Power through Weakness: Paul's Understanding of the Christian Ministry in 2 Corinthians (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series)

Citation preview

Dr Savage seeks to understand the apostle Paul's apparently contradictory description of his ministry in 2 Corinthians as one in which power is manifested through weakness: 'When I am weak, then I am strong!' This paradox becomes intelligible when it is understood that Paul's critics were influenced by a perspective which was the exact opposite of his: they imbibed the self-exalting outlook of their contemporary world, while he embraced the self-emptying gospel of Christ. Drawing from archaeological data on first-century Corinth, this study is unique in establishing both the secular underpinnings of Paul's paradoxical language and the devastating critique which that language offers on the general outlook of the first century. Paul emerges as a radical foil to the spirit of the age.

SOCIETY FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES General editor: Margaret E. Thrall

86 POWER THROUGH WEAKNESS

Power through weakness Paul's understanding of the Christian ministry in 2 Corinthians TIMOTHY B. SAVAGE Senior Minister, Camelback Bible Church, Paradise Valley, Arizona

I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY IOOI 1-421 I, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1996 First published 1996 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data

Savage, Timothy B. Power through weakness: Paul's understanding of the Christian ministry in 2 Corinthians / Timothy B. Savage. p. cm. - (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph series; 86) Rev. and updated version of the author's thesis (doctoral) Cambridge Univ., 1987. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 49640 3 (hardback)

1. Bible. N.T. Corinthians, 2nd - Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Sociology, Christian - History - Early church, ca. 30-600. 3. Paul, the Apostle, Saint - Contributions in pastoral theology. 4. Pastoral theology - Biblical teaching. I. Title. II. Series: Monograph series (Society for New Testament Studies); 86. BS2675.2.S28 1995 227'.3o6-dc2O 95-44544 ISBN 0 521 49640 3 hardback

Transferred to digital printing 2003

CE

CONTENTS

Preface List of abbreviations Introduction The problem The plan

page ix xi i i 16

PART I! POWER THROUGH WEAKNESS! THE BACKGROUND 1

2

The social setting of first-century Corinth: an historical examination The Graeco-Roman World Corinth

19 19 35

The situation in the Corinthian church: a biblical analysis Boasting Physical presence Speech Support Conclusion

54 54 64 69 80 99

PART II: POWER THROUGH WEAKNESS! THE MEANING

3

The nature of the Christian ministry: the glory of Christ The glory of Moses The glory of Isaiah The glory of Christ

vu

103 103 111 127

viii

Contents 4 The nature of the Christian ministry: the shame of the cross The law The Messiah Conclusion 5

6

130 130 139 143

The pattern of the Christian ministry: glory through shame Transformed into the image of the cross Blinded to the glory of the cross Conclusion

145 145 154 162

The pattern of the Christian ministry: power through weakness 2 Corinthians 4:7 2 Corinthians 4:8 and 9 2 Corinthians 4:10 and 11 2 Corinthians 4:12 and 15 2 Corinthians 4:13 2 Corinthians 4:14 2 Corinthians 4:16-18 Summary

164 164 169 172 178 179 181 182 185

Conclusion

187

Appendix

191

Select bibliography Primary sources Commentaries on 2 Corinthians Other books and articles

193 196 198

Index of passages cited Author index Index of names and subjects

224 243 248

PREFACE

This monograph began its life as a doctoral thesis presented to and accepted by the University of Cambridge in 1987. Since then it has been revised and updated extensively. Many people have cast a critical eye over this work at various stages of its development and their suggestions and encouragement have been invaluable. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor in Cambridge, the Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, Morna D. Hooker, who enlarged my understanding of the cross of Christ in Paul and helped me to see its implications for the Christian ministry. I am also grateful to Mr A. G. Woodhead, a classical archaeologist and life-fellow of Corpus Christi College, who carefully supervised my work on first-century Corinth. My original readers, Dr Douglas R. de Lacey and the Rev. J. P. M. Sweet, sharpened many loose arguments and caught several errant details, as did Professor David Hellholm and Dr Margaret E. Thrall, who read the manuscript in preparation for publication. I wish especially to thank Dr Thrall who agreed to include this work in the SNTS monograph series. Several friends have provided important moral support: Dr Roy D. Clements; Professor Murray J. Harris; Professor Harold W. Hoehner; and the late Dr Colin J. Hemer. Mr Steven R. Laube compiled the indexes with admirable patience and accuracy. To each person, my debt is immense. For the financial support which made the research possible I would like to thank the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International, the Tyndale House Council, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and, above all, my parents. The encouragement which I have received from my mother and father far exceeds the monetary. It was they who first challenged me to explore the teachings of scripture and they who undergirded my work with prayer. I trust this offering is worthy of their love. Finally, I am grateful to my wife, Lesli, who unfailingly and IX

x

Preface

without complaint put the demands of my research before her own interests. Without her support, the monograph would never have seen the light of day. For the abiding joy of her companionship I offer my deepest and humble gratitude.

ABBREVIATIONS (and dates of ancient authors)

ABR Ael. AJA AJP Alciphron ANRW

App. Apul. Arch Aret. Aristid. Arist. Artem. AS ASCSA Ath. August. BA BAG

BCH BDF XI

Australian Biblical Review Aelianus, c. AD 170-235 American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Philology second century AD Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, eds. H. Temporini and W. Haase (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1972- ) Appian, c. AD 95-165 Apuleius, b. c. AD 123 Archaeology Aretaeus, second century AD Aelius Aristides, c. AD 117-180 Aristotle, 384-322 BC Artemidorus Daldianus, second century AD Anatolian Studies American School of Classical Studies in Athens Athenaeus, second century AD Augustine, AD 354-430 The Biblical Archaeologist Bauer, W. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature., translated and adapted by W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich; 2nd ed. revised and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker (see bibliog.) Bulletin de correspondance hellenique Blass, F. and Debrunner, A. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian

xii

List of abbreviations

Literature, translated and revised by R. W. Funk (see bibliog.) BH Buried History Bib Biblica BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library BZ Biblische Zeitschrift B. Mus. Inscr. British Museum. Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum, eds. C. T. Newton, E. L. Hicks et al. (see bibliog.) Cambridge Ancient History CAH Calabi-Limentani Calabi-Limentani, /. Epigrafia Latina (see bibliog.) CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly Cic. Cicero, 106-43 BC CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CN Coniectanea neotestamentica CP Classical Philology Crinagorus b. c. 70 BC D. C. Dio Cassius, second century AD D. Chr. Dio Chrysostom, AD 40 - c. 120 D. S. Diodorus Siculus, first century BC Digesta Iustiniani Augusti, second century AD Dig. Edwards, K. M. Corinth: Coins 1896-1929 (see Edwards bibliog.) Epictetus, c. AD 50-120 Epict. ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses Eusebius AD 260-340 EvT Evangelische Theologie ExpT Expository Times Gal. Galenus, second century AD Gellius, Aulus, second century AD Gell. Hell Hellenica Hesp Hesperia Hicks Hicks, E. L. Greek Inscriptions from the British Museum (see bibliog.) Hist Historia Hor. Horace, b. 65 BC HTR Harvard Theological Review IEJ Israel Exploration Journal IG Inscriptiones Graecae

List of abbreviations IGRR ILS Int ITQ JAAR JAC Jastrow

JBL JCE JEA Jos. JHS JKI JQR JRH JRS JSNT JSOT JTS Just. Juv. Kaibel Kent Lane LCL LeBas-Wadd.

Livy LSJ Luc.

xiu

Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Interpretation Irish Theological Quarterly Journal of the American Academy of Religion Jahrbuch fur Antike und Christentum Jastrow, M. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (see bibliog.) Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of Christian Education Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Josephus, AD 37/38 - c. 100 Journal of Hellenic Studies Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich deutschen archdologischen Instituts Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of Religious History Journal of Roman Studies Journal for the Study of the New Testament Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Journal of Theological Studies Justinianus, sixth century AD Juvenal, first century AD Kaibel, G. Epigrammata Graeca (see bibliog.) Kent, J. H. Corinth: The Inscriptions 1926-1950 (see bibliog.) Lane, E. Corpus Monumentorum Religionis dei Menis (see bibliog.) Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, Ltd., and Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) Le Bas, P. and Waddington, W. H. Voyage archeologique en Grece et en Asie Mineure (see bibliog.) 59 BC - AD 17 or 64 BC - AD 12 Liddell, H. G. and Scott, R. A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented by H. S. Jones, with the assistence of R. McKenzie (see bibliog.) Lucan, AD 39 - 65

xiv Lucian LXX

Mart. Meritt Moretti MT

NDIEC NT NT NTS

OCD Origen

OT

Ovid Paus. Petron. P. Fay. P. Flor. PGM

List of abbreviations C. AD 125-180

The Septuagint Martial, c. AD 40-104 Meritt, B. D. Corinth: Greek Inscriptions 18961927 (see bibliog.) Moretti, L. Inscrizioni Agonistiche Greche (see bibliog.) The Massoretic Text New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity New Testament Novum Testamentum New Testament Studies Oxford Classical Dictionary, eds. N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard, 2nd ed. (see bibliog.) AD 185/186-254/255 Old Testament 43 B C - A D 17

Pausanias, second century AD Petronius, first century AD Grenfell, B. P., Hunt, A. S. and Hogarth, D. G. Fayum Towns and their Papyri (see bibliog.) Papiri Fiorentini, documenti pubblici e privati delVetd romana e bizantina. Eds. G. Vitelli and D. Comparetti (see bibliog.) Papyri Graecae Magicae, ed. K. Preisendanz (see bibliog.) c. 30 BC - AD 45 Philostratus, second century AD Philologische Wochenschrift c. 429 - 346 BC AD 23/24-79

Philo Philostr. PhilW Plato Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger C. AD 6l-II2 Plut. Plutarch, c. AD 46 - c. 120 PUP Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People. E. P. Sanders (see bibliog.) P. Lond. Greek Papyri in the British Museum, eds. F. G. Kenyon and H. I. Bell (see bibliog.) P&P Past and Present P. Par. Brunet de Presle, W. Notices et extraits des

List of abbreviations

P. Oxy. PPJ PW, PWSup Quint. RAC RB RE REG RestQ RevPhil RevQ RevScRel RGG RHE RS RSR Sen. S. E. SEA SEG SG SIFC SIG3 SNTU SO Stat. Str-B Str. Suet. Tac.

xv

papyrus grecs du musee du Louvre et de la bibliotheque imperiale (see bibliog.) Oxyrhynchus Papyri, eds. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt et al (see bibliog.) Paul and Palestinian Judaism. E. P. Sanders (see bibliog.) Paulys Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, and supplementary volumes, ed. G. Wissowa (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1894- ) Quintilian, b. between AD 30 and 35 - c. 100 Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, ed. T. Klauser (Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1941- ) Revue biblique Revue Epigraphique Revue des Etudes grecques Restoration Quarterly Revue de Philologie Revue de Qumran Revue des Sciences Religieuses Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart Revue d'histoire ecclesiastique Religious Studies Recherches de science religieuse Seneca, b. between 4 BC and AD 1-65 Sextus Empiricus, second century AD Svensk exegetisk arsbok Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum Studium Generale Studi italiani difilologia classica Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd ed. (see bibliog.) Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt Symbolae osloenses Statius, c. AD 45-96 Strack, H. L. and Billerbeck, P. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, 6 vols. (Miinchen: Oskar Beck, 1922-56) Strabo, 64/63 BC - AD 21/22 Suetonius Tranquillus, c. AD 69 - 115 Tacitus, c. AD 56 - c. 115

xvi

List of abbreviations

Tat. TB TNIDNTT TQ Trypho TS TSK TWNT TZ Vett. Val. Vidman VT West WZKM YCS ZA W ZNW ZTK

Tatianus, second century AD Tyndale Bulletin The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, ed. C. Brown, 3 vols. (Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1975-78) Theologische Quartalschrift first century BC Theological Studies Theologische Studien und Kritiken Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament, eds. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, 10 vols. (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1933-78) Theologische Zeitschrift Vettius Valens, second century AD Vidman, L. Sylloge inscriptionum religionis Isiacae et Serapiacae (see bibliog.) Vetus Testamentum West, A. B. Corinth: Latin Inscriptions 18961927 (see bibliog.) Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes Yale Classical Studies Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift fiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Kirche

The method of citation Abbreviations of primary sources follow established usage: for classical literature see LSJ and OCD, for Jewish material see JBL 95 (1976) 335-38 and for Philo and Josephus see LCL. Commentaries on 2 Corinthians are cited by author only. All other books and articles are cited by author and short title.

INTRODUCTION

No student of the New Testament who wishes to come to grips with the nature of the Christian ministry can afford to neglect the second epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. In this letter the apostle paints a remarkably candid picture of his own experience as a minister of Christ. His autobiographical sketch reaches a climax in 2 Corinthians 12:10, in the words 'When I am weak, then I am strong!' At first glance Paul would seem to be indulging in a meaningless contradiction. How can he be both weak and strong? How can he sum up his vocation in terms which are normally thought to be mutually exclusive? Yet on further reflection we discover something very different: what appears on the surface to be a clear absurdity is for Paul a profound teaching. Over and over in this epistle he describes his ministry in terms of two completely different, yet overlapping, experiences. In chapter one he defines his vocation in terms of comfort experienced through suffering; in chapter three in terms of glory manifested through shame; in chapter four in terms of life working in death; in chapter six in terms of riches won through poverty; and in chapters twelve and thirteen in terms of power expressed through weakness. It is clear from this general overview that at the core of Paul's teaching in 2 Corinthians lies an important paradox - a paradox whichfindsexpression in a number of different antitheses and which drives to the heart of what it means to Paul to be a minister of Christ. It will be the aim of this book to make sense of this paradox. We shall seek to discover what Paul means by the cryptic words oxav yap aa0eva), xoxe Suvaxoc; eijii. The problem

The task before us will be complicated by the fact that 2 Corinthians is an occasional epistle. Most of what Paul says in this letter represents a careful response to a very specific set of problems

2

Power through weakness: the background

within the Corinthian church. If we are to make sense of his teaching, we must reconstruct the situation which lies behind it. But here we encounter a problem. Paul never reveals the precise nature of the situation he is addressing. He merely alludes to the various issues and events which trouble him and assumes that his readers, the Corinthians, can fill in the details.1 This leaves us with the delicate task of trying to piece together the 'background' of the epistle using only the scattered and oblique references to it which Paul himself provides. Such an endeavour is naturally fraught with difficulties, yet it is not without reward. With due care and diligence we can construct a fairly convincing picture of the situation which gave rise to Paul's teaching. We begin the process in what follows. The situation at Corinth Most scholars would agree that 2 Corinthians contemplates a different set of problems from that of 1 Corinthians. The sort of party strife and misuse of wisdom, knowledge and glossolalia which we find in the earlier epistle have largely disappeared from view in the latter.2 Instead Paul turns his attention to an intruder (6 &5iKf|aac;, 7:12), one who appears to be attacking him personally (cf. OUK SJJLS ^8A,6TCT|K8V, 2:5; 6 Ksxdpianai, 2:10). What troubles Paul is not so much that he is being assailed, but that his converts have not rallied to his support. For this reason, he addresses a harsh letter to the Corinthians and calls on them to punish the intruder (2 Corinthians 2:3-4; 7 :I2 )- To his great relief they quickly demonstrate both their 'innocence' in the matter (ayvoi, 7:11) and their loyalty to him (7:7) by bringing the offender to justice (2:6). Paul's joy is renewed (7:7, 16) and his confidence in his converts restored (7:14). This, however, represents only part of the picture. One of the most puzzling features of 2 Corinthians is that in a space of a few verses Paul can both rejoice in the loyalty of his converts (7:7) and bemoan their lack of affection for him (axevoxcopgiaGe 5e ev xoic; a7cA,&y%voic; 6|acov, 6:12), applaud their earnestness on his behalf (7:12) and wonder at their failure to make room for him in their 1

2

Cf. Munck Paul 168: 'of all Paul's letters II Corinthians is probably the most difficult to understand in detail. He alludes again and again to events of which we otherwise know nothing'. Thus Barrett 'Christianity at Corinth' 286-87; 'Opponents' 236-37; Kummel Introduction 284-85; Georgi Gegner 14; Oostendorp Another Jesus 5; pace Schmithals Gnosis 274-75 who envisages the same 'background' for both epistles.

Introduction

3

hearts (cf. 6:13: 7cXaxi)vGr|T8 Kai ujaeTq; 7:2: xcopfjaaxs fuiaq). It would seem that, despite their outward obedience, the Corinthians harbour reservations about their apostle (H14).3 Indeed, according to 2 Corinthians 7:2, they feel betrayed by him. Paul suggests that this is because they understand him only in part (eTreyvcoxe f||ia 2 4 ; 9 : I 7 ; 10:6; 13:11; 24:5; 31:6; 33:14; 48:8, 18; 5 0 : 1 ; 53:5; 57:4; 58:1; 59:3, 4, 6, 12; 64:6. Cf. 2:18; 1 0 : 1 0 - 1 1 ; 30:22; 31:7; 4 4 : 9 - 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 7 ; 45*20; 4 6 : 1 ; 4 8 : 5 . S o 1:4; 17:10; 51:13; 57:11. S o 30:2; 3 1 : 1 ; 56:11; 66:3. Cf. the same e r r o r in J o b 17:12 ( M T ) : ' T h e y m a k e night i n t o d a y , saying " T h e light is n e a r , " in t h e presence of d a r k n e s s ' ; a n d i Q S 3.3: 'seeking the ways of light he (the wicked) l o o k s t o w a r d d a r k n e s s ' ; cf. also J o b 5:14; T. Judah 18:6.

Cf. Brueggemann 'Isaiah Tradition' 93: Israel is 'organized against reality, against God's sovereignty'.

120

Power through weakness: the meaning And I have brought forth a blind people (A,aov xoA,6v); For [their] eyes are alike blind (xix|)>.oi), And those having ears are deaf. 43:8 They have no understanding to perceive, For they have been blinded so that they cannot see with their eyes, Nor perceive with their heart. 44:18 See how they are all blinded (&Kxexix|)taDvxai): They have not known; [They are] dumb dogs [that] will not bark; Dreaming of rest, loving to slumber.

56:10

and note especially, And he (Yahweh) said, 'Go and say to this people, Hearing, you will hear and not understand; Seeing, you will see and not perceive. For the heart of this people has been dulled, And they hear with their ears heavily, And they have shut [their] eyes.' 6:8c-ioa 81 The recurring emphasis here on blindness serves to highlight the true nature of Israel's problem. Their darkness is not the product of bad light, but of corrupt vision. In the words of the prophetical author, it is t o mj/oq xfj KTA,.) in the Pauline Epistles' In L'Apdtre Paul: Personnalite, Style et Conception du Ministere, pp. 363-38. Ed. A. Vanhoye. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1986. Barton, S. C. and Horsley, G. H. R. 'A Hellenistic Cult Group and the New Testament' JAC 24 (1981) 7-41. Bates, W. H. 'The Integrity of II Corinthians' NTS 12 (1965) 56-59. Batey, R. 'Paul's Interaction with the Corinthians' JBL 84 (1965) 139-46. Bauer, W. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Trans, and adapted by W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich. 2nd ed. Revised and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. Baumann, R. Mitte und Norm des Christlichen. Minister: Verlag Aschendorff, 1968. Baumert, N. Tdglich sterben und auferstehen. Der Literalsinn von 2 Kor 4, 12-5, 10. Studien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 34. Miinchen: Kosel- Verlag, 1973. Baur, F. C. Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi. Sein Leben und Wirken, seine Briefe und seine Lehre. Ein Beitrag zu einer kritischen Geschichte des Urchristenthums. Stuttgart: Verlag von Becher & Muller, 1845. Becker, J. Auferstehung der Toten im Urchristentum. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 82. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1976. Behm, J. 'fi£xaux)p6(D' TWNT 4 (1942) 762-67. Berger, K. 'Die impliziten Gegner. Zur Methode des Erschliessens von 'Gegnern' in neutestamentlichen Texten'. In Kirche: Festschrift fur Gunther Bornkamm zum 75. Geburtstag, pp. 372-400. Eds. D. Liihrmann and G. Strecker. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1980. Best, E. 'The Power and the Wisdom of God. I Corinthians I. 18-25'. In Paolo, A Una Chiesa Divisa (1 Co 1-4), pp. 9-39. Ed. L. De Lorenzi. Roma: Edizioni Abbazia di S. Paolo, 1980. 'Paul's Apostolic Authority-?' JSNT iq (1986) 3-25. Betz, H. D. Lukian von Samosata und das Neue Testament: Religionsgeschichtliche undpardnetische Parallelen. Ein Beitrag zum Corpus Hellenist icum Novi Testamenti. Texte und Untersuchungen 76. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1961. Der Apostel Paulus und die sokratische Tradition. Eine exegetische Unter-

200

Select bibliography

suchung zu seiner 'Apologie' 2 Korinther 10-13. Beitrage zur historischen Theologie 45. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1972. 'Gottmensch IF RAC 12 (1983) 234-311. The Problem of Apocalyptic Genre in Greek and Hellenistic Literature: The Case of the Oracle of Trophonius'. In Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East, pp. 577-97. Ed. D. Hellholm. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1983. Betz, O. 'Probleme des Prozesses Jezu' ANRW2.25.1 (1982) 565-647. Bieder, W. 'Paulus und seine Gegner in Korinth' TZ 17 (1961) 319-33. Biers, W. R. and Geagan D. J. 'A New List of Victors in the Caesarea at Isthmia' Hesp 39 (1970) 79-93. Black, M. The Pauline Doctrine of the Second Adam' SJTj (1954) 170-79. Blass, F. and Debrunner, A. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Translation and revision of the ninth-tenth German edition by R. W. Funk. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1961. Bolkestein, H. Wohltdtigkeit und Armenpflege im vorchristlichen Altertum. Utrecht: A. Oosthoek, 1939. Boman, T. Hebrew Thought Compared with Greek. Tr. J. L. Moreau, London: S. C. M. Press, i960. Bonhoffer, A. Epiket und das Neue Testament. Giessen: Topelmann, 1911. Bonner, C. 'Magical Amulets' HTR 39 (1946) 25-53. Studies in Magical Amulets. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press, 1950. Bookidis, N. The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in Corinth: Excavations 1970-1972' AJA 77 (1973) 206-7. Bornkamm, G. Studien zu Antike und Urchristentum. Munich: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1963. Paul. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. 'Die Vorgeschichte des sogenannten Zweiten Korintherbriefes', pp. 162-94. In Gesammelte Aufsdtze, IV. Beitrage zur evangelischen Theologie 53. Munich: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1971. Borse, U. Der Standort des Galaterbriefes. Bonner Biblische Beitrage. Koln: Hanstein Verlag GMBH, 1972. Bosch, J. S. 'Gloriarse' segun San Pablo. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1970. Bousset, W. Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1917. Bowersock, G. W. Augustus and the Greek World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1969. Braun, H. Qumran und das Neue Testament. 2 Vols. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1966. Gesammelte Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt. 2nd ed. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1967. Brockington, L. H. The Greek Translator of Isaiah and His Interest in AOSA' VT 1 (1951) 23-32. Broneer, O. 'Excavations in the Odeum at Corinth, 1928' AJA 32 (1928) 447-73-

Select bibliography

201

Corinth: Terracotta Lamps. Vol. 4, pt. 2. Cambridge, Mass.: ASCSA, 1930. Corinth: The Odeum. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Mass.: ASCSA, 1932. 'Hero Cults in the Corinthian Agora' Hesp 11 (1942) 128-61. 'Investigations at Corinth, 1946-1947' Hesp 16 (1947) 233-47. 'Corinth: Center of St. Paul's Missionary Work in Greece' BA 14 (1951) 78-96. 'Isthmia Excavations, 1952' Hesp 22 (1953) 182-95. Corinth: The South Stoa and Its Roman Successors. Vol. 1, pt. 4. Princeton: ASCSA, 1954. 'Excavations at Isthmia' Hesp 28 (1959) 298-343. 'Excavations at Isthmia, 1959-1961' Hesp 31 (1962) 1-25. Isthmia: The Temple of Poseidon. Vol. 1. Princeton, N.J.: ASCSA, 1971. 'Paul and the Pagan Cults at Isthmia' HTR 64 (1971) 169-87. Isthmia: Terracotta Lamps. Vol. 3. Princeton, N.J.: ASCSA, 1977. Brooke, A. E. Review of A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, by G. Abbott-Smith. JTS o.s. 24 (1923) 97-98. Bruce, F. F. 'The New Testament and Classical Studies' NTS 22 (1976) 229-42. The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text. The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1982. 1 &2 Thessalonians. Word Biblical Commentary 45. Waco, Texas: Word Books, Publisher, 1982. Brueggemann, W. 'Unity and Dynamic in the Isaiah Tradition' JSOT 29 (1984) 89-107. Buck, C. H. 'The Collection for the Saints' HTR 43 (1950) 1-29. Bugh, G. R. 'An Emendation to the Prosopography of Roman Corinth' /fesp 48 (1979) 45-53. Bultmann, R. Der Stil der paulinischen Predigt und die kynisch-stoische Diatribe. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1910. 'yivcbaKQ)' TWNT 1 (1933) 688-719. 'et)(|>paiva>' TWNT 2 (1935) 770-73. 'icaox&ouai' TWNT3 (1938) 646-54. Exegetische Probleme des zweiten Korintherbriefes. Zu 2. Kor 5,1-5; 5, 11-6,10; 10-13; 12,21. Uppsala: Wretmans Boktryckeri, 1947. Theology of the New Testament. 2 vols. Tr. K. Grobel. London: S.C.M. Press Ltd., 1952-55. Burford, A. Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. Burton, E. DeW. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek. 3rd. ed. Repr. 1973. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1898. Cadbury, H. J. 'Erastus of Corinth' JBL 50 (1931) 42-58. 'The Macellum of Corinth' JBL 53 (1934) 133-41. Caird, G. B. 'The New Testament Conception of Doxa.' D. Phil, dissertation. Oxford University, 1944. 'Everything to Everyone' Int 13 (1959) 387-99. 'Paul's Theology'. In Dictionary of the Bible, pp. 736-42. 2nd ed. Ed.

202

Select bibliography

J. Hastings. Revised by F. C. Grant and H. H. Rowley. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1963. Paul's Letters from Prison. New Clarendon Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. Caragounis, C. "O\j/(bviov: A Reconsideration of Its Meaning' NT 16 (1974) 35-57Carcopino, J. Daily Life in Ancient Rome: The People and the City at the Height of the Empire. Ed. H. T. Rowell. Tr. E. O. Lorimer. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1941. Cartledge, P. and Spawforth, A. Hellenistic And Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities, London: Routledge, 1989. Castren, P. Or do Populusque Pompeianus. Rome: Bardi Editore, 1975. Cerfaux, L. 'Vestiges d'un florilege dans 1 Cor. 1.18-3.24?' RHE 27 (1931) 521-34Recueil Lucien Cerfaux. Etudes d'Exegese et d'Histoire Religieuse. Vol 2. Gembloux: Editions J. Duculot, S. A., 1954. Christ in the Theology of St. Paul. Trs. G. Webb and A. Walker. Edinburgh and London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1959. Childs, B. S. Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. London: S.C.M. Press Ltd., 1979. Clarke, A. D. 'Another Corinthian Erastus Inscription' TB 42 (1991) 146-51. Clements, R. E. Isaiah 1-39. New Century Bible Commentary. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott Publishers Ltd., 1980. 'The Unity of the Book of Isaiah' Int 36 (1982) 117-29. 'Beyond Tradition-History: Deutero-Isaianic Development of First Isaiah's Themes' JSOT 31 (1985) 95-113. Clines, D. J. A. 'The Image of God in Man' TB 19 (1968) 53-103. Collange, J.-F. The Epistle of Saint Paul to the Philippians. Trans. A. W. Heathcote. London: Epworth Press, 1979. Conzelmann, H. 'Paulus und die Weisheit' NTS 12 (1966) 231-44. '((>1A1^ 4* D. Chr. Or. 38.24, 24 D. Chr. Or. 42.3, 70 D. Chr. Or. 43.11, 25 D. Chr. Or. 44.9, 24 D. Chr. Or. 46.3, 25 D. Chr. Or. 46.3-4, 23 D. Chr. Or. 46.5, 38 D. Chr. Or. 46.7, 38 D. Chr. Or. 51.2, 23

239 D. Chr. Or. 57.5, 24 Demosthenes 36.16, 71 Dig. 50.2.12, 23 Dit. Or. 2.595 (12), 161 Epict. 1.8.7, 7 1 Epict. 2.19.24, 170 Epict. 3.1.33-34,48 Epict. 3.14.12-14, 24 Epict. 3.22.50-51, 31 Epict. 3.22.88, 65 Epict. 3.23.10-11, 30 Epict. 3.23.19, 30 Epict. 3.23.24, 30 Epict. 3.24.54-57, 24 Epict. 4.1.55, 24 Epict. 4.1.157,37 Epict. 4.8.34, 31 Eustathius 1184.18, 82 Eustathius 1396.42, 82 Gal. 18(1). 156K, 172 Gell. 5.6.16, 19, 63 Hor. Epist. 17.36, 36 Jos. A. 2.271, 70 Jos. A. 2.276, 107 Jos. A. 3.180, 108 Jos. A. 9.3, 72 Jos. A. 12.256, 140 Jos. A. 13.380-81, 132 Jos. A. 13.410, 132 Jos. A. 13.410-11, 132 Jos. A. 17.295, 140 Jos. A. 20.129, 14° Jos. Ap. 2.154, 106 Jos. Ap. 2.168, 106 Jos. B. 1.92-7, 132 Jos. B. 1.113, 132 Jos. B. 2.75, 140 Jos. B. 2.241, 140 Jos. B. 2.253, 140 Jos. B. 2.306-7, 140 Jos. B. 2.308, 140 Jos. B. 4.350, 55 Jos. B. 5.289, 140 Jos. B. 5.449-51, 140 Jos. V. 68, 43 Just. Epit. 36.2.11, 106 Juv. 1.24-30, 21 Juv. 1.38-39, 38 Juv. 1.105-6, 39 Juv. 1.106-9, 38 Juv. 1.108-9, 39

240

Index of passages cited

Juv. I.II2-II3, 21 Juv. 1.137-40, 87 JUV. 2.10, 26 Juv. 3.153-54, 23 Juv. 6.576, 27 Juv. 6.582, 27 Juv. 6.588, 27 Juv. 6.610-11, 27 JUV. 7.I34-49, 22 Juv. 7.145, 47 Juv. 8.113, 48 Juv. 9.140, 85 Juv. 13.34-7, 23, 26 Juv. 14.100-4, I Q 6 Juv. 14.204-5, 43

Livy 23.18.7, 63 Livy 28.48.5, 63 Livy 33.32.2, 42, 43, 50 Livy, Per. 52, 35 Longinus, Subl. 9.9, 106 Lucan 6.430-830, 27 Lucian, Alex. 6, 27 Lucian, Alex. 40, 91 Lucian, Am. 9, 46 Lucian, Anach. , 36, 44, 45, 46 Lucian, Cat. 16, 21 Lucian, D. Meretr. 5.2, 42 Lucian, D. Mort. 1, 46 Lucian, D. Mort. 8, 91 Lucian, D. Mort. 21.1, 42 Lucian, D. Mort. 22.7, 42 Lucian, Demon. 11, 25 Lucian, Gall. 11,20 Lucian, Gall. 14, 21 Lucian, Herm. 27, 36 Lucian, Herm. 29, 36 Lucian, Herm. 45, 36 Lucian, Herm. 59, 91, 157 Lucian, Herm. 80-81, 89 Lucian, Hist. Conscr. 29, 48 Lucian, Ind. 19, 48 Lucian, Ind. 21,21 Lucian, J. Tr. 27, 70 Lucian, Ner. 3, 50 Lucian, Ner. 9, 49 Lucian, Nigr. 21, 24 Lucian, Nigr. 23, 21, 22, 23, 24 Lucian, Nigr. 25, 89 Lucian, Peregr. 1, 91 Lucian, Peregr. 3, 31 Lucian, Peregr. 13, 91 Lucian, Peregr. 16, 91 Lucian, Rh. Pr. 21, 30 Lucian, Salt. 10-11, 33

Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Mart. Mart. Mart. Mart.

Salt. 15, 33 Salt. 16, 33 Salt. 42, 49 Salt. 67, 33 Somm. 9, 24, 85 Tim. 22,21, 38 Tim. 56-57, 89 Tox. 22, 42 Trag. 53, 25 Vit. Auct. 10, 31

Ep. Ep. Ep. Ep.

2.29, 39 5.13, 38 9.59.11, 43 10.65, 36, 46,

Origen, Cels. 6.15, 24 Origen, Cels. 7.32, 28 Ovid, Fasti 6.249, 2& Paus. 2.1-3, 49 Paus. 2.1.2, 37 Paus. 2.1.7, 5 1 Paus. 2.2.6, 36 Paus. 2.2.6-3.1, 36 Paus. 2.3.3, 43 Paus. 2.3.5, 36, 40 Paus. 7.16.7-8, 35 Paus. 8.33.2, 42 Paus. 10.32.14-16, 33 Petron. Sat. 21, 32 Petron. Sat. 29, 86 Petron. Sat. 31, 43 Petron. Sat. 32, 28 Petron. Sat. 32-33, 39 Petron. Sat. 32-38, 22 Petron. Sat. 36, 38 Petron. Sat. 37, 39 Petron. Sat. 38, 24, 39 Petron. Sat. 44, 26, 31 Petron. Sat. 46, 47 Petron. Sat. 48, 24, 38 Petron. Sat. 50, 39, 43 Petron. Sat. 50-51, 24 Petron. Sat. 52, 39 Petron. Sat. 55, 23 Petron. Sat. 57, 23, 38 Petron. Sat. 58, 22 Petron. Sat. 72, 28 Petron. Sat. 75, 38 Petron. Sat. 75-76, 38 Petron. Sat. 76-77, 38 Petron. Sat. 119, 43 Philo, Agr. 173, 61 Philo, Conf. 127-28, 61

Index of passages cited Philo, Congr. 107, 168 Philo, Leg. All. 1.52, 61 Philo, Leg. All. 3.29-30, 61 Philo, Leg. All. 3.101, 146 Philo, Leg. All. 3.155, 55 Philo, Leg. All. 3.183, 55 Philo, Leg. Gai. 281-82, 37, 126 Philo, Mos. 1.1, 108 Philo, Mos. 1.27, 109 Philo, Mos. 1.158, 109 Philo, Mos. 2.69-70, 109 Philo, Mos. 2.192, 108 Philo, Mos. 2.212, 91 Philo, Op. 81, 55 Philo, Plant. 105, 55 Philo, Post. 28, 109 Philo, Post. 61, 132 Philo, Post. 136, 168 Philo, Quaest. in Ex. 2.40, 109 Philo, Quaest. in Ex. 2.54, 109 Philo, Sac. 9, 109 Philo, Som. 2.213, J 3 2 Philo, Spec. Leg. 1.265, 168 Philo, Spec. Leg. 3.151-52, 132 Philo, Spec. Leg. 4.79, 55 Philo, Virt. 172, 167 Philostr. VA 1.13, 157 Philostr. VA 4.25, 47, 48 Philostr. VA 6.41, 29 Philostr. VA 7.23, 91 Philostr. KS488, 71 Philostr. KS503, 71 Philostr. FS519, 83 Philostr. KS521, 71 Philostr. KS 591-92, 83 Philostr. VS 665, 32 Plato, Rep. 361E, 175 Pliny, Ep. 1.8.15, 92 Pliny, Ep. 1.14, 87 Pliny, Ep. 3.6, 43 Pliny, Ep. 7.27, 27 Pliny, Ep. 8.6, 39 Pliny, Ep. 9.6, 23 Pliny, HN 4.9, 52 Pliny, HN 17.48, 43 Pliny, HN 17.267, 27 Pliny, HN 28.17, 27 Pliny, //TV 28.19-20, 27 Pliny,//TV 28.47, 27 Pliny, //TV 30.2.11, 107 Pliny, //TV 33.41, 27 Pliny, HN 33.134-35, 38 Pliny, HN 34.1, 43 Pliny, HN 34.11, 38 Pliny,//TV 34.3.6-8, 43

241 Pliny, HN 34.6, 43 Pliny, HN 34.48, 43 Pliny, HN 37.12.49, 43 Plut. Caes. 57.5, 37 Plut. Cat. Ma. 18.4, 22 Plut. Cic. 8.1, 22 Plut. Cleom. 39, 27 Plut. Mor. 34D, 91 Plut. Mor. 45F, 30 Plut. Mor. 75C, 21 Plut. Mor. 76B-E, 19 Plut. Mor. 76C-86A, 21 Plut. Mor. 270D, 26 Plut. Mor. 364F, 33 Plut. Mor. 395B, 43 Plut. Mor. 540A-B, 24 Plut. Mor. 745A, 29, 51 Plut. Mor. 831 A, 43 Plut. Mor. 1057E, 169 Plut. Mor. 1090A, 30 Plut. Mor. 1102A, 32 Plut. Mor. 1125E, 25 Plut. Nic. 23, 27 Plut. Per. 6.1, 27 Plut. Tim. 14.2, 43 Plut. Tim. 26.1-2, 27 Quint. 3.7.21, 106 Quint. Inst. ipri5, 26 S. E. M. 1.9,26 S. E. M. 1.260, 51 S. E. P. 1.157, 30 Sen. De civ. D. 6.10, 26 Sen. Dial. 2.15.2-3, 21 Sen. Dial. 6.11.3, 165 Sen. Dial. 7.26.7, 21 Sen. Ep. 5.2, 26 Sen. Ep. 27.5, 38 Sen. Ep. 34-3-4, *9 Sen. Ep. 66.46, 19 Sen. Ep. 67.16, 21 Sen. Ep. 86.7, 39 Sen. Ep. 88.21, 85 Sen. Ep. 91.10, 42 Sen. £/?. 115.3-4, 19 Sen. Luc. 24.18, 28 Sen. Lwc. 36.10, 28 Stat. Silv. 3.3.78, 39 Str. 5.3.10, 33 Str. 7.7.3, 42 Str. 8.6.15, 29, 51 Str. 8.6.20, 42, 43, 44, 47 Str. 8.6.23, 37, 38, 41, 43, 87 Str. 10.5.4, 50

242

Index of passages cited

Str. 12.3.26, 47 Str. 16.2.39, 106 Str. 17.1.17, 29 Str. I7.3-I5,37 Suet. Aug. 70, 43 Suet. Nero 22, 49 Suet. Nero 25, 48, 49 Suet. Nero 34.4, 27 Suet. Nero 36, 27 Suet. Nero 53.55, 48 Suet. Tib. 34, 43 Tac. Ad. Gr. 27.2, 31 Tac. Ad. Gr. 35, 24 Tac. Agr. 4.1, 26 Tac. Agr. 4.3, 26 Tac. Ann. 2.27, 27 Tac. Ann. 4.38, 23 Tac. Ann. 12.22, 27 Tac. Ann. 13.27, 38 Tac. Ann. 14.14, 49 Tac. Ann. 14.14-15, 48 Tac. Dial. 32.3-4, 30 Tac. Hist. 5.4-5, 106 Tat. Ad. Gr. 32, 33 Vett. Val. 1.22, 22 Vett. Val. 2.22, 22

Early Christian sources 1 Clement, 160

1 Clement 2:1, 161 1 Clement 13:1, 161 1 Clement 13:3, 161 1 Clement 16:1-2, 161 1 Clement 16:7, 161 1 Clement 16:17, J 6i 1 Clement 17, 161 1 Clement 17:2, 161 1 Clement 18:8, 161 1 Clement 19:1, 161 1 Clement 21:8, 161 1 Clement 30:2, 161 1 Clement 30:3, 161 1 Clement 30:8, 161 1 Clement 31:4, 161 1 Clement 38:2, 161 1 Clement 44:3, 161 1 Clement 48:6, 161 1 Clement 53:2, 161 1 Clement 55:6, 161 1 Clement 56:1, 161 1 Clement 58:2, 161 1 Clement 59:3, 161 1 Clement 59:3-4, 161 1 Clement 62:2, 161 Did. 11:3-12:2, 81 Eusebius, Praep. Evang. Eusebius, Praep. Evang. Eusebius, Praep. Evang. Eusebius, Praep. Evang. 106

9.26.1, 106 9.27, 106 13:12.1, 106 13:13-16,

INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS

Aalen, 122, 124, 126, 128, 133 Agrell, 83, 86 Allegro, 132 Allen, 180 Allo, 7, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 104, 112, 146, 152, 154, 164, 165, 171, 180, 184, 191 Amoussine, 132 Armstrong, 21, 26 Aune, 27, 107 Bachmann, 55, 79, 155, 157, 165, 166 Bain, 130 Baird, 104 Balsdon, 86 Bammel, 110 Barnett, 5 Barr, 148 Barrett, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72, 74,76,79,81,82,87,92,93,94, 96, 104, 112, 133, 141, 146, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191, 192 Barton, 22 Bates, 191 Batey, 191 Bauer, 55, 58, 72, 82, 96, 104, 152, 157, 169, 173, 175 Baumann, 72 Baumert, 152, 179, 180, 181 Baur, 4, 5 Becker, 159 Behm, 147 Berger, 10 Best, 6, 7, 75, 76, 78 Betz, 7, 9, 27, 54, 62, 65, 67, 78, 79, 82, 83, 89, 133

243

Bieder, 8 Biers, 44, 51 Black, 148 Blass, 66, 82, 146, 150, 182 Bolkestein, 86 Boman, 22 Bonner, 27, 107 Bonnet, 65 Bookidis, 50 Bornkamm, 8, 73, 191 Borse, 5, 155 Bosch, 60 Bousset, 89 Bowersock, 30, 37, 42 Braun, 165 Brockington, 113, 125 Broneer, 29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,47,48,49,50,51 Brooke, 146 Bruce, 72, 96, 104, 128, 132, 152, 159, 167, 172, 173, 177, 191 Brueggemann, 119 Buck, 191 Budge, 149 Bugh, 41, 51 Bultmann, 6, 7, 11, 28, 55, 56, 57, 62, 64,70,75,79,81,82,93,97, 112, 136, 146, 152, 153, 155, 161, 164, 166, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 184, 191, Burford, 21 Burton, 70 Cadbury, 40, 51 Caird, 141, 146 Caragounis, 81, 98 Carcopino, 85 Cartledge, 35 Castren, 34 Cerfaux, 60, 93 Childs, 115

244

Index of modern authors

Clarke, 40 Clements, 115, 124 Collange, 8, 105, 109, 112, 128, 146, 152, 157, 166, 171, 172, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184 Conzelmann, 58, 59, 71, 75, 159 Cramer, 26 Cranfield, n o , 135, 138, 142, 174 Crook, 38 Cumont, 26 Dahl, 81,94, 148 Danker, 92 Daube, 89, 96 Dautzenberg, 93 Davidson, 43, 166 Davies, n o , 133 Davis, 75 Day, 37 De Montfaucon, 107 Deissmann, 28 Delling, 72 Demargne, 32 den Boer, 20, 23, 24 Dessau, 35, 48 Dibelius, 97 Didier, 95 Diessmann, 20 Dieterich, 108 Dihle, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27 Dill, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30 Dinkier, 8 Dodd, 62 Dodds, 24, 26, 27 Drage, 106 Dudley, 33 Duff, 38, 40 Dugandzic, n o Dungan, 92, 94, 98 Dunn, 133, 136, 174, 175, 178 Dupont, 131, 146, 165, 170

Ferguson, 19 Feuillet, 182, 183 Findley, 22 Finegan, 49 Finley, 20, 38, 45 Fitzmyer, 132, 147 Foerster, 117, 124 Forbes, 63, 70 Ford, n o , 180 Fredriksen, 131 Fridrichsen, 63, 170 Friedlander, 30 Friedrich, 5, 7, 8, 9, 70, 105 Friichtel, 14, 27 Funk, 75 Furnish, 5, 7, 9, 11, 20, 55, 56, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92, 93, 112, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154, 157, 161, 164, 166, 169, 170, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 191,192

Eagen, 104 Edelstein, 51 Edwards, 49 Elderkin, 27 Elliger, 41 Ellis, 4, 10, 75, 113, 115 Engels, 20 Ensslin, 106 Erbse, 27 Evans, 121, 141

Gager, 20, 106, 107, 108 Gardiner, 44, 45 Gardner, 49, 50 Garnsey, 20, 87 Geagan, 38, 42, 44, 51 Gebhard, 48, 50 Gegner, 9 Gemoll, 70 Georgi, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 56, 66, 70, 83, 88, 105, 109, 155, 161, 171, 191, 192 Gerhard, 91 Gigon, 20 Gill, 20, 35, 40 Ginsberg, 115 Giversen, 31 Glombitza, 72 Goodenough, 107, 109 Gordon, 21, 22, 23, 26, 38 Goudge, n o , 112, 128, 155, 184 Graf, 28 Grant, 19, 20, 32, 75, 159 Griffith, 24, 107 Grundmann, 168 Giilzow, 20 Gummerus, 85 Gundry, 64, 183 Gunther, 4, 5, 105 Gutbrod, 4 Gutierrez, 93 Guttgemanns, 8, 70, 166, 172

Fantham, 30 Fascher, 4, 72

Haenchen, 132 Hafemann, 55, 104

Index of modern authors Hands, 92 Hanson, 27, 60, 180 Harder, 57 Harner, 123 Harris, 35, 42, 112, 152, 166, 191 Hartman, 72 Harvey, 11, 139, 141 Hatch, 57 Hausrath, 191 Hempel, 126 Hengel, 20, 108 Henneken, 97 Hering, 4, 5, 55, 60, 70, 81, 104, 152, 165, 166, 169, 184 Hertzberg, 36, 48 Hickling, 10, 11, 106, 113, 156 Hill, 36 Hock, 64, 84, 85, 89 Hodgson, 170 Holladay, 9 Holmberg, 6 Hooker, 59, 105, n o , 150, 151, 160, 162, 173, 176, 178, 180, 182 Hoover, 151 Hopel, 130 Hopkins, 20, 22, 38 Horbury, 141 Horsley, G., 22 Horsley, R., 75, 77 Hiibner, 60, 136 Hugede, 146 Hughes, 67, 128, 146, 180, 191 Ibrahim, 49 Imhoof-Blumer, 49, 50 Jacobs, 60 Jeremias, 95, 108, 139 Jervell, 64, 112, 148, 149 Jones, 23, 25, 30, 31, n o Judge, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 55, 62, 63, 70, 83, 84, 87, 90 Kahrstedt, 42, 43 Kaibel, 32 Kamlah, 175, 178 Kardara, 43 Kasemann, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 55, 62, 64, 70, 82, 83, 97, 105, n o , 150, 156, 159 Keck, 12 Kee, 7 Kennedy, 30 Kenyon, 107 Keyes, 104

245 Kim, 104, 128, 133, 152 Kittel, 114 Knierim, 125 Knox, 75 Kolb, 21, 23 Kolenkow, 29 Kos, 37 Koster, 31, 57 Kraabel, 108 Kramer, 172 Kraus, 180 Kreissig, 20 Kuhn, 8, 133 Kummel, 2, 4, 5, 7, n , 55, 56, 70, 82, 97, 104, 146, 158, 159, 170, 173, 191 Lacey, de, 147, 148 Lagrange, 141, 150 Lambrecht, 147, 152, 171, 172, 175, 178 Larsen, 37, 42, 43, 48 Larsson, 147 Lattimore, 28 Laub, 97 Launey, 32 Legault, 59 Lenschau, 36, 42, 48 Liddell, 132 Lietzmann, 4, 5, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64, 66, 70, 79, 82, 94, 112, 147, 152, 156, 158, 164, 176, 178, 182, 184, 191 Lightfoot, 72, 74, 160 Lindars, 131 Lipsius, 65 Liidemann, 81, 88 Luhrmann, 8 Liitgert, 5, 7, 70, 155 MacMullen, 8, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26,27,29,31,33,34,38,47, 181 Maher, 168 Malherbe, 12, 20, 66, 67, 82, 84, 154 Markus, 27 Marshall, 90, 104 Martin, 9, 56, 81, 84, 151, 154, 166, 179, 182, 183, 191 Martini, 112 Marxen, 191 Mason, 46, 47 Mattusch, 43 McClelland, 10, 82 McHugh, 59

246

Index of modern authors

Meeks, 20, 22, 25, 31, 43, 81, 106, 109, 182 Meiggs, 21, 22, 85 Menzies, 112, 191 Metzger, 97 Meyer, 79, 172, 179, 184 Michaelis, 184 Michaud, 45 Michel, 128, 135, 141 Miller, 36 Moffatt, 72, 74, 94 Momigliano, 32, 49 Moore, 89, 168 Morris, 98 Mosse, 85 Mott, 90 Moule, 9, 66, 79, 92, n o , 151, 173 Moulton, 66, 79, 175, 182 Miillensiefen, 154 Munck, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 163, 191 Murmelstein, 109, 149 Murphy-O'Connor, 31, 35, 37, 43, 47, 180 Nielsen, 176 Nilsson, 27, 29, 31 Nock, 8, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34 Norden, 71, 106 O'Brien, 174 Ohlemutz, 32 Olley, 124 Oostendorp, 2, 4, 5, 65, 70, 105, 112, 155 Painter, 72 Payne, 32, 50 Pearson, 75, 77 Pepin, 106 Peters, 14, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30 Peterson, 60 Pfitzer, 45 Pherigo, 191 Philadelpheus, 38 Picard, 33 Pleket, 22, 45 Plummer, 5, 56, 57, 67, 70, 72, 74, 89, 94, 96, 112, 128, 146, 152, 155, 157, 164, 166, 169, 172, 180, 182, 184 Powell, 15 Pratscher, 91, 98 Preisendanz, 107 Prinsloo, 122 Proudfoot, 173

Prumm, 64, n o , 154 Pulcher, 40 Qwarnstrom, 180 Raisanen, n o , 133, 136, 137 Ramsay, 30, 65 Rawson, 37 Reekmans, 21, 47 Rehrl, 24 Reinach, 32 Reinhold, 21, 38 Reisel, 124 Reitzenstein, 64, 67, 70, 75, 108, 147 Richard, 105, 112 Rissi, 8, 70, 105, n o , 164, 172, 173, 179, 180,182 Robert, 25, 28, 30, 32, 45 Robertis, de, 86 Robertson, 72, 74, 94, 96, 147, 169, 171, 175 Robinson, 2, 48, 160 Roebuck, 49, 50, 51 Rood, 166 Ross, 59 Rostovtzeff, 36, 42 Rowland, 139 Salguero, 165 Sanders, 126, 134, 136, 137 Schlatter, 155, 179 Schlier, 72, 75 Schmithals, 2, 7, 64, 70, 75, 81, 94, 155, 165 Schneider, 27, 44, 49 Schniewind, 159 Schoeps, 5

Schottroff, 75 Schrage, 152, 170, 172, 176

Schreiner, 61 Schulz, 105 Schiitz, 6, 7, 155 Schwantes, 124 Scranton, 36, 39, 49, 50 Scroggs, 13, 20, 75, 148, 149 Seeligmann, 123 Sellin, 75 Sevenster, 170 Shaw, 6, 49 Shear, 46 Siber, 180, 181 Simon, 27, 31 Smith, 9, 13, 30, 37, 49 Snell, 22 Solin, 37

Index of modern authors Spawforth, 35 Spencer, 152 Spicq, 97, 148, 165, 169 Stachowiak, 112 Staehelin, 33 Stahlin, 89 Stambaugh, 20, 34, 35 Stanley, 112, 172 Stephenson, 191 Stillwell, 46, 48 Stockhausen, n o Stowers, 84 Strachan, 4, 64, 112, 128, 172, 179, 191 Stuhlmacher, 133 Tannehill, 178 Tarn, 24 Tasker, 81, 84, 191 Taylor, 21, 23, 37, 40 Thackeray, 60 Theissen, 4, 9, 35, 36, 40, 66, 83 Thiselton, 159 Thompson, 107, 115, 124, 125, 161 Thrall, 4, 66, 70, 112, 131, 163, 178, 191,192 Tiede, 9 Tod, 15 Travis, 63 Tuckett, 131

247 Vermeulen, 23 Vielhauer, 191 Warmington, 49 Watson, 67, 191, 192 Weaver, 39 Wedderburn, 150, 159, 182 Weiss, 72, 75, 82, 89, 94, 191 Welter, 32 Wendland, 19, 81, 104, 112, 191 West, 40 Wilckens, 7, 64, 72, 73, 75, 146 Wilcox, 132 Williams, 43 Williamson, 104 Willis, 35 Wilson, 8, 75, 159 Windisch, 4, 8, 56, 57, 64, 66, 81, 84, 93, 98, 112, 128, 146, 147, 152, 157, 158, 161, 166, 170, 172, 173, 184, 191 Winer, 92 Wiseman, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49 Wissowa, 29 Wolff, 9, 94, 112, 146, 157, 172 Woodhead, 15 Wright, 42, 136, 139, 141, 142, 146, 151, 183 Wuellner, 60

Ulonska, 105

Yadin, 132 Young, n o , 180

Van Diilmen, 134 Van Unnik, 146 Vermes, 141

Zeilinger, 174 Zerwick, 66, 79 Zmijewski, 63

INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS

Abraham, 109 Adam, his glory, 148 his sin, 150-52, 160 Aelianus, 25 Alciphron, 41, 42, 46 Amphitrite, 50 Antiochus, 41 Antiochus Epiphanes, 140 Aphrodite, 32, 33, 47, 50 Apollo, 33, 50 Apostleship, specifically Paul's its authority, 5-7 its defence, 6-7 its legitimacy, 81, 94 its signs, 11 Appearance, physical its value in the ancient world, 46-47, 64 the unimpressive visage of the apostle Paul, 12, 64, 71, 185 Aquila, 35 Aristides, 31, 41, 47 Artemis, 32, 33, 50 Asclepius, 26, 29, 32, 49, 51 Athena, 50 Athenaeus, 41 Atticus, 38, 41 Augustus, 36, 38, 40, 63 Blindness failure to see the glory of God, 111, 119-20, 134-35, 138 failure to see the glory of Paul's ministry, 129, 134, 143, 154, 185-86, 188 Boasting of Corinthian Christians, 57-58, 96 of Paul, 62-64, 91, 99, 161, 167, 187

248

of Paul's opponents, 12, 55-57, 83, 96, 98, 187 of the world, 76 a parody of worldly boasting, 63-64 Celsus, 28 Christians their stature in Graeco-Roman Corinth, 20 Chrysostom, 26, 43, 44, 71 Cicero, 19, 30, 84, 86 Corinth, the city its buildings, 36-37, 52 its cults, 50-51 its demographics, 37 its economy, 41-43, 50 its elegance, 36, 41-43, 52-53 its entertainment, 47-49 its games, 44, 51 its reputation, 35-37, 52 its Romanness, 37 Corinthians, 2 the literary integrity of, 191-92 Covenant, Old, 105, n o Crucifixion, specifically Christ's its curse, 131 its glory, 188 its ignominy, 188-89 as a paradigm for Christian ministry, 185-86, 189 Cults in Roman Corinth in particular, 50-51, 159 in the Graeco-Roman world at large, 29, 32-34 Cybele, 33, 50 Demeter, 26, 32, 50 Demetrius, 48 Dinippus, 40, 51 Diogenes, 30, 31, 45, 47, 48

Index of names and subjects Dionysos, 33, 50 Discipline Corinthian attitudes to it, 66-67 Paul's attitude to it, 67 Divine Man in christology, 8-9, 155-56 Enyo, 50 Epictetus, 65, 170 Epigraphy, 15, 35 Erastus, 40 Etruscus, 39 Euelpistus, 51 Eurycles, 39, 40 Faustinus, 47 Favorinus, 41, 47 Fortunatus, 35 Freedmen their traits, 37-40, 52, 78 their upward mobility, 37-40, 78 in Corinth, 20, 37, 52, 78 Gaius, 35 Galatians, 105 Games at Isthmia, 44-45, 51 their glory, 45 Glory of Adam, 148-50 of Christ, 128-29, 142, 160 of Israel, 123 of Moses, 105, H I , 129, 188 of Paul, 111-14, 127, 130, 143, 151-52, 161-63, 177, 182-85, 188, 190 of the cross, 143, 161-62 in LXX Isaiah, 112-14, 116, 118, 122-23, I26 > 128-29, 188 the sheer brightness of, 112, 127, 129, 185, 188, 190 Gnosticism, 7-8, 75, 155, 165 Hadrian, 35 Handworker despised vocation, 84 honoured vocation, 85 Hecate, 32 Helios, 26, 28, 29, 32, 50 Heracles, 32, 50 Hermes, 32, 50 Hicesius, 41 Hillel, 89 Horace, 36

249

Humility of Christ, 152, 160, 189 of Israel, 120-22, 143 of Paul, 73, 93, 97, 142, 151-52, 156, 162, 167, 177, 186, 189 in relation to faith, 175, 177, 179-81, 185, 189 equated with 'weakness', 167-68, 186, 187, 189 Image of God, 147-52 Isaac, 109 Isocrates, 71 Iuventianus, 50 Jacob, 109 Janneus, 132 Janus, 26 Jesus the simple name 'Jesus', 172 the 'dying' of Jesus, 173 Jose, 168 Judgement, divine its goal, 122, 126, 142, 151 its rationale, 120-22, 142 Julius Caesar, 35 Juvenal, 21, 26, 38 Kore, 26, 50 Kronos, 50 Laco, 39, 40, 42, 51 Law its goal, 133 its inherent weakness, 130-39 its place in 2 Cor, 5, 10 Life, 175-78, 186, 189 Lucian, 22, 25, 44, 84, 86 Lucius, 35 Messiah, the Christ afflictions of, 173-74 expectations of, 139-42, 143 Ministry, Christian Paul's defence of, 6-7 the paradox of, 1, 162-63, 187-90 Mithras, 32 Moses, 8, 103-11, 132, 168 Mummius, 35 Nag Hammadi, 170 Nemesis, 26, 28, 50 Nero, 27, 36, 42, 48, 49, 50, 52 New age, 127, 139, 176, 186, 188-89

250

Index of names and subjects

Noah, 109 Old Testament Paul's use of, 59-61, 111-15, 126-29, 131-33, 161, 174 Opponents, Paul's their behaviour, 55-57, 64, 67, 68, 83, 91, 93, 98, 156-58, 185-86 their doctrine/teaching, 5, 8, 105, 155-56 their origin and identity, 3-10, 158 their place in the Corinthian church, 3, 158, 161, 187 a critique of scholarly work on the opponents, 9-12, 155-56 the apostle Paul's assessment of the opponents, 91, 138, 158 Oratory classical, 30, 70-71 vulgar, 31, 47, 71, 73, 80, 187 Origen, 28 Ovid, 26 Palaemon, 26, 50 Paradox of the gospel of Christ, 142, 152, 153, 163, 166, 169, 177-78, 185-86, 188 of the lives of Christians, 178 of the ministry of the apostle Paul, 1, 64, 69, 80, 99, 162, 171, 177, 178, 185-90 Pausanias, 36, 37 Philinus, 39, 40, 41, 42, 51 Philo, 75, 132 Philostratus, 30, 48, 70 Plutarch, 22, 26, 169 Poseidon, 25, 29, 31, 39, 45, 47, 50, 5i Poverty its stigma, 22-23, 86-88, 99 Power the apostle Paul's attitude to power, 99, 165-69, 171, 176, 185-89 the attitude to power in the first century, 29, 40, 52, 69, 142 the paradox of power in Paul, 1, 166, 168-69, 185-89 Pride of Adam, 151, 160 of Corinthian Christians, 143-44, 160, 168, 187 of Israel, 116-22, 137, 142-43, 160 of Paul, 135, 138, 143, 160, 167, 188 of the opponents, 156-58, 161, 187

of the spirit of the age, 78, 185-86, 190 Primigenius, 41 Priscilla, 35 Proclus, 51 Pulcher, 40, 51 Quartus, 35 Quintilian, 30, 70 R. Bana'ah, 148 Reconciliation, to God, 151 Resurrection of Christ, 181 of Paul, 181-82 in the future, 181 in the present, 177-81, 182 Romans, 105 Salvation in Graeco-Roman cults, 27-29, 160 in LXX Isaiah, 124-25 in the cross of Jesus Christ, 142, 152, 163,178,189 Satan his agents, 154, 157 his identity, 154 his work, 154, 159 Saturn, 26 Scopelian, 71 Seneca, 26, 28, 38, 86 Serapis, 31, 32 Society, Roman afterlife, 27 arts and entertainment, 33, 50 banquets, 32, 50 commerce, 33, 41-43, 50 competition, 23, 44-45, 46, 49, 52 magic, 27, 107 mobility, 20, 37-40, 99 philosophers, 26, 75, 79 politics, 34, 51 privacy, 22 rank, 20 self-display, 22-23, 39~4°> 45, 49 sophists, 79, 82 superstition, 27 'Sociological school', 13, 90 Spartiaticus, 39, 40, 42 Speech of the apostle Paul, 12, 70-72, 185, 187 Spirit, Holy, 7-8, 162, 180 Stephen, 9 Strabo, 37, 41, 42, 43, 106

Index of names and subjects Suetonius, 48 Suffering of Christ, 171-73, 189 of Paul, 169-74, 180, 183, 185, 189 in relation to 'weakness', 171, 175, 181, 189 Support, financial the attitude to support in first century, 87-88, 187 the attitude to support in Paul, 12, 80, 89-94,95, 185 Tacitus, 38 Tertius, 35 Themison, 45 Tiberius, 44 Titus Justus, 35 Transformation, 145-48, 151, 177 Trimalchio, 26, 28, 38, 39, 86 Trogus, 106 Tyche, 50

25'

Valerianius, 39 Varus, 140 Venus, 25 Victory, 50 Weakness the attitude to 'weakness' in Paul, 65-69, 80, 93, 165, 175, 185, 187-90 the attitude to 'weakness' in the first century, 185 Wealth its rewards in the first century, 20, 40, 52,98-99, 188 Wisdom 'of the world', 74, 77-78, 159 in relation to Paul's use of ^oyoc;, 74,78 the technical use of ao(()ta in 1 Cor, 74

Zadok, 89 Zeus, 32, 50