, pardon. ANTONYMS: (n) denial, virtue, intolerance, uprightness, necessity, indifference, dismay, severity indulging: (n) pampering, excess, indulgence, orgy, folly, foolery, gratification industrious: (adj) diligent, assiduous, indefatigable, busy, energetic, hardworking, laborious, tireless, earnest, keen, enterprising. ANTONYMS: (adj) indolent, idle, destructive, weary, careless ineffable: (adj) indescribable, unspeakable, unutterable, indefinable, inexpressible, beyond expression, unimaginable, beyond words, unpronounceable, dreadful, untellable inexhaustible: (adj) indefatigable, immeasurable, unfailing, infinite,

234 boundless, illimitable, unlimited, incalculable, unexhaustible, unapproachable, unfathomable. ANTONYMS: (adj) limited, unproductive infatuation: (adj) devotion, fascination, enchantment, gross credulity; (adj, n) passion, fervor, fanaticism; (n) crush, idolatry, love, hobby. ANTONYM: (n) indifference infirmity: (adj, n) frailty, foible, imbecility; (n) feebleness, impotence, disability, decrepitude, illness, sickness, disease, weakness. ANTONYMS: (n) health, wellness, strength inflection: (n) accent, inflexion, flection, modulation, flexion, intonation, declension, bending, conjugation, accentuation, emphasis injury: (n, v) harm, grievance, detriment, damage, hurt; (n) disservice, wound, impairment, ill, bruise, affront. ANTONYMS: (n) reparation, justice, help, defense, benefit inlet: (n) bay, cove, gulf, entry, entrance, arm, gateway, loch, armlet, intake, recess innocent: (adj) chaste, artless, clear, ingenuous, innocuous, guileless, guiltless, ignorant, unsophisticated, spotless, naive. ANTONYMS: (adj) culpable, responsible, wicked, wary, experienced, corrupt, worldly, unfair, meaningful, offensive, jaded innocently: (adv) innocuously, ingenuously, inoffensively, naively, purely, simplely, artlessly, unsophisticatedly, blamelessly, spotlessly, cleanly. ANTONYMS: (adv) artfully, meaningfully, indecently, immorally, illicitly, intentionally, knowingly, unkindly, suspiciously, offensively, deliberately inquiringly: (adv) enquiringly, inquisitively, nosily, curiously, pryingly, interestedly, searchingly, inquiring, quizzically, intrusively insect: (n) worm, flea, hymenopteran, hymenopteron, earwig, dirt ball, homopteran, hemipteran, gallfly, fish, biting louse insects: (n) Arthropoda, phylum Arthropoda, Insecta, Hexapoda, crustaceans, class Insecta, class Hexapoda, centipedes insides: (n) bowels, innards, entrails, intestines, filling, belly, gut, viscera, stomach insignificant: (adj) inconsequential,

O Pioneers! inconsiderable, humble, poor, immaterial, trivial, unimportant, light, infinitesimal, indifferent, small. ANTONYMS: (adj) significant, enormous, major, important, huge, substantial, considerable, great, colossal, valuable, influential insipid: (adj) tasteless, bland, dull, watery, flavorless, uninteresting, vapid, savorless, boring, tame, humdrum. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, tasty, interesting, flavorful, spicy, lively, colorful, dark, bright, inspired, imaginative instance: (n) exemplar, case, time, illustration, sample, affair, pattern, chance, cause; (v) exemplify, illustrate instant: (adj, n) present; (adj) immediate, prompt; (n) flash, minute, jiffy, point, second; (adj, v) exigent; (adj, n, v) pressing, urgent. ANTONYMS: (n) age, eternity; (adj) considered, delayed, slow instead: (adv) instead of, alternatively, as an alternative, in place of, more willingly, to compensate for, sooner, preferably, otherwise, on the other hand; (n) lieu instinct: (n) impulse, urge, aptitude, gift, feeling, sixth sense, inherent aptitude, knack, inspiration, talent, genius institution: (n) creation, formation, asylum, agency, founding, academy, foundation, organ, initiation, method; (adj, n) institute intangible: (adj) immaterial, incorporeal, ethereal, indefinite, spiritual, elusive, imperceptible, insubstantial, airy, indefinable; (n) intangible asset. ANTONYMS: (adj) concrete, palpable, touchable, actual intelligent: (adj) intellectual, astute, sensible, alert, rational, quickwitted, bright, cunning, gifted, knowledgeable, brilliant. ANTONYMS: (adj) dim, thick, slow, stupid, dull, foolish intend: (v) destine, design, mean, aim, determine, denote, contemplate, plan, purpose, consider, believe. ANTONYM: (v) improvise intense: (adj) acute, deep, brilliant, fervent, fierce, ardent, burning, severe, furious, extreme; (adj, v) vivid. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, calm, weak, slight, imperceptible, superficial, shallow, gentle, dim,

insignificant, relaxed intent: (n) idea, intention, design, spirit, meaning, import, goal, purpose; (adj, n) attentive; (adj) absorbed, engrossed intently: (adv) fixedly, attentively, seriously, raptly, intensely, closely, steadily, eagerly, absorbedly, hard, steadfastly. ANTONYM: (adv) absently intentness: (adj, n) earnestness, zeal; (adj) ardor, empressement; (n) concentration, absorption, engrossment, intentiveness, earnest, complete attention, handsel interested: (adj) concerned, involved, inquiring, inquisitive, keen, interesting, attentive, fascinated, responsive, partial, eager. ANTONYMS: (adj) uninterested, bored, indifferent, unconcerned, hostile interior: (adj) inner, internal, inland, inward, midland, central, domestic, innermost; (n) hinterland, bosom; (adj, n) center. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) exterior; (adj) external, foreign, outer, outdoor; (n) shore, shoreline, edge interlacing: (adj) network, complex, interleaving, interlinking, interwoven intermingled: (adj) amalgamated, integrated, coalesced, blended, incorporated, assorted, consolidated, incorporate, amalgamate, fused interrupted: (adj) discontinuous, fitful, intermittent, discontinued, disconnected, unsuccessive, intervallic, episodic, gaping, periodic; (prep) interrupt interstate: (n) freeway, highway, thruway, clearway, parkway, throughway; (adj) national. ANTONYM: (adj) intrastate interval: (n) intermission, interruption, distance, break, interlude, hiatus, interim, pause, period, respite, gap. ANTONYM: (n) intensification interview: (n) consultation, audience, conversation, hearing, examination, appointment, dialogue; (v) question, interrogate; (n, v) talk, encounter introduced: (adj) exotic, familiar, foisted in, imported invisible: (adj) obscure, hidden, inconspicuous, intangible, sightless, concealed, impalpable, occult, indiscernible, inappreciable, unseen. ANTONYMS: (adj) obvious,

Willa Cather conspicuous, noticeable, palpable invitation: (n) call, bidding, temptation, lure, asking, request, attraction, enticement; (v) invite, solicitation; (n, v) supplication iowa: (adj) Midwestern, Indiana; (n) intelligence quotient, IA, I Samuel, Hawkeye State iris: (n) diaphragm, flag, pupil, rainbow, gladdon, blue flag, white, tulip, comet, tortoise shell, peacock irishman: (n) mick, paddy, Teague, Irelander, Mickey, Scotchman, Canadian, aboriginal, Cambrian, Scot, Caledonian iron: (v) firm, flatten; (n) Fe, chain, cast iron, irons; (adj) hard, adamant, steel, harsh, tenacious ironing: (n) flatwork, household linen, flat wash ironweed: (n) vernonia, herb irony: (n) sarcasm, ridicule, raillery, banter, derision, quiz, mockery, figure of speech; (adj, n) satire, humor, burlesque. ANTONYM: (n) sincerity irreproachable: (adj) blameless, spotless, faultless, flawless, innocent, unimpeachable, inculpable, impeccable, immaculate, unblemished, above reproach. ANTONYMS: (adj) reprehensible, shameful, blameworthy, guilty irritated: (adj) annoyed, exasperated, incensed, enraged, aggravated, furious, irate, inflamed, sore, displeased, provoked. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, pleased, patient, contented island: (n, v) isle; (n) islet, reef, safety zone, Cebu, Papua; (v) insulate, isolate, segregate, sequester, separate italian: (n) dago, romance language, Oscan, Guinea, greaseball, Etruscan, Italian cloth; (adj) Ausonian jack: (n) flag, jackass, mariner, fellow, jackfruit, sailor, jackscrew, socket, blue Peter, amberfish, crevalle jack jacket: (n) sheath, cover, case, covering, envelope, coat, blazer, doublet, dust cover, skin, shield jaded: (adj) tired, fatigued, worn, weary, wearied, fed up, satiate, worn-out, bored, satiated, sick. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, innocent, brilliant jauntily: (adv) cheerfully, airily, brightly, sprucely, smartly, merrily, dashingly, nattily, buoyantly, breezily, lightly jealous: (adj) distrustful, envious,

covetous, suspicious, jealousy, resentful, invidious, green, grudging, jaundiced, attentive. ANTONYM: (adj) trusting jealousy: (n) suspicion, jealous, jealousness, envy, envious, alertness, distrust, contention, competition, scruple, qualm jean: (n) denim, blue Jean, Jane, Levis, trousers jerk: (n, v) jump, yank, shake, twitch, jar, tug, bump, heave, pull; (v) fling, flip. ANTONYM: (v) ease jerking: (adj) arrhythmic, arrhythmical, jerky, unsteady; (n) movement, jolt, dork, jar jewel: (n) gemstone, darling, diamond, jewelry, trinket, treasure, ornament, idol; (adj, n) bijou, precious stone; (adj) brilliant join: (v) unite, connect, associate, combine, graft, assemble, attach, affiliate, meet, get together; (n, v) link. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, secede, detach, undo, disjoin, exclude, leave, disconnect, diverge, refrain, untie joined: (adj) coupled, united, allied, connected, joint, associated, linked, amalgamated, concerted, incorporated; (n) joining. ANTONYMS: (adj) disjointed, rival joke: (n, v) banter; (n) hoax, fun, quip, gag, caper, game, antic, prank, humor; (v) tease jolly: (adj) gay, cheerful, happy, festive, genial, bright, cheery, merry, jocund; (v) chaff; (adv) lively. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious jolted: (adj) agitated journey: (n, v) jaunt, go, travel, cruise, fare; (n) excursion, way, expedition, trip, passage, voyage. ANTONYM: (v) settle joyfully: (adv) joyously, merrily, gaily, gleefully, buoyantly, cheerily, jubilantly, pleasantly, mirthfully; (adv, v) happily; (adj, adv) cheerfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) joylessly, miserably, despondently joyous: (adj) happy, gleeful, elated, jolly, glad, gay, jovial, merry, festive, cheerful, jocund. ANTONYMS: (adj) despairing, joyless, miserable judge: (v) consider, think, evaluate, believe, condemn, assess, calculate, guess; (n) arbitrator, arbiter; (n, v) umpire. ANTONYM: (v) doubt judgment: (n, v) decision, belief, discernment, condemnation, sense, discrimination; (n) determination,

235 discretion, opinion, assessment, adjudication. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, request, tastelessness jump: (n, v) bound, start, bounce, hop, caper, startle, dive, rise; (v) spring, hurdle; (adj, v) skip. ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease; (v) surface, drop, hesitate jumping: (n) saltation, leaping, header, start, propulsion; (adj) moving, festive; (v) bounding, salient, dancing; (adv) leapingly keenly: (adv) eagerly, zealously, piercingly, acutely, cuttingly, ardently, strongly, lively, penetratingly, fervently, avidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unenthusiastically, apathetically, faintly, reluctantly, patiently, passively, halfheartedly, vaguely keeping: (n) care, conservation, charge, guardianship, maintenance, holding, observance, storage, conformation, consistency, conformity kerosene: (n) petroleum, kerosine, oil, paraffin, petrol, fuel oil, distillate, gas, diesel fuel; (n, v) gasoline; (v) Naptha khaki: (n) tan, fabric, cloth, beige, uniform, brown; (adj) chromatic kick: (v) grumble, complain; (n) bitch, beef, thrill, gripe, charge, excitement; (n, v) recoil, spurn, protest. ANTONYMS: (v) start; (n) bore kicks: (n) elation, thrill, excitement, fulfillment, gratification, pleasure kill: (n, v) assassinate, destroy; (v) erase, annihilate, eliminate, extinguish, finish, blast, decimate, execute, eradicate. ANTONYMS: (v) revitalize, revive; (n) hunter killed: (n) casualty; (adj) fallen killing: (n) carnage, manslaughter, murder, kill, cleanup, bloodshed, assassination, massacre; (v) captivating; (adj) fatal, draining. ANTONYM: (n) preservation kindle: (adj, v) inflame; (v) fire, excite, arouse, burn, flame, awaken, incite, enkindle, stir; (n, v) light. ANTONYMS: (v) enkindle, dampen, calm, extinguish, quench, stifle kindly: (adj) kind, amiable, genial, charitable; (adv) sympathetically, benevolently, tenderly; (adj, n) benign, gentle, sympathetic, benevolent. ANTONYMS: (adv) harshly, nastily, callously, cruelly, sharply, disagreeably, grumpily, malevolently; (adj) upsetting,

236 unfeeling, sour kinsmen: (n) kin, kindred, family, kinsfolk, people, affinity kirtle: (n) dress, frock, tunic, cape, tippet kiss: (n, v) caress, brush, embrace, touch; (n) osculation, salute, lip, Kiss of peace, kiss hands; (v) osculate, love kitchen: (n) galley, cuisine, cookroom, cookery, basement, caboose, fireplace, hearth, room, offices, scullery kitten: (n) cat, foal, kitty, colt, foetus; (v) teem, flower, fructify, bear fruit, farrow, EAN kittens: (n) dust, fuzz kitty: (n) pussy, pussycat, pool, puss, jackpot, stakes, stake, wager, cat, fund, consortium knee: (n) bracket, articulation, joint, kneel, knee joint, genu, articulatio genus, scythe, zigzag, sickle, bend kneeling: (n) homage, kowtow, kneelingly, prostration, genuflexion, genuflection, curtsy, courtesy, obeisance knees: (n) knee knife: (adj, n) blade; (adj) cutlery, edge tool; (v) stab; (n) sword, cleaver, whittle, cutter, tongue, pocketknife, chopper knit: (adj, v) tie, lace; (v) plait, intertwine, bind, join, pucker, fasten, interlace; (adj) stitch, knitted knocking: (n) sound, bang, beating, hit, rap, strike, belt, criticism, bash knowing: (adj, v) canny, crafty, wise; (adj, n) clever; (adj) conscious, aware, ingenious, intelligent, bright, conversant, smart. ANTONYMS: (adj) naive, uncomprehending, unconscious knuckles: (n) brass knuckles, knuckle duster, weapon, arm, knucks, hand labor: (n, v) toil, endeavor, drudgery, travail, struggle, confinement, childbirth, delivery, grind; (n) effort, exertion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) rest; (v) relax, ignore; (n) management, leisure, death, relaxation laborious: (adj) hard, arduous, backbreaking, heavy, industrious, diligent, grueling, assiduous, exhausting, formidable, tough. ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, effortless, undemanding, light, brisk lace: (v) entwine, interlace, braid, bind; (adj, v) tie, string; (n) lacing, ribbon, edging; (n, v) net, rope. ANTONYMS: (v) untie, untwine, unpick

O Pioneers! laconically: (adv) pithily, tersely, succinctly, shortly, curtly, dryly, concisely, briefly, sententiously, summarily, compendiously laden: (adj) burdened, full, loaded, ladened, filled, hampered, heavy, charged, encumbered; (v) lade, load. ANTONYMS: (adj) empty, lacking ladle: (v) lade, scoop, dip, laden, transfuse; (n, v) shovel; (n) spoon, trowel, watch glass, vessel, thimble laid: (adj) layed, lay, place, placed, put, situated, arranged, determined, dictated, hardened, ordered lame: (adj) crippled, disabled, halting, feeble, halt, weak, paralytic; (adj, n) game; (adj, v) paralyze, maim, becripple lamp: (n) light, lantern, beacon, headlight, flashbulb, flashgun, table lamp, oil lamp, storm lantern; (n, v) look; (v) behold landed: (adj) land, territorial, allodial, predial landlady: (n) landlord, madam, proprietor, hostess, innkeeper, landholder, lady of the house landscape: (n) sight, vista, scene, scenery, outlook, view, ground, lookout, landscape painting, countryside, perspective languidly: (adv) languorously, listlessly, wearily, lethargically, slowly, dreamily, limply, weakly, torpidly, indolently, impassively. ANTONYMS: (adv) dynamically, vigorously lantern: (n) beacon, light, dormer, tube, lighting fitting, bedside light, street light, street lamp, oil lamp, lime light, lanthorn larger: (adj) bigger, big, more, major, large, greater, largest, exceed, superior, generously proportioned, excel lark: (n) joke, fun, trick, prank, antic, caper, game; (n, v) romp, frolic, gambol; (v) rollick larks: (n) family Alaudidae lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) recent lather: (n, v) froth, bubble; (v) lash, flog, trounce, whip, soap, welt; (n) head, flap, spume latter: (adj) later, last, terminal, recent, posterior, final, following, the latter, past, other, eventual. ANTONYMS: (adj) prior, earlier laugh: (n, v) joke, giggle, chortle, titter, snicker; (v) smile; (n) jest, gag,

jape, laughter, cackle. ANTONYM: (v) weep laughing: (adj) merry, smiling, laughable, jolly, gay, lighthearted, frolicsome, playful, pleased, dizzy; (adv) laughingly. ANTONYM: (adj) serious laughs: (n) diversion, comedy, amusement, sport, recreation, merriment, entertainment, levity laughter: (n) amusement, fun, guffaw, merriment, chortle, chuckle, mirth, hilarity, giggle, derision, happiness. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, gloom, despair, boredom, misery, despondency lawyer: (n) counsel, barrister, attorney, jurist, counsellor, counselor, conveyancer, ambulance chaser, adviser, trial lawyer, pleader laying: (n) egg laying, placing, parturition, place, repose, setting, put, position, lay, oyster park, oviposition leaden: (adj) heavy, gray, sluggish, grey, inert, torpid, grave, languid, drab, burdensome, livid. ANTONYM: (adj) bright leader: (n) chief, guide, head, captain, boss, director, commander, chieftain, conductor, administrator, lead. ANTONYMS: (n) straggler, laggard, supporter, underdog, inferior leafy: (adj) green, verdant, lush, foliose, foliate, leafed, luxuriant, foliaceous, leaved, bowery, flourishing. ANTONYMS: (adj) leafless, urban, withering leaned: (v) erudite, lettered; (adj) tilted, inclined, educated leaning: (adj, n) bent, disposition, partiality; (n) propensity, bias, tendency, incline, lean; (adj) tilted, canted, inclined. ANTONYMS: (n) antipathy, dislike; (adj) upright learn: (v) get, find, ascertain, hear, find out, have, determine, con, acquire, tell; (n, v) know. ANTONYM: (v) reject learned: (adj) educated, knowledgeable, scholarly, academic, cultured, literary, bookish, lettered; (adj, v) enlightened, wise, knowing. ANTONYMS: (adj) innate, unconditioned, foolish, unlearned least: (n) minimum; (adj) smallest, minimal, littlest, lowest, insignificant, minutest, negligible; (adj, n) smallest amount; (adv) at least, fully. ANTONYMS: (adj) maximum, greatest; (adj, adv) most

Willa Cather leaves: (n) departure, leaving, plants, trees, vegetation leave-taking: (n) farewell, adieu, parting, goodbye, leave, separation, departure, exit ledger: (n) book, account book, daybook, account, book of account, leger, books, calendar, diary, ephemeris, crossbar legend: (n) caption, fable, fiction, inscription, tale, folk tale, account, tradition, title, story, myth leggings: (n) gramashes, pedal pushers legs: (v) pegs, trotters, pins; (n) patience, pedestal, stamina lemon: (n) lemon yellow, gamboge, citrus Limon, automobile, citron, sapidity, yellowness, tang, corn, crumb, clunker lend: (v) grant, give, advance, impart, bestow, contribute, borrow, bring, add, confer; (n) lending length: (n, v) extent; (n) distance, range, duration, size, measurement, longness, dimension, depth, compass, quantity. ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, width, breadth, brevity, conciseness lessons: (n) classes, coaching, tuition, schoolwork, revision, learning, education, training letters: (n) erudition, literature, correspondence, lore, script, scholarship, post, print, mail, letter, polite literature letting: (n) lease, rental, let, renting, hire, leasing, rent, belongings, permission; (adj) lenient liberal: (adj) bountiful, handsome, benevolent, large, abundant, big, kind, broad, charitable, tolerant; (adj, n) free. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) conservative; (adj) totalitarian, oppressive, intolerant, reactionary, proactive, miserly, rigid, insufficient, stingy, tightfisted liberty: (adj, n) freedom, franchise; (n) license, leave, independence, autonomy, emancipation, latitude, permission, scope, release. ANTONYMS: (n) slavery, domination, constraint, suppression, dependence library: (n) program library, collection, depository library, atheneum, athenaeum, room, repository, series, public library, study, subroutine library lids: (n) lid lies: (n) fabrication, falsehood, lie, lying, deceit, defamation,

denigration, dishonesty, slander, libel, treachery. ANTONYM: (n) truth lifetime: (n) life, life span, lifespan, life expectancy, generation, hour, decade, day, time, animation; (adj) lifelong lift: (n, v) raise, rise, elevator, boost, heave, hike, airlift, advance; (v) elevate, erect, filch. ANTONYMS: (v) lower, descend, drop, hinder, put, return, impose; (n, v) knock lifted: (adj) raised, elevated, lift, lofty, upraised, steep lighting: (n) light, kindling, ignition, firing, inflammation, burning, combustion, setup, the illumination supplied by lights, illume, illuminate lightly: (adv) slightly, airily, thinly, easily, gently, light, fairly, weakly, flimsily, delicately, wantonly. ANTONYMS: (adv) seriously, heavily, thickly, sturdily, angrily, hard, harshly, densely, brightly, awkwardly lightning: (n) levin, electricity, thunderbolt, Leven, ignis fatuus, heat lightning, forked lightning, fetter, dart, chain lightning; (adj) wind lights: (n) illumination, burn, lung, spacing material liked: (adj) popular, loved, favorite, preferred. ANTONYM: (adj) disliked likeness: (n) resemblance, copy, effigy, image, affinity, similarity, correspondence, facsimile; (adj, n) figure, form, semblance. ANTONYMS: (n) difference, diversity, dissimilarity, unlikeness, contrast likes: (n) kind, sort, type liking: (n, v) inclination; (n) fancy, appetite, taste, fondness, predilection, affection, partiality, admiration, approval, appreciation. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, aversion, hatred, indifference, detachment, dissatisfaction, antipathy limply: (adv) softly, loosely, flaccidly, languidly, flimsily, floppily, droopily, weakly, indolently, inertly, flabbily. ANTONYMS: (adv) animatedly, energetically lincoln: (n) capital of Nebraska, fin, fiver, president Lincoln lindens: (n) basswood, genus Tilia lingeringly: (adv) slowly, longly, chronically, dilatorily, extendedly, leisurely

237 lining: (n) liner, backing, bushing, insulation, covering, coating, bearing lining, babbitting, inside, protection, cladding lips: (n) lip, inlet, logical inference per second, chops, porch, portal, portico, propylon, snout, door, orifice liquid: (adj) flowing, fluid, juicy, limpid, watery, succulent, sappy; (n) liquor, drink, beverage, juice. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) gaseous; (adj) firm, set, unavailable, unmelted listen: (v) hear, heed, hearken, attend, harken, list, listening, eavesdrop, mind, concentrate, pay attention listening: (v) listen, hear, obey; (n) auscultation, perception, sensing, audition, audience, earshot, auditory modality; (adj) attentive listlessly: (adv) sluggishly, spiritlessly, indifferently, languidly, slowly, weakly, indolently, supinely, lazily, inanimately, slackly. ANTONYMS: (adv) brightly, nimbly lithe: (adj, v) limber, flexible; (adj) graceful, slender, lissom, supple, lissome, svelte, agile, ductile, elastic. ANTONYMS: (adj) clumsy, stiff, inflexible litter: (adj, n) brood, jumble; (n) bedding, stretcher, waste, refuse, junk, trash, mess; (n, v) clutter; (adj) disarray. ANTONYMS: (v) clean; (n) space lively: (adj, adv) jolly, sprightly; (adj, v) active, cheerful; (adj) energetic, agile, keen, busy, gay, fresh, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) lethargic, listless, inactive, unexciting, lifeless, awkward, sad, gentle, tired, insipid, subdued load: (adj, n, v) charge, fill; (n) cargo, freight, weight, consignment; (n, v) stack, heap, pack, pile; (v) encumber. ANTONYMS: (v) unpack, remove, eject, relieve, empty, alleviate; (n) lightness loading: (n) cargo, load, burden, consignment, lading, charging, filler, freightage, encumbrance, shipment, burthen loafer: (n) dawdler, idler, bum, layabout, lounger, loon, shirker, slacker, tramp, dallier, blackguard lobby: (n) foyer, hallway, anteroom, lounge, entrance hall, vestibule, aisle, antechamber, corridor, pressure group, entry. ANTONYM: (n) exit locally: (adv) nationally, natively,

238 provincially, parochially, regionally, sectionally, internally, districtly, restrictedly, homely, indigenously. ANTONYMS: (adv) countrywide, nationally, internationally lock: (n, v) bar, hug; (v) close, latch, fasten, engage, hold; (adj, n) hair; (n) curl, padlock, hook. ANTONYMS: (v) open, undo, disengage, flex; (n) key; (adv) partially, partly locked: (adj) bolted, closed, fast, barred, blocked, fixed, guaranteed, barricaded, safe, protected, fastened locust: (n) courbaril, cicada, wood, carob, clammy locust, Colorado beetle, black locust, acridid, honey locust, locust tree; (v) losel loft: (n) garret, cockloft, hayloft, upper story, story, storey, farmhouse, igloo, cottage; (v) propel, impel lonely: (adj) deserted, lone, dreary, solitary, forsaken, desert; (adj, n) isolated, alone; (adv) lonesomely, solely, solitarily. ANTONYMS: (adj) sheltered, populous, cheerful, nearby; (n) foe longer: (adj) longest, better, lengest; (adv) farther; (n) yearner, thirster longing: (n, v) desire, aspiration; (adj) eager, wistful, nostalgic; (n) nostalgia, wish, hankering, urge, appetite; (adj, n) yearning. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, disinclination; (adj) satisfied, unconcerned loose: (adj, v) lax, dissolute; (adj, n) limp, liberal, licentious; (adj) light, vague; (v) disengage, relax, release, liberate. ANTONYMS: (adj) dense, close, taut, compressed, strict, compact, wedged, secure, strong, similar; (v) confine loosely: (adv) freely, vaguely, wantonly, broadly, softly, desultorily, laxly, relaxedly, lasciviously, baggily, flabbily. ANTONYMS: (adv) closely, firmly, tight, strictly, narrowly, efficiently, densely, accurately, precisely, clearly lose: (v) drop, forfeit, mislay, miss, sacrifice, fall behind, fail, to lose, forget, clear, hurt. ANTONYMS: (v) find, secure, recover, earn, obtain, acquire, get, win, beat, keep, succeed losing: (v) lose; (n) loss; (adv) losingly, behind; (adj) unbeneficial. ANTONYM: (adj) lucrative lots: (adj, n) plenty, heaps; (adj) a lot, galore; (n) many, scores, scads,

O Pioneers! oodles, much, masses; (adv) a great deal. ANTONYM: (n) few loud: (adj) flashy, garish, gaudy, blatant, brassy, boisterous, high, jazzy, brazen, piercing; (adj, adv) forte. ANTONYMS: (adj) tasteful, gentle, quiet, subtle, subdued, low, muted, weak, tranquil, thin; (adv) softly louis: (n) Joe Louis lounge: (n, v) loiter; (v) loll, loaf, recline, rest, dawdle, laze; (n) couch, saunter, divan, sofa. ANTONYM: (v) stand loved: (adj) beloved, pet, cherished, precious, liked, adored, respected, treasured, esteemed, valued; (n) darling. ANTONYM: (adj) hated lovely: (adj) beautiful, charming, lovable, enchanting, delightful, handsome, alluring, elegant, endearing, gorgeous; (adv) comely. ANTONYMS: (adj) unpleasant, hideous, ugly, unattractive, horrifying, horrid, unappealing, repellent, detestable, dreadful, awkward loving: (adj) fond, devoted, amorous, kind, friendly, ardent, attached, admiring, gentle, fatherly; (adj, v) tender. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, uncaring, malicious, cruel, unloving, rough, paternal, indifferent, distant, disapproving, callous lowed: (adj) dispirited, humbled, dejected lowered: (adj) lower, reduced, cheap, bated, humbled. ANTONYM: (adj) raised low-spirited: (adj) downcast, depressed, melancholy, dejected, despondent, downhearted, down in the mouth, sad luck: (n) fortune, fate, accident, destiny, hazard, lot, advantage, providence, portion, happiness; (n, v) chance. ANTONYM: (n) design lucky: (adj, n) auspicious, happy, favored; (adj) favorable, prosperous, propitious, successful, favourable, flourishing, fortuitous; (n) fortune. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlucky, hapless, unfortunate, unsuccessful, disadvantaged, inauspicious, underprivileged, unenviable, unsatisfactory lukewarm: (adj) indifferent, warm, cold, listless, halfhearted, mild, cool, unenthusiastic, apathetic, genial, frigid. ANTONYMS: (adj) hot, cool, cold, keen lumber: (n) timber, wood; (adj, n)

jumble, rubbish; (v) log, trail; (adv, v) plod; (adj) junk, litter, huddle, disarray lunch: (v) dine, eat, take tea, sup; (n) luncheon, tiffin, meal, dinner, dejeuner, brunch, noon lurching: (adj) stumbling, unsteady, weaving, astonishing, astounding lustrous: (adj, v) bright, splendent; (adj) glossy, brilliant, lucid, shiny, shining, light, luminous, sleek, radiant. ANTONYM: (adj) unhealthy lusty: (adj) energetic, stout, lustful, corpulent, potent, virile, vigorous, hearty, sturdy, bouncing, dynamic. ANTONYM: (adj) feeble luxuriant: (adj, n) lush; (adj) abundant, lavish, exuberant, dense, thick, fertile, flourishing, fecund, opulent, profuse. ANTONYMS: (adj) barren, meager, unhealthy, arid, withering, sparse, shabby, unadorned luxuriously: (adv) richly, sumptuously, extravagantly, opulently, magnificently, voluptuously, lushly, lavishly, palatially, sensually, gorgeously. ANTONYMS: (adv) meagerly, cheaply, simply lying: (adj) false, deceptive, mendacious, untrue, misleading, fraudulent; (n) lie, falsehood, fabrication, deceit, dishonesty. ANTONYMS: (n) honesty, truthfulness; (adj) truthful machine: (n) apparatus, device, implement, car, contrivance, auto, tool, organization, gadget, automobile, automaton machinery: (n) machine, apparatus, enginery, equipment, plant, system, gear, tackle, mechanism, work, installation magic: (n) incantation, charm, enchantment, sorcery, legerdemain, conjuring, glamour, black magic, illusion, theurgy; (adj) magical. ANTONYMS: (n) dullness, science; (adj) everyday, prosaic, normal, natural mail: (n, v) armor, shield; (v) send, get off, remit, habergeon; (n) hauberk, coat of mail, chain mail, mailing; (adj) postal. ANTONYM: (v) keep maimed: (adj) disabled, mutilated, deformed, truncated, faulty, cut short, game, cut off; (n) wounded maintain: (v) continue, assert, aver, preserve, defend, declare, guard,

Willa Cather conserve, affirm; (n, v) justify, allege. ANTONYMS: (v) change, neglect, abandon, transform, quit, grant, end, cancel, endanger, refute, stop malaria: (n) fever, sewer gas, swamp fever, ague, paludism, malarial, disease, miasm, blackwater fever, mephitis, azote male: (n) fellow, boy, chap, guy, man, lad, gent; (adj) masculine, manly, virile, manlike. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) female; (n) woman; (adj) feminine, androgynous malice: (n) spite, animosity, enmity, venom, ill will, hatred, malevolence, cruelty, envy, hate, spleen. ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, benevolence, affection, goodness manage: (n, v) direct, govern, guide; (v) do, administer, cope, accomplish, deal, work, arrange, lead. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, lose, bungle managing: (n) management, administration, control, conduct, handling, conducting, treatment; (adj) administrative, managerial, executive, sparing mane: (n) encolure, head of hair, crest, wool, tresses; (adj) brush, beard, ringlet, whisker, tress, moustache mania: (n) passion, craze, delirium, fad, fury, enthusiasm, rage, obsession; (adj, n) insanity, lunacy, madness manifest: (adj) evident, distinct, conspicuous, clear, patent, plain; (v) display, demonstrate, exhibit, evidence; (n, v) declare. ANTONYMS: (v) hide; (adj) hidden, obscure, secret, inconspicuous, veiled, furtive, avoidable, ambiguous; (adv) absent manner: (adj, n) kind; (n) bearing, demeanor, method, form, appearance, carriage, way; (n, v) custom, style, habit manners: (n) conduct, etiquette, propriety, behavior, deportment, manner, courtesy, custom, decorum, good manners, usage. ANTONYM: (n) vulgarity manure: (n) compost, fertiliser, fertilizer; (n, v) muck, soil; (v) fertilize, cultivate, plough, weed, plow; (adj) guano marbles: (n) wit, sanity, mind, reason, jackstones, jacks, cods mare: (n) Maria, Money makes the mare go, broodmare, doe, hen, bitch, horse, region, part, jennet, roe

margin: (n, v) edge, border, brink, hem, verge, skirt; (n) boundary, brim, limit, bank, fringe. ANTONYMS: (n) inside, mainstream, middle maria: (n) Calophyllum longifolium, tree, part, region, female horse marital: (adj) connubial, conjugal, nuptial, marriage, wedding, wedded, married, household, house, home, family. ANTONYMS: (adj) divorced, public marked: (adj) conspicuous, noticeable, pronounced, remarkable, distinguished, apparent, definite, notable, obvious, signal, striking. ANTONYMS: (adj) plain, imperceptible, unmarked, unclear, obscure, inconspicuous, ordinary, loose, slight marking: (n) earmark, crisscross, brand, marker, maculation, grading, stamping, authentication, lineation, cairn, cross marks: (v) score; (n) first baron marks of Broughton, footprint, imprints, inscription, path, script, Simon marks, symbols, trace, track marriage: (adj, n) bridal, nuptial; (n) matrimony, espousal, union, wedlock, intermarriage, alliance, coupling; (n, v) match; (v) marry. ANTONYM: (n) separation married: (adj) wedded, conjugal, matrimonial, connubial, nuptial, united, mixed, connected, marrying, attached, unite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmarried, unattached, divorced, public marry: (n, v) wed, espouse; (v) get married, link, conjoin, wive, splice, tie, unite, couple; (n) marriage. ANTONYMS: (v) divorce, separate, split marrying: (adj) married mass: (adj, n) bulk, lump, block; (n, v) flock, crowd, cluster, pile, bunch; (n) magnitude, collection, majority. ANTONYMS: (n) lightness, few; (v) disperse master: (n) captain, instructor, lord; (v) control, conquer, command, dominate, defeat; (adj, n) original, head, ace. ANTONYMS: (n) underling, servant, novice, amateur matador: (n) bullfighter, toreador; (v) Moloch, assassin, bravo, butcher, Cain, cutthroat, garroter, thug, sabreur match: (n, v) mate, meet, pair, fellow; (v) agree, harmonise, accord, correspond, harmonize; (adj, n, v)

239 parallel; (n) peer. ANTONYMS: (v) contradict, conflict, disagree, jar, differ; (n) difference mated: (adj) uniform, married, complementary, alike. ANTONYM: (adj) unmated matters: (n) affairs, materials, dealings, proceedings meal: (n) repast, farina, flour, feed, banquet, dinner, luncheon, supper, refection, collation; (n, v) spread mealtime: (n) dinnertime, suppertime, meal, hour, breakfast time meaning: (n) intent, gist, implication, design, essence, consequence, significance, content, intention, connotation, aim. ANTONYM: (n) triviality meaningly: (adv) purposely, significantly, knowingly, designedly, pregnantly; (n) meaning; (v) signify meant: (adj) destined, implied, sincere, preordained, intentional, predestined; (v) intend, designate measure: (n) amount, criterion, extent, measurement, estimate, degree, beat, benchmark, quantity, meter; (n, v) act. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, estimate measured: (adj) careful, moderate, calculated, temperate, reasonable, regular, rhythmic, metrical, sober, rhythmical, leisurely. ANTONYMS: (adj) rushed, unmeasured, fast, hurried, rapid, rash, thoughtless meat: (n) food, gist, essence, core, kernel, heart, substance, marrow, crux, matter, beef mechanical: (adj, v) instinctive; (v) involuntary, blind; (adj) unthinking, automated, habitual, mechanic, perfunctory, routine, mechanized, industrial. ANTONYMS: (adj) nonmechanical, deliberate, thoughtful, unusual, enthralling, stilted mechanically: (adv) mechanistically, instinctively, routinely, involuntarily, industrially, unconsciously, automaticly, intuitively, impulsively, technically, technologically. ANTONYMS: (adv) manually, consciously meddle: (v) intervene, interfere, intrude, monkey, interpose, fiddle, pry, dabble, interlope; (n) interference; (adj) moil. ANTONYM: (v) disregard medicine: (n) drug, medication, medicament, therapy, physic,

240 treatment, remedy, cathartic, medical science, preparation; (v) medicate meekly: (adv) humbly, submissively, tamely, compliantly, obediently, docilely, peacefully, lowly, modestly, placidly, kindly. ANTONYMS: (adv) haughtily, harshly, wildly, arrogantly, assertively, brashly melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful; (n, v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, satisfied melon: (n) cucumber, watermelon, muskmelon, gourd, dividend, cantaloupes, cucumber vine, gourd vine, share, revenue, receipts memories: (n) recollections, reminiscences, nostalgia, memento Mori memory: (n) memento, reminiscence, remembrance, recollection, recall, commemoration, anamnesis, storage, retrospect; (adj, n) posthumous fame; (v) mind mend: (adj, v) improve; (v) correct, cure, heal, doctor, better, amend, restore, convalesce; (n, v) fix, patch. ANTONYMS: (v) worsen, tear, smash, decline, deteriorate; (n) fracture mending: (n) fix, repair, fixing, maintenance, restoration, reparation, improvement, darning, mend, amendment, correction mentioned: (adj) spoken merchandise: (v) market, deal; (n) freight, cargo, product, commodity, goods, consignment, wares; (adj) commodities, ware merciful: (adj) humane, gracious, lenient, compassionate, kind, clement, benign, kindly, gentle, beneficent, forgiving. ANTONYMS: (adj) pitiless, merciless, unforgiving, spiteful, harsh, impatient, severe, hardhearted merciless: (adj) brutal, pitiless, unmerciful, remorseless, heartless, implacable, inhuman, hard, grim, barbarous, unfeeling. ANTONYMS: (adj) charitable, kind, humane, soft, caring, tolerant mercilessly: (adv) remorselessly, heartlessly, unmercifully, ruthlessly, unfeelingly, cruelly, relentlessly, brutally, callously, unrelentingly,

O Pioneers! unkindly. ANTONYMS: (adv) humanely, mercifully mercy: (n) kindness, compassion, pity, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, harshness, unkindness, severity, mercilessness, ruthlessness, impatience, inhumanity mere: (adj, n) entire; (adj) bare, simple, pure; (n) loch, tarn, boundary, absolute; (n, v) downright; (adv) merely; (adj, v) clear merely: (adj, adv) only, barely, purely, simply, exclusively; (adv) but, absolutely, entirely, simplely, completely, unmixedly. ANTONYM: (adv) intensely merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight message: (n) communication, information, errand, letter, mission, dispatch, statement, word, lesson, significance, note metal: (n) gallium, calcium, europium, chromium, cm, cobalt, curium, dysprosium, erbium, caesium, cadmium. ANTONYM: (adj) nonmetallic mexican: (n) wetback mexico: (n) Polianthes, ceratozamia, genus Polianthes midnight: (n) dark, noon, hour midsummer: (n) summer, solstice, June solstice, June mile: (n) MI, nautical mile, land mile, knot, Swedish mile, international nautical mile, Admiralty mile, air mile, geographical mile, Roman mile; (v) furlong milk: (v) squeeze, drain, tap, bleed, anodyne, balm; (n) buttermilk, colostrum, foremilk; (adj) gluten, chalk milky: (adj) milk, cloudy, lacteal, white, muddy, pearly, milklike, opalescent, lacteous, tender, mild mill: (n) manufactory, grinder, factory, machine, plant, gristmill, foundry, engine, gin; (v) crush; (n, v) notch millions: (n) billions, jillions, trillions, large indefinite amount, zillions, myriad, large indefinite quantity mine: (adj, v) excavate, sap; (n) excavation, pit, fund, land mine, vein; (v) exploit, burrow; (adj) my,

delve mineral: (n) ore, apatite, arsenopyrite, augite, argentite, amphibole, millerite, mica, manganite, cobaltite, malachite. ANTONYM: (adj) vegetable minute: (n, v) note; (adj) little, delicate, microscopic, small, atomic; (n) jiffy, flash, moment, second, memorandum. ANTONYMS: (adj) huge, big, gigantic, significant, cursory, immeasurable, tremendous, important, colossal, giant, large mirth: (adj, n) merriment, jollity; (n) amusement, happiness, delight, joy, hilarity, cheerfulness, festivity, gladness, exhilaration. ANTONYMS: (n) gloom, sadness, misery mischance: (n) calamity, mishap, disaster, accident, ill luck, bad luck, misfortune, adversity, affliction, luck, chance miser: (n) stinginess, curmudgeon, hunks, muckworm, niggard, skinflint, cheapskate, parsimony, moneygrubber, Jew, miserliness miserable: (adj, v) forlorn, wretched, unhappy; (adj) mean, low, abject, deplorable, downcast, bad, desolate; (adj, adv) meager. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, generous, cheerful, cheery, bright, fortunate, hopeful, jubilant, luxurious, overjoyed, heavenly misfortune: (n) accident, hardship, misadventure, disaster, calamity, mischance, catastrophe, mishap, bad luck, misery, affliction. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, bonus, opportunity, privilege, success, happiness mismanagement: (n) maladministration, error, malpractice, miscarriage, management, misbehavior, delinquency, abuse, misdemeanor, misgovernment, bad behavior missed: (adj) lost, irretrievable, incomprehensible, bemused, confounded, befuddled, baffled, disoriented, helpless, at sea, bewildered missouri: (adj) Iowa, Kansas, Midwestern, Minnesota, Illinois; (n) Missouri river, Mo, show me state mist: (n, v) cloud; (v) blur, cover, obscure, befog, drizzle, bedim; (n) haze, vapor, brume; (adj) misty mistake: (n, v) miss, blunder, err, slip; (n) failure, error, misconception, misapprehension,

Willa Cather defect, demerit; (v) misapprehend. ANTONYMS: (v) appreciate, distinguish, interpret mistaken: (adj) wrong, erroneous, false, misguided, inaccurate, fallacious, untrue, misleading, confused, improper, error. ANTONYMS: (adj) accurate, wise, right mistress: (n) dame, concubine, madame, inamorata, lady, lover, fancy woman, doxy, girl, kept woman, missis mixing: (n) mix, commixture, admixture, mixed, compounding, combination, amalgamation, mixture, mingling, hybrid, intermixture moaning: (n, v) lamentation; (adj) groaning, whining, funereal, inarticulate, dirgeful; (n) complaining, mourning moccasins: (n) mocassin monday: (n) Sunday, Whitmonday moodily: (adv) morosely, peevishly, glumly, sulkily, grumpily, capriciously, temperamentally, petulantly, saturninely, crossly, erratically. ANTONYM: (adv) cheerily moon: (adj) lunar; (n) month, moonshine, satellite, moonlight, luck, lunar month, GHURRY, epoch, orb of night; (v) daydream moonlight: (adj, n) moonshine; (n) moonbeam, moonglade, occupation, lunation, lunar month, labor; (n, v) work; (v) pilfer, do work; (adj) moonshiny moonlit: (adj) moony, dreamy, bright. ANTONYM: (adj) moonless moorings: (n) guy, halser, hawser, jetty, line, mooring, wire, painter, assistance, rope, ribbon morally: (adv) virtuously, chastely, righteously, justly, properly, decently, ethically, purely, uprightly, rightly, religiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) indecently, corruptly, improperly morgan: (n) Daniel Morgan, Henry Morgan, Lewis Henry Morgan, Morgan unit, sir Henry Morgan, Thomas hunt Morgan mortgage: (n, v) pledge; (v) pawn, impawn, hypothecate; (n) gage, hypothecation, lien, plight, warranty, debenture, credit moses: (n) Grandma Moses mother-in-law: (n) grandmother motion: (n) action, movement, gesticulation, play, exercise,

passage; (n, v) wave, sign, signal; (v) beckon, gesticulate. ANTONYMS: (n) inertia, motionlessness, inactivity, stillness; (v) dismiss mottled: (adj) motley, speckled, multicolored, spotted, variegated, piebald, marbled, mixed, pinto, blotchy, flecked. ANTONYMS: (adj) monochrome, unblemished, limited mount: (n, v) rise, climb, frame; (v) board, arise, advance, jump, increase; (n) hill, mountain; (adj, v) ride. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, decrease, wane, dismount; (n) valley, hollow mountains: (n) plenty, mountain range, mountain chain mounted: (adj) equestrian, mounting, mounts, set, firm, affixed, decorated. ANTONYM: (adj) unmounted mournful: (adj) sad, miserable, melancholy, funereal, dolorous, dark, pensive, gloomy, lugubrious, lamentable; (adj, n) plaintive. ANTONYMS: (adj) joyful, happy, emotionless mournfully: (adv) sadly, sorrowfully, glumly, woefully, unhappily, plaintively, grievously, funereally, dejectedly, dolorously, poignantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, joyfully mournfulness: (n) woe, grief, sorrow, distress, sorrowfulness, dejection, melancholy, ruthfulness, woefulness, blues mourning: (n) lament, lamentation, bereavement, gloom, woe, memorial, sorrowfulness, sadness, sorrow; (adj) grieving; (v) lamenting moving: (adj) affecting, exciting, emotional, impressive, mobile, pitiful, poignant, touching; (n) movement, motive, transport. ANTONYMS: (adj) motionless, depressing, stationary, unemotional, fixed, unmoving, everyday, immobile, nonmoving, ridiculous, boring mower: (n) lawn mower, band mower, garden tool, hand mower, knife mower, motor mower, scytheman, lawn tool muddy: (adj) turbid, filthy, boggy, cloudy, dark, unclean, dingy, grimy, miry; (adj, v) foul, sloppy. ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, dry; (v) clarify, cleanse mulberry: (n) leaves are used to feed silkworms, blackberry, mulberry harbour, berry, black mulberry, bramble, fruit tree, multiple fruit

241 mumbling: (n) gumming, diction, enunciation, chewing, mussitation, mastication; (adj) inarticulate, incoherent murderous: (adj) cutthroat, homicidal, gory, bloodthirsty, cruel, brutal, fierce, mortal, deadly, lethal, killing. ANTONYM: (adj) easy murmur: (n, v) grumble, mumble, hum, whisper, mutter, whine, babble, drone; (v) complain, bubble, breathe murmuring: (n) murmuration, murmur, complaint, grumble, muttering, mutter, murmur vowel; (adj) whispering, humming, droning, murmurous musical: (adj) harmonious, melodic, sweet, canorous, tuneful, dulcet, mellifluous, pleasing, lyrical; (n) musical comedy, music. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmusical, grating, harsh, inharmonious, unmelodious musician: (n) singer, composer, instrumentalist, minstrel, clarinettist, lutenist, director, choirmaster, accompanist, harpsichordist, harpist musing: (adj) contemplative, meditative, thoughtful, pensive; (n) meditation, consideration, reflection, rumination, reverie, thought, cogitation mustache: (n) mustachio, mastax, moustachio, beard, whisker, whiskers, toothbrush, hair, handlebar mustache, body hair, facial hair mustached: (adj) unshaven mustard: (n) Chinese mustard, charlock, Indian mustard, GAI Choi, colza, eagerness, cruciferous vegetable, rape, mustard greens, field mustard, condiment mutely: (adv) dumbly, wordlessly, stilly, speechlessly, taciturnly, unspokenly, quietly, noiselessly, dully, soundlessly, dummily. ANTONYM: (adv) noisily mutilated: (adj) maimed, disabled, truncated, crippled, lacerated, shapeless, mutilous, mutilate, lopped, lacerate, imperfect muttered: (adj) garbled, incoherent, broken, inarticulate muttering: (n) grumbling, mutter, murmuring, grumble, murmuration, murmur vowel, complaint, heart murmur, cardiac murmur; (adj) mumbling, faint mysteriously: (adv) enigmatically,

242 strangely, obscurely, secretly, uncannily, mystically, darkly, puzzlingly, weirdly, abstrusely, occultly. ANTONYM: (adv) normally nail: (n, v) arrest, capture; (v) catch, collar, apprehend, hook, strike, hit, fasten, nab; (adj, n) pin. ANTONYMS: (v) unfasten, detach names: (n) calumny, defamation, hatchet job napoleon: (n) Polish bank, Napoleon I, Napoleon Bonaparte, lottery, lift smoke, connections, put, cassino, the little corporal, Bonaparte, blind hookey narrow: (adj, adv, v) close; (adj) limited, insular, little, illiberal; (v) limit, contract, lessen, constrict, shrink; (adj, v) confined. ANTONYMS: (adj) wide, broad, comprehensive, extensive, worldwide, substantial, deep; (v) widen, extend, broaden, increase naturalness: (n) familiarity, artlessness, innocence, naturalization, ingenuousness, quality, unaffectedness, naturality, informality, nature, naiveness. ANTONYMS: (n) affectedness, insincerity nausea: (n) sickness, queasiness, squeamishness, revulsion, repugnance, qualm, illness; (v) loathing, aversion, dislike, distaste nearer: (adj) adjacent, narre, hither; (adv) more rapidly, sooner, quicker, nigher, NER, faster, earlier, Neer nearest: (adj) proximate, immediate, close, near, next, adjoining, intimate, direct, adjacent; (adj, adv) nighest; (adv) fore. ANTONYM: (adj) distant neatly: (adv) sprucely, tidily, cleanly, adroitly, precisely, smartly, tastefully, gracefully, properly, nattily; (adj, adv) dexterously. ANTONYMS: (adv) messily, shabbily, untidily, clumsily, loosely, inelegantly, awkwardly nebraska: (adj) Midwestern, Minnesota, Kansas, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri; (n) NE, cornhusker state necessity: (n) demand, need, lack, exigency, essential, compulsion, emergency, distress, must, constraint, necessary. ANTONYMS: (n) inessential, treat, unimportance, luxury neck: (n) cervix, nape, neckband, neckline, isthmus; (v) make out, pet, love, cut; (adj) stricture, middle

O Pioneers! constriction neckband: (n) choker, collar, neck, ruff, clerical collar, neck ruff, dog collar, necklace, stripe, banding, band necktie: (n) cravat, bolo, neckwear, linkup, link, affiliation, crosstie, bow tie, bolo tie, bolas, bola tie neglect: (n, v) disregard, slight, default; (v) ignore, fail, overlook, miss, forget, drop; (n) carelessness, omission. ANTONYMS: (n) development, surveillance, caution, affection, cherish; (v) do, protect, complete, remember, heed; (n, v) care neglected: (adj) dilapidated, disregarded, ignored, deserted, derelict, forsaken, obsolete, antiquated, antique, shabby, unnoticed. ANTONYM: (adj) salubrious neighbor: (v) abut, adjoin, populate, touch; (n) acquaintance, neighborhood, national; (adj) neighborly, neighbouring, neighboring, adjacent. ANTONYM: (n) foreigner neighborhood: (n) vicinity, district, area, community, locality, place, quarter, environs, section; (adj) neighboring, local neighboring: (adj, adv) adjacent, near; (adj) adjoining, nearby, contiguous, neighbor, abutting, next, neighborly, nigh, next to. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, remote, far, national neighbors: (n) neighbourhood neither: (conj) either, no-one, not either, nor, nother nerve: (n) cheek, audacity, boldness, brass, impudence, heart, mettle, daring, courage, face, fortitude. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, timidity, reticence, respect nervous: (adj) anxious, excitable, afraid, uneasy, shy, fearful, apprehensive, firm; (adj, v) tense; (adj, adv) cowardly, excited. ANTONYMS: (adj) brave, relaxed, bold, composed, confident, fearless, untroubled, unflappable, still, unconcerned, carefree nervously: (adv) edgily, anxiously, timidly, worriedly, uneasily, restlessly, timorously, skittishly, excitedly, neurotically, apprehensively. ANTONYMS: (adv) confidently, boldly, fearlessly, unconcernedly, nonchalantly, trustingly

nest: (n) den, lair, hole, burrow, home, beehive; (adj) brood, hive, litter; (adj, n) herd; (v) embed nevertheless: (adv, conj, prep) however, although; (adv, conj) but, yet, even; (adv) all the same, even so, though, anyway, anyhow; (adj, adv) still newly: (adv) freshly, recently, lately, new, late, novelly, unusedly, anew, fresh; (adj, adv) afresh; (adj) recent newspaper: (n) magazine, paper, gazette, news, periodical, print, publisher, press, publication, newsprint, weekly newspapers: (n) press, papers, the media, journalists, reporters niece: (n) grandniece, aunt, brother's daughter, uncle, kinswoman nightcap: (n) drink, dram, game, cap, mobcap, drop nightgown: (n) nightie, nightclothes, nightwear, pajamas, bedgown, nightshirt, night clothes, night robe, lingerie nights: (adj) nightly; (n) night nightshirt: (n) nightdress, nightie, nightclothes, nightwear, night robe, night clothes, pajamas nineteen: (adj, n) XIX; (n) large integer nobody: (n) cipher, naught, zero, nil, nothing, nonentity, cypher, zip, whippersnapper, none; (n, pron) no one. ANTONYMS: (n) celebrity, notable, somebody; (pron) everyone, anyone, everybody nodding: (adj) cernuous, drooping, dozy, dozing, somnolent, drugged, pendulous, drowsing, droopy, annuent, flagging. ANTONYM: (adj) awake noise: (n, v) clatter, echo; (n) clamor, hubbub, racket, sound, disturbance, uproar, din, buzz, clang. ANTONYMS: (n) silence, quiet, quietness, sense noisily: (adv) clamorously, boisterously, vociferously, riotously, raucously, uproariously, loudly, blatantly, rowdily, stridently, vocally. ANTONYMS: (adv) noiselessly, silently, calmly, peacefully, softly none: (n) nought, naught, nobody, zilch, anything; (adv) not, neither, any; (adj) whatsoever, no, whatever non-existent: (adj) inexistent nonsense: (n) bosh, absurdity, humbug, balderdash, foolishness, drivel, folderol, baloney, falderal, jargon, claptrap. ANTONYMS: (n)

Willa Cather sense, wisdom, substance, fact noon: (n) high noon, noonday, noontide, afternoon, hour, dinnertime, crest, twelve noon; (adj) meridian, meridional; (adj, n) culmination northward: (adj, adv) north; (adj) northbound; (adv) northerly, northwards, in the north, to the north northwest: (adj) northwestern, Idaho; (n) nW, geographic region, geographical area, geographical region, geographic area, compass point norway: (n) Kingdom of Norway, Norge norwegian: (adj, n) Scandinavian; (n) Norseman, North Germanic, north Germanic language, Northman, Nordic; (adj) norweyan nose: (n) hooter, neb, nozzle, proboscis, honker, bow, odour; (v) wind, pry, scent; (n, v) sniff notepaper: (n) writing paper, notepad, scribbling pad, stationery, letterhead, block, notebook notes: (n) data, commentary, currency, paper, comments, remarks, annotation, information, ready money, observations, newspaper notice: (n, v) note, mind, regard; (n) advertisement, information, declaration, attention; (adj, v) look, attend; (v) find, detect. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, overlook, Miss; (n) ignorance, inattention, appointment, unconsciousness noticeable: (adj) notable, evident, noteworthy, discernible, apparent, marked, visible, remarkable, appreciable, considerable; (adj, v) perceptible. ANTONYMS: (adj) obscure, inconspicuous, hidden, unobtrusive, unclear, unnoticeable, unremarkable, uninteresting, inward, invisible, indistinguishable noticed: (adj) noted noticing: (n) observation, look; (adj) conscious notions: (n) belief, thinking, thought, sundries, opinion, concept, ideas, ribbon, philosophy, odds and ends; (adj) irrational nowadays: (adv) currently, presently, at present, at the moment, immediately; (adv, n) today; (adj, n) present; (n) moment, modern times, these days, nonce. ANTONYMS: (adv) formerly, then numb: (adj) benumbed, dead, asleep,

torpid, insensible, deadened, callous, impassive; (adj, v) dull; (v) benumb, deaden. ANTONYMS: (adj) responsive, conscious; (v) sensitize nuts: (adj) crazy, insane, balmy, nutty, crackers, loopy, batty, barmy, loony, dotty, daft. ANTONYM: (adj) sensible oats: (n) Avena, grain, millet, cereal, cereal grass, common oats, genus Avena, Haver, holder, maize, buckwheat object: (n) cause, intent, meaning, mark, subject, objective, substance; (n, v) aim, end, intention; (v) except. ANTONYMS: (v) agree, approve, praise; (n) notion objects: (n) things, stuff, matter, material, substance oblige: (v) coerce, force, drive, constrain, make, bind, accommodate, obligate, necessitate, enforce, impel. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, request, hinder observed: (adj) ascertained, empirical, discovered, viewed, experimental, experiential, determined, visual, disclosed occasion: (n, v) cause; (n) case, event, juncture, episode, incident; (v) bring about, create, beget, make, induce occasionally: (adv) now and then, from time to time, accidentally, every so often, now and again, sometimes, irregularly, uncommonly, casually, every now and then, fortuitously. ANTONYMS: (adv) regularly, usually, often, recurrently, constantly occur: (v) happen, come, fall, befall, betide, chance, be, materialize, develop, come up, appear. ANTONYM: (v) disappear ocean: (n) deep, brine, salt water, main, waves, watery waste, multitude, lot; (adj) oceanic, many, marine odds: (n) likelihood, probability, possibility, chance, advantage, likeliness, chances, disparity, prospect; (v) dissension; (adj) odd. ANTONYM: (n) unlikelihood offered: (adj) presented, accessible, existing, obtainable, available, ready, on hand, to be had, unsolicited offering: (n, v) gift, grant; (n) oblation, contribution, donation, presentation, offer, present, endowment, gratuity, bestowal

243 offertory: (n) offering, gift; (v) oblation, donative, alms, dole, help, largess, bounty officer: (n) police officer, administrator, constable, commander, military officer, bureaucrat, official, officeholder, executive, agent, employee. ANTONYM: (n) underling offices: (n) kitchen, pantry, scullery oilcloth: (n) linoleum, oilskin, oil cloth, fabric, tarp, cloth, canvas, material older: (adj) old, aged, elderly, ancient, adult, earlier, big, preceding, former, oldest; (adj, n) senior. ANTONYMS: (adj) younger, immature, youthful, present, young oldest: (n) elder, doyen; (adj) older old-fashioned: (adj) obsolete, antiquated, archaic, outmoded, outdated, ancient, old, musty, corny, behind the times, superannuated old-time: (adj) old, old-world, veteran, former, bygone, outmoded, practical, skillful, obsolete, versed old-world: (adj) old-time, whilom, olden, quaint omaha: (n) Maha omitted: (adj) absent, forgotten, misplaced, wanting, not there, away, gone astray, lost, mislaid, gone opened: (adj) candid, exposed, overt, agaze, blatant, blazing, clear, through, conspicuous; (v) distended, blown opening: (n) gap, break, aperture, beginning, door, commencement, entrance, hole, occasion, cleft; (adj, n) preliminary. ANTONYMS: (adj) final, last; (adj, n) closing; (n) exit, finale, finish, ending, shutting, postscript, conclusion openly: (adv) frankly, publicly, clearly, candidly, directly, straightforwardly, evidently, publically, plainly, outspokenly; (adj, adv) manifestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) furtively, secretively, clandestinely, mysteriously, ambiguously, reticently, covertly, discreetly, affectedly, craftily, deceitfully operate: (n, v) act; (v) run, function, employ, direct, manage, perform, go, proceed, move, handle. ANTONYMS: (v) malfunction, fail, disengage, stop operated: (adj) driven operations: (n) transaction, activity, activities, trading operations, duties,

244 dealing, dealings; (v) campaign, crusade, expedition, battle array opinion: (adj, n, v) judgment, feeling, notion; (n) idea, belief, conjecture, advice, guess, impression, view; (n, v) meaning opportune: (adj, v) appropriate; (adj) favorable, apropos, auspicious, expedient, happy, handy, timely, felicitous, favourable; (v) becoming. ANTONYMS: (adj) untimely, disadvantageous, inappropriate, inconvenient, unfortunate, unlucky opposed: (adj) conflicting, hostile, contrary, antagonistic, adverse, contrasted, repugnant, averse, irreconcilable, incompatible; (adj, v) opposing. ANTONYMS: (adj) sympathetic, compatible, unopposed, similar, favorable, eager, agreeable, inclined, friendly opposite: (adj, n) contrary, contradictory, opponent; (adj) adverse, different, opposing, hostile, diametric, opposed; (adj, pron) other; (adj, adv) counter. ANTONYMS: (adj) allied, alternate, identical, like, same, parallel; (n) sameness, alikeness, confirmation oppressed: (adj) laden, persecuted, broken, burdened, drawn, gloomy, aggrieved, downcast, heavy, ladened, loaded orange: (n) orangeness, orange tree, Methyl orange, bergamot, red and yellow, lemon, marmalade orange, orange river; (adj, n) reddish yellow; (adj) amber, ocher orchard: (n) park, garden, plantation, arboretum, avenue, pinetum, shrubbery, woodlet, parterre, pinery, copse ordeal: (n) trial, suffering, experience, martyrdom, affliction, test, tribulation, misery, trouble, waterordeal, distress. ANTONYM: (n) pleasure ordered: (adj) regular, arranged, methodical, trim, orderly, lawful, logical, consistent, coherent, commanded, organized. ANTONYMS: (adj) disordered, disarranged, inconsistent organ: (n) instrument, member, limb, apparatus, harmonium, agency, part, mechanism, medium, means, journal ornament: (n) decoration, adornment, embellishment, decor; (v) beautify, decorate, deck, embellish, adorn; (n, v) garnish, dress. ANTONYM: (v) strip

O Pioneers! orphan: (n) waif, caterpillar, nymph, nympha, cocoon, Aurelia, tyke, staddle, youngster, shaver; (adj) orphaned otherwise: (adv) besides, differently, or else, yet, alias, nevertheless, on the other hand, in addition; (adj, adv) other; (n) or; (adj) different otto: (n) ottar ottoman: (n) hassock, footstool, footrest, fauteuil, Osmanli, settle, Turk, Ottomite, woolsack, fag, pouf ouch: (n) injury, hurt, jewel; (v) join, wound ought: (n, v) need; (v) had better, should, have, possessed, owned, owed, behoove; (n) aught, zero, duty ounce: (n) crumb, modicum, atom, morsel, bit, Oz, apothecaries' ounce, shred, little, a few; (adj, n) grain ourselves: (pron) myself, herself, itself, oneself, themselves, yourself; (n) me, yourselves, usself outline: (adj, n, v) draft; (n, v) line, form, design, edge, abstract; (n) synopsis, contour, digest, figure; (v) draw. ANTONYMS: (n) exposition, light outlying: (adj) faraway, remote, far, outer, isolated, outdoor, outward, exterior, peripheral, outstanding, secluded. ANTONYMS: (adj) central, metropolitan, nearby, neighboring out-of-doors: (n) outdoors, outside; (adj) airy; (adv) without outrage: (n, v) insult, affront, dishonor, anger; (v) offend, violate, desecrate; (adj, n, v) abuse; (n) atrocity, indignity, enormity outraged: (adj) angry, incensed, livid, enraged, mad, cross, annoyed, perverted, umbrageous, beside yourself, scandalized. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, indifferent outwardly: (adv) exteriorly, superficially, apparently, outside, seemingly, without, ostensibly, evidently, extrinsically, outerly, outsidely. ANTONYMS: (adv) internally, underneath oven: (n) furnace, stove, fireplace, hearth, broiler, heater, bakery, range, kitchen appliance, boiler, coke oven chamber overalls: (n) overall, inexpressibles, breeches, over-all, smalls, small clothes, boiler suit, smock, coverall, pantaloons, coveralls overcoat: (n) greatcoat, coat, cloak, robe, topcoat, surcoat, coating,

overcoating, capote, chesterfield, gown overgrown: (adj) excessive, exorbitant, inordinate, extravagant, monstrous, covered, exaggerated, dropsical, lush; (v) turgid, tumid overhanging: (adj, v) projecting; (v) beetling; (adj) covering, imminent, impending, pendent, obumbrant, hanging over, overspreading, depending, hanging overheating: (n) heating, excessive heating, superheat, superheating, burning, soaking overlooked: (adj) ignored, neglected, unobserved, unnoted, unmarked overlooking: (adj) commanding, dominating, ascendent, autocratic, bossy; (n) oversight, omission, neglect, general supervision; (adv) neglectingly, beside overnight: (n, v) travel; (adj) nocturnal, temporary, meteoric; (n) voyage, trip, tour. ANTONYM: (adv) gradually overseeing: (n) supervision, control, administration; (adj) superintendent, surveillant overtaxed: (adj) tired overtook: (v) overtake overwhelm: (v) overpower, defeat, inundate, flood, overthrow, drown, deluge, crush, engulf, astound, overturn. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, amplify, capitulate, incite, install, lose, protect, submit overwhelmed: (adj) beaten, overpowered, vanquished, dumbfounded, inundated, flooded, overthrown, engulfed, conquered, bewildered; (v) overborne. ANTONYM: (adj) unimpressed overwork: (v) exhaust, tax, strain, overtax, exploit, overlabor, drive, wear, abuse; (adj) overtask; (n) overworking owls: (n) order Strigiformes, Strigiformes owned: (v) owed, ought; (adj) own, proprietary; (n) aught pace: (n, v) walk, gait, rate, march, stride, footstep; (n) speed, tempo, rapidity, tread, celerity pacing: (n) accelerando, andante, allegro, allegretto, pace, walk, tempo, musical time, maneuvering alongside another vessel, cardiac pacing pack: (n, v) crowd, bundle, bunch, load; (n) herd, company, bevy, batch; (v) heap, compress, jam. ANTONYMS: (v) unpack, unload,

Willa Cather disperse, empty, loosen package: (v) wrap, wrap up; (n, v) box, pack; (n) parcel, packet, packaging, carton, wrapper, wrapping, packing. ANTONYMS: (n) hardware; (v) unbox packed: (adj) full, compact, filled, jammed, overcrowded, crammed, dense, thick, congested, teeming, cramped. ANTONYMS: (adj) deserted, loose, open packing: (n) boxing, package, gasket, bundling, fill, pad, pack, envelopment, wadding, wrap, backpacking pail: (n) bucketful, jug, tub, pailful, cannikin, pails, skeel, tankard, pot, pipkin, vessel pails: (n) pail pain: (n, v) hurt, afflict, ache, bother, torment, trouble, grieve, anguish; (n) ill, agony, nuisance. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, cheer; (n) joy, peace, content, balm, ecstasy painful: (adj) hard, difficult, sharp, harrowing, grievous, afflictive, bad, irritating; (adj, v) distressing, harsh, bitter. ANTONYMS: (adj) content, heartwarming, soothing, comfortable, bearable, agreeable, effortless, dull, slight, wonderful, happy painfully: (adv) sorely, grievously, distressingly, severely, tenderly, badly, agonizingly, laboriously, sadly, bitterly, poignantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) easily, tolerably pains: (n) nisus, labor, trouble, effort, exertion, labour, pain, care, struggle, attempt, strain painstaking: (adj) diligent, assiduous, conscientious, careful, laborious, exact, scrupulous, meticulous, thorough, particular, studious. ANTONYMS: (adj) careless, neglectful, rushed, sloppy, easy, lazy, rash, rough, slapdash, untidy paint: (n, v) color, tint; (v) daub, coat, decorate, varnish, depict, enamel, lacquer, apply; (n) painting painted: (adj) colored, dyed, coloured, motley, stained, tinted, variegated, particoloured, delineated, graphic; (v) depaint. ANTONYM: (adj) unpainted painter: (n) artist, colorist, landscapist, impressionist, miniaturist, dauber, halser, Felis concolor, guy, cable, hawser painting: (n) portrait, likeness, colouring, depiction, icon,

illumination, image, design, coat, drawing, house painting pair: (n, v) match; (adj, n) brace; (n) duet, duo, dyad; (v) join, mate, link, copulate, equate, marry pale: (adj) faint, wan, dull, weak, light, bloodless, pallid; (adj, v) dim; (n) boundary, confine; (v) blanch. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, rosy, brown, well, glowing, vivid, healthy, clear, colorful; (v) redden, darken pallor: (n) pallidness, wanness, complexion, achromasia, lividity, lividness, luridness, pale, skin color, whiteness, sallowness. ANTONYMS: (n) rosiness, coloration, bloom palm: (n) medal, decoration, prize, palm tree, victory, thenar, laurel wreath; (v) filch, cabbage, rob; (adj) totipalmate panes: (n) Fauni pang: (n) pain, torture, ache, agony, twinge, affliction, sting, stab, distress, ailment, cramp panic: (adj, n) dismay, horror, terror, dread; (n, v) alarm, scare, shock; (n) fright, anxiety, fear, flap. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, calmness, order, peace, bravery, security; (n, v) comfort; (v) relax, soothe panting: (adj) gasping, breathless, blown, winded, puffed; (v) palpitation; (n) heaving, gasp, asthma, heave, puff papers: (n) paper, documents, document, credentials, identification, newspaper, credential, inclosure, copyright, confession, charter parade: (v) flaunt, exhibit, demonstrate, strut, swagger; (n, v) march, show, array; (n) ostentation, pageant, ceremony paradise: (n) Elysium, bliss, Eden, Zion, promised land, Garden of Eden, Elysian Fields, ecstasy, nirvana, Valhalla, utopia. ANTONYM: (n) misery paralyzed: (adj) palsied, crippled, disabled, helpless, torpid, powerless, prostrate, enervated, dead, impotent, inert parish: (n) community, congregation, county, region, province, township, borough, church, grazing land, area, arrondissement parishioners: (n) people attending worship, worshippers parks: (n) Parkes, Rosa Parks, fowl for decorative purposes in aviaries

245 parlor: (n) front room, lounge, sitting room, saloon, salon, parlour, parlors, livingroom, common room, parlours, drawing room parted: (adj) divided, separate, distributed, separated, divisible, disunited, compounder, compound, dividable partitioned: (adj) divide, enclosed, partitioned off, separate partly: (adj) half, semi, quasi; (adv) part, constituently, in part, sidely, moderately, halfway, incompletely, relatively. ANTONYMS: (adv) completely, wholly, entirely; (adj) fully partner: (n) copartner, pal, collaborator, colleague; (adj, n) associate, fellow, accomplice, companion, comrade, mate, ally. ANTONYMS: (n) superior, enemy pass: (adj, n, v) run; (v) flow, give, deliver, lead, happen, overtake, proceed; (adj, v) move; (n, v) offer, live. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, make, take, veto; (n) failing, rejection, exclusion passed: (adj) accepted, approved, legal, gone passing: (adj) transient, ephemeral, momentary, cursory, brief; (n) overtaking, departure, expiration, decease, passage, death. ANTONYMS: (adj) lasting, thorough, intended, lengthy, long; (n) birth, failing passion: (n) affection, fire, fervor, love, feeling, anger, enthusiasm, heat, craving, desire; (n, v) ardor. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, hate, serenity, meekness, hatred, doubt, dislike, calmness, moderation passionate: (adj, v) ardent, impetuous; (adj) hot, excited, burning, angry, fervent, fierce, animated, earnest; (adj, adv) fiery. ANTONYMS: (adj) indifferent, mild, passionless, unenthusiastic, cold, calm, halfhearted, cool, lukewarm, weak, uninterested pasture: (v) graze, browse, crop; (n) grass, grazing land, pasturage, field, ley, lea; (n, v) feed, forage patch: (v) piece; (n) plot, fleck, darn, blot, freckle, bed, maculation, field; (n, v) botch, repair patched: (adj) mean, besmirched, old, damaged, ragged, flyblown path: (n, v) course, passage, line; (n) way, direction, highway, orbit, track, lane, means, walk. ANTONYM: (n) room

246 paths: (n) path patience: (n) endurance, fortitude, longanimity, equanimity, tolerance, resignation, restraint, composure, sufferance; (n, v) moderation, calmness. ANTONYMS: (n) impatience, eagerness, intolerance, annoyance patient: (adj) forbearing, passive, calm, enduring, resigned, uncomplaining, tolerant, stoical, lenient, meek, persistent. ANTONYMS: (adj) intolerant, annoyed, eager, harsh patiently: (adv) perseveringly, invalidly, quietly, uncomplainingly, persistently, forbearingly, resignedly, steadily, doggedly, calmly, meekly. ANTONYM: (adv) eagerly patois: (n) idiom, dialect, lingo, slang, cant, vernacular, accent, brogue, language, argot, tongue pattern: (n) design, fashion, figure, norm, example, paragon; (n, v) mold, shape, form, order; (v) mould paying: (adj, v) profitable; (adj) paid, lucrative, salaried, stipendiary, good, beneficial; (v) advantageous, remunerative; (n) payment, defrayment payments: (n) expenses, outflow, expenditure, outlay, spending, costs peace: (adj, n) calm, quiet; (n) harmony, hush, repose, ease, amity, agreement, rest, pacification, order. ANTONYMS: (n) noise, chaos, conflict, uproar, commotion, agitation, war, distress, suffering, disruption, turbulence peck: (n, v) nibble; (v) beak, pick, kiss, pick up; (n) pile, plenty, mass, slew, lot, mint peculiar: (adj) particular, odd, exceptional, different, extraordinary, curious, eccentric, characteristic, anomalous, abnormal, distinctive. ANTONYMS: (adj) normal, typical, common, universal, explicable, conventional peculiarly: (adj, adv) particularly, curiously, unusually, uncommonly, singularly; (adv) especially, oddly, strangely, specifically, weirdly, specially. ANTONYMS: (adv) typically, ordinarily, slightly peel: (n, v) hull, bark, flake; (n) hide; (v) flay, pare, decorticate, excoriate, husk, flake off, strip peering: (adj) nosy, prying, snoopy penalty: (n) fine, forfeit, forfeiture, amercement, penalization, penance,

O Pioneers! handicap, sentence, castigation; (n, v) condemnation, judgment. ANTONYMS: (n) advantage, prize penance: (n) atonement, sacrament, confession, compunction, penalty, expiation, remorse, repentance, punishment, reparation, hair shirt penetrated: (adj) perforated, entered penitentiary: (n) prison, pen, house of correction, confessor, dungeon, bridewell, correctional institution, workhouse, tollbooth; (v) penitential; (adj) punitive penny: (n) change, coin, centime, copper, groat, subunit, money, mite, doit, small change, denomination perceptible: (adj) conspicuous, appreciable, evident, discernible, obvious, visible, palpable, apparent, detectable, manifest, observable. ANTONYMS: (adj) intangible, unclear, inaudible, inconspicuous, obscure, undetectable, invisible percy: (n) sir Henry Percy, harry hotspur perfect: (adj, n, v) consummate, complete; (adj, n) absolute, full, entire; (adj) exact, utter, thorough, faultless, integral, exquisite. ANTONYMS: (adj) flawed, faulty, wrong, inferior, misshapen, incorrect, defective, used, everyday, unhappy, partial perfectly: (adj, adv) entirely; (adv) fully, thoroughly, consummately, utterly, flawlessly, absolutely, purely, totally, faultlessly, wholly. ANTONYMS: (adv) badly, imperfectly, incorrectly, wrong, inaccurately, partially, partly, poorly, unpleasantly, wrongly performed: (adj, v) done, finished; (adj) fulfilled perfume: (n, v) scent, essence, odor, smell; (n) aroma, bouquet, cologne, incense, odour; (v) embalm, aromatize. ANTONYMS: (n) stink, stench perished: (adj) decayed, emperished, rotting, annihilated, fallen, lost, moldy, nonexistent, putrefied, dead, decomposed permanence: (n) constancy, stability, endurance, strength, immortality, firmness, perdurability, lastingness, duration, perpetuity; (adj, n) continuance. ANTONYMS: (n) interruption, flimsiness, instability permission: (n, v) allowance; (n) consent, license, permit, authority, leave, licence, liberty, approval, sanction, assent. ANTONYMS: (n)

refusal, ban, veto, intolerance, exclusion permitted: (adj) allowed, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, free, approved, legitimate, legal, legalized, venial. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, constrained perpetual: (adj) incessant, continual, constant, endless, eternal, everlasting, lasting, ceaseless, immortal, continuous, perennial. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, intermittent, transitory, mortal, unstable, finite, inconstant, occasional, sporadic perplexed: (adj) confused, puzzled, baffled, confounded, doubtful, distracted, disconcerted; (adj, v) intricate, complicated, lost, involved. ANTONYMS: (adj) unperplexed, assured, clear, knowing perplexing: (adj) enigmatic, puzzling, embarrassing, intricate, complex, baffling, complicated, bewildering, knotty, troublesome; (adj, n) difficult. ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, enlightening, soothing, understandable, explicable perplexity: (n) confusion, dilemma, bewilderment, maze, labyrinth, embarrassment, quandary, complication, enigma; (adj, n) difficulty, distress. ANTONYM: (n) understanding personality: (n) person, nature, identity, celebrity, character, temperament, disposition, characteristic, essence, individualism, public figure. ANTONYM: (n) nobody persons: (n) folk, public, society, world persuaded: (adj) sure, satisfied, easily affected, impressible, positive, delicate, sensible, intelligent, certain, in no doubt, definite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsure, uncertain persuasive: (adj) convincing, forcible, eloquent, forceful, cogent, strong, suasive, compelling, influential, effective, potent. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconvincing, halfhearted, hesitant, dissuasive, unpersuasive, repellent, inarticulate persuasively: (adv) compellingly, potently, strongly, forcefully, powerfully, eloquently, effectively, soundly, cogently, movingly, slickly. ANTONYMS: (adv) ineffectively, hesitantly, weakly petted: (adj) cherished, domesticated,

Willa Cather indulged, admired, cade petulance: (n) touchiness, testiness, tetchiness, crossness, choler, fretfulness, peevishness, temper, acerbity; (adj) petulant, flippancy photograph: (n, v) film; (n) picture, image, photo, likeness, print, portrait, copy, pic; (v) snap, shoot phrase: (v) formulate, couch, put, articulate; (n) expression, idiom, diction, speech, passage, locution; (n, v) word piano: (adj) soft, gentle, indulgent, lax; (n) grand piano, pianissimo, softness, upright piano, mechanical piano; (adv) quietly, gently pick: (n) alternative, best, option, selection, choice; (adj, n) cream, elite; (adj, v) select; (v) opt, harvest, gather. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, refuse picked: (adj) select, chosen, best, recherche, rare, priceless, preferred, pointed, elected, named; (v) choose picking: (n) option, selection, alternative, gathering, collection, choice, harvesting, leavings, collecting, indefinite quantity; (v) choose pickle: (n) mess, jam, hole, brine, lot, quandary; (v) cure, preserve, souse; (adj, v) salt; (n, v) pot picnic: (n) junket, outing, pushover, snap, cinch, duck soup, jaunt, expedition, feast, piece of cake, coportion pictures: (n) cinema, movie, movie theater, footage, motion picture, movie house piece: (n) fragment, division, part, article, lump, hunk, composition, component, opus; (n, v) patch, portion. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, chunk; (v) disassemble pieces: (n) debris, trash pierced: (adj) punctured, perforate, penetrated, cut, cleft pierre: (n) capital of south Dakota pigs: (n) stock, hogs, Suidae, livestock, litter, family Suidae, domestic animals, cattle, boars, sheep, farm animals pinched: (adj) haggard, drawn, emaciated, cadaverous, narrow, penurious, thin, penniless, adenoidal; (adj, n) necessitous; (n) distressed. ANTONYM: (adj) relaxed pine: (v) languish, long, ache, droop, flag, crave, fade; (n) fir; (n, v) yearn, sink; (adj) peak pink: (n) rose, crimson, gillyflower,

paragon; (v) knock, gore, impale, stab, spike, spear; (adj) flower pinned: (adj) fastened, engaged, helpless, stapled, intended; (adv) under pinning: (n) pining, pin drafting, stemming pins: (v) feet, legs, pegs, trotters pioneer: (v) initiate, institute, establish, found; (n) guide, explorer, colonist, originator, leader, scout, precursor. ANTONYMS: (n) native, successor pipe: (n) conduit, duct, flue, passage, pipage; (n, v) channel, cry; (v) squeak, sing, peep, screech pitcher: (n) jar, ewer, mug, pot, hurler, creamer, container, pail, bucket, flagon, tankard pitchfork: (v) bolt, fulminate, drive, sling, branch; (n) hayfork, hand tool, shakefork pitching: (n) cast, lurch, nosing motion, playing, slant, delivery, lunge, stone facing, pitch shot; (adj) inclined; (adv) headlong placed: (adj) situated, laid, set, positioned, arranged, fixed, sited, collocate, determined, dictated, hardened places: (n) chairs, seating, spaces placid: (adj) calm, composed, easygoing, equable, gentle, quiet, pacific, tranquil, cool, peaceable; (adj, v) peaceful. ANTONYMS: (adj) rough, energetic, stormy, frenetic, excitable, agitated, unstable, bothered, harsh, boisterous placidly: (adv) coolly, calmly, tranquilly, peacefully, stilly, quietly, composedly, silently, meekly, impassively, collectedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) agitatedly, boisterously placing: (n) placement, arrangement, disposition, installation, allocation, ordering, disposal, borrowing, composition plaid: (n) check, tartan, patchwork, kirtle, fabric, cloth, cape, tippet; (v) mosaic, tesselated; (adj) checked plain: (adj) ordinary, comprehensible, intelligible, apparent, manifest, obvious, clear, simple; (adj, n) flat, homely, humble. ANTONYMS: (adj) elaborate, unclear, multicolored, mottled, ornate, concealed, attractive, confused, fussy, obscure, patterned plainly: (adv) evidently, manifestly, clearly, distinctly, openly, obviously, patently, overtly, definitely; (adj,

247 adv) frankly, honestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) imperceptibly, vaguely, obscurely, figuratively, unclearly, politely, incoherently, implicitly, finely, ambiguously, covertly plaintively: (adv) piteously, sorrowfully, mournfully, pitifully, ruefully, grievously, lugubriously, pathetically, woefully, lamentingly, wistfully plank: (n) timber, beam, slat, girder, panel, parachute, matchboard, footbridge, hardboard; (v) flump; (n, v) planch planned: (adj) deliberate, intentional, calculated, designed, aforethought, scheduled, premeditated, plotted, prepared, future, studied. ANTONYMS: (adj) spontaneous, unplanned, ingenuous, accidental planning: (n) calculation, designing, programming, organization, deliberation, applecart, plan, projection, readying, town planning, arrangement plant: (v) fix, set, embed, graft, establish, constitute; (n, v) place; (n) manufactory, factory, equipment, herb. ANTONYMS: (v) dismantle, remove planted: (adj) ingrained, established, set, concealed plants: (n) flora, vegetation, trees, industrial equipment, afforestation, animals, birds, flora and fauna, foliage, natural world, plantation plastered: (adj) drunk, tight, intoxicated, pixilated, loaded, soaked, sloshed, smashed, wet, inebriated, pissed plat: (n, v) plait, plot; (v) braid, diagram, mat, twill; (n) plan, chart, lot, model, contrivance plate: (v) gild, cover, coat; (n, v) sheet, dish, leaf; (n) home plate, home, engraving, lamella, disc plates: (n) dishes, tableware, flake powder, dishware, dinner service platform: (n) dais, stand, stage, rostrum, quay, pulpit, plan, landing, ambo; (adj, n) floor; (n, v) program platte: (n) Platte river playfellow: (n) fellow, associate, pal, familiar, comrade, companion, buddy, playfere, chum, friend playful: (adj) frisky, humorous, kittenish, mischievous, skittish, impish, naughty, merry, lighthearted, frivolous, frolicsome. ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, lethargic, solemn, staid, subdued,

248 heavy playfully: (adv) sportively, jocularly, puckishly, impishly, merrily, naughtily, roguishly, frolicsomely, lightheartedly, archly, skittishly pleadingly: (adv) imploringly, importunately, entreatingly, suppliantly, pleading, appealingly pleasant: (adj) jolly, amiable, agreeable, acceptable, nice, charming, kindly, facetious, joyful, pretty; (adj, v) pleasing. ANTONYMS: (adj) disgusting, horrible, repugnant, nasty, gruesome, unwelcome, harsh, shocking, disagreeable, foul, terrible pleasantly: (adv) pleasingly, nicely, cheerily, enjoyably, agreeably, delightfully, sunnily, genially, gratifyingly, kindly; (adv, v) happily. ANTONYMS: (adv) disagreeably, offensively, awfully, discordantly, dreadfully, shockingly, unkindly, irritably, harshly, curtly, nastily pleased: (adj) contented, glad, delighted, content, joyful, thankful, gratified, appreciative, overjoyed, cheerful; (adj, v) elated. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, annoyed, angry, worried, ashamed, disappointed, frustrated, sad, unsatisfied, ungrateful, uncomplimentary pleasure: (n) fun, enjoyment, delectation, joy, comfort, happiness, mirth, inclination; (n, v) contentment, content; (adj, n, v) gratification. ANTONYMS: (n) irritation, nuisance, boredom, ache, displeasure, dissatisfaction, misery, pain, sadness, worry, anguish pleasures: (n) pleasure plenty: (adj, n) affluence, opulence; (n) many, much, plenteousness, copiousness, plenitude, exuberance, galore; (adj, adv) enough; (adj) adequate. ANTONYMS: (adj) insufficient, inadequate; (n) scarcity, insufficiency; (adv) insufficiently plough: (v) hoe, manure, delve, dibble, dig, dress the ground, cultivate, turn over, rake, weed, to plough ploughed: (v) plucked. ANTONYM: (adj) unplowed plover: (n) lapwing, pewit, killdeer, peewit, rock-plover, dotterel, kildeer, blackcock, grouse, duck, rail plow: (n) furrow; (v) farm, cultivate, hoe, turn over, rake, till, dig, cover, dibble, dress the ground

O Pioneers! plowed: (v) plucked; (adj) drunk plowing: (v) tilling, sowing; (n) tillage, aration, country, cultivation, earth, land plowshare: (n) colter, share, part, parcel, contribution, sock, percentage plucked: (v) ploughed; (adj) pulled, unfeathered, featherless, moulting, pilled plucking: (n) harvesting, rip out plucky: (adj) daring, manful, courageous, brave, spirited, stout, intrepid, mettlesome, gutsy, gallant, gamy plum: (n) damson, greengage, plum tree, prune, drupe, marmalade, lac, licorice; (adv) plumb, clean; (adj) mauve plumage: (n) feather, plume, feathering, quill, aftershaft, alula, marabou, finery, animal material; (adj) plumosity, alular plump: (adj) chubby, corpulent, stout, round, obese, overweight, gross, buxom, pudgy; (adj, n) fleshy; (v) fatten. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, emaciated, skinny, slim, slender plush: (adj) lush, splendid, opulent, sumptuous, luxuriant, luxurious, rich, gorgeous, swish, deluxe, magnificent. ANTONYMS: (adj) meager, austere, shabby, Spartan, cheap pocket: (v) take, appropriate, steal, lift, catch; (n, v) sack, pouch; (n) cavity, hole, hollow; (adj) digest. ANTONYM: (v) return poem: (n) lay, lyric, verse, rhyme, ballad, chant, epic, ode, ballade, elegy, epos pointed: (adj) keen, poignant, acute, piquant, cutting, marked, pithy, biting, short, sharp, barbed. ANTONYMS: (adj) rounded, blunt, unpointed, pointless, mild, smooth, dull pointedly: (adv) penetratingly, poignantly, piquantly, markedly; (adj) particularly, by design, peculiarly, on purpose, notably, knowingly, designedly pointing: (n) punctuation, indication, scoring poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) cure; (v) clean poke: (n, v) dig, jab, nudge, push, punch, prod, thrust; (n) bag, sack, pocket; (v) shove

poker: (n) draw, lotto, nap, fire hook, monte, reversis, shovel, squeezers, tongs, trivet, rake pole: (n) picket, bar, magnetic pole, mast, rod, terminal, post, support, axle, beam, axis polished: (adj) glossy, cultured, finished, refined, smooth, lustrous, genteel, courtly; (adj, v) courteous, civil, polite. ANTONYMS: (adj) rough, coarse, shoddy, unpolished, amateur, awkward, unsophisticated polite: (adj) cultured, gentle, courtly, civil, refined, proper, genteel, kind, attentive, friendly, complaisant. ANTONYMS: (adj) rude, discourteous, boorish, improper, abusive, common, authoritative, disobedient, uncivilized, uncivil, curt politics: (n) government, policy, geopolitics, political sympathies, political relation, thought, profession, sentiment, governance, governing; (n, v) diplomacy pompadour: (n) hairdo, hair style pond: (n) lake, mere, pool, plash, loch, fishpond, sea, tank, reservoir, millpond, broad pool: (n) plash, pond, lake, mere, cartel, swimming pool, syndicate, trust, kitty, basin; (v) merge poppy: (n) opiate, celandine, creamcups, opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, celandine poppy, swallowwort, corn poppy, field poppy, bocconia; (v) balm populated: (adj) populous, thick. ANTONYM: (adj) uninhabited porch: (n) lobby, hall, vestibule, veranda, door, entrance, deck, gallery, portico, balcony, inlet porous: (adj) leaky, poriferous, holey, pervious, open, spongy, honeycombed, absorbent, cellular, perforated; (v) riddled. ANTONYMS: (adj) impermeable, watertight, nonporous portfolio: (n) brief-case, album, folder, case, investment portfolio, file, budget, bandolier, chair, brief case, function portrait: (n) effigy, image, likeness, icon, delineation, depiction, figure, portraiture, picture, photograph, painting possess: (adj, v) own; (v) hold, wield, occupy, bear, keep, enjoy, contain, retain, to have, maintain. ANTONYMS: (v) lack, remove possibilities: (n) potential, field postman: (n) mailman, carrier,

Willa Cather deliveryman, letter carrier, carrier wave, flattop, express, delivery boy, common carrier, immune carrier, aircraft carrier potato: (n) murphy, white potato, tater, spud, potato-ball, Solanum tuberosum, vine, tuber, bittersweet, eggplant, white potato vine potatoes: (n) root crop poultry: (n) chicken, fowl, hen, domestic fowl, bird, Guinea, cochin, dove, fowls, capon, chick pounded: (adj) beaten, ground, crushed, pulverized, minced, broken up, milled pour: (v) gush, shed, decant, scatter, stream, flow, pelt, discharge, teem, infuse; (n, v) overflow. ANTONYMS: (v) drizzle, trickle poured: (adj) concrete pouring: (adj) gushing, teeming, flowing profusely, burbling, burbly; (n) casting, affusion, downpour, effusion, tapping, baptism. ANTONYM: (adj) light powder: (n, v) dust; (v) grind, crush, pound, comminute, pulverize, sprinkle, pulverise; (n) gunpowder, pollen, explosive powdered: (adj) powdery, fine, crushed, milled, ground, broken up, finer, minced, pulverised; (n) punctated, milk powerful: (adj) potent, muscular, strong, hard, able, brawny, vigorous, energetic, intense; (adj, adv) mighty; (adj, prep) forcible. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, mild, unimportant, calm, faint, frail, gentle, ineffective, modest, insignificant, lightweight powers: (n) authority, capacity, strength, administration practical: (adj) practicable, realistic, pragmatic, functional, feasible, efficient, helpful, active, expedient, useful, handy. ANTONYMS: (adj) impractical, theoretical, unrealistic, useless, impossible, passive, idealistic, impracticable, unimaginative, unprofessional, destructive practise: (v) execute, practice, perform, exercise, drill, do, rehearse, learn, take, work out, read practised: (adj) practiced, expert, adept, good, trained, proficient, seasoned, skilful, skilled, skillful, versed practising: (adj) practicing, churchgoing prairie: (n) meadow, lea, grassland,

field, savanna, steppe, heath, bush, jungle, desert, pampas praise: (v) approve, extol, flatter, celebrate, glorify; (n, v) commend, compliment, honor, glory, acclaim; (n) applause. ANTONYMS: (n) criticism, disparagement; (v) reprimand, disparage, reproach, scold, belittle, rebuke, chastise, denigrate, sully prattling: (n) gab; (adj) voluble, gabby pray: (v) beg, implore, entreat, crave, invite, plead, beseech, appeal, importune, adjure, invoke. ANTONYM: (v) reject praying: (n) prayer preacher: (n) missionary, parson, lecturer, clergyman, evangelist, pastor, priest, sermonizer, revivalist, gospeler, preachers predicament: (n) dilemma, fix, plight, crisis, difficulty, mess, quandary, case, category, impasse; (n, v) condition predisposed: (adj) inclined, susceptible, partial, disposed, willing, likely, propense, vulnerable, biased, of a mind, interested. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbiased, impervious preference: (n) predilection, option, liking, choice, election, preferment, precedence, penchant, fondness, partiality, alternative. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, coercion, antipathy preferred: (adj) favorite, chosen, pet, select, favourite, selected, choice, preferable, singled out, favoured, golden prehistoric: (adj) archaic, ancient, primordial, primeval, antiquated, old, antediluvian, prehistorical, antique, dated, earliest. ANTONYM: (adj) contemporary premeditation: (n) predetermination, predestination, provision, preparation, purpose, aforethought, predeliberation, forecast, preordination, foresight, planning preoccupied: (adj) absorbed, abstracted, thoughtful, lost, rapt, distracted, faraway, inattentive, deep in thought, engrossed, pensive. ANTONYMS: (adj) alert, carefree, uninterested prepared: (adj) willing, disposed, fitted, fain, finished, ready, ripe, primed, competent, inclined, efficient. ANTONYMS: (adj) spontaneous, unarmed, reluctant, unwilling

249 preparing: (n) preparation, manufacturing; (v) brewing, prepare; (adj) preliminary, forthcoming, coming presence: (n) front, manner, mien, bearing, carriage, figure, air, comportment, demeanor, company; (n, v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) absence, nonattendance presented: (adj) conferred, offered, given, presenting, existing, accessible, obtainable, to be had, on hand presently: (adv) instantly, directly, currently, before long, shortly, soon, now, at present, readily, just, actually. ANTONYMS: (adv) later, now, formerly preserve: (v) maintain, keep, save, guard, hold, defend, uphold, keep up; (n) jam, jelly, conserves. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, discontinue, damage, lose, attack, endanger, use, end preserves: (n) conserve, jam, chowchow, conserves, jelly, marmalade, canned food, confiture, European federation of importers of dried fruit, preserved food, apple butter preserving: (n) conservation, preservation, protection, conservancy, embalmment, fixation; (adj) saving, frugal, economical, protective, thrifty pressed: (adj) compact, urgent, printed, pressing, press, stamped, pushed, impelled, incited, bound, driven pressing: (adj, v) exigent, importunate, important; (adj) imperative, immediate, imperious, instant, critical, insistent; (n) dishing, press. ANTONYM: (adj) mild pretend: (adv, v) assume; (adj, v) sham, counterfeit, fake, play; (v) dissimulate, dissemble, make believe, imagine, affect, act. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) real; (adj) genuine, natural, sincere pretended: (adj, v) sham, mock, counterfeit, pseudo, spurious; (adj) assumed, fake, feigned, fictitious, bogus, affected pretending: (n, v) pretense; (n) affectation, appearance, acting, pretence, mannerism, dissembling, pretension, deception, deceit; (adv) pretendingly pretty: (adj) fair, graceful, lovely, handsome, attractive, charming,

250 good-looking, picturesque, dainty; (n) nice; (adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adj) plain, unattractive, modern, inelegant; (adv) extremely prevent: (n, v) hinder, bar; (v) anticipate, block, forbid, avert, avoid, preclude, arrest, hamper, obviate. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, permit, promote, advance, attract, cause, let, drive, help, support, include prey: (n) chase, game, victim, immolation, quarry, target, mark, capture; (n, v) plunder, raven; (v) eat. ANTONYMS: (n) hunter, predator pride: (n) arrogance, conceit, egotism, vanity, lordliness, assumption, insolence, disdain, hauteur; (n, v) boast; (v) plume. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, sorrow, dregs, disgrace, shame, baseness priest: (adj, n) clergyman, divine; (n) minister, ecclesiastic, churchman, pastor, celebrant, parson, cleric, presbyter, chaplain principal: (adj, n) chief, master, cardinal, primary, leading, capital, prime, main; (adj) grand; (n) manager, leader. ANTONYMS: (adj) secondary, subordinate, peripheral, trivial, marginal, side printed: (adj) written, imprinted, stamped, pressed, embossed, on paper printing: (n) print, impression, issue, edition, press, letterpress, type, imprint, typography, publication, mackle prison: (n) calaboose, confinement, lockup, penitentiary, jug, chokey, college, prison house, limbo, confine, custody privately: (adv) covertly, privily, confidentially, personally, closely, stealthily, secludedly, domestically, informally, retiredly; (adj, adv) quietly. ANTONYMS: (adv) publicly, officially probability: (n) likelihood, chance, possibility, likeliness, opportunity, expectation, eventuality, prospect, expectancy, contingency; (adj, n) odds. ANTONYM: (n) improbability probity: (adj, n) integrity, honor, candor, decency; (n) goodness, morality, principle, sincerity, virtue, veracity; (adj) faithfulness. ANTONYM: (n) untrustworthiness profession: (n) employment, declaration, occupation, affirmation, calling, career, vocation, job,

O Pioneers! position, assertion, assurance. ANTONYM: (n) denial professor: (n) teacher, scholar, instructor, master, trainer, tutor, don, coach, full professor, connoisseur, academic proficiency: (n) ability, expertise, capability, dexterity, competence, efficiency, knowledge, expertness, skill, facility, craft. ANTONYMS: (n) inability, inexperience proficient: (adj, n) expert, professional; (adj) able, accomplished, practiced, good, adroit, capable, skillful, competent, deft. ANTONYMS: (adj) inept, amateur, untrained, inexperienced, bad prohibition: (n) inhibition, forbiddance, exclusion, interdiction, proscription, banning, embargo, forbidding, injunction, enjoinment, forbid. ANTONYMS: (n) entitlement, permission projecting: (adj) projected, protruding, jutting, protrusive, pendent; (adj, v) overhanging, jutting over, salient; (v) beetling, protuberant, convex prolonged: (adj) lengthy, chronic, extended, elongated, lengthened, continuous, continued, expanded, sustained; (adj, v) protracted, lingering. ANTONYMS: (adj) quick, short, temporary promise: (n, v) covenant, guarantee, contract, vow, bargain; (v) augur, assure; (n) engagement, assurance, plight, word promised: (adj) pledged, affianced, betrothed, busy, devoted, employed, greatly interested, intended, involved; (v) benempt, named pronounced: (adj) clear, emphatic, distinct, prominent, notable, obvious, salient, evident, definite, bold, palpable. ANTONYMS: (adj) faint, inconspicuous, indefinite, loose, slight, small proper: (adj) due, decent, modest, agreeable, fitting, legitimate, right; (adj, v) correct, fit, becoming; (adj, n) just. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, wrong, unseemly, rude, unconventional, unsuitable, false, relaxed, vulgar, unreasonable, undue properly: (adv) duly, decently, appropriately, neatly, exactly, rightly, becomingly, fittingly, fitly, seemly, aptly. ANTONYMS: (adv) improperly, incorrectly,

inappropriately, unlawfully, unsuitably, unduly, informally, indecently, dishonorably, badly, jokingly proposal: (n) advice, suggestion, proposition, overture, plan, proffer, offer, hypothesis, presentation, idea, view propose: (v) bid, nominate, design, plan, proffer, move, intend, mean, aim, suggest; (n, v) advance. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, improvise, oppose proprietorship: (n) property, proprietary, possession, tenure, demesne, title, holding, lordship, monopoly prosecute: (v) pursue, persecute, follow, chase, engage, indict, litigate, drive, execute, accuse; (n, v) sue. ANTONYM: (v) pardon prospect: (n) outlook, expectancy, lookout, aspect, anticipation, hope, possibility, perspective, probability, panorama, picture prospecting: (adj) searching prosper: (v) advance, flower, thrive, grow, bloom, succeed, boom, get ahead, get on; (adj) luxuriate; (n, v) fare. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, collapse, decrease, dwindle, decline prosperity: (n) affluence, wealth, success, flourish, good fortune, fortune, welfare, opulence, abundance, good, prosperousness. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, fruitlessness, hardship, insufficiency protected: (adj) guarded, immune, secured, sheltered, saved, covered, shielded, obtected, cosseted; (v) protect, private. ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, harsh, insecure, exposed, susceptible proud: (adj) lofty, disdainful, haughty, exalted, egotistical, gallant, pompous, lordly, majestic, overbearing; (adj, v) dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) humble, modest, ashamed, embarrassed, sorrowful, disappointed, miserable proudly: (adv) haughtily, arrogantly, superciliously, boastfully, vainly, splendidly, stately, loftily, snootily, disdainfully, conceitedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) humbly, modestly prove: (v) attest, manifest, evidence, establish, show, examine, verify, essay, check, corroborate; (adj, v) confirm. ANTONYMS: (v) refute, undermine proved: (adj) tried, established,

Willa Cather tested, qualified, genuine, demonstrable, apparent, confirmed, reliable, faithful providence: (n) forethought, fortune, fate, discretion, God, destiny, care, economy, caution, precaution, chance. ANTONYM: (n) improvidence prudent: (adj, v) discreet; (adj) cautious, circumspect, reasonable, chary, economical, careful, frugal, deliberate, advisable, canny. ANTONYMS: (adj) imprudent, reckless, spendthrift, stupid, careless, unwise, unsafe, tactless prudently: (adv) wisely, cautiously, judiciously, discreetly, shrewdly, sparingly, charily, sagaciously, warily, frugally, circumspectly. ANTONYMS: (adv) recklessly, imprudently, extravagantly, generously, indiscreetly, immaturely, stupidly prune: (v) pare, cut, cut back, crop, trim, curtail, abbreviate, dress, shear, snip; (adj, n, v) lop. ANTONYMS: (v) lengthen, augment psalm: (n) hymn, chant, psalmody, anthem, song, Salm; (v) sing puffed: (adj) puff, bloated, distended, puffy, tumid, turgid, swell, breathless, bepuffed, overflowing, out of breath puffy: (adj) pompous, swollen, bloated, inflated, bombastic, tumid, puffed, distended, orotund, puff; (v) obese puissant: (adj) powerful, mighty, forcible, hard, robust, vigorous, strong, stout, efficacious, adamantine, cogent pull: (n, v) draw, drag, pluck, tug, wrench, jerk; (v) draught, haul, attract, pick; (n) attraction. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, shove, leave; (n) repulsion, repulsiveness pulling: (n) pull, drawing, traction, haulage, actuation, clout, deracination, draughts, extirpation; (adj) attracting, tractive pump: (n, v) interrogate, question; (v) draw, milk, examine, squirt, push, wield; (n) ticker, pumps, aspirator purify: (adj, v) clear, cleanse; (v) purge, disinfect, refine, distill, sanctify, clarify, depurate, lustrate, chasten. ANTONYMS: (v) pollute, dilute, soil, cloud, desecrate purple: (adj) violet, lilac, imperial, regal, royal; (adj, n) empurpled; (v) empurple; (n) magenta, purpleness, ermine, pall

purpose: (n, v) plan, intention, design, project, resolve, purport, end, object; (n) mind, effect, motive. ANTONYM: (n) weakness push: (n, v) press, thrust, impel, jolt, force, jab, nudge, crowd, prod, poke; (v) jostle. ANTONYMS: (v) drag, haul, unpack, inhibit, leave, oppose, prevent, restrain, understate, calm; (n) apathy puts: (n) stocks, securities, preferred stock, common stock, bonds putting: (n) placing, putt, botong, swing, puts, miniature golf, golf stroke, golf shot, placing into standby puzzled: (adj) bewildered, confused, baffled, nonplussed, doubtful, bemused, at a loss, curious, mystified, nonplused, dazed. ANTONYM: (adj) clear quail: (v) cringe, cower, wince, funk, shrink, recoil, blench; (n, v) quake; (n) bobwhite, partridge, quiver quaint: (adj) odd, funny, picturesque, comical, fanciful, curious, whimsical, strange, queer, peculiar, droll. ANTONYMS: (adj) modern, ordinary, dull quarrel: (adj, n, v) dispute; (n, v) fight, feud, brawl, row, altercation, argue, conflict, squabble; (n) dissension, difference. ANTONYMS: (n) agreement, reconciliation, acceptance, concord, consensus; (v) agree quarrelsome: (adj) argumentative, belligerent, combative, cantankerous, aggressive, disputatious, ugly, currish, termagant; (adj, n) contentious; (adj, v) fretful. ANTONYMS: (adj) agreeable, peaceful, amiable quarter: (n) part, district, neighbourhood, division, mercy, neighborhood, region, direction, portion; (n, v) place; (v) lodge. ANTONYM: (v) evict queer: (adj) fantastic, odd, eccentric, funny, curious, gay, peculiar, strange, quaint, fishy, outlandish. ANTONYMS: (adj) conventional, normal, well queerly: (adv) curiously, funnily, fishily, strangely, peculiarly, singularly, comically, fantasticly, fantastically, funny, suspiciously quench: (adj, v) extinguish, allay, slake; (v) appease, quash, put out, destroy, assuage, annihilate, calm, chill. ANTONYMS: (v) stimulate, light

251 questionable: (adj) arguable, debatable, fishy, equivocal, suspicious, uncertain, doubtful, moot, controversial, disputable; (adj, v) fallible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unquestionable, indisputable, certain, irrefutable, trustworthy, acknowledged, plausible, unambiguous, conclusive, strong, reputable questioningly: (adv) wonderingly, quizzically, curiously, skeptically, pryingly, incredulously, suspiciously, inquisitively, sceptically, nosily, doubtfully quick: (adj) bright, hasty, agile, nimble, intelligent, clever, speedy, active, immediate, instant; (adj, v) prompt. ANTONYMS: (adj) leisurely, dull, dim, thick, unintelligent, thorough, inept, unobservant, lengthy, long, permanent quicken: (v) accelerate, hasten, hurry, dispatch, animate, expedite, advance, enliven, precipitate; (n, v) forward, speed. ANTONYMS: (v) decelerate, delay quicker: (adv) more quickly, sooner, earlier quiet: (adj, adv, v) still; (adj, n, v) lull, hush, pacify, compose, appease, assuage; (adj, v) moderate, cool; (adj, adv) gentle, motionless. ANTONYMS: (adj) noisy, talkative, vociferous, active, oratorical, fierce, vocal, unquiet, busy, disordered; (n) noise quietly: (adv) stilly, calmly, peacefully, silently, softly, smoothly, tranquilly, serenely, restfully, lully, moderately. ANTONYMS: (adv) loudly, harshly, raucously, vociferously, anxiously, energetically, manically, unquietly, clearly, heavily, brashly quilted: (adj) thick quit: (adj, n, v) leave; (v) go, drop, break, cease, give up, depart, end, discontinue; (adj, v) discharge; (n, v) part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, occupy, enter, maintain, start, come, arrive rabbit: (n) cony, hare, lapin, bunny, cottontail, leporide, shuttle, coward; (adj) milch cow, seed plot, warren rabbits: (n) order Lagomorpha, pikas, Lagomorpha races: (n) racing, athletics racing: (n) overspeed, horse racing, boat racing, athletics, camel racing, greyhound racing; (v) contend; (adj) fast

252 rack: (n, v) torment, wrack, Scud; (n) manger, grid, cage, bracket, stand; (v) excruciate, afflict, agonize radiant: (adj, v) bright, glittering, lustrous, beamy, glorious; (adj) beaming, luminous, effulgent, lucid, glowing, beautiful. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, dark, pale, unhappy railway: (n) rail, line, railroad track, rails, railway system, sidetrack, funicular, gantlet, railroad line, rail line, tramway rain: (n, v) stream, hail; (n) precipitation, wet, pelting, flow, downpour, rainwater; (v) precipitate, shower, rain down. ANTONYM: (v) drizzle raindrops: (n) rain, raindrop raining: (adj) rainy, showery, drizzly; (n) woe. ANTONYM: (adj) dry rains: (n) wet raise: (n, v) lift, boost, increase; (v) erect, hoist, grow, enhance, build, elevate, promote, foster. ANTONYMS: (n, v) downgrade; (v) lessen, demote, decrease, level, reduce, dismantle, knock; (n) lowering, reduction, descent raised: (adj) embossed, erect, convex, inflated, brocaded, high, uplifted, lifted, exultant; (v) in relief, repousse raising: (n) bringing up, nurture, elevation, lift, raise, culture, heave, ascent, ascension, upbringing, rearing rancor: (adj, n) gall, venom; (n) grudge, enmity, hostility, ill will, spite, malice, animosity, hatred, hate. ANTONYMS: (n) amicability, goodwill, harmony, affection rang: (n) rung rank: (n, v) range, order, place, position, grade, class, line, file; (v) arrange, classify; (n) gradation. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, pleasant, clean rapid: (adj, v) fast, swift, prompt, fleet; (adj) speedy, agile, hasty, cursory, expeditious, sudden; (adv) quickly. ANTONYMS: (adj) slow, gradual, considered, leisurely, thorough, lengthy, protracted, sluggish rapidly: (adv) promptly, speedily, swiftly, quick, fleetly, hastily, cursorily, readily, expeditiously, fast; (adj, adv) immediately. ANTONYMS: (adv) permanently, gradually, thoroughly, eventually, later, now rapture: (n) joy, bliss, delight, happiness, exaltation, elation,

O Pioneers! exultation, enchantment; (adj, n) enthusiasm; (n, v) transport; (adj, n, v) passion. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, boredom, misery, gloom, agony, hell, despair rapturous: (adj) overjoyed, enraptured, rapt, delighted, rhapsodic, blissful; (adj, v) ravishing; (v) ardent, passionate, fond, erotic. ANTONYM: (adj) down rapturously: (adv) ravishingly, rhapsodically, overjoyedly, raptly, delightedly, enrapturedly, gladly rash: (adj, n) foolhardy, hasty, precipitate, eruption; (adj) imprudent, reckless, impetuous, heedless, audacious, sudden; (adj, adv) thoughtless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, careful, sensible, wise, considered, deliberate, prudent, modest, slow, responsible, patient rattle: (n, v) jingle, jangle, clatter; (n) click, clang, clack; (v) bang, confuse, shake, patter, disconcert rattlesnake: (n) serpent, massasauga, asp, cobra, sidewinder, prairie rattlesnake, diamondback, prairie rattler, pit viper, horned rattlesnake, ground rattler rattling: (adj) lively, brisk, racy, marvelous, fantastic, zippy, snappy, spanking, merry; (adv) very, real ravine: (n, v) gap, cleft; (n) chasm, canyon, dell, defile, gully, glen, pass, abyss, valley rays: (n) light, sunlight, Selachii, dogfishes, elasmobranch, Elasmobranchii, emission, daylight, sunshine, selachian, subclass Elasmobranchii reach: (n, v) fetch, stretch; (adj, v) overtake, pass, extend; (v) obtain, achieve, make, attain, get; (n) compass. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, differ, fail reaching: (n) reach, arrival, coming, accomplishment, outreach, advent, achievement, grasp, arriver, getting; (adj) suspicious reading: (n, v) read; (n) recital, learning, interpretation, lection, construction, version, study, perusal, erudition, exegesis reality: (n, v) fact, efficiency, deed; (n) existence, certainty, actuality, realism, being, realness, truth, entity. ANTONYMS: (n) vision, imagination, delusion, dream, illusion, idealism, unreality, fiction realization: (n) accomplishment,

awareness, fulfillment, implementation, comprehension, realisation, fruition, actualization, completion, grasp, performance. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, unconsciousness, abandonment, ignorance realize: (v) achieve, perform, discover, attain, appreciate, make, execute, complete, accomplish, know, sense. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, neglect realized: (adj) accomplished, realised, completed, effected, fulfilled, caught, done, finished, highly skilled, established rear: (v) breed, raise, bring up, nurture, educate, foster, nurse; (adj, v) erect; (n) tail; (adj, n) posterior; (adj) after. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) front; (adj) fore; (n) head; (v) level reasonable: (adj) rational, just, fair, legitimate, judicious, sensible, sane, temperate, impartial, inexpensive, equitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unfair, expensive, unsatisfactory, inadequate, excessive, intolerable, intemperate, inexplicable, ridiculous, obsessional reasoned: (adj) coherent, rational, sound, logical, valid, reasonable, carefully considered, intelligent, heavy, healthy, good. ANTONYM: (adj) confused reassuring: (adj) promising, hopeful, heartening, comforting, reliable, soothing, uplifting, rosy, favorable; (v) reassure; (n) encouragement. ANTONYMS: (adj) frightening, upsetting, worrying, disconcerting, perturbing, threatening, depressing, disturbing reassuringly: (adv) encouragingly rebellious: (adj) insubordinate, mutinous, disaffected, defiant, disobedient, contrary, contumacious, insurgent, stubborn, unruly, malcontent. ANTONYMS: (adj) docile, conventional, obedient, conformist, content, conforming, cooperative, loyal, meek, submissive, obliging receive: (v) get, admit, assume, have, welcome, bear, obtain, adopt, make, greet, embrace. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, disburse, lose, mail, present, spend, dispatch received: (adj) acknowledged, conventional, standard, accredited, acceptable, orthodox, canonical, normative; (v) receiving, current, ascertained. ANTONYMS: (adj)

Willa Cather unconventional, nonstandard receiver: (n) beneficiary, payee, earphone, headset, heir, cashier, liquidator, earpiece, addressee, grantee, taker. ANTONYMS: (n) benefactor, sender reckless: (adj) careless, rash, foolhardy, hasty, incautious, extravagant, daring, desperate, brash; (adj, v) imprudent, wanton. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, prudent, sensible, wise, responsible, parsimonious, considered, safe, guarded, dutiful, discreet recklessly: (adv) rashly, carelessly, imprudently, hastily, heedlessly, negligently, foolhardily, inattentively, wildly, wantonly, neglectfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) prudently, responsibly, calmly, discreetly, sensibly, cautiously recognize: (n, v) know, discern; (v) acknowledge, identify, distinguish, admit, discover, confess, realize, allow, appreciate. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, diminish, forget, ignore, disregard recognized: (adj) accepted, noted, recognised, established, illustrious, distinguished, standard, known, notorious; (adj, v) received; (v) ascertained. ANTONYMS: (adj) unofficial, concealed, dubious, informal reconciled: (adj) consistent, resigned, serene, meet; (v) made friends, affriended. ANTONYM: (adj) unreconciled reconstruct: (v) alter, restore, build, mend, rehabilitate, repair, reconstitute, reconstructing, rebuilding, redo, retrace recover: (v) reclaim, get back, recuperate, retrieve, regain, pick up, get well, restore, heal, convalesce, mend. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, die, decline, aggravate, abandon, worsen, scatter rectangle: (n) quadrangle, tetragon, square, foursquare, oblong, rectangular, quadrilateral, parallelogram, lozenge, diamond, quadratic recumbent: (adj) prostrate, accumbent, lying, reclining, flat, procumbent, lying down, horizontal, prone, incumbent, idle reddened: (adj) red, ablaze, aflame, flushed, crimson, inflamed, blazing, aroused, blemished, red as scarlet, spotty reddish: (adj) ruddy, rosy, crimson,

cherry, rufescent, rufous, rubicund, scarlet, rubedinous, ruby, colorful refilling: (n) alternate, filling, permutation, reclamation, renewal, replacement, back filling reflect: (v) deliberate, ponder, cogitate, muse, consider, meditate, contemplate, think, mull over, mull, mirror. ANTONYM: (v) ignore reflected: (adj) reflecting, reverberant, reflectent reflecting: (adv) reflectingly; (adj) reflective, thoughtful, calculating, reflected, shiny, shimmering, reflectent; (n) mirroring, reflection, reflexion reflection: (n) contemplation, thought, deliberation, meditation, musing, cogitation, idea, notion, introspection; (n, v) observation, reflexion. ANTONYMS: (n) impulsiveness, confirmation reflectively: (adv) contemplatively, meditatively, wistfully, thoughtfully, speculatively, ruminatively, studiously, regretfully, sadly, longingly, reflexively reform: (v) rectify, better, correct, modify, transform, ameliorate, emend, improve, remodel; (n, v) change; (n) amendment. ANTONYMS: (v) scatter, worsen, maintain refuge: (n) sanctuary, asylum, safety, retreat, cover, harborage, haven, shelter, harbor; (n, v) recourse, resort refused: (adj) forbidden, refuse, prohibited, hence regardless: (adj) inattentive, heedless, thoughtless, reckless, mindless, indifferent, negligent, neglectful; (adv) irregardless, irrespective, no matter register: (n, v) list, file, note, catalogue, chronicle; (n) inventory, book, account; (v) enroll, enter, indicate regular: (adj) normal, general, formal; (adj, n) steady, common, customary, ordinary; (adj, v) orderly, conventional, methodical; (adj, n, v) constant. ANTONYMS: (adj) irregular, erratic, variable, unusual, inconsistent, straight, extraordinary, asymmetrical, rare, distant, strong regularity: (n) constancy, evenness, punctuality, orderliness, uniformity, steadiness, method, accuracy, discipline, system, exactness. ANTONYMS: (n) lateness,

253 asymmetry, irregularity, disorder, variability, variety, abnormality rehearsing: (n) rehearsal rein: (n) bridle, curb, restraint, check, strap; (v) leash, harness, contain, rule, rein in, confine reinforced: (adj) built, strong, unbreakable, toughened, resistant, assembled, improved, shatterproof reins: (n) bridle, Reins of a vault, reins of government, wheel, gearshift, joystick, pedals, potency, power, powerfulness reject: (v) deny, decline, disapprove, eliminate, dismiss, exclude, rebuff, discard, repel, ignore; (n) cull. ANTONYMS: (v) approve, choose, select, grant, acknowledge, agree, pass, welcome, propose, prefer, keep rejoicing: (n) exultation, jubilation, happiness, joy, mirth, pleasure, elation; (adj) jubilant, exultant; (v) rejoice; (adv) rejoicingly. ANTONYM: (n) sadness relation: (n) narration, recital, association, affinity, description, rehearsal, kin, relative; (n, v) account, report, regard relaxation: (n) diversion, amusement, pastime, entertainment, rest, recreation, leisure, comfort, quiet, remission, respite. ANTONYMS: (n) anxiety, rigidity, work, increase, agitation released: (adj) loose, liberated, discharged, exempt, open, unbound, release, emancipated, gratuitous, free cells; (n) freer. ANTONYM: (adj) imprisoned relentless: (adj) implacable, cruel, inflexible, stern, pitiless, harsh, merciless, grim, obdurate, persistent, unrelenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, lenient, merciful, finite, soft, sporadic, feeble relieved: (adj) alleviated, thankful, mitigated, prominent, pleased, joyful, fresh, delighted, comfortable, cheerful, happy. ANTONYM: (adj) worried religion: (n) piety, faith, creed, cult, sect, denomination, church, devotion, paganism, persuasion, holiness reluctantly: (adv) loathly, aversely, grudgingly, backwardly, hesitantly, reluctant, slowly, unenthusiastically, indisposedly, lothly, charily. ANTONYMS: (adv) freely, wholeheartedly remind: (v) recollect, prompt, recall,

254 commemorate, call up, memorialize, hint, jog, inform, think; (n, v) mind remote: (adj) aloof, inaccessible, outside, detached, faint, alien, unapproachable, secluded, far, foreign, isolated. ANTONYMS: (adj) near, nearby, accessible, likely, strong, neighboring, central, close, friendly, relevant, approachable removed: (adj) distant, remote, separate, far, detached, abstracted, absent, apart, aloof, separated, outlying. ANTONYMS: (adj) connected, together, worldly renowned: (adj, n) illustrious, glorious; (adj) famous, famed, notable, noted, eminent, distinguished, great, notorious, well-known. ANTONYMS: (adj) obscure, anonymous, undistinguished rent: (n, v) breach, fissure, lease, let; (adj, n) cleft; (n) crevice, tear, crack, break; (v) charter, engage rented: (adj) on loan, borrowed repeat: (v) copy, recapitulate, reduplicate, reiterate, rehearse, return, say, double, renew, iterate, duplicate repeated: (adj) continual, recurrent, frequent, persistent, repeat, double, habitual, chronic, again, common, continuous. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, rare, unique, alternate, unusual, spasmodic repeating: (n) repeat, iteration, renewal, repetition, redundancy, copying, reduplication; (adj) repetitious, iterating, iterative, repetitive reply: (n) echo, response, reaction, repay; (n, v) return, rejoinder; (v) respond, react, rejoin, retort, counter. ANTONYMS: (n, v) question; (v) interrogate, ignore repose: (n, v) recline, peace, lie, calm; (n) composure, ease, quiet, leisure, recreation, relaxation; (v) lay. ANTONYMS: (n, v) work; (n) activity, panic, agitation represented: (adj) delineate, depicted, representing, drawn, painted, pictured, diagrammatic reproachfully: (adv) critically, abusively, admonitorily, vituperatively, disapprovingly, wearily, contemptuously, disparagingly, disdainfully, witheringly, shamefully. ANTONYMS: (adv) approvingly, hopefully reprove: (n, v) censure, blame, chide,

O Pioneers! rebuke, reprehend; (v) admonish, reproach, lecture, condemn, warn, castigate. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, approve, commend reputed: (adj) supposed, renowned, famous, conjectural, assumed, famed, eminent, prominent, alleged, well-known, distinguished. ANTONYM: (adj) known resent: (v) resentful, envy, grudge, begrudge, embittered, angry, abhor, take offense, take umbrage, take exception, loathe. ANTONYMS: (v) welcome, wish, accept reserved: (adj, n) cold, distant, frigid; (adj) coy, reticent, diffident, bashful, aloof, retiring, quiet, shy. ANTONYMS: (adj) open, forthcoming, uninhibited, relaxed, warm, communicative, talkative, free, definite, cordial, forward resigned: (adj) patient, acquiescent, yielding, pessimistic, abject, passive, forbearing, obedient; (adj, v) subdued; (v) bowed down, content. ANTONYMS: (adj) resentful, optimistic, intolerant resolute: (adj, n) constant, firm, fixed, steady; (adj, v) determined; (adj) inflexible, brave, adamant, dogged, unbending, courageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, uncertain, uncommitted, timid, fickle, feeble, indecisive, flexible, flippant, hesitant, undecided resolutely: (adv) determinedly, decidedly, steadfastly, decisively, unfalteringly, boldly, steadily, stubbornly, definitely, resolvedly, unwaveringly. ANTONYMS: (adv) irresolutely, indecisively, uncertainly, feebly, hesitantly, aimlessly resoluteness: (n) determination, decision, resolution, resolve, obstinacy, bravery, bullheadedness, courage, obduracy, adamance, fortitude. ANTONYMS: (n) irresoluteness, indecisiveness resolution: (n) determination, purpose, firmness, conclusion, answer, solution, resolve, decomposition, resoluteness, perseverance, settlement. ANTONYMS: (n) problem, feebleness, indecision, irresoluteness, irresolution, weakness, indifference resolved: (adj, v) resolute, firm, certain; (adj) fixed, definite, set, decided, conclusive, intent, solved, positive. ANTONYMS: (adj)

undecided, flexible, irresolute, unconfirmed, uncertain resourcefulness: (n) resource, imagination, invention, inventiveness, ingenuity, ability, armory, originality, armoury, inventory, initiative. ANTONYM: (n) uselessness respect: (adj, n, v) regard, worship; (n, v) esteem, heed, notice, reverence; (v) observe, keep, appreciate; (n) homage, deference. ANTONYMS: (n, v) scorn, dishonor, disregard; (n) cheek, insolence, impudence, disdain; (v) despise, humiliate, break, taint responsibilities: (n) responsibility, accountability, duty, errands, position, post, odd Jobs, household tasks, farm duties, everyday Jobs, tasks resting: (adj) idle, quiescent, inactive, dormant, quiet, sleeping, reclining, obligatory, unemployed, asleep; (n) repose restless: (adj) fidgety, uneasy, impatient, restive, agitated, fretful, turbulent, feverish; (adj, n) nervous, apprehensive; (adj, v) unquiet. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, peaceful, lethargic, unbroken, still, contented restrain: (adj, v) confine; (v) control, rein, hold, curb, bind, contain, prevent, limit, repress; (n, v) check. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, promote, unleash, impel, release, intensify, increase, free, extend, express, support retired: (adj) obscure, secluded, sequestered, solitary, emeritus, secret, lonely, withdrawn, superannuated, close; (adj, v) covert revealed: (adj) exposed, disclosed, discovered, open, naked, manifest, unveiled, bare, detected, shown, observed. ANTONYM: (adj) concealed revelation: (n) discovery, exposure, display, revealing, manifestation, betrayal, apocalypse, expose, inspiration, publication; (v) reveal. ANTONYM: (n) concealment reverent: (adj, v) pious, devout, religious; (adj) respectful, holy, deferential, godly, reverential, worshipful, pietistic; (v) devotional. ANTONYMS: (adj) blasphemous, disrespectful, impious, irreverent reverie: (n) dream, fantasy, air castle, brown study, revery, trance, abstraction, castle in Spain, castle in

Willa Cather the air; (adj) preoccupation, distraction. ANTONYM: (n) reality rheumatism: (n) arthritis, atrophic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; (v) lumbago, podagra, otalgia, neuralgia, earache, cephalalgia, odontalgia, sciatica rhubarb: (n) pieplant, veggie, quarrel, dispute, wrangle; (adj, n) brawl, fracas, riot, uproar, tumult; (adj) rumpus rhythmical: (n) measured, rhythmics; (adj) numerose, cyclical, recurrent, cadenced, periodic, serial, diatonic, poetic, numerous. ANTONYM: (adj) unrhythmical ribbons: (n) cavesson, hackamore, jaquima, lines, streamer, streamers, ticker tape, paper chain, decoration, decorations, bunting ribs: (n) dinner, chest, bosom rich: (adj, n) copious, luxurious; (adj) productive, fruitful, full, deep, prolific, opulent, fat, affluent; (adj, v) fertile. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, impoverished, destitute, broke, light, plain, lean, delicate, infertile, weak, barren riddled: (v) infundibular, porous, cribriform, honeycombed; (adj) damaged; (n) fuller ride: (n, v) outing; (adj, v) bestride; (n) run, lift, jaunt; (v) mount, bait, float, rag, tease, harass ridge: (n) ledge, bank, hill, shelf, dune, swelling, projection, ridgepole, peak, ghat; (n, v) crease. ANTONYMS: (n) channel, depression, base ridicule: (n, v) laugh at, deride, banter, insult, taunt, scorn, scoff; (n) derision, mockery; (adj, n) irony; (v) jeer. ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise, respect; (v) approve; (n) approval, admiration ridiculous: (adj) foolish, preposterous, funny, laughable, ludicrous, inane, nonsensical, comical, farcical, amusing, comic. ANTONYMS: (adj) reasonable, inspiring, ordinary, sensitive, acceptable, generous, normal, possible, impressive, sane, worthwhile rifle: (v) plunder, pillage, despoil, loot, ransack, steal, foray, reave, take; (n) gun, firearm rigor: (n) harshness, austerity, grimness, exactness, cruelty, hardness, asperity, inclemency, hardship, precision, strictness. ANTONYMS: (n) laxness, flexibility

ring: (n, v) encircle, peal, call, loop, jingle; (v) resound, echo, reverberate; (n) gang, band, rim rings: (n) ornaments, necklaces, jewels, costume jewelry, charms, bracelets ripe: (adj) adult, ready, advanced, prepared, good, grown, perfect, matured, finished, consummate; (adj, v) mellow. ANTONYMS: (adj) green, unripe, immature, dry, poisonous, young, unsuitable, sweet rippling: (n) ripple, wave, riffle, corrugation, moving ridge, wavelet, ripple formation; (adj) flowing, billowy rise: (n, v) mount, lift, increase, heave, swell, jump; (v) ascend, arise; (n) elevation, ascent, progress. ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease, drop; (v) sink, descend, plummet, retire, set; (n) reduction, descent, depreciation, ruin risen: (v) uprise rising: (n) revolt, rebellion, mutiny, ascent, ascension, climb, rise, outbreak, insurrection; (adj) climbing, uphill. ANTONYMS: (adj) plummeting, plunging, decreasing, falling, setting, downward, content; (n) fall roadbed: (n) bed, precoating roads: (n) anchorage, anchorage ground, communications, infrastructure, port, road and rail network, transportation roam: (adj, v) stray; (v) wander, gallivant, meander, range, gad, walk, drift, tramp, journey, stroll. ANTONYMS: (v) rush, settle robe: (n, v) dress, array, vest, garb, apparel; (v) clothe, attire, rig; (n) gown, cloak, garment robes: (n) garb, fine clothes, costume, best clothes robinson: (n) jack Roosevelt Robinson, James Harvey Robinson, Lennox Robinson, Ray Robinson, sir Robert Robinson, walker smith, Esme Stuart Lennox Robinson, Robert Robinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Jackie Robinson, Edward Goldenberg Robinson rock: (adj, n) stone; (n) boulder, calculus, cliff; (n, v) sway, jar; (v) waver, toss, jolt, shake, cradle rocks: (n) sunken rocks, family jewels, coral reef rolled: (adj) rolling, furled, involute, scroll, coiled, resonant, trilled, reverberative, reverberating, resounding, spiral

255 rolling: (n) peal, curling, wheeling, rolling movement, finish rolling, pealing, crimping; (adj) resounding, rolled, tumbling, resonating romantic: (adj) amorous, impractical, fanciful, quixotic, unrealistic, utopian, loving, amatory, fictitious; (adj, n) visionary, romanticist. ANTONYMS: (n) realist, classicist; (adj) commonplace, graphic, unromantic, unsentimental, unhappy, prosaic, disapproving, cool, realistic rome: (n) Eternal City, Italian capital, capital of Italy roof: (n, v) top, cover, shelter; (n) crown, housing, ceiling, dome, house, household, back, covering rooms: (n) flat, apartment, chamber, quarters, lodging, chambers, accommodation, cortege, suite, temporary housing, accommodations root: (n) foundation, base, origin, basis, radix, cause, derivation, reason, fountainhead; (adj, n) radical; (v) establish. ANTONYMS: (n) descendant, effect roots: (n) heredity, family, origin, line, extraction, ancestry rosemary: (n) herb, thyme, Labiatae, rosmary, Rosmarinus, rosmarine, pot herbs, parsley, mint family, Lamiaceae, sage rosy: (adj) hopeful, blooming, optimistic, auspicious, promising, bright, roseate, ruddy, fortunate, flushed, pink. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, depressing, hopeless, unpromising rotted: (adj) roted, crappy, icky, lousy, rotten, unsound rough: (adj, n) hard, grating, jagged; (adj, n, v) harsh; (adj) raw, gross, cruel, crude, gruff; (adj, v) hoarse; (n, v) draft. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, silky, soft, sophisticated, refined, polished, precise, exact, pleasant, glossy, even roughly: (adv) coarsely, harshly, violently, rudely, unevenly, hardly, severely, crudely; (adj, adv) nearly; (adv, prep) about; (adj, adv, prep) just about. ANTONYMS: (adv) softly, gently, smoothly, exactly, finely, lovingly, precisely, well, evenly roused: (adj) excited, awake, susceptible, emotional, elated, interested routine: (adj) ordinary, everyday, common, customary, normal,

256 habitual; (n) round, process, procedure, method, habit. ANTONYMS: (adj) unusual, exciting, extraordinary, exotic, exceptional, interesting, irregular, abnormal; (n) abnormality, excitement rowing: (n) boating, athletics, dustup, quarrel, course; (adj) nautical rubbed: (adj) polished, refined, terse, attrite, marked, accomplished, fretten rubbing: (n) friction, abrasion, grinding, detrition, rub, grip, resistance, chafe, sweat, travail, massage. ANTONYM: (n) smoothness ruddy: (adj) cherry, rubicund, rosy, flushed, florid, sanguine, reddish, glowing, blooming, crimson; (adj, adv) blushing ruefully: (adv) contritely, remorsefully, sorrowfully, sadly, piteously, dolefully, woefully, pitifully, dismally, repentantly, apologetically ruffled: (adj) rippled, frilly, frilled, upset, disordered, excited, disconcerted, decorated, tousled, tangled, turbulent ruin: (n) devastation, desolation; (adj, n) downfall; (v) break, consume, demolish, destroy; (n, v) doom, ravage, destruction, damage. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, enhance, save, restore, improve; (n, v) respect; (n) making, success, triumph, rise, preservation ruined: (adj, v) lost; (adj) dilapidated, desolate, broke, broken, bankrupt, finished, devastated, desolated, insolvent, spoiled. ANTONYMS: (adj) solvent, pure, rich, whole rumpled: (adj) crumpled, creased, untidy, dishevelled, unkempt, tousled, disordered, frowzled, wrinkled, crinkle, crisp. ANTONYMS: (adj) tidy, smart, neat runs: (n) Aztec two-step, sickness, Montezuma's revenge rush: (n, v) charge, flood, dash, flow, gush, race, run, speed, attack; (adj, n, v) burst; (n) onrush. ANTONYMS: (v) delay, dawdle, linger, wander, amble, hesitate, crawl, trickle; (n) shortage, slowness, unimportance rushed: (adj) hurried, rush, precipitate, rapid, unexpected, hassled, immediate, instant, instantaneous, quick, speedy. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhurried, slow,

O Pioneers! considered, gradual rushing: (adv) rushingly; (n) haste, hurry, hurrying, running, hastening, flush, movement; (adj) flowing, headlong, moving rustling: (n) rustle, whispering, whisper, larceny; (adj) murmurous, susurrous, active, soughing rusty: (adj) ancient, out of practice, intractable, old, corroded, deaf to reason, exceptious, cantankerous; (v) moldy, raw, mildewed rutted: (adj) uneven, not smooth, lined, jagged, irregular, rough, furrowed, crumpled, potholed, not level, bumpy. ANTONYM: (adj) level sack: (v) plunder, dismiss, ransack, despoil, rob; (n, v) bag, discharge, fire; (n) pocket, sac, pouch. ANTONYMS: (v) hire, detain sacred: (adj) holy, hallowed, dedicated, consecrated, divine, religious, pious, spiritual, inviolable, blessed; (adj, v) solemn. ANTONYMS: (adj) profane, unconsecrated, cursed, breakable saddle: (v) charge, load, burden, encumber, adjure, bear down, blame; (n) pillion, seat, saddleback, bicycle seat. ANTONYM: (v) relieve sadly: (adv) pitifully, dolefully, unfortunately, mournfully, sorrowfully, woefully, dejectedly, pathetically, wretchedly, forlornly; (adj, adv) seriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, contentedly, gladly, joyfully, fortunately, luckily, enthusiastically sadness: (n, v) melancholy, despondency; (adj, n) grief, distress; (n) misery, sorrow, desolation, regret, gloom, mourning, affliction. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, amusement, cheerfulness, laughter, contentment, comfort, cheer, hopefulness safe: (adj) reliable, cautious, good, dependable, sound, harmless, innocuous, correct, innocent, inoffensive; (n) closet. ANTONYMS: (adj) dangerous, risky, unprotected, vulnerable, hurt, insecure, harmful, reckless, unreliable, toxic, injured saga: (n) story, history, tale, fable, epic, narration, myth, yarn, narrative, adventure, saga novel sage: (adj) sagacious, discerning, intelligent, prudent, judicious, learned, profound, knowing; (adj, v) grave; (n) philosopher, scholar sake: (n, v) interest, reason, motive, ground; (v) advantage, cause; (n)

object, account, design, purpose, saki saloon: (n) pub, public house, salon, parlour, pothouse, hall, barroom, gin mill, alehouse, tavern, taproom salt: (adj) salty, saline, briny, brackish, pungent; (v) cure, pickle; (n) salinity, common salt, alkali; (adj, n) spice salty: (adj) salt, piquant, salted, pungent, racy, spicy, brackish, poignant, trenchant, saltish, caustic. ANTONYMS: (adj) sweet, bland salute: (v) greet, hail, kiss, accost, acknowledge, buss; (n) salutation, bow, salaam; (n, v) address, compliment salvation: (n) redemption, rescue, delivery, preservation, savior, deliverance, liberation, expiation, propitiation; (adj, n) justification; (adj) conversion. ANTONYMS: (n) damnation, destruction sand: (n) guts, beach, fortitude, earth, coast, seaside, dirt; (adj, n) powder, dust; (v) sandpaper, smooth sang: (n) panax quinquefolius, sing, herb, herbaceous plant sanguine: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, bloody, rubicund, confident, crimson, cheerful, buoyant, sanguineous; (adj, n) red, florid. ANTONYMS: (adj) pessimistic, gloomy, doubtful sarcastically: (adv) satirically, mordantly, sharply, bitingly, ironically, tartly, cynically, scornfully, mockingly, scathingly, derisively. ANTONYM: (adv) gently sash: (n) girdle, cincture, band, cummerbund, baldric, framing, waistband, framework, frame, fillet, fascia satisfaction: (n, v) pleasure, gratification, contentment, content; (n) enjoyment, joy, complacency, amends, reparation, redress, recompense. ANTONYMS: (n) displeasure, discontent, aggravation, sorrow, dismay, anxiety satisfactory: (adj) adequate, competent, sufficient, good, acceptable, ample, fair, tolerable, decent, presentable, plenty. ANTONYMS: (adj) inadequate, unacceptable, poor, appalling, disagreeable, bad, intolerable satisfied: (adj) happy, content, full, pleased, confident, complacent, persuaded, fulfilled; (adj, v) certain, sure; (v) convinced. ANTONYMS: (adj) frustrated, anxious,

Willa Cather disgruntled, hungry, insistent, pensive, unsure, dissatisfied, ashamed satisfy: (v) please, persuade, meet, satiate, indulge, sate, appease; (adj, v) content, fill, suffice, do. ANTONYMS: (v) intensify, displease, disappoint, disgruntle, frustrate satisfying: (adj) satisfactory, pleasant, enjoyable, gratifying, pleasurable, welcome, good, comforting, hearty, delightful, satisfy. ANTONYMS: (adj) unrewarding, disappointing, trying, light, frustrating, unwelcome, unflattering, insufficient, disagreeable saturated: (adj, v) sodden; (adj) drenched, concentrated, sopping, soaked, full, soggy, soppy, wet through, pure; (v) impregnate. ANTONYM: (adj) unsaturated saturday: (n) sat, sabbath, day of rest saucy: (adj, n) pert; (adj) bold, impudent, audacious, insolent, fresh, forward, impertinent, flippant, rude, brazen. ANTONYM: (adj) respectful sauerkraut: (v) damper, salmis, porterhouse steak, porridge, pineapple, oyster, oatmeal, mangosteen, mango, fish; (n) sourcrout sauvage: (adj) cynical, inconversable, troglodytic, unclubbable savage: (adj, v) fierce, wild, furious; (adj) ferocious, brutal, cruel, bloodthirsty, rough, pitiless; (adj, n) brute; (n) vandal. ANTONYMS: (adj) civilized, gentle, nice save: (v) rescue, hoard, conserve, keep, maintain, preserve, free, protect, liberate; (adv, conj, n, prep) except; (adj, v) economize. ANTONYMS: (v) waste, squander, use, abandon, endanger, capture, asphyxiate, aggravate, destroy saved: (adj) protected, economized, rescued, blessed scales: (adj) balance, weighbridge; (n) steelyard, mill Scales scandinavian: (adj, n) Norse, Norwegian; (n) Northman, Nordic, North Germanic, north Germanic language, Scandinavian language, Norseman, Viking, Faroese scarcely: (adv) narrowly, rarely, hardly, just, scarce, uncommonly, insufficiently, scantily, scantly, only just, seldom. ANTONYMS: (adv) easily, liberally scare: (adj, n, v) panic; (adj, n) dread;

(v) intimidate, daunt, frighten, appall, horrify; (adj, v) dismay, awe; (n, v) fright; (adj) consternation. ANTONYMS: (v) comfort, soothe, encourage; (n) reassurance, bravery scared: (adj) afraid, frightened, fearful, anxious, nervous, timid, intimidated, terrified, horrified, panicky; (adj, adv) cowardly. ANTONYMS: (adj) confident, fearless, brave scarf: (n) neckerchief, handkerchief, stole, necktie, cravat, kerchief, mantilla, shawl, wrap, tie, stock scarlet: (adj) crimson, ruddy, carmine, ruby, sanguine, rubicund, reddish, cerise; (n) vermilion, orange red, redness scattered: (adj) dissipated, thin, disordered, disconnected, confused, sparse, sporadic, distributed, rare, diffuse; (v) disperse scene: (n, v) aspect, view, outlook, lookout; (n) background, display, spectacle, picture, environment, panorama, perspective scent: (n, v) fragrance, smell, odor, essence, nose; (n) aroma, bouquet, redolence, odour; (adj, n) savor, flavor. ANTONYMS: (n) stench, stink scholar: (n) learner, academic, student, pundit, apprentice, intellectual, brain, exhibitioner, academician, professor, disciple. ANTONYM: (n) teacher scold: (v) reprimand, chide, berate, rebuke, abuse, lecture, reproach, rail, grouch; (n, v) nag; (adj, n) shrew. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, compliment, approve score: (n, v) count, notch, scratch, line, cut, tally, scotch; (n) bill, groove, debt; (v) get scornfully: (adv) disdainfully, disparagingly, haughtily, derogatorily, condescendingly, contumeliously, sneeringly, arrogantly, sarcastically, derisively, mockingly. ANTONYM: (adv) humbly scrambled: (adj) twisted, snarled, miscellaneous, knotted, jumbled scrape: (n, v) scratch, graze, score, mark; (v) rub, pare, rake, grate, chafe, abrade; (n) abrasion scraped: (adj) scratched, worn out, worn, threadbare, frayed, hurt, skinned, damaged, raw scratch: (n, v) mark, graze, notch, scrape, nick, scrabble, dent, scar; (v) rub, chafe, rake. ANTONYM: (v)

257 soothe scratched: (adj) hurt, abraded, sgraffito, raw, dented, spoiled, damaged, injured scratching: (n) scrape, scraping, abrasion, mark, scar, poor handwriting, incision, excoriation, chicken feed; (adj) hoarse, abrasive scream: (n, v) shout, call, howl, yell, screech, shriek, wail; (v) cry out, roar, bellow, hollo. ANTONYM: (n) bore screaming: (adv) screamingly; (n) shrieking, shriek, screeching, screech, vociferation; (adj) garish, loud, uproarious, showy, noisy screen: (adj, n, v) cover; (n, v) shade, shield, hide, protect, conceal, riddle, shelter, mask, disguise; (n) blind. ANTONYMS: (v) expose, reveal, withhold scrub: (adj, v) scour, mop; (v) scrape, clean, rub, polish, cleanse; (n) brush, bush, scouring; (n, v) wash. ANTONYMS: (v) restore, dirty, insert scrubby: (adj) dirty, mean, shabby, abject, contemptible, scraggy, paltry, scabby, little, base, stunted scythe: (n) crotch, crutch, crane, elbow, ankle, fluke, groin, knee, zigzag; (n, v) sithe; (v) reap seafaring: (n) sailing, navigation, boating, cabotage, travelling; (adj) marine, naval, maritime, seagoing, oceangoing, sea seal: (n, v) stamp; (v) plug, bar, caulk, stop, shut; (n) cachet, hallmark, imprint, signet; (adj) conclude. ANTONYMS: (n, v) open; (v) unseal search: (v) grope, rummage, ransack, pry; (n) pursuit, exploration, examination, inquiry, inspection; (n, v) inquire, research searching: (adj) piercing, inquisitive, probing, acute, exhaustive, curious, inquiring, profound, exploratory; (adj, v) cutting; (v) excruciating searchingly: (adv) closely, piercingly, cuttingly, inquisitively, penetratingly, trenchantly, acutely, exhaustively, curiously, inquiringly, exploratorily seat: (n) bench, base, behind, bottom, buttocks, location, position, post, posterior; (v) locate, put seated: (adj) sat, sedentary seats: (n) parquet, circle, parterre, seating area, seating room, orchestra, seat, chairs, places, bleachers, elbow room seconds: (n) merchandise, retrees,

258 goods; (adj) unacceptable, defective secret: (adj, v) mysterious, hidden, covert, secluded, confidential; (adj) concealed, furtive, occult, obscure; (adj, n) privacy, secrecy. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) known, public; (adj) open, overt, apparent, unrestricted, external, visible, outermost, transparent, blatant secure: (adj, v) close, firm, fix, certain, confident, fasten, attach, bind; (v) preserve, gain; (adj) reliable. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, detach, unfasten, undo; (adj) vulnerable, unsafe, loose, uncertain, unlocked, uncomfortable, unstable secured: (adj) secure, protected, firm, locked, fast, bonded, bolted, barred, latched, securer, obtained seeing: (prep) because; (adj) Seely, considering; (n) sight, vision, beholding, fusion, visual sense; (v) conceive, comprehend, perceive seeming: (adj) ostensible, superficial, illusory, outward, probable, deceptive, specious; (adj, n) appearance, semblance; (n) aspect, show. ANTONYMS: (adj) actual, deep, inner seizure: (n) arrest, confiscation, capture, seizing, apprehension, appropriation, attachment, convulsion, detention; (adj, n) attack, assumption. ANTONYMS: (n) release, restoration, surrender seldom: (adj) scarce, rare, few, infrequent; (adv) occasionally, infrequently, uncommonly, hardly, scarcely, not often, once in a blue moon. ANTONYMS: (adv) often, seldom selected: (adj) chosen, preferred, choice, elected, elect, designate, premium, to be, designated, elite; (adj, n) best. ANTONYM: (adj) all self-conscious: (adj) shy, abashed, bashful, sheepish, diffident, modest, conscious, self-consciously, inhibited, uncomfortable, mannered self-defense: (n) protection self-possession: (n) composure, poise, imperturbability, serenity, aplomb, coolness, balance, restraint, self-control, morale, presence self-satisfied: (adj) smug, selfcomplacent, self-righteous, sanctimonious, proud, presumptuous, imperturbable sell: (v) deal, handle, dispose, betray, give, promote, realize, merchandise, dispose of; (n, v) cheat; (adj) sold. ANTONYMS: (v) buy, wholesale

O Pioneers! selling: (n) marketing, business, disposal, vending, capitalisation, capitalization, commerce, merchandising, transaction, resale, retailing semblance: (adj, n) color; (n) resemblance, appearance, look, aspect, air, image, similarity, pretense, guise, pretext. ANTONYM: (n) difference send: (v) pass, deliver, forward, convey, dispatch, mail, post, give, carry, divert, project. ANTONYM: (v) keep sending: (n) forwarding, dispatch, transmission, transmittal, send, despatch, mailing, transport, dispatching, dispatchment, conveyance sensation: (n, v) feeling, impression, sense; (v) affection; (n) emotion, feel, perception, wonder, sensibility, sensitivity, thrill. ANTONYMS: (n) deadness, flop, dud, calm, failure senses: (adj) sober senses, sound mind; (n) reason, mind, conception, consciousness, judgment, faculties, mother wit, right mind, sanity sensible: (adj) aware, sagacious, prudent, rational, judicious, perceptible, sane, wise, intelligent, appreciable, sage. ANTONYMS: (adj) ludicrous, crazy, unreasonable, stupid, silly, ridiculous, reckless, idiotic, outrageous, imprudent, mad sensitive: (adj) excitable, sore, tender, sensible, painful, impressionable, emotional, irritable, receptive, gentle, susceptible. ANTONYMS: (adj) numb, hardhearted, tactless, impervious, dense, improper, insensible, prosaic, straightforward, unconcerned, indiscriminate sensitized: (adj) allergic, hypersensitized, hypersensitive, susceptible, supersensitized, supersensitive, supersensitised, hypersensitised sentence: (v) condemn, convict, judge, damn; (n) finding, phrase, conviction, punishment; (n, v) decision, doom, condemnation. ANTONYMS: (n) reward, absolution; (v) absolve, acquit sentimental: (adj) maudlin, mushy, romantic, tender, soft, mawkish, schmaltzy, sappy, schmalzy, bathetic, slushy. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, cool serenity: (n) quiet, peace, calm, quietness, equanimity, calmness, quietude, repose; (adj, n)

composure, tranquility, placidity. ANTONYMS: (n) anxiety, uproar, chaos, anger, panic, bustle, disturbance, impatience, turbulence, turmoil seriously: (adv) earnestly, soberly, severely, solemnly, badly, deeply, staidly, sincerely, thoughtfully, greatly, weightily. ANTONYMS: (adv) frivolously, playfully, cheerfully, slightly, teasingly, jovially, nonchalantly, lightheartedly, briskly, mildly, lightly serve: (adj, n, v) avail; (v) assist, aid, act, benefit, tend, attend, operate, function, do; (n, v) officiate setting: (n) scene, scenery, adjustment, position, background, mount, backdrop, environment, scope, mounting, set settled: (adj) definite, set, firm, permanent, certain, calm, established, decided, formed, defined, finished. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsettled, exciting, temporary settling: (n) settlement, subsidence, defecation, dregs, clearing, sinking, dreg, remission, cave in; (adj) determining, definitive seventeen: (n) large integer seventies: (n) decade, decennium severity: (n) rigor, austerity, harshness, roughness, intensity, inclemency, asperity, gravity, hardness, tyranny, violence. ANTONYMS: (n) leniency, pleasantness, flexibility, clemency, softness, insignificance, warmth, lenience, brightness sewing: (n) embroidery, sew, needlecraft, stitch, stitching, fancywork, mend, gather, patch, gathering, binding sewn: (adj) stitched, sew, sewen, seamed shabby: (adj) poor, abject, mean, mangy, low, sorry, decrepit, worn, sordid, ragged; (adj, v) frayed. ANTONYMS: (adj) pristine, elegant, opulent, honorable, decent, new, neat, comfortable, tasteful, strong, respectful shade: (n, v) screen, tinge, shadow, tint, color, cloud; (n) ghost, hue, blind, conceal, tone. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, glare; (v) brighten, clarify, expose shaded: (adj) dark, shads, sheltered, shadowed, umbrageous, twilight, sunless, subdued, soft, colored, darksome. ANTONYM: (adj)

Willa Cather unshaded shadow: (n) ghost, darkness, apparition, follower, gloom, reflection; (n, v) eclipse, trace, tail, hint; (v) follow. ANTONYMS: (v) brighten, lead; (n) brightness, pallor shadows: (n) dark, darkness, night, dimness, dusk, fogginess, mistiness, gloom, cloudiness. ANTONYM: (n) brightness shaft: (n) arrow, beam, axis, pole, arbor, dart, pillar, lance, well, axle; (adj, n) pit shaggy: (adj) bushy, hirsute, hairy, bearded, shagged, pilous, brushy, unkempt, hispid; (adj, n) ragged; (n) rugged. ANTONYMS: (adj) sleek, tidy shaken: (adj) jolted, agitated, dilapidated, frayed; (v) passe, lame, broken, threadbare, wilted, shaky, vibrate shaking: (adj, n) quivering, tremor, jarring; (n) quiver, palpitation, quake; (adj) quaking, shaky, flutter, unsteady, shivering shallow: (adj) superficial, low, cursory, petty, little, sketchy, flimsy, frivolous, simple, surface, perfunctory. ANTONYMS: (adj) bottomless, profound, intense, pensive, serious, inner, weighty shameless: (adj) bold, immodest, profligate, depraved, audacious, blatant, barefaced, unscrupulous, impudent, unblushing; (adj, v) graceless. ANTONYMS: (adj) restrained, abashed, ashamed, discreet, prudish, apologetic shaped: (adj) formed, fashioned, shapen, made, created, beaten, educated, featured, having features, built, constructed sharp: (adj, n, v) keen, acute, bitter; (adj) intelligent, intense, incisive; (adj, v) biting, acid, acrid, severe, harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, mild, gentle, sweet, rounded, bland, round, smooth, blurred, naive, kind sharpen: (v) focus, edge, hone, intensify, sharp, increase, heighten, whet, pare, improve; (n, v) point. ANTONYMS: (v) blunt, dull, flatten, soften, spoil, blur, quench sharpening: (n) grinding, training, filing, dressing, acumination, aggravation; (adj) abrasive sharper: (n, v) cheat; (n) rogue, impostor, swindler, chiseler, deceiver, cheater, welsher, sharpie; (v) shark, fraud sharply: (adj, adv) piercingly,

harshly, penetratingly; (adv) keenly, severely, abruptly, trenchantly, shrewdly, bitingly, cuttingly, bitterly. ANTONYMS: (adv) gently, kindly, sweetly, politely, gradually, pleasantly sharpness: (n, v) keenness, edge; (n) severity, bitterness, asperity, acumen, poignancy, pungency, quickness, perspicacity; (adj, n) roughness. ANTONYMS: (n) dullness, haziness, softness, slowness, indistinctness, gentleness, evenness, courtesy, blandness, stupidity, kindness shatter: (v) fragment, ruin, smash, destroy, burst, dash, rupture, crash, crumble, crack, demolish shattered: (adj) destroyed, smashed, done in, crazy, shaky, crushed; (adj, v) exhausted; (v) battered, dead beat, done up, lame. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, energetic, lively, whole, strong shaved: (adj) shave, lacking hair, hairless, beardless, shiny on top, bald, smooth on top, whiskerless. ANTONYM: (adj) unshaven shawl: (n) wrap, mantle, cape, muffler, scarf, pall, mantlet Mantua, wrapper, kerchief, headscarf, stole sheaf: (n) fagot, faggot, bunch, bale, package, bundle, truss, stack, parcel, fardel, packet shear: (v) fleece, cut, shave, pare, chop, chip, crop, trim; (adj, v) lop, prune; (n) scissors. ANTONYM: (v) lengthen sheathed: (adj) invaginated, enclosed. ANTONYM: (adj) unsheathed shed: (v) discard, drop, moult, scatter, exuviate, molt, cast off, dismiss; (n) shack, hut, cabin. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, cover; (adj) persistent sheet: (n) board, leaf, paper, film, bed sheet, canvas, coat, coating, cover, plane, newspaper sheets: (n) rain, bed linen shelter: (n, v) guard, refuge, harbor, protect, shield; (adj, n, v) screen; (n) protection, asylum, sanctuary, security, hut. ANTONYMS: (n) danger, exposure; (v) endanger sheltered: (adj) secure, comfortable, screened, safe, secluded, cozy, snug, covered, shaded; (adj, v) private; (v) covert. ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, sunny, exposed, public, harsh, bleak shelves: (n) shelf, rack, shelving shelving: (n) racking, shelf,

259 bookshelf; (adj) shelvy shimmering: (adj) glittering, sparkling, gleaming, dazzling, lustrous, bright, iridescent, shimmery, flashing, glittery, glowing. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, dim shine: (n, v) light, sheen, flash, glitter, sparkle, polish, rub; (v) burnish, gleam, blaze; (n) radiance shining: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) lustrous, radiant, glossy, luminous, glorious, glowing; (adj, n) lucid, resplendent, clear; (v) shine. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, pale, blemished ship: (v) send, forward, transport, send off, consign, carry, transfer, move; (n) boat, craft; (n, v) ferry. ANTONYM: (v) keep shipbuilder: (n) shipwright, ship builder, constructor, business organization, business concern, business, developer, builder, concern shipyard: (n) dock, work, workplace, barnyard, navy yard, yard, naval shipyard, inclosure, boatyard, cowyard shirt: (n) Jersey, chemise, blouse, hair shirt, dress shirt, evening shirt, polo shirt shiver: (n, v) shake, tremble, shudder, fragment, thrill, splinter, tingle; (v) quake, shatter, palpitate; (adj, v) break shivering: (adj) quivering, shaking, trembling, shaky, quaking, tremulous, shuddering, chilled; (n) chill, cold, shiver. ANTONYM: (adj) composed shock: (n, v) daze, jar, collision, surprise, outrage, shake, scare; (n) impact; (v) startle, offend, revolt. ANTONYMS: (n, v) delight; (v) please, encourage; (n) boost, security, bonus shoemaker: (n) bootmaker, dressmaker, cordwainer, boot maker, maker, shaper, souter, Crispin shoes: (n) footwear, shoe, place, position, situation, post, plaza, property, lieu, home, blank space shoestring: (n) shoe lace, shoe string, latchet, lacing; (adj) unimportant, inconsequential, insignificant, light, little, minor, petty shook: (adj) shake, vibrate, addled, barrel, cask, confused, distressed, hurt, passionate, puzzled shoot: (v) discharge, flash, drive,

260 dart, dash, send, photograph; (n) scion, branch; (n, v) sprout, hunt. ANTONYM: (v) trickle shorter: (adj) smaller, inferior shortly: (adv) presently, curtly, before long, soon, concisely, brusquely, abruptly, tersely, succinctly; (adj, adv) immediately, summarily. ANTONYMS: (adv) politely, pleasantly, verbosely, later short-sighted: (adj) shortsighted, unwise, stupid, narrow-minded, crazy, ill-advised, half-baked, foolish, improvident shot: (n) injection, gunshot, go, fling, shoot, crack, ball, picture, bang, jab, discharge shoulder: (v) carry, push, hold, jostle, sustain, support, assume, accept; (n, v) elbow; (n) back, flange shouted: (adj) screamed, loud shouting: (adj, n) yelling; (adj) crying, howling, vociferous; (n) clamor, calling, noise, cheering, vociferation, tumult; (v) bawl shower: (n, v) wash, rain, hail, drizzle, bath; (v) sprinkle, bathe, shed, scatter; (n) rain shower, rainfall. ANTONYM: (n) trickle showing: (n) display, screening, exhibit, revelation, viewing, appearance, exhibition, exposition, presentation, exposure; (adj) exhibiting shrewd: (adj) sharp, astute, keen, piercing, clever, cunning, bright; (adj, v) sagacious, knowing, crafty, prudent. ANTONYMS: (adj) foolish, gullible, naive, soft, candid, dim, innocent, guileless, obtuse, indiscriminate shrill: (adj) piercing, penetrating, strident, keen, shrewd; (v) shriek, screech, scream, yell; (adj, v) high, sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) low, quiet, resonant shrink: (adj, v) recoil; (n, v) flinch, wince; (v) contract, shorten, lessen, diminish, cower, reduce, quail, decrease. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, enlarge, grow, stretch, swell, bloom, rise, inflate shrunken: (adj) wizened, shrivelled, shrunk, withered, contracted, wizen, narrow, dried, thin, lean, sear. ANTONYMS: (adj) plump, bloated shudder: (adj, n, v) shake, quake, tremble; (n, v) quiver, twitch, thrill; (n) quivering, shivering, chill, frisson; (v) flutter shuffle: (v) mingle, blend, hobble, muddle, drag, scuff, equivocate,

O Pioneers! prevaricate, ruffle, mix; (n, v) shamble. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, tidy, leave shuffled: (adj) disorganized shut: (v) seal, bar, fasten, obstruct, lock, exclude; (adj) closed, cut; (n) shutting, end, finish. ANTONYMS: (v) admit, undo shyly: (adv) timidly, shily, coyly, diffidently, timorously, with reserve, embarrassedly, clumsily, uncertainly, tentatively, unremarkably. ANTONYMS: (adv) boldly, brashly, brazenly, urbanely, conspicuously, confidently, decisively sick: (adj) ill, queasy, poorly, ailing, weary, diseased, sickly, morbid; (adj, v) indisposed, unwell; (adj, n) invalid. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, fond, wholesome sickening: (adj) revolting, nauseous, offensive, repulsive, foul, nauseating, noisome, obnoxious, loathsome, repugnant, abominable. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, pleasant, delightful, wholesome, light, appealing, wonderful sickness: (n, v) disease, indisposition, malady, disorder, distemper, ailment; (n) complaint, qualm, nausea, disgust, queasiness sidelong: (adj) indirect, oblique, side, asquint, askance, askant; (adv) sideways, obliquely, askew, aslant, sideling. ANTONYM: (adj) direct sidewalk: (n) footpath, path, walk, footway, flags, trottoir, pathway, causeway, walkway, curbside, doorstep sidewise: (adv) sideway, laterally, obliquely, sidelong, athwart, aside, perversely; (adj) lateral, side sigh: (n, v) groan, suspire, murmur; (v) breathe, languish, pine; (n) breath, wail, whimper, whine, suspiration sight: (n, v) vision, glimpse, show, aspect, appearance; (v) aim, spot, see; (n) view, prospect, scene sign: (n, v) mark, motion, gesture; (n) portent, indication, manifestation, imprint, presage, brand, poster; (v) indicate. ANTONYMS: (n) successor; (v) dismiss signing: (n) signature, signage, linguistic communication, fingerspelling, ASL, language; (adj) signatory silence: (adj, n, v) calm, still; (int, n, v) hush; (n, v) lull; (n) mum; (adj, v) appease; (v) mute, allay, pacify,

muzzle; (int, v) shut up. ANTONYMS: (n) sound, openness, uproar, movement; (v) amplify, Louden, encourage, rouse silent: (adj, adv) motionless; (adj) dumb, tacit, mute, noiseless, reserved, placid, reticent, mum, taciturn, hush. ANTONYMS: (adj) spoken, talkative, loud, explicit, open, live, forthcoming, verbal, audible, talking, moving silently: (adv) mutely, stilly, quietly, noiselessly, soundlessly, taciturnly, wordlessly, secretly, speechlessly, placidly, tacitly. ANTONYMS: (adv) loudly, audibly, openly, brazenly silk: (adj) silky, down, silken, velure, velvet; (n) silks, satin, cloth, animal fiber, fabric, dental floss silo: (n) tower, cellar, holder, ensilage, grain silo, storage bin, container, military installation, basket silver: (n) money, gold, bullion, precious Metals; (adj) silvery, argent, white, silvern, gray, neutral tint; (v) plate simultaneous: (adj) concurrent, at the same time, coincidental, synchronous, contemporary, synchronal, contemporaneous, concomitant, cooccurring, coinciding, concurrently. ANTONYMS: (adj) separate, independent, asynchronous, disparate, consecutive sincerely: (adv) candidly, honestly, really, genuinely, heartily, openly, earnestly, simply, truly, seriously, unreservedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) dishonestly, affectedly, flippantly, jokingly, untruthfully, unenthusiastically, pretentiously, mildly sing: (v) hymn, hum, chirp, drone, intone, vocalize, pipe, carol, snitch; (n, v) twitter, squeak singing: (v) sing; (n) chanting, caroling, crooning, hymnody, humming, intonation, scat, psalmody, harmonization; (adj) cantabile. ANTONYM: (adj) silent sinking: (n) sinkage, settling, fall, descent, foundering, depression, immersion, submersion, submergence; (v) decrease, decline. ANTONYM: (adj) rising sister: (n) nurse, nun, brother, sisters, older sister, mate, twin, pair, fellow companion, double, match. ANTONYM: (n) brother sisters: (n) sistren

Willa Cather sits: (n) sat sitting: (n) session, seat, seance, meeting, seating, conference, posing; (adj) seated, inactive; (v) incubation, batching. ANTONYMS: (adj) standing, active situations: (n) circumstance sixteen: (n) large integer sixth: (n) common fraction, interval, musical interval, simple fraction skeptical: (adj) disbelieving, skeptic, sceptical, distrustful, doubting, doubtful, dubious, suspicious, unbelieving, freethinking, cynical. ANTONYMS: (adj) credulous, believing, sure, convinced skepticism: (n) doubt, incredulity, distrust, hesitation, misgiving, scepticism, mistrust, suspicion, uncertainty, reservation, mental rejection. ANTONYMS: (n) faith, certainty, trust, belief skill: (n) artifice, capacity, capability, knack, ability, faculty, finesse, cleverness, expertise; (adj, n) craft, cunning. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, incompetence, uselessness, stupidity, ineptness, tactlessness, inexperience, ignorance, inaccuracy, delay, drawback skin: (n) hide, fur, rind, coating, shell, hull; (v) pare, scrape, excoriate, flay; (n, v) bark skinning: (v) to skin skirt: (n, v) border, edge, fringe, hem, flap, verge; (n) brim, kilt, apron; (v) evade, circumvent skittish: (adj) nervous, timid, excitable, coy, lively, fearful; (n) freakish, fantastic, crotchety, fanciful; (v) mettlesome. ANTONYMS: (adj) solemn, calm, confident skull: (n) noddle, sconce, pericranium, brainpan, cranium, head, upper story, shell, noggin, skeleton, skullcap slapped: (adj) mistreated slashed: (adj) gashed, torn, split, mown, cut down, decreased, down, emasculated, fringed, gelded, cheap slat: (n) board, plank, spline, louver, amount, Louvre, Sloat, stick, strip of wood; (v) furnish, provide slaty: (adj) harder, hard, achromatic slave: (n) servant, bondman, thrall, bondsman, bondwoman, captive, vassal; (n, v) labor; (v) drudge, work; (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (adj) free; (v) slack sleep: (n, v) nap, repose, doze, kip,

slumber, catnap; (adj, n, v) lie; (v) hibernate, nod; (n) dream; (adj, v) lodge. ANTONYMS: (v) awaken; (n) alertness, agitation sleeping: (adj) asleep, inactive, latent, sleepy, vegetive, vegetative; (n) dormancy, noctambulism, quiescence, quiescency, short sleep. ANTONYMS: (adj) active; (n) waking sleepwalker: (n) somnambulist, noctambulist, sleeper sleepy: (adj) drowsy, dozy, slow, lazy, hypnotic, inactive, comatose, dull, heavy, dreamy; (adv) asleep. ANTONYMS: (adj) awake, energetic, vigorous, clear, lively, refreshed sleeve: (n) arm, liner, cover, cuff, wristband, collar, socket, skin, sheath; (v) plexus, skein slender: (adj, v) lean, meager; (adj) little, thin, fine, lithe, slight, delicate, lissom, flimsy, faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) stocky, fat, wide, considerable, short, substantial, good, adequate, stout, thick slew: (n) wad, turning, sight, heap, stack, lot, flock; (v) rotate, slue, swerve, veer sliding: (n) skating, shifting; (adj) gliding, down, downhill, slippery, labent, descending, downward; (v) to slide slight: (adj, adv) light; (adj) thin, flimsy, slender, fragile, petty, little; (adv, n, v) neglect; (n, v) insult, scorn; (v) ignore. ANTONYMS: (adj) considerable, major, obvious, thickset, severe, wide, fat, intense, heavy, likely; (v) acknowledge slighter: (adj) smaller, less slightest: (adj) minimal, first, smallest amount slightly: (adv) slenderly, slimly, lightly, somewhat, little, thinly, moderately, weakly, faintly, trivially, unimportantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) significantly, infinitely, excessively, terribly, tremendously, solidly, particularly, much, considerably, seriously, intensely slip: (adj, n, v) lapse, miss; (adj, n) fault, blunder; (n, v) slide, drop, mistake, escape, skid, trip; (n) cutting. ANTONYM: (n) invoice slippery: (adj, v) precarious; (adj) crafty, glib, elusive, oily, glossy, untrustworthy, wily, unreliable, tricky; (v) questionable. ANTONYMS: (adj) rough, dry,

261 reliable, straight, direct slipping: (n) skidding, slippage; (adj) slithering, gliding, down, labent slovenly: (adj) careless, untidy, sloppy, frowzy, dowdy, unkempt, negligent, frowsy, messy, disheveled; (adv) slatternly. ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, neat, diligent slow: (adj, v) slack; (adj) dull, sluggish, heavy, stupid, lazy, indolent, inactive; (adj, adv) easy, behind; (adj, n) gradual. ANTONYMS: (adj) intelligent, rapid, bright, speedy, alert, brisk, quick, prompt, hasty, rushed; (v) accelerate slowing: (n) deceleration, slowness, slowdown, mental retardation, lag, fastness, backwardness. ANTONYM: (n) acceleration slowly: (adj, adv, v) slow; (adv) deliberately, sluggishly, tediously, dully, gradually, unhurriedly, slackly, lethargically, belatedly; (adj, adv) lento. ANTONYMS: (adv) fast, hurriedly, promptly, rapidly, immediately, briefly, intelligently, vigorously, brightly, nimbly, punctually slumber: (n, v) rest, doze, snooze, nap, drowse, repose, catnap; (v) be asleep, kip, take a nap; (n) siesta smart: (adj, n) sharp, quick, bright; (n, v) pain; (adj) shrewd, crafty, sly, dapper, prompt, astute, intelligent. ANTONYMS: (adj) stupid, scruffy, unkempt, dim, shabby, slow, naive, unfashionable, unstylish, unintelligent, thick smartly: (adv) cleverly, quickly, sprucely, nattily, astutely, shrewdly, chicly, stylishly, trendily, wittily, modishly. ANTONYMS: (adv) scruffily, clumsily, untidily, unattractively, tastelessly, stupidly, messily, ineptly, slowly smell: (n, v) odor, scent, savor, perfume, stink, stench; (v) nose; (n) fragrance, bouquet, savour, odour smelling: (n) smell, flavor, scent, olfactory modality, sensing, sense of smell; (adj) redolent, scented, odorous, stinking, rotten smile: (n) grin, grinning, smiling, luck, facial expression; (v) laugh, beam, chuckle, simper; (n, v) grimace; (adv) smilingly. ANTONYMS: (n, v) scowl; (v) glower smiling: (adv) smilingly; (adj) bright, cheerful, jolly, joyful, of good cheer,

262 twinkly, fair, sunny; (n) grinning, grin. ANTONYMS: (adj) sad, gloomy smoke: (n) fumes, cigarette, cigar, smog, fog; (n, v) reek, fumigate, puff; (v) exhale, cure; (adj) tobacco smoking: (n) fume, marijuana, respiration, roll of tobacco, sens; (v) candent, ebullient, glowing; (adj) smoky, rabid; (adv) on a roll smoothness: (n) slipperiness, slickness, sleekness, evenness, polish, glossiness, softness, silkiness, grace; (adj, n) elegance, delicacy. ANTONYMS: (n) resistance, unevenness, hesitation, dampness, awkwardness, harshness, hesitancy smote: (v) smite smother: (v) stifle, suffocate, choke, muffle, extinguish, put out, suppress, asphyxiate, hush up, gag, repress. ANTONYMS: (v) express, light, encourage snake: (n) serpent, ophidian, viper, constrictor, hydra, elapid; (v) wind, twist, curl, weave; (n, v) sneak snap: (v) bite, nip, snarl; (adj, v) break; (n, v) photograph, fracture, clack, go; (n) pushover, picnic, catch. ANTONYMS: (adj) roundabout, considered snapped: (adj) torn snatch: (n, v) pinch, snap, catch, grip; (v) abduct, clutch, kidnap, seize, jerk, capture, pluck. ANTONYM: (v) release snatched: (adj) hasty, speedy, brief, hurried, quick, rapid, short, sudden, swift. ANTONYM: (adj) slow snipe: (v) attack, lash out, round, sharpshoot, clapperclaw; (n) grouse, plover, dowitcher, rail, blackcock, jacksnipe snort: (v) snore, huff, inhale; (n, v) snicker, hoot, chuckle, sneer; (n) bird, Bronx cheer, boo, razzing. ANTONYM: (v) exhale snow: (n) cocaine, precipitation, snowfall, bark, barque; (v) overwhelm, beguile, hoodwink, bamboozle, lead by the nose, play false soar: (v) climb, hover, fly, mount, glide, leap, jump, lift, billow; (n, v) rise, increase. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, drop, descend, collapse, sink soaring: (adj) high, towering, flying, eminent, beetling; (n) glide, gliding, sailing, rise, flight, sailplaning. ANTONYM: (adj) low sofa: (n) couch, lounge, divan, bench,

O Pioneers! davenport, seat, squab, chair, form, convertible, daybed soft: (adj, adv) easy, quiet; (adj) limp, light, balmy, delicate, slack, loose, smooth; (adj, v) feeble; (adj, adv, v) low. ANTONYMS: (adj) hard, firm, harsh, loud, hoarse, stiff, rough, solid, strong, shrill, alcoholic softly: (adv) quietly, mildly, lightly, tenderly, delicately, gently, soft, quiet, silently, kindly, slowly. ANTONYMS: (adv) hoarsely, roughly, loudly, clearly, harshly, forte, severely, strongly, heavily, convincingly, brightly soil: (adj, n) dirt; (adj, v) smudge; (v) pollute, dirty, contaminate, mire; (n, v) grime; (n) land, dust, earth; (adj, n, v) blot. ANTONYMS: (v) wash, cleanse, purify; (n) sea sold: (adj) depleted, interested; (v) to market soldiers: (n) military, troop, force, the military, troops, defense force, military service, militia, soldiery, Territorial Army, armed forces solemnly: (adv) earnestly, gravely, majestically, stately, sternly, staidly, thoughtfully, soberly, formally, ceremoniously, importantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, flippantly solicitude: (n) care, consideration, anxiety, thought, apprehension, regard, attention, fear, disquietude, heed, fret. ANTONYMS: (n) negligence, serenity, thoughtlessness solitary: (adj) forlorn, only, alone, single, lonely, lone, sole, unaccompanied, isolated; (adj, n) recluse; (n) hermit. ANTONYMS: (adj) sociable, combined, common, outgoing solitude: (n) desolation, loneliness, seclusion, privacy, aloneness, isolation, retirement, lonesomeness, retreat, desert, solitariness. ANTONYMS: (n) companionship, closeness somber: (adj) gloomy, melancholy, solemn, dull, grave, drab, sober, dark, sullen, dim, dismal. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, funny, cheery, frivolous, fussy somebody: (n) person, personage, mortal, man, creature, notable, human; (n, pron) someone; (adj, n) celebrity; (pron) anybody; (adj) notability. ANTONYM: (n) nonentity somehow: (adv) anyhow, anyway,

for some reason, somewhat, someway, someways, a little, in some manner, in some way, very, somehow or other someway: (adv) someways, in some manner, in some way, one way or another, for some reason somewhat: (adv) slightly, a little, fairly, a bit, reasonably, pretty, moderately, sort of; (adv, v) little; (adv, pron) partly; (adj, adv) something. ANTONYMS: (adv) considerably, very, unreasonably, totally, hugely, completely, closely, massively, absolutely, wholly somewhere: (adv) someplace, approximately, anyplace, about, wherever, where, roughly, everywhere, around, passim, ultimately song: (adj, v) lay; (n, v) ditty, chant; (n) air, strain, cry, warble, canto, poem; (v) sing; (adj) ballad sooner: (adj, adv) rather, earlier, before, preferably, instead; (adv) first, before now, faster, previously, beforehand; (adj) prior soothed: (adj) composed soothing: (adj) calming, soft, smooth, pacifying, quiet, restful, bland, calm, assuasive; (adj, n) softening; (n) alleviation. ANTONYMS: (adj) upsetting, disturbing, hostile, scary, worrying, stimulating, exasperating, annoying, invigorating, painful, intimidating soothingly: (adv) softly, quietly, calmingly, lullingly, lightly, tenderly, kindly, blandly, calmly, comfortingly, sedatively sore: (adj, n, v) hurt; (adj) sensitive, angry, grievous, raw; (n) injury, lesion, cut, boil; (v) acute; (adj, v) sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, healthy, pleased, comfortable sorghum: (n) kaffir, broomcorn, Indian millet, taffy, millet, sirup, syrup, sorgho, grain sorghum, evergreen millet, sorghum molasses sorrow: (n, v) regret, lament, grieve; (v) mourn; (n) mourning, heartache, repentance, remorse; (adj, n) sadness, misery; (adj, n, v) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, delight, happiness, peace, hopefulness, cheerfulness, shamelessness, calm, content; (v) rejoice sorrowful: (adj) melancholy, doleful, sad, rueful, lugubrious, gloomy, dreary, grievous, piteous, unhappy, mournful. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, content, joyful, successful

Willa Cather sorrowing: (adj) sorrowful, grieving, mournful, distressed, bereft, bereaved, unhappy, lamenting, regretful, sad; (n) cry. ANTONYM: (adj) joyful sorts: (n) varieties, sorting, running pi, batter sought: (adj) required, quest, seeking, popular soul: (n) creature, human, person, personification, ghost, individual, mind, essence, life, self; (adj, n) heart. ANTONYMS: (n) surface, body sounded: (adj) measured, oral sounding: (n) investigation, depth, exploration, test; (adj) resounding, resonant, looking, audible, sonant, voiceful, hollow sour: (adj, n) morose, harsh; (adj, v) acid; (adj) bitter, rancid, gruff, grim, glum, dour; (adj, n, v) severe; (v) ferment. ANTONYMS: (adj) kindly, pleasant, bland, amiable, fresh, mature, mild, kind; (v) sweeten, enhance southward: (adv) southwards, southernly; (adj) southbound, southern southwest: (adj) southwestern, Colorado, California, Arizona; (n) Sw, geographic area, geographical region, geographic region, geographical area, compass point; (adv) sou'west sovereign: (n) ruler, king, lord, emperor; (adj) independent, autonomous, imperial, royal, free, regal; (adj, n) prince. ANTONYMS: (adj) dependent, ineffective, useless spade: (v) grub, delve, scoop, excavate; (n) nigger, coon, nigra, jigaboo, boy, black person, spit spanish: (n) Spanish people, romance language, Castilian spark: (n, v) flicker, flash, gleam, glint, glitter; (n) light, glimmer, arc, flame, fire; (v) activate sparkling: (adj, v) effervescent; (adj) bright, brilliant, radiant, glittery, bubbly, glittering, scintillating, shining, scintillant; (n) sparkle. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, dirty, lifeless, lethargic sparks: (n) fire spasmodically: (adv) convulsively, fitfully, intermittently, irregularly, desultorily, brokenly, frequently, spastically, startingly. ANTONYM: (adv) recurrently spatter: (n, v) splash, plash, sputter; (v) dash, slop, scatter, smear, spit,

spray, squirt, soil speaking: (n) talk, discourse, speech, public speaking, reading, oral presentation, recital, recitation, disputation; (v) speak; (adj) expressive. ANTONYMS: (adj) nonspeaking, silent speaks: (n) talks spectators: (n) spectator, gallery, viewer, viewers, attendance speculate: (v) contemplate, deliberate, suppose, imagine, venture, consider, hazard, meditate, muse, reflect, ponder speech: (n) lecture, expression, language, conversation, sermon, diction, communication; (n, v) delivery, discourse, say, saying spend: (v) expend, exhaust, squander, pay out, blow, deplete, pass, wear, lead; (adj, v) waste; (n) outlay. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, earn, hoard, keep spent: (adj, v) prostrate; (adj) fatigued, expended, finished, gone, dead, played out, effete, jaded, tired; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (adj) energetic spicy: (adj) piquant, racy, fragrant, pungent, salty, blue, savory, hot, juicy, peppery, redolent. ANTONYMS: (adj) bland, mild, dull, insipid, tasteless, uninteresting, faint, sweet spill: (n, v) overflow, fall, drop, flow, stream; (v) shed, empty, upset, pour, slop, cast spirit: (n, v) courage, mind; (n) mood, ghost, apparition, disposition, energy, essence, soul, phantom; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (n) lethargy, body, cowardice, surface, sluggishness, lifelessness, defeatism spirited: (adj) animated, frisky, energetic, racy, bold, gritty, quick, enthusiastic, dashing, peppy, brave. ANTONYMS: (adj) spiritless, lifeless, feeble, cowardly, apathetic, lethargic, spineless, dull, solemn, sluggish, lackluster spirits: (n) alcohol, booze, humor, frame of mind, liqueur, strong drink, hard drink; (adj) cheer, geniality, good humor; (v) wine spite: (n) malice, grudge, hatred, malevolence, rancour, venom, rancor, maliciousness, ill will, animosity; (n, v) pique. ANTONYMS: (v) please; (n) benevolence, goodwill, love, affection, harmony splashed: (adj) dabbled, bespattered,

263 besplashed, spattered, marked, unclean, dirty, splattered, distributed, showy, dotted splashing: (n) spatter, spattering, painting, splattering, dab, plash; (adj) liquid splendid: (adj, n, v) illustrious, glorious; (adj) gorgeous, beautiful, royal, gallant, proud; (adj, n) magnificent, noble, grand; (adj, v) brilliant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressive, modest, humble, ordinary, undistinguished, meager, awful, dire, lowly, inglorious, shabby splitting: (adj) ripping; (n) fission, partition, division, schism, crack, breakup, disunion, dissociation, cleavage; (v) to split spoil: (n, v) ruin; (v) rot, corrupt, mar, deface, sack; (adj, v) impair, damage, injure, harm, indulge. ANTONYMS: (v) improve, conserve, enliven, help, abuse, beautify, deny, neglect, correct, respect, clean spoiled: (adj) bad, rotten, stale, spoil, coddled, pampered, corrupt, damaged, spoilt, putrid, rancid. ANTONYM: (adj) unspoiled spoiling: (n) spoilage, spoilation, despoliation, deterioration, detriment, erosion, indulgence, injury; (v) withering; (adj) easy, lenient spoils: (n) prize, stolen goods, booty, plunder, haul, swag, pickings, trophy, boodle, prize money, treasure spoke: (n) bar, rung, radius, rule, shoe, skid, rundle, line, clog, round; (v) said spoken: (adj) verbal, expressed, speaking, speak, unwritten, vocal, voiced, talk, said, informal, conversational. ANTONYMS: (adj) written, unspoken, tacit, formal, silent spontaneous: (adj, v) gratuitous, free; (adj) instinctive, natural, automatic, impromptu, improvised, offhand, impetuous, impulsive, extemporaneous. ANTONYMS: (adj) forced, prearranged, prepared, induced, considered, calculated, inhibited, welcome, affected, voluntary, premeditated spot: (n, v) place, speck, blemish, speckle, fleck, dirty, dapple; (adj, n, v) stain, soil; (n) dot, space spotted: (adj) mottled, speckled, dappled, piebald, blotchy, dotted,

264 flyblown, multicolored, stained, spotty, flecked. ANTONYM: (adj) uniform spread: (n, v) scatter, stretch, increase; (adj, n, v) reach; (v) disperse, expand, propagate, disseminate, diffuse, circulate; (adj, v) extend. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, gather, collect, fold, prevent, regress, shrink, specialize, concentrate; (n) decline; (n, v) decrease spree: (n, v) frolic; (n) revel, fling, revelry, prank, orgy, bout, merriment, glee, mirth; (v) splurge spring: (n, v) leap, bound, hop, fountain, skip, caper, bounce, dive, dance; (n) source; (v) originate sprinkle: (v) splash, drizzle, moisten, cast, dot, spatter, spray, spill; (adj, v) besprinkle; (n, v) dash, rain spry: (adj) quick, lively, active, agile, nimble, energetic, sprightly, frisky, prompt, ready, alert. ANTONYMS: (adj) inactive, sluggish, slow spunky: (adj) brave, game, fearless, feisty, mettlesome, gritty, gamey, plucky, gamy, valiant, gallant squad: (n) brigade, crew, party, detachment, team, bunch, knot, band, troop, section; (n, v) set square: (n) area, rectangle; (adj) rectangular, fair, honest; (adj, v) even, correspond, agree; (v) settle; (adv, n) foursquare; (adj, adv) just. ANTONYMS: (adj) round, underhand, trendy, fresh, activist, relaxed squarely: (adv) straightforwardly, square, forthright, rightly, fairly, quadrately, truely, right, squaredly, correspondly, straightly squares: (n) square squat: (adj) short, chunky, stumpy, squatty, thick, low; (v) crouch, perch, sit, hunker down, bend. ANTONYMS: (adj) slender, tall, slight squaw: (n) wife, woman; (adj) wintry squeeze: (n, v) hug, pinch, embrace, nip; (adj, v) compress, force; (adj, n, v) press; (v) extort, cram, crush, jam. ANTONYMS: (v) expand, extend squeezing: (n) constriction, compression, pressure, squeeze, crushing, compressing, expulsion, extrusion, distress, power play; (v) expression stable: (adj, adv) firm; (adj) reliable, stationary, fixed, fast, lasting, constant, durable, secure, solid, sound. ANTONYMS: (adj) shaky,

O Pioneers! wobbly, dangerous, volatile, precarious, rickety, tenuous, temperamental, fickle, temporary; (adv) loosely stack: (n, v) pile, heap, mound, load, lot, store; (n) accumulation, rick, mass, bunch; (v) pack. ANTONYMS: (v) unstack, empty, unload stag: (v) spy, peach, denounce; (n) buck, dog, boar, cock, deer, roe, doe, reynard staggered: (adj) dumbfounded, astonished, flabbergasted, astounded, stunned, bewildered, surprised, thunderstruck, angular, dizzy, taken aback staggering: (adj) astounding, amazing, incredible, inconceivable, prodigious, marvelous, startling, ghastly, shocking, remarkable, extraordinary. ANTONYMS: (adj) unremarkable, normal, lovely, comforting staid: (adj, v) serious, sedate, grave, solemn, sober, demure; (adj) calm, quiet, composed, somber, decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, exciting, funny, daring, playful, bright, relaxed stain: (n, v) spot, blemish, tarnish, blot, dye, smear, disgrace, mark, soil, dirt, defile. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, dignify, clean stained: (adj) besmirched, dirty, colored, tarnished, soiled, tainted, sullied, flyblown, discolored, painted; (v) polluted. ANTONYMS: (adj) unspoiled, unstained, unblemished, clean stair: (n) stage, degree, footstep, rank, stairway, staircase, corbiestep, ladder, pace, steps, support staircase: (n) stair, ladder, flight, steps, flight of steps, stairs, backstairs, escalator, companionway, way, entrance stairs: (n) stair, ladder, staircase, stairway, flight of steps, flight, steps, flight of stairs, escalator, companionway, backstairs stairway: (n) ladder, stairs, flight, stair, steps, flight of steps, companionway, roadway, backstairs, escalator, pathway stall: (n) bench, barn, compartment, stand, carrel, hut, stalling, cabin, kiosk; (n, v) delay; (v) procrastinate. ANTONYM: (v) advance stallion: (n) entire horse, jennet, horse, hart, genet, gander, dog, cock, buck, boar, bayard

stalwart: (adj) brawny, brave, sturdy, strapping, resolute, hardy, powerful, sinewy, firm, stout, courageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unreliable, weak, inconstant, feeble, delicate, cowardly, uncommitted standing: (n) fame, position, importance, prestige, place, reputation, footing; (adj) erect, motionless, continuance; (n, v) stand. ANTONYMS: (adj) seated, moving, horizontal, falling, temporary stands: (n) bleachers, stood, grandstand, standing, stop, covered stand, standpoint, stall, sales booth, reviewing stand, rack star: (n, v) asterisk; (n) ace, luminary, personality, headliner, leading, lead, idol, asterism; (adj, n) principal, champion. ANTONYMS: (n) nonentity, failure, villain; (adj) insignificant, lousy staring: (adj) conspicuous, garish, agaze, vivid, noisy, showy, fixed, opened, glassy; (adv) staringly starlight: (n) rushlight, moonlight, firelight, candlelight stars: (n) heavenly bodies, fate startle: (n, v) start, jump; (v) frighten, scare, astonish, shock, astound, amaze, shake, threaten, electrify. ANTONYM: (v) soothe stating: (n) reference stationary: (adj) motionless, fixed, set, quiescent, permanent, immobile, steady, static, constant, unmoving, still. ANTONYMS: (adj) mobile, shifting, flowing stayed: (v) staid, serious, philosophic, sedate, platonic, stoical; (n) stays; (adj) late staying: (n) stays, arrest; (adj) continual, old, left steadfast: (adj, v) solid, firm, permanent, loyal, fast, fixed, immovable, faithful; (adj) resolute, determined, steady. ANTONYMS: (adj) irresolute, disloyal, unreliable, undependable, uncommitted, weak, transient, fickle, compliant, acquiescent, inconstant steadily: (adv) constantly, stably, regularly, fixedly, strongly, continually, steadfastly, uniformly, tightly, calmly, determinedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unsteadily, nervously, loosely, weakly, rapidly, suddenly, excitedly, haphazardly, inconsistently, unevenly steady: (adj, v) steadfast, even, secure, resolute, regular, calm,

Willa Cather sedate; (adj, adv) stable; (adj) constant, continual, fixed. ANTONYMS: (adj) shaky, wobbly, intermittent, unreliable, irregular, fluctuating, inconsistent, unbalanced, unstable, unfaithful; (adv) unsteadily steadying: (n) helpful, equilibrium steam: (n, v) mist, smoke, fume; (v) exhale, evaporate, cook, pull; (n) fog, haze, cloud; (adj, n) vapor steamer: (n) steamship, boat, liner, ship, Mya Arenaria, steam engine, sports car, roadster, clam, paddle steamer, cruise ship steel: (n) blade, brand, foil, sword, case harden; (n, v) nerve, brace, fortify; (adj) iron, adamant; (v) temper steep: (adj, v) immerse, soak; (v) douse, dip, imbue, saturate; (adj, adv) excessive; (adj, n) abrupt; (adj) sheer, outrageous, exorbitant. ANTONYMS: (adj) gradual, undulating, inexpensive, flat, lenient, reasonable, cheap; (v) dip steeple: (adj, n) spire, tower; (n) campanile, minaret, turret, dome; (adj) pyramid, column, obelisk, monument, pillar steer: (v) navigate, guide, direct, drive, aim, conduct, maneuver, run, manage; (n, v) lead, point stella: (n) frank Philip Stella, frank Stella step: (n) stage, degree, rank, level, gait, gradation, footprint; (n, v) walk, measure, stride; (v) tread stepped: (v) advanced, gone, stopen stepping: (n) steps steps: (n) step, stairs, staircase, stairway, flight, stepladder, scale, backstairs, companionway, escalator, stair stern: (adj) rigid, rigorous, austere, hard, strict, grim, solemn, rough; (adj, v) harsh; (n) back; (adj, n) rear. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, approving, lenient, funny, genial, gentle, kindly, lax, liberal, cheerful, flexible stewed: (adj) poached, tipsy, intoxicated, done, drunk, huffy, inebriated, baked, tight stick: (adj, v) adhere, cohere; (n, v) stab, paste, staff; (v) cling, attach, fix, bind, affix; (n) bar. ANTONYMS: (v) detach, open, undo sticking: (n) soldering, adhesion; (adj) adhering, clinging, glutinous, viscous, stuck, projected, tenacious, closefisted, cohesive

sticky: (adj) awkward, adhesive, clammy, glutinous, gummy, humid, embarrassing, slimy, difficult, viscid, pasty. ANTONYMS: (adj) dry, fresh, easy, clean, straightforward, runny, cool stiff: (adj) hard, formal, inflexible, difficult, rigorous, numb, firm, sturdy; (adj, n) stark, severe; (n) corpse. ANTONYMS: (adj) soft, supple, flexible, floppy, pliable, free, easy, loose, informal, mild, pliant stiffening: (n) stiffness, rigidification, reinforcement, process, rigidifying, procedure stiffly: (adv) firmly, stiff, awkwardly, unbendingly, difficultly, woodenly, strongly, formally, stringently, clumsily, strictly. ANTONYM: (adv) loosely stile: (n) bar, flight of stairs, upright, vertical, step, barrier, montant stinking: (adj) malodorous, putrid, fetid, foul, smelly, loathsome, noisome, odorous, disgusting, funky, lousy. ANTONYMS: (adj) fragrant, clean, fresh stir: (adj, n, v) move, bustle; (v) rouse, arouse, affect, agitate, inspire; (adj, n) movement; (n) commotion, excitement, disturbance. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, retire, stultify, bore, steady, stifle, suppress; (n) quiet, peace; (n, v) calm stirred: (adj) excited, agitated, moved, affected, aroused, emotional, aflame, Stirn, horny, susceptible, stirred up stirring: (adj) lively, exciting, alive, rousing, spirited, touching, thrilling, active; (n) agitation; (v) eventful, brisk. ANTONYMS: (adj) depressing, boring, inactive, dull, conciliatory, asleep, uninspiring, unimpressive; (n) suppression stitching: (n) seam, needlework, stitch, needlecraft, mending, darning, suturing, suture, cover, edging, wire stitching stock: (n, v) store, handle; (n) lineage, breed, goods, origin, ancestry, hoard, race; (adj, v) regular; (adj) standard. ANTONYMS: (adj) original, unusual, atypical, nonstandard stocking: (n) hosiery, boothose, trunk hose, supplying, stocking level, tights, silk stocking, nylons, nylon stocking, rayon stocking; (adj) stockinged stole: (n) wrap, stolen, scarf, stolon,

265 stealing, robe, alb, tunicle, surplice, alba, cassock stolidly: (adv) stupidly, phlegmatically, phlegmaticly, doltishly, dully, bovinely, obtusely, heavily, bluntly, firmly, unintelligently stomach: (adj, v) brook, digest; (v) endure, stand, abide, bear, suffer, tolerate, take; (n) abdomen, appetite stone: (n) jewel, rock, pebble, gem, calculus, gemstone, kernel, concretion; (n, v) pit; (v) lapidate, pelt stones: (n) shingle, grit stoop: (v) crouch, bend, deign, condescend, descend, squat, couch, cringe, lean, lower oneself; (n) porch. ANTONYM: (v) straighten stooped: (adj) hunched, stoop, stooping, crooked, bended, not straight, inclined, not erect, arched, asymmetrical, droopy stooping: (adj) hunched, crooked, asymmetrical, not erect, not straight, corrupt; (n) patronage stopped: (adj) stopped up, stoped, congested, unmoving, stop, finished, stopen, stopt, blocked, stopping, stops. ANTONYMS: (adj) unstopped, moving stopping: (n) stoppage, cessation, shutdown, padding, fillet, suspension, stay, discontinuance, abeyance, interruption; (adv) haltingly store: (n, v) stock, hoard, bank, cache, supply; (n) shop, market, business; (v) accumulate, garner, keep. ANTONYMS: (v) spend, delete; (n) dearth stores: (n) provisions, materials, provender, support, equipment, military issue, government issue, goods, food, commissariat stories: (n) tale stork: (n) openbill, marabout, marabou, adjutant, wader, adjutant stork, adjutant bird, policeman bird, saddlebill, black stork, marabou stork storm: (n, v) rush, tempest, hail, attack, assault, charge; (v) fume; (n) shower, blizzard, hurricane, gust. ANTONYM: (n) trickle stormy: (adj, n) inclement, boisterous, rough, severe; (adj) fierce, windy, wild, dirty, foul, tempestuous, blustering. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, still, pleasant, fair, mild, relaxed stout: (adj, n) sturdy, stocky, hearty; (adj) hardy, strong, robust, obese,

266 husky, bold, corpulent, fleshy. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, slim, flimsy, cowardly, slight, skinny, fragile, weak stoutly: (adv) sturdily, robustly, strongly, solidly, lustily, vigorously, toughly, resolutely, stockily, portly, obstinately. ANTONYM: (adv) feebly stove: (n) cooker, hearth, heater, furnace, fireplace, kiln, oven, cooking stove, cookstove, kitchen stove, kitchen range stovepipe: (n) topper, beaver, high hat, opera hat, dress hat, chimney, lid, chapeau, top hat, hat, castor straight: (adj) erect, honest, upright, even, fair, perpendicular, correct; (adj, adv, v) direct; (adj, adv, n) right; (adj, adv) level, flat. ANTONYMS: (adj) diluted, zigzag, winding, curly, curved, curvy, twisted, wavy, knotted, askew; (adv) indirectly strain: (n, v) stretch, sift; (adj, n, v) tax; (v) screen, filter, try, exert; (n) effort, breed, exertion, song. ANTONYMS: (v) laze; (n) ease, relief strained: (adj) tense, labored, intense, constrained, laboured, unnatural, nervous, affected, taut, artificial, tight. ANTONYMS: (adj) natural, calm straits: (n) pass, head, distress, sound, isthmus, dire straits, destitution, point, crack, chief, caput strange: (adj) foreign, peculiar, unusual, abnormal, outlandish, irregular, odd, new, mysterious, extraordinary, curious. ANTONYMS: (adj) ordinary, normal, familiar, typical, usual, conventional, explicable, sensible, mainstream, known, human strangely: (adv) curiously, queerly, unusually, funnily, peculiarly, weirdly, marvelously, uncommonly, extraordinarily, singularly, bizarrely. ANTONYMS: (adv) typically, ordinarily, harmoniously stranger: (n) foreigner, outsider, newcomer, outlander, immigrant, intruder, unknown, tramontane, trespasser; (adj) foreign, strange. ANTONYMS: (n) pal, native, associate, resident, familiar strap: (n, v) lash, whip; (n) strop, leash, rein, shoulder strap, band, bar; (v) bind, flog; (adj, n) tie. ANTONYM: (v) untie strapping: (adj) brawny, burly, lusty,

O Pioneers! beefy, husky, powerful, robust, hefty, stout, strong; (n) strap. ANTONYMS: (adj) puny, weak, frail, feeble, delicate, slim straw: (n) rush, stalk, drinking straw, chaff, fig, bran; (adj) feather, cobweb, mote, gossamer; (v) strew strawberries: (n) genus Fragaria, Fragaria stray: (v) wander, ramble, range, digress, straggle, meander, depart, deviate, rove, drift, err. ANTONYM: (v) settle straying: (n) digression, departure, error; (adj) errant, mistaking, containing error, incorrect, misleading, astray, mistaken, erroneous streak: (n, v) ray, dash, mark, flash; (adj, n) stripe; (n) band, beam, run, bar, groove, gleam streaks: (n) stripes, cords stream: (adj, n, prep, v) current, course; (n, prep, v) flood; (n, v) brook, run, crowd, jet, gush; (n) river; (v) pour, swarm. ANTONYMS: (n) shortage; (v) drizzle streetcar: (n) tramcar, trolley car, trolley, cable car, tramway, cable tramway, aerial tramway, horsecar, ropeway streets: (n) street strength: (n, v) power; (n) energy, firmness, endurance, stability, potency, health, soundness; (adj, n, v) might; (adj, n) vigor, intensity. ANTONYMS: (n) frailty, shortcoming, flaw, faintness, powerlessness, moderation, limitation, instability, impotence, feebleness, disadvantage stretch: (adj, n, v) strain; (adj, v) extend, elongate, lengthen; (n) extent, expanse; (v) prolong, draw; (n, v) run, spread, range. ANTONYMS: (v) shorten, shrink, withdraw, narrow, relax; (adj) inflexible stretched: (adj) extended, stiff, tight, tense, stretched out, strained, expanded, outstretched, elongated, outspread, prolonged. ANTONYMS: (adj) loose, short strewn: (adj) spread, distributed, disordered, strewed, confused, covered, diffuse, disconnected, disjointed, circulated, dispersed strike: (n, v) hit, beat, bang, knock, assault, slap, clap, rap, smash; (v) impress, move. ANTONYMS: (n) defense; (v) extinguish, defend

strikingly: (adj, adv) notably, signally, unusually, singularly; (adv) prominently, stunningly, imposingly, impressively, markedly, outstandingly, obviously string: (n) chain, twine, strand, series, filament; (adj, n) file, row, range, rank; (n, v) run, thread. ANTONYM: (v) unstring strings: (n) string, string section, sway, control, dealings, domination, jurisdiction, terms, condition, command, provision striped: (adj) stripy, brindled, variegated, lined, banded, virgated, zoned, paled, with stripes stripping: (n) baring, denudation, striping, removal, disforestation, scrubbing, strippingly, uncovering, find, back washing, cornhusking striven: (v) strived stroke: (adj, n) blow; (n, v) touch, caress, mark, buffet, lick, pat; (n) beat, hit, knock, bang strokes: (n) approval, reward, recognition, prize, acclaim, credit, brownie points stronger: (adj) reprobate, insensible, reproof, iniquity, hardening, shameless, graceless, immoralities, ministry; (v) Milman, misery struck: (adj, v) smitten; (v) stroke; (adj) affected, afflicted, doting, dotty, enamored, gaga, hurt, in love, infatuated struggle: (n, v) contest, battle, conflict, combat, strain, endeavor, attempt, dispute, quarrel; (n) effort, exertion. ANTONYMS: (v) flourish; (n) ease, surrender, friendship struggling: (v) strive; (adj) harassed, hostile, under pressure, stressed, aggressive, agonizing, rebellious, belligerent, careworn; (n) colluctation stubble: (n) stalk, shuck, chaff, husk, bran, straw, shackle, leavings, pale yellow, result, stalking stubborn: (adj) contrary, hard, intractable, perverse, rigid, determined, persistent, refractory, tenacious, obdurate, inveterate. ANTONYMS: (adj) compliant, irresolute, flexible, amenable, docile, easygoing, malleable, agreeable, accommodating, cooperative, feeble stuck: (adj) stranded, jammed, delayed, fast; (adj, adv) aground; (n) stuck ware, thrust, sticking; (v) sticked, fasten, attach. ANTONYMS: (adj) unstuck, loose student: (n) scholar, learner, disciple,

Willa Cather pupil, apprentice, schoolboy, collegian, novice, pundit, savant, trainee. ANTONYM: (n) expert studied: (adj) deliberate, calculated, conscious, premeditated, affected, elaborate, learned, intended, designed, willful; (v) advised. ANTONYMS: (adj) spontaneous, unstudied, casual studs: (n) jewelry studying: (n) poring over, perusal, study, learning, reading, speculation stuff: (v) fill, jam, pack, ram, squeeze, pad; (n) material, cloth, matter, gear; (n, v) force. ANTONYMS: (v) starve, unpack, empty stuffed: (adj) crammed, packed, congested, replete, loaded, filled, fraught, chock-full, crowded, jammed, gorged. ANTONYMS: (adj) hungry, lacking stumbling: (adj) lurching, astounding, hesitant, halting, awkward, astonishing, maladroit, clumsy, weaving; (adv) stumblingly; (n) hesitation. ANTONYM: (adj) firm stupefy: (adj, v) astound; (adj, n, v) stun, benumb; (v) daze, bewilder, amaze, bemuse, besot; (n, v) paralyze, deaden, numb. ANTONYM: (v) enlighten stupid: (adj, n) foolish, silly, simple, absurd; (adj, adv, n) dull; (adj) idiotic, ridiculous, senseless, fatuous, crass, insane. ANTONYMS: (adj) wise, clever, bright, intelligent, shrewd, prudent, responsible, smart, great, sensitive, useful stupidly: (adv) dully, thickly, obtusely, senselessly, fatuously, slowly, insanely, unwisely, doltishly, crassly, densely. ANTONYMS: (adv) shrewdly, brightly, sensibly, wisely, sensitively, prudently, carefully subconscious: (n) mind, psyche, inner man; (adj) psychological, hidden, subliminal, entrenched, inherent, bodily, inner, instinctive. ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, conscious, expressed, deliberate, spiritual subdue: (adj, n, v) conquer; (v) overpower, crush, defeat, quell, quash, suppress, restrain; (n, v) reduce; (adj, v) repress; (adv, v) control. ANTONYMS: (v) incite, enliven, resist, submit submission: (n) compliance, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, deference, entry, presentation,

conformity; (adj, n) resignation, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n) defiance, divergence, disobedience succeed: (v) follow, arrive, prosper, prevail, manage, supplant, ensue, supersede, do, achieve, flourish. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, precede, lose, botch, restore, neglect, Miss, deteriorate sucking: (n) suck, intake, uptake, aspiration, ingestion, consumption suds: (n, v) foam, froth, spume; (n) lather, soapsuds, bubbles, head, beer, bubble, lager, surf suffer: (v) encounter, stand, accept, undergo, brook, experience, have, endure, abide, sustain; (adj, v) allow. ANTONYMS: (v) enjoy, rejoice, flourish suffered: (adj) permitted, permissive suffering: (n) distress, agony, affliction, anguish, torture, grief, torment, misery, hardship; (adj, n) hurt; (adj) miserable. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) content; (n) peace, ecstasy, joy, pleasure sufficiently: (adv) fully, satisfactorily, enough, amply, quite, properly, competently, decently, abundantly, goodly, completely. ANTONYM: (adv) inadequately sugar: (n) darling, saccharide, carbohydrate, love, beloved, jaggary; (adj, n) dear; (v) saccharify, sweeten, dulcify, edulcorate suggested: (adj) advisable, proposed, tacit, optional, not compulsory, nominal, implied suggestion: (n) advice, intimation, proposal, counsel, allusion, sign, trace, proposition, recommendation; (n, v) touch, dash. ANTONYMS: (n) warning, practice suit: (adj, v) fit, please; (adj, n, v) correspond; (n) lawsuit, plea, action, case; (v) adapt, accommodate, become; (n, v) answer. ANTONYM: (v) clash suitcase: (n) portmanteau, bag, luggage, grip, valise, gripsack, traveling bag, carpetbag, handbag, suitcases, baggage suited: (adj, v) proper, fit, fitted, adapted, convenient; (adj) appropriate, good, apt, eligible, capable, useful. ANTONYMS: (adj) incompatible, wrong, inappropriate suitor: (n) plaintiff, suer, admirer, beau, candidate, complainant, gallant, boyfriend, applicant, petitioner; (n, v) wooer sullen: (adj, n) morose, sulky, sour;

267 (adj) gloomy, gruff, glum, moody, dark, cross, surly; (adj, v) grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, cheery; (n) cheeriness sullenly: (adv) sulkily, sourly, grumpily, morosely, moodily, dourly, somberly, peevishly, surly, crossly, petulantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) graciously, contentedly, gladly, cheerily sunbonnet: (n) poke bonnet, shade, sunhat sundown: (n) nightfall, evening, dusk, twilight, hour. ANTONYMS: (n) dawn, daybreak, sunrise sunflower: (n) girasol, mirasol, turnsole, showy sunflower, prairie sunflower, marigold, lettuces, common sunflower, ragweed, Asteraceae, goldenrod sung: (v) sing; (n) call, sung dynasty, strain, song dynasty, song, birdsong, birdcall; (adj) spoken, outspoken, choral sunk: (adj) sunken, undone, finished, ruined, profound, immersed, damaged, lowed, lying flat; (v) cut up, dashed sunlight: (n) sunshine, daylight, the sun, positive, solar, sunbeam, brightness, sunbeams, rays, shaft, beam sunny: (adj) bright, clear, gay, cheerful, merry, blithe, shiny, shining, radiant, brilliant, fair. ANTONYMS: (adj) overcast, dull, shady, unhappy, cloudy, sad, miserable, gloomy, unpleasant sunset: (n) dusk, sundown, nightfall, twilight, night, sunsetting, periodic event, crepuscule, atmospheric phenomenon, hour, recurrent event. ANTONYMS: (n) sunrise, daybreak superintendent: (n) supervisor, manager, overseer, inspector, administrator, keeper, chief, guardian, caretaker; (adj, n) governor, curator superior: (adj) dominant, exceptional, predominant, better, great, proud, arrogant, excellent, select, high; (adj, n) elder. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) inferior, subscript; (adj) humble, worse, poor, adscript, junior, lesser, low; (n) subordinate, associate supper: (n) meal, tea, lunch, repast, reception, mealtime, siesta, social affair; (v) dejeuner, bever, whet supple: (adj, v) flexible, pliable, limber, pliant; (adj) lithe, soft, plastic, graceful, lithesome, lissom, lissome. ANTONYMS: (adj) rigid,

268 inflexible, stocky, clumsy, hard, rough, slow, tight, unyielding supported: (adj) sustained, backed, bolstered, based; (v) borne, carried, conveyed, supporting; (adv) on supposed: (adj) hypothetical, reputed, alleged, assumed, imaginary, putative, apparent, ostensible, suppositional, supposititious, suppositious. ANTONYM: (adj) actual supposing: (adv) admitting, conditionally, in case; (n) supposition, conjecture, thought, theory, assumption; (conj) although, what if; (v) suppose surely: (adv) positively, definitely, confidently, securely, undoubtedly, clearly, firmly, assuredly, absolutely; (adj, adv) really; (adv, int) of course. ANTONYMS: (adv) questionably, uncertain, weakly sureness: (n) confidence, certainty, firmness, faith, steadiness, conviction, authority, security, trust, dominance, sanction. ANTONYM: (n) uncertainty surface: (n) superficies, grain; (v) emerge, appear, coat, come out; (adj, n) exterior, outside; (n, v) face; (adj) external, superficial. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) interior, middle, inside; (n) core; (v) sink, submerge, fall; (adj) deep, subsurface, overhead, inner surly: (adj) sullen, grumpy, peevish, crusty, churlish, grouchy, gruff, morose; (adj, n) harsh, rude; (adj, adv) unfriendly. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, gentle, pleasant, courteous, easygoing, friendly surprise: (n) fright, amazement, wonder, astonishment; (n, v) alarm, shock, jolt; (v) amaze, startle, astonish, stun. ANTONYMS: (n) expectation; (v) encourage, comfort surprised: (adj) amazed, dumbfounded, shocked, astounded, stunned, taken aback, bewildered, startled, surprise, aghast, to be astonished. ANTONYM: (adj) unsurprised surrounded: (adj) enclosed, ingirt, not independent, ringed, inside, rooted, conditioned, circumstanced, bounded; (v) beset, furnished surrounding: (prep) round, about; (adj) encompassing, encircling, environmental, circumambient, adjoining; (adv) around; (n) surroundings, circumstances, enclosing surroundings: (n) atmosphere,

O Pioneers! environment, environs, setting, neighborhood, habitat, milieu, neighbourhood, scene, background, ambiance suspenders: (n) brace, pair, bitstock, harness, couple suspicious: (adj) questionable, distrustful, shady, queer, doubtful, dubious, incredulous, fishy, funny, jealous, mistrustful. ANTONYMS: (adj) gullible, trustworthy, aggressive, aboveboard, certain, unsuspecting, unquestionable, believable, straight, palpable, innocent swagger: (n, v) strut, prance; (adj, n, v) bluster; (v) boast, show off, parade, ruffle, flourish; (adj, v) bully; (adj) groovy; (n) bragging swale: (n) swamp, valley; (v) sweal, singe, scorch swallowed: (adj) engulfed, gulped, inundated, overcome, overwhelmed, flooded, overpowered, enclosed swear: (v) declare, assure, assert, affirm, curse, pledge; (n, v) promise, avow, depone, depose, aver. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, refute, deny, compliment swede: (n) kohlrabi, Swedish turnip, rutabaga plant, turnip, mangold, yellow turnip, turnip cabbage sweden: (n) Kingdom of Sweden, Sverige swedish: (n) Sweden sweet: (adj) fresh, mellow, lovable, dear, pleasant, musical, melodious, pleasing, sugary; (adj, v) lovely; (adj, n) beloved. ANTONYMS: (adj) discordant, bitter, acid, sharp, acidic, pungent, salty, harsh, detestable, cacophonous, dry sweetheart: (n) dear, girl, darling, mistress, flame, beloved, boyfriend, love, steady; (adj, n) beau, admirer. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, enemy sweetness: (n) sugariness, sweet, redolence, pleasantness, fragrance, aroma, charm, perfume, amenity, niceness, kindness. ANTONYMS: (n) sourness, sharpness, unpleasantness, harshness, tastelessness, unkindness swell: (n, v) rise, heave, increase, wave, billow; (v) enlarge, expand, puff, grow, bloat; (adj, n) dandy. ANTONYMS: (v) deflate, desiccate, shrink, compress, concentrate, wane; (n, v) decline; (adj) bad, horrible, shabby, awful swelled: (adj) big, inflated, bloated,

swollen, adult, boastful, bighearted, bad, fully grown, crowing, elder swelling: (n) protuberance, lump, swell, intumescence, growth, projection, prominence, bulge, dropsy; (adj, v) inflated; (adj) growing. ANTONYM: (n) decline swept: (adj) clean swiftly: (adv) rapidly, speedily, fleetly, promptly, expeditiously, alertly, hastily, suddenly, readily; (adj, adv) quickly, fast. ANTONYMS: (adv) eventually, sluggishly, gradually swill: (adj, v) guzzle; (n, v) drink, potion; (n) slops, waste, pigwash, garbage, refuse; (v) drench, slosh; (adj) booze swimming: (n) swim, natation, diving, bathing, skin diving; (adj) vertigo, naiant, liquid, natatorial, oily, overly diluted swing: (n, v) sway, sweep, turn, change, beat; (v) fluctuate, oscillate, dangle, rock, vibrate; (adj, v) hang swinging: (adj) swaying, excessive, lilting, inordinate, hanging, exorbitant, pendulous, outrageous, preposterous, extravagant; (n) slewing swish: (adj) classy, swanky, fashionable, smart, stylish, deluxe; (v) lap, rustle, sizzle, whiz; (n) cyclic noise. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfashionable, inelegant, unstylish, Spartan, meager; (n) silence swiss: (n) Helvetian, the Swiss, Swiss people switchboard: (n) plugboard, patchboard, telephone exchange, monitor desk, nerve center, operating room, central, telephone department swollen: (adj, v) inflated, distended; (adj) bombastic, puffy, turgid, puffed, high, egotistic, bulging; (v) blown; (adj, prep) pompous. ANTONYMS: (adj) contracted, shrunken symmetrical: (adj) symmetric, balanced, shapely, proportionate, regular, methodical, unsymmetrical, equal, even, correct, neat. ANTONYMS: (adj) irregular, disproportioned sympathetic: (adj, v) compassionate, tender, affectionate; (adj, n) kindly, congenial, humane, gentle, favorable; (adj) merciful, agreeable, friendly. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, unfeeling, callous, uncaring, unsociable, unforgiving,

Willa Cather unfriendly, negative, sarcastic, opposed, unhelpful sympathy: (n) compassion, kindness, commiseration, mercy, feeling, understanding, rapport, benevolence, agreement; (adj, n) humanity, charity. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, cruelty, coldness, disdain, incompatibility, thoughtlessness, mercilessness, callousness, incomprehension, inhumanity, insensitivity symptoms: (n) syndrome tablecloth: (n) duster, napery, rag, table linen tableland: (n) table, bench, mesa, terrace, highland, Ardennes tactful: (adj) discreet, politic, prudent, delicate, wise, considerate, subtle, thoughtful, judicious, sympathetic, sensible. ANTONYMS: (adj) indiscreet, frank, careless, foolish tail: (n, v) shadow, trail; (v) follow, track, pursue, dog, tag, chase; (n) behind, posterior, butt. ANTONYMS: (n, v) head, front; (v) lead talented: (adj) clever, gifted, capable, accomplished, proficient, apt, versatile, promising, ingenious, expert, competent. ANTONYMS: (adj) mediocre, slow, ordinary, incompetent, bad, clumsy talents: (adj) talent, ability, capacity, parts, ingenuity, cleverness, turn; (n) faculty, endowment, genius, accomplishment talks: (n) parley, discussion, dialogue, diplomacy, arbitration, mediation, conversation, discussions, conference, meeting, dialog tall: (adj) elevated, high, exalted, big, lanky, towering, eminent, unbelievable, strapping, long, gangling. ANTONYMS: (adj) low, small, sensible, reasonable, little, believable, easy, stocky tallow: (n) grease, lard, oil, suet, cream, butter, cicatrix, beef tallow, dubbin, animal oil, scar tame: (v) break, subdue, soften, domesticate; (adj) meek, docile, bland, domestic, gentle, slow; (adj, v) moderate. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, bright, unmanageable, interesting, untamed, inspiring, brilliant, colorful, rebellious, lively tangle: (v) entangle, embroil, enmesh, embrangle, ruffle, mat; (n) maze, confusion; (n, v) jumble, muddle, knot. ANTONYMS: (n) order, line,

peace; (v) unravel, undo, untangle, straighten tanned: (adj) bronzed, suntanned, browned; (n) brunette. ANTONYMS: (adj) pale, untanned task: (n) job, assignment, duty, labor, commission, charge, enterprise, project, stint, occupation; (n, v) exercise taught: (adj) instructed, educated, schooled, instruct, well-bred, scholarly, provided; (v) firm, fast, close, taut taxes: (n) toll, monies, levy, excise, dues teach: (v) enlighten, educate, instruct, coach, indoctrinate, drill, learn, lecture, school; (adj, v) guide, show teacher: (n) instructor, master, coach, preceptor, educator, mentor, tutor, missionary, guide, trainer, pedagogue. ANTONYM: (n) pupil tear: (n, v) rip, break, split, rupture, crack, run, slit; (v) pull, rend, lacerate; (adj, v) rush. ANTONYMS: (v) wait, mend, idle, fix, amble, dawdle tearful: (adj) dolorous, maudlin, watery, weeping, teary, sad, dolourous, wet, whimpering, sorrowful; (v) mournful. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, tearless tearfully: (adv) tearily, weepily, dolorously, lachrymosely, waterily, sadly, sorrowfully, maudlinly, mournfully, wetly, whimperingly tearing: (adj) fierce, violent, vehement, furious, ripping, ferocious; (n) lachrymation, lacrimation, riving ahead, tear, lancination tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily function, bodily process, body process, lacerations tease: (n, v) annoy; (adj, v) molest, harry, worry, bait; (v) taunt, kid, pester, plague, provoke, mock. ANTONYM: (v) placate teasing: (n) tease, play, joke, fun, banter; (adj) quizzical, vexatious, pestering, annoying, playful; (v) worrying. ANTONYM: (n) seriousness teasingly: (adv) humorously, lightheartedly, mischievously, annoyingly, mockingly, pesteringly teeming: (adj) abundant, profuse, swarming, crowded, overflowing, exuberant, copious, plentiful, productive, prolific, multitudinous. ANTONYMS: (adj) deserted,

269 lacking, needing, wanting, clear, scarce, scanty teeth: (v) mortar and pestle, gristmill, nutmeg grater, grater, file, arrastra, rasp, mill, unguis, tentacle; (n) gear teeth telegram: (n) cablegram, wire, telegraph, message, letter telegram, report, overseas telegram, news, marconigram, embassy, conducting wire telegraph: (n) telegram, telegraphy, flagstaff, setup; (v) wire, broadcast, electrify, forecast, foreshadow, forewarn, telecommunicate telephone: (v) call, ring, call up, give a call, wireless telephone; (n, v) telegraph; (n) telephony, earpiece, radiophone, radiotelephone, handset telling: (adj, v) significant; (adj) revealing, emphatic, impressive, effectual, effective, pregnant, cogent; (n) relation, recounting, notice. ANTONYMS: (adj) secretive, unimportant, insignificant, hidden temper: (adj, v) moderate, soften, mitigate, harden; (n) character, disposition, humor, nature; (v) modify, season, qualify. ANTONYMS: (n, v) upset; (v) soften, agitate, excite, flex, bend, increase; (n) composure, happiness, wrath, equanimity temperament: (n) character, nature, disposition, constitution, personality, quality, spirit, humor, equanimity, composure, mettle tempt: (adj, v) attract, allure; (v) entice, decoy, charm, inveigle, invite, coax, seduce, fascinate, attempt. ANTONYMS: (v) discourage, appall, repel temptation: (n, v) lure, enticement, bait; (n) attraction, allurement, invitation, seduction, inducement, allure, appeal, pull. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, discouragement tender: (n, v) offer, proffer, bid; (adj, v) affectionate; (adj) painful, sensitive, soft, loving, sore; (v) propose, present. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, rubbery, hard, rough, uncaring, healthy, mature, unfeeling, cold, experienced; (v) withdraw tender-hearted: (adj) kind, merciful, benevolent, kind-hearted, soft, tender tenderly: (adv) softly, kindly, delicately, affectionately, fondly, warmly, painfully, sensitively,

270 caringly, sympathetically, gently. ANTONYMS: (adv) roughly, severely, disapprovingly, harshly tenderness: (n) fondness, soreness, love, affection, sympathy; (adj, n) clemency, mildness, compassion, gentleness, softness, delicacy. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, dryness, hatred, strength, detachment tenor: (n) purport, meaning, substance, tendency, spirit, tone, mood, effect, set, temper; (adj) soprano tent: (n) awning, marquee, pavilion, canopy, collapsible shelter, tabernacle, attention, pack tent, parasol, pop tent; (n, v) camp terrace: (n) veranda, bench, porch, balcony, yard, ledge, platform, portico, backyard, area, accommodation terrible: (adj) horrible, dreadful, horrid, monstrous, abominable, ghastly, dire, appalling, fearful, awful, hideous. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, pleasant, great, laudable, excellent, superb, mild, slight, minor, brilliant, insignificant terribly: (adv) horribly, awfully, terrifically, very, badly, awful, appallingly, atrociously, terrificly; (adj, adv) frightfully, shockingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) wonderfully, slightly, superbly, fortunately, happily, laudably, little, marvelously, pleasantly, hardly, honorably terror: (n, v) alarm, scare; (adj, n) dread, awe; (n) fear, dismay, consternation, horror, panic, apprehension, scourge. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, security, delight, calm, confidence testament: (n) testimonial, testimony, parchment, paper, settlement, evidence, tribute, gospel, guarantee; (n, v) volition; (v) discretionary pleasure tested: (adj) experienced, valid, tried and true, qualified, veteran, proven, proved, hardened, genuine, faithful, dependable. ANTONYM: (adj) inexperienced thankful: (adj) appreciative, indebted, beholden, obliged, contented, pleased, gratified, relieved, under obligation, appreciatory, welcome. ANTONYMS: (adj) worried, unappreciative, unthankful, sorry thatch: (n) thatching, roof, Edward thatch, teach, ceiling, Blackbeard,

O Pioneers! tile, sea rover, roofing material, sea robber, hair thereabouts: (adj, adv) about; (adv) nearly, generally, around, approximately, in the region of, more or less, something like, almost, so; (adv, n) hereabouts thick: (adj) compact, stupid, crowded, slow, opaque, dull, heavy, stocky, deep, close, familiar. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, intelligent, sparse, bright, slight, clever, transparent, diluted, fine, clear, runny thickly: (adv) deeply, heavily, thick, viscously, thicksetly, solidly, dully, dumbly, compactly, closely, turbidly. ANTONYMS: (adv) thinly, finely, slightly, sparsely, loosely, distinctly thin: (adj) tenuous, flimsy, light, fine, emaciated; (adj, v) lean, gaunt, slight, sheer, meager, dilute. ANTONYMS: (adj) fat, concentrated, chubby, plump, wide, heavy, broad, strong, resonant, solid; (v) thicken thirst: (n, v) hunger, lust, wish; (n) longing, yen, craving, hankering, dryness, appetite; (v) starve, crave. ANTONYM: (n) dislike thirty: (n) large integer, termination; (adj) thretty thoroughly: (adv, v) fully; (adv) entirely, totally, soundly, exhaustively, carefully, absolutely, perfectly, deeply, utterly, exactly. ANTONYMS: (adv) superficially, incompletely, negligently, partially, partly, barely, halfheartedly, deficiently, inadequately, insufficiently, hastily thoughtful: (adj, v) serious, solemn, grave; (adj) kind, careful, pensive, heedful, attentive, discreet, sensible, courteous. ANTONYMS: (adj) thoughtless, careless, heedless, uncaring, unkind, tactless, superficial, stupid, negligent, idiotic, unthinking thoughtfully: (adv) considerately, carefully, kindly, reflectively, meditatively, attentively, solemnly, contemplatively, seriously, prudently, cautiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) unsympathetically, unthinkingly, carelessly, contentedly, rashly, inconsiderately, selfishly, meanly, insensitively, tactlessly, cruelly thoughtless: (adj, v) careless, heedless, rash, improvident; (adj)

reckless, inattentive, hasty, unthinking, negligent, neglectful, imprudent. ANTONYMS: (adj) considerate, considered, heedful, prudent, kind, cautious, mindful, responsible, attentive, observant, sensible thoughts: (n) mind, opinion, depth of thought, feelings, reflection, ideas, workings of the mind, view, stance, position, considered opinion thousands: (n) myriad, much, many threatening: (adj) ominous, forbidding, sinister, minatory, black, imminent, perilous, impending, dangerous, grave, sullen. ANTONYMS: (adj) reassuring, nice, approachable, pleasant, promising, favorable, friendly, harmless, hospitable, soothing threateningly: (adv) sinisterly, ominously, seriously, warningly, perilously, gloomily, dangerously, minatorily, grimly, minaciously, loweringly thresher: (n) threshing machine, fox shark, thresher shark, shark, harvester, farm machine, mocking thrush, single dressing thresher threshing: (n) farming, separation thrill: (n, v) delight, shudder, quiver, shiver; (v) excite, exhilarate, exalt, stir; (n) shake, excitement, chill. ANTONYMS: (v) dishearten, discourage, disappoint, displease; (n) depression, calm, boredom, agony, sorrow; (n, v) bore thriving: (adj) successful, prosperous, prospering, booming, rich, affluent, growing, lush, lucky, healthy, luxuriant. ANTONYMS: (adj) declining, languishing, arid, moribund, dying, disappearing, poor, unwell throat: (n) orifice, pharynx, gorge, mouth, muzzle, nozzle, sucker, shaft, quarl, throat depth, nostril thronged: (adj) throng, busy, populous, brisk, teeming, swarming, sprightly, sensitive, replete, overflowing; (n) persistent thrown: (adj) puzzled, confused, thrown and twisted, upset, disconcerted, unnerved, terrified, scared out of your wits, mystified, frightened; (n) reminder. ANTONYM: (adj) calm thrust: (n, v) poke, stab, jab, drive, shove, force, punch, boost, cast, dig; (v) ram. ANTONYM: (n) inertia thud: (n) crash, clunk, clump; (n, v) bang, beat, rap, knock, pulse; (v)

Willa Cather bump, hit, crump thumb: (v) feel, flip, handle, leaf, touch, flick, hitch, riff; (n) pollex, bull nose, forefinger thumping: (adj) spanking, whacking, roaring, thudding, lubberly, walloping, lumpish, gaunt; (n) thud, thump, clump thunder: (adj, n, v) boom; (n, v) roar, bang, roll, bellow; (adj, n) peal; (adj, v) explode, detonate; (v) howl, rumble, fulminate ticket: (n) label, card, certificate, ballot, check, slate, tag, warrant, voucher, slip, mark. ANTONYM: (n) exclusion tickled: (adj) tickled pink, overjoyed, delighted, detective novel, ecstatic, elated, jubilant, happy, glad, excited. ANTONYM: (adj) disappointed tide: (n, v) wave, flood, surge; (n) stream, flow, course, drift, time, high tide, run, piping times. ANTONYM: (v) ebb tidiness: (n) order, orderliness, cleanliness, spruceness, trimness, maintenance, apple-pie order, cleanness, regulation, elegance, method. ANTONYMS: (n) messiness, disorderliness, chaos, disorder tidings: (n) intelligence, information, message, report, word, advice, communication, dispute, wind, statement, tiding tidy: (adj, v) clean, trim; (adj) spruce, shipshape, respectable, natty; (v) clear, straighten, clear up, clean up, arrange. ANTONYMS: (adj) knotted, disheveled, disorganized, messy, slovenly, hairy, unsubstantial, dense; (v) litter, disorganize, disorder tied: (adj) bound, connected, laced, united, fixed, even, liable, tight, spiked, responsible, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) untied, unlaced tiger: (adj) fury, dragon, demon; (n) hostler, cat, jockey, ostler, big cat, endangered, Alecto, monster tight: (adj, v) narrow, parsimonious, compact, stingy; (adj, adv, v) fast, firm; (adj) mean, taut, secure, snug, tense. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, baggy, slack, wide, easy, open, leaky, giving, free, floppy; (adv) loosely till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to tilth: (n) cultivated land, tillage, land, fallow, tilled land, culture, ground,

plowland, soil, farmland, status timber: (n) lumber, forest, plank, beam, girder, rafter, tree, woodland, timberland, boards, coulisse timid: (adj) shy, afraid, diffident, coy, bashful, nervous, frightened, apprehensive, modest; (adj, adv) cowardly; (adj, n) cautious. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) brave; (adj) confident, bold, fearless, resolute, forward, daring, brazen, extrovert, brash, talkative timidity: (n) shyness, fear, bashfulness, nervousness, reserve, cowardice, fearfulness, timidness, modesty, humility, coyness. ANTONYMS: (n) confidence, boastfulness, swagger, brashness, security timidly: (adv) fearfully, timorously, cautiously, shyly, diffidently, anxiously, nervously, shily, gingerly, modestly, apprehensively. ANTONYMS: (adv) confidently, bravely, daringly, brashly, fearlessly, decisively, brazenly timothy: (n) Phleum pratense, zinnia, yam, yew, grass, hay tiny: (adj) minute, minuscule, small, diminutive, petty, infinitesimal, midget, teeny, puny, petite, slight. ANTONYMS: (adj) huge, enormous, vast, gigantic, large, big, considerable, roomy, significant, giant, immeasurable tipped: (adj) canted, tilted, leaning, atilt, oblique, inclined, sharp, sloping, having Angles tippet: (n) mantle, muffler, flap tired: (adj, v) fatigued, weary, exhausted, stale; (adj) threadbare, commonplace, trite, banal, haggard, stock, jaded. ANTONYMS: (adj) invigorated, alert, refreshed, energetic, original, strong, awake, energized, lively, rested, relaxed tireless: (adj) diligent, untiring, energetic, industrious, unflagging, unwearying, busy, hardworking, steadfast, active, resolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) fickle, lazy tiresome: (adj) tedious, dull, laborious, irksome, monotonous, annoying, slow, dreary, bothersome; (adj, v) wearisome, troublesome. ANTONYMS: (adj) stimulating, fun, varied, soothing, pleasant, brisk, exciting, convenient, refreshing tobacco: (adj) nicotine; (n) filler, nicotian, plant product, mustard tree, herb, herbaceous plant, common tobacco, drug of abuse,

271 street drug, smoking mixture toil: (n, v) labor, work, drudge, sweat, drudgery, grind, labour, travail; (v) plod; (n) effort, exertion. ANTONYMS: (n) pastime, entertainment, fun, relaxation; (v) laze, neglect tolerantly: (adv) patiently, indulgently, generously, liberally, understandingly, uncomplainingly, kindly, moderately, permissively, meekly, forgivingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) harshly, intolerantly tomatoes: (n) genus Lycopersicon tone: (n) note, accent, timbre, spirit, tinge, shade, air, sound, tint, manner; (n, v) color. ANTONYMS: (n) atonicity, flaccidity; (v) jar tongue: (n) lingua, speech, idiom, dialect, clapper, glossa, natural language, striker, talk; (v) lick; (adj) flowing tonic: (n) stimulant, restorative, keynote, soda pop, medicine, corroborant, tonic water; (adj) brisk, refreshing, fresh, invigorating. ANTONYM: (n) sedative tool: (n) implement, machine, puppet, pawn, device, gadget, appliance, contrivance, apparatus, cock; (v) drive tops: (n) apex, pinnacle, pick; (adj) champion, elite, fabulous, leading, outstanding, uppermost, superb, superlative tormented: (adj) worried, tortured, hagridden, troubled, beleaguered, beset, besieged, cruciate, cruciform, distraught, distressed. ANTONYM: (adj) calm tormenting: (v) bothering, teasing, pestering, harassing; (adj) harrowing, perturbing, plaguy, raging, upsetting, vexatious; (adj, v) worrying torn: (adj, prep) lacerated, rent, mangled; (adj) ripped, tattered, blasted, lacerate, shabby, goddamned, infernal, made uninhabitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) pristine, sure, resolute, healed, decided, mended torrents: (n) white water, rapids torture: (n, v) pain, distress, agonize, afflict; (n) agony, anguish, suffering, excruciation, grief; (v) rack, excruciate. ANTONYMS: (n) relief, alleviation, content, ecstasy, joy, pleasure; (v) relieve, alleviate tossing: (n) cast; (adj) moving tottering: (adj) unsteady, ramshackle, easily shaken, tottery, sick, rocky,

272 broken, trembling, cracked; (v) drooping; (n) convulsion touch: (v) hit, affect, border, adjoin, strike, reach; (n, v) contact, stroke, tinge, regard, tap. ANTONYMS: (v) shrink, secrete, separate, diverge, abstain, leave; (n) lot touched: (adj) insane, cracked, tinged, not right, daft, crazy, nutty; (v) compassionate, sympathetic, pitiful, mucid. ANTONYMS: (adj) untouched, sane, unemotional, unmoved, well touching: (adj, v) affecting; (adj) poignant, pitiful, pathetic, adjacent, adjoining, emotional; (n) touch, contact; (prep) concerning, about. ANTONYMS: (adj) unaffecting, everyday, heartwarming, unmoving, heartbreaking, emotionless, unemotional, impassive tough: (adj) difficult, strong, arduous, rugged, severe, stout, laborious, sturdy; (adj, v) tenacious; (n) bully, rowdy. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, easy, flimsy, soft, lightweight, simple, feeble, gentle, kind, fragile, facile toward: (prep) to, towards, approaching, headed for, just before, of, in the direction of; (adv, prep) on; (adv) about, around, by. ANTONYMS: (prep) from, away tow-headed: (adj) fair township: (n) parish, municipality, county, community, shire, country, city, arrondissement, settlement, area, province trace: (n, v) line, shadow, spot, hunt, trail; (n) dash, clue, indication, suggestion, sign; (v) pursue. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore; (n) lot, overtone track: (n, v) trail, course, path, hunt; (v) tail, chase, pursue, follow; (n) line, route, racetrack. ANTONYMS: (v) lead, precede tracks: (n) network traded: (adj) listed trading: (n) business, commerce, round trip trading, bond trading, speculation, short selling, short covering, program trading, patronage, negotiation; (adj) mercantile trail: (n, v) track, haul, trace, tail, hunt, path, train; (v) drag, pursue, chase, draw. ANTONYMS: (n) room; (v) push, precede train: (v) aim, exercise, direct, educate, tame, prepare, school; (n, v)

O Pioneers! coach, trail, tail; (n) chain. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, forget; (n) head tramp: (n) bum, hobo, beggar; (n, v) walk, trudge, vagabond, ramble, march; (v) roam, range, plod. ANTONYMS: (n, v) loyalist; (n) resident trampled: (adj) crushed, damaged, flattened, compressed, packed down trampling: (n) trample; (adj) moving trance: (adj, n) ecstasy; (n, v) coma, charm; (n) fascination, daze, dream, captivation, spell, stupor, obstupefaction; (v) capture. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalist, reality, alertness trap: (n, v) net, catch, ambush, mesh, trick; (v) entrap, ensnare, entangle; (n) gin, noose, entanglement. ANTONYM: (v) release traps: (n) rigging, gear, paraphernalia, suit, trappings, things, livery, harness, accouterment, caparison, trap traveled: (adj) travel, passable, cultured, cosmopolitan traveling: (n) travel, journey, travelling, commuting, commutation, peregrination, circumnavigation; (adj) riding, touring, nomadic, road tray: (n) plate, salver, dish, cheeseboard, tray bar, server, waiter, Cran, inkstand, icetray, jardiniere tread: (n, v) pace, walk, rate, march, tramp; (n) gait, stride, footstep, footfall, track; (v) trample treasure: (n) gem, fortune, riches, funds; (n, v) hoard, prize, store; (v) cherish, appreciate; (adj, n) jewel, precious stone. ANTONYMS: (v) dislike, disparage, scorn, neglect; (n) dud, poverty treat: (n, v) feast, manage, administer, regale; (v) process, deal, heal, nurse; (n) luxury, delicacy, tidbit. ANTONYMS: (v) harm, hurt, injure, neglect, exacerbate, deprive, deny, contaminate, cloud; (n) necessity treated: (adj) tempered, hardened, emotionally hardened, inured, baked, physically toughened, enured, burned, tough, burnt, considered. ANTONYM: (adj) untempered tree: (n) gallows, gibbet, stem, pedigree, kurchee, quandong, poon, platan, lemonwood, lancewood, lacebark trees: (n) foliage tremble: (adj, n, v) shiver; (n, v)

quiver, shudder, thrill, palpitate; (adj, v) totter, quake; (n) throb; (v) flutter, quail, falter. ANTONYMS: (v) steady, calm trial: (n) test, examination, experiment, hardship, essay, hearing, audition, attempt; (n, v) affliction, adversity; (adj, n) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, performance, happiness, ease, opportunity; (adj) known, definite, proven triangle: (n) trigon, trilateral, set square, reed, submaxillary triangle , xylophone, triennium, trident, wooden horse, wheel, trisula triangular: (adj) tripartite, trilateral, trigonal, deltoid, triangled, angular, multilateral, angulate tricky: (adj) crafty, cunning, artful, sly, deceitful, slippery, delicate, foxy, difficult, shifty, wily. ANTONYMS: (adj) straightforward, honest, simple, uncomplicated, aboveboard, frank, safe, open, naive, amicable, straight trim: (adj, v) tidy, spruce; (adj, n, v) dress; (n, v) cut, clip, garnish, lop; (adj) neat, orderly; (v) shave, embellish. ANTONYMS: (adj) scruffy, unkempt, sloppy, large, chubby, disorderly, overweight; (v) lengthen, develop, expand, lose trimmed: (adj) down, slashed, shortened, neat, mown, level, gelded, emasculated, demure, cunning, sly trimming: (n) decoration, dressing, adornment, ornament, fringe, border, clipping, cutting, frill, edging, lace trimness: (n) neatness, orderliness, tidiness, trimming, smartness, compactness, smallness, precision, passementerie, efficiency, carefulness. ANTONYMS: (n) largeness, messiness trip: (n, v) journey, excursion, tour, expedition, travel, jaunt; (adj, n, v) slip, stumble, blunder; (n) flight; (adj, v) fall. ANTONYMS: (n) correction; (v) correct triumphant: (adj) victorious, successful, triumphal, exulting, winning, joyful, rejoicing, elated, conquering, prideful; (adj, v) exultant. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointed, failing, losing, defeated, miserable, sorrowful troop: (n) group, corps, gang, crowd, band, brigade, crew, herd, swarm, horde; (n, v) flock

Willa Cather trot: (n, v) run; (n) crib, canter, pony, gait, ride, lope; (v) gallop, general, frequent, household trouble: (n, v) inconvenience, pain, bother, disquiet, disorder, worry, annoy, fuss, afflict, torment; (adj, n) difficulty. ANTONYMS: (v) please, help, assist, aid, placate, soothe, comfort; (n) fitness, pleasure, advantage, ease troubled: (adj, v) concerned, solicitous; (adj) distressed, anxious, worried, uneasy, uncomfortable, disconcerted, upset, apprehensive, restless. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconcerned, composed, calm, easy, relaxed, tranquil, assured, carefree, brave, stable, unaffected troubles: (n) dilemma, evils, harms, ills trousers: (n) breeches, knickers, pantaloons, trews, bellbottoms, chinos, cords, denim, flannel, gabardine, knickerbockers trunk: (n) stem, boot, torso, bole, body, stalk, snout, proboscis, stock, tree trunk, box trunks: (n) short pants, pants, luggage, Jockey shorts, Jamaica shorts, Bermuda shorts, bathing trunks, bathing suit, costume, drawers, swimming trunks truth: (n) exactness, actuality, sincerity, verity, fidelity, fact, correctness, genuineness, faithfulness, certainty, honesty. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, fabrication, falsehood, fiction, lie, inaccuracy, idealism, falsity, disloyalty, fallacy, invention truthful: (adj) honest, genuine, frank, real, candid, sincere, guileless, realistic, reliable, faithful, honorable. ANTONYMS: (adj) dishonest, inaccurate, fictional, guarded, lying, improbable, deceptive, deceitful, false, wrong, evasive tune: (n) song, strain, air, harmony, note, concord; (v) adjust, regulate, string, tune up; (n, v) chant. ANTONYMS: (n) silence; (v) untune turban: (n) peruke, pelt, periwig, pillbox, toque, front, caftan, chignon, turbant, headgear, millinery turkish: (adj) turkeys turning: (n) turn, revolution, bend, rotation, deviation, gyration, conversion, veering; (adj) rotating, revolving, rotary turquoise: (n) turquois, peacock blue, greenish blue, blue, aquamarine,

aqua, blueness, opaque gem, turkois; (adj) sapphire, lapis lazuli twelve: (adj, n) dozen, XII; (n) boxcars, large integer twice: (adv) doubly, bis, two times, in two ways, once more; (adj) twenty twig: (n) sprig, bough, limb, shoot, offshoot, spray, branchlet, scion, stalk; (n, v) stick; (v) grasp twilight: (n) nightfall, night, sunset, gloaming, evening, sundown, eventide, fall, decline, evenfall; (adj) aurora. ANTONYMS: (n) daybreak, sunrise twine: (n, v) coil; (n) string, rope, cord; (v) lace, entwine, enlace, meander, weave, intertwine, twist. ANTONYMS: (v) untwine, straighten, unwind twinkle: (n, v) flash, gleam, shimmer, glimmer, glisten, glitter, scintillate, wink; (adj, n, v) flicker; (v) shine, blink twisted: (adj) perverted, deformed, bent, distorted, misshapen, coiled, twined, curved, wry, contorted; (adj, v) winding. ANTONYMS: (adj) tidy, normal, perfect, wholesome twisting: (adj) tortuous, winding, sinuous, crooked, zigzag, meandering; (n) distortion, turn, spin, torsion, overrefinement twitter: (n, v) cheep, chirrup, peep, flutter, warble, trill, quiver, squeak; (n) thrill; (v) tweet, chitter tying: (n) ligation, bundling, attachment, knotting, lacing; (adj) binding; (v) restrict typewriter: (v) stenographer; (n) character printer, electric typewriter, serial printer ugly: (adj, adv) surly; (adj) nasty, repulsive, frightful, forbidding, disagreeable, hideous, gruesome, evil, offensive, shocking. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, flowing, ornamental, nice, lovely, pleasant, safe, kind, gentle, appealing, agreeable ulster: (n) coat, wraprascal, overcoat, topcoat, pelerine, greatcoat, dreadnought, cardinal, poncho unappreciative: (adj) ungrateful, thankless, offensive, ingrateful, distasteful, unthankful unbleached: (adj) undyed, uncolored uncertainly: (adv) dubiously, doubtfully, unsurely, unsettledly, falteringly, unsteadily, waveringly, irresolutely, undecidedly, undeterminedly, unfixedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) firmly,

273 determinedly, decisively, steadily, indisputably, boldly, certainly, admirably uncle: (n) father's younger brother, elder uncle, father's older brother, father's sister's husband, husband of paternal aunt, maternal uncle, niece, benefactor, EME, helper, kinsman unclean: (adj) foul, impure, nasty, dirty, grubby, muddy, squalid, grimy, sordid, dingy, soiled. ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, hygienic, pure, uncontaminated uncomfortable: (adj) ill at ease, embarrassing, troubled, disagreeable, inconvenient, difficult, discomfited, anxious, uneasy, cheerless; (v) untoward. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, comfy, happy, untroubled, painless, content, easy, straightforward unconquered: (adj) unbeaten, unvanquished, not conquered unconscious: (adj) involuntary, unaware, ignorant, unwitting, subconscious, oblivious, automatic, insensible, unintentional, instinctive, senseless. ANTONYMS: (adj) conscious, awake, deliberate, aware, voluntary, intentional, alive, wary unconsciously: (adv) instinctively, unintentionally, unthinkingly, unwittingly, ignorantly, innocently, comatosely, automatically, obliviously, unsuspectingly, inadvertently. ANTONYMS: (adv) consciously, deliberately, knowingly, purposely unconventional: (adj) improper, original, eccentric, unusual, irregular, different, odd, peculiar, extreme, kinky, wrong. ANTONYMS: (adj) usual, typical, normal, orthodox, Standard, mainstream, conformist, outdated, ordinary, proper, traditional uncovered: (adj) naked, open, bare, nude, unclothed, bald, unreserved, unprotected, evident, frank, manifest. ANTONYMS: (adj) indoor, concealed uncut: (adj) complete, untrimmed, standing, intact, unbroken, unshorn, unsevered; (n) unabridged; (adj, n) boisterous, harsh, grating. ANTONYMS: (adj) mown, trimmed underground: (adj) clandestine, hidden, covert, undercover, subterranean, surreptitious, furtive; (n) tube, subway, metro; (v) buried. ANTONYMS: (adj) sky, aboveground, authorized, ground,

274 known, public, majority, overt underneath: (adv, prep) below, under; (adj) down, inferior, supporting; (n) bottom, base, underside; (adv) under that, under it; (prep) unbecoming. ANTONYMS: (n) top; (adv) up, over, above, apparently understanding: (n, v) intellect, reason, intelligence, appreciation, sense, apprehension, discernment, judgment; (n) comprehension, sympathy, deal. ANTONYMS: (n) bewilderment, disbelief, misinterpretation, misunderstanding, mistake, indifference, incomprehension, foolishness, emotion; (adj) intolerant, unfeeling understood: (adj) tacit, implicit, implied, silent, assumed, accepted, appreciated, unstated, undeclared; (v) of course, admitted. ANTONYMS: (adj) explicit, spoken, written, explained undertake: (v) attempt, take on, try, covenant, guarantee, accept, tackle, contract, take, begin, engage. ANTONYMS: (v) forego, abstain, forget, relinquish undivided: (adj) complete, whole, unbroken, total, single, integral, continuous, united, full, exclusive, solid. ANTONYMS: (adj) partial, separate, broken, imperfect, individual undressed: (adj) naked, unclad, unclothed, bare, raw, stripped, unattired, unappareled, crude, rough, disrobed. ANTONYMS: (adj) covered, decent uneasiness: (n) disquiet, discomfort, inquietude, anxiety, unease, malaise, disquietude, apprehension, unrest, impatience; (n, v) agitation. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, calm, confidence uneasy: (adj) anxious, fidgety, restless, concerned, nervous, apprehensive, ill at ease, unquiet, awkward, fretful, restive. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, untroubled, composed, relaxed, easy, unconcerned, still, comfortable, carefree, confident, serene unescapable: (adj) imminent, necessary uneven: (adj) unequal, irregular, patchy, spotty, erratic, disproportionate; (adj, n) jagged, rugged, harsh, ragged; (adj, v)

O Pioneers! broken. ANTONYMS: (adj) smooth, straight, equal, symmetrical, corresponding, balanced, constant, stable, consistent, level, steady uneventful: (adj) eventless, prosaic, humdrum, slow, dreary, indecisive, without any passion, lifeless, uninteresting, general, mere. ANTONYMS: (adj) eventful, extraordinary, memorable, inspiring unfair: (adj) unjust, dishonest, inequitable, foul, deceitful, wrongful, undeserved, dishonorable, fraudulent, underhand, unsporting. ANTONYMS: (adj) just, reasonable, balanced, rightful, honest, sporting, impartial, evenhanded, unbiased, innocent, justified unfinished: (adj) rough, rude, unaccomplished, imperfect, incomplete, partial, immature, unpolished, raw, undone; (v) uncompleted. ANTONYMS: (adj) finished, complete, complex, completed unfriendliness: (n) disaffection, aggression, enmity, alienation, dislike, rancor, ill will, misanthropy, animosity, unkindness, bad constitution. ANTONYMS: (n) friendliness, closeness, warmth, welcome, harmony unfriendly: (adj) inimical, distant, adverse, antagonistic, unkind, cold, inhospitable, icy; (adj, adv) chilly; (adj, v) unfavorable; (adv) hostilely. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, welcoming, warm, amiable, approachable, sociable, hospitable, kindly, nice, outgoing, pleasant ungrudgingly: (adv) unsparingly. ANTONYM: (adv) grudgingly unhappiness: (n) sadness, misery, melancholy, distress, grief, regret, infelicity, woe, sorrowfulness, depression, displeasure. ANTONYMS: (n) cheerfulness, pleasure, joy, elation, contentment, satisfaction, cheer unhappy: (adj) gloomy, dismal, depressed, melancholy, sad, miserable, sorrowful, distressed, disconsolate, infelicitous, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, cheerful, satisfied, pleased, glad, euphoric, fortunate, contented, joyful, timely, lucky unheeded: (adj) unnoticed, neglected, disregarded, ignored; (v) unthought of, unseen, unperceived, unobserved, unnoted, unmarked,

unmissed unimportant: (adj) insignificant, frivolous, inconsequential, irrelevant, trifling, slight, petty, little, negligible, immaterial, minor. ANTONYMS: (adj) important, significant, major, crucial, relevant, serious, powerful, connected, central, profound, considerable uninterrupted: (adj) ceaseless, continuous, continual, unbroken, incessant, perpetual, constant, unceasing, endless; (adj, adv) straight, nonstop. ANTONYMS: (adj) intermittent, temporary, broken, alternate, noisy, sporadic; (adv) indirectly unjust: (adj) partial, injurious, wrong, inequitable, unrighteous, wicked, foul, wrongful, improper, unmerited, unjustified. ANTONYMS: (adj) just, equitable, rightful, reasonable, good unlike: (adj) dissimilar, different, diverse, unequal, disparate, distinct, separate, unalike, opposite, heterogeneous, not similar. ANTONYMS: (adj) like, alike, same unnatural: (adj) affected, artificial, grotesque, supernatural, forced, abnormal, eccentric, uncanny, stilted, mannered, anomalous. ANTONYMS: (adj) natural, normal, real, unaffected, commonplace, genuine, sincere unnaturally: (adv) falsely, unusually, contrivedly, affectedly, extraordinarily, monstrously, manneredly, by artificial means, abnormally, peculiarly, cruelly. ANTONYM: (adv) normally unnecessary: (adj) redundant, gratuitous, needless, dispensable, surplus, pointless, excessive, excess, undue, spare, useless. ANTONYMS: (adj) reasonable, basic, worthwhile, required, indispensable, helpful, justified, essential, moderate, inevitable unnerve: (adj) unman, unbrace; (v) enfeeble, unsettle, discourage, upset, shake, disconcert, faze, disturb, untune. ANTONYMS: (v) strengthen, encourage, reassure, comfort, soothe unpleasantly: (adv) distastefully, disagreeably, rudely, obnoxiously, bitterly, painfully, awfully, troublesomely, offensively, hardly, displeasingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) delightfully, agreeably, kindly, politely, graciously, attractively,

Willa Cather sweetly, well, humbly unprincipled: (adj) abandoned, unscrupulous, depraved, dishonest, unethical, profligate, dissolute, shameless, unconscionable, vicious, immoral. ANTONYMS: (adj) ethical, moral, honest, professional unreasonable: (adj) immoderate, undue, absurd, extravagant, excessive, preposterous, exorbitant, illogical, inordinate, irrational, ridiculous. ANTONYMS: (adj) logical, practical, sensible, affordable, economical, justified, realistic, fair, obliging, just, rational unreasonably: (adv) absurdly, irrationally, immoderately, unfairly, unscientifically, unjustly, undeservedly, unsuitably, without need, pointlessly; (adj) excessively. ANTONYMS: (adv) sensibly, reasonably, acceptably, sanely, appropriately, fairly, logically, rationally unremitting: (adj) ceaseless, perpetual, incessant, unceasing, continual, unending, continuous, uninterrupted, persistent, eternal; (adj, v) unrelenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) sporadic, temporary, inconsistent, finite, broken, acute, undemanding, gentle unsatisfied: (adj) dissatisfied, disgruntled, unsatiated, unsated, ungratified, restless, discontent, fidgety, fretful, unsatiable; (v) unslaked. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, happy unscrupulous: (adj) dishonest, unprincipled, unethical, immoral, dishonorable, crooked, unfair, unconscionable, sharp, unconscientious, sly. ANTONYMS: (adj) scrupulous, principled, ethical, honest, moral unsparing: (adj) lavish, munificent, liberal, bountiful, hard, prodigal, merciless, strict, unmerciful, stern, profuse unspoken: (adj) unsaid, mute, silent, understood, implicit, implied, inarticulate, unexpressed, tongueless, voiceless, dumb. ANTONYM: (adj) spoken unsteady: (adj) insecure, changeable, dizzy, unbalanced, rickety, unsettled, shaky, unsound, precarious, uneven; (adj, n) uncertain. ANTONYMS: (adj) steady, stable, alert, firm, secure, constant unusable: (adj) useless, inoperable,

unworkable, not practical, not viable, not working, of no use, unfeasible, unrealistic, unreasonable, unuseable. ANTONYMS: (adj) functional, practical unusual: (adj) peculiar, odd, uncommon, quaint, exotic, eccentric, remarkable, curious, irregular, special, exceptional. ANTONYMS: (adj) normal, common, customary, typical, ordinary, familiar, routine, conventional, orthodox, inconspicuous, commonplace unusually: (adj, adv) uncommonly, particularly, outstandingly, remarkably, singularly, curiously; (adv) rarely, peculiarly, extraordinarily, signally, abnormally. ANTONYMS: (adv) usually, regularly, typically, frequently, slightly, commonly, ordinarily upland: (n) plateau, elevation, moorland, table, eminence, rise, Highlands, ridge, hill, flat terrain; (adj) mountainous upper: (adj) top, higher, overhead, over, topmost, highest; (n) stimulant, bennie, meth, speed, amphetamine. ANTONYMS: (adj) lower, below, junior, under, bottom uppish: (adj) snotty, snooty, proud, persnickety, supercilious, snobbish, assuming, arrogant, condescending, pernickety upright: (adj) perpendicular, erect, fair, good, righteous, just, virtuous, true, honorable, plumb; (adj, n) vertical. ANTONYMS: (adj) prone, disreputable, degenerate, hanging, unwholesome, dishonest, dishonorable, lying, horizontal, falling; (adv) horizontally uprooting: (n) cutting out, ablation, deracination, extraction, displacement, excision upset: (n, v) overturn, trouble, disquiet, overthrow; (v) agitate, subvert, perturb, confuse, reverse; (adj) unsettled; (n) disturbance. ANTONYMS: (v) please, soothe, encourage, delight, fail; (adj) pleased, confident, happy, content; (n) peace, happiness upstairs: (adj) upstair; (adv) on a higher floor, in the mind, in the head, up the stairs, over; (n) heaven, administration, authority, board, eternity. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) downstairs upwards: (adj, adv) upwardly, up;

275 (adv) over; (adj) improving, open. ANTONYM: (adv) down urban: (adj) civic, metropolitan, municipal, town, public, citified, urbane, urbicolous, urbanized, community. ANTONYMS: (adj) country, rustic, suburban, grassy, private useless: (adj) pointless, unnecessary, needless, worthless, fruitless, hopeless, abortive, idle, barren, superfluous, unavailing. ANTONYMS: (adj) helpful, effective, competent, convenient, valuable, necessary, brilliant, great, meaningful, usable, worthwhile usual: (adj, n, v) ordinary, common, customary; (adj, n) habitual, accustomed, familiar, average, regular; (adj) everyday; (adj, v) frequent, general. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconventional, extraordinary, abnormal, irregular, atypical, exceptional, unprecedented, uncommon, rare, changing, unacceptable uttered: (adj) expressed, express, verbalised, verbalized, vocal, explicit, oral; (v) spoke, quoth, said utterly: (adv) completely, absolutely, totally, entirely, extremely, altogether, expressly, purely, dead, fully, wholly. ANTONYMS: (adv) partly, uncertain, slightly, incompletely, hardly, somewhat vacillating: (adj) indecisive, changeable, undecided, wavering, giddy, vacillant, hesitating, hesitant; (adj, v) infirm, debilitated, enfeebled. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, strong, consistent, decisive, determined, resolute vague: (adj) obscure, indistinct, indeterminate, undefined, undetermined, indefinite, uncertain, faint, ambiguous; (adj, v) loose, equivocal. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, distinct, exact, particular, precise, specific, sure, certain, defined, alert, detailed vagueness: (n) ambiguity, indistinctness, haziness, indefiniteness, obscurity, dimness, ambiguousness, murkiness, unclearness, indirectness; (adj) inconceivableness. ANTONYMS: (n) clarity, accuracy, exactness, directness, concentration, certainty, reliability, confidence, clearness, attentiveness valley: (n) vale, gully, dale, hollow, glen, depression, dell, gap, gorge,

276 canyon, coulee. ANTONYM: (n) hill valuable: (adj) costly, beneficial, expensive, helpful, useful, admirable, important, invaluable; (adj, n) estimable, worthy; (n) treasure. ANTONYMS: (adj) useless, unimportant, valueless, insignificant, ineffectual, shabby, cheap, detrimental, disadvantageous; (n) trash, garbage vanished: (adj, v) extinct, lost; (adj) disappeared, departed, missing, died out, absent, dead, wiped out, bygone; (v) exhausted. ANTONYMS: (adj) found, living variegated: (adj) mottled, dappled, varicolored, varicoloured, various, piebald, speckled, assorted, different, multicolored, pied. ANTONYM: (adj) uniform variety: (adj, n) kind, sort, species, style, class; (n) form, variation, type, diversity, breed; (n, v) change. ANTONYMS: (n) monotony, dearth, likeness varnished: (adj) sullied, polished, spotted, shiny, lustrous, smooth, painted, besmirched, glossy, tainted, flyblown. ANTONYM: (adj) dull vast: (adj) large, immense, spacious, extensive, immeasurable, enormous, gigantic, wide, boundless, colossal, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) narrow, tiny, cramped, small, miniature, affordable, bounded, insignificant, slight, shallow, restricted vastness: (n) enormity, immensity, immenseness, enormousness, grandeur, size, hugeness, bigness, extent, magnificence, grandness. ANTONYM: (n) closeness vaulted: (adj) domed, hollow, hooked, testudinated, rounded, arcuated, in the form of an arch, curved, concave, roofed vegetable: (adj, n) vegetal; (n) plant, earthnut, fennel, pumpkin, rhubarb, gumbo, truffle, artichoke, cucumber, celery. ANTONYM: (adj) mineral veil: (n, v) cover, hide, disguise, mask, cloud, shroud, camouflage; (v) cloak, conceal; (n) curtain, blind. ANTONYMS: (v) disclose, unveil, expose velvet: (adj) velvety, down; (n) profit, gain, velour, velours, revenue, prosperity, receipts, satin, wealth veritable: (adj, v) real, true, actual, very; (adj) genuine, authentic, bona fide, unquestionable, factual, truthful, right. ANTONYMS: (adj) false, unreal

O Pioneers! vertigo: (n) giddiness, lightheadedness, swimming, symptom, wooziness, daze, dizzy, dizzy round, dizzy spell, faint, faintness vestibule: (n) lobby, hall, foyer, antechamber, entrance hall, hallway, entry, porch, passage, anteroom, threshold vexed: (adj) troubled, irritated, angry, pestered, peeved, harassed, sore, harried, uneasy, cross, offended. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, uncomplicated vibrate: (v) shake, shiver, oscillate, tremble, quiver, shudder, swing, wobble, palpitate, thrill, throb vice: (adj, n) imperfection, defect, blemish, failing, frailty; (n) corruption, sin, evil, immorality, iniquity, depravity. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, strength, propriety, virtue, righteousness, goodness, good, honesty; (adj) chief vigor: (n, v) energy; (adj, n) intensity; (n) spirit, vitality, force, life, strength, power, might, vim, stamina. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, apathy, frailty, laziness, enervation, inactivity, indifference, illness, lifelessness, sluggishness, tardiness vigorous: (adj, n) robust, hardy, powerful, brave; (adj) energetic, strenuous, mighty, hearty, athletic; (adj, v) lively, brisk. ANTONYMS: (adj) feeble, weak, dull, inactive, impotent, enervated, unwell, uncommitted, unfit, weary, slow vigorously: (adv) smartly, strongly, energetically, mightily, forcefully, heartily, actively, robustly, freshly, vehemently, ardently. ANTONYMS: (adv) lifelessly, wearily, passively, languorously, slowly, submissively, weakly, impassively, gently, lethargically viii: (n) eighter from Decatur, octad, ogdoad, octonary, eighter, octet, octette, eightsome, digit vine: (n) grapevine, grape, creeper, vignette, vignoble, potato, gourd, groundnut, haoma, horsebrier, hoya violent: (adj, n) rough, furious, tempestuous, severe, turbulent, boisterous, powerful; (adj, v) vehement; (adj) raging, intense, sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, calm, nonviolent, mild, passive, moderate, pleasant, slight, refined, relaxed, friendly virtue: (adj, n) merit, excellence,

quality, attribute; (n) honor, goodness, honesty, morality, decency, probity, efficacy. ANTONYMS: (n) wickedness, guilt, vice, peccadillo, sin, dishonor, immorality, evil, demerit, inadequacy, disadvantage vision: (n) view, dream, imagination, daydream, outlook, specter, ghost, spirit, image, apparition; (n, v) fancy. ANTONYMS: (n) sightlessness, fact, actuality, blindness visiting: (adj) guest, impermanent, temporary, visitant visitor: (n) visitant, tourist, company, traveler, caller, inspector, stranger, foreigner, alien, sightseer, surveyor visitors: (n) visitation vividly: (adv) brightly, lively, intensely, clearly, brilliantly, graphically, strikingly, dramatically, colorfully, glowingly, severely. ANTONYMS: (adv) blandly, modestly, vaguely voices: (n) chorus volley: (n, v) hail, firing, blast, explosion; (adj, n, v) burst, discharge; (n) fusillade, shower, storm, barrage, fire volubility: (adj, n) fluency; (n) eloquence, articulateness, gab, gift of gab, smoothness, communicativeness, readiness; (adj) flippancy wages: (n) pay, wage, earnings, reward, stipend, allowance, hire, remuneration, income, payoff, compensation wagon: (n) truck, wain, paddy wagon, waggon, lorry, station wagon, dray, car, chariot, Jagger wagon, beach wagon waist: (n) waistline, shank, middle, belly, isthmus, hourglass, undersurface; (adj) stricture, middle constriction, neck, wasp wait: (n, v) pause, hold, stop; (v) expect, anticipate, stay, await, lurk, ambush, remain; (adj, v) tarry. ANTONYMS: (n) act, continuation, doing; (v) interrupt, leave, begin, depart, continue; (intj) hurry waiting: (n) abeyance, suspense, expectancy, hold, time lag, postponement; (adj) ready and waiting, ready, expectant; (adv) to come, in the making wake: (v) awaken, awake, rouse, stir, vigil, provoke, arouse, waken, excite; (n) train, trail. ANTONYMS: (v) nap, dissuade, discourage,

Willa Cather snooze, stifle wakening: (n) rousing, reveille, waking up, arousal waking: (adj) wakeful; (n) awakening, wakefulness, consciousness walk: (adj, n, v) step; (n, v) gait, ramble, march, pace, hike, course, saunter, stroll, roam; (n) path. ANTONYMS: (v) run, ride, stride walked: (adj) exempt; (v) yode walking: (n) gait, ambulation, wading, shuffling, shambling, marching, noctambulism, traveling; (adv) afoot; (adj) moving, active walnut: (n) wood, walnut tree; (v) succotash, waffle, vanilla, trepang, porterhouse steak, supawn, salmis, sea slug, sauerkraut wander: (n, v) stroll, saunter, tramp, drift; (v) stray, digress, err, travel, roam, deviate; (adj, v) rave. ANTONYMS: (v) settle, stay, think, converge wandering: (adj) itinerant, nomadic, erratic, rambling, errant, migratory; (adj, v) stray, vagrant, vagabond, unsettled; (n) peregrination. ANTONYM: (adj) resident wanting: (adj, v) missing; (adj) deficient, lacking, absent, defective, short, failing, insufficient, devoid, poor, incomplete. ANTONYMS: (adj) sufficient, satisfactory, adequate, full, present wants: (n) need, necessities warden: (n) custodian, keeper, caretaker, guard, chancellor, provost, prefect, warder, watchman, ranger, burgomaster. ANTONYM: (n) attacker warm: (adj) hot, affectionate, tender, ardent, cordial, fervent, lively, fond, loving, earnest, tepid. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, unfriendly, aloof, reserved, hostile, uncaring, unenthusiastic, unwelcoming, stale, offhand; (v) chill warm-hearted: (adj) warm, affectionate, cordial, amiable, benevolent, compassionate, demonstrative, genial, goodnatured, kind-hearted, loving warmly: (adv) cordially, ardently, hotly, genially, affectionately, vigorously, fervently, zealously, eagerly, strongly, pleasantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) coolly, inhospitably, sourly, disagreeably, indifferently, frostily, roughly, rudely, apathetically warning: (n) notice, indication,

caution, advice, example, lesson, hint, premonition, caveat, admonition; (adj, n) monitory. ANTONYMS: (n) encouragement, recommendation, approval; (adj) promising warped: (adj, n) twisted; (adj) deformed, crooked, perverted, misshapen, kinky, curved, distorted, wry, partisan, superficial. ANTONYMS: (adj) wholesome, impartial warrant: (n, v) permit, vouch, license, assure, sanction, empower; (n) authority, authorization, security; (v) justify, ensure. ANTONYMS: (n) break; (v) debar warranted: (adj) legitimate, secured, bonded, legal, locked, mistaken, necessary; (v) privileged, sanctioned, allowed; (n) securer wash: (adj, n, v) soak; (n, v) paint; (v) clean, scrub, mop, moisten, lave, scour, bathe; (n) washing, ablution. ANTONYM: (v) soil washed: (adj) wash, cleaner, colored, refined, wet, watery washing: (n) laundry, laundering, ablution, lavation, bathing, cleaning, purification, elutriation, dishwashing, backwash; (adj) cleansing waste: (adj, n, v) spoil, damage; (adj, v) desolate; (n, v) squander, ruin, consume, ravage; (adj, n) refuse, trash; (v) exhaust, spend. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, save, use, preserve, create, build; (n) saving, possessions, hoarding, development; (adj) cultivated wasted: (adj, v) squandered, rotten, decayed, effete; (adj) thin, cadaverous, emaciated, gaunt, devastated, pointless, haggard. ANTONYMS: (adj) bloated, hypertrophied, strong, plump, obese, fruitful, useful wasting: (n) homicide, atrophy, slaughter, slaying, cachexia, assassination, cachexy, amyotrophy, carnage; (adj) consuming, consumptive watch: (n, v) view, sentinel, clock, wake, regard, care; (v) observe, look, see; (n) sentry; (adj, n) surveillance. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, overlook, harm, hurt, glance watching: (n) observation, stargazing, sighting, observance, watch, remark, notice, ambush, reflection, ceremonial occasion, ceremony

277 watered: (adj) irriguous, dewy, watermarked, moist watering: (n) tearing, sprinkle, lachrymation, lacrimation, wetting, irrigation, bodily process, body process, replenishment of water supplies, shedding tears, activity waters: (n) Clara Erskine Clement, amnionic fluid, amniotic fluid, body fluid, liquid body substance, Ethel waters, body of water, bodily fluid, boot watery: (adj) moist, diluted, wet, dilute, washy, thin, damp, fluid, aqueous, weak, insipid. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, solid, dry, soft, dehydrated, lively, dark, clear, thick, hard wave: (v) flap, undulate, swing, flourish; (n, v) gesture, billow, flutter, swell, motion, curl; (n) surge waved: (adj) undulating, wavy, curly, not dated, undated waves: (n) brine, effect, salt water, deep, main, ocean, undulation, breakers, influence, emission, offing waving: (adj) flying, aflare, fluttering, flaring, flared, curly, burning, blazing, billowy, palpitating; (n) wafture waxen: (adj) pale, waxy, white, colorless, wan, ashen, yielding, soft, gray, drawn, cereous wayward: (adj) contrary, disobedient, obstinate, stubborn, intractable, unruly, capricious; (adj, n) freakish, crotchety, wanton, fanciful. ANTONYMS: (adj) controllable, good, manageable, biddable weak: (adj, n) frail; (adj) flat, watery, fragile, flimsy, faint, thin, light, sickly, soft, nerveless. ANTONYMS: (adj) concentrated, firm, brave, safe, forceful, effective, healthy, intense, determined, powerful, robust weakened: (adj) lessened, faded, hurt, vitiated, damaged, cut, diluted, thinned, attenuated, attenuate, disabled weakening: (adj) enfeebling, enervating, debilitative, flagging; (n) exhaustion, decline, enfeeblement, enervation, debilitation, attenuation, attrition. ANTONYMS: (n) strengthening, restoration, improvement; (adj) growing, increasing weakly: (adj) feeble, infirm, weak; (adv) frailly, badly, softly, lightly, infirmly, effeminately, slightly; (adj, adv) sickly. ANTONYMS: (adv) strongly, confidently, powerfully,

278 firmly, well, competently, convincingly, wholeheartedly, admirably, persuasively, interestingly weakness: (adj, n) failing, fault, debility, defect, infirmity, fragility, feebleness, deficiency, imperfection, foible; (n) flaw. ANTONYMS: (n) power, dislike, intensity, supremacy, determination, advantage, brightness, superiority, resistance, robustness, energy wear: (n) clothing, clothes, apparel, attire, garb; (v) endure, fatigue, waste, bear, tire, fray. ANTONYMS: (v) refresh, reject, rebuild, please, freshen, disrobe, delight, cheer, refuse; (n) improvement wearily: (adv) sickly, boredly, dully, languidly, jadedly, exhaustedly, sadly, soberly, gravely, heavily, seriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) hopefully, untiringly, energetically, dynamically weariness: (n) exhaustion, tiredness, lassitude, languor, asthenopia, defatigation, grogginess, listlessness, boredom, ennui, prostration wearing: (adj) tiring, exhausting, tiresome, wearying, trying; (n) detrition, corrasion, attrition, abrasion, eroding, ablation. ANTONYMS: (adj) refreshing, undemanding, pleasant weather: (v) survive, withstand, resist, brave, stand, brave out, wear; (n) climate, atmospheric condition, downfall, inclemency. ANTONYMS: (v) succumb, reject weaving: (adj) lurching, staggering, walking unsteadily, unstable, stupefying, irregular, astounding, unsteady; (n) braiding, creating from raw materials, aspect weaving wedding: (adj) bridal, marital, matrimonial; (n) matrimony, nuptials, marriage ceremony, wedding ceremony, wedlock, remarriage, espousal; (adj, n) nuptial wedge: (v) compress, jam, pack, ram, stuff, lodge; (n) chock, shim, slice, cuneus; (n, v) stick. ANTONYMS: (v) dislodge, remove; (n) whole weeds: (n) viduity, mourning band, garment, cypress, widowhood, dress; (adj) willow weekly: (n) magazine, journal, newspaper, periodical, academic journal, publication; (adv) hebdomadally, each week; (v) tertian, quotidian; (adj) hebdomadal weeping: (adj) tearful, lachrymose,

O Pioneers! dolourous, dolorous; (n, v) lament, lamentation; (v) wailing; (n) sobbing, tears, cry; (adj, n) howling. ANTONYM: (n) celebration weighed: (adj) determined, deliberate, tared weight: (n, v) load, burden, charge, heaviness, bias; (n) significance, consequence, importance, pressure, stress, influence. ANTONYMS: (n) lightness, benefit, advantage, unimportance, meaninglessness, powerlessness, weakness, feebleness; (v) unburden welcome: (adj) pleasant, acceptable, pleasing, agreeable; (n, v) accept; (n) hospitality, reception; (v) receive, greet, invite, hail. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwelcome, unwanted, unacceptable, displeasing, disagreeable, unpleasant; (v) reject, evict, bar; (n) unfriendliness, goodbye westward: (adv) west, westwards; (adj, adv) westerly; (adj) westbound, western; (v) to the west wheat: (n) corn, spelt, bulgur, emmer, hard wheat, maize, bulghur, wheat berry, soft wheat, food grain, Indian corn wheatfield: (n) wheat field, grainfield wheel: (v) revolve, spin, trundle, gyrate, twirl; (n, v) turn, cycle, circle, bicycle, bike; (n) gear wheels: (n) vehicle, truck, car, brush, force whenever: (n) anytime, convenience; (adv) always, whene'er. ANTONYM: (adv) immediately whereas: (conj) while, though, whenas, where, albeit; (adv) when, whilst, then; (prep) because; (n) grounds for a decisions wherever: (adv) anywhere, wheresoever, everywhere, where'er; (n) anyplace whetstone: (n) oilstone, rub, friction, fault, imperfection, chance, caoutchouc, failing, hindrance, whetstone test, unevenness whimpering: (adj) whining, puling, childish, querulous; (n) sniveling, cry, tear whimsical: (adj, n) fanciful, eccentric; (adj) capricious, freakish, humorous, changeable, fickle, erratic, wayward, odd, arbitrary. ANTONYMS: (adj) reasonable, behaving, normal, serious, predictable whine: (n, v) groan, cry, whimper, grumble, sigh, wail, squeal, screech; (v) complain, howl; (n) complaint.

ANTONYMS: (n) happiness; (v) praise, compliment whip: (n, v) lash, strap, goad; (v) flog, flagellate, beat, punish, thrash, trounce, stir, wallop. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, return whipped: (v) whipt whipping: (n) flagellation, beating, thrashing, licking, lashing, flogging, overcasting, debacle, slaughter, overlocking; (adj) snappy whirling: (adj) rotary, revolving, dizzy, giddy, lightheaded, rotating, vortical; (n) rotation, gyration, revolution; (adj, n) swirling whirr: (n, v) whir, hum, drone, buzz, birr, whine; (v) whiz, churr, hiss, emit; (n) murmur whisper: (n, v) murmur, hum, mumble, suggestion, hint, inkling; (v) breathe, hiss; (n) rustle, trace, breath. ANTONYM: (n) information whispered: (adj) low, voiceless, unvoiced, nonvocal, weak, unheard, surd, supposed, sharp, thought, quiet whistle: (v) sing, twitter, hiss, warble, tweet, cheep, chirp, wheeze; (n, v) cry; (n) whistling, tin whistle whistling: (n) whistle, sound, tin whistle, music, pennywhistle, sign, signal, signaling whiteness: (n) paleness, ivory, chalk, pearl, bone, bleach, alabaster, frostiness, hoariness, pallor, innocence. ANTONYM: (n) black whitewashed: (adj) overpowered, overcome, crushed, conquered, beaten, routed, painted whittle: (v) pare, cut, carve, fashion, sculpt, hew; (adj) knife, edge tool, cutlery, blade, penknife. ANTONYM: (v) increase whoever: (n) anyone, somebody; (pron) whosoever, whatsoever person wicked: (adj) bad, sinful, atrocious, evil, vile, depraved, mischievous, immoral, unholy, nasty, naughty. ANTONYMS: (adj) innocent, pure, pious, moral, kind, admirable, kindhearted, helpful, decent, assisting, aiding wickedly: (adv) evilly, immorally, badly, iniquitously, sinfully, mischievously, naughtily, wrongly, perversely, depravedly, criminally. ANTONYMS: (adv) kindly, virtuously, legally, rightly, obediently wild: (adj, n, v) waste, desert; (adj, v) fierce, violent, reckless, raging; (adj)

Willa Cather boisterous, untamed, stormy, rude, desolate. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, orderly, manageable, sane, domestic, cultivated, tame, restrained, mild, sensible, passive wilderness: (adj, n, v) desert; (adj, n) wild; (n) wasteland, solitude, badlands, wildness, frontier, boondocks, backwoods; (adj) Sahara; (v) squandering. ANTONYM: (n) metropolis willing: (adj, adv) disposed; (adj) spontaneous, voluntary, ready, amenable, inclined, prepared, enthusiastic, unforced, obliging; (adj, v) consenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, compulsory, disagreeable, unprepared, forced, unenthusiastic, unhelpful willow: (n) willow tree, black willow, arctic willow, arroyo willow, balsam willow, bay willow, bearberry willow, white willow, silver willow; (adj) mourning, weeds winchester: (n) demijohn wind: (n, v) twist, turn; (v) meander, curl, bend, twine, curve, weave, crook; (n) air, gust. ANTONYMS: (v) unwind; (n) breeze winding: (n) twist, wind, turn; (adj) indirect, crooked, circuitous, meandering, twisty, wandering; (adj, n) twisting, twisted. ANTONYMS: (adj) direct, unbent windmill: (n) wind generator, whirligig, aerogenerator, screw, Rollingstone, wind turbine, wheel, wind engine, grinder, wind machine, pinwheel windy: (adj) gusty, verbose, blowy, flatulent, wordy, breezy, tempestuous, empty, airy, prolix, bombastic. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, still, straight, uncommunicative, unresponsive, airless, pleasant, direct wine: (n) vino, spirits, beer, saki, sake, Macon, maconnais, alcohol, liquor, dessert wine; (adj) mauve wings: (n) insignia, agency wink: (n, v) twinkle, blink, flash; (n) instant, twinkling, trice; (v) sparkle, nictitate, flicker, nictate, leer winter: (n) wintertime, season, time of year, hiems, frost, chill; (adj) wintery, wintry; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (n) heat wintry: (adj, v) frosty, glacial, freezing, icy; (adj) arctic, frigid, wintery, frozen, chilly, chill, hibernal. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild,

summery, hot, vernal, autumnal, balmy, tropical, warm wipe: (n, v) rub; (v) mop, clean, towel, brush, scour, scrub, clear, dry, wash; (adj) sponge. ANTONYM: (v) dirty wire: (n) telegram, rope, line, string, thread, cord, ribbon, flex, moorings; (v) telegraph, electrify wires: (n) chains, rigging, ropes, dealings wiry: (adj) lean, muscular, sinewy, fibrous, brawny, stalwart, ropy, thin, supple, vigorous, rough. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, small, tiny, smooth, soft, stout, fat wishes: (n) desires, requirements, requests, needs, will wishing: (n) wish, want, velleity, option, need, privation, lack, deprivation, deficiency, choice; (adj) desirous wisp: (n) lock, fagot, strand, curl, tress, piece, whisp, piece of hair, puff, slip, small person wistful: (adj, v) reflective, meditative, thoughtful; (adj) contemplative, sad, melancholy, longing, plaintive, wishful, yearning; (v) anxious. ANTONYMS: (adj) alert, satisfied, shallow wistfully: (adv) pensively, meditatively, desirously, longingly, yearningly, broodingly, reflectively, wishfully, melancholy, thoughtfully, nostalgically. ANTONYM: (adv) contentedly withdraw: (v) retire, remove, retract, retreat, abandon, pull out, disengage, draw, cancel, leave, recede. ANTONYMS: (v) propose, give, advance, extend, offer, deposit, remain, engage, allow, permit, stay withered: (adj) wizened, sear, shriveled, thin, shrunken, dry, dried up, wilted, faded, wizen; (v) lame. ANTONYM: (adj) plump witness: (n, v) testimony, attest, evidence; (n) bystander, eyewitness, onlooker, observer; (v) observe, notice, see, view. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, participate, refute wits: (n) intellect, mind, wit, brains, common sense, presence, percipience, observation, mother wit, right mind, judgment wives: (n) woman woke: (v) arouse wonder: (adj, n) prodigy; (n) astonishment, admiration, amazement, surprise, miracle, phenomenon, muse; (v) admire,

279 reflect, question. ANTONYMS: (n) expectation, belief, disapproval; (v) know, believe, anticipate, decide wonderful: (adj, n) marvelous, astonishing, incredible; (adj) excellent, remarkable, phenomenal, amazing, fantastic, great, grand, super. ANTONYMS: (adj) terrible, unpleasant, dreadful, poor, rotten, abysmal, mundane, devastating, lousy, dire, ordinary wondering: (adj) inquisitive, speculative, suspicious wonderingly: (adv) quizzically wont: (adj, n) use, custom, usage; (n) practice, tradition, cleanliness, assuetude, assuefaction, convention, rut; (v) practise wood: (n) timber, tree, grove, lumber, jungle, coppice, walnut, linden, larch, guaiac; (adj, n) woods wooden: (adj) wood, stilted, awkward, expressionless, inept, clumsy, dead, impassive, woody, timbered, made of wood. ANTONYMS: (adj) flexible, bending, pliable, emotional, natural, relaxed, expressive woolen: (adj, n) woollen; (n) fleece, tweed, fabric, cloth, woolen goods; (adj) woolly workbasket: (n) container, workbox, sewing basket worked: (adj) elaborated, beaten worldly: (adj, adv) earthly; (adj) mundane, secular, terrestrial, temporal, carnal, sophisticated, lay, profane; (adv) mundanely, temporally. ANTONYMS: (adj) spiritual, naive, cloistered, religious, unsophisticated, unworldly, unrefined, otherworldly, low, heavenly, immaterial worn: (adj) haggard, tired, tattered, threadbare, ragged, drawn, jaded, fatigued, exhausted, faded, wasted. ANTONYMS: (adj) new, smart, unused, unworn, pristine, original worried: (adj) uneasy, distressed, nervous, apprehensive, upset, anxious, disturbed, concerned, afraid, troubled, bothered. ANTONYMS: (adj) carefree, reassured, relaxed, untroubled, fearless, unworried, unconcerned, content, confident, serene worry: (n, v) concern, torment, trouble, distress, tease, bother, burden, care, harass, fear; (v) disturb. ANTONYMS: (n) calmness, reassurance, pleasure, relief, unconcern, calm, confidence,

280 hopefulness, peace; (v) reassure, delight worse: (adj) worser, subordinate, waur, worsened, warre, unrelieved, minor, lesser, junior, poorer; (n) badness. ANTONYMS: (adj) improved, healthier, higher worship: (n) adoration, veneration, adulation, cult, homage; (n, v) reverence, respect, honor, revere, adore, glorify. ANTONYMS: (v) disrespect, dishonor, despise, deprecate, scorn; (n) disdain, disparagement, contempt, detestation worst: (v) whip, trounce, defeat, overcome, vanquish, pip, rack up; (adj, v) best, rout; (adj) floor, lick. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) best; (adj) highest, first, secondary worthily: (adv) excellently, honorably, becomingly, praiseworthily, deservingly, splendidly, generously, meritoriously, virtuously, uprightly, goodly. ANTONYMS: (adv) badly, dishonorably wound: (n, v) bruise, cut, harm, pain, damage, scratch, stab, sting; (n) injury; (v) offend, injure. ANTONYMS: (v) heal, appease, aid, cure, repair wounded: (adj, v) hurt; (n) casualty, maimed; (adj) bruised, injured, bloody, aggrieved, saddened; (v) stricken, wound, struck. ANTONYM: (adj) unaffected woven: (adj) plaited wrap: (v) envelop, cover, roll, wind, shroud, enfold, enclose, drape; (n, v) cloak, swathe; (n) wrapping. ANTONYMS: (v) uncover, undo, unwind, expose, reveal wrapped: (prep) covered; (adj) clothed, draped, rapt, intent, absorbed, engrossed, mantled, packed, immersed; (adj, prep) cloaked wrapping: (n) covering, wrapper, envelope, bandage, wrap, swathe, case, packaging, plaster, film, lint wraps: (n) concealment, veil of secrecy, cover wrecked: (adv, v) aground; (adj) destroyed, shipwrecked, ruined, disabled, doomed, falling apart, falling down; (v) grounded, swamped, cast away. ANTONYMS: (adj) whole, pristine wrench: (n, v) pull, jerk, strain, turn, twist, tug, yank; (n) spanner; (v) distort, contort, force

O Pioneers! wrestling: (n) grapple, grappling, rassling, bout, event, clamshell, athletics, boxing, braving, pugilism; (adj) fighting wretched: (adj) unfortunate, pitiful, sad, pitiable, woeful, pathetic, piteous, lamentable; (adj, v) poor, unhappy, forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) fine, strong, fortunate, overjoyed, nice, admirable, good, cheery, joyous, lucky, comfortable wring: (n, v) squeeze; (v) twist, wrench, wrest, torture, torment, distort, extract, twine, contort, rack wringing: (adj) saturated, soaked, soaked to the skin, soaking wet, sodden, sopping, sopping wet, wet, wet through, wringing wet, soaking. ANTONYM: (adj) dry wrinkled: (adj, n) rough, rugged; (adj) puckered, creased, wrinkly, wizened, crumpled, lined, gnarled, unironed, crinkled. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwrinkled, ironed, straight wrinkles: (n) crow's feet wrist: (n) wrist joint, radiocarpal joint, neaf, gliding joint, fist, articulatio Plana, neif; (v) paw, hand, finger writing: (n) script, print, composition, lettering, document, autograph, paper, record, inscription, authorship, handwriting yard: (n) court, courtyard, garden, backyard, barnyard, grounds, farmyard, quadrangle, close, enclosure, junkyard yearly: (adv) annually, each year, every year, per annum, per year, by year; (adj) perennial, anniversary, periodic, annual tickets; (n) a year yearning: (n) hankering, aspiration, thirst, craving, desire, hunger, nostalgia, eagerness; (adj) wistful, pining, desirous. ANTONYMS: (adj) disinterested; (n) dislike, disinclination, apathy yellow: (adv) cowardly; (adj) amber, xanthous, chickenhearted, fearful, chicken, craven, spineless; (n) coward, saffron, maize. ANTONYMS: (adj) bold, brave, confident yellowish: (adj) sallow, yellowed, flavescent, xanthous, turning yellow, sensationalistic, jaundiced, luteous, chickenhearted, easily frightened, chicken yoke: (adj, n, v) couple, link; (n, v) pair, tie; (adj, n) brace; (v) connect, join, bind, attach; (n) coupling, team. ANTONYMS: (v) disconnect, disjoin

younger: (adj) Jr, little, petty, young, juvenile, Mickey Mouse, minor, minuscule, niggling, picayune, unskilled yours: (adj) own yourselves: (pron) themselves, myself, herself youth: (n) youngster, young person, lad, juvenile, boy, adolescence, kid, younker, stripling, juvenility; (adj, n) young. ANTONYMS: (n) adulthood, adult, ripeness, maturity, aged zeal: (adj, n) eagerness; (n) fervor, enthusiasm, devotion, passion, vehemence, fire, fervency, heat, fervour, ardour. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, lethargy, patience