Richard III (Webster's Thesaurus Edition)

Citation preview

RICHARD III Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

William Shakespeare

PSAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE, AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

Richard III Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

William Shakespeare

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

ICON CLASSICS Published by ICON Group International, Inc. 7404 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 USA www.icongrouponline.com Richard III: Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005 Printed in the United states of America. Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.

Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retryval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publiSHERIFF. Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmd permission from ICON Group International, Inc. PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-497-25356-9

iii

Contents PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR .......................................................................................... 1 PERSONS REPRESENTED. ............................................................................................... 3 ACT ONE. ......................................................................................................................... 5 ACT TWO. ....................................................................................................................... 55 ACT THREE. ................................................................................................................... 77 ACT FOUR. ................................................................................................................... 117 ACT FIVE...................................................................................................................... 159 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 181

William Shakespeare

1

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR Designed for school districts, educators, and students seeking to maximize performance on standardized tests, Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in English courses. By using a running thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this edition of Richard III by William Shakespeare was edited for students who are actively building their vocabularies in anticipation of taking PSAT®, SAT®, AP® (Advanced Placement®), GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT® or similar examinations.1 Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of synonyms and antonyms for difficult and often ambiguous English words that are encountered in other works of literature, conversation, or academic examinations. Extremely rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority in the notes compared to words which are “difficult, and often encountered” in examinations. Rather than supply a single synonym, many are provided for a variety of meanings, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of the English language, and avoid using the notes as a pure crutch. Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not noted on a page, chances are that it has been highlighted on a previous page. A more complete thesaurus is supplied at the end of the book; Synonyms and antonyms are extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary. Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-onlinedictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected] The Editor Webster’s Online Dictionary www.websters-online-dictionary.org

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved. 1

William Shakespeare

PERSONS REPRESENTED.% KING EDWARD THE FOURTH ELIZABETH, Queen to King Edward IV EDWARD, Prince of Wales afterwards King Edward V sons to the King RICHARD, Duke of York GEORGE, Duke of Clarence brother’s to the king RICHARD, Duke of Gloster, afterwards King Richard III DUCHESS OF YORK, mother to King Edward IV, Clarence, and Gloster LADY ANNE, widow to Edward, prince of Wales, son to King MARGARET, widow to King Henry VI A YOUNG SON OF CLARENCE A YOUNG DAUGHTER OF CLARENCE HENRY, Earl of Richmond, afterwards King Henry VII CARDINAL BOURCHIER, Archbishop of Canterbury THOMAS ROTHERHAM, Archbishop of York JOHN MORTON, Bishop of Ely DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM DUKE OF NORFOLK EARL OF SURREY, his son EARL RIVERS, brother to King Edward's Queen MARQUIS OF DORSET and LORD GREY, her sons EARL OF OXFORD LORD HASTINGS LORD STANLEY LORD LOVEL SIR THOMAS VAUGHAN SIR RICHARD RATCLIFF SIR WILLIAM CATESBY

} }

Thesaurus afterwards: (adv) afterward, majesty, rex, power. ANTONYM: (n) subsequently, later, thereafter, later queen. on, next, behind, thereupon; (adj) mother: (n) mamma, mommy, origin, following, subsequent; (n) mama, ma, mammy, mummy; (n, v) father; (v) engender, generate, beget. termination. brother: (n) fellow, blood brother, prince: (n) lord, potentate, sovereign, associate, counterpart, crony, duke, king, chief, maharaja, comrade, buddy, peer, chum, maharajah, ruler, magnate, archduke. sidekick, monk. ANTONYMS: (n) widow: (n) woman, relict, widower, enemy, opposer, opponent. adult female, widow woman, war king: (n) mogul, sovereign, chief, widow, nobbled line; (adj) widowed, crown, tycoon, baron, ruler, magnate, additional; (v) leave behind.

3

4

Richard III

SIR JAMES TYRREL SIR JAMES BLOUNT SIR WALTER HERBERT SIR ROBERT BRAKENBURY, Lieutenant of the tower CHRISTOPHER URSWICK, a priest ANOTHER PRIEST LORD MAYOR OF LONDON SHERIFF OF WILTSHERE HENRY VI; afterwards married to the Duke of Gloster LORDS, and other ATTENDANTS; two GENTLEMEN, a PURSUIVANT, SCRIVENER, CITIZENS, MURDERERS, MESSENGERS, GHOSTS, SOLDIERS, etc.%

Thesaurus afterwards: (adv) afterward, subsequently, later, thereafter, later on, next, behind, thereupon; (adj) following, subsequent; (n) termination. married: (adj) wedded, conjugal, matrimonial, connubial, nuptial, united, mixed, connected, marrying, attached, unite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmarried, unattached, divorced, public. priest: (adj, n) clergyman, divine; (n)

minister, ecclesiastic, churchman, pastor, celebrant, parson, cleric, presbyter, chaplain. tower: (n) column, spire, steeple, pinnacle, pylon, castle; (adj, n) pillar; (v) ascend, rise, loom, arise.

William Shakespeare

5

ACT ONE.% SCENE I. [Enter RICHARD Duke of Gloster, solus.] RICHARD. Now is the Winter of our Discontent, Made glorious Sumr by this son of York: And all the clouds that lowr'd upon our house In the deep bosom of the Ocean buried. Now are our browes bound with Victorious Wreathes, Our bruised arms hung up for Monuments; Our sterne alarums chang'd to merry Meetings; Our dreadful Marches, to delightfull Measures. Grim-visag'd War, hath smooth'd his wrinkled Front: And now, in stead of mounting Barbed Steeds, To fright the souls of fearful adversaries, He capers nimbly in a ladies Chamber, To the lasciuious pleasing of a Lute. But I, that am not shap'd for sportiue trickes, Nor made to court an amorous Looking-glasse: I, that am Rudely stampt, and want love’s majesty,

Thesaurus amorous: (adj) amatory, romantic, rapidly, readily; (adj) dexterously; surbet, sore to the touch, painful. fright: (n, v) dismay, alarm, scare, (adj, adv) neatly. ANTONYMS: (adv) amative, affectionate, passionate, affright; (n) awe, fear, dread, terror, fond, warm, ardent, erotic, tender, lethargically, heavily, awkwardly. impassioned. ANTONYMS: (adj) horror, consternation, apprehension. stead: (n) behalf, room, lieu, spot, ANTONYMS: (n) calm, fearlessness, cold, hateful, repulsed, unfriendly, location, station, space, seat, position, cool. courage, confidence, security. office, locality. bosom: (n) heart, interior, boob, mounting: (n, v) mount; (adj, n) sterne: (n) Laurence Sterne. thorax, chest, bust, tit; (n, v) embrace; climbing; (n) ascent, setting, climb, wrinkled: (adj, n) rough, rugged; (adj) (v) cherish, hug; (adj) intimate. frame, assembly, chassis, framework, puckered, creased, wrinkly, wizened, ANTONYMS: (n) outside, exteriority. ascension; (adj, adv) rising. crumpled, lined, gnarled, unironed, bruised: (adj) wounded, hurt, raw, nimbly: (adv) adroitly, alertly, lightly, crinkled. ANTONYMS: (adj) sore, livid, tender, sensitive, rotten, energetically, cleverly, hastily, deftly, unwrinkled, ironed, straight.

6

Richard III

To %strut before a wonton ambling Nymph: I, that am curtail'd of this fair Proportion, Cheated of Feature by dissembling Nature, Deform'd, un-finish’d, sent before my time Into this breathing world, scarce halfe made up, And that so lamely and unfashionable, That dogs barke at me, as I halt by them. Why I (in this weake piping time of peace) Have no delight to pass away the time, Unless to see my Shadow in the sun, And descant on mine own Deformity. And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover, To entertain these fair well spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain, And hate the idle pleasures of these days. Plots have I laid, Inductions dangerous, By drunkn Prophesys, Libels, and dreams, To set my brother Clarence and the King In deadly hate, the one against the other: And if King Edward be as true and just, As I am Subtle, False, and Treacherous, This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up: About a Prophesy, which says that G, Of Edward’s heirs the murderer shall be. Diue thoughts down to my soul, here Clarence comes. [Enter CLARENCE, and BRAKENBURY, guarded.] brother, good day: What means this armed guard That waites upon Your Grace? CLARENCE. His majesty Tendring my persons safety, hath appointed This conduct, to convey me to th' tower

Thesaurus descant: (n) song, melody, hymn, disregard, ignore, banish, forget, tire, simplicity. strain, tune; (v) sing, warble, amplify; displease. piping: (n) pipe, pipage, conduit, line, (n, v) discourse; (adj) enlarge, dilate. heirs: (n) family, posterity, issue. chimneypot, drainpipe, main, edging; dissembling: (adj) dissimulating, lamely: (adv) crippledly, limpingly, (adj) high, shrill, reedy. insincere; (n) pretense, deception, disabledly, weakly, haltingly, poorly, scarce: (adj) rare, insufficient, deficient, pretence, deceit, chicanery, feigning, hobblingly, paralytically, infirmly, infrequent, uncommon, scant, scanty, few, sparse; (adv) just, barely. hypocrisy, misrepresentation, faintly, unsatisfactorily. majesty: (adj, n) grandeur, splendor, ANTONYMS: (adj) plentiful, pretending. entertain: (v) amuse, delight, bear, nobility; (n) dignity, loftiness, common, adequate, strong, usual, cherish, beguile, admit, magnificence, stateliness, greatness, extensive. wonton: (n) dumpling, dumplings, accommodate, harbor, hold, distract; king, royalty, highness. (n, v) interest. ANTONYMS: (v) ANTONYMS: (n) austerity, soup, wonton soup.

William Shakespeare

7

RICHARD. Upon %what cause? CLARENCE. Because my name is George RICHARD. Alack my Lord, that fault is none of yours: He should for that commit your Godfathers. O belike, his majesty hath some intent, That you should be new Christned in the tower, But what's the matter Clarence, may I know? CLARENCE. Yea Richard, when I know: but I protest As yet I do not: But as I can learn, He Harkns after Prophesys and dreams, And from the Cross-row plucks the letter G: And says, a Wizard told him, that by G, His issue disinherited should be. And for my name of George begins with G, It followes in his thought, that I am he. These (as I learn) and such like toyes as these, Hath moved his Highness to commit me now RICHARD. Why this it is, when men are rul'd by Women: 'Tis not the King that sends you to the tower, My Lady Grey his wife, Clarence 'tis she, That tempts him to this harsh Extremity. Was it not she, and that good man of Worship, Anthony Woodville her brother there, That made him send Lord Hastings to the tower? From whence this present day he is delivered? We are not safe Clarence, we are not safe

Thesaurus belike: (adv) probably, likely, blot, delinquency, flaw, break, blunder; (adj, n) failing, blemish; (n, presumably, perhaps, believably, in v) blame, crime. ANTONYMS: (n) all probability. commit: (v) consign, assign, charge, strength, virtue, capability, innocence, perfection, credit, ease; (v) confide, dedicate, apply, entrust, submit, intrust, leave, give. praise, absolve. ANTONYMS: (v) stop, desist, divest, harsh: (adj, v) sharp, bitter; (adj, n) end, idle, withhold, wait, cease, keep, grating, coarse, austere, discordant; (adj) grim, cruel, crude, unkind, stern. refuse. disinherited: (n) disinheritance; (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, soft, homeless, unloved. harmonious, pleasant, lenient, kind, fault: (adj, n, v) deficiency; (n) error, melodious, sweet, mild, lush,

friendly. safe: (adj) reliable, cautious, good, dependable, sound, harmless, innocuous, correct, innocent, inoffensive; (n) closet. ANTONYMS: (adj) dangerous, risky, unprotected, vulnerable, hurt, insecure, harmful, reckless, unreliable, toxic, injured. whence: (adv) wherefrom, hence, because, for, why, wherefore, how, then, then thence so, how comes it, how happens it.

8

Richard III

CLARENCE. By %heaven, I think there is no man secure But the Queen’s kindred, and night-walking Heralds, That trudge betwixt the King, and Mistris Shore. Heard you not what an humble Suppliant Lord Hastings was, for her delivery? RICHARD. Humbly complaining to her Deity, Got my Lord Chamberlaine his liberty. I’ll tell you what, I think it is our way, If we will keep in favour with the King, To be her men, and wear her Livery. The jealous ore-worne widow, and her self, Since that our brother dub'd them Gentlewomen, Are mighty gossips in our Monarchy BRACKENBURY. I beseech Your Graces both to pardon me, His majesty hath straightly given in charge, That no man shall have private Conference (Of what degree soever) with your brother RICHARD. Even so, and please your Worship Brakenbury, You may partake of any thing we say: We speak no Treason man; We say the King Is wise and virtuous, and his noble Queen Well struck in years, fair, and not iealious. We say, that Shore’s wife hath a pretty Foot, A cherry Lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue: And that the Queen’s kindred are made gentle Folkes. How say you sir? can you deny all this?

Thesaurus beseech: (v) beg, crave, implore, ask, request, adjure, pray, sue, appeal, solicit, plead. ANTONYMS: (v) give, offer, grant, reject. betwixt: (n) midst; (prep) among, amid; (adv) atwixt. bonny: (adj) fine, comely, bonnie, lovely, neat, beautiful, bunny, Idzo, pleasant, dainty, becoming. cherry: (adj, n) cerise, red; (n) cherry tree, capulin, virgin; (adj) ruddy, crimson, ruby, scarlet, rubicund,

blooming. straight. kindred: (adj) cognate, akin, similar, trudge: (n, v) tramp, trek, hike, slog, allied, related; (n) kin, consanguinity, ramble, march, walk, wander; (v) relation, folk, folks, kin group. trail, pad, shack. partake: (v) deal, touch, share, virtuous: (adj) upright, pure, consume, attend, eat, taste, receive, righteous, good, moral, just, communicate, join, have. honorable, honest, respectable, ANTONYM: (v) refrain. decent, pious. ANTONYMS: (adj) straightly: (adv) straightforwardly, bad, sinful, corrupt, impure, uprightly, properly, honestly, unethical, decadent, degenerate, immediately, rightly, flatly, irreverent. vertically, genuinely, frankly,

William Shakespeare

9

BRACKENBURY. With this (my Lord) my self have naught to do.% RICHARD. Naught to do with Mistris Shore? I tell the Fellow, he that doth naught with her (Excepting one) were best to do it secretly alone BRACKENBURY. What one, my Lord? RICHARD. Her husband Knaue, would'st thou betray me? BRACKENBURY. I do beseech Your Grace To pardon me, and withall forbear Your Conference with the noble Duke CLARENCE. We know thy charge Brakenbury, and wil obey RICHARD. We are the Queen’s abjects, and must obey. brother farewell, I will unto the King, And whatsoe're you will employ me in, Were it to call King Edward’s widow, sister, I will perform it to enfranchise you. Meantime, this deep disgrace in brotherhood, Touches me deepr then you can imagine CLARENCE. I know it pleaseth neither of us well RICHARD. Well, your imprisonment shall not be long, I will deliver you, or else lie for you: Meantime, have patience

Thesaurus betray: (v) deceive, bewray, sell, grass, enfranchise: (v) emancipate, free, deliver, absolve, acquit; (n) empower, dupe, reveal, mislead, disclose, accuse, befool, bamboozle. charter, license, privilege, warrant, ANTONYMS: (v) protect, undeceive, liberation. ANTONYM: (v) hide, defend, withhold. disenfranchise. disgrace: (adj, n, v) dishonor; (n, v) farewell: (int, n) adieu; (n) bye, leave, discredit, shame, stain, blemish, blot, valediction, adios, parting, goodbye, slur, reproach; (v) degrade, debase; separation, departure, aloha; (int) bon (n) degradation. ANTONYMS: (n, v) voyage. ANTONYMS: (n) hello, respect, esteem, credit; (v) glorify, salutation, welcome. dignify, praise; (n) merit, grace, naught: (n) cipher, nothing, null, pride, rise, worthiness. aught, nix, nought, zip, cypher, nada;

(adj, n, pron) nil; (n, pron) zilch. secretly: (adv) privately, confidentially, quietly, stealthily, surreptitiously, furtively, in secret, darkly, secretively, clandestinely, occultly. ANTONYMS: (adv) publicly, deliberately, brazenly. thou: (n) chiliad, grand, m, g, one thousand, gramme, gram, gm, gigabyte, Gb, curtilage. unto: (prep, v) to, till, up to; (prep) towards, before.

10

CLARENCE. % [Exit CLARENCE]

Richard III

I must perforce: Farewell.

RICHARD. Go treade the path that thou shalt ne're return: Simple plain Clarence, I do love the so, That I will shortly send thy soul to Heaven, If Heaven will take the present at our hands. But who comes here? the new delivered Hastings? [Enter LordHASTINGS.] HASTINGS. Good time of day unto my gracious Lord RICHARD. As much unto my good Lord Chamberlaine: Well are you welcome to this open air, How hath your Lordship brook'd imprisonment? HASTINGS. With patience (noble Lord) as prisoners must: But I shall live (my Lord) to give them thanks That were the cause of my imprisonment RICHARD. No doubt, no doubt, and so shall Clarence too, For they that were your enemies, are his, And have prevail’d as much on him, as you, HASTINGS. More pity, that the Eagles should be mew'd, Whiles Kites and Buzzards play at liberty RICHARD. What news abroad? HASTINGS. No news so bad abroad, as this at home:

Thesaurus gracious: (adj) genial, benign, good, courteous, compassionate, kind, accommodating, civil; (adj, n) benevolent, congenial, gentle. ANTONYMS: (adj) ungracious, boorish, discourteous, reserved, rude, abrupt, critical, unkind, hardhearted, harsh, poor. imprisonment: (n) captivity, confinement, incarceration, durance, detention, arrest, immurement, internment, duress; (adj, n) bondage;

(v) imprison. ANTONYMS: (n) sufferance; (n, v) moderation, calmness. ANTONYMS: (n) release, freedom. liberty: (adj, n) freedom, franchise; (n) impatience, eagerness, intolerance, license, leave, independence, annoyance. perforce: (n) on compulsion; (adv) autonomy, emancipation, latitude, permission, scope, release. needs. ANTONYMS: (n) slavery, pity: (n, v) compassion, ruth; (n) domination, constraint, suppression, mercy, commiseration, condolence, sympathy, clemency, remorse; (v) dependence. patience: (n) endurance, fortitude, sympathize, compassionate, feel sorry for. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, longanimity, equanimity, tolerance, resignation, restraint, composure, cruelty, indifference, harshness, joy.

William Shakespeare

11

The %King is sickly, weake, and melancholy, And his physicians fear him mightily RICHARD. Now by Saint Iohn, that news is bad indeed. O he hath kept an evil diet long, And over-much consum'd his royal person: 'Tis very grievous to be thought upon. Where is he, in his bed? HASTINGS. He is RICHARD. Go you before, and I will follow you. [ExitHASTINGS.] He cannot live I hope, and must not die, Till George be pack'd with post-horse up to Heaven. I’ll in to urge his hatred more to Clarence, With lies well steel'd with weighty Arguments, And if I fail not in my deep intent, Clarence hath not another day to live: Which done, God take King Edward to his mercy, And leave the world for me to bussle in. For then, I’ll marry Warwick’s Youngest daughter. What though I kill'd her husband, and her father, The readiest way to make the Wench amends, Is to become her husband, and her father: The which will I, not all so much for love, As for another secret close intent, By marrying her, which I must reach unto. But yet I run before my horse to Market: Clarence still breathes, Edward still lives and reigns,

Thesaurus grievous: (adj) bitter, dolorous, weighty: (adj) heavy, ponderous, delight, friendliness, admiration. marrying: (adj) married. grievous, powerful, profound; (adj, v) dreadful, deplorable, sad, tough, mightily: (adv) powerfully, pitiful, atrocious, regrettable, grave, serious, momentous, sorrowful, sorry. ANTONYM: (adj) vigorously, strongly, greatly, significant, solemn, influential. successful. potently, fiercely, sturdily, violently, ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, light, hastings: (n) Thomas Hastings. robustly, puissantly, vastly. unimportant, trivial, weightless, hatred: (n, v) detestation, enmity, ANTONYMS: (adv) weakly, slightly. unsubstantial, thin, solvable, small, animosity; (n) aversion, antipathy, sickly: (adj, adv) poorly; (n) invalid; facile, easy. (adj) sick, ailing, pale, sallow, disgust, abhorrence, grudge, anger, abomination, hostility. ANTONYMS: indisposed, morbid, diseased; (adj, n, (n) liking, adoration, affection, v) infirm; (adj, v) faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, bitter, robust. attraction, goodwill, kindness,

12

Richard III

When they are gone, then must I count my gains. [Exit]

SCENE II.% [Enter the corpse of Henry the sixthh with Halberds to guard it, Lady Anne being the Mournr. ANNE. Set down, set down your honourable load, If honor may be shrowded in a hearse; Whil'st I a-while obsequiously lament Th' untimely fall of virtuous Lancaster. Poor key-cold figure of a holy King, Pale Ashes of the House of Lancaster; Thou bloodless Remnant of that royal blood, Be it lawful that I invocate thy Ghost, To hear the Lamentations of poor Anne, wife to thy Edward, to thy slaughtered son, Stab'd by the selfsame hand that made these wounds. Lo, in these windows that let forth thy life, I pour the helpless balm of my poor eyes. O cursed be the hand that made these holes: cursed the Heart, that had the heart to do it: cursed the blood, that let this blood from hence: More direfull hap betide that hated Wretch That makes us wretched by the death of the, Then I can wish to Wolves, to Spiders, toads, Or any creeping venom'd thing that lives. If ever he have child, abortive be it,

Thesaurus balm: (n) salve, unguent, incense, honor: (n, v) respect, reputation, glory, respectfully, cringingly, politely, fame, reward; (n) award, accolade, perfume, aroma, unction, liniment, admiringly, courteously. reverence; (v) celebrate; (adj, n, v) selfsame: (adj) very, same, balsam, arnica, lotion, fragrance. ANTONYMS: (n) irritant, nuisance. worship, grace. ANTONYMS: (n, v) tantamount, like. betide: (v) bechance, come, become, dishonor, disgrace; (n) shame, untimely: (adj) early, unseasonable, transpire, occur, happen, develop, humiliation, wickedness, contempt, inopportune, inappropriate, insult; (v) break, ignore, disrespect, arise, be, rise, break. awkward, immature, previous, ill bloodless: (adj) white, livid, dead, discredit. timed, inconvenient, improper, invocate: (v) pray. belated. ANTONYMS: (adj) timely, pale, pasty, wan, exsanguine, blanched, anaemic, ghastly, watery. obsequiously: (adv) subserviently, appropriate, opportune, convenient, ANTONYMS: (adj) robust, sanguine, submissively, fawningly, slavishly, overdue. rosy, bloody, florid, caring, lively. compliantly, sycophantically,

William Shakespeare

13

Prodigeous, and untimely brought to light, Whose ugly and unnatural Aspect May fright the hopefull mother at the view, And that be heir to his unhappiness. If ever he have wife, let her be made More miserable by the death of him, Then I am made by my young Lord, and the. Come now towards Chertsey with your holy load, Taken from Paul’s, to be interd there. And still as you are weary of this weight, Rest you, whiles I lament King Henry’s corpse. Enter Richard Duke of Gloster.% RICHARD. Stay you that bear the corpse, and set it down ANNE. What black magician conjures up this Fiend, To stop devoted charitable deeds? RICHARD. Villains set down the corpse, or by Saint Paul, I’ll make a corpse of him that disobeys FIRST GENTLEMAN. My Lord stand back, and let the Coffin pass RICHARD. Unmanner’d dog, stand'st thou when I commaund: Advance thy Halbert higher then my breast, Or by Saint Paul I’ll strike the to my foot, And spurn upon the beggar for thy boldness ANNE. What do you tremble? are you all afraid? Alas, I blame you not, for you are mortal,

Thesaurus beggar: (n) mendicant, mumper, pauper, tramp, sponger, joker, poor man, cadger, bloke; (v) beg, pauperize. ANTONYM: (n) giver. boldness: (n) prowess, face, daring, valor, nerve, assurance, heroism, audaciousness, spirit, cheek, valour. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, shyness, timidity, meekness, reticence. lament: (v) bemoan, complain, deplore, grieve, keen, bewail, mourn; (n) dirge, complaint; (n, v) wail,

moan. ANTONYMS: (n) celebration, tremble: (adj, n, v) shiver; (n, v) quiver, joy; (v) revel, rejoice, celebrate, shudder, thrill, palpitate; (adj, v) totter, quake; (n) throb; (v) flutter, applaud, praise, compliment. magician: (n) enchanter, conjurer, quail, falter. ANTONYMS: (v) steady, illusionist, wizard, conjuror, calm. thaumaturge, magicians, performer, unnatural: (adj) affected, artificial, magus, necromancer, prestidigitator. grotesque, supernatural, forced, spurn: (v) scorn, rebuff, repulse, abnormal, eccentric, uncanny, stilted, disdain, reject, refuse, snub, kick, mannered, anomalous. ANTONYMS: decline, deny; (n, v) slight. (adj) natural, normal, real, unaffected, ANTONYMS: (v) admire, court, commonplace, genuine, sincere. whiles: (n) while. respect.

14

Richard III

And %mortal eyes cannot endure the devil. Avaunt thou dreadful minister of hell; Thou had'st but power over his mortal body, His soul thou canst not have: Therefore be gone RICHARD. Sweet Saint, for Charity, be not so curst ANNE. Foul devil, for God’s sake hence, and trouble us not, For thou hast made the happy earth thy hell: Fill'd it with cursing cries, and deep exclaims: If thou delight to view thy heinous deeds, Behold this patterne of thy Butcheries. Oh Gentlemen, see, see dead Henry’s wounds, Open their congeal'd mouthes, and bleed afresh. Blush, blush, thou lumpe of foul deformity: For 'tis thy presence that exhales this blood From cold and empty Veines where no blood dwells. Thy Deeds inhumane and unnatural, Provokes this Deluge most unnatural. O God! which this blood mad'st, revenge his death: O eyeth! which this blood drink'st, revenge his death. Either Heau'n with Lightning strike the murth'rer dead: Or eyeth gape open wide, and eate him quick, As thou dost swallow up this good Kings blood, Which his hell-govern'd arm hath butcherd RICHARD. Lady, you know no Rules of Charity, Which renders good for bad, Blessings for curses ANNE. Villain,thou know'st nor law of God nor Man, No Beast so fierce, but knows some touch of pity

Thesaurus bleed: (v) run, ooze, phlebotomize, denunciation, cursedness; (v) nefarious, infamous. ANTONYM: (adj) good. leak, percolate, shed blood, trickle, beshrew. hemorrhage, fleece; (n) ache, smart. curst: (adj) darned, damned, deuced, inhumane: (adj) brutal, inhuman, blush: (n, v) glow, color; (v) redden, goddam, goddamn, goddamned, ferocious, merciless, barbarous, crimson; (n) red, bloom, rosiness, maledict, everlasting, damnable, unkind, truculent, savage, ruddiness, redness; (adj) bashful; damn, accursed. remorseless, pitiless, unmerciful. (adv) blushingly. ANTONYMS: (v) gape: (v) gawk, yawn, open, glare, ANTONYM: (adj) caring. blanch, pale, blench; (n) paleness. goggle, split, dehisce, ogle, see; (adj, swallow: (n, v) drink, gulp, taste, sip, curses: (n) abuse. n) stare; (n, v) look. swig; (v) bolt, consume, devour, cursing: (adj) cursed, execrative; (n) heinous: (adj) atrocious, grievous, evil, accept, stomach, endure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) sip; (v) doubt, blasphemy, anathema, swearing, wicked, flagrant, flagitious, swear word, malediction, execration, monstrous, hateful; (adj, v) gross, expel, disbelieve, reject, express.

William Shakespeare

15

RICHARD. But %I know none, and therefore am no Beast ANNE. O wonderfull, when devils tell the truth! RICHARD. More wonderfull, when Angels are so angry: Vouchsafe (divine perfection of a Woman) Of these supposed Crimes, to give me leave By circumstance, but to acquit my self ANNE. Vouchsafe (defus'd infection of man) Of these known evils, but to give me leave By circumstance, to curse thy cursed self RICHARD. Fair then tongue can name the, let me have Some patient leisure to excuse my self ANNE. Fouler then heart can think the, Thou can'st make no excuse curnt, But to hang thy self RICHARD. By such despair, I should accuse my self ANNE. And by despairing shalt thou stand excused, For doing worthy vengeance on thy self, That did'st unworthy slaughter upon others RICHARD. Say that I slew them not

Thesaurus accuse: (v) charge, incriminate, arraign, denounce, defame, criminate, indict, fault, betray, condemn, inculpate. ANTONYMS: (v) absolve, exculpate, exonerate, praise, support, clear. acquit: (adj, v) release; (v) exculpate, exonerate, discharge, excuse, clear, pardon, free, conduct, forgive, vindicate. ANTONYMS: (v) condemn, damn, censure, blame, sentence.

despairing: (adj) hopeless, desperate, despondent, forlorn, desolate, dejected, pessimistic, sad, brokenhearted, miserable, inconsolable. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rosy, happy, confident, cheerful. devils: (n) unclean spirits. evils: (n) mala. slew: (n) wad, turning, sight, heap, stack, lot, flock; (v) rotate, slue, swerve, veer.

unworthy: (adj) undeserving, base, disgraceful, ignoble, low, contemptible, despicable, ugly, unmerited, unseemly, shameful. ANTONYMS: (adj) deserving, valuable, honorable, estimable, reputable. vouchsafe: (v) grant, condescend, allow, confer, stoop, give, please, bestow; (n, v) accord; (adv) have the goodness, will you.

16

Richard III

ANNE. % Then say they were not slain: But dead they are, and devilish slave by thee RICHARD. I did not kill your husband ANNE. Why then he is alive RICHARD. Nay, he is dead, and slain by Edward’s hands ANNE. In thy foul throat thou Ly'st, Queen Margaret saw Thy murd'rous falchion smoking in his blood: The which, thou once didd'st bend against her breast, But that thy brother’s beat aside the point RICHARD. I was provokèd by her sland'rous tongue, That laid their guilt, upon my guiltless Shoulders ANNE. Thou was't provoked by thy bloody mind, That never dream'st on ought but Butcheries: Did'st thou not kill this King? RICHARD. I grant ye ANNE. Do'st grant me hedgehog, Then God grant me too Thou may'st be damnèd for that wicked deed, O he was gentle, mild, and virtuous RICHARD. The better for the King of heaven that hath him

Thesaurus devilish: (adj, v) diabolic, satanic, unclean, putrid; (n, v) defile, soil. chevaux de frise, beard, thistle. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) clean, pure; provoked: (adj, prep) exasperated, infernal, mephistophelian, demoniacal; (adj) demonic, wicked, (adj) pleasant, fair, inoffensive, inflamed; (adj) irritated, aggravated, diabolical, terrific; (v) Stygian; (adv) humane, attractive, honest, pleasing, infuriated, indignant, irate, huffy, devilishly. ANTONYMS: (adj) fragrant; (v) unclog. hot, excited; (adv) up in arms. guiltless: (adj) innocent, clean, ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, gratuitous, cherubic, godlike, good, saintly, virtuous. irreproachable, clear, faultless, pleased. falchion: (n) sword, blade, steel, saber, unsullied, stainless, pure, inculpable, slain: (v) slay; (adj) overthrown, mat, scimitar, cutlass, faulchion, fauchion, immaculate, spotless. fallen, dejected, cast down. hedgehog: (n) urchin, Erinaceus throat: (n) orifice, pharynx, gorge, broadsword. foul: (adj, v) nasty, base, corrupt, europaeus, rodent, insectivore, mouth, muzzle, nozzle, sucker, shaft, coarse; (adj) filthy, disgusting, evil, echinus, brier, bramble, gnawer; (adj) quarl, throat depth, nostril.

William Shakespeare

17

ANNE. % He is in heaven, where thou shalt never come RICHARD. Let him thank me, that holpe to send him thither: For he was fitter for that place then earth ANNE. And thou unfit for any place, but hell RICHARD. Yes one place else, if you will hear me name it ANNE. Some dungeon RICHARD. Your bed-chamber ANNE. I’ll rest betide the chamber where thou liest RICHARD. So will it madam, till I lie with you ANNE. I hope so RICHARD. I know so. But gentle Lady Anne, To leave this keene encounter of our wittes, And fall something into a slower method. Is not the causer of the timeless deaths Of these Plantagenets, Henry and Edward, As blamefull as the Executioner ANNE. Thou was't the cause, and most accurst effect RICHARD. Your beauty was the cause of that effect:

Thesaurus accurst: (adj) cursed, execrable, maledict, curst. dungeon: (n, v) keep; (n) prison, cell, jail, penitentiary, fastness, oubliette, Bastille, bridewell, detention, house of correction. encounter: (n) collision, conflict, battle, action, confrontation, brush; (n, v) combat, contest, rencounter; (v) confront, face. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, surrender, evade, avoid, yield; (n) shunning, avoidance, withdrawal.

fitter: (n) adjuster, machinist, sartor, dateless, immortal, inopportune, cutter, mounter, erector; (adj) interminable, undying, ageless, suitable, healthier. perpetual, endless, deathless. heaven: (n) Eden, firmament, bliss, ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, Elysium, sky, nirvana, glory, Elysian mortal, modern. Fields, Garden of Eden, utopia; (adj) unfit: (adj) inappropriate, improper, celestial. ANTONYM: (n) misery. inapt, unbecoming, incompetent, madam: (n) dame, lady, ma'am, unable, incapable, unsuitable, bad; (adj, v) incapacitate; (v) indispose. gentlewoman, missis, Mrs, brothel ANTONYMS: (adj) appropriate, keeper, madames, signora, female, bawd. suitable, ready, healthy, able, firm, timeless: (adj) eternal, everlasting, competent; (v) qualify.

18

Richard III

Your %beauty, that did haunt me in my sleep, To undertake the death of all the world, So I might live one hour in your sweet bosom ANNE. If I thought that, I tell the Homicide, These Nailes should rent that beauty from my cheks RICHARD. These eyes could not endure thou beauties wrack, You should not blemish it, if I stood by; As all the world is cheard by the sun, So I by that: It is my day, my life ANNE. Black night o’er-shade thy day, and death thy life RICHARD. curse not thy self fair creature, thou art both ANNE. I would I were, to be reveng'd on thee RICHARD. It is a quarrel most unnatural, To be reveng'd on him that loveth thee ANNE. It is a quarrel just and reasonable, To be reveng'd on him that kill'd my husband RICHARD. He that bereft the Lady of thy husband, Did it to help the to a better husband ANNE. His better doth not breath upon the earth

Thesaurus bereft: (adj, v) cut off; (adj) destitute, creature: (n) being, brute, animal, tool, quarrel: (adj, n, v) dispute; (n, v) fight, devoid, forlorn, void, deprived, individual, person, body, entity, feud, brawl, row, altercation, argue, conflict, squabble; (n) dissension, lovelorn, grieving, deserted, human, puppet, somebody. insufficient; (v) reft. ANTONYMS: endure: (adj, n, v) continue, support; difference. ANTONYMS: (n) (adj) fulfilled, supplied, happy, (n, v) bear, suffer, stand, be; (v) agreement, reconciliation, consoled, satisfied. accept, undergo, allow, stay, tolerate. acceptance, concord, consensus; (v) blemish: (n, v) stain, scar, flaw, blot, ANTONYMS: (v) perish, die, break, agree. slur; (n) defect, stigma, fault; (v) fall, discontinue, crumble, end, enjoy, undertake: (v) attempt, take on, try, deface; (adj, n) imperfection; (adj, v) resign, quit, collapse. covenant, guarantee, accept, tackle, disfigure. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, haunt: (n, v) resort, ghost; (n) den, contract, take, begin, engage. beautify, embellish, improve; (n) hangout, home; (v) pursue, follow, ANTONYMS: (v) forego, abstain, stalk, afflict, persecute; (adj) harass. perfection, enhancement. forget, relinquish.

William Shakespeare

19

RICHARD. He %lives, that love’s the better then he could ANNE. name him RICHARD.

Plantagenet

ANNE.

Why that was he

RICHARD. The selfsame name, but one of better Nature ANNE. Where is he? RICHARD. Here: [Spits at him.] Why dost thou spit at me ANNE. Would it were mortal poison, for thy sake RICHARD. Never came poison from so sweet a place ANNE. Never hung poison on a fouler toad. Out of my sight, thou dost infect mine eyes RICHARD. Thine eyes (sweet Lady) have infected mine ANNE. Would they were basilisks, to strike the dead RICHARD. I would they were, that I might die at once: For now they kill me with a living death. Those eyes of thine, from mine have drawn salt Tears;

Thesaurus hung: (n) hanging; (v) Heng; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; erase, annihilate, eliminate, (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) fatigued, puzzled, decorated. extinguish, finish, blast, decimate, infect: (v) contaminate, corrupt, affect, execute, eradicate. ANTONYMS: (v) cure; (v) clean. revitalize, revive; (n) hunter. sake: (n, v) interest, reason, motive, inspire, foul, pollute, defile, poison, touch, animate; (adj) contagious. mortal: (adj) deadly, fatal, lethal, ground; (v) advantage, cause; (n) ANTONYMS: (v) purify, disinfect, deathly, earthly; (n) man, individual, object, account, design, purpose, saki. clean. creature, person, human being, body. salt: (adj) salty, saline, briny, brackish, infected: (adj) diseased, dirty, impure, ANTONYMS: (adj, n) immortal; (adj) pungent; (v) cure, pickle; (n) salinity, common salt, alkali; (adj, n) spice. tainted, festering, corrupt, unclean, eternal, heavenly, mild, perfect, spit: (v) drizzle, expectorate, sprinkle, morbid, stained, spoiled, soiled. spiritual. ANTONYM: (adj) healthy. poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, spew, drool, spike, spatter; (n) kill: (n, v) assassinate, destroy; (v) v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) broach, saliva, cape; (n, v) skewer.

20

Richard III

Sham'd %their Aspects with store of childish drops: These eyes, which never shed remorseful tear, No, when my father York, and Edward weept, To hear the piteous moan that Rutland made When black-fac'd Clifford shook his sword at him. Nor when thy warlike father like a child, Told the sad story of my fathers death, And twenty times, made pause to sob and weep: That all the standers by had wet their cheks Like trees bedash'd with rain. In that sad time, My manly eyes did scorn an humble tear: And what these sorrow’s could not thence exhale, Thy beauty hath, and made them blind with weeping. I never sued to friend, nor Enemy: My tongue could never learn sweet smoothing word. But now thy beauty is propos'd my Fee, My proud heart sues, and prompts my tongue to speak. [She looks scornfully at him.] Teach not thy lip such Scorn; for it was made For kissing Lady, not for such contempt. If thy revengefull heart cannot forgive, Lo here I lend the this sharp-pointed Sword, Which if thou please to hide in this true breast, And let the soul forth that adoreth the, I lay it naked to the deadly stroke, And humbly beg the death upon my knee, He layes his breast open, she offers at with his sword. Nay do not pause: For I did kill King Henry, But 'twas thy beauty that provoked me. Nay now dispatch: 'Twas I that stabb'd Young Edward, But 'twas thy Heavenly face that set me on.

Thesaurus humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously. manly: (adj) manlike, masculine, manful, virile, brave, gallant; (adv) manfully, boldly, hardily, virilely; (adj, adv) stately. ANTONYMS: (adj)

weak, unmanly, cowardly; (adv) unmanfully. piteous: (adj) miserable, pitiful, pathetic, doleful, lamentable, abject, compassionate, unfortunate, poor, paltry, pitiable. remorseful: (adj) penitent, regretful, apologetic, sorry, repentant, regret, sad, rueful, bad, compunctious, compassionate. ANTONYMS: (adj) glad, unremorseful. scornfully: (adv) disdainfully,

disparagingly, haughtily, derogatorily, condescendingly, contumeliously, sneeringly, arrogantly, sarcastically, derisively, mockingly. ANTONYM: (adv) humbly. warlike: (adj) military, belligerent, bellicose, pugnacious, combative, aggressive, armigerous, hostile, unfriendly, unpacific, militant. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmonizing, friendly.

William Shakespeare

21

[She %falls the Sword.] Take up the Sword again, or take up me ANNE. Arise Dissembler, though I wish thy death, I will not be thy Executioner RICHARD. Then bid me kill my self, and I will do it ANNE. I have already RICHARD. That was in thy rage: Speak it again, and even with the word, This hand, which for thy love, did kill thy love, Shall for thy love, kill a far truer love, To both their deaths shalt thou be accessary ANNE. I would I knew thy heart RICHARD. 'Tis figur'd in my tongue ANNE. I fear me, both are false RICHARD. Then never Man was true ANNE. Well, well, put up your Sword RICHARD. Say then my peace is made ANNE. That shalt thou know hereeafter

Thesaurus accessary: (n) accessory, abettor, abetter, accomplice, crook, felon, outlaw, malefactor, criminal, confederate, supplement. false: (adj, n) bastard; (adj, adv) counterfeit, deceitful; (adj) untrue, dishonest, erroneous, sham, assumed, artificial, fictitious, deceptive. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, genuine, faithful, factual, correct, natural, truthful, honest, valid, just, loyal.

fear: (n) awe, dismay, alarm, fright, ANTONYMS: (n) noise, chaos, consternation, care, anguish; (n, v) conflict, uproar, commotion, apprehension, doubt, concern, agitation, war, distress, suffering, reverence. ANTONYMS: (n) disruption, turbulence. fearlessness, reassurance, confidence, self: (n) ego, person, me, individual, being; (pron) myself, herself, itself; courage, valor, calm, boldness, security, equanimity, peace; (v) (adj) same; (v) own; (adv) personally. tongue: (n) lingua, speech, idiom, brave. knew: (adj) known; (v) recognize, wist. dialect, clapper, glossa, natural peace: (adj, n) calm, quiet; (n) language, striker, talk; (v) lick; (adj) harmony, hush, repose, ease, amity, flowing. agreement, rest, pacification, order.

22

Richard III

RICHARD. But shall I live in hope ANNE. All men I hope live so.% RICHARD. Vouchsafe to wear this Ring ANNE. To take is not to give. RICHARD. Look how my Ring encompasseth thy Finger, Even so thy Breast encloseth my poor heart: Wear both of them, for both of them are thine. And if thy poor devoted servant may But beg one favour at thy gracious hand, Thou dost confirm his happiness for ever ANNE. What is it? RICHARD. That it may please you leave these sad designs, To him that hath most cause to be a Mournr, And presently repair to Crosbie House: Where (after I have solemnly interr'd At Chertsey Monast'ry this noble King, And wet his grave with my Repentant Tears) I will with all expedient duty see you, For divers unknown Reasons, I beseech you, Grant me this Boon ANNE. With all my heart, and much it joys me too,

Thesaurus devoted: (adj, v) addicted, ardent, diversified; (n) diver. now, formerly. fond; (adj) affectionate, constant, expedient: (adj) fit, advisable, servant: (n) manservant, domestic, loyal, pious, faithful, reliable, becoming, desirable, adequate, apt, lackey, maid, employee, flunkey, zealous; (adj, prep) consecrated. convenient, suitable; (n) contrivance, retainer, boy, footman, flunky, ANTONYMS: (adj) disloyal, resource, artifice. ANTONYMS: (adj) menial. ANTONYMS: (n) master, indifferent, unfaithful, neglectful, inappropriate, inexpedient, mistress. solemnly: (adv) earnestly, gravely, uncaring, unenthusiastic, unattached, impractical, futile, detrimental, lukewarm, inconstant, halfhearted, inconvenient, foolish. majestically, stately, sternly, staidly, presently: (adv) instantly, directly, disobedient. thoughtfully, soberly, formally, divers: (adj, v) sundry, various, currently, before long, shortly, soon, ceremoniously, importantly. separate; (adj) several, many, diverse, now, at present, readily, just, ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, miscellaneous, not a few, varied; (v) actually. ANTONYMS: (adv) later, flippantly.

William Shakespeare

23

To see you are become so penitent. Tressel and Barkley, go along with me RICHARD. Bid me farwell ANNE. 'Tis more then you deserve: But since you teach me how to flatter you, Imagine I have said farewell already.% [Exit two with ANNE.] GENTLEMAN. Towards Chertsey, noble Lord? RICHARD. No: to White Friars, there attend my coming [Exit corpse] Was ever woman in this humour woo'd? Was ever woman in this humour won? I’ll have her, but I will not keep her long. What? I that kill'd her husband, and his father, To take her in her hearts extremest hate, With curses in her mouth, Tears in her eyes, The bleeding witness of my hatred by, Having God, her conscience, and these bars against me, And I, no friends to back my suite withall, But the plain devil, and dissembling looks? And yet to win her? All the world to nothing. Hah! Hath she forgot alreadie that brave prince, Edward, her Lord, whom I (some three months since) Stab'd in my angry mood, at Tewkesbury? A sweetr, and a Lovellier gentleman, Fram'd in the prodigallity of Nature: Young, Valiant, Wise, and (no doubt) right royal,

Thesaurus bleeding: (adj) bloody, gory, blasted; deuce, daemon; (v) torment, rag. noble: (adj, n) grand, glorious, (n) haemorrhage, bloodletting, ANTONYM: (n) angel. patrician; (adj) imposing, impressive, flatter: (v) fawn, adulate, wheedle, runout, cupping, leeches, elevated, majestic, generous, high; venesection, phlebotomy; (v) bleed. (adj, v) dignified, great. ANTONYMS: cajole, soap, kowtow, blandish, conscience: (n) moral sense, grovel, butter up; (n, v) court; (n) (adj) shameful, humble, dishonorable, Conscience money, sense of right and caress. ANTONYMS: (v) insult, lowly, lowborn, disgraceful, wrong, scruple, intention, tender disparage, criticize, discourage. unimpressive, ignoble, modest, petty; hearts: (n) Black Maria, spades. (n) lady. conscience, small voice, principles, humour: (n) fun, wit, witticism, body suite: (n, v) series, train; (n) entourage, morals, morality, inward monitor. ANTONYM: (n) indifference. fluid, temper, mood, amiability, apartment, cortege, flat, court, devil: (n) fiend, demon, ghost, drollery, disposition; (adj) humorous; battery, group; (adj) round, (v) gratify. monster, Lucifer, Satan, Beelzebub, succession.

24

Richard III

The %spacious world cannot again afford: And will she yet abase her eyes on me, That cropt the golden prime of this sweet prince, And made her widow to a woeful bed? On me, whose All not equals Edward’s moiety? On me, that halts, and am mishapen thus? My Dukedome, to a beggarly denyr! I do mistake my person all this while: Upon my life she finds (although I cannot) My self to be a marv’llous proper man. I’ll be at Charges for a Looking-glass, And entertain a score or two of Taylors, To study fashions to adorne my body: Since I am crept in favour with my self, I will maintain it with some little cost. But first I’ll turn yon Fellow in his grave, And then return lamenting to my love. Shine out fair sun, till I have bought a glass, That I may see my Shadow as I pass. [Exit.]

SCENE III [Enter the QUEEN MOTHER, LORD RIVERS, AND LORD GRAY.] RIVERS. Have patience madam, ther's no doubt his majesty Will soon recover his accustom'd health GREY. In that you brook it ill, it makes him worse,

Thesaurus abase: (v) humble, humiliate, mortify, resist, reject, prohibit. equals: (n) classmates, colleagues, sink, demean, depress, shame, reduce; (n, v) disgrace; (adj, v) debase; contemporaries, generation, age (adj) snub. group. beggarly: (adj) base, mean, shabby, lamenting: (adj) weeping, wailing, sad, whining; (adj, n) plaintive; (adj, sorry, miserable, poor, humble, pitiable, ignoble; (adj, n) scrubby, v) bewailing, querulous; (n, v) complaining; (n) grief, sorrow; (v) vile. brook: (v) endure, abide, stomach, dissatisfied. recover: (v) reclaim, get back, stand, tolerate, digest, suffer, support, undergo; (n, v) creek; (n) recuperate, retrieve, regain, pick up, stream. ANTONYMS: (v) spurn, get well, restore, heal, convalesce,

mend. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, die, decline, aggravate, abandon, worsen, scatter. score: (n, v) count, notch, scratch, line, cut, tally, scotch; (n) bill, groove, debt; (v) get. woeful: (adj) sad, lamentable, sorrowful, pitiful, wretched, pitiable, doleful, woebegone, deplorable, piteous, regrettable. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, joyful, glad, praiseworthy, laudable.

William Shakespeare

25

Therefore %for God’s sake entertain good comfort, And cher his Grace with quick and merry eyes QUEEN ELIZABETH. If he were dead, what would betide on me? GREY. No other harm,but loss of such a Lord QUEEN ELIZABETH. The loss of such a Lord, includes all harms GREY. The heavens have blest you with a goodly son, To be your comforter, when he is gone QUEEN ELIZABETH. Ah! he is Young; and his minority Is put unto the trust of Richard Glouster, A man that love’s not me, nor none of you RIVERS. Is it concluded he shall be Protector? QUEEN ELIZABETH. It is determin'd, not concluded yet: But so it must be, if the King miscarry. [Enter BUCKINGHAM and DERBY.] GREY. Here comes the Lord of Buckingham and Derby BUCKINGHAM. Good time of day unto your royal Grace STANLEY. God make your majesty joyful, as you have been QUEEN ELIZABETH. The Countesse Richmond, good my Lord of Derby.

Thesaurus blest: (adj) blessed, fortunate, beatified, blissful, blame, blasted, blamed, golden, glorious, favored. cher: (adj) pretty, expensive, dear. comforter: (n) blanket, muffler, comfortable, pacifier, reliever, bedclothes, bedding, dummy, coverlet, cover, communicator. concluded: (adj, adv) finished, done, completed, ended; (adj) over, closed, terminated, accomplished, all over, consummate, set.

goodly: (adv) benignly, kindly, jolly, blissful, blithe. ANTONYMS: (adj) miserable, sorrowful, unhappy, strongly, rightly, graciously, virtuously, soundly, uprightly; (adj) despairing, unpleasant, staid, sorry, sizable, handsome, respectable. disappointed, depressed, heavy. harms: (n) ills. merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, heavens: (n) firmament, heaven, sky, glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, welkin, sphere, atmosphere, celestial lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) sphere, space, skies, area, vault of heaven. gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight. includes: (v) involve; (adj) included. queen: (n) king, lady, sovereign, joyful: (adj) gay, glad, elated, cheerful, monarch, dame, pansy, queer, faggot, gleeful, cheery, delighted, joyous, princess, fairy, czarina.

26

Richard III

To %your good prayer, will scarcely say, Amen. Yet Derby, not withstanding she's your wife, And love’s not me, be you good Lord assur'd, I hate not you for her proud arrogance STANLEY. I do beseech you, either not believe The envious slanders of her false Accusers: Or if she be accus'd on true report, Bear with her weakness, which I think proceeds From wayward sickness, and no grounded malice QUEEN ELIZABETH. Saw you the King today my Lord of Derby STANLEY. But now the Duke of Buckingham and I, Are come from visiting his majesty QUEEN ELIZABETH. What likelihood of his amendment Lords BUCKINGHAM. madam good hope, his Grace speaks cherfully QUEEN ELIZABETH. God grant him health, did you confer with him? BUCKINGHAM. Ay madam, he desires to make attonement Between the Duke of Glouster, and your brother’s, And between them, and my Lord Chamberlaine, And sent to warne them to his royal presence QUEEN ELIZABETH. Would all were well, but that will never be, I fear our happiness is at the height. [Enter RICHARD.]

Thesaurus arrogance: (n) haughtiness, disdain, envious: (adj) covetous, invidious, conceit, presumption, audacity, jaundiced, malicious, begrudge, vanity, arrogancy, conceitedness, greedy, resentful, grudging, green, arrogant, condescension, begrudging, enviable. ANTONYMS: imperiousness. ANTONYMS: (n) (adj) fulfilled, satisfied, undesirous, modesty, timidity, humbleness, contented. grounded: (adj) stranded, confined, diffidence, respect. confer: (v) give, accord, award, afford, learned, cognizant, familiar, stuck; (v) grant, discuss, converse, consult, shipwrecked, swamped, nonsuited, show; (n, v) talk; (adj, v) present. wrecked, cast away. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, deny, malice: (n) spite, animosity, enmity, dishonor, retrieve, take. venom, ill will, hatred, malevolence,

cruelty, envy, hate, spleen. ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, benevolence, affection, goodness. wayward: (adj) contrary, disobedient, obstinate, stubborn, intractable, unruly, capricious; (adj, n) freakish, crotchety, wanton, fanciful. ANTONYMS: (adj) controllable, good, manageable, biddable. withstanding: (n) endurance, resistance; (adj) recalcitrant, defensive.

William Shakespeare

27

RICHARD. They %do me wrong, and I will not indure it, Who is it that complains unto the King, That I (forsooth) am sterne, and love them not? By holy Paul, they love his Grace but lightly, That fill his ears with such dissentious Rumors. Because I cannot flatter, and look fair, Smile in mens faces, smooth, deceive, and cogge, Ducke with French nods, and Apish curtesie, I must be held a rancorous Enemy. Cannot a plain man live, and think no harm, But thus his simple truth must be abus'd, With silken, slye, insinuating Jacks? GREY. To who in all this presence speaks Your Grace? RICHARD. To the, that hast nor Honesty, nor Grace: When have I iniur'd the? When done the wrong? Or the? or the? or any of your faction? A plague upon you all. His royal Grace (Whom God preserve better then you would wish) Cannot be quiet scarce a breathing while, But you must trouble him with lewd complaints QUEEN ELIZABETH. brother of Glouster, you mistake the matter: The King on his own royal disposition, (And not provok’d by any suitor else) Aiming (belike) at your interiour hatred, That in your outward action shewes it self Against my children, brother’s, and my self, Makes him to send, that he may learn the ground

Thesaurus deceive: (v) cheat, circumvent, bamboozle, pretend, hoax, fool, cozen, trick, beguile; (n, v) dupe; (n) fraud. ANTONYMS: (v) guide, inform, undeceive, protect. dissentious: (adj) factious, contentious, discordant, divisive, incendiary, insubordinate, quarrelsome, dissensious. insinuating: (adj) crafty, insinuative, oily, ingratiating, having serpents, insinuant, sly, snaky, giving hints,

snide, subtle. lewd: (adj) indecent, dirty, bawdy, filthy, abandoned, carnal, lustful, impure, debauched; (adj, v) lecherous, dissolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) decent, refined, chaste, clean. plague: (v) molest, harass, afflict, hassle, annoy, badger, pester, disturb, beleaguer; (n, v) worry; (adj, n, v) bother. ANTONYM: (v) comfort. rancorous: (adj) malicious, vindictive, malevolent, venomous, spiteful,

resentful, hostile, virulent, malign, vengeful, vicious. ANTONYMS: (adj) kind, harmonious, loving, willing. silken: (adj) glossy, silk, sleek, soft, satiny, satin, shiny, smooth, slick, downy, mild. ANTONYMS: (adj) coarse, dull, rough. speaks: (n) talks. suitor: (n) plaintiff, suer, admirer, beau, candidate, complainant, gallant, boyfriend, applicant, petitioner; (n, v) wooer.

28

Richard III

RICHARD. I %cannot tell, the world is grown so bad, That Wrens make prey, where Eagles dare not pearch. Since every Jack became a gentleman, There's many a gentle person made a Jack QUEEN ELIZABETH. Come, come, we know your meaning brother Gloster You envy my advancement, and my friends: God grant we never may have neede of you RICHARD. Meantime, God grants that I have need of you. Our brother is imprison'd by your means, My self disgrac'd, and the Nobility Held in contempt, while great promotions Are daily given to ennoble those That scarce some two days since were worth a noble QUEEN ELIZABETH. By him that rais'd me to this careful height, From that contented hap which I injoy'd, I never did incense his majesty Against the Duke of Clarence, but have bin An earnest aduocate to plead for him. My Lord you do me shamefull injury, Falsely to draw me in these vile suspects RICHARD. You may deny that you were not the mean Of my Lord Hastings late imprisonment RIVERS. She may my Lord, for--

Thesaurus contented: (adj) content, happy, comfortable, quiet, cheerful, smug, complacent, satisfied, easy, proud, delighted. ANTONYMS: (adj) discontented, unhappy, depressed, unsatisfied, sad, anxious. earnest: (adj, v) devout; (adj) eager, solemn, heartfelt, diligent, studious, sincere, intense, ardent, staid; (n) guarantee. ANTONYMS: (adj) flippant, halfhearted, uncertain, insincere, unimportant, nonchalant,

being, creature, body; (n, v) party. lethargic, apathetic, unenthusiastic, plead: (v) entreat, implore, beg, adjure, indifferent, frivolous. ennoble: (n, v) dignify, honor; (v) petition, ask, appeal, defend, invoke, sue; (n, v) allege. ANTONYMS: (v) elevate, advance, glorify, exalt, aggrandize, refine, gentle, enhance, answer, demand. vile: (adj, n) contemptible, dirty, low; sublime. incense: (v) enrage, anger, provoke, (adj, v) base; (adj) despicable, ignoble, irritate, infuriate, aggravate, rile, evil, sorry, revolting, offensive, nasty. cense, inflame; (n) fragrance, aroma. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, kind, ANTONYMS: (v) please, pacify. nice, lovely, lovable, gentle, person: (n) individual, human, man, honorable, good, delightful, mortal, character, soul, human being, admirable, noble.

William Shakespeare

29

RICHARD. She %may Lord Rivers, why who knows not so? She may do more sir then denying that: She may help you to many fair preferments, And then deny her ayding hand therein, And lay those honors on your high desert. What may she not, she may, I marry may she RIVERS. What marry may she? RICHARD. What marry may she? Marry with a King, A Bachelor, and a handsome stripling too, Iwis your Grandam had a worser match QUEEN ELIZABETH. My Lord of Glouster, I have too long borne Your blunt upbraidings, and your bitter scoffs: By heaven, I will acquaint his majesty Of those grosse taunts that oft I have endur'd. I had rather be a Country servant maid Then a great Queen, with this condition, To be so baited, scorn'd, and stormed at, Small joy have I in being England’s Queen. [Enter old QUEEN MARGARET.] QUEEN MARGARET. And lessned be that small, God I beseech him, Thy honor, state, and seate, is due to me RICHARD. What? threat you me with telling of the King? I will auouch't in presence of the King: I dare adieunture to be sent to th' Towre.

Thesaurus acquaint: (v) inform, familiarize, tell, guarded, gentle. bonny, prepossessing. ANTONYMS: dare: (n, v) venture; (v) defy, brave, (adj) ugly, unattractive, meager, advise, present, introduce, warn, bring out, report, accustom, hazard, confront, risk, resist, make ungenerous, measly, plain. communicate. ANTONYMS: (v) hide, bold; (n) adventure, daring, defiance. honors: (n) formality. ANTONYMS: (v) avoid, flee, pass, stripling: (n) lad, boy, adolescent, mislead, misrepresent, withhold, falsify, conceal. refrain, retreat, obey. teenager, youth, rocker, youngster, blunt: (adj, v) dull, deaden; (adj) bluff, denying: (v) deny; (adv) denyingly; young man, child, pachuco; (adj) (adj) opposed, recusative, unselfish, plain, direct, forthright, frank, younker. taunts: (n) mocking, jeers. candid, outspoken, round, abrupt. abnegative. ANTONYMS: (v) hone, sharpen, handsome: (adj) fair, beautiful, fine, point, accentuate, needle; (adj) generous, charming, comely, devious, pointed, thoughtful, polite, attractive, bountiful, considerable,

30

Richard III

'Tis time to speak, My pains are quite forgot Margaret. Out devil, I do remember them too well: Thou killd'st my husband Henry in the tower, And Edward my poor son, at Tewkesburie RICHARD. Ere you were Queen, I, or your husband King: I was a pack-horse in his great affairs: A weder out of his proud adversaries, A liberal rewarder of his friends, To royalize his blood, I spent mine own QUEEN MARGARET. Ay, and much better blood than his, or thine.% RICHARD. In all which time, you and your husband Grey Were factious, for the House of Lancaster; And Rivers, so were you: Was not your husband, In Margarets battle, at Saint Albons, slain? Let me put in your minds, if you forget What you have beenre this, and what you are: Withall, what I have been, and what I am QUEEN MARGARET. A murth'rous Villain,and so still thou art RICHARD. Poor Clarence did forsake his father Warwick, I, and forswore himself (which Iesu pardon.) QUEEN MARGARET. Which God revenge

Thesaurus factious: (adj) rebellious, seditious, divisive, quarrelsome, turbulent, contumacious, mutinous, willful, argumentative, contentious, demagogical. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmonious, agreeing, cooperative. forsake: (v) abandon, ditch, relinquish, abdicate, fail, leave, forgo, chuck, disclaim; (n, v) drop; (adj, v) quit. ANTONYM: (v) support. liberal: (adj) bountiful, handsome, benevolent, large, abundant, big,

kind, broad, charitable, tolerant; (adj, attempt, strain. n) free. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) proud: (adj) lofty, disdainful, haughty, conservative; (adj) totalitarian, exalted, egotistical, gallant, pompous, lordly, majestic, overbearing; (adj, v) oppressive, intolerant, reactionary, proactive, miserly, rigid, insufficient, dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) stingy, tightfisted. humble, modest, ashamed, mine: (adj, v) excavate, sap; (n) embarrassed, sorrowful, excavation, pit, fund, land mine, disappointed, miserable. vein; (v) exploit, burrow; (adj) my, revenge: (n) retribution, vengeance, delve. reprisal, retaliation, repayment, pains: (n) nisus, labor, trouble, effort, grudge, punishment; (v) retaliate, exertion, labour, pain, care, struggle, repay, requite, vindicate.

William Shakespeare

31

RICHARD. To %fight on Edward’s party, for the crown, And for his meede, poor Lord, he is mewed up: I would to God my heart were Flint, like Edward’s, Or Edward’s soft and pitiful, like mine; I am too childish foolish for this world QUEEN MARGARET. Hie the to hell for shame, and leave this world Thou Cacodemon, there thy kingdom is RIVERS. My Lord of Gloster: in those busy days, Which here you urge, to prove us enemies, We follow'd then our Lord, our soverign King, So should we you, if you should be our King RICHARD. If I should be? I had rather be a Pedler: Far be it from my heart, the thought thereof QUEEN ELIZABETH. As little joy (my Lord) as you suppose You should enjoy, were you this Countrys King, As little joy you may suppose in me, That I enjoy, being the Queen thereof QUEEN MARGARET. A little joy enjoys the Queen thereof, For I am she, and altogether joyless: I can no longer hold me patient. Hear me, you wrangling Pyrates, that fall out, In sharing that which you have pill'd from me: Which off you trembles not, that looks on me? If not, that I am Queen, you bow like subjects;

Thesaurus childish: (adj) childlike, naive, babyish, immature, simple, puerile, infantile, juvenile, silly, frivolous, young. ANTONYMS: (adj) sensible, old, wise, adult, jaded. foolish: (adj) childish, fool, crazy, dumb, daft, fatuous, stupid, unwise, preposterous, dopey; (adj, n) silly. ANTONYMS: (adj) wise, sensible, shrewd, prudent, visionary, diplomatic, levelheaded, sane, rational, mature, judicious.

pitiful: (adj, n) abject; (adj) pathetic, lamentable, piteous, contemptible, miserable, distressing, mean, wretched, poor, sad. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, heartwarming, admirable, cheerful, fine, happy, impressive. thereof: (adv) thence, therefrom, therefore, hence; (adj) casual, intelligence, observer, occasional, prearranged, premeditated, fortuitous.

trembles: (n) animal disease, nervousness. urge: (v) push, press, advocate, persuade, impel, induce; (n, v) spur, drive, force; (n) impulse; (adj, v) incite. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, hate, aversion, disinclination; (v) dissuade, oppose, demand, prevent, restrain. wrangling: (n) quarrel, bickering, controversy, polemics, discussion, haggle, haggling, dispute, strife, altercation, jangle.

32

Richard III

Yet %that by you depos'd, you quake like rebels. Ah gentle villain,do not turn away RICHARD. Foul wrinkled Witch, what mak'st thou in my sight? QUEEN MARGARET. But repetition of what thou hast marr'd, That will I make, before I let the go RICHARD. Wert thou not banishèd, on pain of death? QUEEN MARGARET. I was: but I do find more pain in banishment, Then death can yield me here, by my abode. A husband and a son thou ow'st to me, And thou a kingdom; all of you, allegiance: This Sorrow that I have, by right is yours, And all the Pleasures you usurp, are mine RICHARD. The curse my noble father laid on the, When thou didst crown his Warlike brows with paper, And with thy scorns drew'st Rivers from his eyes, And then to dry them, gav’st the Duke a Clowt, Steep'd in the faultless blood of pretty Rutland: His curses then, from bitterness of soul, Denounc'd against the, are all fall’n upon the: And God, not we, hath plagu'd thy bloody deed QUEEN ELIZABETH. So just is God, to right the innocent HASTINGS. O, 'twas the foulest deed to slay that Babe, And the most merciless, that ere was heard of

Thesaurus brows: (n) brow. ANTONYMS: (adj) blemished, curse: (n, v) blight, plague; (n) imperfect, faulty, shameful, soiled, anathema, blasphemy, malediction, blameworthy. denunciation; (adj, v) beshrew; (v) heard: (n) hearing. merciless: (adj) brutal, pitiless, swear, ban, damn, vituperate. ANTONYMS: (n) blessing, unmerciful, remorseless, heartless, benediction, making; (v) implacable, inhuman, hard, grim, communicate. barbarous, unfeeling. ANTONYMS: faultless: (adj) blameless, correct, (adj) charitable, kind, humane, soft, immaculate, clean, spotless, innocent, caring, tolerant. quake: (n) earthquake; (n, v) tremor, flawless, unblemished, absolute, tremble, shudder, shake; (adj, n, v) infallible, consummate.

shiver; (v) quail, flutter, flicker, vibrate, fluctuate. slay: (n, v) murder, assassinate; (v) dispatch, execute, slaughter, destroy, massacre, put to death, remove, finish, butcher. usurp: (v) arrogate, seize, appropriate, take over, commandeer, capture, borrow, confiscate, take, grab; (adj) violate. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, relinquish.

William Shakespeare

33

RIVERS. tyrants %themselves weept when it was reported DORSET. No man but prophesyd revenge for it BUCKINGHAM. Northumberland, then present, weept to see it QUEEN MARGARET. What? were you snarling all before I came, Ready to catch each other by the throat, And turn you all your hatred now on me? Did Yorks dread curse prevail so much with Heaven, That Henry’s death, my Lovelly Edward’s death, Their Kingdoms loss, my woeful Banishment, Should all but answer for that peevish Brat? Can curses pierce the Clouds, and enter Heaven? Why then give way dull Clouds to my quick curses. Though not by War, by surfeit die your King, As ours by Murder, to make him a King. Edward thy son, that now is prince of Wales, For Edward our son, that was prince of Wales, Die in his youth, by like untimely violence. Thy self a Queen, for me that was a Queen, Out-live thy glory, like my wretched self: Long may'st thou live, to wayle thy childrens death, And see another, as I see the now, Deck'd in thy rights, as thou art stall'd in mine. Long die thy happy days, before thy death, And after many length'ned hours of grief, Die neither mother, wife, nor England’s Queen. Rivers and Dorset, you were standers by, And so wast thou, Lord Hastings, when my son

Thesaurus dread: (n, v) apprehension, fear, panic; lament, profanity; (n) dishonor, (n) anxiety, awe, consternation, disrepute, ugliness, blame, criticism. peevish: (adj) fretful, fractious, alarm, trepidation, dismay, foreboding, terror. ANTONYMS: morose, testy, irascible, moody, (adj) pleasing, welcomed, pleasant; captious, petulant, cross, (v) welcome, want; (n) reassurance, cantankerous, touchy. pierce: (n, v) cut, prick, stick; (v) fearlessness, confidence, security, ease, calm. perforate, bore, enter, thrust, glory: (n) celebrity, brightness, honor, puncture, penetrate; (adj, v) stab, wound. ANTONYM: (v) seal. distinction, glorification, eclat, dignity; (n, v) halo, pride; (v) exult, prevail: (n, v) triumph, control, boast. ANTONYMS: (v) blasphemy, govern; (v) dominate, overcome,

outweigh, obtain, persist, carry, vanquish; (adj) preponderate. ANTONYM: (v) lose. snarling: (n) grumbling; (adj) cynic cycle, malicious, irritable, malignant, cynical, snappish, curst, currish, froward, mischievous. surfeit: (n) overabundance, excess, repletion, satiety, plethora, overflow, congestion; (v) cloy, gorge, satiate, pall. ANTONYMS: (n) shortage, need, necessity, deficit; (v) deplete.

34

Richard III

Was %stab'd with bloody Daggers: God, I pray him, That none of you may live his natural age, But by some unlook'd accident cut off RICHARD. Have done thy Charm,y hateful wither'd Hagge QUEEN MARGARET. And leave out the? stay Dog, for thou shalt hear me. If Heaven have any grievous plague in store, Exceeding those that I can wish upon the, O let them keep it, till thy sins be ripe, And then hurl down their indignation On the, the troubler of the poor worlds peace. The Worme of conscience still begnaw thy soul, Thy friends suspect for traitors while thou liu'st, And take deep traitors for thy dearst friends: No sleep close up that deadly eye of thine, Unless it be while some tormenting dream Affrights the with a hell of ugly Devils. Thou eluish mark'd, abortive rooting Hogge, Thou that wast seal'd in thy Nativity The slave of Nature, and the son of hell: Thou slander of thy heavy mothers womb, Thou loathed Issue of thy fathers Loins, Thou Rag of honor, thou detestedRICHARD. Margaret QUEEN MARGARET. Richard RICHARD. Ha

Thesaurus detested: (adj) despised, unpopular, disliked, loathed, not accepted, unloved, scorned, reviled, out of favor, not liked. hateful: (adj) disgusting, execrable, nasty, abominable, hideous, despicable, repulsive, distasteful, foul; (adj, v) odious, obnoxious. ANTONYMS: (adj) delightful, kind, nice, benign, desirable. hurl: (v) chuck, dash, pitch, throw, dart, pelt, toss, heave, send; (n, v)

fling; (n) casting. ANTONYM: (v) hold. loathed: (adj) unpopular, hated, reviled, undesirable. margaret: (n) madge, mag. rooting: (n) growing, ontogenesis, growth, maturation, striking, ontogeny, taking root, applause. slander: (n, v) scandal, insult, calumniate; (adj, v) defame, asperse; (n) defamation, aspersion, obloquy, disparagement; (adj, n) abuse; (v)

denigrate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) acclaim; (v) compliment; (n) acclamation. tormenting: (v) bothering, teasing, pestering, harassing; (adj) harrowing, perturbing, plaguy, raging, upsetting, vexatious; (adj, v) worrying. troubler: (n) inciter, fomenter, trouble maker, trickster, tricker, rioter, instigant, hoaxer, hellhound, bad hat, instigator.

William Shakespeare

35

QUEEN %MARGARET. I call the not RICHARD. I cry the mercy then: for I did think, That thou hadst call'd me all these bitter names QUEEN MARGARET. Why so I did, but look'd for no reply. Oh let me make the Period to my curse RICHARD. 'Tis done by me and ends in Margaret QUEEN ELIZABETH. Thus have you breath'd your curse against your self QUEEN MARGARET. Poor painted Queen, vain flourish of my fortune, Why strew'st thou Sugar on that Bottel'd Spider, Whose deadly Web ensnareth the about? Foole, foole, thou whet'st a knife to kill thy self: The day will come, that thou shalt wish for me, To help the curse this poisonous Bunch-backt toad HASTINGS. False boding Woman, end thy frantic curse, Least to thy harm,thou move our patience QUEEN MARGARET. Foul shame upon you, you have all mov'd mine RIVERS. Were you well serv’d, you would be taught your duty QUEEN MARGARET. To serve me well, you all should do me duty, Teach me to be your Queen, and you my subjects: O serve me well, and teach your selves that duty

Thesaurus boding: (n) presentiment, v) frenzied, furious, wild, raging; (n) toad: (n) batrachian, anuran, maniac. ANTONYMS: (adj) mellow, premonition, foreboding, portent, salientian, crapaud, sneak, sheep augury, forewarning, hunch, composed. frog, robber frog, spadefoot, names: (n) calumny, defamation, spadefoot toad; (v) toady; (adj) satyr. apprehensiveness, apprehension. flourish: (n, v) display; (v) thrive, vain: (adj) proud, arrogant, conceited, hatchet job. poisonous: (adj) toxic, mortal, prosper, boast, wave, brag, wield, fruitless, idle, empty, abortive, boom, grow; (adj, v) bloom; (adv, v) venomous, noxious, malicious, fatal, ineffectual, unproductive, shake. ANTONYMS: (v) decline, narcissistic; (adj, v) useless. baneful, poison, lethal, viperous, ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, successful, struggle, deteriorate, wilt, pine, fade, mephitic. ANTONYMS: (adj) flounder, decrease, dwindle. harmless, benevolent, edible, possible, persuasive, selfless, fruitful, frantic: (adj) desperate, crazy, excited, kindhearted. humble, useful, responsible, distraught, frenetic, distracted; (adj, selves: (pron) oneself. worthwhile, effective.

36

Richard III

DORSET. Dispute %not with her, she is lunatic QUEEN MARGARET. peace Master Marquesse, you are malapert, Your fire-new stampe of honor is scarce curnt. O that your Young Nobility could judge What 'twere to lose it, and be miserable. They that stand high, have many blasts to shake them, And if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces RICHARD. Good counsel marry, learn it, learn it Marquesse DORSET. It touches you my Lord, as much as me RICHARD. I, and much more: but I was borne so high: Our airy buildeth in the Cedars top, And dallies with the wind, and scorns the sun QUEEN MARGARET. And turns the Sun to shade: alas, alas, Witness my son, now in the shade of death, Whose bright out-shining beames, thy cloudy wrath Hath in eternal darkness folded up. Your airy buildeth in our airys Nest: O God that seest it, do not suffer it, As it is won with blood, lost be it so BUCKINGHAM. peace, peace for shame: If not, for Charity QUEEN MARGARET. Urge neither charity, nor shame to me: Uncharitably with me have you dealt,

Thesaurus airy: (adj) light, windy, aery, aerial, murky, dark, turbid, foggy, muddy, ethereal, insubstantial, sprightly, misty, sunless, vaporous. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, bright, perky, volatile, aeriform, aired. ANTONYMS: (adj) airless, hot, sunny, cloudless. dash: (adj, n, v) rush; (n, v) touch, massive, wooden, weighty, sprint, strike, splash, jog; (v) dart, substantial, stifling, sluggish, break; (n) tinge, beat; (adj, n) ponderous, musty, lumbering. alas: (adv) unluckily, regrettably, animation. ANTONYMS: (v) dawdle, sadly, unhappily, sorry to say; (n) oh; inspirit, languish, saunter, encourage, (int) lackaday. ANTONYM: (adv) linger; (n) stagnation, languor, luckily. listlessness, mass, dullness. cloudy: (adj) dull, gloomy, nebulous, eternal: (adj) constant, perpetual,

ceaseless, everlasting, lasting, continual, aeonian, immortal, boundless, deathless, enduring. ANTONYMS: (adj) mortal, finite, brief, ephemeral, fleeting, terminable, ending, fragile, inconstant. lunatic: (n) madman, maniac, bedlamite; (adj) insane, foolish, moonstruck, mad, mental, deranged, idiotic; (adj, n) madcap. ANTONYM: (adj) sensible. pieces: (n) debris, trash.

William Shakespeare

37

And %shamefully my hopes (by you) are butcher'd. My Charity is outrage, Life my shame, And in that shame, still live my sorrow’s rage BUCKINGHAM. Have done, have done QUEEN MARGARET. O princely Buckingham, I’ll kiss thy hand, In sign of League and amity with the: Now fair befall the, and thy noble house: Thy garments are not spotted with our blood: Nor thou within the compass of my curse BUCKINGHAM. Nor no one here: for curses never pass The lips of those that breath them in the air QUEEN MARGARET. I will not think but they ascend the sky, And there awake God’s gentle sleeping peace. O Buckingham, take heed of yonder dog: Look when he fawns, he bites; and when he bites, His venom tooth will rankle to the death. Have not to do with him, beware of him, Sin, death, and hell have set their markes on him, And all their Ministers attend on him RICHARD. What doth she say, my Lord of Buckingham BUCKINGHAM. Nothing that I respect my gracious Lord QUEEN MARGARET. What dost thou scorn me For my gentle counsell?

Thesaurus amity: (n) friendship, concord, companionship, benevolence, peace, harmony, friendliness, brotherhood, fellowship, sympathy, camaraderie. ANTONYMS: (n) hostility, discord, antagonism, war, animosity. ascend: (n, v) mount; (v) arise, scale, uprise, climb, go up, come up, increase, elevate; (n) ascending, ascent. ANTONYMS: (v) descend, drop, decline, fall, lower, set, sink. befall: (v) bechance, become, happen,

fall, arise, come about, occur, betide, rankle: (v) grate, fret, chafe, irritate, chance, transpire, pass. gnaw, bother, annoy, exasperate, vex; heed: (n, v) consideration, concern, (adj) putrefy, ferment. regard, mind, attention, notice; (n) venom: (n) poison, malice, bane, spite, caution, advertence, advertency; (v) rancor, malevolence, maliciousness, attend, hear. ANTONYMS: (n, v) malignity, hate, bitterness; (adj, n) disregard; (n) inattentiveness. gall. ANTONYM: (n) affection. princely: (adj, v) August, grand, great, yonder: (adv) beyond, further, farther, lordly, dignified, stately; (adj) abroad, thither, further away, at that place; (adj) distant, yond, furious, generous, munificent, majestic, magnificent, gorgeous. ANTONYM: fierce. (adj) ungenerous.

38

Richard III

And %sooth the devil that I warne the from. O but remember this another day: When he shall split thy very heart with sorrow: And say (poor Margaret) was a Prophetess: Live each of you the subjects to his hate, And he to yours, and all of you to God’s. [Exit.] BUCKINGHAM. My hair doth stand an end to hear her curses RIVERS. And so doth mine, I muse why she's at liberty RICHARD. I cannot blame her, by God’s holy mother, She hath had too much wrong, and I repent My part thereof, that I have done to her QUEEN MARGARET. I never did her any to my knowledge RICHARD. Yet you have all the vantage of her wrong: I was too hot, to do somebody good, That is too cold in thinking of it now: Marry as for Clarence, he is well repaid: He is frank'd up to fatting for his pains, God pardon them, that are the cause thereof RIVERS. A virtuous, and a Christian-like conclusion To pray for them that have done scath to us RICHARD. So do I ever, being well advis’d. [Speaks to himself.]

Thesaurus holy: (adj) devout, divine, heavenly, exonerate, exculpate. ANTONYMS: rupture, fracture, slit, tear, burst, (n, v) blame; (v) punish, castigate, divorce; (v) divide, separate. religious, blessed, hallowed, spiritual, devotional, pure; (adj, adv) condemn, convict; (n) intolerance. ANTONYMS: (v) join, unite, merge, saintly; (adv) sacredly. ANTONYMS: pray: (v) beg, implore, entreat, crave, converge, combine; (n) union, unity, (adj) irreligious, unholy. marriage, convergence, closure; (n, v) invite, plead, beseech, appeal, muse: (v) meditate, ponder, deliberate, importune, adjure, invoke. mend. ANTONYM: (v) reject. vantage: (n) superiority, preference, consider, cogitate, reflect, brood, scath: (adj, n) damage; (adj, v) waste; ruminate, speculate, think, mull. start, handicap, expediency, ANTONYM: (v) wander. (adj) impair, harm, hurt, injure; (n) expedience, advantageousness, odds, pardon: (v) excuse, condone, forgive, delaceration, detriment, inquination, asset, tax advantage, head start. acquit, spare; (n) amnesty, ANTONYM: (n) disadvantage. impairment, injury. forgiveness, grace; (adj, v) justify, split: (adj, n, v) break, cut; (n, v) rip, yours: (adj) own.

William Shakespeare

39

For had I curst now, I had curst my self. [Enter CATESBY.] CATESBY. madam, his majesty doth call for you, And for Your Grace, and yours my gracious Lord QUEEN ELIZABETH. Catesby I come, Lords will you go with me RIVERS. We wait upon Your Grace.% [Exeunt. all but GLOSTER.] RICHARD. I do the wrong, and first begin to brawle. The secret mischiefs that I set abroach, I lay unto the grievous charge of others. Clarence, who I indeed have cast in darkness, I do beweep to many simple Gulles, namely to Derby, Hastings, Buckingham, And tell them 'tis the Queen, and her Allies, That stirre the King against the Duke my brother. Now they believe it, and withall whet me To be reveng'd on Rivers, Dorset, Grey. But then I sigh, and with a peece of Scripture, Tell them that God bids us do good for evil: And thus I cloath my naked Villainy With odd old ends, stol’n forth of holy Writ, And seeme a Saint, when most I play the devil. [Enter two MURDERERS.] But soft, here come my Executioners, How now my hardy stout resolved Mates, Are you now going to dispatch this thing?

Thesaurus dispatch: (n, v) speed, rush; (n) daring; (adj) sturdy, manly, consignment, expedition, celerity, audacious, brave, strong, robust, quickness; (v) send, accelerate, gallant. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, deliver, quicken, slay. ANTONYMS: delicate, tender, feeble. (n) receiving, receipt, dawdling, resolved: (adj, v) resolute, firm, certain; delay, loitering, silence; (v) keep, (adj) fixed, definite, set, decided, start, begin, hold, retain. conclusive, intent, solved, positive. forth: (adv) away, along, onward, ANTONYMS: (adj) undecided, ahead, before, on, off, on the high flexible, irresolute, unconfirmed, road, on the road, on the way, under uncertain. sigh: (n, v) groan, suspire, murmur; (v) way. hardy: (adj, n) hard, fearless, rugged, breathe, languish, pine; (n) breath,

wail, whimper, whine, suspiration. stout: (adj, n) sturdy, stocky, hearty; (adj) hardy, strong, robust, obese, husky, bold, corpulent, fleshy. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, slim, flimsy, cowardly, slight, skinny, fragile, weak. whet: (v) quicken, excite, grind, stir, stimulate, hone; (n) goad, spur, fillip, stimulus; (adj) point. ANTONYMS: (v) blunt, dishearten, dull, dampen, quench.

40

Richard III

FIRST MURDERER. We are my Lord, and come to have the Warrant, That we may be admitted where he is RICHARD. Well thought upon, I have it hear about me: When you have done, repair to Crosby place; But sirs be sodaine in the execution, Withall obdurate, do not hear him plead; For Clarence is well spoken, and perhappes May move your hearts to pity, if you marke him FIRST MURDERER. Tut, tut, my Lord, we will not stand to prate, Talkrs are no good dooers, be assur'd: We go to use our hands, and not our tongues RICHARD. Your eyes drop Mill-stones, when fools’ eyes fall tears: I like you Lads, about your business straight. Go, go, dispatch FIRST MURDERER. We will my noble Lord.%

SCENE IV. [Enter CLARENCE and KEEPR.] KEEPR. Why looks Your Grace so heavily today CLARENCE. O, I have past a miserable night,

Thesaurus admitted: (v) admitting, understood, of course; (adj) acknowledged, undisputed, known, orthodox. heavily: (adv) seriously, weightily, severely, ponderously, hard, firmly, thickly, grievously, sadly, strongly, compactly. ANTONYMS: (adv) gently, nimbly, briskly, sparsely, thinly, slightly. miserable: (adj, v) forlorn, wretched, unhappy; (adj) mean, low, abject, deplorable, downcast, bad, desolate;

(adj, adv) meager. ANTONYMS: (adj) cure, overhaul, fix; (v) patch, restore, happy, generous, cheerful, cheery, doctor, renovate, compensate. ANTONYMS: (v) injure, arrive, bright, fortunate, hopeful, jubilant, wreck, worsen; (n) breaking, luxurious, overjoyed, heavenly. obdurate: (adj) inflexible, stony, wrecking. sirs: (n) gentlemen, messieurs. obstinate, callous, firm, stubborn, spoken: (adj) verbal, expressed, headstrong, flinty, mulish, impenitent, rigid. ANTONYMS: (adj) speaking, speak, unwritten, vocal, compliant, amenable, voiced, talk, said, informal, conversational. ANTONYMS: (adj) accommodating, easygoing, caring, irresolute, soft, acquiescent. written, unspoken, tacit, formal, repair: (n, v) redress, mend, correct, silent.

William Shakespeare

41

So %full of fearful dreams, of ugly sights, That as I am a Christian faithful man, I would not spend another such a night Though 'twere to buy a world of happy days: So full of dismall terror was the time KEEPR. What was your dream my Lord, I pray you tel me CLARENCE. Me thoughts that I had broken from the tower, And was embark'd to cross to Burgundy, And in my company my brother Glouster, Who from my cabin tempted me to walke, Upon the Hatches: There we look'd toward England, And cited up a thousand heavy times, During the wars of York and Lancaster That had befall’n us. As we pac'd along Upon the giddy footing of the Hatches, Me thought that Glouster stumbled, and in falling Struck me (that thought to stay him) over-board, Into the tumbling billows of the main. O Lord, me thought what pain it was to drown, What dreadful noise of water in mine ears, What sights of ugly death within mine eyes. Me thoughts, I saw a thousand fearful wrackes: A thousand men that Fishes gnaw'd upon: Wedges of gold, great Anchors, heaps of Pearl, Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels, All scattered in the bottom of the sea, Some lay in dead-mens skulls, and in the holes Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept (As 'twere in scorn of eyes) reflecting gems,

Thesaurus billows: (n) great waters, high seas, plenty, lot, accumulation. ANTONYM: (adj) inadequate. offing, watery waste, brine, vapors, inhabit: (v) reside, abide, occupy, clouds, smoke, sea, ocean, main. eyes: (n) sight, eye, vision, view, baby lodge, settle, people, live, indwell, be, exist; (n) habit. ANTONYMS: (v) blues, guard, propensity, eyen. giddy: (adj, v) flighty; (adj) dizzy, faint, desert, vacate. scorn: (v) despise, contemn, reject; (n, silly, changeable, vertiginous, v) ridicule, neglect, disregard, deride, featherbrained, light, fickle, capricious; (adv) careless. slight; (n) contempt, derision, ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, dull. mockery. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect, heaps: (adj, n) lots, much; (n) masses, praise; (v) appreciate, revere, value, approve, admire, accept; (n) oodles, piles, stacks, many, tons,

admiration, commendation, humility. stones: (n) shingle, grit. tumbling: (adj) falling, billowing, dropping, rolled; (adj, adv) plunging; (n) gymnastics, acrobatics, stunting, stunt flying, rumbling; (adv) headfirst. unvalued: (adj) unalluring, unappreciated, uncared for, undesired, unattractive, unsung, valueless, obscure, all one to, ungratifying, thankless.

42

Richard III

That %woo'd the slimy bottom of the deep, And mock'd the dead bones that lay scattered by KEEPR. Had you such leisure in the time of death To gaze upon these secrets of the deep? CLARENCE. Me thought I had, and often did I strive To yield the Ghost: but still the envious Flood Stop'd in my soul, and would not let it forth To find the empty, vast, and wand'ring air: But smother'd it within my panting bulk, Who almost burst, to belch it in the sea KEEPR. Awak'd you not in this sore Agony? CLARENCE. No, no, my dream was lengthen'd after life. O then, began the Tempest to my soul. I past (me thought) the melancholy Flood, With that sour Ferry-man which Poets write of, Unto the kingdom of perpetual Night. The first that there did greet my Stranger-soul, Was my great father-in-law, renownd Warwick, Who spake aloud: What scourge for perjury, Can this dark Monarchy afford false Clarence? And so he vanish'd. Then came wand'ring by, A Shadow like an Angell, with bright hair Dabbel'd in blood, and he shriek'd out aloud Clarence is come, false, fleeting, perjur’d Clarence, That stabb'd me in the field by Tewkesbury: Seize on him Furies, take him unto Torment. With that (me thought) a Legion of foul Fiends

Thesaurus began: (v) Gan. greet: (n, v) receive; (v) address, blown, winded, puffed; (v) belch: (n, v) burp; (v) vomit, erupt, palpitation; (n) heaving, gasp, acknowledge, hail, welcome, cry, eruct, spew, eructate, emit, irrupt; (n) salute, bid, weep, meet, recognize. asthma, heave, puff. melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) scourge: (n) curse, blight, affliction, eructation, belching, reflex. came: (v) arrive, come. gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, plague, bane, calamity; (v) lash, fleeting: (adj) brief, momentary, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful; (n, flagellate, castigate, punish; (n, v) v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, ephemeral, passing, transient, short, whip. depression. ANTONYMS: (n) secrets: (n) secrecy. fugitive, evanescent, transitory, temporal, short-lived. ANTONYMS: happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, slimy: (adj) greasy, slippery, muddy, (adj) permanent, lasting, enduring, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, sludgy, squalid, oily, oozy, ropy, unforgettable, thorough, lengthy, satisfied. viscous, slimed, sordid. ANTONYM: panting: (adj) gasping, breathless, (adj) reputable. long, slow.

William Shakespeare

43

Environ’d %me, and howled in mine ears Such hideous cries, that with the very Noise, I (trembling) wak'd, and for a season after, Could not believe, but that I was in hell, Such terrible Impression made my dream KEEPR. No marvel Lord, though it affrighted you, I am afraid (me thinks) to hear you tell it CLARENCE. Ah Keepr, Keepr, I have done these things (That now give euidence against my soul) For Edward’s sake, and see how he requits mee. O God! if my deep prairs cannot appease the, But thou wilt be aveng’d on my misdeeds, Yet execute thy wrath in me alone: O spare my guiltless wife, and my poor children. Keepr, I prithe sit by me a-while, My soul is heavy, and I fain would sleep KEEPR. I will my Lord, God give Your Grace good rest. [Enter BRACKENBURY the Lieutenant.] BRACKENBURY. Sorrow breaks seasons, and reposing hours, Makes the Night Morning, and the Noon-tide night: prince’s have but their titles for their Glories, An outward honor, for an inward Toyle, And for unfelt Imaginations They often feel a world of restless cares: So that between their titles, and low name, There's nothing differs, but the outward fame. [Enter two MURDERERS.]

Thesaurus affrighted: (adj) frightful, eery; (prep) out, enforce, make, fulfill. ANTONYMS: (v) abandon, ignore, affright. appease: (n, v) allay, alleviate; (adj, v) disregard, Miss, forget, shirk, revive. pacify, still; (v) placate, quiet, fain: (adj) willing, prepared, ready, favorable, heart and soul, prone; (adv) conciliate, calm, mollify, abate, reconcile. ANTONYMS: (v) provoke, gladly, lief, readily, willingly; (v) annoy, antagonize, enrage, optative. exacerbate, excite, irritate, intensify. marvel: (n, v) wonder; (n) prodigy, breaks: (n) lot, destiny, opportunity, curiosity, phenomenon, amazement, chance. miracle, portent, marl, surprise, execute: (v) do, achieve, complete, admiration; (v) admire. ANTONYMS: perform, accomplish, act, effect, carry (v) disregard; (n) nightmare.

reposing: (adj) calm, asleep. wilt: (v) flag, shrivel, sag, weaken, fade, languish, dry, wither, collapse, tire; (n) wilting. ANTONYMS: (v) flourish, rise, rally. wrath: (n) rage, resentment, ire, fury, displeasure, indignation, passion, madness, choler, irritation; (adj) angry. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, love, composure, serenity.

44

Richard III

FIRST MUDERER. Ho, who's here? BRACKENBURY. What would'st thou Fellow? And how camm'st thou hither SECOND MURDERER. I would speak with Clarence, and I came hither on my legs BRACKENBURY. What so brief? SECOND MURDERER. 'Tis better (Sir) then to be tedious: Let him see our Commission, and talk no more.% BRACKENBURY. [Reads] I am in this, commanded to deliver The noble Duke of Clarence to your hands. I will not reason what is meant hereby, Because I will be guiltless from the meaning. There lies the Duke asleep, and there the Keyes. I’ll to the King, and signify to him, That thus I have resign'd to you my charge. FIRST MURDERER. You may sir, 'tis a point of wisdom: Fare you well. [Exit BRACKENBURY with KEEPR.] SECOND MURDERER. What, shall we stab him as he sleeps FIRST MURDERER. No, he'll say 'twas done cowardly, when he wakes SECOND MURDERER. Why he shall never wake, until the great Judgement day

Thesaurus asleep: (adj) sleeping, deceased, sleepy, dormant, numb, dead, sound asleep, snoozing, slumbering, napping, gone. ANTONYMS: (adj) up, attentive, alert, conscious. commanded: (adj) lawful. cowardly: (adj, adv) dastardly, scared, shrinking; (adj) timid, afraid, craven, gutless, sneaky, fainthearted, faint; (adv) recreantly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) brave, daring, bold, courageous; (adj) intrepid, fearless, strong,

determined; (adv) dauntless, gutsy, unafraid. hither: (adv) here, whither, hitherward, thither. legs: (v) pegs, trotters, pins; (n) patience, pedestal, stamina. lies: (n) fabrication, falsehood, lie, lying, deceit, defamation, denigration, dishonesty, slander, libel, treachery. ANTONYM: (n) truth. shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require,

bequeath, leave. signify: (n, v) intend, mark; (adj, n, v) import; (v) imply, indicate, denote, point, stand for, express, intimate, matter. stab: (n, v) thrust, impale, jab, pierce, prod, dig, stick, pink; (n) try, prick; (v) spike. wake: (v) awaken, awake, rouse, stir, vigil, provoke, arouse, waken, excite; (n) train, trail. ANTONYMS: (v) nap, dissuade, discourage, snooze, stifle.

William Shakespeare

45

FIRST %MURDERER. Why then he’ll say, we stab'd him sleeping SECOND MURDERER. The urging of that word Judgement, hath bred a kind of remorse in me FIRST MURDERER. What? art thou afraid? SECOND MURDERER. Not to kill him, having a warrant, but to be damn'd for killing him, from the which no warrant can defend me FIRST MURDERER. I thought thou had'st been resolute SECOND MURDERER. So I am, to let him live FIRST MURDERER. I’ll back to the Duke of Glouster, and tell him so SECOND MURDERER. Nay, I prithe stay a little: I hope this passionate humor of mine, will change. It was wont to hold me but while one tels twenty FIRST MURDERER. How do'st thou feel thy self now? SECOND MURDERER. Some certaine dregs of conscience are yet within me FIRST MURDERER. Remember our Reward, when the deed's done SECOND MURDERER. Come, he dies: I had forgot the Reward FIRST MURDERER. Where's thy conscience now SECOND MURDERER. O, in the Duke of Glousters purse

Thesaurus dregs: (n) residue, grounds, refuse, sediment, dreg, remains, settlings, feces, trash, waste, dross. humor: (n, v) caprice, freak, humour; (n) temper, mood, disposition, wit; (v) indulge, gratify; (adj, n) spirit, frame of mind. ANTONYMS: (n) seriousness, gravity, solemnity; (v) displease. purse: (n) bag, pouch, money, handbag, sac, currency, pocketbook, pelf; (v) wrinkle, pucker, crease.

remorse: (n) penitence, contrition, undecided. twenty: (adj) vigesimal; (n) large repentance, regret, guilt, penance, sorrow, grief, qualm, ruefulness, integer, twenty dollar bill. compassion. ANTONYM: (n) urging: (n) spur, encouragement, shamelessness. prod, prodding, goad, advocacy, resolute: (adj, n) constant, firm, fixed, spurring, goading, influence, steady; (adj, v) determined; (adj) exhortation; (adj) driving. wont: (adj, n) use, custom, usage; (n) inflexible, brave, adamant, dogged, unbending, courageous. practice, tradition, cleanliness, ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, uncertain, assuetude, assuefaction, convention, rut; (v) practise. uncommitted, timid, fickle, feeble, indecisive, flexible, flippant, hesitant,

46

Richard III

FIRST %MURDERER. When he opens his purse to give us our Reward, thy conscience flys out SECOND MURDERER. 'Tis no matter, let it go: There's few or none will entertain it FIRST MURDERER. What if it come to the again? SECOND MURDERER. I’ll not meddle with it; it makes a man a coward. A man cannot steal, but it accuseth him; a man cannot swear, but it checks him; a man cannot lie with his neighbour’s wife, but it detects him. 'Tis a blushing shamefac'd spirit, that mutinies in a man’s bosom: It filles a man full of obstacles. It made me once restore a purse of gold that (by chance) I found: It beggars any man that keeps it: It is turn'd out of towns and cities for a dangerous thing, and every man that means to live well, endeavors to trust to himself, and live without it FIRST MURDERER. 'Tis even now at my elbow, perswading me not to kill the Duke SECOND MURDERER. Take the devil in thy mind, and believe him not:. He would insinuate with the but to make the sigh FIRST MURDERER. I am strong fram'd, he cannot prevail with me SECOND MURDERER. Spoke like a tall man, that respects thy reputation. Come, shall we fall to worke? FIRST MURDERER. Take him on the costard, with the hilts of thy sword, and then throw him into the malmsey butt in the next room SECOND MURDERER. O excellent device; and make a sop of him

Thesaurus blushing: (adj) rosy, coy, blushful, chicken-hearted. ANTONYMS: (n) daredevil, stalwart; (adj) brave. flushed, red, shy, bashful, overmodest, ruddy; (adv) blushingly, endeavors: (n) activities, deeds, ablush. ANTONYM: (adj) pale. events, Comings and Goings, butt: (v) bunt, abut; (n) extremity, undertakings, accomplishments, stump, grip, stub, rump, cask, rear, happenings. tail; (n, v) edge. insinuate: (v) imply, hint, intimate, checks: (n) dibs, cent. indicate, suggest, adumbrate, coward: (n) cur, pantywaist, sneak, connote, signify, ingratiate, instill, dastard, milksop, weakling, denote. milquetoast; (adj) gutless, meddle: (v) intervene, interfere, chickenhearted, pusillanimous, intrude, monkey, interpose, fiddle,

pry, dabble, interlope; (n) interference; (adj) moil. ANTONYM: (v) disregard. steal: (v) purloin, abstract, sneak, filch, pinch, creep, misappropriate, rob, pilfer; (n) bargain; (n, v) snatch. swear: (v) declare, assure, assert, affirm, curse, pledge; (n, v) promise, avow, depone, depose, aver. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, refute, deny, compliment.

William Shakespeare

47

FIRST %MURDERER. Soft, he wakes SECOND MURDERER. Strike! FIRST MURDERER. No, we’ll reason with him CLARENCE. Where art thou Keepr? Give me a cup of wine SECOND MURDERER. You shall have wine enough my Lord anon CLARENCE. In God’s name, what art thou? FIRST MURDERER. A man, as you are CLARENCE. But not as I am royal FIRST MURDERER. Nor you as we are, Loyal CLARENCE. Thy voice is Thunder, but thy looks are humble FIRST MURDERER. My voice is now the Kings, my looks mine own CLARENCE. How darkly, and how deadly dost thou speak? Your eyes do menace me: why look you pale? Who sent you hither? Wherefore do you come? SECOND MURDERER. To, to, to-

Thesaurus anon: (adv) directly, immediately, early, readily, soon, instantly, again, forthwith, promptly, shortly, rath. darkly: (adv) murkily, dimly, obscurely, duskily, somberly, shadily, mistily, secretly, dismally, heavily, overcastly. ANTONYM: (adv) openly. deadly: (adj, adv) deathly; (adj) baneful, lethal, fatal, destructive, mortal, pernicious, virulent, toxic; (adv) lifelessly, lethally.

ANTONYMS: (adj) interesting, uplifting, readable, mild, healthy, healthful, benign, innocuous, exciting. humble: (v) demean, humiliate, mortify; (n, v) disgrace, debase; (adj, n, v) abase; (adj) base, lowly, unassuming, docile, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) impressive, arrogant, haughty, imposing, conceited, pompous, snooty, overbearing, presumptuous, proud,

exalted. menace: (n) threat, danger; (n, v) hazard, risk, peril; (v) endanger, imperil, intimidate, jeopardize, threaten, bully. ANTONYMS: (v) help, protect, guard; (n) pleasure. wherefore: (adv, conj) therefore; (adv, n) why; (n) reason, proof; (adv) accordingly, consequently, so, wherefor, hence, whence; (conj) then.

48

Richard III

CLARENCE. % To murder me? FIRST MURDERER, SECOND MURDERER. Ay, Ay CLARENCE. You scarcely have the hearts to tell me so, And therefore cannot have the hearts to do it. Wherein my friends have I offended you? FIRST MURDERER. Offended us you have not, but the King CLARENCE. I shall be reconcil'd to him again SECOND MURDERER. Never my Lord, therefore prepare to die CLARENCE. Are you drawn forth among a world of men To slay the innocent? What is my offence? Where is the evidence that doth accuse me? What lawful Quest have given their Verdict up Unto the frowning Judge? Or who pronounc'd The bitter sentence of poor Clarence death, Before I be convict by course of law? To threaten me with death, is most unlawful. I charge you, as you hope for any goodness, That you depart, and lay no hands on me: The deed you undertake is damnable FIRST MURDERER. What we will do, we do upon command SECOND MURDERER. And he that hath commanded, is our King

Thesaurus convict: (adj, n) felon; (n) captive, con, depart: (v) go, deviate, decease, criminal, jailbird, inmate, prisoner, diverge, start, stray, wander, leave, malefactor, offender; (v) convince, die, vary, part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, sentence. ANTONYMS: (n) innocent; arrive, enter, come, abide, conform, (v) liberate, release, free, exonerate, continue, remain, appear, converge, absolve, clear. return. damnable: (adj) cursed, damned, friends: (n) circle, associates, abominable, hateful, accursed, connections, links, support group, devilish, infernal, disgusting, sinful, acquaintances. deplorable, offensive. ANTONYMS: frowning: (adj) dismal, dark, gloomy, (adj) commendable, laudable, lowering, scowling, frowny, clouded; (adv) frowningly; (n) austere, praiseworthy.

boisterous, coarse. lawful: (adj) legal, just, rightful, constitutional, true, right, justifiable, licit, regular; (n, v) allowable; (adj, v) permissible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, prohibited, unconstitutional. offended: (adj) angry, affronted, aggrieved, pained, wronged, annoyed, insulted, shocked, vexed, resentful, injured. ANTONYMS: (adj) indifferent, proud, unconcerned.

William Shakespeare

49

CLARENCE. Erroneous %Vassals, the great King of Kings Hath in the Table of his law commanded That thou shalt do no murder. Will you then Spurn at his edict, and fulfill a Man’s? Take heed: for he holds vengeance in his hand, To hurl upon their heads that break his law SECOND MURDERER. And that same vengeance doth he hurl on the, For false forswearing, and for murder too: Thou did'st receive the Sacrament, to fight In quarrel of the House of Lancaster FIRST MURDERER. And like a Traitor to the name of God, Did'st break that vow, and with thy treacherous blade, Unrip'st the Bowels of thy Sou'reigns son SECOND MURDERER. Whom thou was't sworn to cherish and defend FIRST MURDERER. How canst thou urge God’s dreadful law to us, When thou hast broke it in such dear degree? CLARENCE. Alas! for whose sake did I that ill deed? For Edward, for my brother, for his sake. He sends you not to murder me for this: For in that sin, he is as deep as I. If God will be avenged for the deed, O know you yet, he doth it publiquely, Take not the quarrel from his powrefull arme: He needs no indirect, or lawless course, To cut off those that have offended him

Thesaurus cherish: (v) care for, nurture, treasure, fulfill: (v) achieve, execute, do, unreliable, unsafe, Punic, fraudulent, faithless. ANTONYMS: (adj) faithful, entertain, cultivate, bosom, prize, perform, attain, carry out, complete, esteem, harbor; (n, v) hug, foster. effect, fill, satisfy, meet. loyal, honest, safe, true, genuine, ANTONYMS: (v) hate, scorn, reject, ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, break, forthright, stable, harmless, denounce, despise, neglect. disobey, displease. dependable, open. edict: (n) act, command, writ, lawless: (adj) disorderly, illicit, vengeance: (n) retribution, reprisal, declaration, ruling, rule, regulation, anarchical, illegitimate, anarchic, retaliation, requital, avengement, directive, order, dictate, law. unlawful, unruly, illegal, mutinous, wrath, vendetta, spite, revengeance; forswearing: (n) renunciation, (n, v) avenge, resentment. wrongful, seditious. ANTONYM: (adj) orderly. ANTONYMS: (n) forgiveness, abnegation, forgoing, forsaking, treacherous: (adj) unfaithful, deceitful, acceptance. disowning, apostasy, abjuration, disavowal, rejection, defection. false, perfidious, dangerous, disloyal,

50

Richard III

FIRST %MURDERER. Who made the then a bloody minister, When gallant springing brave Plantagenet, That princely novice was struck dead by the? CLARENCE. My brother’s love, the devil, and my Rage FIRST MURDERER. Thy brother’s love, our Duty, and thy Faults, Provoke us hither now, to slaughter thee CLARENCE. If you do love my brother, hate not me: I am his brother, and I love him well. If you are hyr'd for meed, go back again, And I will send you to my brother Glouster: Who shall reward you better for my life, Then Edward will for tidings of my death SECOND MURDERER. You are deceiv’d, Your brother Glouster hates you CLARENCE. Oh no, he love’s me, and he holds me dear: Go you to him from me FIRST MURDERER. Ay, so we will CLARENCE. Tell him, when that our princely father York, Blest his three sons with his victorious arm, He little thought of this divided friendship: Bid Glouster think on this, and he will weep

Thesaurus gallant: (adj) fearless, brave, daring, novitiate, tyro, initiate. ANTONYMS: successful, winning, jubilant, victor, fortunate, lifted up; (adj, v) courageous, chivalrous, bold, manly, (n) expert, veteran, teacher, trainer. springing: (v) jumping, climbing, heroic, dashing, courteous, fine. triumphal, exultant, triumphing, on ANTONYMS: (adj) boorish, rude, top. ANTONYMS: (adj) beaten, bounding, furious, conspicuous, selfish. prominent, ascending, projecting unsuccessful, failing, losing, meed: (n, v) compensation; (v) wage, outwardly; (n) growth, suspension, sorrowful. hire; (n) prize, remuneration, weep: (v) wail, bawl, lament, sob, emanation. tidings: (n) intelligence, information, recompense, guerdon, pay, dole, blubber, moan, howl, drip, greet, whimper; (n) tear. pittance, reguerdon. message, report, word, advice, novice: (n) learner, beginner, when: (adv, conj) once, as soon as; (adv) communication, dispute, wind, then, because, than, since, after; (conj) apprentice, greenhorn, newcomer, statement, tiding. victorious: (adj) triumphant, although, while, if; (prep) during. neophyte, amateur, freshman,

William Shakespeare

51

FIRST %MURDERER. Ay, milstones, as he lessoned us to weep CLARENCE. O do not slander him, for he is kind FIRST MURDERER. right, as Snow in harvest: Come, you deceive your self, 'Tis he that sends us to destroy you here CLARENCE. It cannot be, for he beweept my fortune, And hugg'd me in his arms, and swore with sobs, That he would labour my delivery FIRST MURDERER. Why so he doth, when he delivers you From this earth’s thralldom, to the joys of heaven SECOND MURDERER. Make peace with God, for you must die my Lord CLARENCE. Have you that holy feeling in your souls, To counsel me to make my peace with God, And are you yet to your own souls so blind, That you will war with God, by murd'ring me. O sirs consider, they that set you on To do this deed will hate you for the deed SECOND MURDERER. [To FIRST MURDERER] What shall we do? CLARENCE. Relent, and save your souls: Which of you, if you were a prince’s son, Being pent from Liberty, as I am now,

Thesaurus counsel: (v) advise, consult, admonish, confer, warn; (n, v) caution, advocate; (n) barrister, advisement, consultation, admonition. ANTONYMS: (v) betray, trick, deceive, conceal, oppose; (n) warning. deed: (n) accomplishment, act, feat, behavior, action, exploit, covenant, doing, document, title, fact. ANTONYM: (n) failure. destroy: (v) demolish, blight, despoil,

subvert, dismantle, devour, wreck, devastate; (adj, v) desolate, abolish; (n, v) murder. ANTONYMS: (v) preserve, create, make, construct, protect, repair, restore, uphold, sustain, submit, revive. harvest: (n, v) fruit; (v) gain, glean, gather, amass, get, reap, pick; (n) ingathering, profit, produce. hate: (v) abhor, detest, loathe, abominate; (n) enmity, abhorrence, detestation, hatred, animosity,

antipathy, aversion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) like; (v) adore, cherish, admire; (n) attraction, liking, delight, adoration. pent: (adj) narrow, shut up, confined, cramped. thralldom: (n) slavery, servitude, thrall, captivity, thraldom, subjection, serfdom, slaveholding, confinement; (adj, n) imprisonment; (adj) bond service.

52

Richard III

If two such murderers as your selves came to you, Would not entreat for life, FIRST MURDERER. Relent? no: 'Tis cowardly and womanish CLARENCE. Not to relent, is beastly, savage, devilish: My friend, I spy some pity in thy looks: O, if thine eye be not a flatterer, Come thou on my side, and entreat for me, As you would beg, were you in my distress A begging prince, what beggar pities not SECOND MURDERER. Look behind you, my Lord FIRST MURDERER. Take that, and that, if all this will not do, [Stabs him.] I’ll drown you in the malmesey butt within. [Exit with the body.] SECOND MURDERER. A bloody deed, and desperately dispatched: How fain (like Pilate) would I wash my hands Of this most grievous murder.% [Enter FIRST MURDERER.] FIRST MURDERER. How now? what mean'st thou that thou help'st me not? By Heaven the Duke shall know how slack you have been SECOND MURDERER. I would he knew that I had sav’d his brother, Take thou the fee, and tell him what I say,

Thesaurus beastly: (adj) animal, disgusting, overwhelm, choke, engulf, flood, horrid, bestial, brute; (adj, v) nasty, swamp, inundate, suffocate, abominable, offensive; (adv) ugly, asphyxiate; (adj, n, v) sink. brutally, brutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) ANTONYMS: (v) float, swim, civilized, cultured, kind, good, amplify, dry. refined, humane, inoffensive; (adj) entreat: (v) beg, beseech, ask, implore, lovely, pleasant. pray, adjure, appeal, request, conjure, begging: (n) mendicancy, request, crave, bid. ANTONYMS: (v) demand, plea; (v) asking, beg; (adj) beseeching, reject. relent: (v) give, give in, melt, soften, entreating, mendicant, imploring, suppliant, vagabond. moderate, ease, submit, cede, relax, drown: (v) drench, submerge, capitulate; (adj) remit. ANTONYMS:

(v) worsen, strengthen, resist, stand. slack: (adj, v) loose, lax, remiss, slow, dull; (adj) indolent, negligent, idle, flaccid, limp, baggy. ANTONYMS: (adj) strict, taut, thorough, brisk, diligent, attentive, upright, prompt, meticulous; (v) tighten; (n) tautness. womanish: (adj) tender, feminine, female, womanlike, womanly, weak, unmanly.

William Shakespeare

53

For %I repent me that the Duke is slain. [Exit.] FIRST MURDERER. So do not I: go coward as thou art. Well, I’ll go hide the body in some hole, Till that the Duke give order for his burial: And when I have my meede, I will away, For this will out, and then I must not stay. [Exit]

Thesaurus body: (n) cadaver, corpse, organization, cluster, set, carcass, figure, consistency, aggregate, association; (adj, n) mass. ANTONYMS: (n) handful, mind, minority, soul, few. coward: (n) cur, pantywaist, sneak, dastard, milksop, weakling, milquetoast; (adj) gutless, chickenhearted, pusillanimous, chicken-hearted. ANTONYMS: (n) daredevil, stalwart; (adj) brave.

hide: (n, v) cover, disguise, shelter, disturb, deregulate, supply. veil; (adj, v) obscure; (n) fur, fell, coat; repent: (v) deplore, bewail, rue, (v) bury, mask; (adj, n, v) darken. mourn, lament, atone, sorry, bemoan, ANTONYMS: (v) show, expose, feel remorse, grieve, be sorry. thou: (n) chiliad, grand, m, g, one express, divulge, unearth, amplify, advertise, clarify. thousand, gramme, gram, gm, order: (n, v) command, direct, decree, gigabyte, Gb, curtilage. dictate, sort, rank, array, commission, charge; (n) instruction, edict. ANTONYMS: (n, v) request; (n) mayhem, confusion, chaos, mess, anarchy, disorderliness, disarray; (v)

William Shakespeare

55

ACT TWO.%

SCENE I [Flourish. Enter the KING, sick, the QUEEN, LORD MARQUESSE DORSET, RIVERS, HASTINGS, CATESBY, BUCKINGHAM, WOODVILLE.] KING EDWARD. Why so: now have I done a good days work. You peers, continue this united League: I, every day expect an embassage From my Redeemer, to redeem me hence. And more to peace my soul shall part to heaven, Since I have made my friends at peace on earth. Dorset and Rivers, take each others hand, Dissemble not your hatred, swear your love RIVERS. By heaven, my soul is purg'd from grudging hate And with my hand I seal my true hearts love HASTINGS. So thrive I, as I truly swear the like

Thesaurus grudging: (adj) envious, niggardly, unwilling, begrudging, sparing, cheap, scanty, parsimonious, tightfisted, miserly, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, expansive, willing. redeem: (v) recover, deliver, atone, recoup, expiate, ransom, reclaim, save, free, extricate, refund. ANTONYMS: (v) hock, pawn, lose. seal: (n, v) stamp; (v) plug, bar, caulk, stop, shut; (n) cachet, hallmark,

imprint, signet; (adj) conclude. grow, advance, blossom, succeed, ANTONYMS: (n, v) open; (v) unseal. increase, bloom, get ahead, boom; sick: (adj) ill, queasy, poorly, ailing, (adj) luxuriate. ANTONYMS: (v) weary, diseased, sickly, morbid; (adj, deteriorate, fail, languish, struggle, v) indisposed, unwell; (adj, n) invalid. decrease. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, fond, truly: (adj, adv) really; (adv) sincerely, wholesome. in truth, exactly, in fact, indeed, in soul: (n) creature, human, person, reality, genuinely, right, certainly, honestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) personification, ghost, individual, mind, essence, life, self; (adj, n) heart. insincerely, dubiously, doubtfully, ANTONYMS: (n) surface, body. apparently, inaccurately, indefinite, thrive: (adj, v) prosper; (v) flourish, dishonestly, mildly, wrongly.

56

Richard III

KING EDWARD. Take heed you dally not before your King, Lest he that is the supreme King of Kings Confound your hidden falsehood, and award Either of you to be the others end HASTINGS. So prosper I, as I swear perfect love.% RIVERS. And I, as I love Hastings with my heart, KING EDWARD. Madam, your self is not exempt from this: Nor you son Dorset, Buckingham nor you; You have bene factious one against the other. wife, love Lord Hastings, let him kiss your hand, And what you do, do it unfeignedly QUEEN ELIZABETH. There Hastings, I will never more remember Our formr hatred, so thrive I, and mine KING EDWARD. Dorset, embrace him: Hastings, love Lord Marquesse DORSET. This interchange of love, I here protest Upon my part, shall be inviolable HASTINGS. And so swear I KING EDWARD. Now princely Buckingham, seal thou this league With thy embracements to my wives Allies, And make me happy in your unity

Thesaurus dally: (v) flirt, act, linger, trifle, toy, coquette, hesitate, play, dawdle, waste time, lag. ANTONYMS: (v) hurry, rush, hasten, lead. exempt: (v) absolve, discharge, dispense, forgive, relieve, justify, except; (adj, v) free; (adj) immune, at liberty, released. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) nonexempt; (adj) liable, taxable, bound; (v) enforce, blame, include. falsehood: (n) fable, fabrication, deception, untruth, lie, fib, fiction,

invention, dishonesty; (adj, n) deceit, ANTONYMS: (adj) acceptable, falsity. ANTONYMS: (n) fact, breakable. prosper: (v) advance, flower, thrive, honesty, reality. interchange: (n, v) change, barter; (v) grow, bloom, succeed, boom, get ahead, get on; (adj) luxuriate; (n, v) commute, switch, alternate, fare. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, substitute, convert, replace, counterchange, transpose; (n) traffic. collapse, decrease, dwindle, decline. inviolable: (adj) sacrosanct, unfeignedly: (adv) sincerely, truely, infrangible, hallowed, invulnerable, honestly, straightly, really, frankly, inviolate, inalienable, impenetrable, truly, heartily, authentically, absolute, impregnable; (v) authenticly, naturally. wives: (n) woman. imprescriptible, unimpeachable.

William Shakespeare

57

BUCKINGHAM. Whenever Buckingham doth turn his hate Upon Your Grace, but with all duteous love, Doth cherish you, and yours, God punish me With hate in those where I expect most love, When I have most need to employ a friend, And most assured that he is a friend, Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile, Be he unto me: This do I beg of heaven, When I am cold in love, to you, or yours.% [They Embrace] KING EDWARD. A pleasing cordial, princely Buckingham Is this thy vow, unto my sickly heart: There wanteth now our brother Gloster here, To make the blessd period of this peace BUCKINGHAM. And in good time, Here comes Sir Richard Ratcliffe, and the Duke. [Enter RATCLIFFE, and GLOSTER.] RICHARD. Good morrow to my soverign King and Queen And princely peers, a happy time of day KING EDWARD. happy indeed, as we have spent the day: Gloster, we have done deeds of Charity, Made peace of enmity, fair love of hate, Between these swelling wrong incensed peers RICHARD. A blessd labour my most soverign Lord:

Thesaurus cordial: (adj) genial, warm, affable, antagonism, animus, hostility, solar day, day. amiable, friendly, genuine, ardent, aggression, rancor, ill will, antipathy, punish: (v) amerce, discipline, unaffected, gracious, honest; (n) hatred, war, dislike. ANTONYMS: castigate, chasten, chastise, penalize, liqueur. ANTONYMS: (adj) (n) friendship, friendliness, affinity, strike, avenge, pay, beat, execute. ANTONYMS: (v) excuse, exonerate, unfriendly, stern, cold, cool, love, kindness, affection, adoration, disagreeable, aloof, reserved, distant, amity, cooperation, goodwill. pardon, reward, commend. incensed: (adj) angry, exasperated, swelling: (n) protuberance, lump, rude, uncordial, unpleasant. duteous: (adj) obedient, respectful, enraged, indignant, irate, infuriated, swell, intumescence, growth, compliant, docile, deferential, irritated, mad, livid, angered, projection, prominence, bulge, aggravated. ANTONYM: (adj) dropsy; (adj, v) inflated; (adj) reverent, submissive, obsequious, growing. ANTONYM: (n) decline. reverential. pleased. enmity: (n, v) animosity; (n) morrow: (n) morning, future, mean

58

Richard III

Among %this princely heap, if any here By false intelligence, or wrong surmize Hold me a Foe: If I unwillingly, or in my rage, Have ought committed that is hardly borne, To any in this presence, I desire To reconcile me to his friendly peace: 'Tis death to me to be at enmity: I hate it, and desire all good mens love, First madam, I entreat true peace of you, Which I will purchase with my duteous service. Of you my noble cousin Buckingham, If ever any grudge were lodg'd between us. Of you and you, Lord Rivers and of Dorset, That all without desert have frown'd on me: Of you Lord Woodville, and Lord Scales of you, Dukes, Earls, Lords, Gentlemen, indeed of all. I do not know that Englishman alive, With whom my soul is any iot at odds, More then the Infant that is borne to night: I thank my God for my humility QUEEN ELIZABETH. A holy day shall this be kept hereafter: I would to God all strifes were well compounded. My soverign Lord, I do beseech your Highness To take our brother Clarence to Your Grace RICHARD. Why madam, have I offered love for this, To be so flouted in this royal presence? Who knows not that the gentle Duke is dead?

Thesaurus borne: (adj) weak, wanting, spoony, humility: (n) diffidence, modesty, reconcile: (adj, v) conciliate, accord, harmonize; (v) accommodate, pacify, soft, sappy, shallow, little, limited. submission, shyness, meekness, cousin: (n) nephew, cousins, friend, lowliness, timidity, trait, humiliation, placate, mediate, adjust, harmonise, resignation; (adj) veneration. cousinship, relation, akin, relative, make up, propitiate. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (n) haughtiness, (v) alienate, estrange, provoke, full cousin, companion. grudge: (v) begrudge, covet; (n, v) affectation, conceit, arrogance. quarrel, segregate, worsen. spite; (n) malice, anger, umbrage, intelligence: (n) cleverness, intellect, unwillingly: (adv) grudgingly, loathly, resentment, rancor, gall, pique, feud. news, tidings, understanding, aversely, unenthusiastically, heap: (n, v) pile, aggregate, amass; (n) acumen, mentality, knowledge, indisposedly, resentfully, collection, accumulation, mound, brains, comprehension, brainpower. involuntarily, recalcitrantly, mass, group, lot; (v) bank, collect. ANTONYMS: (n) stupidity, emotion, refractorily, lothly, hesitatingly. ANTONYM: (v) tidy. ANTONYM: (adv) wholeheartedly. slowness, foolishness, ineptness.

William Shakespeare

59

[They all start.] You do him injury to scorn his corpse KING EDWARD. Who knows not he is dead? Who knows he is? QUEEN ELIZABETH. All-seeing heaven, what a world is this? BUCKINGHAM. Look I so pale Lord Dorset, as the rest? DORSET. Ay, my good Lord, and no man in the presence, But his red colour hath forsook his cheks KING EDWARD. Is Clarence dead? The Order was reversed RICHARD. But he (poor man) by your first order died, And that a winged Mercury did bear: Some tardy cripple bare the countermand, That came too lag to see him buried. God grant, that some less noble, and less Loyal, Nearr in bloody thoughts, and not in blood, Deserve not worse then wretched Clarence did, And yet go curnt from suspicion.% [Enter EARL OF DERBY.] STANLEY. A boon, my soverign, for my service done KING EDWARD. I prithe peace, my soul is full of sorrow STANLEY. I will not rise, unless your Highness hear me

Thesaurus boon: (n) blessing, benefit, mercy, concession, good, gratuity; (n, v) benefaction, gift, grant; (adj) jocund, hilarious. ANTONYMS: (n) disadvantage, privation, disaster, minus. corpse: (n) carcass, body, carcase, dead person, stiff, dead body, remains, corse, clay, dry bones; (adj) lich. cripple: (adj, v) maim, prostrate; (v) mutilate, enfeeble, injure, incapacitate, weaken, becripple; (n, v)

damage; (n) invalid; (adj) paralyze. tardy: (adj, adv, v) late; (adj, v) slow, ANTONYMS: (v) support, remiss; (adj, adv) backward, dilatory, behindhand; (adj) belated, slack, strengthen, invigorate, help, fortify, enable, aid. overdue, delayed, sluggish. sorrow: (n, v) regret, lament, grieve; ANTONYMS: (adj) early, punctual, (v) mourn; (n) mourning, heartache, premature, speedy. repentance, remorse; (adj, n) sadness, winged: (adj) swift, rapid, speedy, misery; (adj, n, v) distress. quick, flying, alate, sublime, lofty, ANTONYMS: (n) joy, delight, alated, aligerous, composed. world: (n) cosmos, nature, creation, happiness, peace, hopefulness, cheerfulness, shamelessness, calm, earth, public, sphere, society, realm, content; (v) rejoice. globe, macrocosm; (adj) global.

60

Richard III

KING %EDWARD. Then say at once, what is it thou requests STANLEY. The forfeit (soverign) of my servants life, Who slew today a Riotous gentleman, Lately attendant on the Duke of Norfolk KING EDWARD. Have I a tongue to doom my brother’s death? And shall that tongue give pardon to a slave? My brother kill'd no man, his fault was thought, And yet his punishment was bitter death. Who sued to me for him? Who (in my wrath) Kneel'd and my feet, and bid me be advis’d? Who spoke of brother-hood? who spoke of love? Who told me how the poor soul did forsake The mighty Warwick, and did fight for me? Who told me in the field at Tewkesbury, When Oxford had me down, he rescued me: And said dear brother live, and be a King? Who told me, when we both lay in the Field, Frozen (almost) to death, how he did lap me Even in his garments, and did give himself (All thin and naked) to the numbe cold night? All this from my Remembrance, brutish wrath Sinfully pluckd, and not a man of you Had so much grace to put it in my mind. But when your Carters, or your waiting vassals Have done a drunkn Slaughter, and defac'd The precious image of our dear Redeemer, You straight are on your knees for Pardon, pardon, And I (unjustly too) must grant it you.

Thesaurus attendant: (n) companion, follower, assistant, escort, subordinate, employee, guide, varlet; (adj) accompanying, concomitant, incidental. ANTONYMS: (n) superior, boss; (adj) absent, unrelated, significant. brutish: (adj) brutal, barbarous, bestial, brute, savage, fierce, boorish, ferocious, cruel, indelicate; (adj, adv) beastly. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, humane, refined.

doom: (n, v) sentence, destine, fate; (v) condemn, convict, damn; (n) destiny, day of reckoning, chance, luck, lot. ANTONYMS: (n) plan; (v) absolve. feet: (v) legs, pegs, pins, trotters; (n) foots, ft, fete, meter, rescue. forfeit: (n) penalty, deprivation, cost; (v) abandon, forgo, relinquish, waive; (n, v) sacrifice, pawn; (adj) confiscate, lost. ANTONYMS: (n) retention; (v) claim, redeem, receive, maintain. garments: (n) attire, clothing, dress,

apparel, raiment, outfit, costume, garb, array, gear, anything worthless. knees: (n) knee. mighty: (adj) immense, huge, grand, intense, high, big, forcible, strong, large, great; (adj, adv) powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) puny, tiny, weak, insignificant. requests: (n) desires, requirements, needs, wants. rescued: (adj) saved, protected. servants: (n) staff, suite.

William Shakespeare

61

But for my brother, not a man would speak, Nor I (ungracious) speak unto my self For him poor soul. The proudest of you all, Have been beholding to him in his life: Yet none of you, would once beg for his life. O God! I fear thy justice will take hold On me, and you; and mine, and yours for this. Come Hastings help me to my closet. Ah poor Clarence.% [Exeunt. some with KING and QUEEN.] RICHARD. This is the fruits of rashness: Marked you not, How that the guilty kindred of the Queen Look'd pale, when they did hear of Clarence death. O! they did urge it still unto the King, God will revenge it. Come Lords will you go, To comfort Edward with our company BUCKINGHAM. We wait upon Your Grace. [Exeunt.]

SCENE II. [Enter the old DUTCHESS of YORK, with the two CHILDREN of CLARENCE.] SON. Good Grandam tell us, is our father dead? DUCHESS. No boy

Thesaurus beholding: (n) fusion, seeing, visual perception, look. comfort: (n, v) ease, allay, support, aid, alleviate; (n) consolation, relief, amenity, assistance; (adj, n, v) assuage; (v) cheer. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, aggravation, agony; (v) alarm, annoy, frighten, afflict, aggravate, bother, burden, disappoint. duchess: (n) princess, queen, lady, czarina, begum, margravine,

noblewoman, peeress, marchioness, sultana, infanta. fruits: (n) revenue. guilty: (adj) culpable, faulty, wicked, hangdog, criminal, chargeable, sinful, blameworthy; (n) guilt, culprit; (adj, v) condemned. ANTONYMS: (adj) blameless, aggressive, proud. pale: (adj) faint, wan, dull, weak, light, bloodless, pallid; (adj, v) dim; (n) boundary, confine; (v) blanch. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, rosy,

brown, well, glowing, vivid, healthy, clear, colorful; (v) redden, darken. rashness: (n) temerity, precipitation, recklessness, hastiness, imprudence, heedlessness, folly, precipitancy, indiscretion, carelessness, adventurism. ANTONYMS: (n) caution, consideration, deliberation, patience, discretion, carefulness, forethought.

62

Richard III

DAUGHTER. Why %do weep so oft? And beat your Breast? And cry, O Clarence, my unhappy son SON. Why do you look on us, and shake your head, And call us orphans, wretches, castaways, If that our noble father were alive? DUCHESS. My pretty cousins, you mistake me both, I do lament the sickness of the King, As loath to lose him, not your fathers death: It were lost sorrow to wail one that's lost SON. Then you conclude, (my Grandam) he is dead: The King mine Uncle is too blame for it. God will revenge it, whom I will importune With earnest prayers, all to that effect DAUGHTER. And so will I DUCHESS. peace children peace, the King doth love you well. Incapable, and shallow innocents, You cannot guess who caus'd your fathers death SON. Grandam we can: for my good Uncle Gloster Told me, the King provok’d to it by the Queen, Devis’d impeachments to imprison him; And when my Uncle told me so, he weept, And pitied me, and kindly kissed my chek:

Thesaurus imprison: (v) cage, incarcerate, jail, immure, commit, prison, restrain, gaol, detain, lock up, shut. ANTONYMS: (v) release, free, liberate. kindly: (adj) kind, amiable, genial, charitable; (adv) sympathetically, benevolently, tenderly; (adj, n) benign, gentle, sympathetic, benevolent. ANTONYMS: (adv) harshly, nastily, callously, cruelly, sharply, disagreeably, grumpily,

malevolently; (adj) upsetting, unfeeling, sour. loath: (adj) unwilling, disinclined, reluctant, loth, indisposed, backward, hesitant, antipathetic, antipathetical, loathe, shy of. ANTONYMS: (adj) eager, willing, disposed, keen. shallow: (adj) superficial, low, cursory, petty, little, sketchy, flimsy, frivolous, simple, surface, perfunctory. ANTONYMS: (adj) bottomless, profound, intense, pensive, serious,

inner, weighty. sickness: (n, v) disease, indisposition, malady, disorder, distemper, ailment; (n) complaint, qualm, nausea, disgust, queasiness. told: (v) related, narrated; (adj) numbered, oral, spoken, legendary, verbal, manifest. wail: (n, v) howl, cry, lament, moan, scream, bellow, whine; (v) ululate, weep, whimper, mewl. ANTONYMS: (v) whimper, laugh.

William Shakespeare

63

Bade %me rely on him, as on my father, And he would love me dearly as a child DUCHESS. Ah! that deceit should steal such gentle shape, And with a virtuous visor hide deep vice. He is my sonne, I, and therein my shame, Yet from my dugs, he drew not this deceit SON. Think you my Uncle did dissemble Grandam? DUCHESS. Ay, boy SON. I cannot think it. Hark, what noise is this? [Enter the QUEEN with her hair about her ears, RIVERS and DORSET afterHERBERT.] QUEEN ELIZABETH. Ah, who shall hinder me to wail and weep? To chide my fortune, and torment my self. I’ll join with black despair against my soul, And to my self, become an enemy DUCHESS. What means this scene of rude impatience? QUEEN ELIZABETH. To make an act of tragic violence. Edward my Lord, thy son, our King is dead. Why grow the Branches, when the Roote is gone? Why wither not the leaves that want their sap? If you will live, Lament: if die, be brief, That our swift-winged souls may catch the Kings,

Thesaurus chide: (n, v) censure, reprimand, blame; (v) rebuke, admonish, chasten, lecture, scold, reproach, chastise, reprove. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, laud, commend, compliment, approve. deceit: (n) guile, artifice, deception, falsehood, ruse, pretense, fraud, trickery; (adj, n) cunning, craft, art. ANTONYMS: (n) sincerity, truthfulness, fairness, frankness, loyalty, straightforwardness,

uprightness, truth. dissemble: (v) feign, assume, conceal, disguise, camouflage, dissimulate, act, hide, sham, pretend, mask. ANTONYMS: (v) show, demonstrate, expose, reveal. hark: (v) harken, hear, hearken, heed, listen in; (n) look here, look you, look. hinder: (v) impede, resist, check, hamper, obstruct, curb, handicap, delay; (n, v) bar; (adj) posterior, hind. ANTONYMS: (v) help, facilitate,

assist, prompt, encourage, promote, allow, support, accelerate. therein: (adv) in this, in there. visor: (n) eyeshade, peak, vizor, disguise, bill, vizard, shade, screen, armor plating, armor plate, head loupe. wither: (v) shrink, wilt, contract, shrivel, languish, droop, dry, waste, wane, atrophy, decay. ANTONYMS: (v) swell, strengthen, grow, blossom, flourish.

64

Richard III

Or %like obedient subjects follow him, To his new kingdom of nere-changing night DUCHESS. Ah, so much interest have in thy sorrow, As I had title in thy noble husband: I have beweept a worthy husbands death, And liv’d with looking on his images: But now two mirrors of his princely semblance, Are crack'd in pieces, by malignant death, And I for comfort, have but one false glass, That grieves me, when I see my shame in him. Thou art a widow: yet thou art a mother, And hast the comfort of thy children left, But death hath snatch'd my husband from mine arms, And pluckd two Crutches from my feeble hands, Clarence, and Edward. O, what cause have I, (Thine being but a moity of my moan) To over-go thy woes, and drown thy cries SON. Ah, Aunt! you weept not for our fathers death: How can we aid you with our kindred tears? DAUGHTER. Our fatherless distress was left unmoan'd, Your widow-dolour, likewise be unweept QUEEN ELIZABETH. Give me no help in Lamentation, I am not barn to bring forth complaints: All Springs reduce their curnts to mine eyes, That I being govern'd by the waterie Moone, May send forth plenteous tears to drown the world. Ah, for my husband, for my dear Lord Edward

Thesaurus barn: (n) outhouse, shed, cowshed, cowhouse, stable, bawn, grange, byre, godown, granary, storehouse. fatherless: (adj) bastard, unfathered, misbegotten, bereaved, childless, parentless, orbate, unparented; (v) helpless, unfriended. feeble: (adj) delicate, decrepit, ailing, helpless, powerless, poor, mild, lax, thin; (adj, v) faint, debilitated. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, vigorous, hearty, tough, effective, powerful,

unrelenting, robust, potent, persuasive, able. likewise: (adv) besides, in addition, furthermore, alike, moreover, further, too, similarly; (adj, adv) as well, equally; (adj) even. malignant: (adj) malevolent, malicious, evil, malefic, fatal, spiteful, virulent, sinister, mischievous, pernicious, venomous. obedient: (adj) submissive, compliant, good, conformable, tame,

acquiescent, dutiful, meek, biddable, amenable, subservient. ANTONYMS: (adj) defiant, assertive, rebellious, crooked, intractable, naughty, wild, resistant. plenteous: (adj) abundant, ample, copious, plentiful, bountiful, fertile, fruitful, full, exuberant, rich, generous. ANTONYMS: (adj) meager, sparse.

William Shakespeare

65

SON, %DAUGHTER. Ah, for our father, for our dear Lord Clarence DUCHESS. Alas for both, both mine Edward and Clarence QUEEN ELIZABETH. What stay had I but Edward, and he's gone? SON, DAUGHTER. What stay had we but Clarence? and he's gone DUCHESS. What stays had I, but they? and they are gone QUEEN ELIZABETH. Was never widow had so dear a losse SON, DAUGHTER. Were never Orphans had so dear a losse DUCHESS. Was never mother had so dear a loss. Alas! I am the mother of these Griefs, Their woes are parcell'd, mine is generall. She for an Edward weeps, and so do I: I for a Clarence weeps, so doth not she: These Babes for Clarence weep, so do not they. Alas! you three, on me threefold distrest: power all your tears, I am your sorrow’s Nurse, And I will pamper it with Lamentation DORSET. Comfort, dear mother. God is much displeas'd, That you take with unthankfulness his doing. In common worldly things, 'tis call'd ungratefull, With dull unwillingness to repay a debt, Which with a bounteous hand was kindly lent:

Thesaurus bounteous: (adj) bountiful, liberal, redeem. ANTONYM: (v) penalize. enthusiasm, disposition, keenness, ample, copious, plentiful, bighearted, threefold: (adj) triple, dual, double, inclination. generous, munificent, handsome, trinal, ternary, trine, triplex, bivalent; worldly: (adj, adv) earthly; (adj) (adj, v) triplicate; (adv) three times, benevolent, affluent. ANTONYM: mundane, secular, terrestrial, (adj) scarce. thrice. temporal, carnal, sophisticated, lay, pamper: (v) pet, spoil, cocker, coddle, unthankfulness: (n) thanklessness, profane; (adv) mundanely, temporally. ANTONYMS: (adj) baby, cherish, mollycoddle, cosset, oblivion of benefits, ungratefulness. gratify, foster, fondle. ANTONYMS: unwillingness: (n) disinclination, spiritual, naive, cloistered, religious, (v) deprive, deny. indisposition, aversion, hesitation, unsophisticated, unworldly, repay: (v) recompense, reward, pay, hesitancy, resistance, antipathy, unrefined, otherworldly, low, reimburse, compensate, refund, reluctancy, dislike, distaste, heavenly, immaterial. irreconcilableness. ANTONYMS: (n) render, requite, remunerate, return,

66

Richard III

Much more to be thus opposite with heaven, For it requires the royal debt it lent you RIVERS. Madam, bethink you like a careful mother Of the young prince your sonne: send straight for him, Let him be crown'd, in him your comfort lives. Drown desperate sorrow in dead Edward’s grave, And plant your joys in living Edward’s Throne. Enter Richard, Buckingham, Derbie, Hastings, and Ratcliffe.% RICHARD. sister have comfort, all of us have cause To wail the dimming of our shining Starre: But none can help our harms by wayling them. Madam, my mother, I do cry you mercy, I did not see Your Grace. Humbly on my knee, I crave your Blessing DUCHESS. God bless the, and put meeknes in thy breast, love Charity, Obedience, and true duty RICHARD. Amen, and make me die a good old man, That is the butt-end of a mothers blessing; I marvel that her Grace did leave it out BUCKINGHAM. You cloudy-prince’s, and hart-sorowing-peers, That bear this heavy mutual load of moan, Now cher each other, in each others love: Though we have spent our harvest of this King, We are to reap the harvest of his son. The broken rancour of your high-swolne hates, But lately splinter'd, knit, and joyn'd together,

Thesaurus bethink: (v) recollect, mull, remind, recall, think, reflect, ponder, speculate, ruminate, consider, contemplate. bless: (v) consecrate, celebrate, sanctify, anoint, eulogize, sign, praise, keep, grant, glorify; (n) blessing. ANTONYMS: (v) curse, condemn, disapprove, damn, disallow, deny. crave: (v) covet, ask, want, beseech, implore, wish, long, entreat, desire,

fancy, claim. ANTONYMS: (v) malice, gall, odium, rancor, dislike, spurn, loathe, hate, detest, bitterness, hate, grievance, grant. heartburning. dimming: (n) eclipse. reap: (v) harvest, gain, glean, gather, lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, obtain, cut, receive, earn, acquire; (adj, v) mow; (adj) clip. ANTONYMS: belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) (v) lose, scatter. shining: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) lustrous, recent. lent: (n) Quadragesima, Lententide. radiant, glossy, luminous, glorious, others: (n) rest, cessation, lie, lave, glowing; (adj, n) lucid, resplendent, clear; (v) shine. ANTONYMS: (adj) LAN, ease, acquiesce, intermission. rancour: (n) enmity, animosity, hatred, dull, pale, blemished.

William Shakespeare

67

Must %gently be preserv’d, cherisht, and kept: Me seemeth good, that with some little train, Forthwith from Ludlow, the young prince be set Hither to London, to be crown'd our King RIVERS. Why with some little train, my Lord of Buckingham? BUCKINGHAM. Marry my Lord, least by a multitude, The new-heal'd wound of Malice should break out, Which would be so much the more dangerous, By how much the estate is green, and yet ungovern'd. Where every horse bears his commanding Reine, And may direct his course as please himself, As well the fear of harm,as harm apparent, In my opinion, ought to be prevented RICHARD. I hope the King made peace with all of us, And the compact is firm, and true in me RIVERS. And so in me, and so (I think) in all. Yet since it is but green, it should be put To no apparent likely-hood of breach, Which haply by much company might be vrg'd: Therefore I say with noble Buckingham, That it is meete so few should fetch the prince HASTINGS. And so say I RICHARD. Then be it so, and go we to determine Who they shall be that strait shall post to London.

Thesaurus bears: (n) fissiped, badgers, Carnivora, bargain; (adj, v) close, condense; (v) get, attract; (adj, n) feint. compress; (n, v) contract; (adj) dense, haply: (adv) accidentally, by accident, order Carnivora. commanding: (adj) imperative, solid, thick, compendious. maybe, by luck, casually, ANTONYMS: (adj) loose, sprawling, imperious, peremptory, bossy, fortuitously, mayhap, perchance, imposing, ascendant, compelling, sparse, bulky, large, cumbersome, incidentally, perhaps, peradventure. magnificent; (adj, n) grand, long, lengthy, unwieldy; (v) expand, prevented: (adj) disallowed, barred, impressive; (adv) commandingly. banned. ANTONYM: (adj) legitimate. loosen. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, estate: (n) land, order, demesne, rank, strait: (adj) narrow; (n) pinch, pass, unassertive, indecisive, domain, property, acres, substance, inlet, need, channel, crisis, poverty, difficulty; (adj, n) quandary; (n, v) unimpressive, insignificant, state, asset, assets. fetch: (v) carry, bring, bring in, subservient. dilemma. compact: (n) arrangement, covenant, convey, draw, elicit, deliver, catch,

68

Richard III

Madam, and you my sister, will you go To give your censures in this business.% [Exeunt.] [Manent BUCKINGHAM, and RICHARD.] BUCKINGHAM. My Lord, who ever journies to the prince, For God sake let not us two stay at home: For by the way, I’ll sort occasion, As Index to the story we late talk'd of, To part the Queen’s proud kindred from the prince RICHARD. My other self, my counsel’s consistory, My oracle, my prophet, my dear cousin, I, as a child, will go by thy direction, Toward London then, for we’ll not stay behind. [Exeunt.]

SCENE III. [Enter one CITIZEN at one door, and another at the other.] FIRST CITIZEN. Good morrow Neighbour, whether away so fast? SECOND CITIZEN. I promise you, I scarcely know my self: Hear you the news abroad? FIRST CITIZEN. Yes, that the King is dead

Thesaurus abroad: (adj, adv) overseas, away; (adv) afield, forth, beyond seas, yonder, farther, at large, further; (adj) foreign, out. ANTONYMS: (adj) remaining, nearby. fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) leisurely; (v) gorge, eat.

oracle: (n) prophet, divination, scarcely: (adv) narrowly, rarely, vaticinator, diviner, revelation, seer, hardly, just, scarce, uncommonly, sibyl, Solomon, soothsayer, vision, insufficiently, scantily, scantly, only just, seldom. ANTONYMS: (adv) authority. promise: (n, v) covenant, guarantee, easily, liberally. contract, vow, bargain; (v) augur, sister: (n) nurse, nun, brother, sisters, assure; (n) engagement, assurance, older sister, mate, twin, pair, fellow plight, word. companion, double, match. prophet: (n) augur, oracle, vaticinator, ANTONYM: (n) brother. whether: (pron) where. seer, predictor, diviner, forecaster, visionary, foreteller, priest, clairvoyant.

William Shakespeare

69

SECOND %CITIZEN. Ill news by ‘r lady, seldom comes the better: I fear, I fear, 'twill prove a giddy world. [Enter another CITIZEN.] THERD CITIZEN. Neighbours, God speed FIRST CITIZEN.

Give you good morrow sir

THERD CITIZEN. Doth the news hold of good king Edward’s death? SECOND CITIZEN. Ay, sir, it is too true, God help the while THERD CITIZEN. Then Masters look to see a troublous world FIRST CITIZEN. No, no, by God’s good grace, his son shall reign THERD CITIZEN. Woe to that Land that's govern'd by a child SECOND CITIZEN. In him there is a hope of Government, Which in his nonage, council under him, And in his full and ripened years, himself No doubt shall then, and till then govern well FIRST CITIZEN. So stood the state, when Henry the sixth Was crown'd in Paris, but at nine months old THERD CITIZEN. Stood the state so? No, no, good friends, God wot For then this Land was famously enrich'd

Thesaurus famously: (adv) illustriously, greatly, ANTONYM: (n) Lord. ANTONYM: (adj) young. nonage: (n) infancy, teens, tender age, seldom: (adj) scarce, rare, few, prominently, gloriously, infrequent; (adv) occasionally, magnificently, wonderfully, legal status, childhood, bloom, age, renownedly, eminently, notoriously, early childhood. infrequently, uncommonly, hardly, reign: (v) govern, command, celebratedly, notedly. scarcely, not often, once in a blue govern: (n, v) direct, control, reign, predominate, dominate, prevail; (n) moon. ANTONYMS: (adv) often, rule; (v) administer, dictate, dominance, dominion, control, seldom. till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, dominate, manage, check, bridle, government, administration, regulate. ANTONYM: (v) deregulate. kingdom. hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, lady: (n) gentlewoman, Mrs, duchess, ripened: (adj) mature, matured, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to. countess, spouse, madam, ma'am, elderly, aged, maturer, old, mellow, troublous: (adj) riotous, ugly, milady, matron, woman; (v) squaw. grown, full-grown, cured, adult. vexatious, troublesome.

70

Richard III

With %politike grave Counsell; then the King Had virtuous Uncles to protect his Grace FIRST CITIZEN. Why so hath this, both by his father and mother THERD CITIZEN. Better it were they all came by his father: Or by his father there were none at all: For emulation, who shall now be nearest, Will touch us all too near, if God prevent not. O full of danger is the Duke of Glouster, And the Queen’s sons, and brother’s, haught and proud: And were they to be rul'd, and not to rule, This sickly Land, might solace as before FIRST CITIZEN. Come, come, we fear the worst: all will be well THERD CITIZEN. When Clouds are seen, wisemen put on their cloaks; When great leaves fall, then Winter is at hand; When the Sun sets, who doth not look for night? Untimely stormes, makes men expect a dearth: All may be well; but if God sort it so, 'Tis more then we deserve, or I expect SECOND CITIZEN. Truly, the hearts of men are full of fear: You cannot reason (almost) with a man, That looks not heavily, and full of dread THERD CITIZEN. Before the days of Change, still is it so, By a divine instinct, mens minds mistrust Pursuing danger: as by proofe we see

Thesaurus deserve: (v) rate, warrant, gain, earn, conflict, ambition, emulate, compete, genius. to deserve, demand, justify, bear; (n, leaves: (n) departure, leaving, plants, imitating. v) reward; (n) richly deserve, worth. grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, trees, vegetation. divine: (adj) sacred, wonderful, solace: (n) consolation, relief, balm, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad, blessed, holy, exquisite; (n) grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) solacement; (v) console, allay, relieve, clergyman; (v) guess, conjecture, engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) recreate; (n, v) ease, cheer, support. augur, anticipate; (adj, n) almighty. ANTONYMS: (n) distress, grief. frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, ANTONYMS: (adj) imperfect, worst: (v) whip, trounce, defeat, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, profane, earthly, dreadful, physical, minor, insignificant, favorable. overcome, vanquish, pip, rack up; instinct: (n) impulse, urge, aptitude, (adj, v) best, rout; (adj) floor, lick. ugly, secular. emulation: (n) mimicry, rivalry, ANTONYMS: (adj, n) best; (adj) gift, feeling, sixth sense, inherent contest, simulation, contention, strife, aptitude, knack, inspiration, talent, highest, first, secondary.

William Shakespeare

71

The Water swell before a boyst'rous storme: But leave it all to God. Whither away? SECOND CITIZEN. Marry we were sent for to the Justices THERD CITIZEN. And so was I: I’ll bear you company.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. [Enter Archbishop, Young York, the Queen, and the Dutchess.] ARCHBISHOP. Last night I heard they lay at Stony Stratford, And at Northampton they do rest to night: Tomorrow, or next day, they will be here DUCHESS. I long with all my heart to see the prince: I hope he is much grown since last I saw him QUEEN ELIZABETH. But I hear no, they say my sonne of York Has almost overta’en him in his growth YORK. Ay, mother, but I would not have it so DUCHESS. Why my good cousin, it is good to grow YORK. Grandam, one night as we did sit at Supper, My Uncle Rivers talk'd how I did grow

Thesaurus bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, deteriorate. abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, grown: (adj) mature, big, growed, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) grown-up, developed, ripe, release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, grownup, fully grown, full-grown, growth, become. ANTONYM: (adj) eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull. unripe. grow: (v) expand, advance, augment, heart: (adj, n) core, gist, marrow; (n) enlarge, come, emerge, spring, spirit, center, essence, basis, kernel, crux, breast, hub. ANTONYMS: (n) become, farm, turn, get. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, weaken, body, surface. sent: (adj) dispatched, imported, shrink, decline, drop, collapse, struggle, wane, plummet, dwindle, ecstatic, blissful, fascinated,

intoxicated; (v) transmit. ANTONYM: (adj) unsent. swell: (n, v) rise, heave, increase, wave, billow; (v) enlarge, expand, puff, grow, bloat; (adj, n) dandy. ANTONYMS: (v) deflate, desiccate, shrink, compress, concentrate, wane; (n, v) decline; (adj) bad, horrible, shabby, awful. whither: (adv) hither, thither, whereunto, whereto, for.

72

Richard III

More %then my brother. I, quoth my Uncle Glouster, Small herbs have grace, great weeds do grow apace. And since, me thinks I would not grow so fast, Because sweet flowers are slow, and weeds make hast DUCHESS. Good faith, good faith, the saying did not hold In him that did obiect the same to the. He was the wretched'st thing when he was Young, So long a growing, and so leisurely, That if his rule were true, he should be gracious YORK. And so no doubt he is, my gracious madam DUCHESS. I hope he is, but yet let mothers doubt YORK. Now by my troth, if I had been remembred, I could have given my Uncles Grace, a flout, To touch his growth, nearr then he touched mine DUCHESS. How my Young York, I prithe let me hear it YORK. Marry (they say) my Uncle grew so fast, That he could gnaw a crust at two hours old, 'Twas full two years ere I could get a tooth. Grandam, this would have been a biting jest DUCHESS. I prithe, pretty York, who told the this? YORK. Grandam, his Nursse

Thesaurus biting: (adj, v) acute, acrid, sarcastic, grace: (adj, v) adorn; (v) garnish, deck, sharp, acrimonious, pungent, severe, embellish, beautify, decorate, cutting; (adj) acid, bitter, barbed. embroider; (adj, n, v) favor; (n) ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, blunt, kind, elegance, beauty; (adj, n) clemency. ANTONYMS: (n) unseemliness, bland, nice, soothing, sweet, hot, complimentary, faint, sympathetic. awkwardness, disfavor, inelegance, crust: (n) skin, peel, bark, cheekiness, heaviness, unkindness; (v) deface, gall, impertinence, covering, shell, demean. grandam: (n) grandmother, grannam. cortex, coating, encrustation. gnaw: (v) chew, fret, crunch, corrode, jest: (n) gag, gibe, quip, game; (n, v) jape; (v) banter, jeer, deride, gird, nibble, eat, erode, to bite, munch, masticate; (n, v) chafe. sneer, clown.

marry: (n, v) wed, espouse; (v) get married, link, conjoin, wive, splice, tie, unite, couple; (n) marriage. ANTONYMS: (v) divorce, separate, split. quoth: (v) quod. troth: (n) faith, engagement, betrothal, plight, vow, loyalty, espousal, fidelity, truth, verity, veracity. weeds: (n) viduity, mourning band, garment, cypress, widowhood, dress; (adj) willow.

William Shakespeare

73

DUCHESS. His Nurse? why she was dead, ere thou wast borne YORK. If 'twere not she, I cannot tell who told me QUEEN ELIZABETH. A parlous boy: go too, you are too shrew'd DUCHESS. Good madam, be not angry with the child QUEEN ELIZABETH. Pitchers have ears. Enter a Messenger.% ARCHBISHOP. Here comes a Messenger: What news? MESSENGER. Such news my Lord, as grieves me to report QUEEN ELIZABETH. How doth the prince? MESSENGER.

Well madam, and in health

DUCHESS. What is thy news? MESSENGER. Lord Rivers, and Lord Grey, are sent to Pomfret, And with them Sir Thomas Vaughan, prisoners DUCHESS. Who hath committed them? MESSENGER. The mighty Dukes, Glouster and Buckingham ARCHBISHOP.

For what offence?

Thesaurus angry: (adj) anger, furious, provoked, uncaring, halfhearted. dead: (adj) lifeless, defunct, cold, incensed, vehement, fierce, irate, raging, maddened, shirty, inanimate, idle, gone, fallen, numb, indignation. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, vapid; (adv) right. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) living; (adj) pleased, gentle, joyful, content, euphoric, mild, happy, resigned, alive, animate, live, spirited, joyous, gleeful, quiet. responsive, working, partial, committed: (adj) engaged, dedicated, operative; (adv) partly, partially. firm, devoted, involved, connected, messenger: (n, v) herald; (n) harbinger, loyal, constant, linked, vigorous; (v) runner, emissary, bearer, compromised. ANTONYMS: (adj) ambassador, precursor, courier, unattached, passive, casual, flippant, carrier, apostle, errand.

offence: (n) insult, injury, guilt, error, delinquency, fault, misdeed, infraction, infringement, attack, offense. parlous: (adj, v) hazardous, perilous; (adj) precarious, unsafe, risky, venturesome, dangerously insecure; (v) periculous; (adv) exceedingly, extremely, highly.

74

Richard III

MESSENGER. The %sum of all I can, I have disclos'd: Why, or for what, the nobles were committed, Is all unknown to me, my gracious Lord QUEEN ELIZABETH. Ay me! I see the ruin of my House: The tiger now hath seiz'd the gentle hind, Insulting tyranny begins to jut Upon the innocent and aweless Throne: Welcome destruction, blood, and massacre, I see (as in a Map) the end of all DUCHESS. Accursed, and unquiet wrangling days, How many of you have mine eyes beheld? My husband lost his life, to get the crown, And often up and down my sons were tost For me to joy, and weep, their gain and loss. And being seated, and domestic broyles Cleane over-blown, themselves the Conquerors, Make war upon themselves, brother to brother; blood to blood, self against self: O prepostrous And frantic outrage, end thy damned spleen, Or let me die, to look on earth no more QUEEN ELIZABETH. Come, come my boy, we will to Sanctuary. Madam, farwell DUCHESS. Stay, I will go with you QUEEN ELIZABETH. You have no cause

Thesaurus aweless: (adj) dauntless, awless, dreadless, fearless, disrespectful, unabashed, brazen, unawed, irreverent, audacious, shameless. damned: (adj) accursed, doomed, blasted, condemned, damn, cussed, wretched, infernal, hateful, goddamned; (adv) damnably. ANTONYM: (adj) saved. nobles: (n) landed gentry, upper class. outrage: (n, v) insult, affront, dishonor, anger; (v) offend, violate, desecrate;

(adj, n, v) abuse; (n) atrocity, endangered, Alecto, monster. tyranny: (adj, n) dictatorship, indignity, enormity. ruin: (n) devastation, desolation; (adj, autocracy; (n) absolutism, despotism, n) downfall; (v) break, consume, oppression, cruelty, monocracy, demolish, destroy; (n, v) doom, totalitarianism, authoritarianism, ravage, destruction, damage. autarchy, Caesarism. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, enhance, (n) democracy, liberty. save, restore, improve; (n, v) respect; unquiet: (adj) restless, anxious, (n) making, success, triumph, rise, nervous, turbulent, unsettled, disturbed, fussy, tumultuous; (v) preservation. tiger: (adj) fury, dragon, demon; (n) movable, saltatory, shifting. ANTONYM: (adj) quiet. hostler, cat, jockey, ostler, big cat,

William Shakespeare

75

ARCHBISHOP. My gracious Lady go, And thither bear your treasure and your goods, For my part, I’ll resign unto Your Grace The seal I keep, and so betide to me, As well I tender you, and all of yours. Go, I’ll conduct you to the Sanctuary.% [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus conduct: (v) bring, direct, carry, show; resign: (v) renounce, cede, relinquish, thither: (adv) hither, whither, on that (n, v) act, administration, manage, quit, give up, leave, abandon, drop, point, in that respect, at that place, in administer, carriage, bearing; (adj, v) that location; (adj) further, ulterior, deliver, surrender, forgo. acquit. ANTONYMS: (v) mismanage, ANTONYMS: (v) accept, continue, remoter, succeeding, more distant. treasure: (n) gem, fortune, riches, leave, follow. retain, stay. keep: (n, v) hold; (v) preserve, retain, tender: (n, v) offer, proffer, bid; (adj, v) funds; (n, v) hoard, prize, store; (v) affectionate; (adj) painful, sensitive, cherish, appreciate; (adj, n) jewel, defend, guard, maintain, continue, soft, loving, sore; (v) propose, precious stone. ANTONYMS: (v) have, save, confine, observe. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, neglect, present. ANTONYMS: (adj) dislike, disparage, scorn, neglect; (n) entrust, return, let, discontinue, hardhearted, rubbery, hard, rough, dud, poverty. reimburse, allow, stop, destroy, uncaring, healthy, mature, unfeeling, cold, experienced; (v) withdraw. break.

William Shakespeare

77

ACT THREE.%

SCENE I. [The Trumpets sound.] [Enter Young PRINCE, the Dukes of GLOSTER, and BUCKINGHAM, Lord CARDINAL, with others.] BUCKINGHAM. Welcome sweet prince to London, to your chamber RICHARD. Welcome dear cousin, my thoughts soverign The weary way hath made you Melancholy PRINCE EDWARD. No Uncle, but our crosss on the way, Have made it tedious, wearisome, and heavy. I want more Uncles here to welcome me RICHARD. Sweet prince, the untainted virtue of your years Hath not yet div’d into the worlds deceit: No more can you distinguish of a man,

Thesaurus tedious: (adj) tiresome, boring, dreary, virtue: (adj, n) merit, excellence, quality, attribute; (n) honor, slow, heavy, humdrum, irksome, lifeless; (adj, v) monotonous, arid, goodness, honesty, morality, dry. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, decency, probity, efficacy. ANTONYMS: (n) wickedness, guilt, varied, easy, readable, lively, entertaining, enthralling, brisk, vice, peccadillo, sin, dishonor, concise, exotic, pleasant. immorality, evil, demerit, untainted: (adj) unsullied, unstained, inadequacy, disadvantage. wearisome: (adj, v) tiresome, irksome, unspotted, innocent, unsoiled, troublesome; (adj) tedious, dull, unblemished, untarnished, stainless; (n) unmarred, unscathed, uninjured. monotonous, boring, laborious, ANTONYMS: (adj) tainted, impure. trying, slow, annoying. ANTONYMS:

(adj) satisfying, soothing, exciting, refreshing, easy. weary: (adj, n, v) fatigue; (v) exhaust, tire out; (adj) tired, exhausted, fatigued, aweary, beat, languid; (n, v) jade, bore. ANTONYMS: (adj) energetic, fresh, lively, untiring, hopeful, refreshed; (v) refresh, enliven, energize, activate, rally.

78

Richard III

Then of his outward shew, which God he knows, Seldom or never iumpeth with the heart. Those Uncles which you want, were dangerous: Your Grace attended to their sugared words, But look'd not on the poison of their hearts: God keep you from them, and from such false friends PRINCE EDWARD. God keep me from false friends, but they were none RICHARD. My Lord, the Mayor of London comes to greet you.% [Enter Lord MAYOR.] MAYOR. God bless Your Grace, with health and happy days PRINCE EDWARD. I thank you, good my Lord, and thank you all: I thought my mother, and my brother York, Would long, ere this, have met us on the way. Fie, what a slug is Hastings, that he comes not To tell us, whether they will come, or no. [Enter Lord Hastings.] BUCKINGHAM. And in good time, here comes the sweating lord PRINCE EDWARD. Welcome, my Lord: what, will our mother come? HASTINGS. On what occasion God he knows, not I; The Queen your mother, and your brother York, Have taken sanctuary: The tender prince Would fain have come with me, to meet Your Grace, But by his mother was perforce with-held

Thesaurus attended: (adj) attent, fraught, tended to. none: (n) nought, naught, nobody, zilch, anything; (adv) not, neither, any; (adj) whatsoever, no, whatever. occasion: (n, v) cause; (n) case, event, juncture, episode, incident; (v) bring about, create, beget, make, induce. outward: (adj) external, apparent, extrinsic, outer, superficial, surface, outside, ostensible, foreign, outdoor; (adv) out. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv)

inward; (adj) inner, internal, deep. sanctuary: (n) refuge, asylum, retreat, shrine, haven, safety, reservation, shelter, chancel, protection, church. shew: (v) demonstrate, prove, show, contradict, establish, substantiate, support, sustain, indicate, exhibit, display. ANTONYM: (v) disprove. slug: (n) bullet, shot; (v) smash, slog, strike, beat, punch, whack, hit, laze; (n, v) wallop. ANTONYM: (n) sip. sugared: (adj) sweetened, sugary,

seraphic, mellifluous, mellisonant, odoriferous, odorous, gratifying, scented, fresh, sickly. ANTONYM: (adj) bitter. sweating: (n) sweat, exudation, diaphoresis, hidrosis, sudation, extravasation, fermentation, transpiration, bodily process; (adj) perspiring, sweaty. thank: (v) give thanks, recognize, bless, thanks, give thanks to, convey, acknowledged, remercy, impart.

William Shakespeare

79

BUCKINGHAM. Fie, %what an indirect and peevish course Is this of hers? Lord Cardinal, will Your Grace Perswade the Queen, to send the Duke of York Unto his princely brother presently? If she deny, Lord Hastings go with him, And from her jealous arms pluck him perforce CARDINAL. My Lord of Buckingham, if my weake oratory Can from his mother win the Duke of York, Anon expect him here: but if she be obdurate To mild entreaties, God forbid We should infringe the holy priviledge Of blessd sanctuary: not for all this Land, Would I be guilty of so great a sin BUCKINGHAM. You are too senseless obstinate, my Lord, Too ceremonious, and traditional. Weigh it but with the grossness of this age, You break not sanctuary, in seizing him: The benefit thereof is alwayes granted To those, whose dealings have deserv’d the place, And those who have the wit to claim the place: This prince hath neither claim'd it, nor deserv’d it, And therefore, in mine opinion, cannot have it. Then taking him from thence, that is not there, You break no priviledge, nor Charter there: Oft have I heard of sanctuary men, But sanctuary children, ne're till now

Thesaurus ceremonious: (adj) formal, solemn, stately, stiff, precise, starchy, prim, punctilious, majestic, dignified; (adj, v) decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unceremonious, simple, relaxed, casual, informal. grossness: (n) commonness, vulgarism, inelegance, obscenity, vulgarity, corpulence, indecency, crassitude, crassness, crudity, density. hers: (pron) she, his; (adj) own.

infringe: (v) violate, break, impinge, contravene, disobey, intrude, entrench, trespass, invade, infract, pirate. ANTONYMS: (v) uphold, comply, honor. obstinate: (adj) obdurate, inflexible, intractable, determined, inveterate, disobedient, willful, stubborn, contrary, wayward, dogged. ANTONYMS: (adj) flexible, amenable, irresolute, cooperative, easygoing, docile, biddable,

agreeable, accommodating, malleable, gentle. pluck: (adj, n) nerve; (v) cull, jerk, gather, pick, fleece, grab; (n) grit, courage, boldness; (n, v) pull. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, gutlessness; (v) undercharge. seizing: (v) seize; (n) seizure, clutches, prehension, taking, apprehension, capture, infection; (adj) catching, galling, controlling.

80

Richard III

CARDINAL. My Lord, you shall o’er-rule my mind for once. Come on, Lord Hastings, will you go with me? HASTINGS. I go, my Lord.% [Exit Cardinal and Hastings.] PRINCE EDWARD. Good Lords, make all the speedie hast you may. Say, Uncle Gloster, if our brother come, Where shall we sojourn, till our coronation? RICHARD. Where it think'st best unto your royal self. If I may counsel you, some day or two Your Highness shall repose you at the tower: Then where you please, and shall be thought most fit For your best health, and recreation PRINCE EDWARD. I do not like the tower, of any place: Did Julius Cæsar build that place, my Lord? BUCKINGHAM. He did, my gracious Lord, begin that place, Which since, succeeding ages have re-edify'd PRINCE EDWARD. Is it upon record? or else reported Successively from age to age, he built it? BUCKINGHAM. Upon record, my gracious Lord PRINCE EDWARD. But say, my Lord, it were not registred, Me thinks the truth should live from age to age,

Thesaurus ages: (n) time out of mind, time ANTONYMS: (n, v) work; (n) assembled. immemorial, coon's age, blue moon, coronation: (n) accession, activity, panic, agitation. month of Sundays. enthronement, induction, initiation, sojourn: (adj, v) reside, inhabit; (n) build: (n, v) make, shape; (v) erect, residence, abode; (adj, n, v) stay; (v) crowning, enthronization, remain, lodge, abide, live; (n, v) establish, raise, rise, found, base, investiture, installation, fabricate, fashion; (n) frame. enthronisation. delay, domicile. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, dismantle, recreation: (n) amusement, distraction, succeeding: (adj) following, raze, overturn, obliterate, decrease, pastime, play, diversion, merriment, subsequent, after, consecutive, decelerate, ruin, disassemble. leisure, fun, game, frolic, sport. posterior, ensuing, consequent, built: (v) establish, create; (adj) made, repose: (n, v) recline, peace, lie, calm; successive, consequential; (adj, adv) (n) composure, ease, quiet, leisure, later; (v) succeed. ANTONYMS: (adj) shapely, robust, curvaceous, reinforced, improved, heavy, buxom, recreation, relaxation; (v) lay. outgoing, preceding.

William Shakespeare

81

As %'twere retail'd to all postrity, Even to the general ending day RICHARD. So wise, so young, they say do never live long PRINCE EDWARD. What say you, Uncle? RICHARD. I say, without characters, fame lives long. Thus, like the formal vice, iniquity, I moralize two meanings in one word PRINCE EDWARD. That Julius Cæsar was a famous man, With what his Valour did enrich his Wit, His Wit set down, to make his Valour live: death makes no Conquest of his Conqueror, For now he lives in fame, though not in Life. I’ll tell you what, my Cousin Buckingham BUCKINGHAM. What, my gracious Lord? prince. And if I live untill I be a man, I’ll win our ancient right in France again, Or die a soldier, as I liv’d a King RICHARD. Short Summers lightly have a forward Spring. [Enter young York, Hastings, and Cardinal.] BUCKINGHAM. Now in good time, here comes the Duke of York PRINCE EDWARD. Richard of York, how fares our noble brother?

Thesaurus ending: (n) conclusion, end, closure, reduce, deplete, deteriorate. serviceman, champion, ranker, close, completion, finish, termination, fame: (n, v) credit, celebrity, report, military personnel, swordsman, dissolution, death; (adj, n) closing, reputation, renown, cry; (n) trooper, cavalryman, guardsman, last. ANTONYMS: (n) beginning, distinction, bruit, honor, prestige, janissary. buzz. ANTONYMS: (n) infamy, vice: (adj, n) imperfection, defect, middle, commencement, blemish, failing, frailty; (n) inauguration, kickoff, prelude, obscurity, anonymity, ignominy, establishment; (adj) first. dishonor, commonness, oblivion, corruption, sin, evil, immorality, enrich: (v) decorate, adorn, fertilize, iniquity, depravity. ANTONYMS: (n) criticism. beautify, ornament, develop, fatten, moralize: (v) moralise, preach, lecture, asset, strength, propriety, virtue, endow, better, cultivate; (n) preachify, advocate, moral, righteousness, goodness, good, enrichment. ANTONYMS: (v) honesty; (adj) chief. sermonise. soldier: (n) warrior, fighter, impoverish, cheapen, degenerate,

82

Richard III

YORK. Well, %my dear Lord, so must I call you now PRINCE EDWARD. I, brother, to our grief, as it is yours: Too late he dy'd, that might have kept that title, Which by his death hath lost much majesty RICHARD. How fares our Cousin, noble Lord of York? YORK. I thank you, gentle Uncle. O my Lord, You said, that idle weeds are fast in growth: The prince, my brother, hath out-grown me far RICHARD. He hath, my Lord YORK. And therefore is he idle? RICHARD. Oh my fair Cousin, I must not say so YORK. Then he is more beholding to you than I RICHARD. He may command me as my soverign, But you have power in me, as in a Kinsman YORK. I pray you, Uncle, give me this Dagger RICHARD. My Dagger, little Cousin? with all my heart PRINCE EDWARD. A beggar, brother?

Thesaurus command: (n, v) order, charge, call, regret; (adj) sore. ANTONYMS: (n) partial, mismatched, unwarranted, control, decree; (n) instruction, foul, imbalanced, prejudiced, poor. joy, happiness, comfort, content, bidding, direction, behest; (v) direct, gentle: (adj) easy, friendly, soft, kind, peace. commission. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, affable, balmy, mild, feeble, compassionate; (adj, adv) calm; (adj, v) unfounded, fruitless, baseless, follow, contradict, countermand, revoke, recall, oppose; (n) beg, plead, tame. ANTONYMS: (adj) harsh, loud, groundless, frivolous, empty, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) plea. fierce, caustic, violent, rough, fair: (adj) clear, beautiful, sweet, hardhearted, abrupt, heavy, steep, active, employed, industrious, reasonable, dispassionate, average, sheer. energetic, meaningful, productive, fine, impartial; (adj, v) bright; (adj, grief: (adj, n, v) affliction; (n) dolor, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, adv) clean; (n) blonde. ANTONYMS: anguish, distress, agony, pain, work. (adj) biased, unjust, exceptional, dark, wound, chagrin, concern; (n, v)

William Shakespeare

83

YORK. Of %my kind Uncle, that I know will give, And being but a Toy, which is no grief to give RICHARD. A greater gift then that, I’ll give my Cousin YORK. A greater gift? O, that's the Sword to it RICHARD. I, gentle Cousin, were it light enough YORK. O then I see, you will part but with light gifts, In weightyr things you'le say a beggar nay RICHARD. It is too weighty for Your Grace to wear YORK. I weigh it lightly, were it heavier RICHARD. What, would you have my Weapon, little Lord? YORK. I would that I might thank you, as, as, you call me RICHARD. How? YORK. Little PRINCE EDWARD. My Lord of York will still be cross in talk: Uncle, Your Grace knows how to bear with him YORK. You mean to bear me, not to bear with me:

Thesaurus cross: (adj) crabby, angry, grumpy, greater: (adj) larger, more, major, grouchy, cantankerous; (v) intersect, higher, superior, most, great, bigger, cover, thwart, baffle; (adj, v) traverse; increased, considerable, not (n) crisscross. ANTONYMS: (adj) inconsiderable. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, cheerful, happy; (v) uncross, inferior, smaller, small, lower. lightly: (adv) slightly, airily, thinly, assist, separate, remain, help, stay, unmix, aid. easily, gently, light, fairly, weakly, gift: (adj, n, v) endowment, faculty, flimsily, delicately, wantonly. ability, talent; (n) donation, flair, ANTONYMS: (adv) seriously, bestowal; (n, v) award, present, boon; heavily, thickly, sturdily, angrily, (adj, n) capacity. ANTONYMS: (n) hard, harshly, densely, brightly, penalty, forfeiture, failing. awkwardly.

wear: (n) clothing, clothes, apparel, attire, garb; (v) endure, fatigue, waste, bear, tire, fray. ANTONYMS: (v) refresh, reject, rebuild, please, freshen, disrobe, delight, cheer, refuse; (n) improvement. weigh: (v) press, study, measure, matter, consider, count, deliberate, contemplate, assess; (n, v) balance, poise. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect. york: (n) house of York.

84

Richard III

Uncle, %my brother mocks both you and me, Because that I am little, like an Ape, He thinks that you should bear me on your shoulders BUCKINGHAM. With what a sharp provided wit he reasons: To mitigate the scorn he gives his Uncle, He prettily and aptly taunts himself: So cunning, and so young, is wonderful RICHARD. My Lord, will ‘t please you pass along? My self, and my good Cousin Buckingham, Will to your mother, to entreat of her To meet you at the tower, and welcome you YORK. What, will you go unto the tower, my Lord? PRINCE EDWARD. My Lord Protector will have it so YORK. I shall not sleep in quiet at the tower RICHARD. Why, what should you fear? YORK. Marry, my Uncle Clarence angry Ghost: My Grandam told me he was murder'd there PRINCE EDWARD. I fear no uncles dead RICHARD. Nor none that live, I hope

Thesaurus aptly: (adv) fitly, appropriately, sharp: (adj, n, v) keen, acute, bitter; straightforwardness. mitigate: (n, v) alleviate, palliate, (adj) intelligent, intense, incisive; (adj, adroitly, appositely, fittingly, appease; (adj, n, v) assuage, allay; (v) v) biting, acid, acrid, severe, harsh. properly, readily, felicitously, ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, mild, gentle, handily, ably, pronely. ANTONYMS: lessen, relieve, abate, lighten; (adj, v) (adv) incompetently, unsuitably. moderate, soften. ANTONYMS: (v) sweet, rounded, bland, round, cunning: (adj) crafty, canny, adroit, increase, intensify, aggravate. smooth, blurred, naive, kind. wily, sly, shrewd, tricky, artful; (n) prettily: (adv) beautifully, charmingly, sleep: (n, v) nap, repose, doze, kip, slumber, catnap; (adj, n, v) lie; (v) craftiness, craft, cleverness. pleasantly, handsomely, finely, ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, honest, hibernate, nod; (n) dream; (adj, v) neatly, gracefully, picturesquely, lodge. ANTONYMS: (v) awaken; (n) stupid, unimaginative, gullible, elegantly, delightfully, pleasingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unattractively, ingenuous, straightforward, candid, alertness, agitation. sincere; (n) frankness, unpleasantly.

William Shakespeare

85

PRINCE %EDWARD. And if they live, I hope I need not fear. But come my Lord: and with a heavy heart, Thinking on them, go I unto the tower. [A Senet. Exeunt PRINCE, YORK, HASTINGS, and DORSET.] [Manent RICHARD, BUCKINGHAM, and CATESBY.] BUCKINGHAM. Think you, my Lord, this little prating York Was not incensed by his subtile mother, To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously? RICHARD. No doubt, no doubt: Oh 'tis a parlous boy, Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable: He is all the mothers, from the top to toe BUCKINGHAM. Well, let them rest: Come hither Catesby, Thou art sworn as deeply to effect what we intend, As closely to conceal what we impart: Thou know'st our reasons vrg'd upon the way. What think'st thou? is it not an matter, To make William Lord Hastings of our mind, For the installment of this noble Duke In the seat royal of this famous I’ll? CATESBY. He for his fathers sake so love’s the prince, That he will not be won to ought against him BUCKINGHAM. What think'st thou then of Stanley? Will not he? CATESBY. He will do all in all as Hastings doth

Thesaurus conceal: (v) hide, disguise, bury, screen, cloak, smother, shield, suppress, mask, obscure; (n, v) veil. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, show, expose, divulge, clarify, uncover, disclose, tell, admit, spotlight, flaunt. ingenious: (adj) adroit, artful, clever, cunning, deft, expert, creative, imaginative, cute, acute, able. ANTONYMS: (adj) impulsive, naive, unoriginal, inept. installment: (n) episode, deposit,

installing, portion, segment, share, fascicle, instalment, part, section, cliffhanger. opprobriously: (adv) shamefully, scandalously, insultingly, abusively, reproachfully, revilingly, scornfully, derogatorily, ignominiously, rudely, ingloriously. prating: (n) trash, drivel, report; (v) click, clack. reasons: (n) proof. subtile: (adj) fine, delicate, rare, light,

guileful, astute, acute, cunning, subtle, artful, crafty. sworn: (adj) extreme, mortal, implacable, engaged, dedicated, committed, betrothed, bespoken, affianced, inveterate. taunt: (n, v) ridicule, gibe, flout, insult, mock, deride, sneer, twit, quip; (n) scoff; (v) bait. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect, compliment; (v) applaud, comfort.

86

Richard III

BUCKINGHAM. % Well then, no more but this: Go gentle Catesby, and as it were far off, Sound thou Lord Hastings, How he doth stand affected to our purpose, And summon him to morrow to the tower, To sit about the coronation. If thou do'st finde him tractable to us, Encourage him, and tell him all our reasons: If he be leadn, icy, cold, unwilling, Be thou so too, and so break off the talk, And give us notice of his inclination: For we to morrow hold divided councils, Wherein thy self shalt highly be employ'd RICHARD. Commend me to Lord William: tell him Catesby, His ancient Knot of dangerous adversaries Tomorrow are let blood at Pomfret Castle, And bid my Lord, for joy of this good news, Give Mistress Shore one gentle Kiss the more BUCKINGHAM. Good Catesby, go effect this business soundly CATESBY. My good Lords both, with all the heed I can RICHARD. Shall we hear from you, Catesby, ere we sleep? CATESBY. You shall, my Lord

Thesaurus ancient: (adj) old, obsolete, antiquated, cite. ANTONYMS: (v) rebuke, former, past, archaic, antique, criticize, censure, reproach, keep, primitive, bygone, hoary; (adj, n) chastise, reprimand, deny, disparage, elder. ANTONYMS: (adj) refuse, smear. contemporary, young, recent, fresh, divided: (adj) cleft, detached, new, present, youthful, current. distributed, forked, shared, blood: (n) birth, gore, nature, origin, separated, separate, disjointed, kindred, lineage, descent, family, branched, pronged, disunited. beau, pedigree; (adj) juice. soundly: (adv) sound, fully, solidly, commend: (v) approve, exalt, acclaim, thoroughly, deeply, substantially, praise, applaud, recommend, validly, strongly, stably, fastly, safely. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmfully, endorse, entrust, extol, compliment,

halfheartedly, fitfully, unconvincingly. summon: (v) assemble, convene, demand, ask, invoke, evoke, invite, muster, page, rally, convoke. ANTONYM: (v) disband. tractable: (adj, prep) docile; (adj) obedient, ductile, tame, gentle, yielding, manageable; (adj, v) pliable, flexible, pliant, plastic. ANTONYMS: (adj) intractable, unmanageable, unruly, rebellious.

William Shakespeare

87

RICHARD. At Crosby House, there shall you find us both. [Exit CATESBY.] BUCKINGHAM. Now, my Lord, what shall we do, if we perceive Lord Hastings will not yield to our complots? RICHARD. Chop off his Head: Something we will determine: And look when I am King, claim thou of me The earldom of Hereford, and all the moveables Whereof the King, my brother, was possessd BUCKINGHAM. I’ll claim that promise at Your Graces hand RICHARD. And look to have it yielded with all kindness. Come, let us suppe betimes, that afterwards We may digest our complots in some form.% [Exeunt.]

SCENA II. [Enter a MESSENGER to the Door ofHASTINGS.] MESSENGER. My Lord, my Lord HASTINGS. Who knockes? MESSENGER. One from the Lord Stanley

Thesaurus betimes: (adv) early, soon, anon, rath, betime, ahead of time, rathe. claim: (n, v) call, charge, need, requisition; (n) allegation, privilege; (v) assert, exact, ask, want, arrogate. ANTONYMS: (v) disclaim, forfeit, waive, question, lose, grant, refute, request; (n) denial, disclaimer, response. digest: (n) resume, compilation, epitome, compendium, condensation, collection; (v) stomach, absorb,

summarize, apprehend; (adj) brook. hand: (v) give, pass, commit, bestow, ANTONYMS: (v) misinterpret, afford, communicate, consign; (n) lengthen, expand, enlarge, elaborate, deal, worker, aid, applause. ANTONYMS: (n) boss, foot; (v) take. misunderstand, avoid, succumb, yield: (n, v) produce, return, allow, misapprehend, detail, reject. earldom: (n) rank, county, domain, give; (v) surrender, concede, submit, give up, grant, cede; (n) output. demesne, count. find: (v) catch, detect, encounter, come ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, survive, across, feel, attain, ascertain; (n) stand, withstand, repel, reject, detection, disclosure, search, prevent, withhold, acquire, oppose, discovery. ANTONYMS: (v) veto. misplace, search, fail; (n) loss. yielded: (v) yold, yolden.

88

Richard III

HASTINGS. What is't a clock? MESSENGER. Upon the stroke of four.% [Enter LORD HASTINGS.] HASTINGS. Cannot my Lord Stanley sleep these tedious nights? MESSENGER. So it appears, by that I have to say: First, he commends him to your noble self HASTINGS. What then? MESSENGER. Then certifies your Lordship, that this Night He dreamt, the boar had raised off his helm: Besides, he says there are two councils kept; And that may be determin'd at the one, Which may make you and him to rue at th' other. Therefore he sends to know your Lordships pleasure, If you will presently take horse with him, And with all speed post with him toward the North, To shun the danger that his soul divines HASTINGS. Go fellow, go, return unto thy Lord, Bid him not fear the seperated Councell: His honor and my self are at the one, And at the other, is my good friend Catesby; Where nothing can proceede, that toucheth us, Whereof I shall not have intelligence: Tell him his Fears are shallow, without instance.

Thesaurus appears: (n) appearing. boar: (n) pig, swine, dog, wild boar, hog, Sus scrofa, entire horse, stallion, sow, horse, hart. clock: (n) chronometer, horologe, alarm, alarm clock, clepsydra, ticker, cuckoo clock, clock radio; (n, v) time, stopwatch; (v) measure. danger: (n) risk, peril, hazard, chance, jeopardy, threat, trouble, precariousness, slipperiness, disaster, insecurity. ANTONYMS: (n) security,

ease, privilege. flee, refuse, shirk, ostracize, banish, fellow: (adj, n) comrade, associate; (n) parry; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) befriend, invite, seek, welcome, boy, equal, brother, peer, chap, colleague, compeer, buddy; (adj, n, v) woo, court, participate, include. concomitant. ANTONYMS: (n) stroke: (adj, n) blow; (n, v) touch, caress, mark, buffet, lick, pat; (n) beat, female, woman, girl, foe, enemy, antagonist, competitor. hit, knock, bang. nights: (adj) nightly; (n) night. toward: (prep) to, towards, raised: (adj) embossed, erect, convex, approaching, headed for, just before, of, in the direction of; (adv, prep) on; inflated, brocaded, high, uplifted, lifted, exultant; (v) in relief, repousse. (adv) about, around, by. shun: (v) evade, escape, elude, dodge, ANTONYMS: (prep) from, away.

William Shakespeare

89

And %for his dreams, I wonder he's so simple, To trust the mock'ry of unquiet slumbers. To fly the boar, before the boar pursues, Were to incense the boar to follow us, And make pursuit, where he did mean no chase. Go, bid thy Master rise, and come to me, And we will both together to the tower, Where he shall see the boar will use us kindly MESSENGER. I’ll go, my Lord, and tell him what you say. [Exit.] [Enter CATESBY.] CATESBY. Many good morrows to my noble Lord HASTINGS. Good morrow Catesby, you are early stirring: What news, what news, in this our tott'ring state? CATESBY. It is a reeling world indeed, my Lord: And I believe will never stand upright, Till Richard wear the garland of the realm HASTINGS. How? Wear the garland? Dost thou mean the crown? CATESBY. Ay, my good Lord HASTINGS. I’ll have this crown of mine cut fro[m] my shoulders, Before I’ll see the crown so foul mis-plac'd: But canst thou guess, that he doth aim at it? CATESBY. Ay, on my life, and hopes to find you forward,

Thesaurus crown: (n, v) top, cover; (v) cap, complete; (n) apex, pinnacle, crest, summit, peak, kingdom, acme. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom; (v) dishonor, dethrone, begin, commence, start, depose. garland: (n) anthology, coronal, wreath, festoon, chaplet, bouquet, decoration, ornament, laurels, prize, lei. guess: (n, v) surmise, estimate, forecast; (v) suppose, deem, reckon,

divine, believe, foretell; (n) land, empire, ground. reeling: (adj) giddy, intoxicated, tipsy, assumption, supposition. news: (n) advice, message, queer, lightheaded, groggy, fuddled, bewildered; (n) titubation, rotary information, intelligence, tidings, story, report, notice, communication, straightening. gossip; (adj) new. wonder: (adj, n) prodigy; (n) pursuit: (n) quest, hunt, search, astonishment, admiration, persecution, chase, career, interest, amazement, surprise, miracle, phenomenon, muse; (v) admire, job, business, performance, reflect, question. ANTONYMS: (n) employment. realm: (n) area, domain, field, country, expectation, belief, disapproval; (v) region, nation, department, arena, know, believe, anticipate, decide.

90

Richard III

Upon %his party, for the gain thereof: And thereupon he sends you this good news, That this same very day your enemies, The kindred of the Queen, must die at Pomfret HASTINGS. Indeed I am no mournr for that news, Because they have beenstill my adversaries: But, that I’ll give my voice on Richard’s side, To bar my Masters heirs in true Descent, God knows I will not do it, to the death CATESBY. God keep your Lordship in that gracious mind HASTINGS. But I shall laugh at this a twelve-month hence, That they which brought me in my Master’s hate, I live to look upon their tragedy. Well Catesby, ere a fort-night make me older, I’ll send some packing, that yet think not on't CATESBY. 'Tis a vile thing to die, my gracious Lord, When men are unprepar'd, and look not for it HASTINGS. O monstrous, monstrous! and so falls it out With Rivers, Vaughan, Grey: and so 'twill do With some men else, that think themselves as safe As thou and I, who (as thou know'st) are dear To princely Richard, and to Buckingham CATESBY. The prince’s both make high account of you, For they account his head upon the Bridge

Thesaurus account: (n) narrative, score, tale, reckoning, narration, description, tally, tab, reason; (n, v) regard, report. falls: (n) cataract, waterfall, chute, angel, torrent, Victoria, twin, force, body of water, Guaira, Niagara. gain: (n, v) profit, benefit, win, catch, advance; (v) derive, earn, get, attain, reach; (n) earnings. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, deficit, disadvantage, setback; (n, v) decrease; (v) reduce, scatter, collapse.

laugh: (n, v) joke, giggle, chortle, titter, envelopment, wadding, wrap, snicker; (v) smile; (n) jest, gag, jape, backpacking. laughter, cackle. ANTONYM: (v) send: (v) pass, deliver, forward, weep. convey, dispatch, mail, post, give, monstrous: (adj) huge, atrocious, carry, divert, project. ANTONYM: (v) heinous, monster, immense, gigantic, keep. themselves: (pron) myself, itself, grievous, ugly, flagitious, dreadful; (adj, v) grotesque. ANTONYMS: (adj) yourself; (n) yourselves. tiny, minute, beautiful, good, small, thereupon: (adv) hereupon, next, then, lovely, attractive. immediately, therefore, therewith, in packing: (n) boxing, package, gasket, the sequel, close upon, upon which, bundling, fill, pad, pack, whereupon, accordingly.

William Shakespeare

91

HASTINGS. I %know they do, and I have well deserv’d it. [Enter LORD STANLEY.] Come on, come on, where is your boar-spear man? Fear you the boar, and go so unprovided? STANLEY. My Lord good morrow, good morrow Catesby: You may jest on, but by the holy Rood, I do not like these several councils, I HASTINGS. My Lord, I hold my Life as dear as yours, And never in my days, I do protest, Was it so precious to me, as 'tis now: Think you, but that I know our state secure, I would be so triumphant as I am? STANLEY. The Lords at Pomfret, whe[n] they rode from London, Were jocund, and suppos'd their states were sure, And they indeed had no cause to mistrust: But yet you see, how soon the Day o’er-cast. This sudden stab of Rancour I misdoubt: Pray God (I say) I prove a needless coward. What, shall we toward the tower? the day is spent HASTINGS. Come, come, have with you. Wot you what, my Lord? Today the Lords you talk of, are beheaded STANLEY. They, for their truth, might better wear their Heads, Then some that have accus'd them, wear their Hats. But come, my Lord, let's away. [Enter a Pursuivant.]

Thesaurus beheaded: (adj) headless. valuable, costly, cherished, jocund: (adj) happy, merry, glad, invaluable, expensive, golden, choice, cheerful, lively, joyous, joyful, blithe; inestimable, exquisite; (n) darling. (adj, v) jovial, jolly, brisk. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap, hated, needless: (adj, v) unnecessary, shabby. superfluous; (adj) futile, dispensable, sudden: (adj) precipitous, quick, bootless, excessive, preventable, abrupt, hasty, rash, unexpected, meaningless, pointless, wanton, steep, unforeseen, drastic, immediate, unavailing. ANTONYMS: (adj) swift. ANTONYMS: (adj) considered, essential, worthwhile, inevitable, slow, gentle, leisurely, protracted, justifiable. sensible, smooth. precious: (adj, n) beloved; (adj) triumphant: (adj) victorious,

successful, triumphal, exulting, winning, joyful, rejoicing, elated, conquering, prideful; (adj, v) exultant. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointed, failing, losing, defeated, miserable, sorrowful. unprovided: (adj) unorganized, unarranged, unbegun, untrimmed, unequipped, unready; (v) unsupplied.

92

Richard III

HASTINGS. % Go on before, I’ll talk with this good fellow. [Exit LORD STANLEY, and CATESBY.] How now, Sirrha? how goes the world with the? PURSUIVANT. The better, that your Lordship please to ask HASTINGS. I tell the man, 'tis better with me now, Then when thou met'st me last, where now we meet: Then was I going Prisoner to the tower, By the suggestion of the Queen’s Allyes. But now I tell the (keep it to thy self) This day those enemies are put to death, And I in better state then ere I was PURSUIVANT. God hold it, to your honors good content HASTINGS. Gramercy fellow: there, drink that for me. [Throwes him his purse.] PURSUIVANT. I thank your honor. [Exit.] [Enter a Priest.] PRIEST. Well met, my Lord, I am glad to see your honor HASTINGS. I thank the, good Sir Iohn, with all my heart. I am in your debt, for your last Exercise: Come the next Sabboth, and I will content you

Thesaurus content: (n) meaning, matter, capacity, contents, subject; (n, v) contentment; (v) appease, please, satisfy, suffice; (adj) happy. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discontent; (adj) tormented, unhappy, dissatisfied, rebellious, discontented, troubled; (adj, v) upset; (n) unhappiness, sadness; (v) trouble. debt: (n) score, debit, loan, liability, obligation, due, bill, commitment, arrears, pocket, hole. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, cash, credit.

drink: (n, v) beverage, draught, swallow; (n) alcohol, brew, potion, intoxicant; (v) booze, carouse, bib, swig. ANTONYMS: (v) regurgitate, sip, abstain. glad: (adj) jubilant, cheerful, gay, blithe, delighted, festive, content, delightful, genial, bright, willing. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, apologetic, dismayed, unwilling, disappointed, sorry. hold: (n, v) keep, grip, grasp, entertain;

(v) endure, detain, adhere, bear, have, contain, comprise. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, disagree, lose, free, deny, remove, lack; (n) separation, repulsion. suggestion: (n) advice, intimation, proposal, counsel, allusion, sign, trace, proposition, recommendation; (n, v) touch, dash. ANTONYMS: (n) warning, practice.

William Shakespeare

93

PRIEST. I’ll wait upon your Lordship. [Enter Buckingham.] BUCKINGHAM. What, talking with a Priest, Lord Chamberlaine? Your friends at Pomfret, they do need the Priest, Your honor hath no shriuing worke in hand HASTINGS. Good faith, and when I met this holy man, The men you talk of, came into my mind. What, go you toward the tower? BUCKINGHAM. I do, my Lord, but long I cannot stay there: I shall return before your Lordship, thence HASTINGS. Nay like enough, for I stay Dinner there BUCKINGHAM. And Supper too, although thou know'st it not. Come, will you go? HASTINGS. I’ll wait upon your Lordship.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE III. [Enter SIR RICHARD RATCLIFFE, with Halberds, carrying the nobles to death at Pomfret.]

Thesaurus carrying: (n) transport, conveyance, carriage, transportation, haulage, hauling, shipping; (adj) bearing, gerent; (v) convey, bring. faith: (n) confidence, belief, conviction, trust, credence, credit, creed, assurance, cult, expectation, dependence. ANTONYMS: (n) disbelief, distrust, dubiosity, skepticism, despair, uncertainty, doubt, independence. stay: (adj, n, v) remain; (n, v) rest, prop,

stop, delay, abide, continue, pause, endure, halt, support. ANTONYMS: (v) change, abscond, depart, move, disappear, become, go. talk: (n, v) discourse, gossip, converse, lecture, chatter, chat, address; (v) articulate, speak, prattle; (n) language. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse; (n) silence. talking: (n) talk, conversation, nothingness, speech, speaking, verbal communication, words, yak,

language; (adj) sound, levelheaded. ANTONYM: (adj) silent. thence: (adv) therefore, thus, therefrom, thereof, consequently, then, so, thereafter, thenceforth, since, on account of. wait: (n, v) pause, hold, stop; (v) expect, anticipate, stay, await, lurk, ambush, remain; (adj, v) tarry. ANTONYMS: (n) act, continuation, doing; (v) interrupt, leave, begin, depart, continue; (intj) hurry.

94

Richard III

RIVERS. Sir %Richard Ratcliffe, let me tell the this, Today shalt thou behold a subject die, For Truth, for duty, and for Loyalty GREY. God bless the prince from all the Pack of you, A Knot you are, of damned blood-suckers VAUGHAN. You live, that shall cry woe for this hereafter RATCLIFFE. Dispatch, the limit of your Lives is out RIVERS. O Pomfret, Pomfret! O thou bloody Prison! Fatal and ominous to noble peers: Within the guilty Closure of thy walls, Richard the Second here was hackt to death: And for more slander to thy dismall seat, We give to the our guiltless blood to drink GREY. Now Margaret’s curse is fall’n upon our heads, When she exclaim'd on Hastings, you, and I, For standing by, when Richard stab'd her son RIVERS. Then curs'd she Richard, then curs'd she Buckingham, Then curs'd she Hastings. Oh remember God, To hear her prayer for them, as now for us: And for my sister, and her princely sons, Be satisfy'd, dear God, with our true blood, Which, as thou know'st, unjustly must be spilt

Thesaurus behold: (v) see, view, contemplate, afterwards; (n) afterlife, futurity, time forbidding, minacious. ANTONYMS: (adj) promising, auspicious, regard, perceive, observe, look, to come, great beyond, future life. limit: (v) restrict, circumscribe, consider, discern, descry, watch. reassuring, bright, lucky, wonderful. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, disregard, restrain, check; (n, v) border, curb, prayer: (n) invocation, plea, entreaty, confine, boundary, close; (n, prep, v) ignore, overlook. appeal, orison, request, suit, litany, bloody: (adj) brutal, bleeding, ruddy, extent; (n) edge. ANTONYMS: (v) devotion, supplication, asking. bloodthirsty, sanguineous, sanguine, broaden, extend, increase, derestrict, unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, savage, bloodstained, damned, raw; allow, encourage, express, promote; wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, (adv) damn. ANTONYMS: (adj) easy, (n) minimum, extension, freedom. undeservedly, illegally, foully, ominous: (adj) baleful, inauspicious, soft. injuriously, unrighteously, hereafter: (adv) thereafter, from now unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) ill, menacing, threatening, black, on, hence, henceforth, hereinafter, sinister, minatory, unlucky, rightly, reasonably.

William Shakespeare

95

RATCLIFFE. Make haste, the hour of death is expiate.% RIVERS. Come Grey, come Vaughan, let us here embrace. Farewell, untill we meet again in Heaven. [Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. [Enter BUCKINGHAM, DARBY, HASTINGS, BISHOP of ELY, NORFOLK, RATCLIFFE, LOVELL, with others, at a Table.] HASTINGS. Now noble peers, the cause why we are met, Is to determine of the coronation: In God’s name speak, when is the royal day? BUCKINGHAM. Is all things ready for the royal time? STANLEY. It is, and wants but nomination ELY. Tomorrow then I judge a happy day BUCKINGHAM. Who knows the Lord Protectors mind herein? Who is most inward with the noble Duke? ELY. Your Grace, we think, should soonst know his mind BUCKINGHAM. We know each others faces: for our Hearts,

Thesaurus determine: (v) ascertain, define, patience, forethought, caution. hour: (n) clock, o'clock, hours, time, hr, appoint, adjudicate, set, specify, conclude, measure, designate, assign; term, nonce, moment, occasion, (adj, v) resolve. ANTONYMS: (v) dawn, dusk. inward: (adj) inner, intrinsic, internal, yield, question, comply, procrastinate, postpone, overlook, interior, intestine, inherent, domestic; (adv) inwardly, inwards, in; (n) Miss, ignore, hesitate, disregard, innards. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) balk. haste: (n, v) hurry, dash, dispatch, outward; (adj) outgoing, external. rush; (n) celerity, expedition, judge: (v) consider, think, evaluate, rapidity, speed, bustle, hastiness, believe, condemn, assess, calculate, quickness. ANTONYMS: (n) delay, guess; (n) arbitrator, arbiter; (n, v)

umpire. ANTONYM: (v) doubt. nomination: (v) nominate; (n) assignment, naming, designation, candidature, candidacy, return, constitution, selection, proposal, recommendation. speak: (adj, v) pronounce, utter; (v) converse, say, deliver, articulate, recite, talk, discourse, lecture; (n) language. wants: (n) need, necessities.

96

Richard III

He %knows no more of mine, then I of yours, Or I of his, my Lord, then you of mine: Lord Hastings, you and he are near in love HASTINGS. I thank his Grace, I know he love’s me well: But for his purpose in the coronation, I have not sounded him, nor he deliver'd His gracious pleasure any way therein: But you, my honorable Lords, may name the time, And in the Dukes behalf I’ll give my Voice, Which I presume he’lle take in gentle part. [Enter Gloucester.] ELY. In happy time, here comes the Duke himself RICHARD. My noble Lords, and Cousins all, good morrow: I have been long a sleeper: but I trust, My absence doth neglect no great design, Which by my presence might have been concluded BUCKINGHAM. Had you not come upon your Q my Lord, William, Lord Hastings, had pronounc'd your part; I mean your Voice, for crowning of the King RICHARD. Then my Lord Hastings, no man might be bolder, His Lordship knows me well, and love’s me well. My Lord of Ely, when I was last in Holborne, I saw good Strawberries in your Garden there, I do beseech you, send for some of them

Thesaurus behalf: (n) sake, part, interest, behoof, great, noble. ANTONYMS: (adj) defense, lieu, good, stead, score, shameful, disgraceful, corrupt, service, side. degenerate, immoral, humiliating, crowning: (adj) top, ultimate, topmost, dishonest, unethical, decadent, bad, complementary, final; (adj, v) deceitful. paramount, supreme; (n) tapering, neglect: (n, v) disregard, slight, coronation, finishing piece; (v) default; (v) ignore, fail, overlook, preeminent. ANTONYMS: (adj) miss, forget, drop; (n) carelessness, omission. ANTONYMS: (n) bathetic, indecisive. honorable: (adj) good, estimable, development, surveillance, caution, affection, cherish; (v) do, protect, exalted, respectable, fair, decent, reputable, ethical, honor; (adj, v) complete, remember, heed; (n, v)

care. presume: (v) dare, consider, believe, think, infer, guess, expect, esteem, conclude, suppose, conjecture. ANTONYMS: (v) appreciate, despair, speculate. sleeper: (n) railroad tie, crosstie, tie, noctambulist, baggage car, slumberer, dreamer, Pullman car, freight car, parlor car, express car. sounded: (adj) measured, oral.

William Shakespeare

97

ELY. Mary, and will, my Lord, with all my heart. [Exit.] RICHARD. Cousin of Buckingham, a word with you. Catesby hath sounded Hastings in our business, And finds the testy gentleman so hot, That he will lose his head, ere give consent His master’s child, as worshipfully he tearms it, Shall lose the royalty of England’s throne BUCKINGHAM. Withdraw your self a while, I’ll go with you.% [Exeunt.] STANLEY. We have not yet set down this day of Triumph: Tomorrow, in my judgement, is too sudden, For I my self am not so well provided, As else I would be, were the day prolong'd. [Enter the BISHOP of ELY.] ELY. Where is my Lord, the Duke of Gloster? I have sent for these Strawberries HASTINGS. His Grace looks cherfully and smooth this morning, There's some conceit or other likes him well, When that he bids good morrow with such spirit. I think there's never a man in Christendom Can lessr hide his love, or hate, then he, For by his face straight shall you know his Heart

Thesaurus conceit: (n) pretension, vanity, selfabrasive, coarse, prickly; (v) wrinkle. discernment, opinion, assessment, esteem, pride, assumption, egotism, decision, conclusion, estimate, belief. testy: (adj) petulant, irritable, crabby, likes: (n) kind, sort, type. fancy, haughtiness, conception, irascible, fractious, cantankerous, caprice, quip. ANTONYMS: (n) royalty: (n) regality, payment, cranky, cross, techy, fretful, tetchy. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, pleasant, humility, timidity, selflessness, kingship, royal line, royal house, humbleness, reserve. royal family, fee, tax, nobility, cheerful. gentleman: (n) gent, Mr, male, throne: (v) enthrone; (n) can, stool, loyalty, majesty. smooth: (adj, v) quiet, level, facilitate; patrician, sir, adult male, esquire, place, fecal matter, potty, chair, sahib, gentlemen; (adj) gentilhomme, (adj) calm, oily, facile, fluent, flowing, cathedra, lavatory, crapper, pot. worshipfully: (adv) reverentially, gentlemanly. flat, fluid, graceful. ANTONYMS: judgement: (n) adjudication, (adj) rough, uneven, wrinkled, reverently, godly. evaluation, discretion, determination, peeling, jerky, ridged, flaking,

98

Richard III

STANLEY. What %of his Heart perceive you in his face, By any livelyhood he shew'd today? HASTINGS. Mary, that with no man here he is offended: For were he, he had shewne it in his Looks. [Enter RICHARD, and BUCKINGHAM.] RICHARD. I pray you all, tell me what they deserve, That do conspire my death with devilish Plots Of damned Witchcraft, and that have prevail’d Upon my Body with their hellish Charms HASTINGS. The tender love I bear Your Grace, my Lord, Makes me most forward, in this princely presence, To doom th' Offendors, whosoe're they be: I say, my Lord, they have deserved death RICHARD. Then be your eyes the witness of their evil. Look how I am bewitch'd: behold, mine arm Is like a blasted Sapling, wither'd up: And this is Edward’s wife, that monstrous Witch, Consorted with that Harlot, Strumpet Shore, That by their Witchcraft thus have marked me HASTINGS. If they have done this deed, my noble Lord RICHARD. If? thou Protector of this damned Strumpet, Talk'st thou to me of Ifs: thou art a traitor, Off with his Head; now by Saint Paul I swear,

Thesaurus blasted: (adj) cursed, infernal, damned, goddamn, darned, damn, goddamned, blessed, deuced, blame, blamed. conspire: (v) concur, complot, connive, plot, plan, cabal, contribute, collaborate, conspiring, intrigue, confederate. deserved: (v) merited, richly deserved; (adj) appropriate, due, fitting, just, earned, suitable, rightful, adequate, required.

hellish: (adj, v) diabolic, satanic; (adj) perceive: (v) comprehend, apprehend, infernal, diabolical, fiendish, discover, see, grasp, find, know, observe, sense, appreciate; (adj, v) demonic, beastly, wicked, unholy, detestable; (v) mephistophelian. discern. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, marked: (adj) conspicuous, noticeable, observe, ignore. witness: (n, v) testimony, attest, pronounced, remarkable, evidence; (n) bystander, eyewitness, distinguished, apparent, definite, onlooker, observer; (v) observe, notable, obvious, signal, striking. ANTONYMS: (adj) plain, notice, see, view. ANTONYMS: (v) imperceptible, unmarked, unclear, deny, participate, refute. obscure, inconspicuous, ordinary, loose, slight.

William Shakespeare

99

I will not dine, untill I see the same. Lovell and Ratcliffe, look that it be done: [Exeunt.] The rest that love me, rise, and follow me.% [Manent LOVELL and RATCLIFFE, with the LORD HASTINGS.] HASTINGS. Woe, woe for England, not a whit for me, For I, too fond, might have prevented this: Stanley did dream, the boar did rowse our helms, And I did scorn it, and disdaine to fly: Three times today my footcloth horse did stumble, And started, when he look'd upon the tower, As loth to bear me to the slaughter-house. O now I need the Priest, that spake to me: I now repent I told the pursuivant, As too triumphing, how mine enemies Today at Pomfret bloodily were butcher'd, And I my self secure, in grace and favour. Oh Margaret, Margaret, now thy heavy curse Is lighted on poor Hastings’ wretched head RATCLIFFE. Come, come, dispatch, the Duke would be at dinner: Make a short shrift, he longs to see your Head HASTINGS. O momentarie grace of mortal men, Which we more hunt for, then the grace of God! Who builds his hope in air of your good Looks, Lives like a drunkn Sayler on a Mast, Readie with every Nod to tumble down, Into the fatal bowels of the deep

Thesaurus bloodily: (adv) gorily, murderously, sanguinarily, savagely, bloodstainedly, sanguinely, crimsonly, ferociously, bleedingly, bloodthirstily, redly. bowels: (n) gut, compassion, pity, inside, bowel, viscera, innards, belly, guts, insides, intestines. dine: (v) feed, lunch, breakfast, dining, meal, give, have supper, take tea, grub, consume, entertain. ANTONYM: (v) abstain.

horse: (n, v) mount; (n) buck, heroin, ashes, maceration, fasting, junk, charger, knight, pony, rider, absolution, flagellation, lustration, trestle, eohippus, dog. white sheet, shriving. lighted: (adj) illuminated, lit, light, triumphing: (n) boast, gloriation; (v) ablaze, bright, ignited, burn, burning, triumphal, celebrating victory, ignite, kindled, lighten. exultant. loth: (adj) disinclined, averse, tumble: (n, v) drop, jumble, stumble, plunge, slip, spill, downfall; (v) reluctant, unwilling, indisposed, antipathetical, antipathetic, not crumble, collapse, topple, confuse. content, shy of, repugnant; (v) averse whit: (n) iota, atom, shred, scintilla, from. smidgen, tittle, jot, bit, particle, shrift: (n) confession, sackcloth and smidgin; (adj) dab.

100

Richard III

LOVELL. Come, come, dispatch, 'tis bootless to exclaime HASTINGS. O bloody Richard: miserable England, I prophesy the fearful'st time to the, That ever wretched age hath look'd upon. Come, lead me to the block, bear him my head, They smile at me, who shortly shall be dead.% [Exeunt.] [Enter RICHARD, and BUCKINGHAM, in rotten armour, marvelous illfavoured.] RICHARD. Come cousin, canst thou quake, and change thy colour, Murder thy breath in middle of a word, And then again begin, and stop again, As if thou were distraught, and mad with terror? BUCKINGHAM. Tut, I can counterfeit the deep tragedian, Speak, and look back, and prie on every side, Tremble and start at wagging of a straw: Intending deep suspicion, ghastly looks Are at my service, like enforced smiles; And both are readie in their offices, At any time to grace my stratagems. But what, is Catesby gone? RICHARD. He is, and see he brings the Mayor along. [Enter the Mayor, and Catesby.] BUCKINGHAM. Lord Mayor

Thesaurus bootless: (adj) futile, useless, vain, idle, inefficacious, inutile, unavailing, sleeveless, abortive, ineffective, feckless. counterfeit: (adj, n, v) sham; (n, v) copy, duplicate; (adj, v) mock, falsify; (adj) false, artificial, assumed; (adj, n) imitation; (v) forge, ape. ANTONYMS: (adj) genuine, real, authentic, true, actual; (n) original. distraught: (adj) distressed, crazy, demented, frantic, upset, wild,

frenzied, mad, anxious, frenetic, delirious. ANTONYMS: (adj) composed, calm, tranquil, relaxed, serene, untroubled, sane, content. ghastly: (adj) awful, fearful, cadaverous, dreadful, grisly, gruesome, macabre, hideous, appalling, atrocious; (adv) gruesomely. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, lovely, attractive, delightful. marvelous: (adj) wonderful, fantastic,

incredible, fabulous, extraordinary, tremendous, grand, astonishing, terrific, great; (adj, v) prodigious. ANTONYMS: (adj) ordinary, mundane, abysmal, bad, dreadful, unworthy, dire, humdrum, unimpressive, unremarkable, boring. prophesy: (n, v) presage; (v) prognosticate, foretell, augur, foreshow, forecast, portend, foreshadow, forebode, bode, anticipate.

William Shakespeare

101

RICHARD. Look to the draw-Bridge there BUCKINGHAM. Hark, a drum RICHARD. Catesby, o'er-look the walls BUCKINGHAM. Lord Mayor, the reason we have sent RICHARD. Look back, defend the, here are enemies BUCKINGHAM. God and our innocence defend, and guard us.% [Enter Lovell and Ratcliffe, with Hastings’ ead.] RICHARD. Be patient, they are friends: Ratcliffe, and Lovell LOVELL. Here is the head of that ignoble traitor, The dangerous and unsuspected Hastings RICHARD. So dear I lou'd the man, that I must weep: I took him for the plainst harmless creature, That breath'd upon the earth, a Christian. Made him my book, wherein my soul recorded The History of all her secret thoughts. So smooth he dawb'd his vice with shew of virtue, That his apparent open guilt omitted, I mean, his conversation with Shore’s wife, He liv’d from all attainder of suspects

Thesaurus attainder: (n) cancellation, attainture, inoffensive, hurtless, innocent, civil death, attaintment; (adj) taint. innoxious, intact, simple; (n) silly; drum: (adj, n) barrel; (n) cask, tympan, (adj, n) foolish; (v) weaponless. ANTONYMS: (adj) lethal, damaging, cylinder, timbrel, tambour, tambourine; (v) beat, roll, bone up, destructive, poisonous, toxic, serious, ram. offensive, malicious, hurtful, noxious, guilt: (n) sin, criminality, fault, unpleasant. repentance, remorse, offence, guilty, ignoble: (adj) contemptible, abject, error, culpability, complicity, base, dishonorable, disgraceful, delinquency. ANTONYM: (n) beggarly, mean, humble, degraded, blamelessness. despicable, caddish. ANTONYMS: harmless: (adj) safe, benign, (adj) honorable, glorious.

innocence: (n) blamelessness, chastity, ignorance, ingenuousness, purity, gullibility, artlessness, innocent, simplicity, harmlessness, guiltlessness. ANTONYMS: (n) sophistication, experience, fault, dirtiness, wariness, dishonesty. unsuspected: (v) unspied; (adj) unimagined, covert, adventitious, unseen, unanticipated. wherein: (adv) in what, in which, where.

102

Richard III

BUCKINGHAM. Well, %well, he was the covert’st sheltered traitor That ever liv’d. Would you imagine, or almost believe, Wert not, that by great preservation We live to tell it, that the subtle traitor This day had plotted, in the Councell-House, To murder me, and my good Lord of Gloster MAYOR. Had he done so? RICHARD. What? think you we are Turkes, or infidels? Or that we would, against the form of law, Proceed thus rashly in the villain’s death, But that the extreme peril of the case, The peace of England, and our persons safety, Enforc'd us to this Execution MAYOR. Now fair befall you, he deserv’d his death, And your good Graces both have well proceeded, To warne false traitors from the like Attempts BUCKINGHAM. I never look'd for better at his hands, After he once fell in with Mistress Shore: Yet had we not determin'd he should die, Untill your Lordship came to see his end, Which now the loving haste of these our friends, Something against our meanings, have prevented; Because, my Lord, I would have had you heard The traitor speak, and timorously confess The manner and the purpose of his Treasons: That you might well have signify'd the same

Thesaurus peril: (n, v) hazard, risk, endanger, (adv) thoughtfully, prudently, late, menace, adventure; (n) danger, pensively, sensibly, responsibly, jeopardy, chance; (v) imperil, expose, cautiously, deliberately, patiently. compromise. ANTONYM: (n) sheltered: (adj) secure, comfortable, security. screened, safe, secluded, cozy, snug, plotted: (adj) planned, aforethought, covered, shaded; (adj, v) private; (v) covert. ANTONYMS: (adj) arranged, studied. rashly: (adj, adv) hastily, headlong; vulnerable, sunny, exposed, public, (adv) thoughtlessly, recklessly, harsh, bleak. subtle: (adj) delicate, sharp, nice, impetuously, imprudently, carelessly, indiscreetly, headily, acute, astute, insidious, exquisite, elusive; (adj, v) shrewd, sly, crafty. heedlessly, wildly. ANTONYMS:

ANTONYMS: (adj) loud, bright, considerable, tactless, overpowering, harsh, concrete, dark. timorously: (adv) fearfully, afraidly, anxiously, shily, bashfully, timidly, diffidently, shyly, trepidly, apprehensively, hesitantly. traitor: (n) betrayer, conspirator, Judas, renegade, rat, quisling, deserter, cheat, collaborationist; (adj) insurgent, mutineer. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalist, patriot.

William Shakespeare

103

Unto the citizens, who haply may Misconster us in him, and wayle his death MAYOR. But, my good Lord, Your Graces words shall serve, As well as I had seen, and heard him speak: And do not doubt, right noble prince’s both, But I’ll acquaint our duteous citizens With all your just proceedings in this case RICHARD. And to that end we wish'd your Lordship here, T' avoid the Censures of the carping world BUCKINGHAM. Which since you come too late of our intent, Yet witness what you hear we did intend: And so, my good Lord Mayor, we bid farwell.% [Exit MAYOR.] RICHARD. Go after, after, Cousin Buckingham. The Mayor towards Guild-Hall hies him in all post: There, at your meetest vantage of the time, Infer the bastardy of Edward’s children: Tell them, how Edward put to death a citizen, Only for saying, he would make his son heir to the crown, meaning indeed his House, Which, by the sign thereof, was tearmed so. Moreover, urge his hateful luxury, And beastiall appetite in change of lust, Which stretcht unto their servants, daughter’s, wives, Even where his raging eye, or savage heart, Without controll, lusted to make a prey. Nay, for a need, thus far come near my person:

Thesaurus appetite: (n, v) desire; (n) appetence, raging: (adj) hot, angry, fierce, irate, inhabitants, populace, public, appetency, relish, inclination, commonwealth, country, the general wild, infuriated, enraged, vehement, heated; (adj, n) mad, rabid. stomach, taste, thirst, passion, liking, public, the public, the populace. gusto. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, meaning: (n) intent, gist, implication, ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, mild, repulsion, revulsion, apathy, distaste. design, essence, consequence, contained. bastardy: (n) bar sinister, status, savage: (adj, v) fierce, wild, furious; significance, content, intention, connotation, aim. ANTONYM: (n) (adj) ferocious, brutal, cruel, position, love child, bastardism. carping: (adj, v) captious, critical, bloodthirsty, rough, pitiless; (adj, n) triviality. censorious; (adj) hypercritical, picky, proceedings: (n) lawsuit, minutes, brute; (n) vandal. ANTONYMS: (adj) irritable, querulous; (n) faultfinding, dealings, proceeding, transactions, civilized, gentle, nice. criticism, cavil, censoriousness. record, prosecution, trial, case, citizens: (n) people, population, naturalization, bankruptcy.

104

Richard III

Tell %them, when that my mother went with child Of that insatiate Edward; noble York, My princely father, then had wars in France, And by true computation of the time, Found, that the Issue was not his begot: Which well appeard in his Lineaments, Being nothing like the noble Duke, my father: Yet touch this sparingly, as 'twere far off, Because, my Lord, you know my mother lives BUCKINGHAM. Doubt not, my Lord, I’ll play the Orator, As if the golden Fee, for which I plead, Were for my self: and so, my Lord, adieu RICHARD. If you thrive well, bring them to Baynard’s Castle, Where you shall finde me well accompanied With reverend fathers, and well-learnèd Bishops BUCKINGHAM. I go, and towards three or four a clock Look for the news that the Guild-Hall affords. [Exit.] RICHARD. Go Lovell with all speed to Doctor Shaw, Go thou to Fryer Penker, bid them both Meet me within this hour at Baynards Castle. [Exeunt all but RICHARD.] Now will I go to take some priuie order, To draw the Brats of Clarence out of sight, And to give order, that no manner person Have any time recourse unto the prince’s. [Exit.]

Thesaurus adieu: (int, n) farewell; (n) vale, gilded, auspicious, gold, gilt, lucky, valediction, goodbye, leave, cheerio, advantageous, fair, favorable, adios, bye, so long, parting; (int) bon favored. ANTONYM: (adj) voyage. ANTONYM: (n) greeting. inauspicious. computation: (n, v) calculation, insatiate: (adj) greedy, ravenous, estimation, reckoning; (n) compute, hungry, unsatiate, unsatiable. lives: (n) life, living, estate, existence, estimate, account, arithmetic, figuring, count, computing; (v) earnest living. enumeration. ANTONYMS: (n) recourse: (n, v) appeal, haunt; (n) guesswork, guessing, conjecture, refuge, expedient, resource, estimation. assistance, alternative, dependence, golden: (adj) aureate, fortunate, haven, asylum, request.

reverend: (n) preacher, clergyman, parson, rector, vicar, pastor, priest, minister, churchman; (adj) respectable, honourable. sparingly: (adv) frugally, economically, parsimoniously, cautiously, thriftily, prudently, meagerly, sparely, poorly, stingily, moderately. ANTONYMS: (adv) amply, extravagantly, thickly, liberally, generously, densely, wastefully.

William Shakespeare

105

[Enter %a SCRIVENER] SCRIVENER. Here is the Indictment of the good Lord Hastings, Which in a set Hand fairly is engross'd, That it may be today read o’er in Paul’s. And marke how well the sequel hangs together: Eleven hours I have spent to write it over, For yester-night by Catesby was it sent me, The Precedent was full as long a doing, And yet within these fiue hours Hastings liv’d, Untainted, unexamin'd, free, at liberty. Here's a good world the while. Who is so grosse, that cannot see this palpable device? Yet who so bold, but says he sees it not? Bad is the world, and all will come to naught, When such ill dealing must be seen in thought. [Exit.] [Enter RICHARD and BUCKINGHAM at several Doors.] RICHARD. How now, how now, what say the citizens? BUCKINGHAM. Now by the holy mother of our Lord, The citizens are mum, say not a word RICHARD. Touched you the Bastardy of Edward’s children? BUCKINGHAM. I did, with his contract with Lady Lucy, And his contract by deputy in France, Th' unsatiate greediness of his desire, And his enforcement of the city wives,

Thesaurus bold: (adj) adventurous, audacious, palpable: (adj) tangible, obvious, alternate, ambassador, vicar, manly, arrogant, intrepid, fearless, representative, attorney, assistant; evident, apparent, clear, transparent, (adj, n) substitute, replacement. spirited, heroic, daring, courageous, indubitable, noticeable, lucid, patent, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) timid, enforcement: (n) execution, constraint, perceptible. ANTONYMS: (adj) modest, afraid, meek, shy, light, compulsion, duress, carrying out, imaginary, intangible, impalpable, courteous, discreet, faint, fearful, performance, force, coaction, press, doubtful, furtive, imperceptible, abashed. effect, administration. insignificant, obscure, unclear. dealing: (n, v) trade; (n) transaction, greediness: (n) avarice, cupidity, sequel: (n) sequence, result, issue, deal, exchange, business, concern, covetousness, eagerness, gluttony, aftermath, continuation, continuance, traffic, conduct, handling, dealings, selfishness, avidity, miserliness, outcome, consequence, ending, upshot, outgrowth. ANTONYM: (n) distribution. hunger, stinginess, voracity. deputy: (n) surrogate, agent, delegate, ANTONYM: (n) moderation. prelude.

106

Richard III

His %tyranny for trifles, his own bastardy, As being got, your father then in France, And his resemblance, being not like the Duke. Withall, I did infer your Lineaments, Being the right Idea of your father, Both in your form, and nobleness of Minde: Laid open all your victorys in Scotland, Your discipline in War, Wisdom in peace, Your Bountie, virtue, fair Humilitie: Indeed, left nothing fitting for your purpose, Untouched, or sleightly handled in discourse. And when my oratory drew toward end, I bid them that did love their Countrys good, Cry, God save Richard, England’s royal King RICHARD. And did they so? BUCKINGHAM. No, so God help me, they spake not a word, But like dumbe Statues, or breathing stones, Star'd each on other, and look'd deadly pale: Which when I saw, I reprehended them, And ask'd the Mayor, what meant this willful silence? His answer was, the people were not used To be spoke to, but by the Recorder. Then he was vrg'd to tell my tale again: Thus sayth the Duke, thus hath the Duke inferr'd, But nothing spoke, in warrant from himself. When he had done, some followers of mine own, At lower end of the Hall, hurld up their Caps, And some tenne voices cry'd, God save King Richard: And thus I took the vantage of those few.

Thesaurus fitting: (n) adaptation, adjustment, magnanimity, nobility, greatness, appointment; (adj) apt, appropriate, grandeur, stateliness, civil honors, applicable, felicitous, just, decorous, goodness, glory, glorify. oratory: (n) elocution, rhetoric, becoming, suitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) improper, wrong, incompatible, declamation, speech, oration, church, inconvenient, undue, unfit, chapel, tabernacle, valediction, unsatisfactory, unseemly, unsuitable. cathedral, public speaking. infer: (v) deduce, guess, derive, resemblance: (n) affinity, parallel, conclude, construe, imagine, similarity, comparison, conjecture, gather, deduct; (adj, v) correspondence, likeness, conformity, understand, imply. appearance, analogy, semblance, nobleness: (n) dignity, generosity, resemble. ANTONYMS: (n)

dissimilarity, contrast. trifles: (n) jests, nonsense, nugae, trivia. voices: (n) chorus. willful: (adj) perverse, headstrong, voluntary, intentional, obstinate, deliberate, wayward, stubborn, disobedient, premeditated, wilful. ANTONYMS: (adj) involuntary, yielding, willing, unwilling, docile, casual, biddable, justifiable, amenable, agreeable, unintentional.

William Shakespeare

107

Thanks %gentle citizens, and friends, quoth I, This general applause, and chearfull showt, Argues your wisdom, and your love to Richard: And even here brake off, and came away RICHARD. What tongueless blocks were they, Would they not speak? Will not the Mayor then, and his Brethren, come? BUCKINGHAM. The Mayor is here at hand: intend some fear, Be not you spoke with, but by mighty suit: And look you get a Prayer-book in your hand, And stand between two Church-men, good my Lord, For on that ground I’ll make a holy Descant: And be not easily won to our requests, Play the Maids part, still answer nay, and take it RICHARD. I go: and if you plead as well for them, As I can say nay to the for my self, No doubt we bring it to a happy issue BUCKINGHAM. Go, go up to the Leads, the Lord Mayor knocks. [Enter the MAYOR, and citizens.] Welcome, my Lord, I dance attendance here, I think the Duke will not be spoke withall. [Enter CATESBY.] BUCKINGHAM. Now Catesby, what says your Lord to my request? CATESBY. He doth entreat Your Grace, my noble Lord, To visit him to morrow, or next day:

Thesaurus applause: (n, v) acclaim, praise; (n) (n) nonattendance. unspoken, wordless, aglossal, brake: (n) bit, curb, brakes, pteridium breathless. ANTONYM: (adj) admiration, approval, eulogy, compliment, plaudit, commendation, aquilinum, airbrake, safety lock; (v) tongued. wisdom: (n) judiciousness, clapping, clap, ovation. retard, hinder, halt, stop, slow. ANTONYMS: (n) disapproval, Boos, ANTONYMS: (n) move, start, knowledge, sapience, sagacity, sense, incentive; (v) speed, go. booing, denigration, hisses, hissing, prudence, discernment, insight, intend: (v) destine, design, mean, aim, learning, depth, reasonableness. rejection, condemnation, criticism, ANTONYMS: (n) stupidity, folly, jeering. determine, denote, contemplate, attendance: (n) appearance, turnout, plan, purpose, consider, believe. inexperience, ignorance, flippancy, ANTONYM: (v) improvise. audience, attending, being there, banality. hearing, tendance, retinue, attention, tongueless: (adj) voiceless, dumb, contribution, ministry. ANTONYM: inarticulate, silent, speechless,

108

Richard III

He %is within, with two right reverend fathers, Divinely bent to Meditation, And in no worldly suites would he be mov'd, To draw him from his holy Exercise BUCKINGHAM. Return, good Catesby, to the gracious Duke, Tell him, my self, the Mayor and Aldermen, In deep designs, in matter of great moment, No less importing then our general good, Are come to have some conference with his Grace CATESBY. I’ll signify so much unto him straight. [Exit.] BUCKINGHAM. Aha, my Lord, this prince is not an Edward, He is not lulling on a lewd love-bed, But on his Knees, at Meditation: Not dallying with a Brace of Curtizans, But meditating with two deep Divines: Not sleeping, to engrosse his idle Body, But praying, to enrich his watchfull soul. happy were England, would this virtuous prince Take on his Grace the sovereignty thereof. But sure I fear we shall not win him to it MAYOR. Marry God defend his Grace should say us nay! BUCKINGHAM. I fear he will: here Catesby comes again. [Enter Catesby.] Now Catesby, what says his Grace?

Thesaurus bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent. dallying: (n) frivolity; (adj) flirtatious, dilatory. defend: (n, v) guard, shield, advocate; (v) justify, protect, assert, support, maintain, champion, apologize,

shelter. ANTONYMS: (v) prosecute, abandon, endanger, surrender, renounce, oppose, forsake, assault, contradict, destroy, expose. importing: (n) importation, mercantilism, commercialism, commerce. lulling: (adj) drowsy, assuasive, dreamy, dull, lethargic, quietening, unalarming, dozy; (n) appeasement. meditating: (n) conception. praying: (n) prayer.

sleeping: (adj) asleep, inactive, latent, sleepy, vegetive, vegetative; (n) dormancy, noctambulism, quiescence, quiescency, short sleep. ANTONYMS: (adj) active; (n) waking. sovereignty: (n) reign, empire, rule, realm, power, autonomy, independence, dominion, majesty, monarchy, control. ANTONYMS: (n) restriction, subjugation.

William Shakespeare

109

CATESBY. He wonders to what end you have assembled Such troops of citizens, to come to him, His Grace not being warn'd thereof before: He fears, my Lord, you mean no good to him BUCKINGHAM. Sorry I am, my noble Cousin should Suspect me, that I mean no good to him: By Heaven, we come to him in perfect love, And so once more return, and tell his Grace. [Exit CATESBY.] When holy and deuout Religious men Are at their beads, 'tis much to draw them thence, So sweet is zealous Contemplation.% [Enter RICHARD aloft, between two BISHOPS] MAYOR. See where his Grace stands, ‘tween two clergy men BUCKINGHAM. Two props of virtue, for a Christian prince, To stay him from the fall of vanity: And see a book of Prayer in his hand, True ornaments to know a holy man. Famous Plantagenet, most gracious prince, Lend favourable ear to our requests, And pardon us the interruption Of thy devotion, and right Christian zeal RICHARD. My Lord, there needes no such Apologie: I do beseech Your Grace to pardon me, Who earnest in the service of my God,

Thesaurus aloft: (adj, adv) overhead; (adv) up, on zeal: (adj, n) eagerness; (n) fervor, dedication, loyalty, worship, high, over, aloof, upwards, uphill, affection, enthusiasm, fondness, enthusiasm, devotion, passion, above ground; (prep) upon; (adj) devotedness; (adj, n) veneration, vehemence, fire, fervency, heat, passion. ANTONYMS: (n) disloyalty, fervour, ardour. ANTONYMS: (n) eminent, lofty. beads: (n) pearls, chaplet, censer, pax, negligence, apathy, disobedience, apathy, lethargy, patience. zealous: (adj) keen, enthusiastic, patera, host, cross, pyx, reliquary, neglect, hatred, separation, rood, thurible. dishonesty, infidelity. fervent, ardent, avid, devoted, clergy: (n) the cloth, pastorate, ornaments: (n) stuff, trim, strenuous, vehement, glowing, fiery; (adj, n) passionate. ANTONYMS: cardinalate, churchman, priest, ornamentation, equipments, dress, (adj) indifferent, apathetic, parson, clergyman, chaplain, pastor, disposition, custom, curios, presbytery, clericals. condition, clothing, gaudery. unenthusiastic, cool, halfhearted, devotion: (n) allegiance, attachment, props: (n) crutches, appurtenances. moderate.

110

Richard III

Deferr'd %the visitation of my friends. But leauing this, what is Your Graces pleasure? BUCKINGHAM. Even that (I hope) which pleaseth God aboue, And all good men, of this ungovern'd I’ll RICHARD. I do suspect I have done some offence, That seems disgracious in the citys eye, And that you come to reprehend my ignorance BUCKINGHAM. You have, my Lord: Would it might please Your Grace, On our entreaties, to amend your fault RICHARD. Else wherefore breathe I in a Christian Land BUCKINGHAM. Know then, it is your fault, that you resign The supreme seat, the throne majestical, The sceptred office of your ancestors, Your state of fortune, and your due of birth, The lineal glory of your royal house, To the corruption of a blemished stock; Whiles in the mildness of your sleepy thoughts, Which here we waken to our Countrys good, The noble I’ll doth want his proper limbs: His face defac'd with skarres of infamy, His royal stock graft with ignoble plants, And almost shouldred in the swallowing gulf Of dark forgetfulness, and deep oblivion. Which to recure, we heartily solicit Your gracious self to take on you the charge And kingly government of this your land:

Thesaurus blemished: (adj) faulty, tainted, awareness, concentration, stained, spotted, covered, patterned, remembering, attention. kingly: (adj, adv) stately; (adj) August, speckled, stippled, marked, imperfect, flawed. ANTONYMS: (adj) noble, regal, imperial, sovereign, majestic, royal; (adv) royally, unspoiled, plain, flawless, smooth. disgracious: (adj) impertinent, majestically, regally. lineal: (adj, v) linear; (adj) ancestral, impolite, disrespectful, uncouth. forgetfulness: (n) neglect, amnesia, hereditary, straight, directly, racial, obliviousness, inattention, memory extended senses, exact. mildness: (adj, n) gentleness, kindness, loss, omission, unknowingness, benignity, compassion, goodness; (n) unawareness, Lethe, carelessness, loss of memory. ANTONYMS: (n) lenity, mercy, meekness, leniency,

lenience, tenderness. ANTONYMS: (n) roughness, pungency. recure: (n, v) remedy; (n) sanation; (v) redress. reprehend: (n, v) chide, blame, censure, reprimand; (v) upbraid, criticize, condemn, charge, reproach, decry; (n) dispraise. sceptred: (adj) sceptered, authorized, hegemonic, ruling.

William Shakespeare

111

Not %as protector, steward, substitute, Or lowly sactor, for another’s gain; But as successively, from blood to blood, Your right of birth, your empire, your own. For this, consorted with the citizens, Your very worshipful and loving friends, And by their vehement instigation, In this just cause come I to move Your Grace RICHARD. I cannot tell, if to depart in silence, Or bitterly to speak in your reproof, Best fitteth my degree, or your condition. If not to answer, you might haply think, tongue-tied ambition, not replying, yielded To bear the golden yoke of sovereignty, Which fondly you would here impose on me. If to reprove you for this suit of yours, So season'd with your faithful love to me, Then on the other side I check'd my friends. Therefore to speak, and to avoid the first, And then in speaking, not to incur the last, Definitively thus I answer you. Your love deserves my thanks, but my desert Unmeritable, shunnes your high request. First, if all obstacles were cut away, And that my path were even to the crown, As the ripe pevenue, and due of birth: Yet so much is my povertie of spirit, So mighty, and so many my defects, That I would rather hide me from my greatness, Being a bark to brook no mighty sea; Then in my greatness couet to be hid,

Thesaurus fondly: (adv) lovingly, tenderly, reprove: (n, v) censure, blame, chide, eager, hot, fervent, fervid. rebuke, reprehend; (v) admonish, ANTONYMS: (adj) impassionate, warmly, kindly, caringly, adoringly, devotedly, amorously, dearly, reproach, lecture, condemn, warn, indifferent, mild, calm. castigate. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, worshipful: (adj, v) great; (v) dotingly, foolishly. ANTONYMS: (adv) coldly, ill. approve, commend. honorable, noble, proud, dignified; lowly: (adj) base, lower, low, inferior, successively: (adv) in turn, one after (adj) reverential, godly, adoring, baseborn; (adv) meekly, meanly, the other, in succession, sequentially, venerable, divine, doting. modestly, poorly, softly, humbly. serially, running, in order, gradually, yoke: (adj, n, v) couple, link; (n, v) pair, ANTONYMS: (adj) noble, privileged, subsequently, repeatedly, one after tie; (adj, n) brace; (v) connect, join, bind, attach; (n) coupling, team. high, aristocratic, refined, exalted, another. vehement: (adj) fierce, intense, violent, ANTONYMS: (v) disconnect, disjoin. comfortable. replying: (adj) respondent, responsive. strong, furious, passionate, ferocious,

112

Richard III

And %in the vapour of my glory smother'd. But God be thank'd, there is no need of me, And much I need to help you, were there need: The royal tree hath left us royal fruit, Which mellow'd by the stealing hours of time, Will well become the seat of majesty, And make (no doubt) us happy by his Reign. On him I lay that, you would lay on me, The right and fortune of his happy stars, Which God defend that I should wring from him BUCKINGHAM. My Lord, this argues conscience in Your Grace, But the respects thereof are nice, and triuiall, All circumstances well considered. You say, that Edward is your brother’s son, So say we too, but not by Edward’s wife: For first was he contract to Lady Lucy, Your mother lives a Witness to his vow; And afterward by substitute betroth'd To Bona, sister to the King of France. These both put off, a poor petitioner, A care-crazed mother to a many sons, A beauty-waning, and distressed widow, Even in the after-noon of her best days, Made prize and purchase of his wanton eye, Seduc'd the pitch, and height of his degree, To base declension, and loath'd bigamy. By her, in his unlawful bed, he got This Edward, whom our manners call the prince. More bitterly could I expostulate, Save that for reverence to some alive, I give a sparing limit to my tongue.

Thesaurus afterward: (adv, conj) then, after that; reverence: (n, v) respect, regard, fear, (adv) thereafter, afterwards, later, worship, honor, esteem, adore; (n) subsequently, later on, next, soon; deference, adoration, admiration, (adj) following; (n) future. awe. ANTONYMS: (n) despise, ANTONYMS: (adv) now, previously, disrespect, irreverence, disdain, disparagement, contempt; (v) before. argues: (v) argue. dishonor. declension: (n) declination, decline, sparing: (adj, n) economical, saving; (adj, v) scanty, poor, chary, meager, deterioration, refusal, fall, decay, parsimonious, spare, moderate; (adj) declivity, conjugation, downfall, inflection; (v) reduction. ANTONYM: thrifty, careful. ANTONYMS: (adj) (n) ascent. spendthrift, generous, wasteful,

extravagant. wanton: (adj) loose, dissolute, light, licentious, unchaste, lewd, debauched, unprovoked; (v) dally; (n, v) sport; (adj, v) flirt. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, wise, nice, kind, gentle, decent, clean, careful, observant, justifiable, involuntary. wring: (n, v) squeeze; (v) twist, wrench, wrest, torture, torment, distort, extract, twine, contort, rack.

William Shakespeare

113

Then %good, my Lord, take to your royal self This proffer'd benefit of dignity: If not to bless us and the Land withall, Yet to draw forth your noble ancestry From the corruption of abusing times, Unto a lineal true derivèd course MAYOR. Do good my Lord, your citizens entreat you BUCKINGHAM. Refuse not, mighty Lord, this proffer'd love CATESBY. O, make them joyful, grant their lawful suit RICHARD. Alas, why would you heap this care on me? I am unfit for state, and majesty: I do beseech you take it not amiss, I cannot, nor I will not yield to you BUCKINGHAM. If you refuse it, as in love and zeal, Loth to depose the child, your brother’s son, As well we know your tenderness of heart, And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse, Which we have noted in you to your kindred, And equally indeed to all estates: Yet know, where you accept our suit, or no, Your brother’s son shall never reign our King, But we will plant some other in the Throne, To the disgrace and down-fall of your House: And in this resolution here we leave you. Come citizens, we will entreat no more. [Exeunt BUCKINGHAM, MAYOR, aldermen and citizens.]

Thesaurus corruption: (n) depravity, pollution, waste, trash; (n) offal, litter; (n, v) inaugurate, seat, empower, restore. dross. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, adulteration, filth, infection, vitiation, effeminate: (adj) womanish, delicate, taint, bribery, canker, blight, epicene, sissy, emasculate, tender, receive, permit, offer, dedicate, foulness. ANTONYMS: (n) ladylike, cissy, easy, voluptuous; (adj, approve, agree, admit, choose, pass, v) feminate. ANTONYMS: (adj) purification, incorruptness, decency, affirm. tenderness: (n) fondness, soreness, honesty, morality, pureness, macho, manly, masculine. love, affection, sympathy; (adj, n) incorruption, purity, righteousness, noted: (adj) famous, illustrious, scruples, virtue. glorious, conspicuous, well-known, clemency, mildness, compassion, depose: (v) overthrow, depone, aver, known, celebrated, eminent, famed, gentleness, softness, delicacy. renowned; (adj, v) notorious. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, dryness, swear, oust, displace, asseverate, witness, dismiss, remove; (n) testify. refuse: (v) deny, reject, decline, hatred, strength, detachment. ANTONYMS: (v) install, crown, disallow, rebuff, turn down; (adj, n)

114

Richard III

CATESBY. Call %him again, sweet prince, accept their suit: If you deny them, all the Land will rue it RICHARD. Will you enforce me to a world of cares. Call them again, I am not made of stones, But penetrable to your kind entreaties, Albeit against my conscience and my soul. [Enter Buckingham, and the rest.] Cousin of Buckingham, and sage grave men, Since you will buckle fortune on my back, To bear her burden, where I will or no. I must have patience to endure the Load: But if black scandal, or foul-fac'd Reproach, Attend the sequel of your imposition, Your mere enforcement shall acquittance me From all the impure blots and stains thereof; For God doth know, and you may partly see, How far I am from the desire of this MAYOR. God bless Your Grace, we see it, and will say it RICHARD. In saying so, you shall but say the truth BUCKINGHAM. Then I salute you with this royal title, Long live King Richard, England’s worthy King MAYOR, CITIZENS. Amen BUCKINGHAM. Tomorrow may it please you to be crown'd

Thesaurus acquittance: (n) release, absolution, strap. ANTONYMS: (v) unbuckle, redemption, extrication, voucher, flatten, smooth, straighten. repayment; (v) discharge, quittance, enforce: (v) compel, constrain, carry absolve; (n, v) dismission, vent. out, implement, impose, execute, again: (adv) more, then, repeatedly, apply, drive, dispense, effect; (n, v) force. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, anew, encore, furthermore, yet, also, often, once again, once more. relax, neglect, forget, exempt, amen: (adj) right, correct; (n) Amon; disregard, abandon. (adv) positively, yes. impure: (adj) defiled, dirty, unclean, buckle: (n, v) clasp, warp; (v) curve, squalid, sordid, filthy, bastard, foul, crumple, distort, fasten; (adj, n) immoral, profane, contaminated. button; (n) screw, hook, fastener; (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) unmixed, clean.

penetrable: (adj) permeable, pervious, absorbent, liable, porous, vulnerable; (v) doughy, spongy. ANTONYM: (adj) impenetrable. sage: (adj) sagacious, discerning, intelligent, prudent, judicious, learned, profound, knowing; (adj, v) grave; (n) philosopher, scholar. salute: (v) greet, hail, kiss, accost, acknowledge, buss; (n) salutation, bow, salaam; (n, v) address, compliment.

William Shakespeare

115

RICHARD. Even %when you please, for you will have it so BUCKINGHAM. Tomorrow then we will attend Your Grace, And so most joyfully we take our leave RICHARD. Come, let us to our holy work again. Farewell my Cousins, farewell gentle friends. [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus attend: (n, v) tend, escort, nurse, conduct; (v) assist, serve, minister, aid, look, partake, follow. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, leave, ignore, disregard, desert, abandon. farewell: (int, n) adieu; (n) bye, leave, valediction, adios, parting, goodbye, separation, departure, aloha; (int) bon voyage. ANTONYMS: (n) hello, salutation, welcome. gentle: (adj) easy, friendly, soft, kind, affable, balmy, mild, feeble,

compassionate; (adj, adv) calm; (adj, v) tame. ANTONYMS: (adj) harsh, loud, fierce, caustic, violent, rough, hardhearted, abrupt, heavy, steep, sheer. joyfully: (adv) joyously, merrily, gaily, gleefully, buoyantly, cheerily, jubilantly, pleasantly, mirthfully; (adv, v) happily; (adj, adv) cheerfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) joylessly, miserably, despondently. please: (v) delight, charm, amuse,

entertain, oblige, enchant, enrapture; (adj, v) gratify, enjoy, like; (adj) glad. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, annoy, irritate, anger, distress, sicken, disappoint, dissatisfy, sadden, repel, appall.

William Shakespeare

117

ACT FOUR.% SCENE I. [Enter the QUEEN, the DUCHESS of YORK, MARQUESSE DORSET, and ANNE, Duchess of Gloucester. DUCHESS OF YORK. Who meetes us here? My neice Plantagenet, Led in the hand of her kind Aunt of Gloster? Now, for my Life, she's wandring to the tower, On pure hearts love, to greet the tender prince. daughter, well met. ANNE. God give Your Graces both, A happy and a joyful time of day QUEEN ELIZABETH. As much to you, good sister: whither away? ANNE. No farther then the tower, and as I guess, Upon the like devotion as yourselves, To gratulate the gentle prince’s there

Thesaurus farther: (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) (n) abhorrence, hatred, aversion, irritable, unfortunately, gloomy. additional, more, distant; (adv) kind: (n) sort, form, class, variety, detestation, detachment, indifference; breed; (adj, n) helpful, good, humane, (v) abhor; (adv) roughly. furthermore, besides, abroad, in addition, too; (adj, prep) outside; friendly, gentle; (adj) generous. pure: (adj) absolute, natural, faultless, (pron) another. ANTONYMS: (prep) ANTONYMS: (adj) unkind, cruel, innocent, immaculate, perfect, good, within; (adv) nearer, closer. hardhearted, mean, merciless, nasty, clean; (adj, n) chaste, genuine; (adj, v) happy: (adj) felicitous, contented, gay, spiteful, uncaring, upsetting, callous, mere. ANTONYMS: (adj) buoyant, content, gleeful, gratified, disagreeable. contaminated, dishonored, diluted, pleasant, glad, carefree; (adj, n) love: (n) desire, fondness, affection, tainted, wicked, practical, polluted, auspicious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sad, dear, liking, benevolence, charity, flawed, marred, unsaturated, honey, devotion; (v) enjoy; (n, v) depressed, dejected, sorrowful, unchaste. worship. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike; miserable, unlucky, sorry, reluctant,

118

Richard III

QUEEN %ELIZABETH. Kind sister thanks, we’ll enter all together: [Enter BRACKENBURY.] And in good time, here the Lieutenant comes. Master Lieutenant, pray you, by your leave, How doth the prince, and my young son of York? BRACKENBURY. Right well, dear madam: by your patience, I may not suffer you to visit them, The King hath strictly charg'd the contrary QUEEN ELIZABETH. The King? who's that? BRACKENBURY.

I mean, the Lord Protector

QUEEN ELIZABETH. The Lord protect him from that Kingly title. Hath he set bounds between their love, and me? I am their mother, who shall bar me from them? DUCHESS OF YORK. I am their father’s mother, I will see them ANNE. Their Aunt I am in law, in love their mother: Then bring me to their sights, I’ll bear thy blame, And take thy Office from the, on my peril BRACKENBURY. No, madam, no; I may not leave it so: I am bound by oath, and therefore pardon me. [Exit.] [Enter Stanley.] STANLEY. Let me but meet you ladies one hour hence,

Thesaurus bound: (n, v) leap, jump, border, bounce, limit, edge, vault, recoil; (n) boundary, barrier, compass. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, amble, crawl, limp, permit; (adj) permitted, released, unbound, allowed, unlikely. bounds: (n) boundary, border, limit, bound, margin, borderline, end, bourn, Bourne, brink, edge. ANTONYMS: (n) center, middle. contrary: (adj, n) contradictory, reverse; (adj) adverse, conflicting,

unfavorable, perverse, cross, exactly, correctly, stringently, sternly, disobedient, alien, different, rigidly, precisely, closely, literally, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) similar, harshly. ANTONYMS: (adv) loosely, harmonious, helpful, obliging, leniently, lightheartedly, negligently, compatible, complaisant, concordant, inaccurately, unlawfully, falsely, parallel, agreeable, cooperative, amenably. suffer: (v) encounter, stand, accept, favorable. oath: (n) expletive, malediction, undergo, brook, experience, have, imprecation, promise, affidavit, cuss, endure, abide, sustain; (adj, v) allow. ANTONYMS: (v) enjoy, rejoice, swearing, pledge, assurance, asseveration; (v) swear. flourish. strictly: (adv) rigorously, severely,

William Shakespeare

119

And %I’ll salute Your Grace of York as mother, And reverend lookr on of two fair Queen’s. Come madam, you must straight to Westminster, There to be crowned Richard’s royal Queen QUEEN ELIZABETH. Ah, cut my Lace asunder, That my pent heart may have some scope to beat, Or else I swoone with this dead-killing news ANNE. Despiteful tidings, O unpleasing news DORSET. Be of good chear: mother, how fares your Grace? QUEEN ELIZABETH. O Dorset, speak not to me, get the gone, death and destruction dogs the at thy heals, Thy mothers name is ominous to children. If thou wilt out-strip death, go cross the seas, And live with Richmond, from the reach of hell. Go, hie thee, hie thee from this slaughter-house, Lest thou increase the number of the dead, And make me die the thrall of Margarets curse, Nor mother, wife, nor England’s counted Queen STANLEY. Full of wise care, is this your counsel, madam: Take all the swift advantage of the hours: You shall have letters from me to my son, In your behalf, to meet you on the way: Be not ta'en tardy by unwise delay DUCHESS OF YORK. O ill dispersing wind of misery.

Thesaurus crowned: (adj) laureled, fulfilled, browbound, incoronate, successful. dogs: (n) foxes, Canidae, Carnivora, cats, family Canidae, forceps, order Carnivora, bears; (adj) dogging. scope: (n, v) range, drift; (n) purview, domain, room, expanse, area, compass, horizon, oscilloscope; (v) view. swift: (adj, adv, v) fast; (adj) quick, fleet, speedy, alert, nimble, hasty, prompt, sudden, hurried; (adj, v)

rapid. ANTONYMS: (adj) considered, injudicious, ridiculous, senseless, leisurely, sluggish, gradual, delayed, inadvisable, impolitic, unreasonable. ANTONYMS: (adj) sensible, prudent, clumsy. thrall: (n) bondage, slavery, thraldom, thoughtful, sagacious, judicious, helot, serf, enslavement, thralldom, advisable. villein, captivity, slave; (v) enslave. wise: (adj) reasonable, sensible, sound, unpleasing: (adj) displeasing, rational, sagacious, intelligent, prudent, shrewd, discreet; (adj, n) graceless, ungracious, unpleasant, knowing; (n) method. ANTONYMS: disagreeable, wicked, not grateful, (adj) unwise, stupid, ignorant, offensive, perturbed, restless, stiff. unwise: (adj, n) silly, stupid, absurd, mistaken, illogical, reckless, naive, indiscreet; (adj) imprudent, irrational, dense.

120

Richard III

O %my accursed womb, the bed of death: A Cockatrice hast thou hatcht to the world, Whose unavoided eye is murderous STANLEY. Come, madam, come, I in all haste was sent ANNE. And I with all unwillingness will go. O would to God, that the inclusiue Verge Of golden metal, that must round my brow, Were red hot steel, to sear me to the brains, Annointed let me be with deadly venom, And die ere men can say, God save the Queen QUEEN ELIZABETH. Go, go, poor soul, I envy not thy glory, To feed my humor, wish thy self no harm ANNE. No: why? When he that is my husband now, Came to me, as I follow'd Henry’s Corse, When scarce the blood was well washt from his hands, Which issued from my other Angell husband, And that dear Saint, which then I weeping follow'd: O, when I say I look'd on Richard’s face, This was my Wish: Be thou (quoth I) accurst, For making me, so young, so old a widow: And when thou wed'st, let sorrow haunt thy bed; And be thy wife, if any be so mad, More miserable, by the Life of the, Then thou hast made me, by my dear Lords death. Lo, ere I can repeat this curse again, Within so small a time, my woman’s heart Grossly grew captive to his honey words,

Thesaurus accursed: (adj) execrable, abominable, sear: (v) burn, char, cauterize, parch, enviousness, desire, heartburning, scald, brand, fry, singe, broil; (adj, v) detestable, accurst, hateful, damned, resentment, envies, heartburn, damnable, maledict, blasted; (v) jealousy, hatred; (adj) jealous. dry; (adj) sere. ANTONYM: (n) generosity. weeping: (adj) tearful, lachrymose, atrocious, stranded. captive: (n) convict, prisoner of war, honey: (n) dear, love, beloved, nectar, dolourous, dolorous; (n, v) lament, lamentation; (v) wailing; (n) sobbing, slave, detainee, jailbird, gaolbird; sweetheart, dearest, duck, molasses, (adj) confined, imprisoned, rapt, sugar, baby; (v) sweeten. tears, cry; (adj, n) howling. jailed, amoroso. ANTONYMS: (adj) issued: (adj) executed, done. ANTONYM: (n) celebration. murderous: (adj) cutthroat, homicidal, womb: (n) belly, nursery, nest, free, uninterested, unconfined, liberated, emancipated, disillusioned; gory, bloodthirsty, cruel, brutal, intestines, guts, vitals, bowels, (n) guard, captor. fierce, mortal, deadly, lethal, killing. chitterings, cradle, entrails, viscera. envy: (v) begrudge, want; (n) ANTONYM: (adj) easy.

William Shakespeare

121

And %prov’d the subject of mine own souls curse, Which hitherto hath held mine eyes from rest: For never yet one hour in his bed Did I enjoy the golden deaw of sleep, But with his timorous dreams was still awak'd. Besides, he hates me for my father Warwick, And will (no doubt) shortly be rid of me QUEEN ELIZABETH. Poor heart adieu, I pity thy complaining ANNE. No more, then with my soul I mourn for yours DORSET. Farewell, thou woeful welcommer of glory ANNE. Adieu, poor soul, that tak'st thy leave of it DUCHESS OF YORK. Go thou to Richmond, and good fortune guide the, Go thou to Richard, and good Angels tend the, Go thou to sanctuary, and good thoughts possess the, I to my grave, where peace and rest lie with mee. Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen, And each hours joy wracked with a week of teen QUEEN ELIZABETH. Stay, yet look back with me unto the tower. pity, you ancient stones, those tender babes, Whom envy hath immur'd within your walls, Rough cradle for such little pretty ones, Rude ragd nurse, old sullen play-fellow, For tender prince’s: use my babies well; So foolish sorrows bids your stones farewell.

Thesaurus babies: (n) children, babes, babe, babying, offspring. complaining: (adj) irritable, peevish, petulant, whining, moaning, complaintive, repining; (adj, v) querulous; (n, v) lamenting; (adv) complainingly; (n) plaintive. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, uncomplaining, cheerful, willing. cradle: (n) cot, birthplace, nursery, berth, crib, nest, hammock, bassinet, origin; (v) hold, groundwork.

mourn: (v) bewail, grieve, deplore, cry, bemoan, regret, distress, sad, wail, mourning, weep. ANTONYMS: (v) rejoice, celebrate, applaud. possess: (adj, v) own; (v) hold, wield, occupy, bear, keep, enjoy, contain, retain, to have, maintain. ANTONYMS: (v) lack, remove. sullen: (adj, n) morose, sulky, sour; (adj) gloomy, gruff, glum, moody, dark, cross, surly; (adj, v) grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, cheery; (n)

cheeriness. teen: (adj) teenage, juvenile, young, jejune, immature; (n) teenager, youngster, distress, grief, kid, child. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) adult. timorous: (adj, v) fearful, shy; (adj, adv, v) cowardly; (adj) afraid, nervous, diffident, bashful, apprehensive, anxious, craven, coy. ANTONYMS: (adj) brave, fearless. wracked: (adj) disrepair, uncomfortable.

122

Richard III

[Exeunt.]

SCENE II.% [Sound a Sennet. Enter RICHARD in pomp, BUCKINGHAM, CATESBY, RATCLIFFE, LOVELL.] RICHARD. Stand all apart. Cousin of Buckingham BUCKINGHAM. My gracious soverign RICHARD. Give me thy hand. [Sound.] Thus high, by thy advice, And thy assistance, is King Richard seated: But shall we wear these Glories for a day? Or shall they last, and we rejoice in them? BUCKINGHAM. Still live they, and for ever let them last RICHARD. Ah Buckingham, now do I play the Touch, To try if thou be curnt gold indeed: Young Edward lives, think now what I would speak BUCKINGHAM. Say on my loving Lord RICHARD. Why Buckingham, I say I would be King BUCKINGHAM. Why so you are, my thrice-renownèd Lord

Thesaurus apart: (adj, adv) aloof; (adv) aside, opposition. ostentation, show, ceremony, glory, asunder, especially; (adj) alone, gold: (n) Au, money, riches, wealth, luxury, pageantry, magnificence, distant, detached, isolated, only; (adj, bullion, treasure, yellow, amber; (adj) state, splendor. ANTONYMS: (n) v) separate; (v) segregate. aureate, gilt, golden. understatement, modesty. ANTONYMS: (adv) adjoining, near, loving: (adj) fond, devoted, amorous, rejoice: (v) cheer, gladden, triumph, surrounded; (adj) connected, nearby. kind, friendly, ardent, attached, revel, jubilate, gratify, gloat, please; assistance: (n) support, relief, boost, admiring, gentle, fatherly; (adj, v) (n, v) delight, glory, joy. tender. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, ANTONYMS: (v) lament, mourn, encouragement, remedy, help, service, hand, backing; (n, v) assist; uncaring, malicious, cruel, unloving, complain. (v) succor. ANTONYMS: (n) rough, paternal, indifferent, distant, impediment, impeding, obstruction, disapproving, callous. pomp: (n) grandeur, parade, detriment, disservice, meanness,

William Shakespeare

123

RICHARD. Ha? %am I King? 'tis so: but Edward lives BUCKINGHAM. True, noble prince RICHARD. O bitter consequence! That Edward still should live true noble prince. Cousin, thou wast not wont to be so dull. Shall I be plain? I wish the Bastards dead, And I would have it suddenly perform'd. What say'st thou now? speak suddenly, be briefe BUCKINGHAM. Your Grace may do your pleasure RICHARD. Tut, tut, thou art all ice, thy kindness freezes: Say, have I thy consent, that they shall die? BUCKINGHAM. Give me some litle breath, some pause, dear Lord, Before I positively speak in this: I will resolve you herein presently. [Exit.] CATESBY. The King is angry, see he gnawes his Lippe RICHARD. I will converse with iron-witted fooles, And unrespective boyes: none are for me, That look into me with considerate eyes, High-reaching Buckingham grows circumspect. Boy!

Thesaurus considerate: (adj, n) thoughtful, n) opposite; (adj) counter. benevolent, nice, gentle, sympathetic, ANTONYMS: (adj, n) equal; (adj) humane; (adj) magnanimous, kind, similar, complementary; (n) polite, delicate, discreet. similarity. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncaring, herein: (adv) here, therein. kindness: (n) generosity, clemency, thoughtless, tactless, inconsiderate, selfish, rude, unkind, unforgiving, compassion, grace, good will, offhand, disrespectful, graciousness, humanity, goodness, affection; (adj, n) courtesy, gentleness. unsympathetic. converse: (n, v) chat, discourse, argue; ANTONYMS: (n) miserliness, spite, (v) confer, confabulate, speak; (n) nastiness, callousness, cruelty, conversation, colloquy, contrast; (adj, unfriendliness, maliciousness,

thoughtlessness, sourness, severity, disservice. litle: (v) to quiet title. positively: (adv) absolutely, definitely, decidedly, unequivocally, expressly, emphatically, categorically, clearly, confidently; (adv, int) surely; (adj, adv) really. ANTONYMS: (adv) disapprovingly, pessimistically, uncertainly, doubtfully, inauspiciously, ill.

124

Richard III

PAGE. % My Lord RICHARD. Know'st thou not any, whom corrupting gold Will tempt unto a close exploit of death? PAGE. I know a discontented gentleman, Whose humble means match not his haughtie spirit: Gold were as good as twentie Orators, And will (no doubt) tempt him to any thing RICHARD. What is his name? PAGE. His name, my Lord, is Tyrrel RICHARD. I partly know the man: go call him hither, boy. [Exit PAGE.] The deep revolving witty Buckingham, No more shall be the neighbor to my counsels. Hath he so long held out with me, untyr'd, And stops he now for breath? Well, be it so. [Enter STANLEY.] How now, Lord Stanley, what's the news? STANLEY. Know my loving Lord, The Marquesse Dorset as I hear, is fled To Richmond, in the parts where he abides RICHARD. Come hither Catesby, rumor it abroad, That Anne my wife is very grievous sick,

Thesaurus corrupting: (adj) noxious, harmful, neighbor: (v) abut, adjoin, populate, rumour; (v) repute, reputation. touch; (n) acquaintance, ANTONYM: (n) truth. degrading, unwholesome, neighborhood, national; (adj) tempt: (adj, v) attract, allure; (v) entice, corruption, baneful, debasing, demeaning, humiliating, infectious, neighborly, neighbouring, decoy, charm, inveigle, invite, coax, injurious. neighboring, adjacent. ANTONYM: seduce, fascinate, attempt. discontented: (adj, v) querulous, (n) foreigner. ANTONYMS: (v) discourage, appall, complaining; (adj) disaffected, revolving: (adj) turning, rotating, repel. witty: (adj, v) smart, clever, sharp, disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, vertiginous, rotary, gyratory, brilliant; (adj) amusing, funny, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, wheeling, rotative, rotatory, rotational; (n) revolution; (v) revolve. facetious, jocular, intelligent, quick, put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, rumor: (n) hearsay, talk, news; (n, v) comic. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, content. gossip, fame, buzz, bruit, noise, unamusing, unfunny, thick.

William Shakespeare

125

I %will take order for her keeping close. Inquire me out some mean poor gentleman, Whom I will marry straight to Clarence daughter: The boy is foolish, and I fear not him. Look how thou dream'st: I say again, give out, That Anne, my Queen, is sick, and like to die. About it, for it stands me much upon To stop all hopes, whose growth may damage me. I must be married to my brother’s daughter, Or else my kingdom stands on brittle glasse: Murder her brother’s, and then marry her, Uncertaine way of gain. But I am in So far in blood, that sin will pluck on sin, Tear-falling pity dwells not in this eye. [Enter TYRREL.] Is thy name Tyrrel? TYRREL. James Tyrrel, and your most obedient subject RICHARD. Art thou indeed? TYRREL.

Prove me, my gracious Lord

RICHARD. Dar'st thou resolve to kill a friend of mine? TYRREL. Please you: But I had rather kill two enemies RICHARD. Why then thou hast it: two deep enemies, Foes to my Rest, and my sweet sleeps disturbers,

Thesaurus brittle: (adj) crumbly, breakable, crisp, establish, show, examine, verify, essay, check, corroborate; (adj, v) fragile, short, crispy, brickle, confirm. ANTONYMS: (v) refute, sensitive, insubstantial, shivery, brash. ANTONYMS: (adj) solid, undermine. resolve: (n, v) purpose; (v) determine, strong, resilient, durable, relaxed, sturdy, unbreakable, soft. solve, decide, dissolve, decompose, keeping: (n) care, conservation, settle; (n) determination, firmness, charge, guardianship, maintenance, decision, resolution. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, irresoluteness, holding, observance, storage, conformation, consistency, vacillation, cowardice, flexibility, indecisiveness, indifference; (v) conformity. prove: (v) attest, manifest, evidence, aggravate, complicate, exacerbate,

waver. stands: (n) bleachers, stood, grandstand, standing, stop, covered stand, standpoint, stall, sales booth, reviewing stand, rack. sweet: (adj) fresh, mellow, lovable, dear, pleasant, musical, melodious, pleasing, sugary; (adj, v) lovely; (adj, n) beloved. ANTONYMS: (adj) discordant, bitter, acid, sharp, acidic, pungent, salty, harsh, detestable, cacophonous, dry.

126

Richard III

Are %they that I would have the deal upon: Tyrrel, I mean those Bastards in the tower TYRREL. Let me have open means to come to them, And soon I’ll rid you from the fear of them RICHARD. Thou sing'st sweet music: Hark, come hither Tyrrel, Go by this token: rise, and lend thine eye, [Whispers.] There is no more but so: say it is done, And I will love the, and preferre the for it TYRREL. I will dispatch it straight. [Exit.] [Enter Buckingham.] BUCKINGHAM. My Lord, I have consider'd in my mind, The late request that you did sound me in RICHARD. Well, let that rest: Dorset is fled to Richmond BUCKINGHAM. I hear the news, my Lord RICHARD. Stanley, he is your wives son: well, look unto it BUCKINGHAM. My Lord, I claim the gift, my due by promise, For which your honor and your faith is pawn'd, Th' earldom of Hertford, and the moveables, Which you have promised I shall possess

Thesaurus hear: (int, v) attend; (v) find out, wish, appeal; (v) ask, order, pray, call sound: (n, v) chime, echo, peal; (adj) for; (n) prayer, application. discover, understand, apprehend, reasonable, complete, healthy, hark, learn, try, examine, listen; (adj) ANTONYMS: (v) command, grant, sensible, sane, rational; (adj, v) fit, insist, force, supply, reject; (n) ruling, fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, heard. lend: (v) grant, give, advance, impart, response. unsound, confused, unreliable, rise: (n, v) mount, lift, increase, heave, flawed, flimsy, silent, weak, bestow, contribute, borrow, bring, add, confer; (n) lending. swell, jump; (v) ascend, arise; (n) unreasonable; (n) silence; (v) devoice. promised: (adj) pledged, affianced, token: (n) memento, souvenir, note, elevation, ascent, progress. betrothed, busy, devoted, employed, ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease, drop; keepsake, sign, relic, stamp, signal, (v) sink, descend, plummet, retire, indication; (adj) nominal; (n, v) trace. greatly interested, intended, involved; (v) benempt, named. set; (n) reduction, descent, ANTONYM: (adj) great. request: (n, v) demand, bid, invite, depreciation, ruin.

William Shakespeare

127

RICHARD. Stanley look to your wife: if she convey letters to Richmond, you shall answer it BUCKINGHAM. What says your Highness to my just request? RICHARD. I do remember me, Henry the Sixth Did prophesy, that Richmond should be King, When Richmond was a little peevish boy. A King perhaps BUCKINGHAM. My lord,-RICHARD. How chance the prophet could not at that time Have told me, I being by, that I should kill him? BUCKINGHAM. My lord, your promise for the earldom,-KING RICHARD. Richmond!--When last I was at Exeter, The mayor in courtesy show'd me the castle And call'd it Rougemount; at which name I started, Because a bard of Ireland told me once I should not live long after I saw Richmond.% BUCKINGHAM. My lord— KING RICHARD. Ay, what's o'clock? BUCKINGHAM. I am thus bold to put your grace in mind Of what you promis'd me.

Thesaurus bard: (n) minstrel, muse; (v) beautify, arranged, planned, foreseeable; (n, v) decorate, embellish; (adj) lyrist, scald, plan; (n) predictability, misfortune, certainty; (v) protect. skald, troubadour, trouvere, barred. castle: (n) fortification, stronghold, courtesy: (adj, n) civility, castling, fort, palace, mansion, tower, complaisance; (n) propriety, chivalry, house; (n, v) fortress, citadel, keep. comity, politeness, gallantry, ANTONYMS: (n) shack, cottage. decency, attention, breeding, chance: (n, v) hazard, adventure, risk, etiquette. ANTONYMS: (n) rudeness, venture, bet; (n) fortune, probability, discourtesy, unkindness, informality, opportunity; (adj) accidental; (adj, n) impoliteness, disservice, contingency; (v) befall. ANTONYMS: brusqueness, incivility, vulgarity, (adj) intentional, deliberate, designed, crudeness, neglect.

lord: (n) chief, king, noble, sir, duke, master, God, seignior, nobility, Mister, potentate. ANTONYM: (n) lady. mayor: (n) provost, mayoress, city manager, politician, mayoralty, official, civil authority, administrator; (adj) major. o'clock: (n) period, hours. started: (adv) happening, in progress, ongoing; (v) stert, leaped.

128

Richard III

RICHARD. Well, but what's o'clock? BUCKINGHAM. Upon the stroke of ten.% KING RICHARD. Well, let it strike. BUCKINGHAM. Why let it strike? KING RICHARD. Because that, like a Jack, thou keep'st the stroke Betwixt thy begging and my meditation. I am not in the giving vein to-day. BUCKINGHAM. May it please you to resolve me in my suit. RICHARD. Thou troublest me; I am not in the vein. [Exeunt all but BUCKINGHAM.] BUCKINGHAM. And is it thus? repays he my deep service With such contempt? made I him king for this? O, let me think on Hastings, and be gone To Brecknock while my fearful head is on! [Exit.] [Enter TYRREL.] TYRELL. The tyrannous and bloody Act is done, The most arch deed of piteous massacre That ever yet this Land was guilty of: Dighton and Forrest, who I did suborn

Thesaurus arch: (n, v) curve, bow, bend; (n) unimpressed, charming, fearless, dome, curvature, acute; (adj) wily, courageous, reassuring, unafraid, shrewd, sly; (v) vault; (adj, n, v) wonderful. round. ANTONYMS: (adj) smallest, meditation: (n, v) contemplation, study; (n) consideration, reflection, petty, modest, minor, frank, least, lesser, inferior, forthright, guileless, deliberation, thought, introspection, humble. musing, rumination, conception, fearful: (adj, n) afraid; (adj, v) dreadful, reflexion. ANTONYM: (n) cowardly; (adj) terrible, distraction. apprehensive, awful, timid, anxious, strike: (n, v) hit, beat, bang, knock, craven, frightful, eerie. ANTONYMS: assault, slap, clap, rap, smash; (v) (adj) rational, calm, confident, bold, impress, move. ANTONYMS: (n)

defense; (v) extinguish, defend. suborn: (v) corrupt, buy off, vitiate, buy, entice, instigate, misdirect, induce, pay hush money to, demoralize; (n) tamper with. tyrannous: (adj) tyrannical, despotic, autocratic, domineering, undisputed, arbitrary, absolute, unmerciful, imperious, authoritarian, dictatorial. vein: (n) vena, strain, nervure, mine, temper, blood vessel, tone; (adj, n) mood, humor, strip, frame of mind.

William Shakespeare

129

To %do this peece of ruthful butchery, Albeit they were flesht villain’s, bloody dogs, Melted with tenderness, and mild compassion, Weept like to children, in their deaths sad Story. O thus (quoth Dighton) lay the gentle Babes: Thus, thus (quoth Forrest) girdling one another Within their Alablaster innocent arms: Their lips were four red Roses on a stalk, And in their Sumr beauty kissed each other. A book of prayers on their pillow lay, Which one (quoth Forrest) almost chang'd my mind: But oh the devil, there the Villain stopt: When Dighton thus told on, we smothered The most replenished sweet worke of Nature, That from the prime Creation ere she framed. Hence both are gone with conscience and Remorse, They could not speak, and so I left them both, To bear this tidings to the bloody King. [Enter RICHARD.] And here he comes. All health my soverign Lord RICHARD. Kind Tyrrel, am I happy in thy news TYRREL. If to have done the thing you gave in charge, Beget your happiness, be happy then, For it is done RICHARD. But did'st thou see them dead TYRREL. I did my Lord

Thesaurus gave: (v) deliver, allow, allot, provide, ingenuous, innocuous, guileless, ANTONYMS: (adj) extreme, pungent, furnish, impart, administer; (n) gives. guiltless, ignorant, unsophisticated, spicy, sharp, severe, scathing, girdling: (n) cincture. spotless, naive. ANTONYMS: (adj) incisive, hot, powerful, great, happiness: (n) delight, merriment, culpable, responsible, wicked, wary, passionate. ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, experienced, corrupt, worldly, unfair, pillow: (v) rest, breathe, lie, not move; (adj) wadding; (n) throw pillow, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, meaningful, offensive, jaded. felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: lips: (n) lip, inlet, logical inference per Wanger, bed pillow, feather bed, long (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, second, chops, porch, portal, portico, pillow, padding. ruthful: (v) merciful; (adj) sorry, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, propylon, snout, door, orifice. mild: (adj, n) kindly, gracious; (adj) discontent, dejection, gloominess, sorrowful, rueful, repentant, displeasure. easy, lenient, benign, docile, humble, remorseful, pitying, dolorous, pitiful, innocent: (adj) chaste, artless, clear, clement, sweet, balmy, delicate. miserable, regretful.

130

Richard III

RICHARD. And %buried gentle Tyrrel TYRREL. The chaplain of the tower hath buried them, But where (to say the truth) I do not know RICHARD. Come to me Tyrrel soon, and after supper, When thou shalt tell the process of their death. Meantime, but think how I may do the good, And be inheritor of thy desire. Farewell till then TYRREL. I humbly take my leave RICHARD. The son of Clarence have I pent up close, His daughter meanly have I matcht in marriage, The sons of Edward sleep in Abrahams bosom, And Anne my wife hath bid this world good night. Now for I know the Britaine Richmond aims At Young Elizabeth my brother’s daughter, And by that knot looks proudly on the crown, To her go I, a jolly thriving wooer. [Enter RATCLIFFE.] RATCLIFFE. My Lord RICHARD. Good or bad news, that thou com'st in so bluntly? RATCLIFFE. Bad news my Lord, Mourton is fled to Richmond,

Thesaurus bluntly: (adv) frankly, directly, rudely, offspring, legatee, inheritress, parsimoniously, scurvily, mediocrely. ANTONYMS: (adv) generously, bluffly, coarsely, forthrightly, inheritrix, heir presumptive. ANTONYMS: (n) predecessor, candidly, curtly, brusquely, gruffly, sympathetically, compassionately, openly. ANTONYMS: (adv) ancestor. genially, respectfully, pleasantly, jolly: (adj) gay, cheerful, happy, deceitfully, hesitantly, indirectly, affluently. guardedly, politely. festive, genial, bright, cheery, merry, thriving: (adj) successful, prosperous, chaplain: (n) clergyman, parson, jocund; (v) chaff; (adv) lively. prospering, booming, rich, affluent, ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, rector, minister, chaplaincy, growing, lush, lucky, healthy, luxuriant. ANTONYMS: (adj) chaplainship, vicar, padre, sky pilot, miserable, serious. meanly: (adv) poorly, nastily, reverend, curate. declining, languishing, arid, inheritor: (n) beneficiary, heritor, averagely, humbly, ungenerously, moribund, dying, disappearing, heiress, successor, recipient, progeny, tightly, rudely, stingily, poor, unwell.

William Shakespeare

131

And Buckingham backt with the hardy Welshmen Is in the field, and still his power increaseth RICHARD. Ely with Richmond troubles me more near, Then Buckingham and his rash levied Strength. Come, I have learn'd, that fearful commenting Is leadn seruitor to dull delay. Delay leds impotent and Snaile-pac'd beggary: Then fiery expedition be my wing, Ioues Mercury, and Herald for a King: Go muster men: My counsel is my Sheld, We must be brief, when Traitors brave the Field.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE III [Enter old QUEEN MARGARET] QUEEN MARGARET. So now prosperity begins to mellow, And drop into the rotten mouth of death: Here in these Confines slily have I lurkt, To watch the waning of mine enemies. A dire induction, am I witness to, And will to France, hoping the consequence Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical. Withdraw the wretched Margaret, who comes here? [Enter Dutchess and Queen.] QUEEN ELIZABETH. Ah my poor prince’s! ah my tender Babes:

Thesaurus fiery: (adj, n) burning, passionate, elicitation, inductance, beginning, glowing; (adj) fervent, ablaze, hot, installation, introduction, fervid, impassioned, peppery; (adj, v) enthronement, influence, fierce, violent. ANTONYMS: (adj) presentation, coronation. muster: (v) assemble, gather, calm, passionless, dispassionate, indifferent, placid, gentle, cool; (adv) congregate, collect, convene, rally, marshal, accumulate; (n) levy, easygoing. impotent: (adj) helpless, feeble, frail, gathering; (n, v) draft. ANTONYM: (v) demobilize. fragile, inadequate, weak, barren, slack, ineffective, incapable, unable. rash: (adj, n) foolhardy, hasty, ANTONYMS: (adj) able, powerful. precipitate, eruption; (adj) imprudent, induction: (n) initiation, deduction, reckless, impetuous, heedless,

audacious, sudden; (adj, adv) thoughtless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, careful, sensible, wise, considered, deliberate, prudent, modest, slow, responsible, patient. slily: (adj) on the sly. waning: (n) decrease, decline, lessening, ebb, failure; (adj) run to seed, ripe, mellow, diminishing, abating, moribund. ANTONYMS: (adj) growing, thriving, waxing, increasing; (n) improvement.

132

Richard III

My %unblowed flowers, new appearing sweets: If yet your gentle souls fly in the air, And be not fixt in doom perpetual, Hover about me with your airy wings, And hear your mothers Lamentation QUEEN MARGARET. Hover about her, say that right for right Hath dim'd your Infant morne, to aged night DUCHESS. So many miseries have craz'd my voice, That my woe-wearyd tongue is still and mute. Edward Plantagenet, why art thou dead? QUEEN MARGARET. Plantagenet doth quit Plantagenet, Edward for Edward, pays a dying debt QUEEN ELIZABETH. Wilt thou, O God, fly from such gentle Lambs, And throw them in the entrails of the wolf? When didst thou sleep, when such a deed was done? QUEEN MARGARET. When holy Harry died, and my sweet son DUCHESS. Dead life, blind sight, poor mortal living ghost, Woe’s scene, worlds shame, graves due, by life usurpt, Brief abstract and record of tedious days, Rest thy unrest on England’s lawful earth, Unlawfuly made drunk with innocent blood QUEEN ELIZABETH. Ah, that thou would'st as soon afford a grave, As thou canst yield a melancholy seate:

Thesaurus appearing: (adj) seeming, beseen, emergent, accomplished; (n) coming into court; (prep) liking; (adj, adv) prima facie. drunk: (adj) tipsy, wet, tight, blotto, drunken, inebriated; (adj, n) inebriate; (n) boozer, dipsomaniac, drunkard, drinker. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, clearheaded; (n) teetotaler. dying: (n) death, demise, decease, mortality; (adj) vanishing, moribund, last, final, ultimate, failing, ebbing.

ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, well, discontinue; (adj, v) discharge; (n, v) part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, occupy, opening, aborning, developing, flourishing, growing, reviving, enter, maintain, start, come, arrive. rejuvenating; (n) birth. unrest: (n) agitation, disquiet, entrails: (n) bowels, gut, bowel, fermentation, disorder, tumult, viscera, innards, internal organs, revolution, ferment, turbulence, insides, intestines, guts, tripe, inside. commotion, excitement, chaos. flowers: (n) analecta, anthology. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, rest, peace, graves: (n) Robert Graves, Robert harmony, calmness, order, accord, Ranke Graves. stability. quit: (adj, n, v) leave; (v) go, drop, break, cease, give up, depart, end,

William Shakespeare

133

Then %would I hide my bones, not rest them here, Ah who hath any cause to mourn but we? QUEEN MARGARET. If ancient sorrow be most reverent, Give mine the benefit of signurie, And let my griefs frown on the upper hand If sorrow can admit Society. I had an Edward, till a Richard kill'd him: I had a husband, till a Richard kill'd him: Thou had'st an Edward, till a Richard kill'd him: Thou had'st a Richard, till a Richard kill'd him DUCHESS. I had a Richard too, and thou did'st kill him; I had a Rutland too, thou hop'st to kill him QUEEN MARGARET. Thou had'st a Clarence too, and Richard kill'd him. From forth the kennell of thy womb hath crept A hell-hound that doth hunt us all to death: That dog, that had his teeth before his eyes, To worry lambs, and lap their gentle blood: That foul defacer of God’s handy worke: That reigns in gauled eyes of weeping souls: That excellent grand tyrant of the earth, Thy womb let loose to chase us to our graves. O upright, just, and true-disposing God, How do I thank the, that this carnal Cur Prays on the issue of his mothers body, And makes her pew-fellow with others’ moan DUCHESS. Oh Harry’s wife, triumph not in my woes: God witness with me, I have weept for thine

Thesaurus carnal: (adj, adv) fleshly; (adj) bodily, ready. ANTONYMS: (adj) clumsy, monarch, suzerain, stickler. earthly, sensual, brutal, sexual, fixed, inept, unwieldy, inconvenient, upright: (adj) perpendicular, erect, worldly, physical, erotic, fleshy, faraway, far, difficult, distant, fair, good, righteous, just, virtuous, brute. ANTONYMS: (adj) chaste, true, honorable, plumb; (adj, n) cumbersome, worthless. moan: (n, v) grumble, gripe, whine, vertical. ANTONYMS: (adj) prone, godly, moral, pure, spiritual. frown: (adj, v) lower; (adj, n) scowl; (n, lament, cry, howl; (v) bewail, disreputable, degenerate, hanging, v) pout, grimace, glower, glare; (adj) complain, mourn; (n) complaint, unwholesome, dishonest, black looks, gloam, glout; (v) sulk, lamentation. ANTONYMS: (v) dishonorable, lying, horizontal, gnash. ANTONYM: (v) approve. compliment; (n) praise. falling; (adv) horizontally. handy: (adj) convenient, adroit, apt, tyrant: (n) dictator, oppressor, expert, clever, deft, dexterous, good, autocrat, disciplinarian, bully, accessible; (adj, n) available; (adj, n, v) authoritarian, sovereign, czar,

134

Richard III

QUEEN %MARGARET. Bear with me: I am hungry for revenge, And now I cloy me with beholding it. Thy Edward he is dead, that kill'd my Edward, The other Edward dead, to quit my Edward: Young York, he is but boot, because both they Matcht not the high perfection of my loss. Thy Clarence he is dead, that stab'd my Edward, And the beholders of this frantic play, Th' adulterate Hastings, Rivers, Vaughan, Grey, Untimely smother'd in their dusky graves. Richard yet lives, hell’s black intelligencer, Only reserv’d their Factor, to buy souls, And send them thither: But at hand, at hand Ensues his piteous and unpitied end. Eyeth gapes, hell burns, fiends roar, saints pray, To have him sodainly convey'd from hence: Cancel his bond of life, dear God I pray, That I may live and say, The dog is dead QUEEN ELIZABETH. O thou did'st prophesy, the time would come, That I should wish for the to help me curse That bottel'd spider, that foul bunch-back'd toad QUEEN MARGARET. I call'd the then, vain flourish of my fortune: I call'd the then, poor shadow, painted queen, The presentation of but what I was; The flattering index of a direfull pageant; One heau'd a high, to be hurl'd down below: A mother only mockt with two fair babes; A dream of what thou wast, a garish Flag

Thesaurus adulterate: (v) doctor, dilute, defile, black, swarthy, dull, murky, obscure, garish: (adj) flashy, loud, gaudy, corrupt, pollute, weaken, dingy, sooty, somber. ANTONYMS: brassy, blatant, meretricious, showy, sophisticate, pervert, falsify; (adj, v) (adj) light, bright, sunny, radiant, flash, tawdry; (adj, v) gay, gairish. alloy; (adj) spurious. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (adj) drab, clear. (adj, v) clean; (v) purify, concentrate, flattering: (adj) ingratiating, inconspicuous, muted, restrained, refine, filter, cleanse, baptize, clarify; complimentary, courtly, obsequious, dull. (adj) moral, virtuous. adulatory, fulsome, bland, candied, spider: (n) spiders, tarantula, cloy: (v) surfeit, glut, satiate, weary, smooth, encouraging; (n) flattery. arachnid, mussuk, chatti, lota, ANTONYMS: (adj) assertive, critical, schooner, wedge ring, spinner, star gorge, choke, replete, supply, slake, render, quench. ANTONYMS: (v) unflattering, unattractive, wounding, handle, terrine. uncomplimentary, negative; (adv) unpitied: (v) unlamented, unbewailed. whet, tantalize. dusky: (adj) dark, cloudy, gloomy, partially.

William Shakespeare

135

To %be the aim of every dangerous Shot; A sign of dignity, a breath, a bubble; A Queen in jest, only to fill the scene. Where is thy husband now? Where be thy brother’s? Where be thy two sons? Wherein dost thou Joy? Who sues, and kneeles, and says, God save the Queen? Where be the bending peers that flattered thee? Where be the thronging Troops that followed thee? Decline all this, and see what now thou art. For happy wife, a most distressed widow: For joyful mother, one that wails the name: For one being sued too, one that humbly sues: For Queen, a very Caytiffe, crown'd with care: For she that scorn'd at me, now scorn'd of me: For she being feard of all, now fearing one: For she commanding all, obey'd of none. Thus hath the course of Justice wherl'd about, And left the but a very prey to time, Having no more but thought of what thou wast. To torture the the more, being what thou art, Thou didst usurp my place, and dost thou not Usurp the just proportion of my Sorrow? Now thy proud Necke, bears halfe my burden'd yoke, From which, even here I slip my wearyd head, And leave the burden of it all, on the. Farwell York’s wife, and queen of sad mischance, These English woes, shall make me smile in France QUEEN ELIZABETH. O thou well skill'd in curses, stay a-while, And teach me how to curse mine enemies

Thesaurus bending: (n) bow, bend, deflection, hurt, distracted, wretched, shocked, troubled. ANTONYMS: (adj) deflexion, refraction, flexure, crook; (adj) flexible, supple, winding, pliant. composed, content, euphoric, happy, ANTONYM: (adj) stiff. comforted, glad, joyful, collected, dignity: (n) degree, prestige, glory, unconcerned, unaffected. flattered: (adj) pleased. decorum, face, distinction, honor, majesty, eminence, solemnity; (adj, n) prey: (n) chase, game, victim, decency. ANTONYMS: (n) lowliness, immolation, quarry, target, mark, capture; (n, v) plunder, raven; (v) eat. indecency, impropriety, simplicity, ANTONYMS: (n) hunter, predator. cheerfulness, austerity. distressed: (adj) worried, distraught, slip: (adj, n, v) lapse, miss; (adj, n) fault, blunder; (n, v) slide, drop, mistake, anxious, sad, disturbed, downcast,

escape, skid, trip; (n) cutting. ANTONYM: (n) invoice. teach: (v) enlighten, educate, instruct, coach, indoctrinate, drill, learn, lecture, school; (adj, v) guide, show. torture: (n, v) pain, distress, agonize, afflict; (n) agony, anguish, suffering, excruciation, grief; (v) rack, excruciate. ANTONYMS: (n) relief, alleviation, content, ecstasy, joy, pleasure; (v) relieve, alleviate.

136

Richard III

QUEEN MARGARET. Forbear to sleep the night, and fast the day: Compare dead happiness, with living woe: Think that thy Babes were sweetr then they were, And he that slew them fouler then he is: Bett'ring thy loss, makes the bad causer worse, Revolving this, will teach the how to curse QUEEN ELIZABETH. My words are dull, O quicken them with thine QUEEN MARGARET. Thy woes will make them sharp, and pierce like mine.% [Exit QUEEN MARGARET.] DUCHESS. Why should calamity be full of words? QUEEN ELIZABETH. Windy attorneys to their clients’ woes, Airy succeeders of intestine joys, Poor breathing orators of miseries, Let them have scope, though what they will impart, Help nothing else, yet do they ease the hart DUCHESS. If so then, be not tongue-ty'd: go with me, And in the breath of bitter words, let's smother My damned son, that thy two sweet sons smother'd. The Trumpet sounds, be copious in exclaims. [Enter KING RICHARD, and his train.] RICHARD. Who intercepts me in my Expedition? DUCHESS. O she, that might have intercepted the

Thesaurus attorneys: (n) lawyers, bar. distress; (n, v) trouble. ANTONYMS: gander, fox, dog, cock, boar, roe, breath: (n) wind, air, inspiration, puff, (n) blessing, boon, luck, joy, stallion. soul, aspiration, respite, airflow; (v) intestine: (n) bowel, gut, intestines, opportunity. breathe, respire; (adj, n) whisper. clients: (n) clientele, customers, guts, bowels, small intestine, viscera; breathing: (adj) animate, live, living, (adj) domestic, internal, intestinal, practice, patrons. respiratory, alive, above ground; (v) copious: (adj) bountiful, ample, inner. breathe, respire; (n) respiration, quicken: (v) accelerate, hasten, hurry, affluent, plentiful, rich, plenteous, instant, moment. ANTONYMS: (adj) much, many, generous, large; (adj, n) dispatch, animate, expedite, advance, luxuriant. ANTONYMS: (adj) small, enliven, precipitate; (n, v) forward, inanimate, breathless, dead. calamity: (n) disaster, adversity, speed. ANTONYMS: (v) decelerate, meager, sparse, lacking, rare, scant, scanty, thin, few; (adv) partially. affliction, misfortune, plague, delay. hart: (n) deer, buck, drake, reynard, catastrophe, tragedy, blow, bale,

William Shakespeare

137

By %strangling the in her accursed womb, From all the slaughters (Wretch) that thou hast done QUEEN ELIZABETH. Hid'st thou that forehead with a golden crown Where't should be branded, if that right were right? The slaughter of the prince that ow'd that crown, And the dyre death of my poor sons, and brother’s. Tell me thou villain-slave, where are my children? DUCHESS. Thou toad, thou toad, where is thy brother Clarence? And little Ned Plantagenet his son? QUEEN ELIZABETH. Where is the gentle Rivers, Vaughan, Grey? DUCHESS. Where is kind Hastings? RICHARD. A flourish Trumpets, strike alarum, drums: Let not the heavens hear these Tell-tale women Rail on the lords annointed. Strike I say. [Flourish. Alarums.] Either be patient, and entreat me fair, Or with the clamorous report of war, Thus will I drown your exclamations DUCHESS. Art thou my son? RICHARD. Ay, I thank God, my father, and your self DUCHESS. Then patiently hear my impatience

Thesaurus alarum: (n) alarm, alert, bell, alarm patriarch, beginner, founder, padre; calmness, endurance, apathy. (n, v) sire; (v) engender, generate. patiently: (adv) perseveringly, bell, alarm-bell, alerts, beat of drum, ANTONYMS: (n) disciple, follower. cry, sound of trumpet, signaling, invalidly, quietly, uncomplainingly, forehead: (n) brow, front, foreland, signal of distress. persistently, forbearingly, resignedly, branded: (adj) identified, known, lineament, mut, phiz, physiognomy, steadily, doggedly, calmly, meekly. visage, eyebrow, skull; (adv) ANTONYM: (adv) eagerly. proprietary, recognized. clamorous: (adj) noisy, blatant, loud, slaughter: (n, v) murder, butcher, foremost. boisterous, insistent, exigent, urgent, impatience: (n) annoyance, eagerness, defeat; (n) carnage, butchery, obstreperous, strident; (adj, v) bloodshed, drubbing, homicide; (v) anger, intolerance, restlessness, clamant, importunate. ANTONYM: fidget, nervousness, fidgetiness, kill, assassinate, slay. ANTONYMS: (adj) tranquil. enthusiasm, edginess; (adj) (n) preservation, victory; (v) lose, father: (n) dad, begetter, creator, abba, nonendurance. ANTONYMS: (n) revive.

138

Richard III

RICHARD. Madam, %I have a touch of your condition, That cannot brook the accent of reproof DUCHESS. O let me speak RICHARD.

Do then, but I’ll not hear

DUCHESS. I will be mild, and gentle in my words RICHARD. And brief (good mother) for I am in haste DUCHESS. Art thou so hasty? I have staid for the (God knows) in torment and in agony RICHARD. And came I not at last to comfort you? DUCHESS. No by the holy Rood, thou know'st it well, Thou cam'st on earth, to make the earth my hell. A grievous burden was thy birth to me, Tetchy and wayward was thy Infancie. Thy schooldays frightful, desp'rate, wild, and furious, Thy prime of manhood, daring, bold, and venturous: Thy age confirm'd, proud, subtle, slye, and bloody, More mild, but yet more harmful; kind in hatred: What comfortable hour canst thou name, That ever grac'd me with thy company? RICHARD. faith none, but Humfrey Hower, that call'd Your Grace To breakfast once, forth of my company. If I be so disgracious in your eye,

Thesaurus agony: (n) torture, suffering, torment, distress, misery, passion, pain, grief, pang, sorrow, throe. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, joy, euphoria, bliss, happiness, ecstasy, peace, content. frightful: (adj, v) fearful; (adj) formidable, awful, fearsome, appalling, gruesome, horrible, terrible, dread, frightening, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, calming, soothing, pleasant, lovely, fair.

manhood: (n) majority, maturity, valor, resolution, personality, humanity, integrity, bravery; (adj) manliness, ripe age, maturity full age. reproof: (n, v) reprimand, censure, rebuke, lecture; (n) reproach, admonition, reprehension, blame, condemnation, objurgation, castigation. schooldays: (n) childhood, school, schooltime. staid: (adj, v) serious, sedate, grave,

solemn, sober, demure; (adj) calm, quiet, composed, somber, decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, exciting, funny, daring, playful, bright, relaxed. torment: (n, v) tease, distress, harass, afflict, pain, annoy; (n) agony, anguish, suffering; (v) persecute, oppress. ANTONYMS: (v) please, delight, placate, comfort, soothe; (n) contentment, happiness, pleasure, calm, content.

William Shakespeare

139

Let %me march on, and not offend you madam. Strike up the drum DUCHESS.

I prithe hear me speak

RICHARD. You speak too bitterly DUCHESS. Hear me a word: For I shall never speak to the again RICHARD. So DUCHESS. Either thou wilt die, by God’s just ordinance Ere from this war thou turn a Conqueror: Or I with grief and extreme age shall perish, And never more behold thy face again. Therefore take with the my most grievous curse, Which in the day of battle tire the more Then all the compleat armour that thou wear'st. My prayers on the adverse party fight, And there the little souls of Edward’s children, Whisper the spirits of thine enemies, And promise them success and victory: bloody thou art, bloody will be thy end: Shame serves thy life, and doth thy death attend. [Exit.] QUEEN ELIZABETH. Though far more cause, yet much less spirit to curse Abides in me, I say Amen to her RICHARD. Stay madam, I must talk a word with you QUEEN ELIZABETH. I have no more sons of the royal blood

Thesaurus adverse: (adj) unfavorable, contrary, untoward, hostile, harmful, adversary, repugnant, counter, pernicious, noisome; (adj, n) opposite. ANTONYMS: (adj) helpful, fortunate, aiding, beneficial, positive, advantageous, agreeable, desirable, pleasant, harmless. armour: (n) armature, buckler, armour plate, cataphract. battle: (n, v) fight, struggle, combat, contest, war, conflict, clash, brawl; (v)

wrestle; (n) fighting, warfare. contravene, injure, disgust, infringe, ANTONYMS: (n) peace, agreement, displease, abuse, wound, anger. ANTONYMS: (v) please, delight, truce, concord, armistice, accord, surrender. praise, attract. bitterly: (adv) bitingly, sourly, fiercely, spirits: (n) alcohol, booze, humor, cruelly, caustically, harshly, frame of mind, liqueur, strong drink, hard drink; (adj) cheer, geniality, poignantly, piercingly, cuttingly, good humor; (v) wine. rancorously, acrimoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmoniously, tire: (n, v) bore, jade; (adj, n, v) fatigue; (v) exhaust, harass, fag, weary, wear, sweetly, warmly, gladly, agreeably, pall, prostrate; (n) tyre. ANTONYMS: kindly, friendly. offend: (v) irritate, affront, insult, (v) interest, invigorate, energize.

140

Richard III

For %the to slaughter. For my daughter’s (Richard) They shall be praying nuns, not weeping Queen’s: And therefore leuell not to hit their lives RICHARD. You have a daughter call'd Elizabeth, Virtuous and Fair, royal and Gracious? QUEEN ELIZABETH. And must she die for this? O let her live, And I’ll corrupt her manners, stain her beauty, Slander my self, as false to Edward’s bed: Throw over her the vaile of infamy, So she may live unscarr'd of bleeding slaughter, I will confess she was not Edward’s daughter RICHARD. Wrong not her birth, she is a royal prince’sse QUEEN ELIZABETH. To save her life, I’ll say she is not so RICHARD. Her life is safest only in her birth QUEEN ELIZABETH. And only in that safety, died her brother’s RICHARD. Lo at their birth, good stars were opposite QUEEN ELIZABETH. No, to their lives, ill friends were contrary RICHARD. All unavoided is the doom of Destiny QUEEN ELIZABETH. True: when avoided grace makes Destiny.

Thesaurus avoided: (adj) unpopular. confess: (adj, v) own, allow, admit, avow; (v) concede, profess, recognize, divulge, disclose, reveal, receive. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, dispute, conceal, repress, harbor. corrupt: (adj, v) adulterate, taint, infect, rotten, canker; (adj, n, v) contaminate, poison; (v) bribe, debase, defile; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, pure, principled, ethical, honorable, wholesome, virtuous, uncorrupt,

truthful; (v) purify; (adj, v) clean. parallel; (n) sameness, alikeness, manners: (n) conduct, etiquette, confirmation. safety: (n) guard, security, refuge, safe, propriety, behavior, deportment, manner, courtesy, custom, decorum, bingle, base hit, sanctuary, asylum, good manners, usage. ANTONYM: preservation, cover, shelter. (n) vulgarity. ANTONYMS: (n) danger, hazard, opposite: (adj, n) contrary, instability. contradictory, opponent; (adj) stain: (n, v) spot, blemish, tarnish, blot, adverse, different, opposing, hostile, dye, smear, disgrace, mark, soil, dirt, diametric, opposed; (adj, pron) other; defile. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, (adj, adv) counter. ANTONYMS: (adj) dignify, clean. allied, alternate, identical, like, same, stars: (n) heavenly bodies, fate.

William Shakespeare

141

My %Babes were destin'd to a fair death, If grace had blest the with a fair life RICHARD. You speak as if that I had slain my cousins? QUEEN ELIZABETH. Cousins indeed, and by their Uncle cozened, Of comfort, kingdom, kindred, freedom, Life, Whose hand soever lanch'd their tender hearts, Thy head (all indirectly) gave direction. No doubt the murd'rous knife was dull and blunt, Till it was whetted on thy stone-hard heart, To revel in the entrails of my lambs. But that still use of grief, makes wild grief tame, My tongue should to thy ears not name my boyes, Till that my nails were anchor'd in thine eyes: And I in such a desp'rate Bay of death, Like a poor bark, of sailes and tackling reft, Rush all to pieces on thy Rocky bosom RICHARD. Madam, so thrive I in my enterprize And dangerous success of bloody wars, As I intend more good to you and yours, Then ever you and yours by me were harm'd QUEEN ELIZABETH. What good is cover'd with the face of heaven, To be discovered, that can do me good RICHARD. Th' advancement of your children, gentle lady QUEEN ELIZABETH. Up to some Scaffold, there to lose their heads

Thesaurus advancement: (n, v) advance; (n) cold. ANTONYMS: (adj) lively, knife: (adj, n) blade; (adj) cutlery, edge promotion, furtherance, upgrade, sharp, stimulating, exciting, lustrous, tool; (v) stab; (n) sword, cleaver, growth, development, cultivation, interesting, exhilarating, varied, whittle, cutter, tongue, pocketknife, progression, improvement, progress, glossy, glittery, luminous. chopper. elevation. ANTONYMS: (n) reverse, ears: (n) antenna. revel: (n, v) frolic; (v) drink, celebrate, indirectly: (adv) circuitously, exult, wallow, rejoice, bask, riot; (n) downgrade, retreat, demotion. bark: (n, v) skin, yelp, snarl, cry, rind, carousal, orgy; (adj) luxuriate. roundaboutly, collaterally, shout; (v) growl, roar; (n) bay, peel, ANTONYMS: (v) mourn; (n) tortuously, windingly, sidelongly, crust. ANTONYMS: (n, v) whisper. incidentally, meanderingly, mourning. dull: (adj) dreary, dense, sluggish, secondarily, discursively; (n) curved tackling: (n) rigging, face, confronting, dismal, slack, torpid; (adj, v) blunt, shape. ANTONYMS: (adv) straight, grappling, facing, coping with, stupid; (v) deaden, dampen; (adj, n) personally, frankly. braving, try, gear, rassling, rig.

142

Richard III

RICHARD. Unto %the dignity and height of fortune, The high imperial type of this earth’s glory QUEEN ELIZABETH. Flatter my sorrow with report of it: Tell me, what state, what dignity, what honor, Canst thou demise to any child of mine RICHARD. Even all I have; I, and my self and all, Will I withall endow a child of thine: So in the Lethe of thy angry soul, Thou drown the sad remembrance of those wrongs, Which thou supposest I have done to thee QUEEN ELIZABETH. Be brief, least that the process of thy kindness Last longer telling then thy kindness date RICHARD. Then know, that from my soul, I love thy daughter QUEEN ELIZABETH. My daughter’s mother thinks it with her soul RICHARD. What do you think? QUEEN ELIZABETH. That thou dost love my daughter from thy soul So from thy souls love didst thou love her brother’s, And from my hearts love, I do thank the for it RICHARD. Be not so hasty to confound my meaning: I mean that with my soul I love thy daughter, And do intend to make her Queen of England

Thesaurus confound: (v) bewilder, baffle, contribute, bless, supply, furnish, dower, empower; (n, v) vest. nonplus, perplex, astonish, puzzle, amaze, astound, mistake; (adj, v) ANTONYMS: (v) divest, drain. confuse, stupefy. ANTONYMS: (v) hasty: (adj) fast, abrupt, cursory, fleet, explain, clarify, comfort, lose, sudden, rash, impetuous, careless, distinguish; (n) understanding. speedy, hurried, quick. ANTONYMS: demise: (n, v) death, decease, release; (adj) deliberate, considered, leisurely, (n) passing, end, dying, collapse, sensible, gradual, thorough, cautious, assignment, alienation, negotiation; careful, roundabout, prudent, (v) perish. ANTONYMS: (n) birth, patient. height: (n) apex, crest, altitude, rise, creation. endow: (v) invest, donate, give, clothe, pinnacle, peak, top, culmination,

level, zenith, summit, climax. ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, nadir, depth, trough, deepness, base, dip. imperial: (adj) majestic, grand, dignified, imperious, purple, stately, August, regal, noble, lordly; (adj, n) beard. remembrance: (n, v) recollection, mind; (n) commemoration, memorial, recall, relic, monument, keepsake, reminiscence, recognition; (adj, n) memento.

William Shakespeare

143

QUEEN %ELIZABETH. Well then, who dost thou mean shall be her King RICHARD. Even he that makes her Queen: Who else should be? QUEEN ELIZABETH. What, thou? RICHARD. Even so: How think you of it? QUEEN ELIZABETH. How canst thou woo her? RICHARD. That I would learn of you, As one being best acquainted with her humour QUEEN ELIZABETH. And wilt thou learn of me? RICHARD.

Madam, with all my heart

QUEEN ELIZABETH. Send to her by the man that slew her brother’s. A pair of bleeding hearts: thereon ingrave Edward and York, then haply will she weep: Therefore present to her, as sometime Margaret Did to thy father, steeped in Rutlands blood, A handkerchief, which say to her did drain The purple sap from her sweet brother’s body, And bid her wipe her weeping eyes withall. If this inducement move her not to love, Send her a letter of thy noble deeds: Tell her, thou mad'st away her Uncle Clarence, Her Uncle Rivers, ay, aand for her sake Mad'st quick conveyance with her good Aunt Anne

Thesaurus acquainted: (adj) knowledgeable, informed, aware, cognizant, conversant, hand and glove, intimate, thick; (adv) abreast; (v) inform, acquaint. conveyance: (n) transfer, vehicle, assignment, alienation, transference, delivery, transportation, negotiation, portage; (n, v) carriage, ecstasy. handkerchief: (n) hankie, kerchief, bandanna, cravat, hanky, wipe, bandana, collar, shawl; (n, v) napkin;

(v) sudary. inducement: (n) enticement, attraction, cause, incitement, impulse, temptation, bait, impetus, occasion, motive, goad. ANTONYMS: (n) disincentive, deterrent. pair: (n, v) match; (adj, n) brace; (n) duet, duo, dyad; (v) join, mate, link, copulate, equate, marry. purple: (adj) violet, lilac, imperial, regal, royal; (adj, n) empurpled; (v) empurple; (n) magenta, purpleness,

ermine, pall. sometime: (adv) someday, once, one day, formerly, sooner or later; (adj) quondam, erstwhile, former, old, late; (adj, adv) sometimes. steeped: (adj) seasoned, experienced. thereon: (adv) on that, thereupon, afterward, at once, early, immediately, therefore. wipe: (n, v) rub; (v) mop, clean, towel, brush, scour, scrub, clear, dry, wash; (adj) sponge. ANTONYM: (v) dirty.

144

Richard III

RICHARD. You %mock me madam, this not the way To win your daughter QUEEN ELIZABETH. There is no other way, Unless thou could'st put on some other shape, And not be Richard, that hath done all this RICHARD. Say that I did all this for love of her QUEEN ELIZABETH. Nay then indeed she cannot choose but hate the Having bought love, with such a bloody spoyle RICHARD. Look what is done, cannot be now amended: Men shall deal unadvisedly sometimes, Which after-hours gives leisure to repent. If I did take the kingdom from your sons, To make amends, I’ll give it to your daughter: If I have kill'd the issue of your womb, To quicken your increase, I will beget Mine yssue of your blood, upon your daughter: A Grandams name is little less in love, Then is the doting title of a mother; They are as children but one steppe below, Even of your mettall, of your very blood: Of all one pain, save for a night of groanes Endur'd of her, for whom you bid like sorrow. Your children were vexation to your youth, But mine shall be a comfort to your age, The loss you have, is but a son being King, And by that loss, your daughter is made Queen. I cannot make you what amends I would,

Thesaurus amends: (n) atonement, compensation, recompense, satisfaction, redress, damages, reprisal, indemnity, requital; (n, v) restitution, restoration. bought: (n) crook, hook. choose: (v) adopt, elect, select, pick, prefer, take, appoint, assign, decide, excerpt; (n) picking. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, waver, decline, forgo, spurn, dislike, elect. doting: (adj) fond, loving, affectionate, devoted, delirious, caring, amorous,

wandering, silly, lovesome; (v) dote. steppe: (n) field, savanna, prairie, ANTONYMS: (adj) inattentive, heath, downs, desert, basin, wold, indifferent, neglectful, uncaring, grassland, veldt, waste. unadvisedly: (adv) indiscreetly, disapproving, cold. kingdom: (n) domain, realm, state, imprudently, injudiciously, rashly, empire, dominion, territory, nation, incautiously, hastily, heedlessly, crown, monarchy, department, land. unwarnedly. leisure: (n) idleness, convenience, vexation: (adj, n) annoyance, nuisance; (n) irritation, worry, aggravation, vacation, inactivity, rest, repose, relaxation, recreation, pastime, displeasure, chagrin, chafe, anger, opportunity; (adj) idle. ANTONYM: frustration, botheration. (n) work.

William Shakespeare

145

Therefore %accept such kindness as I can. Dorset your son, that with a fearful soul Leads discontented steps in Foreign soil, This fair alliance, quickly shall call home To high promotions, and great dignity. The King that calles your beauteous daughter wife, Familiarly shall call thy Dorset, brother: Again shall you be mother to a King: And all the ruins of distressful times, Repayr'd with double Riches of Content. What? we have many goodly days to see: The liquid drops of Tears that you have shed, Shall come again, transform'd to orient pearl, Advantaging their love, with interest Often-times double gain of happiness. Go then (my mother) to thy daughter go, Make bold her bashfull years, with your experience, Prepare her ears to hear a wooer’s tale. Put in her tender heart, th' aspiring Flame Of golden sovereignty: acquaint the prince’sse With the sweet silent hours of marriage joys: And when this Arm of mine hath chastised The petty rebel, dull-brain'd Buckingham, Bound with triumphant garlands will I come, And lead thy daughter to a conquerors bed: To whom I will retail my conquest won, And she shall be sole victoress, Cæsars Cæsar QUEEN ELIZABETH. What were I best to say, her fathers brother Would be her Lord? Or shall I say her Uncle? Or he that slew her brother’s, and her Uncles? Under what title shall I woo for the,

Thesaurus aspiring: (adj) aspirant, wishful, enterprising, envious, desirous, coming; (v) aspire, vaulting. ANTONYM: (adj) desperate. beauteous: (adj) pretty, lovely, fair, comely, good-looking, handsome, stunning. conquest: (n) defeat, triumph, conquering, achievement, reduction, coup, rout, overthrow, subjection, mastery, success. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, defeat, loss, victory.

distressful: (adj) calamitous, dismal, ANTONYMS: (adj) important, disastrous, dreary, grievous, serious, generous, profound, lamentable, sad, sorrowful, sorry, significant, expansive, crucial, unfortunate, unhappy. considerable, broadminded, drops: (n) tear. enormous. orient: (v) adjust, reorient, guide, retail: (v) deal out, issue, merchandise, glossy, orientate, change orientation, utter, peddle, vend; (n) dispense, burnished, aline, glassy; (adj) eastern; retailing, business; (adj, v) wholesale; (n) Eastern Hemisphere. (n, v) trade. ANTONYM: (v) buy. petty: (adj) insignificant, trivial, little, ruins: (n) debris, wreck, remains, frivolous, paltry, puny, negligible, remainder, carcass, wreckage, relics, light, mean, minute, exiguous. rubbish, shell, remnants, hulk.

146

Richard III

That %God, the law, my honor, and her love, Can make seeme pleasing to her tender years? RICHARD. Infer fair England’s peace by this alliance QUEEN ELIZABETH. Which she shall purchase with stil lasting war RICHARD. Tell her, the King that may command, entreats QUEEN ELIZABETH. That at her hands, which the kings King forbids RICHARD. Say she shall be a High and Mighty Queen QUEEN ELIZABETH. To vaile the title, as her mother doth RICHARD. Say I will love her everlastingly QUEEN ELIZABETH. But how long shall that title ever last? RICHARD. Sweetly in force, unto her fair lives end QUEEN ELIZABETH. But how long fairly shall her sweet life last? RICHARD. As long as Heaven and Nature lengthens it QUEEN ELIZABETH. As long as hell and Richard likes of it RICHARD. Say, I her soverign, am her subject low

Thesaurus alliance: (n) connection, confederacy, lasting: (adj) abiding, everlasting, firm, combination, affinity, association, eternal, enduring, continuous, union, merger, organization, society, permanent, constant, perpetual, tough; (adj, v) fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) affiliation, coalition. ANTONYMS: (n) nonalignment, antagonism, fleeting, impermanent, superficial, divergence, discord, hostility, ephemeral, caducous, unstable, animosity. occasional, insubstantial, erratic, everlastingly: (adv) perpetually, acute, fickle. pleasing: (adj, n) acceptable; (adj) always, lastingly, continually, endlessly, unendingly, incessantly, amiable, lovable, amusing, attractive, permanently, constantly, undyingly; gratifying, lovely, pleasant, (adj, adv) forever. charming, delightful, inviting.

ANTONYMS: (adj) unpleasant, unwelcome, infuriating, disappointing, straight, hurtful, maddening, displeasing, discordant, harsh, frustrating. purchase: (v) obtain, get, procure, bribe; (n) acquisition, leverage, bargain, acquirement, grip, buying; (n, v) contract. ANTONYMS: (v) sell, lose; (n) loss, sale.

William Shakespeare

147

QUEEN %ELIZABETH. But she your subject, lothes such soverignty RICHARD. Be eloquent in my behalf to her QUEEN ELIZABETH. An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told RICHARD. Then plainly to her, tell my loving tale QUEEN ELIZABETH. Plain and not honest, is too harsh a style RICHARD. Your Reasons are too shallow, and to quicke QUEEN ELIZABETH. O no, my Reasons are too deep and dead, Too deep and dead (poor Infants) in their graves, Harp on it still shall I, till heart-strings break RICHARD. Harp not on that string madam, that is past. Now by my George, my Garter, and my crown QUEEN ELIZABETH. Prophan'd, dishonor'd, and the therd usurpt RICHARD. I swear QUEEN ELIZABETH. By nothing, for this is no oath: Thy George prophan'd, hath lost his Lordly honor; Thy Garter blemish'd, pawn'd his Knightly virtue; Thy crown usurp'd, disgrac'd his Kingly glory:

Thesaurus deep: (adj) thick, profound, strong, frankly, honestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) straightforward, weak. honest: (adj) fair, genuine, sincere, rich, broad, sound, absorbed, wide, imperceptibly, vaguely, obscurely, abstruse, dark; (adj, v) intense. good, equitable, artless, heartfelt, figuratively, unclearly, politely, ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, high, guileless, frank, forthright, faithful. incoherently, implicitly, finely, ANTONYMS: (adj) lying, misleading, ambiguously, covertly. weak, soft, light, open, frivolous, tale: (n) account, narrative, narration, lightweight, narrow, straightforward, guarded, corrupt, disloyal, simple. unwholesome, discourteous, recital, fib, fable, report, fiction, lie, eloquent: (adj) glib, fluent, persuasive, disreputable, fictional, crafty, relation, yarn. ANTONYM: (n) fact. expressive, meaningful, significant, crooked. plainly: (adv) evidently, manifestly, graphic, vivid, speaking, forcible, moving. ANTONYMS: (adj) clearly, distinctly, openly, obviously, patently, overtly, definitely; (adj, adv) incoherent, innocent,

148

Richard III

If %something thou would'st swear to be beleeu'd, swear then by something, that thou hast not wrong'd RICHARD. Then by my self QUEEN ELIZABETH.

Thy self, is self-misus'd

RICHARD. Now by the world QUEEN ELIZABETH. 'Tis full of thy foul wrongs RICHARD. My fathers death QUEEN ELIZABETH. Thy life hath it dishonor'd RICHARD. Why then, by Heaven QUEEN ELIZABETH. Heaven’s wrong is most of all: If thou didd'st fear to break an oath with him, The unity the King my husband made, Thou had'st not broken, nor my brother’s died. If thou had'st fear'd to break an oath by him, Th' imperial mettall, circling now thy head, Had grac'd the tender temples of my child, And both the prince’s had bene breathing here, Which now two tender bed-fellows for dust, Thy broken faith hath made the prey for worms. What can'st thou swear by now RICHARD.

The time to come

Thesaurus break: (n, v) crack, fracture, breach, burst, rupture, stop, pause; (n) interruption, respite, suspension; (v) infringe. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, honor, lose, make, observe, resume, stay, strengthen; (n, v) mend; (n) continuation, misfortune. broken: (adj) torn, tame, damaged, intermittent, uneven, imperfect, rugged, rough, out of order; (adj, v) busted, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbroken, intact, wild, whole,

working, uplifted, uninterrupted, triumphant, running, indomitable, incessant. circling: (v) snaky, serpentine; (adj) rotating, spinning, circular, spiral, moving; (n) circulation, circuit, cycling; (adv) around. husband: (v) conserve, economize, preserve, save; (n) consort, hubby, man, fellow, lover, master, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) wife, bachelor. something: (n) what, object, thing,

article, entity, substance, somebody; (adv, n) somewhat; (adv) rather, a little, kinda. ANTONYM: (pron) nothing. temples: (n) brow. unity: (n) union, harmony, oneness, unison, concord, agreement, completeness, integrity, consistency, single, one. ANTONYMS: (n) separation, conflict, partiality, split, disarray, inconsistency, isolation. wrongs: (n) mala.

William Shakespeare

149

QUEEN %ELIZABETH. That thou hast wronged in the time ore-past: For I my self have many tears to wash Hereafter time, for time past, wrong'd by the. The children live, whose fathers thou hast slaughter'd, Ungovern'd youth, to wail it with their age: The parents live, whose children thou hast butcher'd, Old barn plants, to wail it with their age. swear not by time to come, for that thou hast Misus'd ere us'd, by times ill-us'd repast RICHARD. As I intend to prosper, and repent: So thrive I in my dangerous Affairs Of hostile arms: My self, my self confound: Heaven, and fortune bar me happy hours: Day, yield me not thy light; nor Night, thy rest. Be opposite all planets of good luck To my proceeding, if with dear hearts love, Immaculate devotion, holy thoughts, I tender not thy beautious princely daughter. In her, consists my Happiness, and thine: Without her, followes to my self, and the; Her self, the Land, and many a Christian soul, Death, desolation, ruin, and decay: It cannot be avoided, but by this: It will not be avoided, but by this. Therefore dear mother (I must call you so) Be the Atturney of my love to her: Plead what I will be, not what I have been; Not my deserts, but what I will deserve: Urge the Necessity and state of times, And be not peevish found, in great Designs

Thesaurus children: (n) child, offspring, preservation, hopefulness, sympathetic, gentle, harmonious, descendant, family, seed, boy, babies, cheerfulness. hospitable, lush. descendants, birth, relatives, people. fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, proceeding: (n) matter, transaction, deserts: (n) desert, just deserts, due, luck, accident, means, assets, riches, affair, procedure, lawsuit, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) proceedings; (v) deed, act; (n, v) compensation, comeupance. desolation: (n) devastation, misery, measure; (adv, n) happening; (adj, adv, design. hostile: (adj) aggressive, contrary, v) going on. destruction, depression, grief, repast: (n) feast, food, banquet, dinner, wretchedness, bleakness, loneliness, adverse, warlike, belligerent, waste, ruin; (adj, n) desertion. unfavorable, averse, opposed, lunch, refection, collation, luncheon, ANTONYMS: (n) ecstasy, joy, antagonistic, inimical, irreconcilable. spread, potluck, eating. ANTONYMS: (adj) soothing, warm, wronged: (adj) upset, hurt, indignant, productiveness, fertileness, fecundity, cheer, fruitfulness, allied, open, amicable, favorable, offended.

150

Richard III

QUEEN %ELIZABETH. Shall I be tempted of the devil thus? RICHARD. Ay, if the devil tempt you to do good QUEEN ELIZABETH. Shall I forget my self, to be my self RICHARD. Ay, if your selfs remembrance wrong your self QUEEN ELIZABETH. Yet thou didst kill my children RICHARD. But in your daughter’s womb I bury them. Where in that Nest of Spicery they will breed Selves of themselves, to your recomforture QUEEN ELIZABETH. Shall I go win my daughter to thy will? RICHARD. And be a happy mother by the deed QUEEN ELIZABETH. I go, write to me very shortly, And you shall understand from me her mind. [Exit.] RICHARD. Bear her my true love’s kiss, and so farewell. Relenting Foole, and shallow-changing Woman. How now, what news? [Enter RATCLIFFE.] RATCLIFFE. Most mighty soverign, on the western Coast

Thesaurus bury: (v) inter, overwhelm, lay to rest, fail, unlearn, abandon. ANTONYMS: correspond, spell, record, publish, (v) mind, attend. hide, mask, secrete, conceal, cloak, compile, draw, outline, type. entomb, suppress; (n) burial. kiss: (n, v) caress, brush, embrace, wrong: (adj, n) evil, ill, injury, injustice; ANTONYMS: (v) exhume, unearth, touch; (n) osculation, salute, lip, Kiss (adj, n, v) damage, injure; (adj) of peace, kiss hands; (v) osculate, uncover, dig, disclose, distract, improper, false, incorrect, bad, inappropriate. ANTONYMS: (adj) expose, ignore, reveal, air, remember. love. daughter: (n) child, son, maiden, western: (adj) occidental, Hesperian, correct, good, proper, honest, appropriate, just, true; (adv) correctly; young woman, daughterly, lass, occasive, occiduous, ponent, westbound; (n) horse opera, western (n) justice, virtue; (v) sympathize. unmarried woman, damsel, miss, missy, virgin. sandwich, western movie, country, forget: (v) leave, miss, blank out, bury, cowboy picture. write: (v) pen, indite, draw up, to forget, overlook, neglect, ignore,

William Shakespeare

151

Rideth %a puissant navy: to our shores Throng many doubtful hollow-hearted friends, Unarm'd, and unresolu'd to beat them back. 'Tis thought, that Richmond is their admiral: And there they hull, expecting but the aid Of Buckingham, to welcome them ashore RICHARD. Some light-foot friend post to thou Duke of Norfolk: Ratcliffe thy self, or Catesby, where is he? CATESBY. Here, my good Lord RICHARD.

Catesby, fly to the Duke

CATESBY. I will, my Lord, with all convenient haste RICHARD. Catesby come hither, post to Salisbury: When thou com'st thither: Dull unmindful villain, Why stay'st thou here, and go'st not to the Duke? Cat. First, mighty liege, tell me your Highness pleasure, What from Your Grace I shall deliver to him RICHARD. O true, good Catesby, bid him leuie straight The greatest strength and power that he can make, And meet me suddenly at Salisbury CATESBY. I go. [Exit.] RATCLIFFE. What, may it please you, shall I do at Salisbury? RICHARD. Why, what would'st thou do there, before I go?

Thesaurus ashore: (adv, pron) aground; (adj) beached, stranded; (adv) aland, on land, onto land, toward land. doubtful: (adj) dubious, debatable, distrustful, questionable, queer, suspicious, tentative, disputable, diffident, unsettled, unsure. ANTONYMS: (adj) trusting, convinced, reliable, confident, persuaded, provable, sure, hopeful, promising, likely, indubitable. expecting: (adj) pregnant, confident,

with child, heavy, hopeful; (n) family puissant: (adj) powerful, mighty, way. forcible, hard, robust, vigorous, hull: (n) crust, casing, hulk, husk, strong, stout, efficacious, structure, body, dried parchment; (n, adamantine, cogent. v) skin; (adj) torso, trunk, bole. unmindful: (adj) negligent, mindless, liege: (n) feudatory, liegeman, vassal, careless, oblivious, heedless, lord, liege Lord, subject, Luik; (adj) forgetful, neglectful, ungrateful, inattentive, regardless; (adj, v) remiss. loyal, staunch, true, steady. navy: (n) armada, flotilla, dark blue, ANTONYMS: (adj) mindful, naval forces, army, Air Force, navy attentive, conscious, careful. blue, wooden walls, squadron, argosy; (adj, n) blue.

152

Richard III

RATCLIFFE. Your %Highness told me I should post before RICHARD. My mind is chang'd: [Enter LORD STANLEY.] Stanley, what news with you? STANLEY. None, good my liege, to please you with thou hearing, Nor none so bad, but well may be reported RICHARD. Heyday, a Riddle, neither good nor bad: What need'st thou runne so many miles about, When thou mayest tell thy tale the nearest way? Once more, what news? STANLEY.

Richmond is on the seas

RICHARD. There let him sink, and be the seas on him, White-liver'd Runnagate, what doth he there? STANLEY. I know not, mighty soverign, but by guess RICHARD. Well, as you guess STANLEY. Stirr'd up by Dorset, Buckingham, and Morton, He makes for England, here to claim the crown RICHARD. Is the Chair emptie? Is the Sword unsway'd? Is the King dead? The empire unpossessd? What heir of York is there alive, but we? And who is England’s King, but great York’s heir? Then tell me, what makes he upon the seas?

Thesaurus alive: (adj) live, vivacious, living, sensible, delicate, snappy, animated, lively, spry, responsive; (n) life. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, inanimate, unanimated, dispirited, dull, inactive, lethargic, lifeless, listless, nonfunctioning, sluggish. empire: (adj, n) rule, authority, control; (n) kingdom, domain, realm, reign, nation, sway, command, territory. heir: (n) beneficiary, successor, offspring, inheritor, heiress, receiver,

attitude; (v) locate, enter, lay. progeny, heritor, descendant, scion, issue. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, reported: (adj) narrative, reputed. sink: (n, v) sag, dip; (v) decline, fall, donor. miles: (adj) far. set, descend, drop, fell, subside, nearest: (adj) proximate, immediate, settle; (adj, n, v) droop. ANTONYMS: close, near, next, adjoining, intimate, (v) rise, float, improve, increase, direct, adjacent; (adj, adv) nighest; recover, drift, ascend, raise. (adv) fore. ANTONYM: (adj) distant. stanley: (n) John Rowlands, Francis neither: (conj) either, no-one, not Edgar Stanley, sir Henry Morton either, nor, nother. Stanley. post: (n, v) place, position, stake, station; (n) office, function, pillar,

William Shakespeare

153

STANLEY. Unless for that, my liege, I cannot guess RICHARD. Unless for that he comes to be your liege, You cannot guess wherefore the Welchman comes. Thou wilt revolt, and fly to him, I fear STANLEY. No, my good Lord, therefore mistrust me not RICHARD. Where is thy power then, to beat him back? Where be thy Tenants, and thy followers? Are they not now upon the western shore, Safe-conducting the Rebels from their ships? STANLEY. No, my good Lord, my friends are in the North RICHARD. Cold friends to me: what do they in the North, When they should serve their soverign in the West? STANLEY. They have not been commanded, mighty King: Pleaseth your majesty to give me leave, I’ll muster up my friends, and meet Your Grace, Where, and what time your majesty shall please.% RICHARD. I, thou would'st be gone, to join with Richmond: But I’ll not trust thee STANLEY. Most mighty soverign, You have no cause to hold my friendship doubtful, I never was, nor never will be false

Thesaurus beat: (n, v) pulse, throb, tick, flap, formality, rivalry, hatred, knock; (v) batter, whip, trounce, detachment, distance, isolation. pulsate, bat; (n) round. ANTONYMS: join: (v) unite, connect, associate, (v) protect, help, divide, cede, aid, combine, graft, assemble, attach, separate, surrender; (adj) invigorated, affiliate, meet, get together; (n, v) energized; (n) caress, pat. link. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, friendship: (n) association, familiarity, secede, detach, undo, disjoin, affection, companionship, exclude, leave, disconnect, diverge, friendliness, intimacy, company, refrain, untie. attachment, relationship; (n, v) amity, mistrust: (adj, n, v) distrust; (n, v) concord. ANTONYMS: (n) hostility, doubt, query; (n) suspicion, animosity, antagonism, conflict, misgiving, disbelief, apprehension,

wariness; (v) suspect, disbelieve, discredit. ANTONYM: (v) believe. revolt: (n, v) mutiny, rebellion, insurrection; (v) sicken, nauseate, rebel, repel, repulse, offend; (adj, v) shock; (n) uprising. ANTONYMS: (n) attraction; (v) please, delight. serve: (adj, n, v) avail; (v) assist, aid, act, benefit, tend, attend, operate, function, do; (n, v) officiate.

154

Richard III

RICHARD. Go %then, and muster men: but leave behind Your son George Stanley: look your heart be firm, Or else his Heads assurance is but frail STANLEY. So deal with him, as I prove true to you. [Exit.] [Enter a MESSENGER.] MESSENGER. My gracious soverign, now in Devonshere, As I by friends am well adieurtised, Sir Edward Courtney, and the haughtie Prelate, Bishop of Exeter, his elder brother, With many moe Confederates, are in arms. [Enter SECOND MESSENGER.[ SECOND MESSENGER. In Kent, my liege, the Guilfords are in arms, And every hour more Competitors Flock to the Rebels, and their power grows strong. [Enter THERD MESSENGER.] THERD MESSENGER. My Lord, the Armie of great Buckingham RICHARD. Out on ye, Owls, nothing but songs of death, [He striketh him.] There, take thou that, till thou bring better news THERD MESSENGER. The news I have to tell your majesty, Is, that by sudden Floods, and fall of Waters, Buckinghams Armie is dispers'd and scatter'd,

Thesaurus assurance: (n) confidence, guarantee, ignore, hold, gather, disregard. elder: (adj) older, big, adult; (n) dean, belief, pledge, security, promise, sureness, poise, conviction, nerve, doyen, patriarch, ancient, boss, warrant. ANTONYMS: (n) doubt, elderberry, superior, presbyter. ANTONYMS: (n) youngster, minor, uncertainty, mistrust, lie, fiction, child, inferior; (adj) youngest, awkwardness, timidity, clumsiness. deal: (v) administer, allot, conduct, younger, little. truck, distribute, apportion; (n, v) fall: (n, v) decline, dip, rain, decrease, buy, trade, contract; (n) agreement, plunge, dive; (n) downfall, descent, arrangement. ANTONYMS: (n) autumn; (v) descend, sink. purchase; (v) misdirect, receive, ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase, win, neglect, mishandle, mismanage, take, climb, triumph; (n) ascent,

improvement, rising; (v) ascend, advance, conquer, elevate. frail: (adj, v) weak, feeble; (adj) fragile, flimsy, delicate, breakable, rickety, slender, light, slim; (v) faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) substantial, robust, tough, fit, healthy, hearty, perfect, weighty, well, capable, sturdy.

William Shakespeare

155

And %he himself wandred away alone, No man knows whither RICHARD. I cry thee mercy: There is my purse, to cure that blow of thine. Hath any well-aduised friend proclaym'd Reward to him that brings the traitor in? THERD MESSENGER. Such proclamation hath been made, my Lord. [Enter FOURTH MESSENGER.] FOURTH MESSENGER. Sir Thomas Lovell, and Lord Marquesse Dorset, 'Tis said, my liege, in Yorkshere are in arms: But this good comfort bring I to your Highness, The Brittany navy is dispers'd by Tempest. Richmond in Dorsetshere sent out a Boat Unto the shore, to ask those on the Banks, If they were his Assistants, yea, or no? Who answer'd him, they came from Buckingham, Upon his partie: he mistrusting them, HoIs'd sayle, and made his course again for Brittany RICHARD. March on, march on, since we are up in arms, If not to fight with foreign enemies, Yet to beat down these Rebels here at home. [Enter CATESBY. CATESBY. My liege, the Duke of Buckingham is taken, That is the best news: that the Earl of Richmond Is with a mighty power Landed at Milford, Is colder news, but yet they must be told

Thesaurus blow: (n) beat, knock, shock, wallop, surrender, agreement; (v) exacerbate. gust, jolt; (adj, n, v) gasp, puff; (n, v) enter: (v) enroll, embark, chronicle, compromise, favor, submit. blast, slap; (v) squander. proclamation: (n) announcement, book, record, input, arrive, come, ANTONYMS: (n, v) calm; (v) save, pierce, register, penetrate. decree, edict, annunciation, notice, ANTONYMS: (v) depart, exit, delete, statement, promulgation, report, conserve, store, stillness, inhale, come, arrive; (n) luck, comfort, stop, refrain, erase, egress, abstain, publication, manifesto, propagation. shore: (n) coast, edge, beach, seashore, caress. cancel, exclude, disembark. cure: (n, v) correct, medicine, help; (n) fight: (n, v) battle, dispute, contest, stay, seaside, brace, margin; (n, v) antidote, salve, therapy, treatment; quarrel, engagement, feud, squabble, prop, land, buttress. ANTONYM: (n) (v) treat, pickle, preserve, restore. argue, struggle, clash; (adj, n, v) sea. ANTONYMS: (n) poison; (v) injure, brawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) withdrawal, retreat; (n) fear, hurt, harm, wound, damage,

156

Richard III

RICHARD. Away towards Salsbury, while we reason here, A royal battell might be won and lost: Some one take order Buckingham be brought To Salsbury, the rest march on with me.% [Florish. Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. [Enter DERBY, and SIR CHRISTOPHER.] STANLEY. Sir Christopher, tell Richmond this from me, That in the stye of the most deadly boar, My son George Stanley is franked up in hold: If I revolt, off goes Young Georges head, The fear of that, holds off my present aid. So get the gone: commend me to thy Lord. Withall say, that the Queen hath heartily consented He should espouse Elizabeth her daughter. But tell me, where is princely Richmond now? CHRISTOPHER. At Penbroke, or at Hertford West in Wales STANLEY. What men of name resort to him CHRISTOPHER. Sir Walter Herbert, a renownd soldier, Sir Gilbert Talbot, Sir William Stanley, Oxford, redoubted Pembroke, Sir Iames Blunt,

Thesaurus espouse: (n, v) wed; (v) embrace, sustain, defend, marry, advocate, accept, take up, assume, back, betroth. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, oppose, repudiate, spurn, desert, abandon, divorce, detract. heartily: (adv) cordially, sincerely, enthusiastically, warmly, strongly, earnestly, vigorously, ardently, soundly, devoutly, eagerly. ANTONYMS: (adv) feebly, languorously.

march: (n, v) hike, parade, trek, rest: (adj, n) remnant, remainder, ramble, journey, tramp, course; (n) residue; (n, v) pause, balance, nap, demonstration; (v) process, pace, relaxation, sleep; (n) recess, leisure; (v) remain. ANTONYMS: (n) activity, stride. redoubted: (adj) bold, stalworth, agitation, intensification; (v) change, brave, eminent, noted, renowned, stand, deteriorate. royal: (adj, adv) regal, majestic; (adj) reputable, respectable, daring. resort: (n, v) repair, haunt; (n) imperial, magnificent, kingly, noble, expedient, refuge, holiday resort, brilliant, sovereign, purple, August, playground, covert, retreat; (v) recur, princely. rendezvous, frequent. ANTONYM: stye: (n) hordeolum, eye infection, (v) rise. pigsty, pigpen, infection.

William Shakespeare

157

And Rice ap Thomas, with a valiant Crew, And many other of great name and worth: And towards London do they bend their power, If by the way they be not fought withall STANLEY. Well hie the to thy Lord: I kiss his hand, My letter will resolve him of my mind. Farewell.% [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus bend: (n, v) bow, turn, arch, arc, crook, epithet. ANTONYMS: (n) nobody, twist, elbow; (adj, n, v) curve; (v) indecency. stoop, crouch; (adj, v) flex. resolve: (n, v) purpose; (v) determine, ANTONYMS: (n, v) square; (v) align, solve, decide, dissolve, decompose, settle; (n) determination, firmness, unbend, leave. letter: (n) epistle, mail, character, decision, resolution. ANTONYMS: communication, alphabetic character, (n) weakness, irresoluteness, dispatch, note, message, vacillation, cowardice, flexibility, indecisiveness, indifference; (v) memorandum, type, memo. name: (v) appoint, describe, baptize, aggravate, complicate, exacerbate, list, enumerate, identify, cite, waver. mention; (n, v) title, entitle; (n) towards: (prep) to, facing, until,

opposite to, till, unto, upon; (n, prep) against; (adv) about, by; (n) at. valiant: (adj) brave, courageous, intrepid, fearless, heroic, audacious, gallant, daring, dauntless, stout, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) afraid, despicable.

William Shakespeare

159

ACT FIVE.%

SCENE I. [Enter BUCKINGHAM with Halberds, led to Execution.] BUCKINGHAM. Will not King Richard let me speak with him? SHERIFF. No my good Lord, therefore be patient BUCKINGHAM. Hastings, and Edward’s children, Grey and Rivers, Holy King Henry, and thy fair son Edward, Vaughan, and all that have miscarried By under-hand corrupted foul injustice, If that your moody discontented souls, Do through the clowds behold this present hour, Even for revenge mock my destruction. This is All-souls day (Fellow) is it not? SHERIFF. It is

Thesaurus corrupted: (adj) tainted, rotten, mock: (adj, v) counterfeit; (n, v) enduring, resigned, uncomplaining, spoiled, degraded, adulterated, ridicule, jeer, gibe, laugh at, flout; tolerant, stoical, lenient, meek, (adj, n, v) burlesque, sham; (v) mimic, persistent. ANTONYMS: (adj) depraved, distorted, decayed, impaired, debased; (n) corrupter. ape, taunt. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, intolerant, annoyed, eager, harsh. ANTONYM: (adj) pure. natural; (v) praise, applaud, respect, present: (adj, n, v) gift, grant; (n, v) discontented: (adj, v) querulous, donation, display; (adj, v) confer, approve. complaining; (adj) disaffected, moody: (adj) gloomy, dark, irritable, bestow; (v) introduce, give, prefer, offer, perform. ANTONYMS: (v) disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, morose, capricious, glum, grumpy, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, fickle, petulant, dour, sullen. withdraw, withhold, consume, take; ANTONYMS: (adj) equable, happy, (adj) missing, lost, dated, historical; put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, (adj, n) past, future; (n) history. reliable, stable, calm. patient: (adj) forbearing, passive, calm, content.

160

Richard III

BUCKINGHAM. Why then AlL Souls’ day, is my bodies doomsday This is the day, which in King Edward’s time I wish'd might fall on me, when I was found False to his children, and his wives allies. This is the day, wherein I wisht to fall By the false faith of him whom most I trusted. This, this All-souls day to my fearful soul, Is the determin'd respit of my wrongs: That high All-Seer, which I dallied with, Hath turn'd my faind Prayer on my head, And given in earnest, what I begg'd in iest. Thus doth he force the swords of wicked men To turn their own points in their Masters bosoms. Thus Margarets curse falles heavy on my necke: When he (quoth she) shall split thy heart with sorrow, Remember Margaret was a Prophetess: Come lead me officers to the block of shame, Wrong hath but wrong, and blame the due of blame.% [Exeunt. BUCKINGHAM with Officers.]

SCENE II. [Enter RICHMOND, OXFORD, BLUNT, HERBERT, and others, with drum and colours.] RICHMOND. Fellows in arms, and my most loving Frends Bruis'd underneath the yoake of Tyranny, Thus far into the bowels of the Land,

Thesaurus blame: (v) arraign, chide; (n, v) reprimand, censure, attack, charge, reproach, rap, rebuke, fault; (n) onus. ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise; (v) absolve, exonerate, commend, clear, acquit; (n) vindication, exoneration, honor, absolution, glory. block: (n, v) arrest, barricade, stop, clog; (n) pad; (v) hinder, plug, encumber, lock, obstruct; (adj, n) lump. ANTONYMS: (v) free, unblock, open, remember, unclog,

clear, release, promote, help, encourage; (n) opening. bodies: (n) people, public. heavy: (adj, n) dull; (adj) deep, fat, dense, grave, dark, full, gross, thick, bulky; (adj, adv) hard. ANTONYMS: (adj) slim, easy, thin, slight, skinny, puny, gentle, insubstantial, animated, nimble, entertaining. officers: (n) executive committee, staff. underneath: (adv, prep) below, under; (adj) down, inferior, supporting; (n)

bottom, base, underside; (adv) under that, under it; (prep) unbecoming. ANTONYMS: (n) top; (adv) up, over, above, apparently. wicked: (adj) bad, sinful, atrocious, evil, vile, depraved, mischievous, immoral, unholy, nasty, naughty. ANTONYMS: (adj) innocent, pure, pious, moral, kind, admirable, kindhearted, helpful, decent, assisting, aiding.

William Shakespeare

161

Have %we marched on without impediment; And here receive we from our father Stanley Lines of fair comfort and encouragement: The wretched, bloody, and usurping Boare, (That spoil'd your Sumr Fields, and fruitfull Vines) Swills your warm blood like wash, and makes his trough In your embowel'd bosoms: This foul Swine Is now even in the Centry of this Isle, Ne're to the Town of Leicester, as we learn: From Tamworth thither, is but one days march. In God’s name cherly on, courageous friends, To reap the harvest of perpetual peace, By this one bloody tryall of sharp War OXFORD. Every man’s conscience is a thousand men, To fight against this guilty Homicide HERBERT. I doubt not but his friends will turn to us BLUNT. He hath no friends, but what are friends for fear, Which in his dearst neede will fly from him RICHMOND. All for our vantage, then in God’s name march, True Hope is swift, and flys with swallow’s wings, Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures kings. [Exeunt. Omnes.] [Enter KING RICHARD in arms with NORFOLK, RATCLIFFE, and the EARL of SURREY].

Thesaurus courageous: (adj, n) bold; (adj) confidence, conclusiveness, belief, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, audacious, fearless, valiant, gallant, intrepid, spirited, heroic, undaunted, believe, consider, swallow. manly, confident. ANTONYMS: (adj) gods: (n) gallery. perpetual: (adj) incessant, continual, timid, wimpy, weak, spineless, pusillanimous, fearful, fainthearted, constant, endless, eternal, everlasting, afraid, despicable. lasting, ceaseless, immortal, doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, continuous, perennial. ANTONYMS: query, dispute; (n) disbelief, (adj) temporary, intermittent, misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, transitory, mortal, unstable, finite, uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) inconstant, occasional, sporadic. suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, usurping: (adj) encroaching.

wash: (adj, n, v) soak; (n, v) paint; (v) clean, scrub, mop, moisten, lave, scour, bathe; (n) washing, ablution. ANTONYM: (v) soil. wretched: (adj) unfortunate, pitiful, sad, pitiable, woeful, pathetic, piteous, lamentable; (adj, v) poor, unhappy, forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) fine, strong, fortunate, overjoyed, nice, admirable, good, cheery, joyous, lucky, comfortable.

162

Richard III

RICHARD. Here %pitch our tent, even here in Bosworth field, My Lord of Surrey, why look you so sad? SURREY. My heart is ten times lighter then my looks RICHARD. My Lord of Norfolk NORFOLK. Here most gracious liege RICHARD. Norfolk, we must have knockes: Ha, must we not? NORFOLK. We must both give and take my loving Lord RICHARD. Up with my tent, here wil I lie to night, But where to morrow? Well, all's one for that. Who hath descried the number of the Traitors? NORFOLK. Six or seven thousand is their vtmost power RICHARD. Why our Battalia trebbles that account: Besides, the Kings name is a tower of strength, Which they upon the adverse faction want. Up with the tent: Come noble Gentlemen, Let us suruey the vantage of the ground. Call for some men of sound direction: Let's lack no discipline, make no delay, For Lords, to morrow is a busy day. [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus busy: (adj) brisk, engaged, assiduous, permissiveness, laziness, houseboat. occupied, agile, meddlesome, disorganization, confusion, reward, looks: (n) aspect, countenance, industrious, crowded, officious, live; abandon, negligence, persuasion; (v) expression, manner, complexion, (v) occupy. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, commend, praise. fashion, costume, garb. faction: (n) crew, cabal, group, band, tent: (n) awning, marquee, pavilion, inactive, dodging, available, deserted, lazy, quiet, still, set, party, division, junto, dissension, canopy, collapsible shelter, clan; (n, v) feud. ANTONYMS: (n) unengaged, avoiding, empty. tabernacle, attention, pack tent, discipline: (v) castigate, train, chastise, whole, agreement, entirety, peace, parasol, pop tent; (n, v) camp. chasten, educate, correct; (n, v) thousand: (adj, n) one thousand, k, m; unity. exercise, practice, drill; (n) lighter: (n) light, flatboat, igniter, (n) grand, g, thou, cat Valium, chastisement, correction. cigarette lighter, wherry, primer, constant of gravitation, grounds, ANTONYMS: (n) indiscipline, curtilage; (adj) a thousand. scow, kindling, fuze, fuzee,

William Shakespeare

163

[Enter %RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BRANDEN, OXFORD, and DORSET.] RICHMOND. The weary sun, hath made a golden set, And by the bright tract of his fiery car, Gives token of a goodly day to morrow. Sir William Brandon, you shall bear my standard: Give me some inke and paper in my tent: I’ll draw the form and model of our battle, Limit each leader to his several Charge, And part in just proportion our small power. My Lord of Oxford, you Sir William Brandon, And your Sir Walter Herbert stay with me: The Earl of Pembroke keeps his regiment; Good Captain Blunt, bear my goodnight to him, And by the second hour in the Morning, Desire the Earl to see me in my tent: Yet one thing more (good captain) do for me: Where is Lord Stanley quarter'd, do you know? BLUNT. Unless I have mista’en his Colours much, (Which well I am assur'd I have not done) His regiment lies halfe a mile at least South, from the mighty power of the King RICHMOND. If without peril it be possible, Sweet Blunt, make some good means to speak with him And give him from me, this most needful Note BLUNT. Upon my life, my Lord, I’ll undertake it, And so God give you quiet rest to night

Thesaurus bright: (adj) alive, vivid, intelligent, apt, shining, brilliant, lustrous, luminous, light, beaming, shiny. ANTONYMS: (adj) cloudy, stupid, gloomy, dim, unintelligent, dreary, dark, overcast, shadowy, thick, leaden. captain: (n) head, master, leader, guide, commodore, commander, boss, skipper, chieftain; (v) govern, manage. ANTONYM: (n) minion. mile: (n) MI, nautical mile, land mile,

knot, Swedish mile, international adv) gentle, motionless. ANTONYMS: (adj) noisy, talkative, nautical mile, Admiralty mile, air mile, geographical mile, Roman mile; vociferous, active, oratorical, fierce, (v) furlong. vocal, unquiet, busy, disordered; (n) needful: (adj) necessary, essential, noise. regiment: (n) corps, battalion, legion, indispensable, required, needed, mandatory, exigent, needy; (adj, v) host, brigade, division, multitude, requisite; (n) necessity, almighty cohort; (v) control, organize, regulate. tract: (n) region, area, expanse, essay, dollar. quiet: (adj, adv, v) still; (adj, n, v) lull, pamphlet, section, extent, district, hush, pacify, compose, appease, dissertation, plot, lot. assuage; (adj, v) moderate, cool; (adj,

164

Richard III

RICHMOND. Good night good captain Blunt: come gentlemen, Let us consult upon tomorrow’s business; Into my tent, the Dew is raw and cold.% [They withdraw into the tent.] [Enter RICHARD, RATCLIFFE, NORFOLK, and CATESBY.] RICHARD. What is't a clock? CATESBY. It's Supper time my Lord, It's nine a clock KING EDWARD. I will not sup to night, Give me some ink and paper: What, is my Beauer easyr then it was? And all my armour laid into my tent? CATESBY. It is my liege: and all things are in readiness RICHARD. Good Norfolk, hie the to thy charge, Use careful watch, choose trusty sentinels NORFOLK. I go my Lord RICHARD. Stir with the lark to morrow, gentle Norfolk NORFOLK. I warrant you my Lord. [Exit.] RICHARD. Ratcliffe

Thesaurus consult: (v) consider, negotiate, deliberate, advise, refer, discuss, ask, reason, look up, canvass; (n, v) talk. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, bypass. laid: (adj) layed, lay, place, placed, put, situated, arranged, determined, dictated, hardened, ordered. lark: (n) joke, fun, trick, prank, antic, caper, game; (n, v) romp, frolic, gambol; (v) rollick. nine: (n) niner, club, ball club, baseball club, ennead, Nina from Carolina,

three times three, ten, nightspot, clubhouse, queen. readiness: (n) facility, ease, expedition, preparation, promptness, knack, dexterity, eagerness, quickness, fitness; (adj, n) alacrity. ANTONYMS: (n) reluctance, delay. trusty: (adj) trustworthy, honest, faithful, dependable, responsible, constant, loyal, true, authentic, solid, sure. ANTONYMS: (adj) untrustworthy, inconstant, corrupt,

disloyal. warrant: (n, v) permit, vouch, license, assure, sanction, empower; (n) authority, authorization, security; (v) justify, ensure. ANTONYMS: (n) break; (v) debar. withdraw: (v) retire, remove, retract, retreat, abandon, pull out, disengage, draw, cancel, leave, recede. ANTONYMS: (v) propose, give, advance, extend, offer, deposit, remain, engage, allow, permit, stay.

William Shakespeare

165

RATCLIFFE. % My Lord RICHARD. Send out a Pursuivant at arms To Stanley’s regiment: bid him bring his power Before Sun-rising, lest his son George fall Into the blind cave of eternal night. Fill me a bowl of wine: give me a watch, Saddle white Surrey for the Field tomorrow: Look that my staves be sound, and not too heavy. Ratcliff! RATCLIFFE. My Lord RICHARD. Saw'st the melancholy Lord Northumberland? RATCLIFFE. Thomas the Earl of Surrey, and himself, Much about Cockshut time, from Troope to Troope Went through the Army, chearing up the soldiers KING EDWARD. So, I am satisfied: Give me a bowl of wine, I have not that Alacrity of Spirit, Nor cher of Minde that I was wont to have. Set it down. Is ink and paper ready? RATCLIFFE. It is my Lord RICHARD. Bid my Guard watch. Leave me. Ratcliffe, about the mid of night come to my tent

Thesaurus blind: (n) curtain, shutter, veil, drape, cove, den, cell, grot, nest; (v) military service, militia, soldiery, awning, trick; (v) bedazzle, dazzle, undermine, calve. ANTONYMS: (n) Territorial Army, armed forces. daze; (adj) sightless; (adj, v) obscure. hump; (v) withstand. watch: (n, v) view, sentinel, clock, ANTONYMS: (adj) sighted, satisfied: (adj) happy, content, full, wake, regard, care; (v) observe, look, see; (n) sentry; (adj, n) surveillance. uncovered, understanding, sharp, pleased, confident, complacent, persuaded, fulfilled; (adj, v) certain, ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, overlook, seeing, revealed, quick, perceptive, sure; (v) convinced. ANTONYMS: open, controlled, cautious. harm, hurt, glance. bowl: (n) basin, plate, hollow, (adj) frustrated, anxious, disgruntled, wine: (n) vino, spirits, beer, saki, sake, stadium, container, arena, hungry, insistent, pensive, unsure, Macon, maconnais, alcohol, liquor, depression, porringer; (v) hurl, toss, dessert wine; (adj) mauve. dissatisfied, ashamed. soldiers: (n) military, troop, force, the troll. cave: (n) lair, hole, grotto, hollow, military, troops, defense force,

166

Richard III

And %help to arm me. Leave me I say. [Exit.] [Enter DERBY to RICHMOND in his tent.] STANLEY. Fortune, and victory sit on thy helm RICHARD. All comfort that the dark night can afford, Be to thy person, noble father in law. Tell me, how fares our noble mother? STANLEY. I by attorney, bless the from thy mother, Who prays continually for Richmond’s good: So much for that. The silent hours steal on, And flaky darkness breaks within the East. In brief, for so the season bids us be, Prepare thy battle early in the Morning, And put thy fortune to th' Arbitrement Of bloody stroakes, and mortal staring War: I, as I may, that which I would, I cannot, With best advantage will deceive the time, And aid the in this doubtful shocke of arms. But on thy side I may not be too forward, Least being seen, thy brother, tender George Be executed in his fathers sight. Farewell: the leisure, and the fearful time Cuts off the ceremonious vowes of love, And ample enterchange of sweet Discourse, Which so long sundred friends should dwell upon: God give us leisure for these rites of love. Once more Adieu, be valiant, and speed well

Thesaurus ample: (adj) abundant, big, broad, copious, large, plentiful, heavy, liberal, roomy, affluent, considerable. ANTONYMS: (adj) small, meager, insufficient, scarce, sparse, scant, cramped, narrow, partial, sketchy, slender. attorney: (n) advocate, counsel, counselor, agent, legal representative, barrister, counsellor, solicitor, factor, prosecutor, ambulance chaser. continually: (adv) perpetually,

ceaselessly, incessantly, endlessly, unceasingly, continuously, persistently, eternally, steadily, frequently; (adj, adv) always. ANTONYMS: (adv) acutely, infrequently, spasmodically, sporadically. dwell: (adj, v) inhabit; (v) reside, bide, live, stay, lodge, delay, occupy, continue, be, settle. ANTONYM: (v) wander. executed: (adj) finished, fulfilled,

complete. flaky: (adj) scaly, outlandish, flakey, bizarre, capricious, filmy, brittle, peculiar, queer, odd, erratic. ANTONYM: (adj) solid. helm: (n) wheel, haft, handle, tiller, shank, rudder, steering wheel, shaft, hilt, halm; (v) helmet. hours: (n) period, duty period; (adv) o'clock. rites: (n) money, finances, wake, religion.

William Shakespeare

167

RICHMOND. Good %Lords conduct him to his regiment: I’ll strive with troubled noise, to take a nap, Lest leaden slumber peise me down tomorrow, When I should mount with wings of victory: Once more, good night kind lords and gentlemen. [Exeunt. Manet RICHMOND.] O thou, whose captain I account my self, Look on my forces with a gracious eye: Put in their hands thy bruising Irons of wrath, That they may crush down with a heavy fall, Th' usurping helmts of our adversaries: Make us thy ministers of chastisement, That we may praise the in thy victory: To the I do commend my watchfull soul, Ere I let fall the windows of mine eyes: Sleeping, and waking, oh defend me still. [Sleeps.] [Enter the GHOST of PRINCE EDWARD, son to Henry the sixth.] GHOST. [To RICHARD] Let me sit heavy on thy soul to morrow: Think how thou stab'st me in my prime of youth At Teukesbury: Despair therefore, and die. [To RICHMOND.] Be chearfull Richmond, For the wronged souls Of butcher'd prince’s, fight in thy behalf: King Henry’s issue Richmond comforts the. [Exit.] [Enter the GHOST of HENRY the SIXTH.]

Thesaurus bruising: (n) discoloration, haemorrhage, bloom, staining, streak, yellowing, mark, tint, stain; (adj) harmful, forceful. comforts: (n) amenities, bread and butter, convenience, conveniences. crush: (n, v) squeeze, crunch, press; (v) beat, break, compress, conquer, stamp, overpower, squash, bruise. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, congratulate, stretch, praise, inspirit, encourage, compliment, expand, resist, submit,

(adj) distressed, anxious, worried, smooth. leaden: (adj) heavy, gray, sluggish, uneasy, uncomfortable, disconcerted, grey, inert, torpid, grave, languid, upset, apprehensive, restless. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconcerned, drab, burdensome, livid. ANTONYM: (adj) bright. composed, calm, easy, relaxed, slumber: (n, v) rest, doze, snooze, nap, tranquil, assured, carefree, brave, drowse, repose, catnap; (v) be asleep, stable, unaffected. kip, take a nap; (n) siesta. waking: (adj) wakeful; (n) awakening, strive: (v) endeavor, contend, contest, wakefulness, consciousness. wings: (n) insignia, agency. struggle, fight, attempt, combat, strain, work, aspire, aim. troubled: (adj, v) concerned, solicitous;

168

Richard III

GHOST. % [To RICHARD.] When I was mortal, my Annointed body By the was punched full of holes; Think on the tower, and me: Despair, and die, Harry the sixth, bids the despair, and die. [To RICHMOND.] Virtuous and holy be thou Conqueror: Harry that prophesyd thou should'st be King, Doth comfort the in sleep: Live, and flourish. [Exit.] [Enter the GHOST of CLARENCE.] GHOST. [To RICHARD.] Let me sit heavy in thy soul to morrow. I that was wash'd to death with fulsome wine: Poor Clarence by thy guile betray'd to death: Tomorrow in the battell think on me, And fall thy edgeless Sword, despair and die. [To RICHMOND]. Thou offspring of the house of Lancaster The wronged heirs of York do pray for the, Good Angels guard thy battell, Live and Flourish. [Exit.] [Enter the GHOSTS of RIVERS, GREY, and VAUGHAN.] GHOST OF RIVERS. [To RICHARD.] Let me sit heavy in thy soul to morrow, Rivers, that dy'de at Pomfret: despair, and die

Thesaurus despair: (n) disappointment, loathsome. ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, candor, frankness. house: (adj, n, v) family; (adj, n) home; desolation, dejection, melancholy, scanty. guard: (n) defense, protection, escort, (v) accommodate; (n) dwelling, firm, gloom, desperation, depression, dismay, discouragement, pessimism, bulwark, watchman, custody, fender; abode, domicile, edifice, habitation, sorrow. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, (n, v) care, shield, cover; (adj, n, v) housing; (n, v) lodge. ANTONYM: ward. ANTONYMS: (v) endanger, (adj) public. hopefulness, expectation, joy, cheer, expose, neglect, reveal; (n) attacker. offspring: (n, v) issue, breed, brood; cheerfulness, resilience, elation, guile: (n) fraud, cunning, craft, (n) progeny, family, children, child, joyfulness. edgeless: (adj) blunt, obtuse, duller. successor, lineage, young; (v) fruit. duplicity, deception, trickery, fulsome: (adj) excessive, foul, ANTONYM: (n) parent. deceitfulness, wiliness, craftiness, artifice, slyness. ANTONYMS: (n) sixth: (n) common fraction, interval, immoderate, bad, plentiful, undue, smarmy, repugnant, rank, high; (v) honesty, straightforwardness, musical interval, simple fraction.

William Shakespeare

169

GHOST OF GREY. [To RICHARD.] Think upon Grey, and let thy soul despair GHOST OF VAUGHAN. [To RICHARD.] Think upon Vaughan, and with guilty fear Let fall thy Lance, despair and die.% GHOSTS of RIVERS, GREY, VAUGHAN. [To RICHMOND]. Awake, and think our wrongs in Richard’s bosom, Will conquer him. Awake, and win the day. [Exeunt GHOSTS.] [Enter the GHOST of LORD HASTINGS.] GHOST. [To RICHARD.] Bloody and guilty: guiltily awake, And in a bloody battle end thy days. Think on Lord Hastings: despair, and die. [To RICHMOND.] Quiet untroubled soul, awake, awake: Arm,fight, and conquer, for fair England’s sake. [Exit.] [Enter the GHOSTS of the TWO YOUNG PRINCES.] GHOSTS. [To RICHARD.] Dream on thy cousins smothered in the tower: Let us be laid within thy bosom Richard, And weigh the down to ruin, shame, and death, Thy nephews’ soul bids the despair and die. [To RICHMOND.]

Thesaurus awake: (v) wake, awaken, realize, waken; (adj) alive, alert, attentive, conscious, keen, intelligent; (adj, v) broad awake. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconscious, sleeping, comatose, sleepy, relaxed; (v) deaden, lull, sleep. conquer: (n, v) capture; (v) subdue, vanquish, surmount, suppress, subjugate, overcome, overpower, quell, prevail; (adj, v) defeat. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, yield,

making, worthiness; (v) succumb, retreat, forfeit, fall, bow, resist, fail, submit, incite. acknowledge, glorify, respect, guiltily: (adv) blameworthily, dignify. smothered: (adj) strangled, stifled, criminally, hangdogly, wickedly, faultily, sheepishly, delinquently, smothers, pent-up, covered. untroubled: (adj) calm, quiet, peaceful, sinfully, awkwardly, sorrily, ashamedly. composed, carefree, serene, shame: (n, v) disgrace, dishonor, unworried, clear, still, undisturbed; (adj, v) smooth. ANTONYMS: (adj) discredit, humiliate, degrade, chagrin; (n) humiliation, modesty, anxious, turbulent, uneasy, worried, scandal, insult; (v) abash. insecure, disturbed, unnerved, strict, ANTONYMS: (n) pride, glorification, heavy, bothered, perturbed.

170

Richard III

Sleep %Richmond, sleep in peace, and wake in Joy, Good Angels guard the from the Boares annoy, Live, and beget a happy race of Kings, Edward’s unhappy sons, do bid the flourish. [Exeunt GHOSTS.] [Enter the GHOST of ANNE, his wife.] GHOST. [To RICHARD.] Richard, thy wife, That wretched Anne thy wife, That never slept a quiet hour with the, Now filles thy sleep with perturbations, Tomorrow in the battle, think on me, And fall thy edgeless Sword, despair and die: [To RICHMOND.] Thou quiet soul, sleep thou a quiet sleep: Dream of success, and happy victory, Thy adversary’s wife doth pray for thee. [Exit.] [Enter the GHOST of BUCKINGHAM.] GHOST. [To RICHARD.] The first was I that help'd the to the crown: That last was I that felt thy Tyranny. O, in the battle think on Buckingham, And die in terror of thy guiltiness. dream on, dream on, of bloody deeds and death, Fainting despair; despairing yield thy breath. [To RICHMOND.] I died for hope ere I could lend the Aid; But cher thy heart, and be thou not dismaid: God, and good Angels fight on Richmonds side,

Thesaurus beget: (v) father, engender, generate, hope: (n, v) trust, desire; (n) aspiration, get, produce, procreate, create, sire, faith, belief, expectation, confidence, expectancy, anticipation; (v) confide, cause, breed, bring about. ANTONYMS: (v) extinguish, destroy. anticipate. ANTONYMS: (n) reality, deeds: (n) works, activity, actions, past, pessimism, distrust, conduct, background, events, independence. happenings, performance, activities. race: (adj, n) kind; (adj, n, v) dash, rush; dream: (n) aspiration, ambition, (n, v) course, run, career; (n) family, people; (v) hurry, hasten, fly. reverie, desire, fantasy, figment, nightmare; (n, v) vision, sleep; (v) ANTONYMS: (v) linger, amble. muse, imagine. ANTONYMS: (n) terror: (n, v) alarm, scare; (adj, n) dread, awe; (n) fear, dismay, alertness, nightmare.

consternation, horror, panic, apprehension, scourge. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, security, delight, calm, confidence. unhappy: (adj) gloomy, dismal, depressed, melancholy, sad, miserable, sorrowful, distressed, disconsolate, infelicitous, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, cheerful, satisfied, pleased, glad, euphoric, fortunate, contented, joyful, timely, lucky.

William Shakespeare

171

And %Richard fall in height of all his pride. [Exit.] [RICHARD starts out of his dream.] RICHARD. Give me another horse, bind up my Wounds: Have mercy Jesu. Soft, I did but dream. O coward conscience? how dost thou afflict me? The lights burn blew. It is not dead midnight. Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. What? do I fear my self? There's none else by, Richard loves Richard, that is, I am I. Is there a Murderer here? No; Yes, I am: Then fly; What from my self? Great reason: why? Lest I revenge. What? my self upon my self? Alack, I love my self. Wherefore? For any good That I my self, have done unto my self? O no. Alas, I rather hate my self, For hateful Deeds committed by my self. I am a villain: yet I Lye, I am not. Foole, of thy self speak well: Foole, do not flatter. My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain; Perjury, in the high'st degree, Murder, sterne murder, in the dyr'st degree, All several sins, all us'd in each degree, Throng all to'th' Bar, crying all, guilty, guilty. I shall despair, there is no creature love’s me; And if I die, no soul shall pity me. Nay, wherefore should they? Since that I my self, Finde in my self, no pity to my self.

Thesaurus afflict: (n, v) pain, distress; (v) trouble, sunburn; (v) sting, scorch, incinerate, mercilessness, ruthlessness, grieve, torment, hurt, strike, blaze, flare, ignite, cremate. impatience, inhumanity. ANTONYMS: (v) smother, give, trembling: (adj, n) shaking; (adj, n, v) aggrieve, smite, bother, disturb. ANTONYMS: (v) aid, comfort, tremor; (adj) shaky, quaking, subdue, help, quench, repay, stifle, shivering, flutter; (n) palpitation, encourage, help, soothe. extinguish, wet. bind: (adj, v) attach, fix, fasten, affix; lights: (n) illumination, burn, lung, quiver, vibration, shiver, quake. (n) band; (v) bandage, lace, fetter, ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, steady. spacing material. mercy: (n) kindness, compassion, pity, villain: (n) rascal, scoundrel, rogue, bundle, truss, combine. ANTONYMS: (v) untie, unbind, free, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, knave, miscreant, criminal, bandit, grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) unfasten, unravel, permit, loosen, crook, reprobate, varlet, rapscallion. loose, let; (n, v) release; (n) pleasure. quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, ANTONYMS: (n) heroine, hero. burn: (adj, v) glow; (n, v) bite, fire, harshness, unkindness, severity,

172

Richard III

Me thought, the souls of all that I had murder'd Came to my tent, and every one did threat Tomorrows vengeance on the head of Richard. [Enter RATCLIFFE.] RATCLIFFE. My Lord RICHARD. Who's there? RATCLIFFE. Ratcliffe, my Lord, 'tis I: the early village cock Hath twice done salutation to the morn, Your friends are up, and buckle on their armour KING RICHARD. O Ratcliff, I have dream'd a fearful dream!-What think'st thou,--will our friends prove all true? RATCLIFF. No doubt, my lord.% KING RICHARD. O Ratcliff, I fear, I fear,-RICHARD. O Ratcliffe, I fear, I fear RATCLIFFE. Nay, good my Lord, be not afraid of Shadows KING EDWARD. By the Apostle Paul, shadowes to night Have stroke more terror to the soul of Richard, Then can the substance of ten thousand soldiers armd in proofe, and led by shallow Richmond. 'Tis not yet near day. Come go with me,

Thesaurus afraid: (adj) fearful, timid, shy, latter, middle; (adv) belatedly, tardily, apprehensive, anxious, worried, expectedly. scared, frightened, nervous, terrified; near: (adj, adv, v) close, at hand; (adv, (adj, adv) cowardly. ANTONYMS: prep) by, around, towards; (adj, v) (adj) brave, venturesome, calm, familiar, adjoining, approximate; (adj, adv, prep) about; (adj, adv) almost; confident, cool, courageous, eager, (adj) imminent. ANTONYMS: (adj) unafraid, valiant, bold, carefree. early: (adv) betimes, soon; (adj) initial, distant, far, further, actual, exact; (v) primitive, young, prompt, first, leave. quick; (n) beginning, morning, prior. salutation: (n, v) salute; (n) reception, ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) late, later; hail, hello, welcome, address, (adj) delayed, slow, tardy, conclusive, compliment, hullo, recognition,

interpellation, pax. substance: (adj, n) subject; (n) body, significance, import, material, matter, meaning, amount, means, gist, core. ANTONYMS: (n) meaninglessness, lightness, surface. twice: (adv) doubly, bis, two times, in two ways, once more; (adj) twenty. village: (n) neighborhood, settlement, city, community, kraal, thorp, dorp, campong, pueblo, small town; (adv) town.

William Shakespeare

173

Under our tents I’ll play the eavesdropper, To hear if any mean to shrink from me.% [Exeunt. RICHARD and RATCLIFFE.] [Enter the LORDS to RICHMOND sitting in his tent.] RICHMOND. Good morrow Richmond RICHARD. Cry mercy Lords, and watchfull Gentlemen, That you have tane a tardy sluggard here? LORDS. How have you slept my Lord? RICHARD. The sweetest sleep, and fairest boading dreams, That ever entred in a drowsie head, Have I since your departure had my Lords. Me thought their souls, whose bodies Rich[ard]. murder'd, Came to my tent, and cried on victory: I promise you my Heart is very iocond, In the remembrance of so fair a dream, How far into the Morning is it Lords? LORDS. Upon the stroke of four RICHARD. Why then 'tis time to Arm,and give direction. [His Oration to his soldiers.] More then I have said, loving Countrymen, The leisure and inforcement of the time Forbids to dwell upon: yet remember this, God, and our good cause, fight upon our side, The prayers of holy Saints and wronged souls,

Thesaurus cause: (n) case, action, account; (n, v) regularity, entrance, birth, coming, rise, inflate. occasion, allow; (v) breed, do, induce, advance. sitting: (n) session, seat, seance, remember: (v) commemorate, beget, motivate, provoke. meeting, seating, conference, posing; ANTONYMS: (n) effect, result, (adj) seated, inactive; (v) incubation, recognize, recollect, recall, consider, outcome; (v) foil, deter, forestall, memorize, think, mind, call to mind, batching. ANTONYMS: (adj) prevent, stop, halt, quell, retard. retain, bear in mind. ANTONYMS: standing, active. departure: (n, v) decease, demise; (n) (v) ignore, neglect, overlook. sluggard: (n) loafer, idler, slugabed, shrink: (adj, v) recoil; (n, v) flinch, slacker, layabout, lazybones; (n, v) exit, leave, deviation, divergence, wince; (v) contract, shorten, lessen, drone; (v) loiterer, lingerer, lag; (adj) depart, parting, aberration, passing, takeoff. ANTONYMS: (n) diminish, cower, reduce, quail, sluggish. decrease. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, tents: (n) encampment. appearance, conformity, greeting, ingress, influx, homecoming, enlarge, grow, stretch, swell, bloom,

174

Richard III

Like %high rear'd Bulwarkes, stand before our faces, (Richard except) those whom we fight against, Had rather have us win, then him they follow. For, what is he they follow? Truly Gentlemen, A bloody tyrant, and a Homicide: One rais'd in blood, and one in blood establish'd; One that made means to come by what he hath, And slaughter'd those that were the means to help him: A base foul Stone, made precious by the soil Of England’s Chair, where he is falsely set: One that hath ever beenGod’s Enemy. Then if you fight against God’s Enemy, God will in justice ward you as his Soldiers. If you do swear to put a tyrant down, You sleep in peace, the tyrant being slain: If you do fight against your Countrys Foes, Your Countrys Fat shall pay your pains the hyre. If you do fight in safegard of your wives, Your wives shall welcome home the Conquerors. If you do free your children from the Sword, Your childrens children quits it in your age. Then in the name of God and all these rights, Advance your standards, draw your willing Swords. For me, the ransome of my bold attempt, Shall be this cold Corpes on the earth's cold face. But if I thrive, the gain of my attempt, The least of you shall share his part thereof. Sound drums and Trumpets boldly, and cherfully, God, and Saint George, Richmond, and victory. [Enter King Richard, Ratcliffe, and Catesby.]

Thesaurus boldly: (adj, adv) courageously, erroneously, misleadingly, valiantly, heroically; (adv) fearlessly, deceitfully, unfaithfully, spuriously, fictitiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) daringly, bravely, intrepidly, impudently, audaciously, honestly, truthfully, faithfully, shamelessly, brashly. ANTONYMS: authentically, correctly, naturally, (adv) discreetly, modestly, nervously, rightly. quits: (n) quit, par, even, equal, hesitantly, shyly, fearfully, meekly, submissively, secretly, respectfully, abandon, leave, quittance, a wash. standards: (n) norm, moral code, diffidently. drums: (n) drumming. morality, morals, normalization, falsely: (adv) incorrectly, fraudulently, principles, religion, normalisation. ward: (n) charge, protection, custody, deceptively, dishonestly, wrongly,

care, quarter, neighborhood, district, defense, keep; (adj, v) shelter; (v) protect. willing: (adj, adv) disposed; (adj) spontaneous, voluntary, ready, amenable, inclined, prepared, enthusiastic, unforced, obliging; (adj, v) consenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, compulsory, disagreeable, unprepared, forced, unenthusiastic, unhelpful.

William Shakespeare

175

RICHARD. What %said Northumberland as touching Richmond? RATCLIFFE. That he was never trained up in arms RICHARD. He said the truth: and what said Surrey then? RATCLIFFE. He smil'd and said, the better for our purpose RICHARD. He was in the right, and so indeed it is. Tell the clock there. [Clock strikes.]Give me a calender: Who saw the sun today? RATCLIFFE.

Not I my Lord

RICHARD. Then he disdains to shine: for by the book He should have brau'd the East an hour ago, A black day will it be to somebody. Ratcliffe! RATCLIFFE. My Lord? RICHARD. The sun will not be seen today, The sky doth frown, and lower upon our Army. I would these dewy tears were from the ground. Not shine today? Why, what is that to me More then to Richmond? For the self-same Heaven That frowns on me, looks sadly upon him. [Enter NORFOLK.]

Thesaurus dewy: (adj) wet, dank, bedewed, humid, moist, damp, fresh, new, roric, undried, rorid. sadly: (adv) pitifully, dolefully, unfortunately, mournfully, sorrowfully, woefully, dejectedly, pathetically, wretchedly, forlornly; (adj, adv) seriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, contentedly, gladly, joyfully, fortunately, luckily, enthusiastically. self-same: (adj) uniform, twin.

shine: (n, v) light, sheen, flash, glitter, sparkle, polish, rub; (v) burnish, gleam, blaze; (n) radiance. tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily function, bodily process, body process, lacerations. touching: (adj, v) affecting; (adj) poignant, pitiful, pathetic, adjacent, adjoining, emotional; (n) touch, contact; (prep) concerning, about. ANTONYMS: (adj) unaffecting,

everyday, heartwarming, unmoving, heartbreaking, emotionless, unemotional, impassive. trained: (adj) experienced, skilled, capable, competent, expert, practiced, accustomed, educated, efficient, skillful, professional. ANTONYMS: (adj) inexpert, untaught, untutored, amateur, unqualified. upon: (adv, prep) above; (prep) up, onto, against, towards; (adv) on, on that occasion, then, before, by; (n) at.

176

Richard III

NORFOLK. Arm, arm, my Lord: the foe vaunts in the field RICHARD. Come, bustle, bustle. Caparison my horse. Call up Lord Stanley, bid him bring his power, I will lead forth my Soldiers to the plain, And thus my battle shall be ordred. My Foreward shall be drawn in length, Consisting equally of horse and Foot: Our Archers shall be placed in the mid'st; Iohn Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Earl of Surrey, Shall have the leading of the Foot and horse. They thus directed, we will follow In the main battle, whose puissance on either side Shall be well-winged with our chefest horse: This, and Saint George to boot. What think'st thou Norfolk NORFOLK. A good direction warlike soverign, This found I on my tent this Morning.% RICHARD. [Reads.] ”Jockey of Norfolk, be not so bold, For Dickon thy master is bought and sold” A thing devisèd by the Enemy. Go Gentlemen, every man to his Charge, Let not our babbling dreams affright our souls: For conscience is a word that cowards use, Devis’d at first to keep the strong in awe, Our strong arms be our conscience, Swords our law. March on, join bravely, let us too't pell mell,

Thesaurus affright: (v) frighten, scare, horrify, ANTONYMS: (adv) timidly, fearfully, directed: (adj) oriented, manageable, startle, terrorize, terrify, intimidate; execrably, nervously. destined, concentrating, intent, (n) dread, alarm, fear; (n, v) fright. bustle: (adj, n, v) hurry; (n, v) flurry, formal, absorbed, prescript, focussed; babbling: (adj) loquacious, telltale, ado, fuss, hustle; (adj, n) stir, (v) instruct; (adv) under. movement; (n) bother, commotion, placed: (adj) situated, laid, set, voluble, blatant, blathering, disorder; (adj, v) hasten. blithering, gabbling, garrulous, positioned, arranged, fixed, sited, jabbering; (n) stultiloquy, ANTONYMS: (n) inactivity, stillness, collocate, determined, dictated, idleness; (v) laziness, relaxation. stultiloquence. hardened. bravely: (adv) courageously, fearlessly, caparison: (v) bard, equip; (n) puissance: (n) power, might, potency, valiantly, boldly, intrepidly, trappings, housing, horsecloth, vigor, energy, strength, vigour, dauntlessly, gallantly, audaciously, accouterment, rigging, saddlery, authority, brawniness, lustiness, undauntedly, heroically, doughtily. slops, suit, toggery. hardness.

William Shakespeare

177

If %not to heaven, then hand in hand to hell. [His oration to his army.] What shall I say more then I have inferr'd? Remember whom you are to cope withall, A sort of vagabonds, rascals, and runaways, A scum of Brittanys, and base lackey peasants, Whom their o’er-cloyed Country vomits forth To desperate adventures, and assur'd Destruction. You sleeping safe, they bring you to unrest: You having Lands, and blest with beauteous wives, They would restrain the one, distain the other, And who doth lead them, but a paltry Fellow? Long kept in Britaine at our mothers cost, A milksop, one that never in his life Felt so much cold, as overshoes in snow: Let's whip these straglers o’er the seas again, Lash hence these over-weaning rags of France, These famish'd beggars, weary of their lives, Who (but for dreaming on this fond exploit) For want of means (poor Rats) had hang'd themselves. If we be conquered, let men conquer us, And not these bastard Bretons, whom our fathers Have in their own land beaten, bobb'd, and thump'd, And on record, left them the heirs of shame. Shall these enjoy our Lands? lie with our wives? Ravish our daughter’s? [Drum afar off] Hark, I hear their drum, right Gentlemen of England, fight boldly yeomen, Draw Archers draw your Arrowes to the head, Spur your proud horses hard, and ride in blood, Amaze the welkin with your broken staues.

Thesaurus afar: (adv) off, away, far away, splash; (v) discolor, contaminate, language. paltry: (adj, n) mean; (adj) distantly, beyond, Afar off, in the debase. distance, by far, apart; (adj) outlying, lackey: (n) flunkey, sycophant, butler, contemptible, measly, trifling, abject, far. ANTONYMS: (adv) close, nearby, attendant, bootlicker, toady, truckler, insignificant, inconsiderable, puny, near; (prep) within. little, trivial, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) waiter, servant, footman, flatterer. conquered: (adj) overcome, milksop: (n) weakling, baby, generous, substantial, plentiful, vanquished, overwhelmed, crushed, milquetoast, innocent, infant, child, enormous, important, profound. sop, fag; (adj) coistril, white liver, welkin: (n) sphere, empyrean, subdued, profligate, routed, overthrown, done for, under enemy nidget. firmament, heavens, sky, vault of control, baffled. ANTONYMS: (adj) oration: (n) discourse, harangue, heaven, celestial sphere, heaven, victorious, liberated. lecture, speech, declamation, homily, orbit, sphere of influence, surface. distain: (adj) pollute, leaven, maculate, tirade, say, recitation, oratory,

178

Richard III

[Enter a MESSENGER.] What says Lord Stanley, will he bring his power? MESSENGER. My Lord, he doth deny to come RICHARD. Off with his sonne Georges head NORFOLK. My Lord, the Enemy is past the Marsh: After the battle, let George Stanley die RICHARD. A thousand hearts are great within my bosom. Advance our standards, set upon our Foes, Our ancient word of courage, fair Saint George Inspire us with the spleen of fiery dragons: Upon them, victory sits on our helpes.% [Alarum, excursions. Enter CATESBY.] CATESBY. Rescue my Lord of Norfolk, rescue, rescue: The King enacts more wonders then a man, Daring an opposite to every danger: His horse is slain, and all on foot he fights, Seeking for Richmond in the throat of death: Rescue fair Lord, or else the day is lost. [Alarums.] [Enter RICHARD.] RICHARD. A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse CATESBY. Withdraw my Lord, I’ll help you to a horse

Thesaurus courage: (n) audacity, fortitude, boldness, nerve, spirit, backbone, valor, heroism, gallantry, mettle, chivalry. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, faintheartedness, weakness, wimpiness, yellowness. deny: (v) controvert, rebuff, contradict, disavow, gainsay, reject, oppose, refuse, disown, abnegate, renounce. ANTONYMS: (v) affirm, claim, acknowledge, declare, maintain, agree, spoil, accept, accede, allow,

argue. foot: (n) base, feet, foundation, footing, pes, paw, basis, leg, measure; (v) hoof, pay. ANTONYMS: (v) owe; (n) head. rescue: (n, v) release, ransom, salvage; (n) deliverance, delivery, relieve; (v) extricate, recover, free, save, redeem. ANTONYMS: (n) involvement, loss, abandonment, downfall; (n, v) capture; (v) endanger, lose, aggravate.

sits: (n) sat. spleen: (n) spite, anger, resentment, rage, lien, malice, bitterness, rancour, huff, grudge, rancor. ANTONYM: (n) affection. victory: (n) conquest, success, mastery, superiority, subjugation, win, laugher, achievement, checkmate, expugnation, fall. ANTONYMS: (n) defeat, loss, beating, failure, overthrow, forfeit.

William Shakespeare

179

RICHARD. Slave, I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the Die: I think there be sixe Richmonds in the field, Fiue have I slain today, in stead of him. A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse.% [Alarum, Enter RICHARD and RICHMOND, they fight, RICHARD is slain.] [Retreat, and Flourish. Enter RICHMOND, DERBY bearing the crown, with divers other Lords.] RICHMOND. God, and your arms be prais'd victorious friends; The day is ours, the bloody dog is dead STANLEY. Courageous Richmond, well hast thou acquit thee: Lo, here these long usurpd royaltys, From the dead temples of this bloody wretch, Have I pluck'd off, to grace thy browes withall. Wear it, and make much of it RICHMOND. Great God of Heaven, say Amen to all. But tell me, is Young George Stanley living? STANLEY. He is my Lord, and safe in Leicester Town, Whither (if you please) we may withdraw us RICHMOND. What men of name are slain on either side? STANLEY. Iohn Duke of Norfolk, Walter Lord Ferris, Sir Robert Brokenbury, and Sir William Brandon

Thesaurus arms: (n) armament, coat of arms, weaponry, ammunition, shield, ordnance, order, munition, hardware, blazon; (adj) armed. bearing: (n, v) demeanor; (n) manner, direction, deportment, conduct, attitude, aspect, approach, appearance, respect, air. ANTONYMS: (n) insignificance, irrelevance; (adj) nonbearing. either: (adj) whatever; (adv) too, also, neither, besides, likewise; (n) or; (det)

any; (conj) other. booth, attitude, base, pedestal; (n, v) hazard: (n, v) chance, venture, live, position; (adj, v) suffer, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) sit, lie, yield, forbid; endanger, peril, adventure, bet, wager; (n) danger, fortune, jeopardy, (n) top. accident. ANTONYMS: (n) safety, today: (adj, n) present; (adv) these security; (v) protect. days, currently, nowadays, presently, living: (adj) alive, live, extant, at present, right away, immediately; (n) modern times; (adj) modern, animated, active, fresh, animate, quick; (n) livelihood, life, being. recent. ANTONYM: (adv) yesterday. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate; (n) death, leisure. stand: (v) endure, undergo; (n) rack,

180

Richard III

RICHMOND. Inter %their Bodies, as become their births, Proclaime a pardon to the Soldiers fled, That in submission will return to us, And then as we have tane the Sacrament, We will unite the White Rose, and the Red. Smile Heaven upon this fair Coniunction, That long have frown'd upon their Enmity: What Traitor hears me, and says not Amen? England hath long beenmad, and scarr'd her self; The brother blindly shed the brother’s blood; The father, rashly slaughtered his own son; The son compell'd, beenButcher to the Sire; All this divided York and Lancaster, Divided, in their dire division. O now, let Richmond and Elizabeth, The true Succeeders of each royal House, By God’s fair ordinance, conjoin together: And let thy heirs (God if thy will be so) Enrich the time to come, with Smooth-fac'd peace, With smiling Plenty, and fair Prosperous days. Abate the edge of Traitors, Gracious Lord, That would reduce these bloody days again, And make poor England weep in streams of blood; Let them not live to taste this Lands increase, That would with Treason, wound this fair Lands peace. Now civil wounds are stopp'd, peace lives agen; That she may long live here, God say, Amen. [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus blindly: (adv) darkly, dimly, terrible, formidable, awesome, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, blindfoldly, purblindly, obscurely, shocking, calamitous. ANTONYMS: deference, entry, presentation, conformity; (adj, n) resignation, heedlessly, unreasoningly, blindfold, (adj) wonderful, fortuitous, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n) unsightedly, inconsiderately, unimportant, trivial, propitious, ignorantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) insignificant, fortunate, harmless, defiance, divergence, disobedience. unite: (v) associate, meet, connect, sensibly, carefully, considerately, favorable, modest, praiseworthy. hears: (v) hear. purposely. link, blend, join, coalesce, unify, tie, conjoin: (v) couple, join, marry, ordinance: (n) command, edict, order, amalgamate; (adj, v) fuse. ANTONYMS: (v) divide, cut, append, combine, associate, yoke, law, act, observance, regulation, attach, unite, weld, link. institution, institute, enactment, disband, disconnect, diverge, dire: (adj) awful, desperate, direful, ceremony. segregate, split, undo, unpick. submission: (n) compliance, dreadful, appalling, forbidding,

William Shakespeare

181

GLOSSARY abase: (v) humble, humiliate, mortify, sink, demean, depress, shame, reduce; (n, v) disgrace; (adj, v) debase; (adj) snub abortive: (adj) fruitless, useless, futile, unsuccessful, vain, ineffective, disastrous, idle, rudimental, embryonic, premature. ANTONYMS: (adj) successful, complete, productive, fruitful, efficient, effectual, consummated, effective abroad: (adj, adv) overseas, away; (adv) afield, forth, beyond seas, yonder, farther, at large, further; (adj) foreign, out. ANTONYMS: (adj) remaining, nearby absence: (n) absenteeism, deficiency, lack, default, dearth, want, nonattendance, scarcity, paucity, shortage, privation. ANTONYMS: (n) attendance, existence, fulfillment, inclusion, occurrence, abundance, glut, confirmation, supply, excess abstract: (adj) theoretical; (n) abridgement, epitome, summary, abridgment, precis; (v) abridge, filch, purloin; (n, v) digest, extract. ANTONYMS: (adj) concrete, real, literal, material, physical, specific, objective; (v) expand, lengthen, strengthen, insert accent: (v) emphasize, emphasise, punctuate, accentuate; (n) dialect, emphasis, idiom, importance, speech, articulation, pronunciation. ANTONYMS: (v) attenuate, downplay, hide, ignore, lessen, minimize, slight accept: (v) acknowledge, take, admit, recognize, yield, abide, accede, acquiesce, adopt, believe, assume. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, reject, deny, snub, renounce, oppose, resist, disbelieve, dispute, repudiate, quibble

accessary: (n) accessory, abettor, abetter, accomplice, crook, felon, outlaw, malefactor, criminal, confederate, supplement accident: (n) casualty, crash, coincidence, fortune, smash, incident, hazard, hap, luck, event, fortuity. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, design, intention, intent, calculation account: (n) narrative, score, tale, reckoning, narration, description, tally, tab, reason; (n, v) regard, report accursed: (adj) execrable, abominable, detestable, accurst, hateful, damned, damnable, maledict, blasted; (v) atrocious, stranded accurst: (adj) cursed, execrable, maledict, curst accuse: (v) charge, incriminate, arraign, denounce, defame, criminate, indict, fault, betray, condemn, inculpate. ANTONYMS: (v) absolve, exculpate, exonerate, praise, support, clear acquaint: (v) inform, familiarize, tell, advise, present, introduce, warn, bring out, report, accustom, communicate. ANTONYMS: (v) hide, mislead, misrepresent, withhold, falsify, conceal acquainted: (adj) knowledgeable, informed, aware, cognizant, conversant, hand and glove, intimate, thick; (adv) abreast; (v) inform, acquaint acquit: (adj, v) release; (v) exculpate, exonerate, discharge, excuse, clear, pardon, free, conduct, forgive, vindicate. ANTONYMS: (v) condemn, damn, censure, blame, sentence acquittance: (n) release, absolution, redemption, extrication, voucher, repayment; (v) discharge, quittance, absolve; (n, v) dismission, vent action: (n, v) achievement, deed; (n)

battle, play, performance, movement, accomplishment, agency, activity, fight, effect. ANTONYMS: (n) inaction, inactivity, inactiveness, ambush, stillness adieu: (int, n) farewell; (n) vale, valediction, goodbye, leave, cheerio, adios, bye, so long, parting; (int) bon voyage. ANTONYM: (n) greeting admit: (n, v) allow; (adj, v) acknowledge; (v) concede, accede, grant, affirm, confess, include, permit, take, welcome. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, exclude, bar, dispute, gainsay, withhold, refuse, oust, hide, eject, dismiss admitted: (v) admitting, understood, of course; (adj) acknowledged, undisputed, known, orthodox adulterate: (v) doctor, dilute, defile, corrupt, pollute, weaken, sophisticate, pervert, falsify; (adj, v) alloy; (adj) spurious. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) clean; (v) purify, concentrate, refine, filter, cleanse, baptize, clarify; (adj) moral, virtuous advancement: (n, v) advance; (n) promotion, furtherance, upgrade, growth, development, cultivation, progression, improvement, progress, elevation. ANTONYMS: (n) reverse, downgrade, retreat, demotion advantage: (n) privilege, behalf, profit, good, preponderance, account, lead, virtue, expediency, perk; (n, v) boot. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disadvantage; (n) drawback, difficulty, detriment, hindrance, minus, restriction, obstacle, loss, inferiority, inconvenience adventures: (n) experiences, fortunes, confessions, journal, life, biography, autobiography, personal narrative adverse: (adj) unfavorable, contrary, untoward, hostile, harmful,

182 adversary, repugnant, counter, pernicious, noisome; (adj, n) opposite. ANTONYMS: (adj) helpful, fortunate, aiding, beneficial, positive, advantageous, agreeable, desirable, pleasant, harmless afar: (adv) off, away, far away, distantly, beyond, Afar off, in the distance, by far, apart; (adj) outlying, far. ANTONYMS: (adv) close, nearby, near; (prep) within affected: (adj) unnatural, pretentious, stilted, pompous, pedantic, studied, feigned, pretended, factitious, exaggerated, strained. ANTONYMS: (adj) unchanged, natural, genuine, calm, modest, unswayed, untouched, untroubled, unmoved; (adv) modestly afflict: (n, v) pain, distress; (v) trouble, grieve, torment, hurt, strike, aggrieve, smite, bother, disturb. ANTONYMS: (v) aid, comfort, encourage, help, soothe afford: (v) offer, yield, provide, give, supply, get, furnish, impart, deliver, originate, sustain. ANTONYM: (v) withhold affright: (v) frighten, scare, horrify, startle, terrorize, terrify, intimidate; (n) dread, alarm, fear; (n, v) fright affrighted: (adj) frightful, eery; (prep) affright afraid: (adj) fearful, timid, shy, apprehensive, anxious, worried, scared, frightened, nervous, terrified; (adj, adv) cowardly. ANTONYMS: (adj) brave, venturesome, calm, confident, cool, courageous, eager, unafraid, valiant, bold, carefree afterward: (adv, conj) then, after that; (adv) thereafter, afterwards, later, subsequently, later on, next, soon; (adj) following; (n) future. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, previously, before afterwards: (adv) afterward, subsequently, later, thereafter, later on, next, behind, thereupon; (adj) following, subsequent; (n) termination again: (adv) more, then, repeatedly, anew, encore, furthermore, yet, also, often, once again, once more against: (adj, adv) counter; (prep) toward, versus, from; (pref) by; (v) oppose; (adv, prep) on; (n) opposition; (adj) unwilling, repugnant; (adv) athwart. ANTONYMS: (prep) for; (adj) eager aged: (adj) senile, elderly, older,

Richard III hoary, ripe, venerable, ancient, senior, decrepit, antique, antiquated. ANTONYMS: (adj) youthful, new, fresh, green, unripe, unseasoned, smooth ages: (n) time out of mind, time immemorial, coon's age, blue moon, month of Sundays agony: (n) torture, suffering, torment, distress, misery, passion, pain, grief, pang, sorrow, throe. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, joy, euphoria, bliss, happiness, ecstasy, peace, content airy: (adj) light, windy, aery, aerial, ethereal, insubstantial, sprightly, perky, volatile, aeriform, aired. ANTONYMS: (adj) airless, hot, massive, wooden, weighty, substantial, stifling, sluggish, ponderous, musty, lumbering alacrity: (n) rapidity, speed, promptness, activity, preparedness, velocity, haste, swiftness, quickness, expedition; (adj) life. ANTONYMS: (n) aversion, reservation, reluctance, indifference, hesitance, dullness, disinclination, apathy, tardiness, delay alarum: (n) alarm, alert, bell, alarm bell, alarm-bell, alerts, beat of drum, cry, sound of trumpet, signaling, signal of distress alas: (adv) unluckily, regrettably, sadly, unhappily, sorry to say; (n) oh; (int) lackaday. ANTONYM: (adv) luckily alive: (adj) live, vivacious, living, sensible, delicate, snappy, animated, lively, spry, responsive; (n) life. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, inanimate, unanimated, dispirited, dull, inactive, lethargic, lifeless, listless, nonfunctioning, sluggish alliance: (n) connection, confederacy, combination, affinity, association, union, merger, organization, society, affiliation, coalition. ANTONYMS: (n) nonalignment, antagonism, divergence, discord, hostility, animosity almost: (adj, adv, prep) about; (adj, adv) nearly, all but, near, nigh; (adv, prep) just about, approximately; (adv) just, mostly, virtually, most. ANTONYMS: (adv) surely, exactly, definitely, certainly aloft: (adj, adv) overhead; (adv) up, on high, over, aloof, upwards, uphill, above ground; (prep) upon; (adj) eminent, lofty alone: (adj) forlorn, individual, lonely, lonesome; (adj, adv) only,

apart; (adv) solely, entirely, exclusively, separately, individually. ANTONYMS: (adj) overshadowed, ordinary, mobbed, equaled, crowded, accompanied, common, grouped, surpassed; (adv) jointly; (n) foe along: (adv) ahead, alongside, forwards, forth, throughout, lengthwise, onward, before; (prep) beside, from; (n) at. ANTONYMS: (adv) across, separate, apart, far aloud: (adv) loud, out loud, strong, out, audibly, hard, forte. ANTONYMS: (adv) softly, inaudibly, quietly already: (adv) beforehand, previously, before, formerly, even now, just now, at present, once, heretofore, yet, in advance although: (adv, prep) notwithstanding; (prep) in spite of, even though, however; (adv, conj) though; (conj) whereas; (adv) even, tho, when, anyway, tho' altogether: (adv) absolutely, all, wholly, perfectly, purely, all in all, completely, entirely, totally, simply, ensemble. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompletely, partially ambition: (n) aim, hope, goal, drive, ambitiousness, wish, dream, purpose, target, objective, intention. ANTONYMS: (n) satisfaction, contentment, sloth, laziness, lethargy amen: (adj) right, correct; (n) Amon; (adv) positively, yes amend: (adj, v) improve; (v) ameliorate, rectify, better, fix, reform, alter, correct, emend, revise, redress. ANTONYMS: (v) corrupt, damage, debase, impair, reduce, mar, blemish, maintain, leave amendment: (n) alteration, betterment, redress, improvement, revision, addition, supplement, addendum, appendix, transformation, adjustment amends: (n) atonement, compensation, recompense, satisfaction, redress, damages, reprisal, indemnity, requital; (n, v) restitution, restoration amity: (n) friendship, concord, companionship, benevolence, peace, harmony, friendliness, brotherhood, fellowship, sympathy, camaraderie. ANTONYMS: (n) hostility, discord, antagonism, war, animosity among: (prep) between, amidst, mid, in, amongst, in the middle of, inter,

William Shakespeare in the midst of, with, within, middle. ANTONYM: (prep) outside amorous: (adj) amatory, romantic, amative, affectionate, passionate, fond, warm, ardent, erotic, tender, impassioned. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, hateful, repulsed, unfriendly, cool ample: (adj) abundant, big, broad, copious, large, plentiful, heavy, liberal, roomy, affluent, considerable. ANTONYMS: (adj) small, meager, insufficient, scarce, sparse, scant, cramped, narrow, partial, sketchy, slender ancient: (adj) old, obsolete, antiquated, former, past, archaic, antique, primitive, bygone, hoary; (adj, n) elder. ANTONYMS: (adj) contemporary, young, recent, fresh, new, present, youthful, current angry: (adj) anger, furious, provoked, incensed, vehement, fierce, irate, raging, maddened, shirty, indignation. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, gentle, joyful, content, euphoric, mild, happy, resigned, joyous, gleeful, quiet anon: (adv) directly, immediately, early, readily, soon, instantly, again, forthwith, promptly, shortly, rath another: (adj) second, more, alternative, additional, new, further, fresh, extra; (adj, v) other; (adj, pron) some other; (n) the other. ANTONYMS: (n, pron) same answer: (n, v) respond, retort; (v) counter, serve, resolve, acknowledge, correspond; (n) solution, defence, return, reaction. ANTONYMS: (n, v) question; (v) ask, differ, fail, ignore; (n) request, problem, invitation, poison apart: (adj, adv) aloof; (adv) aside, asunder, especially; (adj) alone, distant, detached, isolated, only; (adj, v) separate; (v) segregate. ANTONYMS: (adv) adjoining, near, surrounded; (adj) connected, nearby apish: (v) aping, mimicking; (adj) apelike, foppish, foolish, anthropoid, anthropoidal, mock, mannered, imitative apostle: (n) disciple, follower, propagandist, believer, missionary, adherent, advocate, proselyte, saint, munshi, messenger. ANTONYM: (n) opponent apparent: (adj, adv) visible; (adj) discernible, patent, plain, open, obvious, ostensible, clear, definite, evident, perceptible. ANTONYMS:

(adj) unclear, real, obscure, mysterious, hidden, ambiguous, unlikely, questionable, uncertain, imperceptible, doubtful appearing: (adj) seeming, beseen, emergent, accomplished; (n) coming into court; (prep) liking; (adj, adv) prima facie appears: (n) appearing appease: (n, v) allay, alleviate; (adj, v) pacify, still; (v) placate, quiet, conciliate, calm, mollify, abate, reconcile. ANTONYMS: (v) provoke, annoy, antagonize, enrage, exacerbate, excite, irritate, intensify appetite: (n, v) desire; (n) appetence, appetency, relish, inclination, stomach, taste, thirst, passion, liking, gusto. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, repulsion, revulsion, apathy, distaste applause: (n, v) acclaim, praise; (n) admiration, approval, eulogy, compliment, plaudit, commendation, clapping, clap, ovation. ANTONYMS: (n) disapproval, Boos, booing, denigration, hisses, hissing, rejection, condemnation, criticism, jeering aptly: (adv) fitly, appropriately, adroitly, appositely, fittingly, properly, readily, felicitously, handily, ably, pronely. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompetently, unsuitably arch: (n, v) curve, bow, bend; (n) dome, curvature, acute; (adj) wily, shrewd, sly; (v) vault; (adj, n, v) round. ANTONYMS: (adj) smallest, petty, modest, minor, frank, least, lesser, inferior, forthright, guileless, humble archbishop: (adj, n) primate; (n) metropolitan, bishop, prelate, elder, eminence, clergyman, becket, reverence, minister argues: (v) argue armed: (n) arms, arming; (adj, v) armed to the teeth; (adj) equipped, military, fitted, aggressive, prepared, violent, forcible, weaponed. ANTONYMS: (adj) unarmed, unprotected, armless, unprepared, peaceful armour: (n) armature, buckler, armour plate, cataphract arms: (n) armament, coat of arms, weaponry, ammunition, shield, ordnance, order, munition, hardware, blazon; (adj) armed army: (n) troop, host, armed forces,

183 battery, swarm, navy, multitude, force, flock; (adj, n) military; (adj) array arrogance: (n) haughtiness, disdain, conceit, presumption, audacity, vanity, arrogancy, conceitedness, arrogant, condescension, imperiousness. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, timidity, humbleness, diffidence, respect ascend: (n, v) mount; (v) arise, scale, uprise, climb, go up, come up, increase, elevate; (n) ascending, ascent. ANTONYMS: (v) descend, drop, decline, fall, lower, set, sink ashes: (n) dust, cinders, remains, cinder, clay, earth, embers, clinker; (adj) scoriae, mother, precipitate ashore: (adv, pron) aground; (adj) beached, stranded; (adv) aland, on land, onto land, toward land aside: (adv) apart, away, beside, alongside, in reserve, off, abreast; (adj, adv) by; (n) digression, divagation, parenthesis. ANTONYMS: (adv) erectly, uprightly, vertically asleep: (adj) sleeping, deceased, sleepy, dormant, numb, dead, sound asleep, snoozing, slumbering, napping, gone. ANTONYMS: (adj) up, attentive, alert, conscious aspects: (adj) moods, features aspiring: (adj) aspirant, wishful, enterprising, envious, desirous, coming; (v) aspire, vaulting. ANTONYM: (adj) desperate assistance: (n) support, relief, boost, encouragement, remedy, help, service, hand, backing; (n, v) assist; (v) succor. ANTONYMS: (n) impediment, impeding, obstruction, detriment, disservice, meanness, opposition assistants: (n) cabinet assurance: (n) confidence, guarantee, belief, pledge, security, promise, sureness, poise, conviction, nerve, warrant. ANTONYMS: (n) doubt, uncertainty, mistrust, lie, fiction, awkwardness, timidity, clumsiness assured: (adj, v) certain, sure; (adj) confident, guaranteed, positive, definite, assertive, confirmed, convinced, reliable, safe. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncertain, doubtful, unsure, troubled, timid, questionable, hesitant, confused, halting, unlikely attainder: (n) cancellation, attainture, civil death, attaintment; (adj) taint attempts: (adj) trying

184 attend: (n, v) tend, escort, nurse, conduct; (v) assist, serve, minister, aid, look, partake, follow. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, leave, ignore, disregard, desert, abandon attendance: (n) appearance, turnout, audience, attending, being there, hearing, tendance, retinue, attention, contribution, ministry. ANTONYM: (n) nonattendance attendant: (n) companion, follower, assistant, escort, subordinate, employee, guide, varlet; (adj) accompanying, concomitant, incidental. ANTONYMS: (n) superior, boss; (adj) absent, unrelated, significant attendants: (n) entourage, followers, retinue, tendance, persons present, suite attended: (adj) attent, fraught, tended to attorney: (n) advocate, counsel, counselor, agent, legal representative, barrister, counsellor, solicitor, factor, prosecutor, ambulance chaser attorneys: (n) lawyers, bar aunt: (n) uncle, auntie, aunty, father's younger brother's wife, father's older brother's wife, mother's sister, kinswoman, nephew, niece, paternal aunt, maternal uncle's wife avoid: (v) shun, parry, avert, escape, evade, ward off, duck, circumvent, prevent, ignore; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) associate, tackle, face, validate, participate, invite, seek, embrace, court, permit, encourage avoided: (adj) unpopular awake: (v) wake, awaken, realize, waken; (adj) alive, alert, attentive, conscious, keen, intelligent; (adj, v) broad awake. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconscious, sleeping, comatose, sleepy, relaxed; (v) deaden, lull, sleep away: (adj, adv) abroad, absent; (adj, adv, int) out; (adj) distant; (adv) aside, aloof, afar, way, by, forth; (adv, int) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) adjacent, neighboring, nearby, near, close; (adv) intermittently, haltingly, discontinuously, in aweless: (adj) dauntless, awless, dreadless, fearless, disrespectful, unabashed, brazen, unawed, irreverent, audacious, shameless babbling: (adj) loquacious, telltale, voluble, blatant, blathering, blithering, gabbling, garrulous,

Richard III jabbering; (n) stultiloquy, stultiloquence babes: (n) babies, babe babies: (n) children, babes, babe, babying, offspring bachelor: (adj) single, unmarried, unattached; (n) unmarried man, graduate, knight bachelor, widower, old bachelor, spinster, adult male, agamist. ANTONYMS: (adj) married; (n) husband bade: (v) bid, command, bad balm: (n) salve, unguent, incense, perfume, aroma, unction, liniment, balsam, arnica, lotion, fragrance. ANTONYMS: (n) irritant, nuisance barbed: (adj) mordant, thorny, sharp, pungent, caustic, spiny, cutting, acrid, spiteful, acid; (v) barded. ANTONYM: (adj) smooth bard: (n) minstrel, muse; (v) beautify, decorate, embellish; (adj) lyrist, scald, skald, troubadour, trouvere, barred bare: (adj) naked, austere, bald, stark, bleak, exposed, desolate, plain; (adj, v) empty, vacant; (v) show. ANTONYMS: (adj) cultivated, ornate, concealed, elaborate, adorned, decorated, dressed, clothed, embellished; (v) cover, conceal bark: (n, v) skin, yelp, snarl, cry, rind, shout; (v) growl, roar; (n) bay, peel, crust. ANTONYMS: (n, v) whisper barkley: (n) Alben William Barkley barn: (n) outhouse, shed, cowshed, cowhouse, stable, bawn, grange, byre, godown, granary, storehouse bars: (n) grinding media, gymnastics, parallel bars base: (adj) abject, mean, dishonorable, low, vile, ignoble, bad, contemptible; (n) foundation; (n, v) ground; (v) found. ANTONYMS: (n) top, summit, frill, ceiling, apex; (adj) noble, honest, good, principled, grand, pleasant bastard: (adj, n) illegitimate, fake; (adj) spurious, phony, misbegotten, bastardly, adulterine, impure; (n) whoreson, love child, illegitimate child. ANTONYM: (adj) fathered bastardy: (n) bar sinister, status, position, love child, bastardism battalia: (n, v) battalion; (v) battle; (n) corps d'armee, division, host, army battle: (n, v) fight, struggle, combat, contest, war, conflict, clash, brawl; (v) wrestle; (n) fighting, warfare. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, agreement, truce, concord, armistice, accord,

surrender beads: (n) pearls, chaplet, censer, pax, patera, host, cross, pyx, reliquary, rood, thurible bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull bearing: (n, v) demeanor; (n) manner, direction, deportment, conduct, attitude, aspect, approach, appearance, respect, air. ANTONYMS: (n) insignificance, irrelevance; (adj) nonbearing bears: (n) fissiped, badgers, Carnivora, order Carnivora beast: (n) animal, monster, swine, fiend, creature, scavenger, savage, critter, animate being, barbarian; (adj) bear. ANTONYM: (n) man beastly: (adj) animal, disgusting, horrid, bestial, brute; (adj, v) nasty, abominable, offensive; (adv) ugly, brutally, brutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) civilized, cultured, kind, good, refined, humane, inoffensive; (adj) lovely, pleasant beat: (n, v) pulse, throb, tick, flap, knock; (v) batter, whip, trounce, pulsate, bat; (n) round. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, help, divide, cede, aid, separate, surrender; (adj) invigorated, energized; (n) caress, pat beaten: (adj) overpowered, routed, conquered, overcome, prostrate, frothy, trounced, worsted; (v) beat, lose, fail. ANTONYMS: (adj) heartened, uplifted, triumphant, encouraged, loose beauteous: (adj) pretty, lovely, fair, comely, good-looking, handsome, stunning beauty: (n) attractiveness, beaut, charm, pulchritude, loveliness, exquisiteness, grace, grandeur, looker, good looks; (adj) beautiful. ANTONYMS: (n) hag, plainness, shortcoming, flaw, witch, dog, disadvantage, detraction, repulsiveness, eyesore, awkwardness become: (v) grow, suit, be, match, come about, arise, get, sit, to become, fall; (adj) becoming. ANTONYMS: (v) halt, stay, lower, stop, reduce, clash befall: (v) bechance, become, happen, fall, arise, come about, occur, betide, chance, transpire, pass

William Shakespeare before: (adv) ahead, ago, in front, previously, already, forth; (adv, prep) fore, afore; (adj) preceding, prior; (adj, adv) earlier. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) later, behind, afterward, after; (adv) subsequently, ahead; (adj) subsequent began: (v) Gan beget: (v) father, engender, generate, get, produce, procreate, create, sire, cause, breed, bring about. ANTONYMS: (v) extinguish, destroy beggar: (n) mendicant, mumper, pauper, tramp, sponger, joker, poor man, cadger, bloke; (v) beg, pauperize. ANTONYM: (n) giver beggarly: (adj) base, mean, shabby, sorry, miserable, poor, humble, pitiable, ignoble; (adj, n) scrubby, vile begging: (n) mendicancy, request, plea; (v) asking, beg; (adj) beseeching, entreating, mendicant, imploring, suppliant, vagabond begin: (v) commence, arise, initiate, become, enter, rise, originate, undertake, create, dawn, set out. ANTONYMS: (v) end, stop, cease, terminate, die, delay, complete, conclude behalf: (n) sake, part, interest, behoof, defense, lieu, good, stead, score, service, side beheaded: (adj) headless behind: (adj, n) back, rear; (adj, adv) backward, late; (adv) backwards, later, aback, beyond; (n) backside, can; (prep) abaft. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early; (adv) fore; (adj) prompt behold: (v) see, view, contemplate, regard, perceive, observe, look, consider, discern, descry, watch. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, disregard, ignore, overlook beholding: (n) fusion, seeing, visual perception, look belch: (n, v) burp; (v) vomit, erupt, eruct, spew, eructate, emit, irrupt; (n) eructation, belching, reflex believe: (n) belief, believing; (v) assume, conceive, consider, reckon, guess, accredit, to believe, understand; (n, v) trust. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, doubt, question, suspect, reject, discredit, deny, despair belike: (adv) probably, likely, presumably, perhaps, believably, in all probability bend: (n, v) bow, turn, arch, arc,

crook, twist, elbow; (adj, n, v) curve; (v) stoop, crouch; (adj, v) flex. ANTONYMS: (n, v) square; (v) align, unbend, leave bending: (n) bow, bend, deflection, deflexion, refraction, flexure, crook; (adj) flexible, supple, winding, pliant. ANTONYM: (adj) stiff benefit: (n, v) aid, assist, profit, avail, help, gain, favor; (n) good, assistance, service, interest. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, drawback, ill, detriment, hindrance; (n, v) harm; (v) hinder, hurt, injure, impair, disfavor bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent bereft: (adj, v) cut off; (adj) destitute, devoid, forlorn, void, deprived, lovelorn, grieving, deserted, insufficient; (v) reft. ANTONYMS: (adj) fulfilled, supplied, happy, consoled, satisfied beseech: (v) beg, crave, implore, ask, request, adjure, pray, sue, appeal, solicit, plead. ANTONYMS: (v) give, offer, grant, reject best: (adj, n) supreme, most, elite; (adj) superior, great, leading, choice, superlative; (v) beat, outdo; (adj, n, v) top. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) worst; (v) lose, surrender; (adj) minimum, lowest, least, inferior, incorrect, fewest; (n) loser; (adv) insincerely bethink: (v) recollect, mull, remind, recall, think, reflect, ponder, speculate, ruminate, consider, contemplate betide: (v) bechance, come, become, transpire, occur, happen, develop, arise, be, rise, break betimes: (adv) early, soon, anon, rath, betime, ahead of time, rathe betray: (v) deceive, bewray, sell, grass, dupe, reveal, mislead, disclose, accuse, befool, bamboozle. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, undeceive, hide, defend, withhold better: (adj, v) improve, mend; (adj, adv, v) best; (v) recover, ameliorate, emend, reform, advance, enhance, surpass; (n) bettor. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) worse; (adj, n) inferior; (v) worsen, deteriorate; (adj) lesser, lower, tinier, ill, unhealthy, smaller, sicker betwixt: (n) midst; (prep) among,

185 amid; (adv) atwixt beware: (v) look out, caution, be careful, guard, pay attention, take care, watch out, mind, keep, care, careful. ANTONYMS: (v) risk, disregard, invite billows: (n) great waters, high seas, offing, watery waste, brine, vapors, clouds, smoke, sea, ocean, main bind: (adj, v) attach, fix, fasten, affix; (n) band; (v) bandage, lace, fetter, bundle, truss, combine. ANTONYMS: (v) untie, unbind, free, unfasten, unravel, permit, loosen, loose, let; (n, v) release; (n) pleasure birth: (n) beginning, genesis, ancestry, descent, extraction, start, onset, parentage, origin; (v) delivery; (n, v) parturition. ANTONYMS: (n) death, bereavement, ending, finale, finish, passing, end, decease, conclusion, demise bishop: (n) pontiff, primate, chessman, prelate, minister, metropolitan, Martin, lord; (v) wassail, flip, punch biting: (adj, v) acute, acrid, sarcastic, sharp, acrimonious, pungent, severe, cutting; (adj) acid, bitter, barbed. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, blunt, kind, bland, nice, soothing, sweet, hot, complimentary, faint, sympathetic bitter: (adj, v) acrimonious, acrid; (adj) sharp, acid, malicious, caustic, virulent, sour, resentful, keen, acerbic. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, charitable, hot, sugary, kind, wonderful, warm, pleasant, nice, agreeable, gentle bitterly: (adv) bitingly, sourly, fiercely, cruelly, caustically, harshly, poignantly, piercingly, cuttingly, rancorously, acrimoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmoniously, sweetly, warmly, gladly, agreeably, kindly, friendly bitterness: (n) acerbity, animosity, gall, malice, resentment, enmity, acridity, acidity, bitter, rancor, sharpness. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, happiness, harmony, kindness, blandness, friendliness, goodwill, idealism, affection black: (adj) sable, dark, ebony, colored, bleak, dirty, evil, nigger, darkie, unclean; (adj, n) blackamoor. ANTONYMS: (v) whiten; (adj) spotless, snowy, saintly, pale, optimistic, merry, light, angelic,

186 ivory, bright blame: (v) arraign, chide; (n, v) reprimand, censure, attack, charge, reproach, rap, rebuke, fault; (n) onus. ANTONYMS: (n, v) praise; (v) absolve, exonerate, commend, clear, acquit; (n) vindication, exoneration, honor, absolution, glory blasted: (adj) cursed, infernal, damned, goddamn, darned, damn, goddamned, blessed, deuced, blame, blamed bleed: (v) run, ooze, phlebotomize, leak, percolate, shed blood, trickle, hemorrhage, fleece; (n) ache, smart bleeding: (adj) bloody, gory, blasted; (n) haemorrhage, bloodletting, runout, cupping, leeches, venesection, phlebotomy; (v) bleed blemish: (n, v) stain, scar, flaw, blot, slur; (n) defect, stigma, fault; (v) deface; (adj, n) imperfection; (adj, v) disfigure. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, beautify, embellish, improve; (n) perfection, enhancement blemished: (adj) faulty, tainted, stained, spotted, covered, patterned, speckled, stippled, marked, imperfect, flawed. ANTONYMS: (adj) unspoiled, plain, flawless, smooth bless: (v) consecrate, celebrate, sanctify, anoint, eulogize, sign, praise, keep, grant, glorify; (n) blessing. ANTONYMS: (v) curse, condemn, disapprove, damn, disallow, deny blessing: (n) benediction, approval, mercy, felicity, benison, benefit, luck, advantage, boon, bless, godsend. ANTONYMS: (n) curse, misfortune, disaster, condemnation, adversity, desecration, refusal, veto, disadvantage blessings: (n) blessing, godsend blest: (adj) blessed, fortunate, beatified, blissful, blame, blasted, blamed, golden, glorious, favored blind: (n) curtain, shutter, veil, drape, awning, trick; (v) bedazzle, dazzle, daze; (adj) sightless; (adj, v) obscure. ANTONYMS: (adj) sighted, uncovered, understanding, sharp, seeing, revealed, quick, perceptive, open, controlled, cautious blindly: (adv) darkly, dimly, blindfoldly, purblindly, obscurely, heedlessly, unreasoningly, blindfold, unsightedly, inconsiderately, ignorantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) sensibly,

Richard III carefully, considerately, purposely block: (n, v) arrest, barricade, stop, clog; (n) pad; (v) hinder, plug, encumber, lock, obstruct; (adj, n) lump. ANTONYMS: (v) free, unblock, open, remember, unclog, clear, release, promote, help, encourage; (n) opening blood: (n) birth, gore, nature, origin, kindred, lineage, descent, family, beau, pedigree; (adj) juice bloodily: (adv) gorily, murderously, sanguinarily, savagely, bloodstainedly, sanguinely, crimsonly, ferociously, bleedingly, bloodthirstily, redly bloodless: (adj) white, livid, dead, pale, pasty, wan, exsanguine, blanched, anaemic, ghastly, watery. ANTONYMS: (adj) robust, sanguine, rosy, bloody, florid, caring, lively bloody: (adj) brutal, bleeding, ruddy, bloodthirsty, sanguineous, sanguine, savage, bloodstained, damned, raw; (adv) damn. ANTONYMS: (adj) easy, soft blow: (n) beat, knock, shock, wallop, gust, jolt; (adj, n, v) gasp, puff; (n, v) blast, slap; (v) squander. ANTONYMS: (n, v) calm; (v) save, conserve, store, stillness, inhale, come, arrive; (n) luck, comfort, caress blunt: (adj, v) dull, deaden; (adj) bluff, plain, direct, forthright, frank, candid, outspoken, round, abrupt. ANTONYMS: (v) hone, sharpen, point, accentuate, needle; (adj) devious, pointed, thoughtful, polite, guarded, gentle bluntly: (adv) frankly, directly, rudely, bluffly, coarsely, forthrightly, candidly, curtly, brusquely, gruffly, openly. ANTONYMS: (adv) deceitfully, hesitantly, indirectly, guardedly, politely blush: (n, v) glow, color; (v) redden, crimson; (n) red, bloom, rosiness, ruddiness, redness; (adj) bashful; (adv) blushingly. ANTONYMS: (v) blanch, pale, blench; (n) paleness blushing: (adj) rosy, coy, blushful, flushed, red, shy, bashful, overmodest, ruddy; (adv) blushingly, ablush. ANTONYM: (adj) pale boar: (n) pig, swine, dog, wild boar, hog, Sus scrofa, entire horse, stallion, sow, horse, hart bodies: (n) people, public

boding: (n) presentiment, premonition, foreboding, portent, augury, forewarning, hunch, apprehensiveness, apprehension body: (n) cadaver, corpse, organization, cluster, set, carcass, figure, consistency, aggregate, association; (adj, n) mass. ANTONYMS: (n) handful, mind, minority, soul, few bold: (adj) adventurous, audacious, manly, arrogant, intrepid, fearless, spirited, heroic, daring, courageous, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) timid, modest, afraid, meek, shy, light, courteous, discreet, faint, fearful, abashed boldly: (adj, adv) courageously, valiantly, heroically; (adv) fearlessly, daringly, bravely, intrepidly, impudently, audaciously, shamelessly, brashly. ANTONYMS: (adv) discreetly, modestly, nervously, hesitantly, shyly, fearfully, meekly, submissively, secretly, respectfully, diffidently boldness: (n) prowess, face, daring, valor, nerve, assurance, heroism, audaciousness, spirit, cheek, valour. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, shyness, timidity, meekness, reticence bond: (n) association, alliance, deed, agreement, bail, attachment, joint; (v) bind; (n, v) cement, band, link. ANTONYMS: (v) unstick, open, unfasten, loosen, disconnect, clash; (n) separation, divorce bones: (n) bone, frame, corpse, dry bones, framework, maraca, physician, finger cymbals, tymbal, wreck, timbrel bonny: (adj) fine, comely, bonnie, lovely, neat, beautiful, bunny, Idzo, pleasant, dainty, becoming book: (v) order, reserve, inscribe, apply, write; (n) account book, pamphlet, journal, volume; (n, v) list, record. ANTONYMS: (v) free, exonerate boon: (n) blessing, benefit, mercy, concession, good, gratuity; (n, v) benefaction, gift, grant; (adj) jocund, hilarious. ANTONYMS: (n) disadvantage, privation, disaster, minus boot: (n, v) kick; (n) boots, Wellingtons, bang, gain, jackboot, buskin, kicking, charge, shoe, bootikin bootless: (adj) futile, useless, vain, idle, inefficacious, inutile,

William Shakespeare unavailing, sleeveless, abortive, ineffective, feckless borne: (adj) weak, wanting, spoony, soft, sappy, shallow, little, limited bosom: (n) heart, interior, boob, thorax, chest, bust, tit; (n, v) embrace; (v) cherish, hug; (adj) intimate. ANTONYMS: (n) outside, exteriority bottom: (n) basis, backside, bed, behind, foot, footing, back, foundation, posterior, floor; (n, v) ground. ANTONYMS: (n) pinnacle, summit, peak, roof, apex, ceiling, middle; (adj) highest bought: (n) crook, hook bound: (n, v) leap, jump, border, bounce, limit, edge, vault, recoil; (n) boundary, barrier, compass. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, amble, crawl, limp, permit; (adj) permitted, released, unbound, allowed, unlikely bounds: (n) boundary, border, limit, bound, margin, borderline, end, bourn, Bourne, brink, edge. ANTONYMS: (n) center, middle bounteous: (adj) bountiful, liberal, ample, copious, plentiful, bighearted, generous, munificent, handsome, benevolent, affluent. ANTONYM: (adj) scarce bowels: (n) gut, compassion, pity, inside, bowel, viscera, innards, belly, guts, insides, intestines bowl: (n) basin, plate, hollow, stadium, container, arena, depression, porringer; (v) hurl, toss, troll brace: (n, v) prop, strengthen, support, invigorate; (n) strut, pair, duo, bitstock, tie; (v) clamp, bolster. ANTONYMS: (v) unfasten, sedate, loosen, flex brake: (n) bit, curb, brakes, pteridium aquilinum, airbrake, safety lock; (v) retard, hinder, halt, stop, slow. ANTONYMS: (n) move, start, incentive; (v) speed, go branches: (n) branch, brushwood branded: (adj) identified, known, proprietary, recognized brave: (adj, n) bold, hardy; (adj) audacious, fearless, courageous, virile, intrepid, valiant; (adj, v) endure; (v) defy, face. ANTONYMS: (adj) cowardly, frightened, pathetic, gutless, afraid, cautious, fainthearted, meek, mousy, nervous; (v) skip bravely: (adv) courageously, fearlessly, valiantly, boldly,

intrepidly, dauntlessly, gallantly, audaciously, undauntedly, heroically, doughtily. ANTONYMS: (adv) timidly, fearfully, execrably, nervously break: (n, v) crack, fracture, breach, burst, rupture, stop, pause; (n) interruption, respite, suspension; (v) infringe. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, honor, lose, make, observe, resume, stay, strengthen; (n, v) mend; (n) continuation, misfortune breakfast: (n) repast, banquet, dejeuner, mealtime, feast, meal; (v) sup, take tea, eat, have a meal, dine breaks: (n) lot, destiny, opportunity, chance breast: (n) boob, udder, tit, titty, chest, knocker, mammilla, bust, pap, heart; (n, v) front breath: (n) wind, air, inspiration, puff, soul, aspiration, respite, airflow; (v) breathe, respire; (adj, n) whisper breathe: (n, v) respire, subsist, imply; (n) breath, bespeak; (adj, n, v) live; (v) exhale, exist, emit, rest, be. ANTONYMS: (v) suffocate, hide, choke, asphyxiate, drain, die, inhale breathing: (adj) animate, live, living, respiratory, alive, above ground; (v) breathe, respire; (n) respiration, instant, moment. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate, breathless, dead brethren: (n) congregation, assembly, brother, people, laity, family, flock, fold bridge: (n, v) span, stretch; (n) pontoon, tie, nosepiece, footbridge, crossing; (v) bridge over, connect, link, traverse. ANTONYMS: (n) split, separation, chasm, break, division; (v) unlink, detach, disjoin brief: (adj) concise, transient, little, abridge, short-lived, abrupt; (adj, n) abstract, summary; (n) epitome, report; (v) notify. ANTONYMS: (adj) permanent, lengthy, rambling, wordy, prolonged, extended, lasting, civil; (adv) civilly; (v) secrete, hide bright: (adj) alive, vivid, intelligent, apt, shining, brilliant, lustrous, luminous, light, beaming, shiny. ANTONYMS: (adj) cloudy, stupid, gloomy, dim, unintelligent, dreary, dark, overcast, shadowy, thick, leaden bring: (v) convey, get, take, bear, carry, put, conduct, return, reduce, set, bring in. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, free, leave, lose, remove, avoid

187 brittle: (adj) crumbly, breakable, crisp, fragile, short, crispy, brickle, sensitive, insubstantial, shivery, brash. ANTONYMS: (adj) solid, strong, resilient, durable, relaxed, sturdy, unbreakable, soft broke: (adj) bankrupt, poor, insolvent, impecunious, penniless, impoverished, skint, bust, destitute, strapped, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj) solvent, wealthy, affluent broken: (adj) torn, tame, damaged, intermittent, uneven, imperfect, rugged, rough, out of order; (adj, v) busted, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbroken, intact, wild, whole, working, uplifted, uninterrupted, triumphant, running, indomitable, incessant brook: (v) endure, abide, stomach, stand, tolerate, digest, suffer, support, undergo; (n, v) creek; (n) stream. ANTONYMS: (v) spurn, resist, reject, prohibit brother: (n) fellow, blood brother, associate, counterpart, crony, comrade, buddy, peer, chum, sidekick, monk. ANTONYMS: (n) enemy, opposer, opponent brows: (n) brow bruised: (adj) wounded, hurt, raw, sore, livid, tender, sensitive, rotten, surbet, sore to the touch, painful bruising: (n) discoloration, haemorrhage, bloom, staining, streak, yellowing, mark, tint, stain; (adj) harmful, forceful brutish: (adj) brutal, barbarous, bestial, brute, savage, fierce, boorish, ferocious, cruel, indelicate; (adj, adv) beastly. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, humane, refined buckle: (n, v) clasp, warp; (v) curve, crumple, distort, fasten; (adj, n) button; (n) screw, hook, fastener; (adj) strap. ANTONYMS: (v) unbuckle, flatten, smooth, straighten build: (n, v) make, shape; (v) erect, establish, raise, rise, found, base, fabricate, fashion; (n) frame. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, dismantle, raze, overturn, obliterate, decrease, decelerate, ruin, disassemble built: (v) establish, create; (adj) made, shapely, robust, curvaceous, reinforced, improved, heavy, buxom, assembled burden: (n, v) bother, weight, pack, burthen, trouble, clog, strain; (n) anxiety, bale, responsibility; (v) afflict. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve,

188 lighten, free, disburden, alleviate, relax; (n, v) help; (n) tranquility, relaxation, peace, pleasure buried: (adj) hidden, covert, interred, underground, inhumed, profound, covered, ulterior; (v) perdu, imbed, embed. ANTONYMS: (adj) explicit, overt burn: (adj, v) glow; (n, v) bite, fire, sunburn; (v) sting, scorch, incinerate, blaze, flare, ignite, cremate. ANTONYMS: (v) smother, give, subdue, help, quench, repay, stifle, extinguish, wet burns: (n) George Burns, Nathan Birnbaum, Robert Burns burst: (adj, n, v) crack; (adj, v) split, blow up, explode, splinter, detonate; (n, v) rupture, blast; (adj, n) flash; (v) break out, belch. ANTONYMS: (v) attach, join, connect, fasten, trickle bury: (v) inter, overwhelm, lay to rest, hide, mask, secrete, conceal, cloak, entomb, suppress; (n) burial. ANTONYMS: (v) exhume, unearth, uncover, dig, disclose, distract, expose, ignore, reveal, air, remember business: (n) subject, matter, event, vocation, job, profession, affair, work, corporation, occupation; (adj, n) trade. ANTONYMS: (adj) charitable, private; (n) pleasure, avocation, fun, entertainment, hobby bustle: (adj, n, v) hurry; (n, v) flurry, ado, fuss, hustle; (adj, n) stir, movement; (n) bother, commotion, disorder; (adj, v) hasten. ANTONYMS: (n) inactivity, stillness, idleness; (v) laziness, relaxation busy: (adj) brisk, engaged, assiduous, occupied, agile, meddlesome, industrious, crowded, officious, live; (v) occupy. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, inactive, dodging, available, deserted, lazy, quiet, still, unengaged, avoiding, empty butt: (v) bunt, abut; (n) extremity, stump, grip, stub, rump, cask, rear, tail; (n, v) edge cabin: (n) booth, cabana, cot, lodge, stall, shed, chamber, bothy, room, apartment, cell. ANTONYMS: (n) chateau, mansion, palace cacodemon: (n) shaitan, incubus, succubus, demon csar: (n) dictator, Gaius Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar, king calamity: (n) disaster, adversity, affliction, misfortune, plague,

Richard III catastrophe, tragedy, blow, bale, distress; (n, v) trouble. ANTONYMS: (n) blessing, boon, luck, joy, opportunity call: (n, v) appeal, shout, bellow, name, yell, howl, request, appoint; (v) bid, summon; (n) call option. ANTONYMS: (v) whisper, mutter, cancel, listen, stop, suppose, murmur; (n) dismissal, give, grant, silence came: (v) arrive, come canterbury: (n) safe, till, bookcase, cabinet, chest on chest, buffet, highboy, sideboard, secretary, secretaire, cupboard caparison: (v) bard, equip; (n) trappings, housing, horsecloth, accouterment, rigging, saddlery, slops, suit, toggery captain: (n) head, master, leader, guide, commodore, commander, boss, skipper, chieftain; (v) govern, manage. ANTONYM: (n) minion captive: (n) convict, prisoner of war, slave, detainee, jailbird, gaolbird; (adj) confined, imprisoned, rapt, jailed, amoroso. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, uninterested, unconfined, liberated, emancipated, disillusioned; (n) guard, captor cardinal: (adj) capital, fundamental, central, main, key, chief, primal; (adj, n) paramount, essential, vital, radical. ANTONYMS: (adj) secondary, inessential, insignificant, minor, ordinal, unimportant care: (adj, n, v) anxiety; (n, v) attention, charge, worry; (n) caution, bother, concern, apprehension, aid, custody; (v) attend. ANTONYMS: (n) carelessness, recklessness, thoughtlessness, rashness, negligence, vagueness, unconcern; (n, v) disregard, dislike; (v) loathe, abhor careful: (adj, v) attentive, anxious; (adj) thrifty, thoughtful, frugal, mindful, prudent, deliberate, alert, economical, guarded. ANTONYMS: (adj) reckless, slapdash, neglectful, wasteful, unconcerned, tactless, stupid, spendthrift, rash, negligent, inaccurate carnal: (adj, adv) fleshly; (adj) bodily, earthly, sensual, brutal, sexual, worldly, physical, erotic, fleshy, brute. ANTONYMS: (adj) chaste, godly, moral, pure, spiritual carping: (adj, v) captious, critical, censorious; (adj) hypercritical, picky, irritable, querulous; (n)

faultfinding, criticism, cavil, censoriousness carrying: (n) transport, conveyance, carriage, transportation, haulage, hauling, shipping; (adj) bearing, gerent; (v) convey, bring case: (n) example, box, bin, cover, jacket, shell, bag, affair, briefcase, business; (adj, n) eccentric cast: (n, v) throw, stamp, form, fling, shape, figure; (v) shed, pitch, chuck; (n) casting, appearance. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, receive, subtract, reject, take, gather, catch, retain, keep castle: (n) fortification, stronghold, castling, fort, palace, mansion, tower, house; (n, v) fortress, citadel, keep. ANTONYMS: (n) shack, cottage catch: (n, v) capture, hook, haul, hitch, trick, grab, snatch; (v) get, apprehend, intercept; (n) pawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) release; (v) misunderstand, unhitch, mistake, Miss, misinterpret, free, give, lose; (n) advantage, boon cause: (n) case, action, account; (n, v) occasion, allow; (v) breed, do, induce, beget, motivate, provoke. ANTONYMS: (n) effect, result, outcome; (v) foil, deter, forestall, prevent, stop, halt, quell, retard cave: (n) lair, hole, grotto, hollow, cove, den, cell, grot, nest; (v) undermine, calve. ANTONYMS: (n) hump; (v) withstand ceremonious: (adj) formal, solemn, stately, stiff, precise, starchy, prim, punctilious, majestic, dignified; (adj, v) decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unceremonious, simple, relaxed, casual, informal chair: (n, v) chairman; (n) bench, president, chairperson, throne, couch, armchair, electric chair, chairwoman; (v) moderate, lead chamber: (n) hall, bedchamber, cavity, cell, council, compartment, assembly, apartment, ventricle, dormitory, cubicle chance: (n, v) hazard, adventure, risk, venture, bet; (n) fortune, probability, opportunity; (adj) accidental; (adj, n) contingency; (v) befall. ANTONYMS: (adj) intentional, deliberate, designed, arranged, planned, foreseeable; (n, v) plan; (n) predictability, misfortune, certainty; (v) protect change: (n, v) shift, barter, twist, cash; (v) alter, alternate, adapt, convert;

William Shakespeare (n) alteration, modification, variation. ANTONYMS: (v) leave, maintain, idle, hold, establish, standardize; (n) stability, bills, constancy, preservation, uniformity chaplain: (n) clergyman, parson, rector, minister, chaplaincy, chaplainship, vicar, padre, sky pilot, reverend, curate characters: (n) letters, typescript, typeset, symbols, script, lettering, inscription, handwriting, font, cast, writing charge: (n, v) blame, care, burden, commission, command, attack, bill, load, tax; (n) accusation; (v) bid. ANTONYMS: (v) request, discharge, plead, beg, compensate, aid, credit, calm; (n, v) retreat, absolve, unload charges: (n) expenditure, dues charitable: (adj) kind, clement, gentle, benevolent, liberal, bountiful, philanthropic, generous, humane, kindly, lenient. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncharitable, mean, nasty, tightfisted, inhumane, selfish, miserly, hard, cruel, commercial, cheap charity: (n) dole, favor, aid, liberality, generosity, kindness, alms, mercy, virtue; (v) almsgiving; (adj, n) brotherly love. ANTONYMS: (n) intolerance, meanness, unkindness, cruelty, malice, stinginess, cheapness, nastiness, inhumanity charms: (n) trinkets, jewelry, jewels charter: (n, v) permit, let; (v) rent, lease, take, engage, get; (n) authority, license, law, code. ANTONYMS: (v) cancel, buy, purchase chase: (v) pursue, trail, follow, track, stalk, expel, banish, go after; (n, v) hunt, search; (n) game. ANTONYMS: (v) escape, lead, find, precede checks: (n) dibs, cent cher: (adj) pretty, expensive, dear cherish: (v) care for, nurture, treasure, entertain, cultivate, bosom, prize, esteem, harbor; (n, v) hug, foster. ANTONYMS: (v) hate, scorn, reject, denounce, despise, neglect cherry: (adj, n) cerise, red; (n) cherry tree, capulin, virgin; (adj) ruddy, crimson, ruby, scarlet, rubicund, blooming chide: (n, v) censure, reprimand, blame; (v) rebuke, admonish, chasten, lecture, scold, reproach, chastise, reprove. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, laud, commend, compliment,

approve child: (n) baby, babe, bairn, infant, kid, toddler, tot, girl, brat, juvenile, minor. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, parent childish: (adj) childlike, naive, babyish, immature, simple, puerile, infantile, juvenile, silly, frivolous, young. ANTONYMS: (adj) sensible, old, wise, adult, jaded children: (n) child, offspring, descendant, family, seed, boy, babies, descendants, birth, relatives, people choose: (v) adopt, elect, select, pick, prefer, take, appoint, assign, decide, excerpt; (n) picking. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, waver, decline, forgo, spurn, dislike, elect christian: (adj) Catholic, scriptural, pietist, monotheistic, divine, evangelical, Christianly, moral, theist; (n) Christianity, devotee circling: (v) snaky, serpentine; (adj) rotating, spinning, circular, spiral, moving; (n) circulation, circuit, cycling; (adv) around circumstance: (n) affair, incident, matter, event, occasion, chance, accident, opportunity, adventure, casualty, fact circumstances: (n) state, position, condition, circumstance, case, state of affairs, status, predicament, plight, environment, fortune citizen: (n) national, inhabitant, denizen, resident, burgher, the people, subject, freeman, native, nationality, voter. ANTONYMS: (n) foreigner, immigrant, tourist, alien, stranger citizens: (n) people, population, inhabitants, populace, public, commonwealth, country, the general public, the public, the populace city: (adj) municipal, urban, civic, public; (n) borough, the City, burgh, village, metropolis, municipality, state. ANTONYMS: (adj) suburban, country, private civil: (adj) courteous, civic, gracious, affable, obliging, municipal, mannerly, public, civilised, courtly, domestic. ANTONYMS: (adj) abrupt, impolite, critical, unrefined, sidereal, uncivil, unkind, barbaric, discourteous, private claim: (n, v) call, charge, need, requisition; (n) allegation, privilege; (v) assert, exact, ask, want, arrogate. ANTONYMS: (v) disclaim, forfeit, waive, question, lose, grant, refute,

189 request; (n) denial, disclaimer, response clamorous: (adj) noisy, blatant, loud, boisterous, insistent, exigent, urgent, obstreperous, strident; (adj, v) clamant, importunate. ANTONYM: (adj) tranquil clarence: (n) whisky, Victoria, phaeton, mail phaeton, landau, drag, coach, chariot, brougham, break, barouche clergy: (n) the cloth, pastorate, cardinalate, churchman, priest, parson, clergyman, chaplain, pastor, presbytery, clericals clients: (n) clientele, customers, practice, patrons clock: (n) chronometer, horologe, alarm, alarm clock, clepsydra, ticker, cuckoo clock, clock radio; (n, v) time, stopwatch; (v) measure close: (n, v) end, stop, finish; (adj, adv, prep) nearby; (adj, adv) adjacent, tight; (adj, v) compact, approximate; (adj) accurate; (adv, prep) by; (n) conclusion. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) open; (n, v) start; (adj) distant, airy, loose, fresh, far, inaccurate, unfamiliar; (v) begin, unlock closely: (adv) nearly, narrowly, intimately, strictly, exactly, thickly, firmly, securely, confidentially, solidly, familiarly. ANTONYMS: (adv) loosely, thoughtlessly, heedlessly, carelessly, approximately, inconveniently, sparsely, casually, lightly, inaccurately closure: (n) close, blockage, stoppage, stop, occlusion, blockade, closedown, ending, plug; (n, v) cloture, halt. ANTONYMS: (n) opening, beginning, commencement, establishment, start clouds: (n) exhaust, fumes, gas, smoke, vapors cloudy: (adj) dull, gloomy, nebulous, murky, dark, turbid, foggy, muddy, misty, sunless, vaporous. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, bright, sunny, cloudless cloy: (v) surfeit, glut, satiate, weary, gorge, choke, replete, supply, slake, render, quench. ANTONYMS: (v) whet, tantalize coast: (n) shore, bank, seaside, beach, seashore, waterside, brink; (n, v) slide, glide; (adj) coastal; (v) drift. ANTONYMS: (v) bump, lurch, struggle; (n) inland, Midlands cockatrice: (n) hornet, urchin,

190 scorpion, reptile, serpent, snake in the grass; (adj) wyvern, sea serpent, roc, dragon, kraken coffin: (n) casket, sarcophagus, chest, cask, hearse, urn, carriage, automobile, catafalque; (v) to drive a nail in one's coffin, bury cold: (n) chilliness, chill; (adj) chilly, frigid, distant, indifferent, aloof, callous, icy, apathetic, impassive. ANTONYMS: (adj) warm, friendly, hot, prepared, burning, affectionate, loving, soporific, fervid; (n) heat, warmth colour: (n) coloration, coloring, colors, semblance, vividness, pretext, pretence, colouring, guise; (v) redden, discolor. ANTONYMS: (n) colorlessness; (v) discolor colours: (n) banner, ensign, emblem, colour, colouring, standard, flag, color, tone comfort: (n, v) ease, allay, support, aid, alleviate; (n) consolation, relief, amenity, assistance; (adj, n, v) assuage; (v) cheer. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, aggravation, agony; (v) alarm, annoy, frighten, afflict, aggravate, bother, burden, disappoint comfortable: (adj, v) easy, snug; (adj) pleased, pleasing, prosperous, agreeable, pleasurable, congenial, rich, enjoyable, homely. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, tense, formal, unpleasant, unhappy, unaccustomed, intimidating, difficult, anxious, broke, destitute comforter: (n) blanket, muffler, comfortable, pacifier, reliever, bedclothes, bedding, dummy, coverlet, cover, communicator comforts: (n) amenities, bread and butter, convenience, conveniences command: (n, v) order, charge, call, control, decree; (n) instruction, bidding, direction, behest; (v) direct, commission. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, follow, contradict, countermand, revoke, recall, oppose; (n) beg, plead, plea commanded: (adj) lawful commanding: (adj) imperative, imperious, peremptory, bossy, imposing, ascendant, compelling, magnificent; (adj, n) grand, impressive; (adv) commandingly. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, unassertive, indecisive, unimpressive, insignificant, subservient commend: (v) approve, exalt,

Richard III acclaim, praise, applaud, recommend, endorse, entrust, extol, compliment, cite. ANTONYMS: (v) rebuke, criticize, censure, reproach, keep, chastise, reprimand, deny, disparage, refuse, smear commission: (n) mission, job, delegation, mandate, appointment, work; (n, v) warrant, assign; (v) accredit, designate, entrust. ANTONYMS: (v) withhold, retract; (n) salary commit: (v) consign, assign, charge, confide, dedicate, apply, entrust, submit, intrust, leave, give. ANTONYMS: (v) stop, desist, divest, end, idle, withhold, wait, cease, keep, refuse committed: (adj) engaged, dedicated, firm, devoted, involved, connected, loyal, constant, linked, vigorous; (v) compromised. ANTONYMS: (adj) unattached, passive, casual, flippant, uncaring, halfhearted common: (adj) coarse, mutual, vulgar, mean, mediocre, ignoble, plebeian, base; (adj, n) cheap, habitual; (adj, n, v) usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncommon, rare, unusual, characteristic, specific, unique, extraordinary, exclusive, aristocratic, infrequent, refined compact: (n) arrangement, covenant, bargain; (adj, v) close, condense; (v) compress; (n, v) contract; (adj) dense, solid, thick, compendious. ANTONYMS: (adj) loose, sprawling, sparse, bulky, large, cumbersome, long, lengthy, unwieldy; (v) expand, loosen company: (adj, n) society, business; (n) band, association, collection, cohort, brigade, troop, club, partnership; (v) accompany. ANTONYMS: (n) isolation, enmity, host, hostess, absence compass: (n) scope, range, room, extent, area, circumference, reach; (n, v) round, grasp, circle; (v) get. ANTONYM: (v) lose complaining: (adj) irritable, peevish, petulant, whining, moaning, complaintive, repining; (adj, v) querulous; (n, v) lamenting; (adv) complainingly; (n) plaintive. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, uncomplaining, cheerful, willing computation: (n, v) calculation, estimation, reckoning; (n) compute, estimate, account, arithmetic, figuring, count, computing; (v) enumeration. ANTONYMS: (n)

guesswork, guessing, conjecture, estimation conceal: (v) hide, disguise, bury, screen, cloak, smother, shield, suppress, mask, obscure; (n, v) veil. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, show, expose, divulge, clarify, uncover, disclose, tell, admit, spotlight, flaunt conceit: (n) pretension, vanity, selfesteem, pride, assumption, egotism, fancy, haughtiness, conception, caprice, quip. ANTONYMS: (n) humility, timidity, selflessness, humbleness, reserve conclude: (n, v) complete; (v) finish, gather, end, settle, resolve, terminate, determine, accomplish, cease, assume. ANTONYMS: (v) start, begin, commence, open, unsettle, prolong, wait, hesitate, introduce, delay, postpone concluded: (adj, adv) finished, done, completed, ended; (adj) over, closed, terminated, accomplished, all over, consummate, set conduct: (v) bring, direct, carry, show; (n, v) act, administration, manage, administer, carriage, bearing; (adj, v) acquit. ANTONYMS: (v) mismanage, leave, follow confer: (v) give, accord, award, afford, grant, discuss, converse, consult, show; (n, v) talk; (adj, v) present. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, deny, dishonor, retrieve, take conference: (n) meeting, colloquy, council, interview, consultation, negotiation, talk, discussion, congress, sitting, session confess: (adj, v) own, allow, admit, avow; (v) concede, profess, recognize, divulge, disclose, reveal, receive. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, dispute, conceal, repress, harbor confines: (n) boundary, bound, barrier, compass, limit, limits, range, frontier; (adj) environs, alentours; (adj, n) neighborhood confirm: (v) corroborate, verify, approve, validate, bear out, prove, clinch, assert, demonstrate, authenticate; (adj, v) establish. ANTONYMS: (v) contradict, deny, weaken, cancel, void, veto, undermine, repudiate, question, open, negate confound: (v) bewilder, baffle, nonplus, perplex, astonish, puzzle, amaze, astound, mistake; (adj, v)

William Shakespeare confuse, stupefy. ANTONYMS: (v) explain, clarify, comfort, lose, distinguish; (n) understanding conjoin: (v) couple, join, marry, append, combine, associate, yoke, attach, unite, weld, link conquer: (n, v) capture; (v) subdue, vanquish, surmount, suppress, subjugate, overcome, overpower, quell, prevail; (adj, v) defeat. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, yield, succumb, retreat, forfeit, fall, bow, resist, fail, submit, incite conquered: (adj) overcome, vanquished, overwhelmed, crushed, subdued, profligate, routed, overthrown, done for, under enemy control, baffled. ANTONYMS: (adj) victorious, liberated conquest: (n) defeat, triumph, conquering, achievement, reduction, coup, rout, overthrow, subjection, mastery, success. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, defeat, loss, victory conscience: (n) moral sense, Conscience money, sense of right and wrong, scruple, intention, tender conscience, small voice, principles, morals, morality, inward monitor. ANTONYM: (n) indifference consent: (adj, n, v) accord; (n, v) acquiescence, agreement; (v) concur, approve, agree, acquiesce, accept; (n) consensus, approval; (adj, v) allow. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, reject, protest, object, differ, oppose; (n, v) veto; (n) refusal, opposition, dissent, disagreement consider: (v) think, regard, view, cogitate, deliberate, calculate, conceive, reckon, reflect, assume; (n, v) study. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, forget, discard, doubt, reject, nevermind, dismiss, abandon, leave, decide, overlook considerate: (adj, n) thoughtful, benevolent, nice, gentle, sympathetic, humane; (adj) magnanimous, kind, polite, delicate, discreet. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncaring, thoughtless, tactless, inconsiderate, selfish, rude, unkind, unforgiving, offhand, disrespectful, unsympathetic conspire: (v) concur, complot, connive, plot, plan, cabal, contribute, collaborate, conspiring, intrigue, confederate consult: (v) consider, negotiate, deliberate, advise, refer, discuss, ask, reason, look up, canvass; (n, v)

talk. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, bypass contemplation: (n) consideration, reflection, thought, attention, cogitation, musing, introspection, speculation, animus, deliberation; (n, v) study contempt: (n, v) scorn; (v) despise; (n) disrespect, derision, mockery, disregard, ridicule, shame, slight, reproach, discourtesy. ANTONYMS: (n) approval, admiration, regard, honor, esteem content: (n) meaning, matter, capacity, contents, subject; (n, v) contentment; (v) appease, please, satisfy, suffice; (adj) happy. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discontent; (adj) tormented, unhappy, dissatisfied, rebellious, discontented, troubled; (adj, v) upset; (n) unhappiness, sadness; (v) trouble contented: (adj) content, happy, comfortable, quiet, cheerful, smug, complacent, satisfied, easy, proud, delighted. ANTONYMS: (adj) discontented, unhappy, depressed, unsatisfied, sad, anxious continually: (adv) perpetually, ceaselessly, incessantly, endlessly, unceasingly, continuously, persistently, eternally, steadily, frequently; (adj, adv) always. ANTONYMS: (adv) acutely, infrequently, spasmodically, sporadically continue: (v) remain, keep, sustain, carry on, endure, persevere, bide, proceed, maintain; (adj, v) prolong; (n, v) hold. ANTONYMS: (v) end, cease, discontinue, halt, renounce, hesitate, complete, fail, desist, finish, neglect contract: (n, v) compact, charter, bargain; (v) concentrate, condense, catch, shrink, constrict; (adj, v) abridge, narrow, shorten. ANTONYMS: (v) widen, stretch, lengthen, transmit, swell, renege, open, increase, grow, give, extend contrary: (adj, n) contradictory, reverse; (adj) adverse, conflicting, unfavorable, perverse, cross, disobedient, alien, different, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) similar, harmonious, helpful, obliging, compatible, complaisant, concordant, parallel, agreeable, cooperative, favorable convenient: (adj) comfortable, commodious, handy, appropriate, expedient, timely, fit, useful, nearby,

191 opportune; (adj, n) advantageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwieldy, fixed, useless, distant, troublesome, unsuited, remote, unsuitable, unadaptable, unuseful, inappropriate conversation: (n) talk, conference, communication, colloquy, confabulation, discussion, language, discourse, speech, talking, palaver converse: (n, v) chat, discourse, argue; (v) confer, confabulate, speak; (n) conversation, colloquy, contrast; (adj, n) opposite; (adj) counter. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) equal; (adj) similar, complementary; (n) similarity convey: (v) communicate, channel, bring, conduct, transfer, fetch, express, transmit, bear, transport, take. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, maintain, withhold, retain, refrain, hold, absorb, receive conveyance: (n) transfer, vehicle, assignment, alienation, transference, delivery, transportation, negotiation, portage; (n, v) carriage, ecstasy convict: (adj, n) felon; (n) captive, con, criminal, jailbird, inmate, prisoner, malefactor, offender; (v) convince, sentence. ANTONYMS: (n) innocent; (v) liberate, release, free, exonerate, absolve, clear cope: (v) contend, make do, combat, struggle, surmount, do, deal, get by, get along, grapple; (n) coping. ANTONYMS: (v) mismanage, crumble copious: (adj) bountiful, ample, affluent, plentiful, rich, plenteous, much, many, generous, large; (adj, n) luxuriant. ANTONYMS: (adj) small, meager, sparse, lacking, rare, scant, scanty, thin, few; (adv) partially cordial: (adj) genial, warm, affable, amiable, friendly, genuine, ardent, unaffected, gracious, honest; (n) liqueur. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfriendly, stern, cold, cool, disagreeable, aloof, reserved, distant, rude, uncordial, unpleasant coronation: (n) accession, enthronement, induction, initiation, crowning, enthronization, investiture, installation, enthronisation corpse: (n) carcass, body, carcase, dead person, stiff, dead body, remains, corse, clay, dry bones; (adj) lich corrupt: (adj, v) adulterate, taint,

192 infect, rotten, canker; (adj, n, v) contaminate, poison; (v) bribe, debase, defile; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, pure, principled, ethical, honorable, wholesome, virtuous, uncorrupt, truthful; (v) purify; (adj, v) clean corrupted: (adj) tainted, rotten, spoiled, degraded, adulterated, depraved, distorted, decayed, impaired, debased; (n) corrupter. ANTONYM: (adj) pure corrupting: (adj) noxious, harmful, degrading, unwholesome, corruption, baneful, debasing, demeaning, humiliating, infectious, injurious corruption: (n) depravity, pollution, adulteration, filth, infection, vitiation, taint, bribery, canker, blight, foulness. ANTONYMS: (n) purification, incorruptness, decency, honesty, morality, pureness, incorruption, purity, righteousness, scruples, virtue council: (n) assembly, congress, convocation, convention, consultation, synod, meeting, legislature, diet, committee, chamber counsel: (v) advise, consult, admonish, confer, warn; (n, v) caution, advocate; (n) barrister, advisement, consultation, admonition. ANTONYMS: (v) betray, trick, deceive, conceal, oppose; (n) warning count: (v) compute, weigh, consider, estimate, matter; (n, v) calculate, tally, number, total; (n) calculation, computation. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, except, estimate, disregard, dismiss, abandon, ignore, subtract counterfeit: (adj, n, v) sham; (n, v) copy, duplicate; (adj, v) mock, falsify; (adj) false, artificial, assumed; (adj, n) imitation; (v) forge, ape. ANTONYMS: (adj) genuine, real, authentic, true, actual; (n) original country: (n) nation, home, land, place, area, territory, commonwealth, soil, kingdom, realm; (adj) rustic. ANTONYMS: (adj) urban, metropolitan; (adj, n) city; (n) metropolis courage: (n) audacity, fortitude, boldness, nerve, spirit, backbone, valor, heroism, gallantry, mettle, chivalry. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, faintheartedness, weakness, wimpiness, yellowness

Richard III courageous: (adj, n) bold; (adj) audacious, fearless, valiant, gallant, intrepid, spirited, heroic, undaunted, manly, confident. ANTONYMS: (adj) timid, wimpy, weak, spineless, pusillanimous, fearful, fainthearted, afraid, despicable course: (n, v) stream, flow; (n) bearing, route, career, track, path, road, channel; (adj, n) current; (v) chase. ANTONYM: (v) trickle court: (n) forum, bar, close, field, tribunal, passage, judicatory, judge; (v) romance, attract; (n, v) invite. ANTONYMS: (v) shun, reject, ignore, spurn, disregard, discourage courtesy: (adj, n) civility, complaisance; (n) propriety, chivalry, comity, politeness, gallantry, decency, attention, breeding, etiquette. ANTONYMS: (n) rudeness, discourtesy, unkindness, informality, impoliteness, disservice, brusqueness, incivility, vulgarity, crudeness, neglect cousin: (n) nephew, cousins, friend, cousinship, relation, akin, relative, full cousin, companion coward: (n) cur, pantywaist, sneak, dastard, milksop, weakling, milquetoast; (adj) gutless, chickenhearted, pusillanimous, chicken-hearted. ANTONYMS: (n) daredevil, stalwart; (adj) brave cowardly: (adj, adv) dastardly, scared, shrinking; (adj) timid, afraid, craven, gutless, sneaky, fainthearted, faint; (adv) recreantly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) brave, daring, bold, courageous; (adj) intrepid, fearless, strong, determined; (adv) dauntless, gutsy, unafraid cradle: (n) cot, birthplace, nursery, berth, crib, nest, hammock, bassinet, origin; (v) hold, groundwork crave: (v) covet, ask, want, beseech, implore, wish, long, entreat, desire, fancy, claim. ANTONYMS: (v) dislike, spurn, loathe, hate, detest, grant creation: (n) world, production, invention, composition, conception, fabrication, foundation, formation, founding, piece, creature. ANTONYMS: (n) end, annihilation creature: (n) being, brute, animal, tool, individual, person, body, entity, human, puppet, somebody creeping: (n) creep, crawl,

locomotion, spreading; (v) lentor; (adj) reptile, slow, reptant, reptatory, serpiginous, moving cripple: (adj, v) maim, prostrate; (v) mutilate, enfeeble, injure, incapacitate, weaken, becripple; (n, v) damage; (n) invalid; (adj) paralyze. ANTONYMS: (v) support, strengthen, invigorate, help, fortify, enable, aid crosby: (n) harry Lillis Crosby cross: (adj) crabby, angry, grumpy, grouchy, cantankerous; (v) intersect, cover, thwart, baffle; (adj, v) traverse; (n) crisscross. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, cheerful, happy; (v) uncross, assist, separate, remain, help, stay, unmix, aid crown: (n, v) top, cover; (v) cap, complete; (n) apex, pinnacle, crest, summit, peak, kingdom, acme. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom; (v) dishonor, dethrone, begin, commence, start, depose crowned: (adj) laureled, fulfilled, browbound, incoronate, successful crowning: (adj) top, ultimate, topmost, complementary, final; (adj, v) paramount, supreme; (n) tapering, coronation, finishing piece; (v) preeminent. ANTONYMS: (adj) bathetic, indecisive crush: (n, v) squeeze, crunch, press; (v) beat, break, compress, conquer, stamp, overpower, squash, bruise. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, congratulate, stretch, praise, inspirit, encourage, compliment, expand, resist, submit, smooth crust: (n) skin, peel, bark, cheekiness, gall, impertinence, covering, shell, cortex, coating, encrustation crying: (adj, v) exigent, instant, pressing, urgent; (adj) insistent, clamant, imperative, blatant; (n) weeping; (v) weep; (adj, n) sniveling cunning: (adj) crafty, canny, adroit, wily, sly, shrewd, tricky, artful; (n) craftiness, craft, cleverness. ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, honest, stupid, unimaginative, gullible, ingenuous, straightforward, candid, sincere; (n) frankness, straightforwardness cure: (n, v) correct, medicine, help; (n) antidote, salve, therapy, treatment; (v) treat, pickle, preserve, restore. ANTONYMS: (n) poison; (v) injure, hurt, harm, wound, damage, exacerbate curse: (n, v) blight, plague; (n) anathema, blasphemy, malediction,

William Shakespeare denunciation; (adj, v) beshrew; (v) swear, ban, damn, vituperate. ANTONYMS: (n) blessing, benediction, making; (v) communicate cursed: (adj) damned, doomed, execrable, cussed, wretched, unlucky, accursed, blamed, blasted, confounded; (v) accurst. ANTONYMS: (adj) commendable, honorable, nice, sweet, kine curses: (n) abuse cursing: (adj) cursed, execrative; (n) blasphemy, anathema, swearing, swear word, malediction, execration, denunciation, cursedness; (v) beshrew curst: (adj) darned, damned, deuced, goddam, goddamn, goddamned, maledict, everlasting, damnable, damn, accursed dagger: (n) bodkin, sword, blade, obelisk, knife, stiletto, dirk, cutlass, grapheme, saber, skean daily: (adj, n) journal; (adj, adv) every day; (adj, v) diurnal; (adj) everyday, regular; (n) tabloid, gazette, paper, dailies; (adv) each day, day by day. ANTONYMS: (adj) nightly, intermittent, sporadic dally: (v) flirt, act, linger, trifle, toy, coquette, hesitate, play, dawdle, waste time, lag. ANTONYMS: (v) hurry, rush, hasten, lead dallying: (n) frivolity; (adj) flirtatious, dilatory damage: (n, v) harm, hurt, wound, abuse, blemish, loss, wreck; (adj, n) injury; (adj, v) injure, impair; (v) mar. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, bolster, strengthen, consecrate, mend, fix, improve; (n, v) repair, benefit, help; (n) service damnable: (adj) cursed, damned, abominable, hateful, accursed, devilish, infernal, disgusting, sinful, deplorable, offensive. ANTONYMS: (adj) commendable, laudable, praiseworthy damned: (adj) accursed, doomed, blasted, condemned, damn, cussed, wretched, infernal, hateful, goddamned; (adv) damnably. ANTONYM: (adj) saved dance: (v) caper, bop, to dance, cavort, play, skip, to show courage, step; (n, v) hop, jump, shake danger: (n) risk, peril, hazard, chance, jeopardy, threat, trouble, precariousness, slipperiness, disaster, insecurity. ANTONYMS: (n) security, ease, privilege

dangerous: (adj, n) critical; (adj) severe, serious, grave, adventurous, unhealthy, precarious, hazardous, perilous, threatening, chancy. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, secure, protected, unhazardous, slight, weak, harmless, friendly, favorable, calm, pleasant dare: (n, v) venture; (v) defy, brave, hazard, confront, risk, resist, make bold; (n) adventure, daring, defiance. ANTONYMS: (v) avoid, flee, pass, refrain, retreat, obey daring: (adj, n) bold, courageous, adventurous; (adj) audacious, venturesome, intrepid; (n) bravery, audacity, boldness, courage, adventurousness. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, timidity; (adj) timid, cautious, dull, afraid, chicken, fearful, unadventurous, wimpy dark: (adj) dismal, black, cheerless, obscure, dim, mysterious, murky, gloomy; (n) evening, night, shadow. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, sunny, fair, sunlit, clear, pallid, pale, cheerful, white, versed; (n) day darkly: (adv) murkily, dimly, obscurely, duskily, somberly, shadily, mistily, secretly, dismally, heavily, overcastly. ANTONYM: (adv) openly darkness: (n) dark, shade, shadow, blindness, gloom, blackness, duskiness, murk, cloud, blackout, dimness. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, lightness, glow, comprehension, knowledge, day, clearness dash: (adj, n, v) rush; (n, v) touch, sprint, strike, splash, jog; (v) dart, break; (n) tinge, beat; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (v) dawdle, inspirit, languish, saunter, encourage, linger; (n) stagnation, languor, listlessness, mass, dullness date: (n) appointment, engagement, period, meeting, epoch, assignation, dating, day of the month; (n, v) escort; (v) register, determine daughter: (n) child, son, maiden, young woman, daughterly, lass, unmarried woman, damsel, miss, missy, virgin days: (n) period, life, time, age, existence, generation, years, being, era, living, lifetime dead: (adj) lifeless, defunct, cold, inanimate, idle, gone, fallen, numb, deceased, vapid; (adv) right. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) living; (adj) alive, animate, live, spirited,

193 responsive, working, partial, operative; (adv) partly, partially deadly: (adj, adv) deathly; (adj) baneful, lethal, fatal, destructive, mortal, pernicious, virulent, toxic; (adv) lifelessly, lethally. ANTONYMS: (adj) interesting, uplifting, readable, mild, healthy, healthful, benign, innocuous, exciting deal: (v) administer, allot, conduct, truck, distribute, apportion; (n, v) buy, trade, contract; (n) agreement, arrangement. ANTONYMS: (n) purchase; (v) misdirect, receive, neglect, mishandle, mismanage, take, ignore, hold, gather, disregard dealing: (n, v) trade; (n) transaction, deal, exchange, business, concern, traffic, conduct, handling, dealings, distribution dealings: (n) business, dealing, relations, traffic, proceedings, transaction, affairs, contact, intercourse, trade, communication dear: (adj, adv) close, near; (adj, n) darling; (adj) costly, expensive, lovely, precious, affectionate, adorable, cherished; (n) love. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, inexpensive, valueless, despised, modest, loathed, hateful, distant; (n) rival, foe, enemy dearly: (adv) affectionately, preciously, darlingly, sweetly, petly, expensively, belovedly, intimately, highly, heartfeltly, lovely death: (n) expiration, end, close, exit, fate, mortality, departure, cessation, decease, dissolution; (adj) quietus. ANTONYMS: (n) existence, delivery, living, nascency, being, survival, life, beginning debt: (n) score, debit, loan, liability, obligation, due, bill, commitment, arrears, pocket, hole. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, cash, credit deceit: (n) guile, artifice, deception, falsehood, ruse, pretense, fraud, trickery; (adj, n) cunning, craft, art. ANTONYMS: (n) sincerity, truthfulness, fairness, frankness, loyalty, straightforwardness, uprightness, truth deceive: (v) cheat, circumvent, bamboozle, pretend, hoax, fool, cozen, trick, beguile; (n, v) dupe; (n) fraud. ANTONYMS: (v) guide, inform, undeceive, protect declension: (n) declination, decline, deterioration, refusal, fall, decay, declivity, conjugation, downfall,

194 inflection; (v) reduction. ANTONYM: (n) ascent deed: (n) accomplishment, act, feat, behavior, action, exploit, covenant, doing, document, title, fact. ANTONYM: (n) failure deeds: (n) works, activity, actions, conduct, background, events, happenings, performance, activities deep: (adj) thick, profound, strong, rich, broad, sound, absorbed, wide, abstruse, dark; (adj, v) intense. ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, high, weak, soft, light, open, frivolous, lightweight, narrow, straightforward, simple deeply: (adv) strongly, heavily, intensely, deep, thickly, highly, soundly, greatly, gravely, extremely, richly. ANTONYMS: (adv) slightly, mildly, unemotionally, fitfully, moderately, thinly, hardly, barely, lightly defend: (n, v) guard, shield, advocate; (v) justify, protect, assert, support, maintain, champion, apologize, shelter. ANTONYMS: (v) prosecute, abandon, endanger, surrender, renounce, oppose, forsake, assault, contradict, destroy, expose degree: (n) extent, level, condition, title, rank, academic degree, place, caliber, status, stair; (adj, n) order delay: (adj, v) defer, linger; (n, v) arrest, wait, check, stay; (n) deferment, interruption; (v) postpone, reserve, adjourn. ANTONYMS: (n, v) rush; (n) decisiveness, promptness; (v) advance, hurry, begin, hasten, go, expedite, speed, prompt delight: (n) joy, pleasure, amusement, rejoicing, gladness; (v) ravish, amuse, please, captivate, transport, enrapture. ANTONYMS: (n) misery, dismay, dissatisfaction, sadness, nuisance, discontent; (v) depress, displease, sadden, irk; (n, v) bore deliver: (v) consign, bear, carry, save, rescue, abandon, send, pronounce, hand over, bring; (adj, v) utter. ANTONYMS: (v) capture, confine, imprison, hold, oppress, enslave, restrain, retain, collect, withhold, shackle delivery: (n, v) birth, address; (n) consignment, discharge, rescue, surrender, distribution, elocution, issue, communication, deliverance. ANTONYMS: (n) dispatch, collection, holding, keeping, capture

Richard III deluge: (adj, v) inundate; (n) cataclysm, downpour, cloudburst, torrent, debacle; (v) overrun, overwhelm; (n, v) overflow, surge, stream. ANTONYMS: (n) drought, abatement, trickle, lack; (v) drain, capitulate, desiccate, surrender, parch, dry, dehydrate demise: (n, v) death, decease, release; (n) passing, end, dying, collapse, assignment, alienation, negotiation; (v) perish. ANTONYMS: (n) birth, rise, creation deny: (v) controvert, rebuff, contradict, disavow, gainsay, reject, oppose, refuse, disown, abnegate, renounce. ANTONYMS: (v) affirm, claim, acknowledge, declare, maintain, agree, spoil, accept, accede, allow, argue denying: (v) deny; (adv) denyingly; (adj) opposed, recusative, unselfish, abnegative depart: (v) go, deviate, decease, diverge, start, stray, wander, leave, die, vary, part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, arrive, enter, come, abide, conform, continue, remain, appear, converge, return departure: (n, v) decease, demise; (n) exit, leave, deviation, divergence, depart, parting, aberration, passing, takeoff. ANTONYMS: (n) appearance, conformity, greeting, ingress, influx, homecoming, regularity, entrance, birth, coming, advance depose: (v) overthrow, depone, aver, swear, oust, displace, asseverate, witness, dismiss, remove; (n) testify. ANTONYMS: (v) install, crown, inaugurate, seat, empower, restore deputy: (n) surrogate, agent, delegate, alternate, ambassador, vicar, representative, attorney, assistant; (adj, n) substitute, replacement derby: (n) bowler hat, lid, hat, chapeau, plug hat descant: (n) song, melody, hymn, strain, tune; (v) sing, warble, amplify; (n, v) discourse; (adj) enlarge, dilate desert: (adj, n, v) waste; (v) escape, forsake, relinquish, ditch, defect, leave; (adj, v) desolate; (adj, n) worth, merit; (adj) barren. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, support, remain, inhabit, assist, aid, help, keep; (adj) cultivated, productive, fertile deserts: (n) desert, just deserts, due,

compensation, comeupance deserve: (v) rate, warrant, gain, earn, to deserve, demand, justify, bear; (n, v) reward; (n) richly deserve, worth deserved: (v) merited, richly deserved; (adj) appropriate, due, fitting, just, earned, suitable, rightful, adequate, required desire: (n) ambition, aspiration, craving, dream; (adv, n, v) will; (n, v) fancy, wish, aim; (v) want, aspire, seek. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike, hate; (n) aversion, reality, revulsion, apathy; (v) spurn, abhor, answer, command, insist desires: (n) requirements, needs desolation: (n) devastation, misery, destruction, depression, grief, wretchedness, bleakness, loneliness, waste, ruin; (adj, n) desertion. ANTONYMS: (n) ecstasy, joy, productiveness, fertileness, fecundity, cheer, fruitfulness, preservation, hopefulness, cheerfulness despair: (n) disappointment, desolation, dejection, melancholy, gloom, desperation, depression, dismay, discouragement, pessimism, sorrow. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, hopefulness, expectation, joy, cheer, cheerfulness, resilience, elation, joyfulness despairing: (adj) hopeless, desperate, despondent, forlorn, desolate, dejected, pessimistic, sad, brokenhearted, miserable, inconsolable. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rosy, happy, confident, cheerful desperate: (adj) despairing, dire, critical, abject, dangerous, in despair, grave, awful, despondent, drastic; (adj, v) forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rational, promising, minor, cautious, casual, careful, trivial, secure, satisfied desperately: (adv) forlornly, despairingly, hopelessly, terribly, extremely, despondently, recklessly, seriously, wretchedly; (adj, adv) severely, madly. ANTONYMS: (adv) hopefully, easily, optimistically, trivially, cheerfully, slightly, sluggishly, hardly destiny: (n) fate, chance, fortune, kismet, luck, lot, destination, portion, weird, life; (n, v) doom. ANTONYMS: (n) chance, design destroy: (v) demolish, blight, despoil, subvert, dismantle, devour, wreck,

William Shakespeare devastate; (adj, v) desolate, abolish; (n, v) murder. ANTONYMS: (v) preserve, create, make, construct, protect, repair, restore, uphold, sustain, submit, revive destruction: (n, v) defeat; (n) death, ruin, collapse, demolition, devastation, downfall, abolition, damage, desolation, end. ANTONYMS: (n) preservation, protection, creation, reparation, formation, conservation, restoration, building, help, making, order determine: (v) ascertain, define, appoint, adjudicate, set, specify, conclude, measure, designate, assign; (adj, v) resolve. ANTONYMS: (v) yield, question, comply, procrastinate, postpone, overlook, Miss, ignore, hesitate, disregard, balk determined: (adj) constant, definite, decided, stubborn, certain, inflexible, decisive, determinate, ambitious, set; (adj, v) resolved. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncertain, irresolute, unmotivated, feeble, indecisive, waffling, undetermined, undecided, wavering, vacillating, fickle detested: (adj) despised, unpopular, disliked, loathed, not accepted, unloved, scorned, reviled, out of favor, not liked device: (n) emblem, apparatus, appliance, artifice, trick, figure, contraption, invention, gimmick, equipment, plan devil: (n) fiend, demon, ghost, monster, Lucifer, Satan, Beelzebub, deuce, daemon; (v) torment, rag. ANTONYM: (n) angel devilish: (adj, v) diabolic, satanic, infernal, mephistophelian, demoniacal; (adj) demonic, wicked, diabolical, terrific; (v) Stygian; (adv) devilishly. ANTONYMS: (adj) cherubic, godlike, good, saintly, virtuous devils: (n) unclean spirits devoted: (adj, v) addicted, ardent, fond; (adj) affectionate, constant, loyal, pious, faithful, reliable, zealous; (adj, prep) consecrated. ANTONYMS: (adj) disloyal, indifferent, unfaithful, neglectful, uncaring, unenthusiastic, unattached, lukewarm, inconstant, halfhearted, disobedient devotion: (n) allegiance, attachment, dedication, loyalty, worship, affection, enthusiasm, fondness,

devotedness; (adj, n) veneration, passion. ANTONYMS: (n) disloyalty, negligence, apathy, disobedience, neglect, hatred, separation, dishonesty, infidelity dewy: (adj) wet, dank, bedewed, humid, moist, damp, fresh, new, roric, undried, rorid diet: (n) convocation, council, convention, nurture, food, nutriment, assembly, viands, meal, dieting; (v) lose weight. ANTONYMS: (adj) fattening; (n, v) binge; (v) stuff, overeat, indulge, gorge; (n) overindulgence digest: (n) resume, compilation, epitome, compendium, condensation, collection; (v) stomach, absorb, summarize, apprehend; (adj) brook. ANTONYMS: (v) misinterpret, lengthen, expand, enlarge, elaborate, misunderstand, avoid, succumb, misapprehend, detail, reject dignity: (n) degree, prestige, glory, decorum, face, distinction, honor, majesty, eminence, solemnity; (adj, n) decency. ANTONYMS: (n) lowliness, indecency, impropriety, simplicity, cheerfulness, austerity dimming: (n) eclipse dine: (v) feed, lunch, breakfast, dining, meal, give, have supper, take tea, grub, consume, entertain. ANTONYM: (v) abstain dinner: (n) banquet, lunch, dinner party, meal, party, beanfeast, spread; (v) tiffin, dejeuner, bever; (adj) dinnerly dire: (adj) awful, desperate, direful, dreadful, appalling, forbidding, terrible, formidable, awesome, shocking, calamitous. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, fortuitous, unimportant, trivial, propitious, insignificant, fortunate, harmless, favorable, modest, praiseworthy direct: (v) aim, address, charge, dictate, head; (n, v) channel, command, control; (adj, adv) straight; (adj, v) level; (adj) immediate. ANTONYMS: (adj) roundabout, circuitous, oblique, sideways, unplanned, devious, dishonest; (v) request, follow, divert, get directed: (adj) oriented, manageable, destined, concentrating, intent, formal, absorbed, prescript, focussed; (v) instruct; (adv) under direction: (n, v) conduct, charge, management; (n) bearing, guidance,

195 command, course, instruction, rule, control, address discipline: (v) castigate, train, chastise, chasten, educate, correct; (n, v) exercise, practice, drill; (n) chastisement, correction. ANTONYMS: (n) indiscipline, permissiveness, laziness, disorganization, confusion, reward, abandon, negligence, persuasion; (v) commend, praise discontented: (adj, v) querulous, complaining; (adj) disaffected, disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, content discovered: (adj) revealed, disclosed, exposed, naked, detected, determined, observed, open, unconcealed, bare. ANTONYM: (adj) concealed disgrace: (adj, n, v) dishonor; (n, v) discredit, shame, stain, blemish, blot, slur, reproach; (v) degrade, debase; (n) degradation. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect, esteem, credit; (v) glorify, dignify, praise; (n) merit, grace, pride, rise, worthiness disgracious: (adj) impertinent, impolite, disrespectful, uncouth disinherited: (n) disinheritance; (adj) homeless, unloved dispatch: (n, v) speed, rush; (n) consignment, expedition, celerity, quickness; (v) send, accelerate, deliver, quicken, slay. ANTONYMS: (n) receiving, receipt, dawdling, delay, loitering, silence; (v) keep, start, begin, hold, retain dissemble: (v) feign, assume, conceal, disguise, camouflage, dissimulate, act, hide, sham, pretend, mask. ANTONYMS: (v) show, demonstrate, expose, reveal dissembler: (n) deceiver, charmer, trickster, dissimulator, sham, impostor, dissimuler, phoney, cheat, Tartuffe, tartufe dissembling: (adj) dissimulating, insincere; (n) pretense, deception, pretence, deceit, chicanery, feigning, hypocrisy, misrepresentation, pretending dissentious: (adj) factious, contentious, discordant, divisive, incendiary, insubordinate, quarrelsome, dissensious distain: (adj) pollute, leaven, maculate, splash; (v) discolor, contaminate, debase

196 distinguish: (v) discriminate, perceive, know, describe, make out, discover, descry, behold, identify, recognize, separate. ANTONYMS: (v) mistake, confound, ignore, Miss, unite, demean distraught: (adj) distressed, crazy, demented, frantic, upset, wild, frenzied, mad, anxious, frenetic, delirious. ANTONYMS: (adj) composed, calm, tranquil, relaxed, serene, untroubled, sane, content distress: (n, v) pain, torment, trouble, concern, torture, upset, worry; (n) anguish, agony; (adj, n) difficulty, grief. ANTONYMS: (n, v) comfort; (v) please, soothe, relieve; (n) peace, encouragement, straightforwardness, solace, relieving, relief, prosperity distressed: (adj) worried, distraught, anxious, sad, disturbed, downcast, hurt, distracted, wretched, shocked, troubled. ANTONYMS: (adj) composed, content, euphoric, happy, comforted, glad, joyful, collected, unconcerned, unaffected distressful: (adj) calamitous, dismal, disastrous, dreary, grievous, lamentable, sad, sorrowful, sorry, unfortunate, unhappy divers: (adj, v) sundry, various, separate; (adj) several, many, diverse, miscellaneous, not a few, varied; (v) diversified; (n) diver divided: (adj) cleft, detached, distributed, forked, shared, separated, separate, disjointed, branched, pronged, disunited divine: (adj) sacred, wonderful, blessed, holy, exquisite; (n) clergyman; (v) guess, conjecture, augur, anticipate; (adj, n) almighty. ANTONYMS: (adj) imperfect, profane, earthly, dreadful, physical, ugly, secular doctor: (v) cure, mend, repair, remedy, attend, adulterate, fix, heal; (n) doc, Dr; (adj) doctorly. ANTONYMS: (v) purify, clean, distill, harm, hurt, injure, wound dogs: (n) foxes, Canidae, Carnivora, cats, family Canidae, forceps, order Carnivora, bears; (adj) dogging doing: (n) act, do, deed, making, performance, execution, perpetration, acting; (v) to make, to do; (adj) current. ANTONYM: (n) failure domestic: (adj, v) home; (adj) civil, native, internal, household, familiar, inland, national; (n) maid, servant;

Richard III (adj, n) homely. ANTONYMS: (adj) foreign, wild, external, public, office, professional, imported, global, alien, undomestic done: (adj, adv) finished, ended; (adj) complete, completed, over, made, gone, accomplished, concluded, through, cooked. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsettled, disapproved, incomplete, rare, raw, rejected, uncooked, undone, unfulfilled, unsanctioned doom: (n, v) sentence, destine, fate; (v) condemn, convict, damn; (n) destiny, day of reckoning, chance, luck, lot. ANTONYMS: (n) plan; (v) absolve door: (n) threshold, mouth, entrance, doorway, entry, opening, access, entryway, way out, portal, hatch. ANTONYM: (n) entrance doting: (adj) fond, loving, affectionate, devoted, delirious, caring, amorous, wandering, silly, lovesome; (v) dote. ANTONYMS: (adj) inattentive, indifferent, neglectful, uncaring, disapproving, cold double: (adj, n) twin; (adj) dual, duple, twofold; (v) fold, bend, geminate; (adj, v) reduplicate; (n) substitute, mate, image. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) single; (v) decrease, divide, halve; (adj) multivalent, univalent, lone doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, query, dispute; (n) disbelief, misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, confidence, conclusiveness, belief, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, believe, consider, swallow doubtful: (adj) dubious, debatable, distrustful, questionable, queer, suspicious, tentative, disputable, diffident, unsettled, unsure. ANTONYMS: (adj) trusting, convinced, reliable, confident, persuaded, provable, sure, hopeful, promising, likely, indubitable draw: (n, v) drag, pull, delineate, tie, design, puff; (v) depict, describe, derive, bring; (n) attraction. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, deposit, shove, shorten, thrust, cut, curtail, contract, alienate; (n) repulsion, win drawn: (adj) careworn, worn, drew, pinched, gaunt, taut, tired, cadaverous, thin, tense, withdraw. ANTONYMS: (adj) rested, robust, refreshed, hale, fresh, vigorous,

carefree dread: (n, v) apprehension, fear, panic; (n) anxiety, awe, consternation, alarm, trepidation, dismay, foreboding, terror. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasing, welcomed, pleasant; (v) welcome, want; (n) reassurance, fearlessness, confidence, security, ease, calm dreadful: (adj) bad, awful, alarming, atrocious, fearful, terrible, abominable, appalling, direful, grisly; (adj, v) dread. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, great, lovely, fantastic, marvelous, admirable, successful, nice, joyous, honorable, fair dream: (n) aspiration, ambition, reverie, desire, fantasy, figment, nightmare; (n, v) vision, sleep; (v) muse, imagine. ANTONYMS: (n) alertness, nightmare dreaming: (n) reverie, ambition, nightmare, conception, castle in the air; (adj) absent-minded, asleep, visionary, vacant, wistful, rapt dregs: (n) residue, grounds, refuse, sediment, dreg, remains, settlings, feces, trash, waste, dross drew: (n) move, John Drew drink: (n, v) beverage, draught, swallow; (n) alcohol, brew, potion, intoxicant; (v) booze, carouse, bib, swig. ANTONYMS: (v) regurgitate, sip, abstain drop: (n, v) decline, dribble, deposit, decrease, jump, ebb; (adj, n, v) collapse; (v) droop, sink, cast, drip. ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase; (v) lift, pour, sharpen, raise, recuperate; (n) growth, mass, lot, upswing, elevation drops: (n) tear drown: (v) drench, submerge, overwhelm, choke, engulf, flood, swamp, inundate, suffocate, asphyxiate; (adj, n, v) sink. ANTONYMS: (v) float, swim, amplify, dry drum: (adj, n) barrel; (n) cask, tympan, cylinder, timbrel, tambour, tambourine; (v) beat, roll, bone up, ram drums: (n) drumming drunk: (adj) tipsy, wet, tight, blotto, drunken, inebriated; (adj, n) inebriate; (n) boozer, dipsomaniac, drunkard, drinker. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, clearheaded; (n) teetotaler duchess: (n) princess, queen, lady, czarina, begum, margravine,

William Shakespeare noblewoman, peeress, marchioness, sultana, infanta duke: (n) lord, prince, hand, nobleman, fist, chief; (v) pass, box, deliver dull: (adj) dreary, dense, sluggish, dismal, slack, torpid; (adj, v) blunt, stupid; (v) deaden, dampen; (adj, n) cold. ANTONYMS: (adj) lively, sharp, stimulating, exciting, lustrous, interesting, exhilarating, varied, glossy, glittery, luminous dungeon: (n, v) keep; (n) prison, cell, jail, penitentiary, fastness, oubliette, Bastille, bridewell, detention, house of correction dusky: (adj) dark, cloudy, gloomy, black, swarthy, dull, murky, obscure, dingy, sooty, somber. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, bright, sunny, radiant, clear duteous: (adj) obedient, respectful, compliant, docile, deferential, reverent, submissive, obsequious, reverential duty: (n) function, commitment, obligation, chore, assignment, office, dues, job, responsibility, must; (n, v) charge. ANTONYMS: (n) disobedience, option dwell: (adj, v) inhabit; (v) reside, bide, live, stay, lodge, delay, occupy, continue, be, settle. ANTONYM: (v) wander dying: (n) death, demise, decease, mortality; (adj) vanishing, moribund, last, final, ultimate, failing, ebbing. ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, well, opening, aborning, developing, flourishing, growing, reviving, rejuvenating; (n) birth each: (adv) apiece, either, individually; (adj) every, various, singular; (adj, det) any; (n) anyone, an, anybody, everyone eagles: (n) order Falconiformes, caracaras, Falconiformes earl: (n) baron, jarl, peer, thane, viscount, banneret, chief, lord earldom: (n) rank, county, domain, demesne, count early: (adv) betimes, soon; (adj) initial, primitive, young, prompt, first, quick; (n) beginning, morning, prior. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) late, later; (adj) delayed, slow, tardy, conclusive, latter, middle; (adv) belatedly, tardily, expectedly earnest: (adj, v) devout; (adj) eager, solemn, heartfelt, diligent, studious, sincere, intense, ardent, staid; (n) guarantee. ANTONYMS: (adj)

flippant, halfhearted, uncertain, insincere, unimportant, nonchalant, lethargic, apathetic, unenthusiastic, indifferent, frivolous ears: (n) antenna earth: (n) world, dust, ground, land, lair, dry land, terra firma, clay, creation, ball, country ease: (v) alleviate, assuage, relieve, allay; (n) convenience, rest, leisure, relief, satisfaction; (adj, v) facilitate; (n, v) relax. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, formality, awkwardness, worry, toil, problem, pain, maladroitness; (v) aggravate, worsen, impede easily: (adv) lightly, smoothly, facilely, fluently, readily, plainly, comfortably, uncomplicatedly, calmly, slowly, conveniently. ANTONYMS: (adv) hardly, unquestionably, laboriously, difficultly, barely, arduously, affectedly, inconveniently, seriously, formally east: (n) orient, e, Levant, easting, east side, EST, cardinal compass point; (adj) eastern; (adv) eastwards. ANTONYM: (adj) west edge: (n, v) bound, verge, hem, skirt, line; (n) boundary, margin, brink, blade, extremity, limit. ANTONYMS: (n) center, disadvantage, obstacle, handicap, mainstream, end; (v) interior, dull, blunt, speed edgeless: (adj) blunt, obtuse, duller edict: (n) act, command, writ, declaration, ruling, rule, regulation, directive, order, dictate, law edward: (n) prince Edward, Black Prince effect: (n, prep) consequence; (v) accomplish, achieve, bring about, create, complete, cause, do; (n) product, sequel; (n, v) result. ANTONYMS: (n) reason, cause; (v) impede, fail effeminate: (adj) womanish, delicate, epicene, sissy, emasculate, tender, ladylike, cissy, easy, voluptuous; (adj, v) feminate. ANTONYMS: (adj) macho, manly, masculine either: (adj) whatever; (adv) too, also, neither, besides, likewise; (n) or; (det) any; (conj) other elbow: (n, v) poke, nudge, jolt; (n) cubitus, elbow joint, angle, articulation; (v) jostle, push, shove, crowd elder: (adj) older, big, adult; (n) dean, doyen, patriarch, ancient, boss,

197 elderberry, superior, presbyter. ANTONYMS: (n) youngster, minor, child, inferior; (adj) youngest, younger, little elizabeth: (n) Elizabeth I, Elizabeth II eloquent: (adj) glib, fluent, persuasive, expressive, meaningful, significant, graphic, vivid, speaking, forcible, moving. ANTONYMS: (adj) incoherent, innocent, straightforward, weak else: (adv) besides, yet, to boot, in addition, moreover; (pron) another; (n) or; (adj) different, other, further, additional embrace: (v) comprise, adopt, comprehend, contain, admit, espouse, include; (n, v) clasp, hug, grip, bosom. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, exclude, spurn, shun, renounce, release, loose, disbelieve empire: (adj, n) rule, authority, control; (n) kingdom, domain, realm, reign, nation, sway, command, territory employ: (v) use, apply, exploit, consume, wield, hire, engage, exercise, work, busy, utilize. ANTONYMS: (v) fire, dismiss, can, ignore, misuse, sack, underuse; (n) unemployment empty: (adj, v) clear, discharge, destitute, void; (adj) hollow, bare, blank, barren, abandoned; (v) deplete, pour. ANTONYMS: (adj) crowded, meaningful, packed, occupied, inhabited, swarming, brimming, laden, filled, cultivated; (v) fill emulation: (n) mimicry, rivalry, contest, simulation, contention, strife, conflict, ambition, emulate, compete, imitating encounter: (n) collision, conflict, battle, action, confrontation, brush; (n, v) combat, contest, rencounter; (v) confront, face. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, surrender, evade, avoid, yield; (n) shunning, avoidance, withdrawal endeavors: (n) activities, deeds, events, Comings and Goings, undertakings, accomplishments, happenings ending: (n) conclusion, end, closure, close, completion, finish, termination, dissolution, death; (adj, n) closing, last. ANTONYMS: (n) beginning, middle, commencement, inauguration, kickoff, prelude, establishment; (adj) first endow: (v) invest, donate, give,

198 clothe, contribute, bless, supply, furnish, dower, empower; (n, v) vest. ANTONYMS: (v) divest, drain ends: (n) tops, crook, band, bend, bind, limits, clippings, curve, trimmings, boundaries endure: (adj, n, v) continue, support; (n, v) bear, suffer, stand, be; (v) accept, undergo, allow, stay, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) perish, die, break, fall, discontinue, crumble, end, enjoy, resign, quit, collapse enemy: (n) antagonist, opponent, foe, opposition, competitor, enmity, assailant, foeman, hostile, besieger; (adj, n) rival. ANTONYMS: (n) ally, friend, supporter, benefactor, defender, fan enforce: (v) compel, constrain, carry out, implement, impose, execute, apply, drive, dispense, effect; (n, v) force. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, relax, neglect, forget, exempt, disregard, abandon enforced: (adj) required, obligatory, compulsory, applied, compelled, binding, essential, requisite, necessary, mandatory, legal. ANTONYMS: (adj) optional, unenforced, voluntary enforcement: (n) execution, constraint, compulsion, duress, carrying out, performance, force, coaction, press, effect, administration enfranchise: (v) emancipate, free, deliver, absolve, acquit; (n) empower, charter, license, privilege, warrant, liberation. ANTONYM: (v) disenfranchise england: (n) Britain, British, UK, United Kingdom, Albion, British Empire english: (n) English language, Englishwoman, Britain, Englishman, side, the English, English people; (adj) Anglican; (v) Anglify englishman: (n) Sassenach, British, Briton, Britisher, Englander, English, Saxon, limey, burgher, Jacobean, burgess enjoy: (v) hold, have, relish, bask, appreciate, own, rejoice, revel, love, experience; (adj, v) like. ANTONYMS: (v) need, suffer, loathe, lack, hate, detest, despise, want enmity: (n, v) animosity; (n) antagonism, animus, hostility, aggression, rancor, ill will, antipathy, hatred, war, dislike.

Richard III ANTONYMS: (n) friendship, friendliness, affinity, love, kindness, affection, adoration, amity, cooperation, goodwill ennoble: (n, v) dignify, honor; (v) elevate, advance, glorify, exalt, aggrandize, refine, gentle, enhance, sublime enough: (adj) ample, adequate, competent, decent; (n) adequacy, sufficiency, fill; (adv) rather, amply, adequately; (adv, n) plenty. ANTONYMS: (adj) insufficient, deficient, wanting, scant; (adv) insufficiently, inadequately; (n) insufficiency, deficiency, inadequacy, shortage enrich: (v) decorate, adorn, fertilize, beautify, ornament, develop, fatten, endow, better, cultivate; (n) enrichment. ANTONYMS: (v) impoverish, cheapen, degenerate, reduce, deplete, deteriorate enter: (v) enroll, embark, chronicle, book, record, input, arrive, come, pierce, register, penetrate. ANTONYMS: (v) depart, exit, delete, stop, refrain, erase, egress, abstain, cancel, exclude, disembark entertain: (v) amuse, delight, bear, cherish, beguile, admit, accommodate, harbor, hold, distract; (n, v) interest. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, ignore, banish, forget, tire, displease entrails: (n) bowels, gut, bowel, viscera, innards, internal organs, insides, intestines, guts, tripe, inside entreat: (v) beg, beseech, ask, implore, pray, adjure, appeal, request, conjure, crave, bid. ANTONYMS: (v) demand, reject envious: (adj) covetous, invidious, jaundiced, malicious, begrudge, greedy, resentful, grudging, green, begrudging, enviable. ANTONYMS: (adj) fulfilled, satisfied, undesirous, contented envy: (v) begrudge, want; (n) enviousness, desire, heartburning, resentment, envies, heartburn, jealousy, hatred; (adj) jealous. ANTONYM: (n) generosity equally: (adv) evenly, equivalently, levelly, alike, justly, as, parallelly, uniformly, similarly; (adj, adv, conj) as well; (adj) even. ANTONYMS: (adv) unevenly, individually, differently, unfairly equals: (n) classmates, colleagues, contemporaries, generation, age group

espouse: (n, v) wed; (v) embrace, sustain, defend, marry, advocate, accept, take up, assume, back, betroth. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, oppose, repudiate, spurn, desert, abandon, divorce, detract estate: (n) land, order, demesne, rank, domain, property, acres, substance, state, asset, assets eternal: (adj) constant, perpetual, ceaseless, everlasting, lasting, continual, aeonian, immortal, boundless, deathless, enduring. ANTONYMS: (adj) mortal, finite, brief, ephemeral, fleeting, terminable, ending, fragile, inconstant ever: (adj, adv) always, continually; (adj) constantly, still, forever; (adv) never, e'er, before, once, perpetually; (n) Evers. ANTONYM: (adv) erratically everlastingly: (adv) perpetually, always, lastingly, continually, endlessly, unendingly, incessantly, permanently, constantly, undyingly; (adj, adv) forever every: (adj) each, total, whole, any, thorough; (n) everybody, everyone, everything; (adv) apiece, either; (pron) every one evidence: (n) proof, confirmation, data, testimony, sign, attestation, demonstration; (v) demonstrate, certify, attest; (n, v) mark. ANTONYMS: (v) disprove, confute; (n) conviction evil: (adj) bad, criminal, corrupt, wicked, destructive, depraved; (adj, n) ill, detriment; (n) adversity, disaster, depravity. ANTONYMS: (n) goodness, righteousness, morality; (adj) kindhearted, righteous, benign, moral, pure, upright, virtuous, sinless evils: (n) mala excellent: (adj, n) estimable, worthy, capital; (adj) superior, admirable, beautiful, distinctive, superb, great, good, splendid. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, abysmal, awful, mediocre, terrible, imperfect, inadequate, middling, shoddy, bad, used except: (adj, conj, prep) save; (v) exclude, demur, omit, elide; (adv, conj, prep) but; (adv, prep) besides; (prep) excepting, excluding, aside from; (conj, n) without. ANTONYMS: (prep) including; (v) receive, admit excuse: (n, v) pardon, palliate; (v) absolve, exculpate, condone, acquit,

William Shakespeare justify, forgive; (n) alibi, pretext, evasion. ANTONYMS: (v) blame, accuse, chide, discipline, include, reprimand, castigate; (n) accusation execute: (v) do, achieve, complete, perform, accomplish, act, effect, carry out, enforce, make, fulfill. ANTONYMS: (v) abandon, ignore, disregard, Miss, forget, shirk, revive executed: (adj) finished, fulfilled, complete execution: (n) accomplishment, achievement, enforcement, implementation, effect, action, carrying out, executing, discharge, death penalty, capital punishment. ANTONYM: (n) omission executioner: (n) killer, murderer, hangman, headsman, electrocutioner, executor, tormentor, executer, public executioner, slaughterer, slayer exempt: (v) absolve, discharge, dispense, forgive, relieve, justify, except; (adj, v) free; (adj) immune, at liberty, released. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) nonexempt; (adj) liable, taxable, bound; (v) enforce, blame, include exercise: (n, v) employ, practice, use, discipline; (v) apply, train, exert; (n) employment, application, play, movement. ANTONYMS: (n) avoid, idleness, inactiveness, inactivity, work; (v) ignore, neglect, overlook, perform, conserve exit: (n) departure, door, egress, outlet, going, gate, way out; (v) leave, go, go out, die. ANTONYMS: (n) arrival, entry, entrance, greeting; (v) arrive, come expect: (v) assume, anticipate, demand, understand, hope, think, suppose, calculate, await, abide, conceive. ANTONYMS: (v) fear, despair expecting: (adj) pregnant, confident, with child, heavy, hopeful; (n) family way expedient: (adj) fit, advisable, becoming, desirable, adequate, apt, convenient, suitable; (n) contrivance, resource, artifice. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, inexpedient, impractical, futile, detrimental, inconvenient, foolish expedition: (n) dispatch, travel, celerity, speed, haste, readiness, quest, tour; (n, v) campaign, journey, crusade. ANTONYMS: (n) delay, procrastination, slowing expiate: (v) atone, aby, redeem, abye, compensate, recompense, purge;

(adj) pious, expiable; (n) expiator, expiation exploit: (n, v) act, achievement, feat, action; (n) accomplishment, adventure, effort; (v) exercise, apply, use, employ. ANTONYM: (v) waste extreme: (adj) deep, excessive, enormous, supreme, terrible, uttermost, ultimate, utmost, intense, immoderate; (n) edge. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) mild, slight; (adj) middle, reasonable, near, limited, close, conventional, ordinary, normal, insignificant eyes: (n) sight, eye, vision, view, baby blues, guard, propensity, eyen face: (adj, n, v) front; (v) confront, audacity; (n, v) look, aspect, top; (n) side, expression, countenance, exterior, facade. ANTONYMS: (n, v) back; (n) timidity, nobody, underside, shyness, rear; (v) evade, elude, hide, withdraw, submit faction: (n) crew, cabal, group, band, set, party, division, junto, dissension, clan; (n, v) feud. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, agreement, entirety, peace, unity factious: (adj) rebellious, seditious, divisive, quarrelsome, turbulent, contumacious, mutinous, willful, argumentative, contentious, demagogical. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmonious, agreeing, cooperative factor: (n, v) agent, part; (adj, n) constituent; (n) component, ingredient, divisor, element, broker, deputy, point, parameter fail: (adj, v) fade, decline, cease; (v) abort, die, break, bust, want, disappoint, deteriorate, default. ANTONYMS: (v) succeed, triumph, win, thrive, procure, accomplish, achieve, attain, boom, complete, continue fain: (adj) willing, prepared, ready, favorable, heart and soul, prone; (adv) gladly, lief, readily, willingly; (v) optative fair: (adj) clear, beautiful, sweet, reasonable, dispassionate, average, fine, impartial; (adj, v) bright; (adj, adv) clean; (n) blonde. ANTONYMS: (adj) biased, unjust, exceptional, dark, partial, mismatched, unwarranted, foul, imbalanced, prejudiced, poor fairly: (adj, adv) justly; (adv) moderately, honestly, completely, purely, impartially, somewhat, righteously, lightly, rightly, squarely. ANTONYMS: (adv)

199 unjustly, extremely, subjectively, very, dishonestly, unreasonably, completely, entirely, unlawfully, excessively, wholly faith: (n) confidence, belief, conviction, trust, credence, credit, creed, assurance, cult, expectation, dependence. ANTONYMS: (n) disbelief, distrust, dubiosity, skepticism, despair, uncertainty, doubt, independence faithful: (adj, n) accurate, correct, exact, true; (adj) close, unfailing, dependable, devoted, sound, devout; (adj, v) constant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unreliable, false, inaccurate, unfaithful, unrealistic, faithless, perfidious, backstabbing, cheating, inexact, loose falchion: (n) sword, blade, steel, saber, scimitar, cutlass, faulchion, fauchion, broadsword fall: (n, v) decline, dip, rain, decrease, plunge, dive; (n) downfall, descent, autumn; (v) descend, sink. ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase, win, climb, triumph; (n) ascent, improvement, rising; (v) ascend, advance, conquer, elevate falls: (n) cataract, waterfall, chute, angel, torrent, Victoria, twin, force, body of water, Guaira, Niagara false: (adj, n) bastard; (adj, adv) counterfeit, deceitful; (adj) untrue, dishonest, erroneous, sham, assumed, artificial, fictitious, deceptive. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, genuine, faithful, factual, correct, natural, truthful, honest, valid, just, loyal falsehood: (n) fable, fabrication, deception, untruth, lie, fib, fiction, invention, dishonesty; (adj, n) deceit, falsity. ANTONYMS: (n) fact, honesty, reality falsely: (adv) incorrectly, fraudulently, deceptively, dishonestly, wrongly, erroneously, misleadingly, deceitfully, unfaithfully, spuriously, fictitiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) honestly, truthfully, faithfully, authentically, correctly, naturally, rightly fame: (n, v) credit, celebrity, report, reputation, renown, cry; (n) distinction, bruit, honor, prestige, buzz. ANTONYMS: (n) infamy, obscurity, anonymity, ignominy, dishonor, commonness, oblivion, criticism famous: (adj) celebrated, splendid, distinguished, renowned,

200 illustrious, famed, capital, prominent, well-known, fine, stunning. ANTONYMS: (adj) infamous, ordinary, anonymous, insignificant, obscure, inglorious, undistinguished famously: (adv) illustriously, greatly, prominently, gloriously, magnificently, wonderfully, renownedly, eminently, notoriously, celebratedly, notedly farewell: (int, n) adieu; (n) bye, leave, valediction, adios, parting, goodbye, separation, departure, aloha; (int) bon voyage. ANTONYMS: (n) hello, salutation, welcome farther: (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) additional, more, distant; (adv) furthermore, besides, abroad, in addition, too; (adj, prep) outside; (pron) another. ANTONYMS: (prep) within; (adv) nearer, closer fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) leisurely; (v) gorge, eat fatal: (adj) deadly, pestilent, lethal, disastrous, destructive, dangerous, deathly, fateful, murderous, critical; (adj, v) mortal. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmless, nourishing, healthful, benign, uncritical, mild father: (n) dad, begetter, creator, abba, patriarch, beginner, founder, padre; (n, v) sire; (v) engender, generate. ANTONYMS: (n) disciple, follower fatherless: (adj) bastard, unfathered, misbegotten, bereaved, childless, parentless, orbate, unparented; (v) helpless, unfriended fault: (adj, n, v) deficiency; (n) error, blot, delinquency, flaw, break, blunder; (adj, n) failing, blemish; (n, v) blame, crime. ANTONYMS: (n) strength, virtue, capability, innocence, perfection, credit, ease; (v) praise, absolve faultless: (adj) blameless, correct, immaculate, clean, spotless, innocent, flawless, unblemished, absolute, infallible, consummate. ANTONYMS: (adj) blemished, imperfect, faulty, shameful, soiled, blameworthy favour: (n) relief, goodness, assistance, office, favoritism, benignity; (v) choose, prefer,

Richard III privilege, facilitate, approve favourable: (adj) convenient, encouraging, good, auspicious, useful, benevolent, favorable, profitable, conducive, opportune, prosperous fear: (n) awe, dismay, alarm, fright, consternation, care, anguish; (n, v) apprehension, doubt, concern, reverence. ANTONYMS: (n) fearlessness, reassurance, confidence, courage, valor, calm, boldness, security, equanimity, peace; (v) brave fearful: (adj, n) afraid; (adj, v) dreadful, cowardly; (adj) terrible, apprehensive, awful, timid, anxious, craven, frightful, eerie. ANTONYMS: (adj) rational, calm, confident, bold, unimpressed, charming, fearless, courageous, reassuring, unafraid, wonderful fears: (n) worries, uncertainties, doubts, qualms, misgivings feature: (n) article, aspect, detail, character, characteristic, peculiarity, lineament, facet, appearance, quality; (n, v) mark. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, ignore feeble: (adj) delicate, decrepit, ailing, helpless, powerless, poor, mild, lax, thin; (adj, v) faint, debilitated. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, vigorous, hearty, tough, effective, powerful, unrelenting, robust, potent, persuasive, able feed: (v) eat, dine, browse, encourage, board, diet, nourish, fatten; (n, v) nurture, provender; (n) aliment. ANTONYMS: (v) thwart, crave, desire, sap feel: (v) experience, finger, handle, consider, find; (n, v) sense, sound; (n) feeling, texture, atmosphere, air. ANTONYMS: (v) observe, doubt, question, mistrust, ignore, disregard, disbelieve, challenge feeling: (n) affection, feel, emotion, sensitivity, mood, hunch, opinion, belief, impression, atmosphere; (adj, n) sentiment. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, overtone, insensibility, certainty, insensitivity, hatred, trust; (adj) unfeeling feet: (v) legs, pegs, pins, trotters; (n) foots, ft, fete, meter, rescue fell: (v) cut, chop, bring down, drop, cut down; (adj) barbarous, cruel; (adj, v) prostrate, floor, knock down; (n) skin. ANTONYMS: (v) construct, erect, raise, build fellow: (adj, n) comrade, associate;

(n) boy, equal, brother, peer, chap, colleague, compeer, buddy; (adj, n, v) concomitant. ANTONYMS: (n) female, woman, girl, foe, enemy, antagonist, competitor felt: (v) mat, tangle, snarl, braid, entangle, lace, perceive; (adj) sensed, perceived, conscious, sensible fetch: (v) carry, bring, bring in, convey, draw, elicit, deliver, catch, get, attract; (adj, n) feint field: (n) area, battlefield, ground, place, domain, discipline, range, realm, battleground, section, compass fields: (n) field, domains, plain, notification fields, rotation, alternation of crops, grounds fierce: (adj) bitter, acute, cruel, ferocious, brutal, grim, nasty, intense, ardent; (adj, v) savage, furious. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, mild, calm, quiet, tame, docile, weak, peaceful, pleasant fiery: (adj, n) burning, passionate, glowing; (adj) fervent, ablaze, hot, fervid, impassioned, peppery; (adj, v) fierce, violent. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, passionless, dispassionate, indifferent, placid, gentle, cool; (adv) easygoing fight: (n, v) battle, dispute, contest, quarrel, engagement, feud, squabble, argue, struggle, clash; (adj, n, v) brawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) withdrawal, retreat; (n) fear, surrender, agreement; (v) compromise, favor, submit figure: (n, v) form, design, cast, estimate, shape, image; (v) count, cipher; (adj, n) appearance; (n) character, cost. ANTONYM: (v) estimate fill: (v) block, clog, stuff, line, charge, execute, accomplish, complete, brim, fulfill; (n) crowd. ANTONYMS: (v) empty, free, deplete, unpack, unload, notch, deflate, desert find: (v) catch, detect, encounter, come across, feel, attain, ascertain; (n) detection, disclosure, search, discovery. ANTONYMS: (v) misplace, search, fail; (n) loss firm: (adj, adv) hard; (adj, v) stable, compact, determined, close, resolute; (adj) fixed, steadfast, solid, strong; (adj, n) steady. ANTONYMS: (adj) irresolute, weak, soft, hesitant, limp, liquid, soggy, lenient, indefinite, loose, inconstant fishes: (n) amphibians, Craniata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Vertebrata,

William Shakespeare birds fitter: (n) adjuster, machinist, sartor, cutter, mounter, erector; (adj) suitable, healthier fitting: (n) adaptation, adjustment, appointment; (adj) apt, appropriate, applicable, felicitous, just, decorous, becoming, suitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) improper, wrong, incompatible, inconvenient, undue, unfit, unsatisfactory, unseemly, unsuitable five: (n) fives, quintuplet, quint, Phoebe, basketball team, fin, squad, ace, digit; (adj, n) v; (adj) quinary flag: (adj, v) decline, fade, drop, fail; (n) banner, ensign, colors, colours; (v) sag; (n, v) sign; (adj, n, v) languish. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, rise, rally, strengthen flaky: (adj) scaly, outlandish, flakey, bizarre, capricious, filmy, brittle, peculiar, queer, odd, erratic. ANTONYM: (adj) solid flatter: (v) fawn, adulate, wheedle, cajole, soap, kowtow, blandish, grovel, butter up; (n, v) court; (n) caress. ANTONYMS: (v) insult, disparage, criticize, discourage flattered: (adj) pleased flattering: (adj) ingratiating, complimentary, courtly, obsequious, adulatory, fulsome, bland, candied, smooth, encouraging; (n) flattery. ANTONYMS: (adj) assertive, critical, unflattering, unattractive, wounding, uncomplimentary, negative; (adv) partially fleeting: (adj) brief, momentary, ephemeral, passing, transient, short, fugitive, evanescent, transitory, temporal, short-lived. ANTONYMS: (adj) permanent, lasting, enduring, unforgettable, thorough, lengthy, long, slow flint: (adj) stone, pebble, fossil, granite, marble; (n) quartz, silica, flint river, gunflint, crystal, crag flourish: (n, v) display; (v) thrive, prosper, boast, wave, brag, wield, boom, grow; (adj, v) bloom; (adv, v) shake. ANTONYMS: (v) decline, struggle, deteriorate, wilt, pine, fade, flounder, decrease, dwindle flowers: (n) analecta, anthology folded: (adj) plaited, pleated, doubled, artful, braided, corrugated, doubled over, fluted follow: (v) chase, adopt, adhere, succeed, accompany, abide by, comprehend, ensue, track; (adj, v) catch, grasp. ANTONYMS: (v)

guide, lead, head, disobey, deny, ignore, misunderstand, predate, exceed, defy, break followers: (n) adherents, people, entourage, claque, faithful, disciples, supporters, multitude, attendants, support, suite fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, devoted, tender, loving, amorous, delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) aversion, cold, rough fondly: (adv) lovingly, tenderly, warmly, kindly, caringly, adoringly, devotedly, amorously, dearly, dotingly, foolishly. ANTONYMS: (adv) coldly, ill foolish: (adj) childish, fool, crazy, dumb, daft, fatuous, stupid, unwise, preposterous, dopey; (adj, n) silly. ANTONYMS: (adj) wise, sensible, shrewd, prudent, visionary, diplomatic, levelheaded, sane, rational, mature, judicious foot: (n) base, feet, foundation, footing, pes, paw, basis, leg, measure; (v) hoof, pay. ANTONYMS: (v) owe; (n) head footing: (n) foothold, base, bottom, foundation, status, rank, foot, pedestal, situation, relation, root. ANTONYM: (n) top force: (n, v) drive, squeeze, pressure, thrust; (n) energy, strength, agency; (v) coerce, push, press, compel. ANTONYMS: (n) persuasion, ineffectiveness, inertia, apathy, moderation; (v) request, wheedle, pull, push, restrain, prevent forces: (n) troop, army, troops, rank and file, services, war, Armed Services, enmity forehead: (n) brow, front, foreland, lineament, mut, phiz, physiognomy, visage, eyebrow, skull; (adv) foremost foreign: (adj) extraneous, extrinsic, alien, exterior, external, exotic, strange, oversea, adventitious, unfamiliar, stranger. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, domestic, internal, relevant, national, natural forfeit: (n) penalty, deprivation, cost; (v) abandon, forgo, relinquish, waive; (n, v) sacrifice, pawn; (adj) confiscate, lost. ANTONYMS: (n) retention; (v) claim, redeem, receive, maintain forget: (v) leave, miss, blank out, bury, to forget, overlook, neglect, ignore, fail, unlearn, abandon. ANTONYMS: (v) mind, attend

201 forgetfulness: (n) neglect, amnesia, obliviousness, inattention, memory loss, omission, unknowingness, unawareness, Lethe, carelessness, loss of memory. ANTONYMS: (n) awareness, concentration, remembering, attention form: (n, v) make, fashion, design, build, arrange, shape; (adj, n) figure; (v) establish, constitute, do; (n) ceremony. ANTONYMS: (v) deform, destroy formal: (adj) ceremonious, distant, solemn, courtly, prim, ceremonial, stately, official, elegant, cold, proper. ANTONYMS: (adj) informal, relaxed, unceremonious, unofficial, chatty, cosy, natural, casual, nonformal, friendly, flexible forsake: (v) abandon, ditch, relinquish, abdicate, fail, leave, forgo, chuck, disclaim; (n, v) drop; (adj, v) quit. ANTONYM: (v) support forsooth: (adv) really, actually, certainly, indeed, in truth, truly, by right; (adj) in fact, joking apart; (int) quotha forswearing: (n) renunciation, abnegation, forgoing, forsaking, disowning, apostasy, abjuration, disavowal, rejection, defection forth: (adv) away, along, onward, ahead, before, on, off, on the high road, on the road, on the way, under way fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, luck, accident, means, assets, riches, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) design forward: (adj, prep) bold; (adj, adv) onward; (adj) audacious; (adj, n, v) promote; (v) expedite, dispatch; (adv) fore, along, ahead; (adv, n, v) further; (adj, adv, n) early. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) backward; (adj) posterior, timid, reverse, abashed, late, formal; (adv) behind, rearward, back, aft foul: (adj, v) nasty, base, corrupt, coarse; (adj) filthy, disgusting, evil, unclean, putrid; (n, v) defile, soil. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) clean, pure; (adj) pleasant, fair, inoffensive, humane, attractive, honest, pleasing, fragrant; (v) unclog found: (v) erect, build, base, form, construct, constitute, appoint, institute, set up, create, ground. ANTONYMS: (v) abolish, disband; (adj) lost four: (n) quaternary, foursome,

202 tetrad, quaternion, quadruplet, square, quarter, quad, air, age of man; (adj, n) IV fourth: (adv) fourthly; (n) interval, third, after part, common fraction, fourth part, quartern, second; (adj) quaternary frail: (adj, v) weak, feeble; (adj) fragile, flimsy, delicate, breakable, rickety, slender, light, slim; (v) faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) substantial, robust, tough, fit, healthy, hearty, perfect, weighty, well, capable, sturdy france: (n) Frances, Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault, regional operations in Germany, Anatole France frantic: (adj) desperate, crazy, excited, distraught, frenetic, distracted; (adj, v) frenzied, furious, wild, raging; (n) maniac. ANTONYMS: (adj) mellow, composed free: (adj, v) exempt, liberate, discharge; (adj, adv, v) loose; (v) excuse, extricate, relieve, disentangle, ease; (adj, n) frank; (adj) liberal. ANTONYMS: (adj) restricted, imprisoned, repressive, secure, strict, stuck, confined, tangled, compelled, dependent; (v) confine freedom: (adj, n) franchise, immunity; (n) deliverance, autonomy, release, discharge, emancipation, escape, liberty, right; (adj) frankness. ANTONYMS: (n) imprisonment, restriction, captivity, suppression, dependence, restraint, capture, chance, conformity, inclusion french: (adj) Gallic, Frankish, Gallican, Gallian; (v) to take French leave; (n) Frenchman, romance language, French people, Daniel Chester French, profanity, the French friend: (adj, n) associate, comrade, companion, fellow, ally; (n) acquaintance, colleague, boyfriend, crony, brother, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, stranger, rival, nemesis, adversary, antagonist friendly: (adj, n) favorable; (adj) amiable, affectionate, decent, goodnatured, kind, convivial, companionable, benevolent, amicable; (adj, adv) comradely. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfriendly, distant, disagreeable, aggressive, aloof, formal, frosty, belligerent,

Richard III curt, reserved, impersonal friends: (n) circle, associates, connections, links, support group, acquaintances friendship: (n) association, familiarity, affection, companionship, friendliness, intimacy, company, attachment, relationship; (n, v) amity, concord. ANTONYMS: (n) hostility, animosity, antagonism, conflict, formality, rivalry, hatred, detachment, distance, isolation fright: (n, v) dismay, alarm, scare, affright; (n) awe, fear, dread, terror, horror, consternation, apprehension. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, fearlessness, courage, confidence, security frightful: (adj, v) fearful; (adj) formidable, awful, fearsome, appalling, gruesome, horrible, terrible, dread, frightening, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, calming, soothing, pleasant, lovely, fair frown: (adj, v) lower; (adj, n) scowl; (n, v) pout, grimace, glower, glare; (adj) black looks, gloam, glout; (v) sulk, gnash. ANTONYM: (v) approve frowning: (adj) dismal, dark, gloomy, lowering, scowling, frowny, clouded; (adv) frowningly; (n) austere, boisterous, coarse fruits: (n) revenue fryer: (n) chicken, volaille, poulet, electric deep frier, sausage for frying, pullet fulfill: (v) achieve, execute, do, perform, attain, carry out, complete, effect, fill, satisfy, meet. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, break, disobey, displease full: (adj, n) complete, absolute, entire; (adj) abundant, flush, broad, extensive, ample, total, enough; (adj, adv, n) crowded. ANTONYMS: (adj) lacking, starving, hungry, sketchy, incomplete, thin, deserted, partial, restricted, weak; (v) wane fulsome: (adj) excessive, foul, immoderate, bad, plentiful, undue, smarmy, repugnant, rank, high; (v) loathsome. ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, scanty furies: (n) Eumenides gain: (n, v) profit, benefit, win, catch, advance; (v) derive, earn, get, attain, reach; (n) earnings. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, deficit, disadvantage, setback; (n, v) decrease; (v) reduce, scatter, collapse

gallant: (adj) fearless, brave, daring, courageous, chivalrous, bold, manly, heroic, dashing, courteous, fine. ANTONYMS: (adj) boorish, rude, selfish gape: (v) gawk, yawn, open, glare, goggle, split, dehisce, ogle, see; (adj, n) stare; (n, v) look garden: (v) farm, cultivate, tend; (n) field, bed, plantation, orchard, grove, grounds, park; (adj) gardenly garish: (adj) flashy, loud, gaudy, brassy, blatant, meretricious, showy, flash, tawdry; (adj, v) gay, gairish. ANTONYMS: (adj) drab, inconspicuous, muted, restrained, dull garland: (n) anthology, coronal, wreath, festoon, chaplet, bouquet, decoration, ornament, laurels, prize, lei garments: (n) attire, clothing, dress, apparel, raiment, outfit, costume, garb, array, gear, anything worthless garter: (n) cestus, halter, running knot, surcingle, noose, knot, lasso, suspender, star, wreath, crown gave: (v) deliver, allow, allot, provide, furnish, impart, administer; (n) gives gaze: (n, v) stare, regard, look, behold; (v) gape, see, contemplate, face, pry, view, glance. ANTONYMS: (v) glance, peek general: (adj, v) common, frequent; (adj) comprehensive, national, universal, ecumenical, current, commonplace, public; (n) chief, commander. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) particular; (adj) narrow, individual, restricted, specialist, detailed, personal, localized, local, precise, limited gentle: (adj) easy, friendly, soft, kind, affable, balmy, mild, feeble, compassionate; (adj, adv) calm; (adj, v) tame. ANTONYMS: (adj) harsh, loud, fierce, caustic, violent, rough, hardhearted, abrupt, heavy, steep, sheer gentleman: (n) gent, Mr, male, patrician, sir, adult male, esquire, sahib, gentlemen; (adj) gentilhomme, gentlemanly gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs gently: (adv) tenderly, slowly, mildly, soft, slow, kindly, delicately, softly, lightly, meekly, quietly. ANTONYMS: (adv) sharply, fiercely, forcefully, harshly, abruptly, violently, severely,

William Shakespeare roughly, intensely, meanly, heavily george: (n) Christian martyr, saint George, St George ghastly: (adj) awful, fearful, cadaverous, dreadful, grisly, gruesome, macabre, hideous, appalling, atrocious; (adv) gruesomely. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, lovely, attractive, delightful ghost: (n, v) apparition, specter; (n) shade, spirit, demon, soul, spook, spectre, goblin, appearance, monster giddy: (adj, v) flighty; (adj) dizzy, faint, silly, changeable, vertiginous, featherbrained, light, fickle, capricious; (adv) careless. ANTONYMS: (adj) serious, dull gift: (adj, n, v) endowment, faculty, ability, talent; (n) donation, flair, bestowal; (n, v) award, present, boon; (adj, n) capacity. ANTONYMS: (n) penalty, forfeiture, failing gilbert: (n) William Schwenk Gilbert, William Gilbert, Gb, GI, poet, librettist, gigabyte, sir William Gilbert, Cass Gilbert, Humphrey Gilbert, g girdling: (n) cincture give: (v) extend, commit, donate, endow, contribute, dispense, deliver, convey, grant; (adj, v) bestow, accord. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, take, withhold, retain, receive, keep, get, hide, conceal, starve, withstand given: (adj) apt, disposed, prone, specified, liable, inclined, granted, fixed, conditional; (n) assumption, particular. ANTONYMS: (adj) taken, unwilling gives: (n) give, offer, provide, grant, accord giving: (n) endowment, donation, presentation, bestowal, disposal; (adj) liberal, generous, charitable, bighearted, big, humanitarian. ANTONYMS: (adj) nasty, tightfisted, malevolent, mean, stiff, stingy glad: (adj) jubilant, cheerful, gay, blithe, delighted, festive, content, delightful, genial, bright, willing. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, apologetic, dismayed, unwilling, disappointed, sorry glorious: (adj) distinguished, beautiful, bright, celebrated, brilliant, eminent, magnificent, super, great, splendid; (adj, v) illustrious. ANTONYMS: (adj)

sorrowful, despicable, horrible, shameful, lowly glory: (n) celebrity, brightness, honor, distinction, glorification, eclat, dignity; (n, v) halo, pride; (v) exult, boast. ANTONYMS: (v) blasphemy, lament, profanity; (n) dishonor, disrepute, ugliness, blame, criticism gnaw: (v) chew, fret, crunch, corrode, nibble, eat, erode, to bite, munch, masticate; (n, v) chafe gods: (n) gallery going: (n) exit, leaving, parting, expiration, disappearance, action; (v) go, course, to go; (adj) working, running. ANTONYMS: (n) arrival, Reunion gold: (n) Au, money, riches, wealth, bullion, treasure, yellow, amber; (adj) aureate, gilt, golden golden: (adj) aureate, fortunate, gilded, auspicious, gold, gilt, lucky, advantageous, fair, favorable, favored. ANTONYM: (adj) inauspicious gone: (adj, prep) past; (adj) deceased, bygone, departed, desperate, lost, late; (adj, v) exhausted, extinct; (adj, adv) absent, away. ANTONYMS: (adj) present, remaining, found, alive goodly: (adv) benignly, kindly, strongly, rightly, graciously, virtuously, soundly, uprightly; (adj) sizable, handsome, respectable govern: (n, v) direct, control, reign, rule; (v) administer, dictate, dominate, manage, check, bridle, regulate. ANTONYM: (v) deregulate government: (n, v) administration, management, conduct; (adj, n) authority, control, empire, rule; (n) command, dominion, governance, cabinet grace: (adj, v) adorn; (v) garnish, deck, embellish, beautify, decorate, embroider; (adj, n, v) favor; (n) elegance, beauty; (adj, n) clemency. ANTONYMS: (n) unseemliness, awkwardness, disfavor, inelegance, heaviness, unkindness; (v) deface, demean gracious: (adj) genial, benign, good, courteous, compassionate, kind, accommodating, civil; (adj, n) benevolent, congenial, gentle. ANTONYMS: (adj) ungracious, boorish, discourteous, reserved, rude, abrupt, critical, unkind, hardhearted, harsh, poor graft: (n, v) transplant, toil; (n) corruption, bribery, bud, grafting,

203 bribe, implant; (v) engraft, ingraft, boodle grand: (adj, n) glorious, excellent; (adj, n, v) noble; (adj) gorgeous, August, superb, important, majestic, exalted; (adj, v) great, dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressive, humble, modest, unimportant, poor, base, inferior, limited, incomplete, restricted, small grandam: (n) grandmother, grannam grant: (adj, v) bestow, allow, confer; (n, v) award, gift, boon; (v) concede, afford, admit, acknowledge; (adj, n, v) present. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, reject, refuse, maintain, prohibit, disagree, retrieve, take, withhold, withdraw grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad, grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, minor, insignificant, favorable graves: (n) Robert Graves, Robert Ranke Graves gray: (adj) dull, dim, bleak, gloomy, pale, grizzled, hoary, leaden, old, overcast; (n) grizzle. ANTONYMS: (adj) sunny, cheerful, clear, youthful great: (adj) eminent, gigantic, big, distinguished, large, extensive, extreme, grand, chief, ample, massive. ANTONYMS: (adj) awful, insignificant, tiny, mild, poor, minor, useless, ordinary, slight, weak, unknown greater: (adj) larger, more, major, higher, superior, most, great, bigger, increased, considerable, not inconsiderable. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, smaller, small, lower greatest: (adj) top, superlative, biggest, utmost, largest, extreme, first; (adj, n) maximum, most; (adj, v) paramount, supreme. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, secondary greatness: (n) excellence, dimension, dignity, bulk, size, enormousness, bigness, enormity, grandness, magnitude, fame. ANTONYMS: (n) obscurity, austerity, commonness, mildness, moderation, simplicity greediness: (n) avarice, cupidity, covetousness, eagerness, gluttony, selfishness, avidity, miserliness, hunger, stinginess, voracity. ANTONYM: (n) moderation green: (adj) callow, immature, young, jealous, youthful, emerald, crude,

204 juvenile, gullible, inexperienced; (adj, v) raw. ANTONYMS: (adj) ripe, urban, withering, sophisticated, seasoned, old, arid, mature, limp, artificial greet: (n, v) receive; (v) address, acknowledge, hail, welcome, cry, salute, bid, weep, meet, recognize grew: (v) become, develop; (adj) grown grey: (adj) ashen, dim, dull, cloudy, bleak, dismal, drab, gloomy, greyish, leaden; (n) grayness grief: (adj, n, v) affliction; (n) dolor, anguish, distress, agony, pain, wound, chagrin, concern; (n, v) regret; (adj) sore. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, happiness, comfort, content, peace grievous: (adj) bitter, dolorous, dreadful, deplorable, sad, tough, pitiful, atrocious, regrettable, sorrowful, sorry. ANTONYM: (adj) successful grossness: (n) commonness, vulgarism, inelegance, obscenity, vulgarity, corpulence, indecency, crassitude, crassness, crudity, density ground: (n, v) base, land, floor; (v) found, establish; (adj, n, v) bottom; (n) earth, reason, field, soil, dirt. ANTONYMS: (n) sea, figure; (v) launch, top grounded: (adj) stranded, confined, learned, cognizant, familiar, stuck; (v) shipwrecked, swamped, nonsuited, wrecked, cast away grow: (v) expand, advance, augment, enlarge, come, emerge, spring, become, farm, turn, get. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, weaken, shrink, decline, drop, collapse, struggle, wane, plummet, dwindle, deteriorate growing: (n) development, growth; (adj, adv) increasing; (adj) flourishing, thriving, blossoming, expanding, swelling, progressive; (adj, n) developing; (v) grow. ANTONYMS: (adj) dwindling, decreasing, downward; (n) nondevelopment grown: (adj) mature, big, growed, grown-up, developed, ripe, grownup, fully grown, full-grown, growth, become. ANTONYM: (adj) unripe growth: (n, v) increase, evolution, augmentation; (n) gain, accretion, enlargement, germination, accumulation, improvement,

Richard III increment, rise. ANTONYMS: (n) weakening, reduction, decline, nondevelopment, shrinking, contraction, collapse, fall, loss, disappearance, retreat grudge: (v) begrudge, covet; (n, v) spite; (n) malice, anger, umbrage, resentment, rancor, gall, pique, feud grudging: (adj) envious, niggardly, unwilling, begrudging, sparing, cheap, scanty, parsimonious, tightfisted, miserly, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, expansive, willing guard: (n) defense, protection, escort, bulwark, watchman, custody, fender; (n, v) care, shield, cover; (adj, n, v) ward. ANTONYMS: (v) endanger, expose, neglect, reveal; (n) attacker guess: (n, v) surmise, estimate, forecast; (v) suppose, deem, reckon, divine, believe, foretell; (n) assumption, supposition guide: (n, v) escort, conduct, govern, channel, control, usher, cicerone; (n) directory, attendant; (v) drive, bring. ANTONYM: (v) follow guile: (n) fraud, cunning, craft, duplicity, deception, trickery, deceitfulness, wiliness, craftiness, artifice, slyness. ANTONYMS: (n) honesty, straightforwardness, candor, frankness guilt: (n) sin, criminality, fault, repentance, remorse, offence, guilty, error, culpability, complicity, delinquency. ANTONYM: (n) blamelessness guiltily: (adv) blameworthily, criminally, hangdogly, wickedly, faultily, sheepishly, delinquently, sinfully, awkwardly, sorrily, ashamedly guiltless: (adj) innocent, clean, irreproachable, clear, faultless, unsullied, stainless, pure, inculpable, immaculate, spotless guilty: (adj) culpable, faulty, wicked, hangdog, criminal, chargeable, sinful, blameworthy; (n) guilt, culprit; (adj, v) condemned. ANTONYMS: (adj) blameless, aggressive, proud hair: (n) coat, coma, haircloth, pile, locks, filament, fleece, fur, hairbreadth, down, forelock hall: (n) mansion, vestibule, lobby, foyer, auditorium, court, entrance hall, anteroom, concourse; (n, v) corridor, passage halt: (n, v) stay, limp, arrest, block,

check, pause; (v) cease, discontinue, desist; (n) cessation; (adj, n, v) hold. ANTONYMS: (v) continue, help, activate, begin, mobilize, accelerate, rise; (n) go hand: (v) give, pass, commit, bestow, afford, communicate, consign; (n) deal, worker, aid, applause. ANTONYMS: (n) boss, foot; (v) take handkerchief: (n) hankie, kerchief, bandanna, cravat, hanky, wipe, bandana, collar, shawl; (n, v) napkin; (v) sudary hands: (n) custody, keeping, personnel, safekeeping, hold, shift, workforce, men, manpower, guardianship, full complement handsome: (adj) fair, beautiful, fine, generous, charming, comely, attractive, bountiful, considerable, bonny, prepossessing. ANTONYMS: (adj) ugly, unattractive, meager, ungenerous, measly, plain handy: (adj) convenient, adroit, apt, expert, clever, deft, dexterous, good, accessible; (adj, n) available; (adj, n, v) ready. ANTONYMS: (adj) clumsy, fixed, inept, unwieldy, inconvenient, faraway, far, difficult, distant, cumbersome, worthless hang: (adj, n, v) suspend; (v) dangle, depend, drape, float, fall, hover, append, string up; (n, v) delay; (adj) hung haply: (adv) accidentally, by accident, maybe, by luck, casually, fortuitously, mayhap, perchance, incidentally, perhaps, peradventure happiness: (n) delight, merriment, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, discontent, dejection, gloominess, displeasure happy: (adj) felicitous, contented, gay, buoyant, content, gleeful, gratified, pleasant, glad, carefree; (adj, n) auspicious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sad, depressed, dejected, sorrowful, miserable, unlucky, sorry, reluctant, irritable, unfortunately, gloomy hard: (adj, n) austere, rough; (adj, v) grave, severe, acute; (adj) bad, difficult, strong, callous, cruel, tough. ANTONYMS: (adj) easy, kind, soggy, tender, merciful, yielding, simple; (adv) lightly, gently, lackadaisically; (adj, adv) flexible

William Shakespeare hardly: (adj, adv) barely, scarcely; (adv) severely, harshly, roughly, badly, toughly, laboriously, arduously, cruelly, heavily. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, fully, well, easily hardy: (adj, n) hard, fearless, rugged, daring; (adj) sturdy, manly, audacious, brave, strong, robust, gallant. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, delicate, tender, feeble hark: (v) harken, hear, hearken, heed, listen in; (n) look here, look you, look harlot: (n) courtesan, fancy woman, strumpet, tart, whore, drab, moll, hooker, streetwalker, wanton, bawd harm: (adj, n, v) damage, hurt; (adj, n) evil, detriment, injury; (n, v) abuse, wound, blemish, disadvantage; (n) bruise; (adj, v) injure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) benefit, respect, help; (n) reparation, service; (v) enable, spoil, protect, defend, repair harmful: (adj) hurtful, disadvantageous, noxious, destructive, injurious, detrimental, dangerous, damaging, deleterious, evil, maleficent. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, safe, helpful, advantageous, beneficial, benign, constructive, innocuous, favorable, pleasant harmless: (adj) safe, benign, inoffensive, hurtless, innocent, innoxious, intact, simple; (n) silly; (adj, n) foolish; (v) weaponless. ANTONYMS: (adj) lethal, damaging, destructive, poisonous, toxic, serious, offensive, malicious, hurtful, noxious, unpleasant harms: (n) ills harry: (v) plague, badger, disturb, afflict, bother, hassle, maraud, pester, devastate; (adj, v) molest, worry harsh: (adj, v) sharp, bitter; (adj, n) grating, coarse, austere, discordant; (adj) grim, cruel, crude, unkind, stern. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, soft, harmonious, pleasant, lenient, kind, melodious, sweet, mild, lush, friendly hart: (n) deer, buck, drake, reynard, gander, fox, dog, cock, boar, roe, stallion harvest: (n, v) fruit; (v) gain, glean, gather, amass, get, reap, pick; (n) ingathering, profit, produce haste: (n, v) hurry, dash, dispatch, rush; (n) celerity, expedition, rapidity, speed, bustle, hastiness,

quickness. ANTONYMS: (n) delay, patience, forethought, caution hastings: (n) Thomas Hastings hasty: (adj) fast, abrupt, cursory, fleet, sudden, rash, impetuous, careless, speedy, hurried, quick. ANTONYMS: (adj) deliberate, considered, leisurely, sensible, gradual, thorough, cautious, careful, roundabout, prudent, patient hate: (v) abhor, detest, loathe, abominate; (n) enmity, abhorrence, detestation, hatred, animosity, antipathy, aversion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) like; (v) adore, cherish, admire; (n) attraction, liking, delight, adoration hated: (adj) despised, disliked, not liked, reviled, scorned, unloved, unpopular. ANTONYM: (adj) precious hateful: (adj) disgusting, execrable, nasty, abominable, hideous, despicable, repulsive, distasteful, foul; (adj, v) odious, obnoxious. ANTONYMS: (adj) delightful, kind, nice, benign, desirable hatred: (n, v) detestation, enmity, animosity; (n) aversion, antipathy, disgust, abhorrence, grudge, anger, abomination, hostility. ANTONYMS: (n) liking, adoration, affection, attraction, goodwill, kindness, delight, friendliness, admiration haunt: (n, v) resort, ghost; (n) den, hangout, home; (v) pursue, follow, stalk, afflict, persecute; (adj) harass having: (n) estate, possession, acceptance, enjoyment hazard: (n, v) chance, venture, endanger, peril, adventure, bet, wager; (n) danger, fortune, jeopardy, accident. ANTONYMS: (n) safety, security; (v) protect head: (n) captain, boss, froth, foam, crown, chieftain; (n, v) point, lead; (adj, n, v) front; (v) capital, direct. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) subordinate; (n) end, beginning, foot, mouth, rear, tail, body, underling, base; (adj) minor heads: (n) conspectus, contents, prospectus, syllabus, synopsis, public, textbook, people, outlines, head stick health: (n) condition, fitness, welfare, pledge, strength, form, hygiene, sanitation, salubrity, shape; (adj) sanitary heap: (n, v) pile, aggregate, amass; (n) collection, accumulation, mound,

205 mass, group, lot; (v) bank, collect. ANTONYM: (v) tidy heaps: (adj, n) lots, much; (n) masses, oodles, piles, stacks, many, tons, plenty, lot, accumulation. ANTONYM: (adj) inadequate hear: (int, v) attend; (v) find out, discover, understand, apprehend, hark, learn, try, examine, listen; (adj) heard heard: (n) hearing hears: (v) hear heart: (adj, n) core, gist, marrow; (n) spirit, center, essence, basis, kernel, crux, breast, hub. ANTONYMS: (n) body, surface heartily: (adv) cordially, sincerely, enthusiastically, warmly, strongly, earnestly, vigorously, ardently, soundly, devoutly, eagerly. ANTONYMS: (adv) feebly, languorously hearts: (n) Black Maria, spades heaven: (n) Eden, firmament, bliss, Elysium, sky, nirvana, glory, Elysian Fields, Garden of Eden, utopia; (adj) celestial. ANTONYM: (n) misery heavenly: (adj) celestial, blissful, ethereal, delightful, angelic, blessed, elysian, holy, unearthly, godlike, sacred. ANTONYMS: (adj) worldly, miserable, infernal, hellish, unappealing, dreadful, turbulent heavens: (n) firmament, heaven, sky, welkin, sphere, atmosphere, celestial sphere, space, skies, area, vault of heaven heavily: (adv) seriously, weightily, severely, ponderously, hard, firmly, thickly, grievously, sadly, strongly, compactly. ANTONYMS: (adv) gently, nimbly, briskly, sparsely, thinly, slightly heavy: (adj, n) dull; (adj) deep, fat, dense, grave, dark, full, gross, thick, bulky; (adj, adv) hard. ANTONYMS: (adj) slim, easy, thin, slight, skinny, puny, gentle, insubstantial, animated, nimble, entertaining hedgehog: (n) urchin, Erinaceus europaeus, rodent, insectivore, echinus, brier, bramble, gnawer; (adj) chevaux de frise, beard, thistle heed: (n, v) consideration, concern, regard, mind, attention, notice; (n) caution, advertence, advertency; (v) attend, hear. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disregard; (n) inattentiveness height: (n) apex, crest, altitude, pinnacle, peak, top, culmination, level, zenith, summit, climax.

206 ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, nadir, depth, trough, deepness, base, dip heinous: (adj) atrocious, grievous, evil, wicked, flagrant, flagitious, monstrous, hateful; (adj, v) gross, nefarious, infamous. ANTONYM: (adj) good heir: (n) beneficiary, successor, offspring, inheritor, heiress, receiver, progeny, heritor, descendant, scion, issue. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, donor heirs: (n) family, posterity, issue held: (adj) absorbed, confined, kept, apprehended, seized, supposed, reputed, tenable, thought, trapped; (v) detain hell: (n) blaze, Hades, underworld, perdition, inferno, pandemonium, netherworld, Abaddon, Gehenna, purgatory, trial. ANTONYM: (n) paradise hellish: (adj, v) diabolic, satanic; (adj) infernal, diabolical, fiendish, demonic, beastly, wicked, unholy, detestable; (v) mephistophelian helm: (n) wheel, haft, handle, tiller, shank, rudder, steering wheel, shaft, hilt, halm; (v) helmet help: (n, v) assist, assistance, support, benefit, favor, avail, cure, assistant; (v) facilitate, ease, alleviate. ANTONYMS: (n) hindrance, detriment, interference, damage, disadvantage, disservice, manager; (v) worsen, aggravate, halt, hurt helpless: (adj, v) forlorn, destitute, abandoned; (adj) powerless, weak, defenseless, disabled, impotent, feeble, hopeless, unable. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, independent, capable, invulnerable, armed, powerful, impervious hence: (adv) consequently, for that reason, therefore, thereby, away, thus, for, then, because, henceforth, as a result henry: (n) physicist, scag, smack, William Henry, horse, diacetylmorphine, Patrick Henry, Joseph Henry herald: (n) forerunner, courier, messenger; (v) declare, foretell, announce, bode, proclaim, introduce, foreshadow; (n, v) augur. ANTONYMS: (v) follow; (n) successor herbert: (n) Victor Herbert hereafter: (adv) thereafter, from now on, hence, henceforth, hereinafter, afterwards; (n) afterlife, futurity, time to come, great beyond, future

Richard III life herein: (adv) here, therein hers: (pron) she, his; (adj) own hidden: (adj) clandestine, concealed, obscure, dark, secret, latent, covert, invisible, arcane, covered; (adj, v) confidential. ANTONYMS: (adj) exposed, open, active, noticeable, overt, revealing, known, explicit, mainstream, transparent, visible hide: (n, v) cover, disguise, shelter, veil; (adj, v) obscure; (n) fur, fell, coat; (v) bury, mask; (adj, n, v) darken. ANTONYMS: (v) show, expose, express, divulge, unearth, amplify, advertise, clarify hideous: (adj) dreadful, frightful, fearful, ghastly, horrid, ugly, repulsive, lurid, horrible, grisly, grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, pleasant, beautiful, wonderful high: (adj, v) elevated; (adj) great, expensive, distinguished, lofty, tall, exalted, heavy, dear; (n) chief; (v) bad. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) low; (adj) deep, short, sober, reasonable, sad, resonant, lowly, husky, unimportant; (n) depression higher: (adj) greater, upper, major, senior, over, more, better, advanced, bigger; (prep) above, upon. ANTONYMS: (adj) basic, junior, lower highly: (adv) greatly, extremely, much, loftily, exceedingly, mightily, eminently, toweringly, too, largely; (adj, adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adv) insignificantly, poorly, simply, slightly, ill highness: (n) excellency, altitude, loftiness, nobility, greatness, eminence, size, stateliness, majesty, high, grandeur himself: (pron) herself, themselves, yourself, itself; (adj) myself; (n) yourselves hinder: (v) impede, resist, check, hamper, obstruct, curb, handicap, delay; (n, v) bar; (adj) posterior, hind. ANTONYMS: (v) help, facilitate, assist, prompt, encourage, promote, allow, support, accelerate history: (n) account, story, chronicle, annals, background, record, narrative, biography, explanation, origin; (n, v) tale hither: (adv) here, whither, hitherward, thither hitherto: (adv) as yet, yet, so far, up to now, until now, thus far, before, hereunto, to date, still, all the same hold: (n, v) keep, grip, grasp,

entertain; (v) endure, detain, adhere, bear, have, contain, comprise. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, disagree, lose, free, deny, remove, lack; (n) separation, repulsion hollow: (adj, n) blank; (n) cavity, depression, cave, dell; (adj) empty, false; (adj, n, v) concave; (n, v) excavate, dent, scoop. ANTONYMS: (adj) convex, sincere, true, full, meaningful, cramped, valid; (n) hump, bump, hill, lump holy: (adj) devout, divine, heavenly, religious, blessed, hallowed, spiritual, devotional, pure; (adj, adv) saintly; (adv) sacredly. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreligious, unholy home: (n) domicile, abode, house, residence, base, place, dwelling, family, habitation; (adj) domestic; (adj, n) household. ANTONYMS: (adj) external, national, public, away, foreign; (adv) out homicide: (n) assassination, carnage, butchery, bloodshed, slaying, slaughter, murderer, manslaughter, fratricide, elimination; (adj) homicidal honest: (adj) fair, genuine, sincere, good, equitable, artless, heartfelt, guileless, frank, forthright, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) lying, misleading, guarded, corrupt, disloyal, unwholesome, discourteous, disreputable, fictional, crafty, crooked honesty: (adj, n) candor, justice, fidelity, equity; (n) integrity, fairness, candidness, probity, frankness, rectitude, faith. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, wickedness, treachery, deceit, deception, deviousness, decadence, affectation, caution, evasiveness, injustice honey: (n) dear, love, beloved, nectar, sweetheart, dearest, duck, molasses, sugar, baby; (v) sweeten honor: (n, v) respect, reputation, glory, fame, reward; (n) award, accolade, reverence; (v) celebrate; (adj, n, v) worship, grace. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dishonor, disgrace; (n) shame, humiliation, wickedness, contempt, insult; (v) break, ignore, disrespect, discredit honorable: (adj) good, estimable, exalted, respectable, fair, decent, reputable, ethical, honor; (adj, v) great, noble. ANTONYMS: (adj) shameful, disgraceful, corrupt,

William Shakespeare degenerate, immoral, humiliating, dishonest, unethical, decadent, bad, deceitful honors: (n) formality honourable: (adj) estimable, reverend, venerable, glorious, honorable, distinguished, aboveboard, good, worthy, right, noble hope: (n, v) trust, desire; (n) aspiration, faith, belief, expectation, confidence, expectancy, anticipation; (v) confide, anticipate. ANTONYMS: (n) reality, past, pessimism, distrust, independence hoping: (adj) desirous, expectant, optimistic, eager horse: (n, v) mount; (n) buck, heroin, junk, charger, knight, pony, rider, trestle, eohippus, dog horses: (n) stock, equidae, domestic animals, cattle, extinct animals, asses, pigs, sheep, family equidae, farm animals, force hostile: (adj) aggressive, contrary, adverse, warlike, belligerent, unfavorable, averse, opposed, antagonistic, inimical, irreconcilable. ANTONYMS: (adj) soothing, warm, allied, open, amicable, favorable, sympathetic, gentle, harmonious, hospitable, lush hour: (n) clock, o'clock, hours, time, hr, term, nonce, moment, occasion, dawn, dusk hours: (n) period, duty period; (adv) o'clock house: (adj, n, v) family; (adj, n) home; (v) accommodate; (n) dwelling, firm, abode, domicile, edifice, habitation, housing; (n, v) lodge. ANTONYM: (adj) public hull: (n) crust, casing, hulk, husk, structure, body, dried parchment; (n, v) skin; (adj) torso, trunk, bole humble: (v) demean, humiliate, mortify; (n, v) disgrace, debase; (adj, n, v) abase; (adj) base, lowly, unassuming, docile, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) impressive, arrogant, haughty, imposing, conceited, pompous, snooty, overbearing, presumptuous, proud, exalted humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously humility: (n) diffidence, modesty,

submission, shyness, meekness, lowliness, timidity, trait, humiliation, resignation; (adj) veneration. ANTONYMS: (n) haughtiness, affectation, conceit, arrogance humor: (n, v) caprice, freak, humour; (n) temper, mood, disposition, wit; (v) indulge, gratify; (adj, n) spirit, frame of mind. ANTONYMS: (n) seriousness, gravity, solemnity; (v) displease humour: (n) fun, wit, witticism, body fluid, temper, mood, amiability, drollery, disposition; (adj) humorous; (v) gratify hung: (n) hanging; (v) Heng; (adj) fatigued, puzzled, decorated hungry: (adj) eager, avid, famished, starving, esurient, greedy, ravenous, desirous, meager, starveling; (v) starve. ANTONYMS: (adj) full, satiated, sated, thirsty, unconcerned, moderate, healthy, disinterested hunt: (n, v) search; (v) course, follow, hound, rummage, forage, prey, dog, go after, persecute; (n) battue. ANTONYMS: (v) find, precede hurl: (v) chuck, dash, pitch, throw, dart, pelt, toss, heave, send; (n, v) fling; (n) casting. ANTONYM: (v) hold husband: (v) conserve, economize, preserve, save; (n) consort, hubby, man, fellow, lover, master, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) wife, bachelor idea: (n) meaning, belief, opinion, concept, estimation, fancy, plan, impression, apprehension, notion, conception. ANTONYM: (n) certainty idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, unfounded, fruitless, baseless, groundless, frivolous, empty, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) active, employed, industrious, energetic, meaningful, productive, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, work ignoble: (adj) contemptible, abject, base, dishonorable, disgraceful, beggarly, mean, humble, degraded, despicable, caddish. ANTONYMS: (adj) honorable, glorious ignorance: (n) illiteracy, nescience, folly, unwisdom, innocence, denseness, ignorancy, stupidity, obtuseness, tabula rasa, unawareness. ANTONYMS: (n) intelligence, acquaintance, education ill-favoured: (adj) ill-favored image: (n, v) picture, fancy, design;

207 (n) impression, conception, effigy, idea, form, resemblance, epitome; (v) depict. ANTONYM: (n) reality imagine: (v) believe, conjecture, fancy, conceive, daydream, assume, guess, consider, fantasize; (conj, v) suppose; (n, v) dream impatience: (n) annoyance, eagerness, anger, intolerance, restlessness, fidget, nervousness, fidgetiness, enthusiasm, edginess; (adj) nonendurance. ANTONYMS: (n) calmness, endurance, apathy imperial: (adj) majestic, grand, dignified, imperious, purple, stately, August, regal, noble, lordly; (adj, n) beard importing: (n) importation, mercantilism, commercialism, commerce impose: (v) dictate, prescribe, enforce, exact, charge, clamp, deceive, enjoin, burden, set, lay. ANTONYM: (v) revoke impotent: (adj) helpless, feeble, frail, fragile, inadequate, weak, barren, slack, ineffective, incapable, unable. ANTONYMS: (adj) able, powerful impression: (n) feeling, idea, imprint, conception, depression, notion, mark, image, dent, feel, opinion. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, hump, lump imprison: (v) cage, incarcerate, jail, immure, commit, prison, restrain, gaol, detain, lock up, shut. ANTONYMS: (v) release, free, liberate imprisonment: (n) captivity, confinement, incarceration, durance, detention, arrest, immurement, internment, duress; (adj, n) bondage; (v) imprison. ANTONYMS: (n) release, freedom impure: (adj) defiled, dirty, unclean, squalid, sordid, filthy, bastard, foul, immoral, profane, contaminated. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmixed, clean incense: (v) enrage, anger, provoke, irritate, infuriate, aggravate, rile, cense, inflame; (n) fragrance, aroma. ANTONYMS: (v) please, pacify incensed: (adj) angry, exasperated, enraged, indignant, irate, infuriated, irritated, mad, livid, angered, aggravated. ANTONYM: (adj) pleased includes: (v) involve; (adj) included increase: (n, v) extend, gain, accrue, augmentation, extension; (adj, n, v) augment; (v) grow, expand, aggrandize, enhance; (n) addition.

208 ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease; (n) reduction, contraction, decline; (v) reduce, diminish, drop, deteriorate, damage, abate, contract incur: (n, v) contract; (v) catch, get, incite, begin, cause, encounter, experience, obtain, suffer, receive indeed: (adv) certainly, exactly, in reality, surely, of course, assuredly, as a matter of fact, admittedly; (adj, adv) really, much; (n) yes. ANTONYMS: (adv) possibly, doubtfully index: (n, v) catalogue, file, list; (n) exponent, table, catalog, concordance, forefinger, roll, directory, coefficient indictment: (n) accusation, impeachment, complaint, bill of indictment, information, lawsuit, blame, accusal, true bill; (n, v) allegation, attack. ANTONYMS: (n) acquittal, confirmation indirect: (adj) collateral, incidental, crooked, devious, oblique, roundabout, secondary, side, tortuous, winding, disingenuous. ANTONYMS: (adj) overt, straight, concrete, lineal, explicit indirectly: (adv) circuitously, roundaboutly, collaterally, tortuously, windingly, sidelongly, incidentally, meanderingly, secondarily, discursively; (n) curved shape. ANTONYMS: (adv) straight, personally, frankly inducement: (n) enticement, attraction, cause, incitement, impulse, temptation, bait, impetus, occasion, motive, goad. ANTONYMS: (n) disincentive, deterrent induction: (n) initiation, deduction, elicitation, inductance, beginning, installation, introduction, enthronement, influence, presentation, coronation infant: (n) child, babe, minor, nursling, youngster, chick, toddler, suckling, kid, pappoose; (adj, n) juvenile infants: (n) brood infect: (v) contaminate, corrupt, affect, inspire, foul, pollute, defile, poison, touch, animate; (adj) contagious. ANTONYMS: (v) purify, disinfect, clean infected: (adj) diseased, dirty, impure, tainted, festering, corrupt, unclean, morbid, stained, spoiled, soiled. ANTONYM: (adj) healthy infection: (n) contagion, disease,

Richard III contamination, corruption, illness, transmission; (adj, n) taint, pollution, septicity; (v) infect; (adj) contagious infer: (v) deduce, guess, derive, conclude, construe, imagine, conjecture, gather, deduct; (adj, v) understand, imply infringe: (v) violate, break, impinge, contravene, disobey, intrude, entrench, trespass, invade, infract, pirate. ANTONYMS: (v) uphold, comply, honor ingenious: (adj) adroit, artful, clever, cunning, deft, expert, creative, imaginative, cute, acute, able. ANTONYMS: (adj) impulsive, naive, unoriginal, inept inhabit: (v) reside, abide, occupy, lodge, settle, people, live, indwell, be, exist; (n) habit. ANTONYMS: (v) desert, vacate inheritor: (n) beneficiary, heritor, heiress, successor, recipient, progeny, offspring, legatee, inheritress, inheritrix, heir presumptive. ANTONYMS: (n) predecessor, ancestor inhumane: (adj) brutal, inhuman, ferocious, merciless, barbarous, unkind, truculent, savage, remorseless, pitiless, unmerciful. ANTONYM: (adj) caring injury: (n, v) harm, grievance, detriment, damage, hurt; (n) disservice, wound, impairment, ill, bruise, affront. ANTONYMS: (n) reparation, justice, help, defense, benefit innocence: (n) blamelessness, chastity, ignorance, ingenuousness, purity, gullibility, artlessness, innocent, simplicity, harmlessness, guiltlessness. ANTONYMS: (n) sophistication, experience, fault, dirtiness, wariness, dishonesty innocent: (adj) chaste, artless, clear, ingenuous, innocuous, guileless, guiltless, ignorant, unsophisticated, spotless, naive. ANTONYMS: (adj) culpable, responsible, wicked, wary, experienced, corrupt, worldly, unfair, meaningful, offensive, jaded insatiate: (adj) greedy, ravenous, hungry, unsatiate, unsatiable insinuate: (v) imply, hint, intimate, indicate, suggest, adumbrate, connote, signify, ingratiate, instill, denote insinuating: (adj) crafty, insinuative, oily, ingratiating, having serpents, insinuant, sly, snaky, giving hints,

snide, subtle installment: (n) episode, deposit, installing, portion, segment, share, fascicle, instalment, part, section, cliffhanger instance: (n) exemplar, case, time, illustration, sample, affair, pattern, chance, cause; (v) exemplify, illustrate instinct: (n) impulse, urge, aptitude, gift, feeling, sixth sense, inherent aptitude, knack, inspiration, talent, genius intelligence: (n) cleverness, intellect, news, tidings, understanding, acumen, mentality, knowledge, brains, comprehension, brainpower. ANTONYMS: (n) stupidity, emotion, slowness, foolishness, ineptness intend: (v) destine, design, mean, aim, determine, denote, contemplate, plan, purpose, consider, believe. ANTONYM: (v) improvise interchange: (n, v) change, barter; (v) commute, switch, alternate, substitute, convert, replace, counterchange, transpose; (n) traffic interest: (n, v) advantage, care, benefit; (adj, v) engage; (n) affair, account, gain, hobby, eagerness, enthusiasm, sake. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, apathy, boredom, distraction, hostility, detachment, inattention, repulsion; (v) repel, appall intestine: (n) bowel, gut, intestines, guts, bowels, small intestine, viscera; (adj) domestic, internal, intestinal, inner inviolable: (adj) sacrosanct, infrangible, hallowed, invulnerable, inviolate, inalienable, impenetrable, absolute, impregnable; (v) imprescriptible, unimpeachable. ANTONYMS: (adj) acceptable, breakable invocate: (v) pray inward: (adj) inner, intrinsic, internal, interior, intestine, inherent, domestic; (adv) inwardly, inwards, in; (n) innards. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) outward; (adj) outgoing, external ireland: (n) Hibernia, cork, Emerald Isle, Irish Free State irons: (n) fetters, iron, chain, shackles, fetter, manacles, gyve, bond, bonds, pinion, handcuffs issue: (v) emanate, arise, emerge; (n) aftermath, progeny, consequence,

William Shakespeare effect; (n, v) egress, release, exit, result. ANTONYMS: (v) conceal, trickle, withhold; (n) resolution issued: (adj) executed, done jack: (n) flag, jackass, mariner, fellow, jackfruit, sailor, jackscrew, socket, blue Peter, amberfish, crevalle jack jacks: (n) knucklebones, carangids, Carangidae james: (n) interrupt, William James, St James, saint James the apostle, saint James, Jesse James, James river, Henry James, epistle of James, St James the apostle jealous: (adj) distrustful, envious, covetous, suspicious, jealousy, resentful, invidious, green, grudging, jaundiced, attentive. ANTONYM: (adj) trusting jest: (n) gag, gibe, quip, game; (n, v) jape; (v) banter, jeer, deride, gird, sneer, clown jocund: (adj) happy, merry, glad, cheerful, lively, joyous, joyful, blithe; (adj, v) jovial, jolly, brisk john: (n) can, bathroom, convenience, customer, privy, loo, lav, lavatory, Saint John the Apostle, Saint John; (adj, n) toilet join: (v) unite, connect, associate, combine, graft, assemble, attach, affiliate, meet, get together; (n, v) link. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, secede, detach, undo, disjoin, exclude, leave, disconnect, diverge, refrain, untie jolly: (adj) gay, cheerful, happy, festive, genial, bright, cheery, merry, jocund; (v) chaff; (adv) lively. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious joyful: (adj) gay, glad, elated, cheerful, gleeful, cheery, delighted, joyous, jolly, blissful, blithe. ANTONYMS: (adj) miserable, sorrowful, unhappy, despairing, unpleasant, staid, sorry, disappointed, depressed, heavy joyfully: (adv) joyously, merrily, gaily, gleefully, buoyantly, cheerily, jubilantly, pleasantly, mirthfully; (adv, v) happily; (adj, adv) cheerfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) joylessly, miserably, despondently judge: (v) consider, think, evaluate, believe, condemn, assess, calculate, guess; (n) arbitrator, arbiter; (n, v) umpire. ANTONYM: (v) doubt judgement: (n) adjudication, evaluation, discretion, determination, discernment, opinion, assessment, decision,

conclusion, estimate, belief justice: (adj, n) equity, right, integrity, honesty; (n) judge, impartiality, judicature, jurist, morality, justness; (adj) just. ANTONYMS: (n) unfairness, wickedness keep: (n, v) hold; (v) preserve, retain, defend, guard, maintain, continue, have, save, confine, observe. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, neglect, entrust, return, let, discontinue, reimburse, allow, stop, destroy, break keeping: (n) care, conservation, charge, guardianship, maintenance, holding, observance, storage, conformation, consistency, conformity kept: (adj) reserved, preserve, retained, remain, store, reserve, hold, lodge, keep, retain, detained. ANTONYM: (adj) broken kill: (n, v) assassinate, destroy; (v) erase, annihilate, eliminate, extinguish, finish, blast, decimate, execute, eradicate. ANTONYMS: (v) revitalize, revive; (n) hunter killing: (n) carnage, manslaughter, murder, kill, cleanup, bloodshed, assassination, massacre; (v) captivating; (adj) fatal, draining. ANTONYM: (n) preservation kind: (n) sort, form, class, variety, breed; (adj, n) helpful, good, humane, friendly, gentle; (adj) generous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unkind, cruel, hardhearted, mean, merciless, nasty, spiteful, uncaring, upsetting, callous, disagreeable kindly: (adj) kind, amiable, genial, charitable; (adv) sympathetically, benevolently, tenderly; (adj, n) benign, gentle, sympathetic, benevolent. ANTONYMS: (adv) harshly, nastily, callously, cruelly, sharply, disagreeably, grumpily, malevolently; (adj) upsetting, unfeeling, sour kindness: (n) generosity, clemency, compassion, grace, good will, graciousness, humanity, goodness, affection; (adj, n) courtesy, gentleness. ANTONYMS: (n) miserliness, spite, nastiness, callousness, cruelty, unfriendliness, maliciousness, thoughtlessness, sourness, severity, disservice kindred: (adj) cognate, akin, similar, allied, related; (n) kin, consanguinity, relation, folk, folks, kin group

209 king: (n) mogul, sovereign, chief, crown, tycoon, baron, ruler, magnate, majesty, rex, power. ANTONYM: (n) queen kingdom: (n) domain, realm, state, empire, dominion, territory, nation, crown, monarchy, department, land kingly: (adj, adv) stately; (adj) August, noble, regal, imperial, sovereign, majestic, royal; (adv) royally, majestically, regally kinsman: (n) relation, relative, kin, kindred, kinswoman, description, forefather, countryman, detail, consanguinity; (v) confederate kiss: (n, v) caress, brush, embrace, touch; (n) osculation, salute, lip, Kiss of peace, kiss hands; (v) osculate, love kissing: (n) hugging, cuddling, fondling, arousal, foreplay, necking; (adj) embracing, adhering closely, billing, clinging, interosculant kites: (n) harriers, hawks knees: (n) knee knew: (adj) known; (v) recognize, wist knife: (adj, n) blade; (adj) cutlery, edge tool; (v) stab; (n) sword, cleaver, whittle, cutter, tongue, pocketknife, chopper knightly: (adj) gallant, chivalric, courteous, courtly, attentive, medieval, magnanimous, gothic; (adv) chivalrously, attentively, courteously knit: (adj, v) tie, lace; (v) plait, intertwine, bind, join, pucker, fasten, interlace; (adj) stitch, knitted knot: (n) bow, cluster, lump, gang, joint; (v) entangle, knit, bind; (n, v) tie, loop, tangle. ANTONYMS: (v) unravel, undo, unknot, disentangle knowledge: (n) information, comprehension, science, lore, understanding, intelligence, grasp, erudition, acquaintance; (n, v) cognition; (adj, n) art. ANTONYMS: (n) foolishness, inexperience known: (adj) familiar, knew, conscious, certain, famous, know, eminent, plain, accepted, published, acknowledged. ANTONYMS: (adj) unknown, secret, unidentified, unfamiliar labour: (n, v) travail, labor, toil; (v) grind, fag, drudge; (n) exertion, employment, confinement, childbed, business lace: (v) entwine, interlace, braid, bind; (adj, v) tie, string; (n) lacing, ribbon, edging; (n, v) net, rope.

210 ANTONYMS: (v) untie, untwine, unpick lack: (n, v) deficiency, need, destitution; (n) default, defect, dearth, absence, insufficiency, deficit, poverty; (v) fail. ANTONYMS: (n) abundance, excess, provision, adequacy, affluence, sufficiency, plethora, supply; (v) have, own, possess lackey: (n) flunkey, sycophant, butler, attendant, bootlicker, toady, truckler, waiter, servant, footman, flatterer lady: (n) gentlewoman, Mrs, duchess, countess, spouse, madam, ma'am, milady, matron, woman; (v) squaw. ANTONYM: (n) Lord laid: (adj) layed, lay, place, placed, put, situated, arranged, determined, dictated, hardened, ordered lamely: (adv) crippledly, limpingly, disabledly, weakly, haltingly, poorly, hobblingly, paralytically, infirmly, faintly, unsatisfactorily lament: (v) bemoan, complain, deplore, grieve, keen, bewail, mourn; (n) dirge, complaint; (n, v) wail, moan. ANTONYMS: (n) celebration, joy; (v) revel, rejoice, celebrate, applaud, praise, compliment lamentation: (n) dirge, grief, mourning, plaint, regret, complaint, cry, crying, wail, moan, condolence. ANTONYM: (n) celebration lamenting: (adj) weeping, wailing, sad, whining; (adj, n) plaintive; (adj, v) bewailing, querulous; (n, v) complaining; (n) grief, sorrow; (v) dissatisfied lancaster: (n) house of Lancaster, Lancastrian line lance: (n) pike, javelin, shaft, lancet, assegai, fishgig, fizgig; (v) dart, impale, open, gore land: (n) country, earth, soil, kingdom, field, nation, estate, domain; (v) disembark, debark, get. ANTONYMS: (adj) aquatic, amphibious; (n) sea; (v) lose, depart, embark landed: (adj) land, territorial, allodial, predial lands: (n) park, estate, kingdom lark: (n) joke, fun, trick, prank, antic, caper, game; (n, v) romp, frolic, gambol; (v) rollick lasting: (adj) abiding, everlasting, firm, eternal, enduring, continuous, permanent, constant, perpetual, tough; (adj, v) fast. ANTONYMS:

Richard III (adj) fleeting, impermanent, superficial, ephemeral, caducous, unstable, occasional, insubstantial, erratic, acute, fickle late: (adj, adv) dilatory, fresh, behindhand, backward; (adj) former, deceased, dead, slow, delayed, modern; (adv) belatedly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early, punctual; (adv) punctually, promptly; (adj) ahead, existing, alive, initial, middle, old, premature lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) recent laugh: (n, v) joke, giggle, chortle, titter, snicker; (v) smile; (n) jest, gag, jape, laughter, cackle. ANTONYM: (v) weep lawful: (adj) legal, just, rightful, constitutional, true, right, justifiable, licit, regular; (n, v) allowable; (adj, v) permissible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, prohibited, unconstitutional lawless: (adj) disorderly, illicit, anarchical, illegitimate, anarchic, unlawful, unruly, illegal, mutinous, wrongful, seditious. ANTONYM: (adj) orderly lead: (n, v) guide; (v) conduct, direct, contribute, go, control, conduce, govern, chair, bring; (n) clue. ANTONYMS: (v) follow, trail, descend; (n) disadvantage, inferiority leaden: (adj) heavy, gray, sluggish, grey, inert, torpid, grave, languid, drab, burdensome, livid. ANTONYM: (adj) bright leader: (n) chief, guide, head, captain, boss, director, commander, chieftain, conductor, administrator, lead. ANTONYMS: (n) straggler, laggard, supporter, underdog, inferior leading: (adj, v) first, foremost; (adj) outstanding, head, great, capital; (adj, n) main, cardinal, principal; (adj, adv) ahead; (n) lead. ANTONYMS: (adj) secondary, subordinate, following, junior, innocent, last, lousy, unimportant, worst; (adv) behind, losing leads: (n) slating, pieced leads, slates, pile driving leads, tiling league: (n) alliance, federation, coalition, association, class, confederation, combination, union, connection, society; (v) combine learn: (v) get, find, ascertain, hear,

find out, have, determine, con, acquire, tell; (n, v) know. ANTONYM: (v) reject least: (n) minimum; (adj) smallest, minimal, littlest, lowest, insignificant, minutest, negligible; (adj, n) smallest amount; (adv) at least, fully. ANTONYMS: (adj) maximum, greatest; (adj, adv) most leave: (v) depart, go, abandon, desert, lead; (adj, v) forsake, quit; (n) furlough, permission, holiday; (n, v) escape. ANTONYMS: (v) enter, arrive, stay, remain, come, approach, change, reposition, disinherit, occupy, participate leaves: (n) departure, leaving, plants, trees, vegetation left: (adj) gone, absent, port, odd, remaining, larboard, gauche, sinister; (n) left hand, left wing, mitt. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv, n) right; (adj) remaining, center, starboard, present legion: (n) crowd, troop, mass, army, horde, cohort, force, multitude, corps; (adj) many, countless. ANTONYM: (adj) few legs: (v) pegs, trotters, pins; (n) patience, pedestal, stamina leicester: (n) Leicestershire leisure: (n) idleness, convenience, vacation, inactivity, rest, repose, relaxation, recreation, pastime, opportunity; (adj) idle. ANTONYM: (n) work lend: (v) grant, give, advance, impart, bestow, contribute, borrow, bring, add, confer; (n) lending lent: (n) Quadragesima, Lententide less: (adj) inferior, wanting, minor, secondary, subordinate, deficient, minus, few; (adj, adv) lesser, lower; (adv) below. ANTONYMS: (adj) additional; (prep) plus lethe: (n) forgetfulness, obliviousness, river Lethe letter: (n) epistle, mail, character, communication, alphabetic character, dispatch, note, message, memorandum, type, memo letters: (n) erudition, literature, correspondence, lore, script, scholarship, post, print, mail, letter, polite literature lewd: (adj) indecent, dirty, bawdy, filthy, abandoned, carnal, lustful, impure, debauched; (adj, v) lecherous, dissolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) decent, refined, chaste, clean liberal: (adj) bountiful, handsome, benevolent, large, abundant, big,

William Shakespeare kind, broad, charitable, tolerant; (adj, n) free. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) conservative; (adj) totalitarian, oppressive, intolerant, reactionary, proactive, miserly, rigid, insufficient, stingy, tightfisted liberty: (adj, n) freedom, franchise; (n) license, leave, independence, autonomy, emancipation, latitude, permission, scope, release. ANTONYMS: (n) slavery, domination, constraint, suppression, dependence liege: (n) feudatory, liegeman, vassal, lord, liege Lord, subject, Luik; (adj) loyal, staunch, true, steady lies: (n) fabrication, falsehood, lie, lying, deceit, defamation, denigration, dishonesty, slander, libel, treachery. ANTONYM: (n) truth lieutenant: (n) captain, assistant, vicegerent, help, helper, first lieutenant, commodore, chancellor, commander, levetenant, delegate life: (adj, n) animation; (n) energy, spirit, activity, dash, enthusiasm, being, biography, existence, exuberance, live. ANTONYMS: (n) death, apathy, extinction, nonexistence, lifelessness light: (adj) fair, facile, faint; (adj, v) clear; (n, v) fire, glow, flame; (v) kindle, inflame, ignite; (n) illumination. ANTONYMS: (adj) heavy, fattening, nauseating, testing, stale; (n) darkness, shade, gloom, night; (v) extinguish, darken lighted: (adj) illuminated, lit, light, ablaze, bright, ignited, burn, burning, ignite, kindled, lighten lighter: (n) light, flatboat, igniter, cigarette lighter, wherry, primer, scow, kindling, fuze, fuzee, houseboat lightly: (adv) slightly, airily, thinly, easily, gently, light, fairly, weakly, flimsily, delicately, wantonly. ANTONYMS: (adv) seriously, heavily, thickly, sturdily, angrily, hard, harshly, densely, brightly, awkwardly lightning: (n) levin, electricity, thunderbolt, Leven, ignis fatuus, heat lightning, forked lightning, fetter, dart, chain lightning; (adj) wind lights: (n) illumination, burn, lung, spacing material likelihood: (n) chance, odds, probability, eventuality, expectation, likeliness, prospect, expectancy,

verisimilitude, appearance, option. ANTONYM: (n) improbability likes: (n) kind, sort, type likewise: (adv) besides, in addition, furthermore, alike, moreover, further, too, similarly; (adj, adv) as well, equally; (adj) even limit: (v) restrict, circumscribe, restrain, check; (n, v) border, curb, confine, boundary, close; (n, prep, v) extent; (n) edge. ANTONYMS: (v) broaden, extend, increase, derestrict, allow, encourage, express, promote; (n) minimum, extension, freedom lineal: (adj, v) linear; (adj) ancestral, hereditary, straight, directly, racial, extended senses, exact lips: (n) lip, inlet, logical inference per second, chops, porch, portal, portico, propylon, snout, door, orifice liquid: (adj) flowing, fluid, juicy, limpid, watery, succulent, sappy; (n) liquor, drink, beverage, juice. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) gaseous; (adj) firm, set, unavailable, unmelted litle: (v) to quiet title little: (adj, adv) small; (adj) diminutive, insignificant, short, tiny, some, brief, petty, minute, exiguous; (adv) rather. ANTONYMS: (adj) enormous, large, important, huge, high, giant, older, old, tall; (adv) frequently, well live: (adj) alive, living; (adj, v) reside, active, dwell, stay; (n, v) subsist; (v) exist, be, abide, endure. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate, inactive, silent, dummy, blank, recorded; (v) die, perish, expire lives: (n) life, living, estate, existence, earnest living living: (adj) alive, live, extant, animated, active, fresh, animate, quick; (n) livelihood, life, being. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate; (n) death, leisure load: (adj, n, v) charge, fill; (n) cargo, freight, weight, consignment; (n, v) stack, heap, pack, pile; (v) encumber. ANTONYMS: (v) unpack, remove, eject, relieve, empty, alleviate; (n) lightness loath: (adj) unwilling, disinclined, reluctant, loth, indisposed, backward, hesitant, antipathetic, antipathetical, loathe, shy of. ANTONYMS: (adj) eager, willing, disposed, keen loathed: (adj) unpopular, hated, reviled, undesirable london: (n) British capital, jack

211 London, John Griffith Chaney, Greater London, capital of the united kingdom long: (v) yearn, desire, hanker, languish, ache, wish; (adj, n) extensive; (n, v) hunger; (adj) extended, lengthy; (n) length. ANTONYMS: (adj) short, brief, concise longer: (adj) longest, better, lengest; (adv) farther; (n) yearner, thirster look: (n, v) gaze, aspect, figure; (adj, v) seem; (v) appear, expect; (n) appearance, expression, view, glance, guise. ANTONYMS: (v) back, study; (n) perusal looking: (n) face, sensing, aspect, approximation, appearance, watching, outlook; (v) look at, examine; (adv) about; (adj) superficial looks: (n) aspect, countenance, expression, manner, complexion, fashion, costume, garb loose: (adj, v) lax, dissolute; (adj, n) limp, liberal, licentious; (adj) light, vague; (v) disengage, relax, release, liberate. ANTONYMS: (adj) dense, close, taut, compressed, strict, compact, wedged, secure, strong, similar; (v) confine lord: (n) chief, king, noble, sir, duke, master, God, seignior, nobility, Mister, potentate. ANTONYM: (n) lady lordly: (adj, v) dignified, proud, noble; (adj) haughty, grand, August, domineering, disdainful, arrogant, imperious, lofty. ANTONYM: (adj) humble lordship: (n) ownership, supremacy, domain, dominance, manor, worship, authority, power, dynasty, grandeeship, headship lose: (v) drop, forfeit, mislay, miss, sacrifice, fall behind, fail, to lose, forget, clear, hurt. ANTONYMS: (v) find, secure, recover, earn, obtain, acquire, get, win, beat, keep, succeed loss: (adj, n) detriment, damage, injury, harm; (n) defeat, deprivation, deficit, destruction, forfeit, forfeiture, bereavement. ANTONYMS: (n) retrieval, appearance, victory, recovery, gaining, income, gain, accumulation, win, benefit, fortune lost: (adj, v) forlorn, extinct, gone, missing, helpless; (adj) hopeless, bewildered, forgotten, disoriented, broken; (n) loss. ANTONYMS: (adj)

212 present, found, existing, won, saved, aware loth: (adj) disinclined, averse, reluctant, unwilling, indisposed, antipathetical, antipathetic, not content, shy of, repugnant; (v) averse from love: (n) desire, fondness, affection, dear, liking, benevolence, charity, honey, devotion; (v) enjoy; (n, v) worship. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike; (n) abhorrence, hatred, aversion, detestation, detachment, indifference; (v) abhor; (adv) roughly lovell: (n) sir Bernard Lovell, sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell loving: (adj) fond, devoted, amorous, kind, friendly, ardent, attached, admiring, gentle, fatherly; (adj, v) tender. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, uncaring, malicious, cruel, unloving, rough, paternal, indifferent, distant, disapproving, callous lower: (adj, v) debase, frown, abase, scowl; (adj, n, v) degrade, diminish, humble; (v) dip, drop, cut; (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (v) raise, improve, glorify, augment, straighten, upgrade, uplift; (adj) higher, senior, over, superior lowly: (adj) base, lower, low, inferior, baseborn; (adv) meekly, meanly, modestly, poorly, softly, humbly. ANTONYMS: (adj) noble, privileged, high, aristocratic, refined, exalted, comfortable loyal: (adj, v) firm; (adj, n) unwavering, true, accurate; (adj) fast, steady, constant, reliable, devoted, dependable, obedient. ANTONYMS: (adj) disloyal, unfaithful, unreliable, disobedient, inconstant, treacherous, uncommitted, unpatriotic, unhelpful, fickle loyalty: (n) allegiance, faith, honesty, devotion, fealty, faithfulness, dedication, integrity, commitment, attachment; (adj, n) fidelity. ANTONYMS: (n) unfaithfulness, disobedience, infidelity, treachery, impoliteness, deceit, indifference, doubt, dishonesty, unreliability lulling: (adj) drowsy, assuasive, dreamy, dull, lethargic, quietening, unalarming, dozy; (n) appeasement lunatic: (n) madman, maniac, bedlamite; (adj) insane, foolish, moonstruck, mad, mental, deranged, idiotic; (adj, n) madcap. ANTONYM: (adj) sensible

Richard III madam: (n) dame, lady, ma'am, gentlewoman, missis, Mrs, brothel keeper, madames, signora, female, bawd magician: (n) enchanter, conjurer, illusionist, wizard, conjuror, thaumaturge, magicians, performer, magus, necromancer, prestidigitator main: (adj) grand, great, leading, head, principal, prominent, basic, capital, central; (adj, n) essential, cardinal. ANTONYMS: (adj) minor, secondary, supplementary, auxiliary, subsidiary, peripheral, dependent, extra, side, trivial, marginal maintain: (v) continue, assert, aver, preserve, defend, declare, guard, conserve, affirm; (n, v) justify, allege. ANTONYMS: (v) change, neglect, abandon, transform, quit, grant, end, cancel, endanger, refute, stop majesty: (adj, n) grandeur, splendor, nobility; (n) dignity, loftiness, magnificence, stateliness, greatness, king, royalty, highness. ANTONYMS: (n) austerity, simplicity making: (n) creation, construction, production, fabrication, manufacture, cartography, devising, fashioning, manufacturing, formation; (v) to make. ANTONYMS: (n) undoing, destruction malice: (n) spite, animosity, enmity, venom, ill will, hatred, malevolence, cruelty, envy, hate, spleen. ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, benevolence, affection, goodness malignant: (adj) malevolent, malicious, evil, malefic, fatal, spiteful, virulent, sinister, mischievous, pernicious, venomous manhood: (n) majority, maturity, valor, resolution, personality, humanity, integrity, bravery; (adj) manliness, ripe age, maturity full age manly: (adj) manlike, masculine, manful, virile, brave, gallant; (adv) manfully, boldly, hardily, virilely; (adj, adv) stately. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, unmanly, cowardly; (adv) unmanfully manner: (adj, n) kind; (n) bearing, demeanor, method, form, appearance, carriage, way; (n, v) custom, style, habit manners: (n) conduct, etiquette, propriety, behavior, deportment,

manner, courtesy, custom, decorum, good manners, usage. ANTONYM: (n) vulgarity march: (n, v) hike, parade, trek, ramble, journey, tramp, course; (n) demonstration; (v) process, pace, stride marches: (n) precinct, Marche, stint margaret: (n) madge, mag marked: (adj) conspicuous, noticeable, pronounced, remarkable, distinguished, apparent, definite, notable, obvious, signal, striking. ANTONYMS: (adj) plain, imperceptible, unmarked, unclear, obscure, inconspicuous, ordinary, loose, slight marquis: (n) lord, marquisate, noble, margrave, nobleman, Donald Robert perry marquis, don marquis, Markis marriage: (adj, n) bridal, nuptial; (n) matrimony, espousal, union, wedlock, intermarriage, alliance, coupling; (n, v) match; (v) marry. ANTONYM: (n) separation married: (adj) wedded, conjugal, matrimonial, connubial, nuptial, united, mixed, connected, marrying, attached, unite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmarried, unattached, divorced, public marry: (n, v) wed, espouse; (v) get married, link, conjoin, wive, splice, tie, unite, couple; (n) marriage. ANTONYMS: (v) divorce, separate, split marrying: (adj) married marvel: (n, v) wonder; (n) prodigy, curiosity, phenomenon, amazement, miracle, portent, marl, surprise, admiration; (v) admire. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard; (n) nightmare marvelous: (adj) wonderful, fantastic, incredible, fabulous, extraordinary, tremendous, grand, astonishing, terrific, great; (adj, v) prodigious. ANTONYMS: (adj) ordinary, mundane, abysmal, bad, dreadful, unworthy, dire, humdrum, unimpressive, unremarkable, boring master: (n) captain, instructor, lord; (v) control, conquer, command, dominate, defeat; (adj, n) original, head, ace. ANTONYMS: (n) underling, servant, novice, amateur masters: (n) Edgar lee Masters match: (n, v) mate, meet, pair, fellow; (v) agree, harmonise, accord, correspond, harmonize; (adj, n, v) parallel; (n) peer. ANTONYMS: (v) contradict, conflict, disagree, jar,

William Shakespeare differ; (n) difference matter: (n) business, substance, issue, material, affair, concern, incident, article, subject; (n, v) case; (adj, n) import mayor: (n) provost, mayoress, city manager, politician, mayoralty, official, civil authority, administrator; (adj) major mean: (adj, n) middle, low, contemptible, average, medium, common; (v) design; (n, v) imply, denote; (adj) ignoble, hateful. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, kind, extravagant, charitable, luxurious, rich, expansive, extreme, great; (n) maximum, minimum meaning: (n) intent, gist, implication, design, essence, consequence, significance, content, intention, connotation, aim. ANTONYM: (n) triviality meanly: (adv) poorly, nastily, averagely, humbly, ungenerously, tightly, rudely, stingily, parsimoniously, scurvily, mediocrely. ANTONYMS: (adv) generously, sympathetically, compassionately, genially, respectfully, pleasantly, affluently means: (n) instrument, agency, income, assets, manner, funds, capital, channel, property, resource, resources. ANTONYM: (n) poverty meant: (adj) destined, implied, sincere, preordained, intentional, predestined; (v) intend, designate meddle: (v) intervene, interfere, intrude, monkey, interpose, fiddle, pry, dabble, interlope; (n) interference; (adj) moil. ANTONYM: (v) disregard meditating: (n) conception meditation: (n, v) contemplation, study; (n) consideration, reflection, deliberation, thought, introspection, musing, rumination, conception, reflexion. ANTONYM: (n) distraction meed: (n, v) compensation; (v) wage, hire; (n) prize, remuneration, recompense, guerdon, pay, dole, pittance, reguerdon meet: (v) find, converge, assemble, gather, fulfill, congregate, answer, cross, confront, intersect; (adv, v) encounter. ANTONYMS: (v) diverge, disperse, separate, part, leave, differ, disband melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful;

(n, v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, satisfied menace: (n) threat, danger; (n, v) hazard, risk, peril; (v) endanger, imperil, intimidate, jeopardize, threaten, bully. ANTONYMS: (v) help, protect, guard; (n) pleasure merciless: (adj) brutal, pitiless, unmerciful, remorseless, heartless, implacable, inhuman, hard, grim, barbarous, unfeeling. ANTONYMS: (adj) charitable, kind, humane, soft, caring, tolerant mercury: (n) Hg, hydrargyrum, quicksilver, metal, messenger, spirit, comet, Hermes, terrestrial planet, hectogram, iris mercy: (n) kindness, compassion, pity, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, harshness, unkindness, severity, mercilessness, ruthlessness, impatience, inhumanity mere: (adj, n) entire; (adj) bare, simple, pure; (n) loch, tarn, boundary, absolute; (n, v) downright; (adv) merely; (adj, v) clear merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight messenger: (n, v) herald; (n) harbinger, runner, emissary, bearer, ambassador, precursor, courier, carrier, apostle, errand metal: (n) gallium, calcium, europium, chromium, cm, cobalt, curium, dysprosium, erbium, caesium, cadmium. ANTONYM: (adj) nonmetallic middle: (n) heart, hub, core, center; (adj, n) mean, median, mid; (adj) intermediate, halfway, mediate, central. ANTONYMS: (adj) extreme, outer, late, early; (adj, n) outside; (n) extremity, perimeter, beginning, end, circumference, surface might: (n) power, energy, ability, influence, strength, puissance, vehemence, intensity; (v) may, can, could. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, feebleness, meekness mightily: (adv) powerfully, vigorously, strongly, greatly, potently, fiercely, sturdily, violently,

213 robustly, puissantly, vastly. ANTONYMS: (adv) weakly, slightly mighty: (adj) immense, huge, grand, intense, high, big, forcible, strong, large, great; (adj, adv) powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) puny, tiny, weak, insignificant mild: (adj, n) kindly, gracious; (adj) easy, lenient, benign, docile, humble, clement, sweet, balmy, delicate. ANTONYMS: (adj) extreme, pungent, spicy, sharp, severe, scathing, incisive, hot, powerful, great, passionate mildness: (adj, n) gentleness, kindness, benignity, compassion, goodness; (n) lenity, mercy, meekness, leniency, lenience, tenderness. ANTONYMS: (n) roughness, pungency mile: (n) MI, nautical mile, land mile, knot, Swedish mile, international nautical mile, Admiralty mile, air mile, geographical mile, Roman mile; (v) furlong miles: (adj) far milksop: (n) weakling, baby, milquetoast, innocent, infant, child, sop, fag; (adj) coistril, white liver, nidget mind: (n, v) intellect, notice, regard; (v) care, look, attend, beware, keep, listen, look after; (n) disposition. ANTONYMS: (v) forget, neglect, disregard, disobey, Miss, ignore; (n) emotion, inattention; (adj) physical mine: (adj, v) excavate, sap; (n) excavation, pit, fund, land mine, vein; (v) exploit, burrow; (adj) my, delve minister: (n) envoy, priest, deputy, divine, ambassador, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, ecclesiastic; (v) supply miserable: (adj, v) forlorn, wretched, unhappy; (adj) mean, low, abject, deplorable, downcast, bad, desolate; (adj, adv) meager. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, generous, cheerful, cheery, bright, fortunate, hopeful, jubilant, luxurious, overjoyed, heavenly misery: (adj, n) grief; (n, v) distress; (n) affliction, agony, anguish, woe, hardship, evil, ill, infelicity, suffering. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, ecstasy, cheerfulness, fun, hopefulness, peace, contentment, pleasure, wealth, sport, cheer mistake: (n, v) miss, blunder, err, slip; (n) failure, error, misconception, misapprehension,

214 defect, demerit; (v) misapprehend. ANTONYMS: (v) appreciate, distinguish, interpret mistress: (n) dame, concubine, madame, inamorata, lady, lover, fancy woman, doxy, girl, kept woman, missis mistrust: (adj, n, v) distrust; (n, v) doubt, query; (n) suspicion, misgiving, disbelief, apprehension, wariness; (v) suspect, disbelieve, discredit. ANTONYM: (v) believe mitigate: (n, v) alleviate, palliate, appease; (adj, n, v) assuage, allay; (v) lessen, relieve, abate, lighten; (adj, v) moderate, soften. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, intensify, aggravate moan: (n, v) grumble, gripe, whine, lament, cry, howl; (v) bewail, complain, mourn; (n) complaint, lamentation. ANTONYMS: (v) compliment; (n) praise mock: (adj, v) counterfeit; (n, v) ridicule, jeer, gibe, laugh at, flout; (adj, n, v) burlesque, sham; (v) mimic, ape, taunt. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, natural; (v) praise, applaud, respect, approve model: (n, v) pattern, copy, fashion, shape; (n) example, image, figure, prototype, dummy; (adj, n) standard; (v) imitate. ANTONYMS: (adj) atypical, unconventional, imperfect, deficient; (n) original monarchy: (n) empire, autocracy, realm, domain, kingship, crown, sovereignty, nation, imperial, reign, majesty. ANTONYM: (n) republic monstrous: (adj) huge, atrocious, heinous, monster, immense, gigantic, grievous, ugly, flagitious, dreadful; (adj, v) grotesque. ANTONYMS: (adj) tiny, minute, beautiful, good, small, lovely, attractive mood: (adj, n) humor, frame of mind; (n) atmosphere, climate, disposition, attitude, air, feeling, mode, temper, temperament moody: (adj) gloomy, dark, irritable, morose, capricious, glum, grumpy, fickle, petulant, dour, sullen. ANTONYMS: (adj) equable, happy, reliable, stable, calm moralize: (v) moralise, preach, lecture, preachify, advocate, moral, sermonise morning: (n) dawn, sunrise, morn, forenoon, daylight, first light, am, dayspring, aurora, cockcrow, dawning. ANTONYMS: (n) sunset,

Richard III nighttime, nightfall morrow: (n) morning, future, mean solar day, day mortal: (adj) deadly, fatal, lethal, deathly, earthly; (n) man, individual, creature, person, human being, body. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) immortal; (adj) eternal, heavenly, mild, perfect, spiritual morton: (n) Ferdinand Joseph LA menthe Morton mother: (n) mamma, mommy, origin, mama, ma, mammy, mummy; (n, v) father; (v) engender, generate, beget mount: (n, v) rise, climb, frame; (v) board, arise, advance, jump, increase; (n) hill, mountain; (adj, v) ride. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, decrease, wane, dismount; (n) valley, hollow mounting: (n, v) mount; (adj, n) climbing; (n) ascent, setting, climb, frame, assembly, chassis, framework, ascension; (adj, adv) rising mourn: (v) bewail, grieve, deplore, cry, bemoan, regret, distress, sad, wail, mourning, weep. ANTONYMS: (v) rejoice, celebrate, applaud mouth: (n) lip, lips, aperture, edge, entrance, snout, entry; (n, v) grimace; (v) articulate, pronounce, speak move: (v) excite, go, affect, carry, touch, instigate, travel; (n, v) act, drive, transfer, maneuver. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, restore, refrain, remain, rest, withdraw, stop, repel, come, leave moved: (adj) affected, excited, touched, disordered, enthused, gone, tense, inspired, stimulated, overcome, interested. ANTONYM: (adj) uninspired murder: (n, v) massacre, carnage, slaughter, homicide, butcher; (v) kill, slay, destroy, execute, dispatch, assassinate murderer: (n) assassin, cutthroat, killer, manslayer, murderess, executioner, thug, liquidator; (v) butcher; (n, v) slayer, terrorist murderous: (adj) cutthroat, homicidal, gory, bloodthirsty, cruel, brutal, fierce, mortal, deadly, lethal, killing. ANTONYM: (adj) easy muse: (v) meditate, ponder, deliberate, consider, cogitate, reflect, brood, ruminate, speculate, think, mull. ANTONYM: (v) wander music: (n) melody, chorus, musical,

sound, composition, monody, folk music, medicine, euphony, drumming, ballet muster: (v) assemble, gather, congregate, collect, convene, rally, marshal, accumulate; (n) levy, gathering; (n, v) draft. ANTONYM: (v) demobilize mutual: (adj) common, communal, joint, bilateral, collective, public, united, concerted, shared, alternate; (adv) mutually. ANTONYMS: (adj) individual, unilateral, private, solitary naked: (adj, v) bare; (adj) nude, exposed, open, barren, raw, bleak, unclothed, defenseless, au naturel, defenceless. ANTONYMS: (adj) covered, concealed, hidden, dressed name: (v) appoint, describe, baptize, list, enumerate, identify, cite, mention; (n, v) title, entitle; (n) epithet. ANTONYMS: (n) nobody, indecency names: (n) calumny, defamation, hatchet job natural: (adj) inherent, innate, unaffected, instinctive, artless, congenital, inborn, normal, intrinsic, essential, native. ANTONYMS: (adj) affected, refined, false, cultivated, unnatural, paranormal, supernatural, abnormal, forced, exceptional, strained nature: (n) disposition, essence, quality, creation, breed, temperament, type, attribute; (adj, n) character, class, manner naught: (n) cipher, nothing, null, aught, nix, nought, zip, cypher, nada; (adj, n, pron) nil; (n, pron) zilch navy: (n) armada, flotilla, dark blue, naval forces, army, Air Force, navy blue, wooden walls, squadron, argosy; (adj, n) blue near: (adj, adv, v) close, at hand; (adv, prep) by, around, towards; (adj, v) familiar, adjoining, approximate; (adj, adv, prep) about; (adj, adv) almost; (adj) imminent. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, far, further, actual, exact; (v) leave nearest: (adj) proximate, immediate, close, near, next, adjoining, intimate, direct, adjacent; (adj, adv) nighest; (adv) fore. ANTONYM: (adj) distant necessity: (n) demand, need, lack, exigency, essential, compulsion, emergency, distress, must, constraint, necessary. ANTONYMS: (n) inessential, treat, unimportance,

William Shakespeare luxury need: (adj, n, v) lack, want; (n, v) demand, desire, deficiency, must, destitution; (n) necessity, requirement; (v) require, claim. ANTONYMS: (v) obviate, dislike, have; (n) option, luxury, glut, unimportance, affluence, prosperity needful: (adj) necessary, essential, indispensable, required, needed, mandatory, exigent, needy; (adj, v) requisite; (n) necessity, almighty dollar needless: (adj, v) unnecessary, superfluous; (adj) futile, dispensable, bootless, excessive, preventable, meaningless, pointless, wanton, unavailing. ANTONYMS: (adj) essential, worthwhile, inevitable, justifiable needs: (adv) inevitably, needfully, indispensably, by necessity, inescapably, of necessity, ineluctably; (n) must, requirement, necessity; (adj) needed neglect: (n, v) disregard, slight, default; (v) ignore, fail, overlook, miss, forget, drop; (n) carelessness, omission. ANTONYMS: (n) development, surveillance, caution, affection, cherish; (v) do, protect, complete, remember, heed; (n, v) care neighbor: (v) abut, adjoin, populate, touch; (n) acquaintance, neighborhood, national; (adj) neighborly, neighbouring, neighboring, adjacent. ANTONYM: (n) foreigner neighbour: (adj) neighboring, neighbouring, neighborly, adjacent, contiguous; (v) abut, populate, adjoin, butt on, butt against; (n) neighbourhood neither: (conj) either, no-one, not either, nor, nother nest: (n) den, lair, hole, burrow, home, beehive; (adj) brood, hive, litter; (adj, n) herd; (v) embed never: (adv) ne'er, Nevers, always, not ever, by no means, at all times, not at all, not, NE. ANTONYMS: (adv) always, forever news: (n) advice, message, information, intelligence, tidings, story, report, notice, communication, gossip; (adj) new next: (adj) nearest, adjacent, contiguous, following, future, coming, ensuing, after; (adv, conj) then, afterward; (adj, v) subsequent. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) previous,

previously, preceding; (adj) outgoing, distant; (adv) before nice: (adj) fastidious, dainty, fine, good, lovely, kind, likable, delicious, difficult, precise; (adj, n) neat. ANTONYMS: (adj) horrible, nasty, unlikable, rough, mean, loathsome, approximate, unsavory, unfriendly, inelegant, bad night: (n) dark, dusk, darkness, gloaming, twilight, nighttime, Nox, eventide, period; (adj) nocturnal, gloomy. ANTONYMS: (n) day, light, sunrise nights: (adj) nightly; (n) night nimbly: (adv) adroitly, alertly, lightly, energetically, cleverly, hastily, deftly, rapidly, readily; (adj) dexterously; (adj, adv) neatly. ANTONYMS: (adv) lethargically, heavily, awkwardly nine: (n) niner, club, ball club, baseball club, ennead, Nina from Carolina, three times three, ten, nightspot, clubhouse, queen nobility: (n) aristocracy, greatness, dignity, lord, noblesse, magnanimousness, baronage, gentry, nobleman; (adj) generosity; (adj, n) magnanimity. ANTONYM: (n) baseness noble: (adj, n) grand, glorious, patrician; (adj) imposing, impressive, elevated, majestic, generous, high; (adj, v) dignified, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) shameful, humble, dishonorable, lowly, lowborn, disgraceful, unimpressive, ignoble, modest, petty; (n) lady nobleness: (n) dignity, generosity, magnanimity, nobility, greatness, grandeur, stateliness, civil honors, goodness, glory, glorify nobles: (n) landed gentry, upper class noise: (n, v) clatter, echo; (n) clamor, hubbub, racket, sound, disturbance, uproar, din, buzz, clang. ANTONYMS: (n) silence, quiet, quietness, sense nomination: (v) nominate; (n) assignment, naming, designation, candidature, candidacy, return, constitution, selection, proposal, recommendation nonage: (n) infancy, teens, tender age, legal status, childhood, bloom, age, early childhood none: (n) nought, naught, nobody, zilch, anything; (adv) not, neither, any; (adj) whatsoever, no, whatever north: (adv) northwards, northerly, northward, in the north; (n) n,

215 union, compass north, due north, magnetic north, norther; (adj) northbound note: (n, v) comment, mind, remark, mention, heed, mark, look, report; (n) indication, annotation; (v) detect. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard; (n) disgrace, invoice noted: (adj) famous, illustrious, glorious, conspicuous, well-known, known, celebrated, eminent, famed, renowned; (adj, v) notorious nothing: (adv, n) naught; (adj, n) nil, null; (n) nobody, cipher, nihil, nonentity, trifle, nix, aught, cypher. ANTONYMS: (pron) anything, everything, some; (n) all notice: (n, v) note, mind, regard; (n) advertisement, information, declaration, attention; (adj, v) look, attend; (v) find, detect. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, overlook, Miss; (n) ignorance, inattention, appointment, unconsciousness novice: (n) learner, beginner, apprentice, greenhorn, newcomer, neophyte, amateur, freshman, novitiate, tyro, initiate. ANTONYMS: (n) expert, veteran, teacher, trainer number: (n, v) amount, figure; (v) calculate, total, aggregate, enumerate, come; (n) score, act, volume, issue nurse: (n, v) nourish, nurture; (v) look after, entertain, attend, cherish, lactate, harbor, foster, cultivate, cradle oath: (n) expletive, malediction, imprecation, promise, affidavit, cuss, swearing, pledge, assurance, asseveration; (v) swear obdurate: (adj) inflexible, stony, obstinate, callous, firm, stubborn, headstrong, flinty, mulish, impenitent, rigid. ANTONYMS: (adj) compliant, amenable, accommodating, easygoing, caring, irresolute, soft, acquiescent obedience: (n) meekness, submission, deference, obeisance, acquiescence, subordination, bow, observance, docility, loyalty, allegiance. ANTONYMS: (n) disobedience, defiance, naughtiness, resistance, divergence, chaos, wildness obedient: (adj) submissive, compliant, good, conformable, tame, acquiescent, dutiful, meek, biddable, amenable, subservient. ANTONYMS: (adj) defiant, assertive, rebellious, crooked,

216 intractable, naughty, wild, resistant obey: (v) comply, listen, keep, fulfill, hear, conform, abide by, serve, comply with; (n, v) mind, heed. ANTONYMS: (v) disobey, defy, break, transgress, infringe, challenge, deny obsequiously: (adv) subserviently, submissively, fawningly, slavishly, compliantly, sycophantically, respectfully, cringingly, politely, admiringly, courteously obstinate: (adj) obdurate, inflexible, intractable, determined, inveterate, disobedient, willful, stubborn, contrary, wayward, dogged. ANTONYMS: (adj) flexible, amenable, irresolute, cooperative, easygoing, docile, biddable, agreeable, accommodating, malleable, gentle occasion: (n, v) cause; (n) case, event, juncture, episode, incident; (v) bring about, create, beget, make, induce ocean: (n) deep, brine, salt water, main, waves, watery waste, multitude, lot; (adj) oceanic, many, marine o'clock: (n) period, hours offence: (n) insult, injury, guilt, error, delinquency, fault, misdeed, infraction, infringement, attack, offense offend: (v) irritate, affront, insult, contravene, injure, disgust, infringe, displease, abuse, wound, anger. ANTONYMS: (v) please, delight, praise, attract offended: (adj) angry, affronted, aggrieved, pained, wronged, annoyed, insulted, shocked, vexed, resentful, injured. ANTONYMS: (adj) indifferent, proud, unconcerned offered: (adj) presented, accessible, existing, obtainable, available, ready, on hand, to be had, unsolicited office: (n) function, position, agency, commission, appointment, division, place, bureau, post, job; (n, v) duty officers: (n) executive committee, staff offspring: (n, v) issue, breed, brood; (n) progeny, family, children, child, successor, lineage, young; (v) fruit. ANTONYM: (n) parent often: (adj, adv) oft; (adv) much, again and again, repeatedly, ofttimes, oftentimes, many times, always, commonly, again; (adj) frequent. ANTONYMS: (adv)

Richard III seldom, infrequently, never ominous: (adj) baleful, inauspicious, ill, menacing, threatening, black, sinister, minatory, unlucky, forbidding, minacious. ANTONYMS: (adj) promising, auspicious, reassuring, bright, lucky, wonderful once: (adv, n) formerly; (adv) before, ever, previously, one time, at one time, already, erst; (adj, adv) erstwhile; (adj) former; (n) whilom. ANTONYM: (adv) future open: (adj, n) frank, candid; (adj, n, v) clear; (adj) obvious, exposed, artless, free, honest, guileless, forthright, naked. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) shut; (v) close, end; (adj) devious, secretive, concealed, furtive, restricted, limited, reserved, secret opinion: (adj, n, v) judgment, feeling, notion; (n) idea, belief, conjecture, advice, guess, impression, view; (n, v) meaning opposite: (adj, n) contrary, contradictory, opponent; (adj) adverse, different, opposing, hostile, diametric, opposed; (adj, pron) other; (adj, adv) counter. ANTONYMS: (adj) allied, alternate, identical, like, same, parallel; (n) sameness, alikeness, confirmation opprobriously: (adv) shamefully, scandalously, insultingly, abusively, reproachfully, revilingly, scornfully, derogatorily, ignominiously, rudely, ingloriously oracle: (n) prophet, divination, vaticinator, diviner, revelation, seer, sibyl, Solomon, soothsayer, vision, authority oration: (n) discourse, harangue, lecture, speech, declamation, homily, tirade, say, recitation, oratory, language oratory: (n) elocution, rhetoric, declamation, speech, oration, church, chapel, tabernacle, valediction, cathedral, public speaking order: (n, v) command, direct, decree, dictate, sort, rank, array, commission, charge; (n) instruction, edict. ANTONYMS: (n, v) request; (n) mayhem, confusion, chaos, mess, anarchy, disorderliness, disarray; (v) disturb, deregulate, supply ordinance: (n) command, edict, order, law, act, observance, regulation, institution, institute, enactment, ceremony orient: (v) adjust, reorient, guide,

glossy, orientate, change orientation, burnished, aline, glassy; (adj) eastern; (n) Eastern Hemisphere ornaments: (n) stuff, trim, ornamentation, equipments, dress, disposition, custom, curios, condition, clothing, gaudery others: (n) rest, cessation, lie, lave, LAN, ease, acquiesce, intermission ought: (n, v) need; (v) had better, should, have, possessed, owned, owed, behoove; (n) aught, zero, duty outrage: (n, v) insult, affront, dishonor, anger; (v) offend, violate, desecrate; (adj, n, v) abuse; (n) atrocity, indignity, enormity outward: (adj) external, apparent, extrinsic, outer, superficial, surface, outside, ostensible, foreign, outdoor; (adv) out. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) inward; (adj) inner, internal, deep owls: (n) order Strigiformes, Strigiformes oxford: (n) Oxford university, boot pack: (n, v) crowd, bundle, bunch, load; (n) herd, company, bevy, batch; (v) heap, compress, jam. ANTONYMS: (v) unpack, unload, disperse, empty, loosen packing: (n) boxing, package, gasket, bundling, fill, pad, pack, envelopment, wadding, wrap, backpacking page: (n) footboy, waiter, attendant, boy, note, bellhop, pageboy, folio, varlet; (v) paginate, summon pain: (n, v) hurt, afflict, ache, bother, torment, trouble, grieve, anguish; (n) ill, agony, nuisance. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, cheer; (n) joy, peace, content, balm, ecstasy pains: (n) nisus, labor, trouble, effort, exertion, labour, pain, care, struggle, attempt, strain painted: (adj) colored, dyed, coloured, motley, stained, tinted, variegated, particoloured, delineated, graphic; (v) depaint. ANTONYM: (adj) unpainted pair: (n, v) match; (adj, n) brace; (n) duet, duo, dyad; (v) join, mate, link, copulate, equate, marry pale: (adj) faint, wan, dull, weak, light, bloodless, pallid; (adj, v) dim; (n) boundary, confine; (v) blanch. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, rosy, brown, well, glowing, vivid, healthy, clear, colorful; (v) redden, darken palpable: (adj) tangible, obvious, evident, apparent, clear,

William Shakespeare transparent, indubitable, noticeable, lucid, patent, perceptible. ANTONYMS: (adj) imaginary, intangible, impalpable, doubtful, furtive, imperceptible, insignificant, obscure, unclear paltry: (adj, n) mean; (adj) contemptible, measly, trifling, abject, insignificant, inconsiderable, puny, little, trivial, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, substantial, plentiful, enormous, important, profound pamper: (v) pet, spoil, cocker, coddle, baby, cherish, mollycoddle, cosset, gratify, foster, fondle. ANTONYMS: (v) deprive, deny panting: (adj) gasping, breathless, blown, winded, puffed; (v) palpitation; (n) heaving, gasp, asthma, heave, puff paper: (n) article, newspaper, discourse, newsprint, publication, journal, essay, periodical, report, magazine, certificate pardon: (v) excuse, condone, forgive, acquit, spare; (n) amnesty, forgiveness, grace; (adj, v) justify, exonerate, exculpate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) blame; (v) punish, castigate, condemn, convict; (n) intolerance paris: (n) genus Paris, French capital, City of Light, capital of France parlous: (adj, v) hazardous, perilous; (adj) precarious, unsafe, risky, venturesome, dangerously insecure; (v) periculous; (adv) exceedingly, extremely, highly part: (adj, n) constituent; (n) piece, article, section; (v) break, disjoin, divide, divorce; (n, v) branch, division, character. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, entirety; (v) join, unite, meet, arrive, connect; (adv) wholly partake: (v) deal, touch, share, consume, attend, eat, taste, receive, communicate, join, have. ANTONYM: (v) refrain partly: (adj) half, semi, quasi; (adv) part, constituently, in part, sidely, moderately, halfway, incompletely, relatively. ANTONYMS: (adv) completely, wholly, entirely; (adj) fully parts: (n) faculty, nous, quick parts, sagacity, wit, surroundings; (adj) ingenuity, cleverness, capacity, turn, talents party: (n) company, band, group, assembly, crew, association, gathering, crowd, clique, meeting, celebration pass: (adj, n, v) run; (v) flow, give,

deliver, lead, happen, overtake, proceed; (adj, v) move; (n, v) offer, live. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, make, take, veto; (n) failing, rejection, exclusion passing: (adj) transient, ephemeral, momentary, cursory, brief; (n) overtaking, departure, expiration, decease, passage, death. ANTONYMS: (adj) lasting, thorough, intended, lengthy, long; (n) birth, failing passionate: (adj, v) ardent, impetuous; (adj) hot, excited, burning, angry, fervent, fierce, animated, earnest; (adj, adv) fiery. ANTONYMS: (adj) indifferent, mild, passionless, unenthusiastic, cold, calm, halfhearted, cool, lukewarm, weak, uninterested past: (n) history, yesterday; (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) former, bygone, old, prior, over, gone by; (adv) before; (adv, pref) along. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) future, present; (prep) within; (adj) current, contemporary, modern, upcoming, following, subsequent, later; (n) prospect path: (n, v) course, passage, line; (n) way, direction, highway, orbit, track, lane, means, walk. ANTONYM: (n) room patience: (n) endurance, fortitude, longanimity, equanimity, tolerance, resignation, restraint, composure, sufferance; (n, v) moderation, calmness. ANTONYMS: (n) impatience, eagerness, intolerance, annoyance patient: (adj) forbearing, passive, calm, enduring, resigned, uncomplaining, tolerant, stoical, lenient, meek, persistent. ANTONYMS: (adj) intolerant, annoyed, eager, harsh patiently: (adv) perseveringly, invalidly, quietly, uncomplainingly, persistently, forbearingly, resignedly, steadily, doggedly, calmly, meekly. ANTONYM: (adv) eagerly paul: (n) Alice Paul, apostle of the gentiles, apostle Paul, capital of Minnesota, Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul, Saul pause: (n, v) halt, interruption, adjournment, delay, respite, stop; (adj, n, v) rest; (n) intermission, gap; (adj, v) discontinue; (v) hesitate. ANTONYMS: (n) decisiveness, continuation, start; (v) proceed

217 peace: (adj, n) calm, quiet; (n) harmony, hush, repose, ease, amity, agreement, rest, pacification, order. ANTONYMS: (n) noise, chaos, conflict, uproar, commotion, agitation, war, distress, suffering, disruption, turbulence peevish: (adj) fretful, fractious, morose, testy, irascible, moody, captious, petulant, cross, cantankerous, touchy penetrable: (adj) permeable, pervious, absorbent, liable, porous, vulnerable; (v) doughy, spongy. ANTONYM: (adj) impenetrable pent: (adj) narrow, shut up, confined, cramped perceive: (v) comprehend, apprehend, discover, see, grasp, find, know, observe, sense, appreciate; (adj, v) discern. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, observe, ignore perfect: (adj, n, v) consummate, complete; (adj, n) absolute, full, entire; (adj) exact, utter, thorough, faultless, integral, exquisite. ANTONYMS: (adj) flawed, faulty, wrong, inferior, misshapen, incorrect, defective, used, everyday, unhappy, partial perfection: (n) maturity, ideal, consummation, paragon, completeness, finish, completion, crown, flawlessness, development, ne plus ultra. ANTONYMS: (n) imperfection, fault, abandonment, ugliness, deterioration perforce: (n) on compulsion; (adv) needs perform: (v) execute, fulfill, accomplish, do, achieve, complete, carry out, behave, make, play, appear. ANTONYMS: (v) omit, rehearse, malfunction, stop perhaps: (adv) mayhap, perchance, peradventure, possibly, probably, conceivably, by chance, haply, if, presumably; (n) might. ANTONYM: (adv) certainly peril: (n, v) hazard, risk, endanger, menace, adventure; (n) danger, jeopardy, chance; (v) imperil, expose, compromise. ANTONYM: (n) security period: (n) dot, epoch, era, point, duration, generation, day, conclusion, cycle, length, stage perpetual: (adj) incessant, continual, constant, endless, eternal, everlasting, lasting, ceaseless, immortal, continuous, perennial.

218 ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, intermittent, transitory, mortal, unstable, finite, inconstant, occasional, sporadic person: (n) individual, human, man, mortal, character, soul, human being, being, creature, body; (n, v) party persons: (n) folk, public, society, world petty: (adj) insignificant, trivial, little, frivolous, paltry, puny, negligible, light, mean, minute, exiguous. ANTONYMS: (adj) important, serious, generous, profound, significant, expansive, crucial, considerable, broadminded, enormous pieces: (n) debris, trash pierce: (n, v) cut, prick, stick; (v) perforate, bore, enter, thrust, puncture, penetrate; (adj, v) stab, wound. ANTONYM: (v) seal pillow: (v) rest, breathe, lie, not move; (adj) wadding; (n) throw pillow, Wanger, bed pillow, feather bed, long pillow, padding piping: (n) pipe, pipage, conduit, line, chimneypot, drainpipe, main, edging; (adj) high, shrill, reedy pitch: (n, v) fling, cast, degree, dip, tilt, lurch, toss, throw, slant; (v) chuck, hurl piteous: (adj) miserable, pitiful, pathetic, doleful, lamentable, abject, compassionate, unfortunate, poor, paltry, pitiable pitiful: (adj, n) abject; (adj) pathetic, lamentable, piteous, contemptible, miserable, distressing, mean, wretched, poor, sad. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, heartwarming, admirable, cheerful, fine, happy, impressive pity: (n, v) compassion, ruth; (n) mercy, commiseration, condolence, sympathy, clemency, remorse; (v) sympathize, compassionate, feel sorry for. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, cruelty, indifference, harshness, joy place: (n, v) post, order; (v) fix, lay, arrange, locate, install; (adj, n, v) rank, station; (n) domicile, office. ANTONYMS: (v) remove, divest, lift, dismantle placed: (adj) situated, laid, set, positioned, arranged, fixed, sited, collocate, determined, dictated, hardened plague: (v) molest, harass, afflict, hassle, annoy, badger, pester, disturb, beleaguer; (n, v) worry; (adj,

Richard III n, v) bother. ANTONYM: (v) comfort plain: (adj) ordinary, comprehensible, intelligible, apparent, manifest, obvious, clear, simple; (adj, n) flat, homely, humble. ANTONYMS: (adj) elaborate, unclear, multicolored, mottled, ornate, concealed, attractive, confused, fussy, obscure, patterned plainly: (adv) evidently, manifestly, clearly, distinctly, openly, obviously, patently, overtly, definitely; (adj, adv) frankly, honestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) imperceptibly, vaguely, obscurely, figuratively, unclearly, politely, incoherently, implicitly, finely, ambiguously, covertly plant: (v) fix, set, embed, graft, establish, constitute; (n, v) place; (n) manufactory, factory, equipment, herb. ANTONYMS: (v) dismantle, remove plants: (n) flora, vegetation, trees, industrial equipment, afforestation, animals, birds, flora and fauna, foliage, natural world, plantation play: (n, v) act, frolic, pastime, game, sport, exercise, joke, bet, wager; (v) enact; (adj, v) perform. ANTONYMS: (n) tightness; (v) avoid, leave, real plead: (v) entreat, implore, beg, adjure, petition, ask, appeal, defend, invoke, sue; (n, v) allege. ANTONYMS: (v) answer, demand please: (v) delight, charm, amuse, entertain, oblige, enchant, enrapture; (adj, v) gratify, enjoy, like; (adj) glad. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, annoy, irritate, anger, distress, sicken, disappoint, dissatisfy, sadden, repel, appall pleasing: (adj, n) acceptable; (adj) amiable, lovable, amusing, attractive, gratifying, lovely, pleasant, charming, delightful, inviting. ANTONYMS: (adj) unpleasant, unwelcome, infuriating, disappointing, straight, hurtful, maddening, displeasing, discordant, harsh, frustrating pleasure: (n) fun, enjoyment, delectation, joy, comfort, happiness, mirth, inclination; (n, v) contentment, content; (adj, n, v) gratification. ANTONYMS: (n) irritation, nuisance, boredom, ache, displeasure, dissatisfaction, misery, pain, sadness, worry, anguish pleasures: (n) pleasure

plenteous: (adj) abundant, ample, copious, plentiful, bountiful, fertile, fruitful, full, exuberant, rich, generous. ANTONYMS: (adj) meager, sparse plenty: (adj, n) affluence, opulence; (n) many, much, plenteousness, copiousness, plenitude, exuberance, galore; (adj, adv) enough; (adj) adequate. ANTONYMS: (adj) insufficient, inadequate; (n) scarcity, insufficiency; (adv) insufficiently plotted: (adj) planned, aforethought, arranged, studied pluck: (adj, n) nerve; (v) cull, jerk, gather, pick, fleece, grab; (n) grit, courage, boldness; (n, v) pull. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, gutlessness; (v) undercharge point: (n, v) grade, head, nib, level, aim, degree; (n) peak, article, dot; (adj, n) edge; (v) direct. ANTONYM: (n) middle points: (n) turnout, handicap, interest, percentage, brownie points, commendation, credit, eight points, share, terms poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) cure; (v) clean poisonous: (adj) toxic, mortal, venomous, noxious, malicious, fatal, baneful, poison, lethal, viperous, mephitic. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmless, benevolent, edible, kindhearted pomfret: (n) butterfish, bream pomp: (n) grandeur, parade, ostentation, show, ceremony, glory, luxury, pageantry, magnificence, state, splendor. ANTONYMS: (n) understatement, modesty poor: (adj) bad, miserable, piteous, destitute, pitiful, insufficient, penniless, pathetic; (adj, v) meager; (adj, n) paltry, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) wealthy, excellent, privileged, admirable, good, adequate, satisfactory, outstanding, favorable, dignified, comfortable positively: (adv) absolutely, definitely, decidedly, unequivocally, expressly, emphatically, categorically, clearly, confidently; (adv, int) surely; (adj, adv) really. ANTONYMS: (adv) disapprovingly, pessimistically, uncertainly, doubtfully, inauspiciously, ill possess: (adj, v) own; (v) hold, wield, occupy, bear, keep, enjoy, contain,

William Shakespeare retain, to have, maintain. ANTONYMS: (v) lack, remove post: (n, v) place, position, stake, station; (n) office, function, pillar, attitude; (v) locate, enter, lay pour: (v) gush, shed, decant, scatter, stream, flow, pelt, discharge, teem, infuse; (n, v) overflow. ANTONYMS: (v) drizzle, trickle power: (n, v) might, ability, influence, dominion, faculty; (n) potency, energy, control, authority, domination, strength. ANTONYMS: (n) powerlessness, helplessness, weakness, inability, subjugation, moderation, calmness, meekness, inferiority, feebleness, ease praise: (v) approve, extol, flatter, celebrate, glorify; (n, v) commend, compliment, honor, glory, acclaim; (n) applause. ANTONYMS: (n) criticism, disparagement; (v) reprimand, disparage, reproach, scold, belittle, rebuke, chastise, denigrate, sully prating: (n) trash, drivel, report; (v) click, clack pray: (v) beg, implore, entreat, crave, invite, plead, beseech, appeal, importune, adjure, invoke. ANTONYM: (v) reject prayer: (n) invocation, plea, entreaty, appeal, orison, request, suit, litany, devotion, supplication, asking praying: (n) prayer precedent: (n) example, prototype, case, case in point, instance, rule, original; (adj, n) antecedent; (adj) preceding, foregoing, anterior precious: (adj, n) beloved; (adj) valuable, costly, cherished, invaluable, expensive, golden, choice, inestimable, exquisite; (n) darling. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap, hated, shabby prepare: (n, v) arrange, form, plan, make; (v) dress, set, lay, devise, groom, equip; (adj, v) coach. ANTONYM: (v) perform presence: (n) front, manner, mien, bearing, carriage, figure, air, comportment, demeanor, company; (n, v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) absence, nonattendance present: (adj, n, v) gift, grant; (n, v) donation, display; (adj, v) confer, bestow; (v) introduce, give, prefer, offer, perform. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, withhold, consume, take; (adj) missing, lost, dated, historical; (adj, n) past, future; (n) history presentation: (n) exhibition,

donation, performance, introduction, display, demonstration, offer, exposition, appearance, gift, exposure presently: (adv) instantly, directly, currently, before long, shortly, soon, now, at present, readily, just, actually. ANTONYMS: (adv) later, now, formerly preserve: (v) maintain, keep, save, guard, hold, defend, uphold, keep up; (n) jam, jelly, conserves. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, discontinue, damage, lose, attack, endanger, use, end presume: (v) dare, consider, believe, think, infer, guess, expect, esteem, conclude, suppose, conjecture. ANTONYMS: (v) appreciate, despair, speculate prettily: (adv) beautifully, charmingly, pleasantly, handsomely, finely, neatly, gracefully, picturesquely, elegantly, delightfully, pleasingly. ANTONYMS: (adv) unattractively, unpleasantly pretty: (adj) fair, graceful, lovely, handsome, attractive, charming, good-looking, picturesque, dainty; (n) nice; (adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adj) plain, unattractive, modern, inelegant; (adv) extremely prevail: (n, v) triumph, control, govern; (v) dominate, overcome, outweigh, obtain, persist, carry, vanquish; (adj) preponderate. ANTONYM: (v) lose prevent: (n, v) hinder, bar; (v) anticipate, block, forbid, avert, avoid, preclude, arrest, hamper, obviate. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, permit, promote, advance, attract, cause, let, drive, help, support, include prevented: (adj) disallowed, barred, banned. ANTONYM: (adj) legitimate prey: (n) chase, game, victim, immolation, quarry, target, mark, capture; (n, v) plunder, raven; (v) eat. ANTONYMS: (n) hunter, predator priest: (adj, n) clergyman, divine; (n) minister, ecclesiastic, churchman, pastor, celebrant, parson, cleric, presbyter, chaplain prime: (adj, n) chief, best, paramount, essential; (adj) first, head, fundamental, primary, early; (n) flower; (v) ground. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) secondary, inferior; (adj)

219 new, marginal; (n) nadir prince: (n) lord, potentate, sovereign, duke, king, chief, maharaja, maharajah, ruler, magnate, archduke princely: (adj, v) August, grand, great, lordly, dignified, stately; (adj) generous, munificent, majestic, magnificent, gorgeous. ANTONYM: (adj) ungenerous prisoner: (n) captive, hostage, jailbird, accused, con, gaolbird, criminal, detainee, inmate, defendant, unfortunate private: (adj) clandestine, personal, secret, individual, hidden, inner, exclusive, intimate, esoteric; (adj, v) covert, close. ANTONYMS: (adj) official, nationalized, community, communal, shared, civic, state, open, external, commercial, collective prize: (v) appreciate, esteem, value, cherish, admire; (n) plunder, award, booty, premium; (n, v) treasure, honor. ANTONYMS: (v) disrespect, scorn, hate; (n) dud proceeding: (n) matter, transaction, affair, procedure, lawsuit, proceedings; (v) deed, act; (n, v) measure; (adv, n) happening; (adj, adv, v) going on proceedings: (n) lawsuit, minutes, dealings, proceeding, transactions, record, prosecution, trial, case, naturalization, bankruptcy process: (n, v) action, course, function, act; (n) proceeding, operation, method, procedure, formula, outgrowth; (v) refine. ANTONYM: (v) contaminate proclamation: (n) announcement, decree, edict, annunciation, notice, statement, promulgation, report, publication, manifesto, propagation promise: (n, v) covenant, guarantee, contract, vow, bargain; (v) augur, assure; (n) engagement, assurance, plight, word promised: (adj) pledged, affianced, betrothed, busy, devoted, employed, greatly interested, intended, involved; (v) benempt, named proper: (adj) due, decent, modest, agreeable, fitting, legitimate, right; (adj, v) correct, fit, becoming; (adj, n) just. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, wrong, unseemly, rude, unconventional, unsuitable, false, relaxed, vulgar, unreasonable, undue prophesy: (n, v) presage; (v) prognosticate, foretell, augur,

220 foreshow, forecast, portend, foreshadow, forebode, bode, anticipate prophet: (n) augur, oracle, vaticinator, seer, predictor, diviner, forecaster, visionary, foreteller, priest, clairvoyant proportion: (n) balance, degree, ratio, portion, slice, share, dimension, equilibrium, equipoise, fraction; (n, v) scale. ANTONYMS: (n) disproportion, asymmetry props: (n) crutches, appurtenances prosper: (v) advance, flower, thrive, grow, bloom, succeed, boom, get ahead, get on; (adj) luxuriate; (n, v) fare. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, collapse, decrease, dwindle, decline prosperity: (n) affluence, wealth, success, flourish, good fortune, fortune, welfare, opulence, abundance, good, prosperousness. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, fruitlessness, hardship, insufficiency prosperous: (adj, n) lucky, auspicious, fortunate; (adj) flourishing, favorable, opulent, easy, comfortable, affluent, advantageous, successful. ANTONYMS: (adj) depressed, unsuccessful, failing, underprivileged, impoverished protect: (v) keep, cover, preserve, safeguard, conserve, vindicate, screen, save; (n, v) guard, hide, ward. ANTONYMS: (v) expose, neglect, risk, intimidate, destroy, harm, endanger, reveal protector: (n) guard, guardian, patron, champion, custodian, conservator, escort, hero, paladin, supporter, benefactor proud: (adj) lofty, disdainful, haughty, exalted, egotistical, gallant, pompous, lordly, majestic, overbearing; (adj, v) dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) humble, modest, ashamed, embarrassed, sorrowful, disappointed, miserable proudly: (adv) haughtily, arrogantly, superciliously, boastfully, vainly, splendidly, stately, loftily, snootily, disdainfully, conceitedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) humbly, modestly prove: (v) attest, manifest, evidence, establish, show, examine, verify, essay, check, corroborate; (adj, v) confirm. ANTONYMS: (v) refute, undermine provided: (adv) in case, provided always; (conj) if; (n) conditionally, as if, quasi; (adj) fitted, instructed,

Richard III enlightened, arranged; (v) foreseen provoked: (adj, prep) exasperated, inflamed; (adj) irritated, aggravated, infuriated, indignant, irate, huffy, hot, excited; (adv) up in arms. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, gratuitous, pleased puissance: (n) power, might, potency, vigor, energy, strength, vigour, authority, brawniness, lustiness, hardness puissant: (adj) powerful, mighty, forcible, hard, robust, vigorous, strong, stout, efficacious, adamantine, cogent punish: (v) amerce, discipline, castigate, chasten, chastise, penalize, strike, avenge, pay, beat, execute. ANTONYMS: (v) excuse, exonerate, pardon, reward, commend punishment: (n) correction, penance, chastisement, fine, judgement, rebuke, retribution, reward, castigation, execution; (adj, n) penalty. ANTONYMS: (n) persuasion, exoneration, reward purchase: (v) obtain, get, procure, bribe; (n) acquisition, leverage, bargain, acquirement, grip, buying; (n, v) contract. ANTONYMS: (v) sell, lose; (n) loss, sale pure: (adj) absolute, natural, faultless, innocent, immaculate, perfect, good, clean; (adj, n) chaste, genuine; (adj, v) mere. ANTONYMS: (adj) contaminated, dishonored, diluted, tainted, wicked, practical, polluted, flawed, marred, unsaturated, unchaste purple: (adj) violet, lilac, imperial, regal, royal; (adj, n) empurpled; (v) empurple; (n) magenta, purpleness, ermine, pall purpose: (n, v) plan, intention, design, project, resolve, purport, end, object; (n) mind, effect, motive. ANTONYM: (n) weakness purse: (n) bag, pouch, money, handbag, sac, currency, pocketbook, pelf; (v) wrinkle, pucker, crease pursuit: (n) quest, hunt, search, persecution, chase, career, interest, job, business, performance, employment pursuivant: (n) herald, bellman, crier, flag bearer, apparitor, trumpeter, groom, harbinger quake: (n) earthquake; (n, v) tremor, tremble, shudder, shake; (adj, n, v) shiver; (v) quail, flutter, flicker, vibrate, fluctuate quarrel: (adj, n, v) dispute; (n, v)

fight, feud, brawl, row, altercation, argue, conflict, squabble; (n) dissension, difference. ANTONYMS: (n) agreement, reconciliation, acceptance, concord, consensus; (v) agree queen: (n) king, lady, sovereign, monarch, dame, pansy, queer, faggot, princess, fairy, czarina quest: (n) pursuit, investigation, exploration, chase, research, inquest; (n, v) probe, hunt, inquiry, examination; (v) call for quick: (adj) bright, hasty, agile, nimble, intelligent, clever, speedy, active, immediate, instant; (adj, v) prompt. ANTONYMS: (adj) leisurely, dull, dim, thick, unintelligent, thorough, inept, unobservant, lengthy, long, permanent quicken: (v) accelerate, hasten, hurry, dispatch, animate, expedite, advance, enliven, precipitate; (n, v) forward, speed. ANTONYMS: (v) decelerate, delay quickly: (adv) promptly, rapidly, expeditiously, readily, speedily, swiftly, suddenly, hastily; (adj, adv) immediately, shortly; (adv, n) instantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, gradually, permanently, later, eventually, thoroughly quiet: (adj, adv, v) still; (adj, n, v) lull, hush, pacify, compose, appease, assuage; (adj, v) moderate, cool; (adj, adv) gentle, motionless. ANTONYMS: (adj) noisy, talkative, vociferous, active, oratorical, fierce, vocal, unquiet, busy, disordered; (n) noise quit: (adj, n, v) leave; (v) go, drop, break, cease, give up, depart, end, discontinue; (adj, v) discharge; (n, v) part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, occupy, enter, maintain, start, come, arrive quite: (adj, adv) altogether, fully, sheer, just; (adv) all, absolutely, completely, entirely, exactly, enough, well. ANTONYMS: (adv) hardly, slightly, insufficiently, partially quits: (n) quit, par, even, equal, abandon, leave, quittance, a wash quoth: (v) quod race: (adj, n) kind; (adj, n, v) dash, rush; (n, v) course, run, career; (n) family, people; (v) hurry, hasten, fly. ANTONYMS: (v) linger, amble rage: (adj, n, v) fume, bluster; (adj, n) wrath, indignation, frenzy, mania; (n) passion, anger, craze,

William Shakespeare exasperation; (n, v) storm. ANTONYMS: (n) gentleness, composure, calm, equanimity, pleasure, serenity raging: (adj) hot, angry, fierce, irate, wild, infuriated, enraged, vehement, heated; (adj, n) mad, rabid. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, mild, contained rags: (adj) refuse, rubble, scourings, sweepings, trash, waste; (n) clothing, tatter, orts, odds and ends, dress rain: (n, v) stream, hail; (n) precipitation, wet, pelting, flow, downpour, rainwater; (v) precipitate, shower, rain down. ANTONYM: (v) drizzle raised: (adj) embossed, erect, convex, inflated, brocaded, high, uplifted, lifted, exultant; (v) in relief, repousse rancorous: (adj) malicious, vindictive, malevolent, venomous, spiteful, resentful, hostile, virulent, malign, vengeful, vicious. ANTONYMS: (adj) kind, harmonious, loving, willing rancour: (n) enmity, animosity, hatred, malice, gall, odium, rancor, bitterness, hate, grievance, heartburning rankle: (v) grate, fret, chafe, irritate, gnaw, bother, annoy, exasperate, vex; (adj) putrefy, ferment rash: (adj, n) foolhardy, hasty, precipitate, eruption; (adj) imprudent, reckless, impetuous, heedless, audacious, sudden; (adj, adv) thoughtless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, careful, sensible, wise, considered, deliberate, prudent, modest, slow, responsible, patient rashly: (adj, adv) hastily, headlong; (adv) thoughtlessly, recklessly, impetuously, imprudently, carelessly, indiscreetly, headily, heedlessly, wildly. ANTONYMS: (adv) thoughtfully, prudently, late, pensively, sensibly, responsibly, cautiously, deliberately, patiently rashness: (n) temerity, precipitation, recklessness, hastiness, imprudence, heedlessness, folly, precipitancy, indiscretion, carelessness, adventurism. ANTONYMS: (n) caution, consideration, deliberation, patience, discretion, carefulness, forethought rather: (adv) a little, enough, fairly, pretty, moderately, considerably, very, relatively, kind of, instead,

kinda. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, absolutely; (adj) complete rats: (n) mice, vermin, Rodentia, guinea pigs, agoutis, beavers, pests, gophers, order Rodentia, hamsters, marmots reach: (n, v) fetch, stretch; (adj, v) overtake, pass, extend; (v) obtain, achieve, make, attain, get; (n) compass. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, differ, fail read: (v) say, decipher, understand, learn, construe, perceive, gather, indicate, demonstrate, translate, comprehend. ANTONYM: (v) write readiness: (n) facility, ease, expedition, preparation, promptness, knack, dexterity, eagerness, quickness, fitness; (adj, n) alacrity. ANTONYMS: (n) reluctance, delay ready: (v) prepare, fix; (adj, v) fit, disposed, willing; (adj) quick, prompt, nimble, apt; (adj, n) available, dexterous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, unavailable, unready, unripe, difficult, unenthusiastic, young realm: (n) area, domain, field, country, region, nation, department, arena, land, empire, ground reap: (v) harvest, gain, glean, gather, obtain, cut, receive, earn, acquire; (adj, v) mow; (adj) clip. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, scatter reason: (n) account, intellect, occasion, object, understanding, argument, purpose; (n, v) cause; (v) argue, debate; (adj, n) rationality. ANTONYMS: (n) inconsistency, disincentive reasons: (n) proof rebel: (v) mutiny, disobey, arise; (adj, n) nonconformist, insurgent; (adj, n, v) renegade; (n, v) revolt; (adj) mutineer; (n) traitor, insurrectionist, anarchist. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) conformist; (n) stalwart; (adj) compliant, content, obedient; (v) agree, obey receive: (v) get, admit, assume, have, welcome, bear, obtain, adopt, make, greet, embrace. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, disburse, lose, mail, present, spend, dispatch reconcile: (adj, v) conciliate, accord, harmonize; (v) accommodate, pacify, placate, mediate, adjust, harmonise, make up, propitiate. ANTONYMS: (v) alienate, estrange, provoke, quarrel, segregate, worsen record: (n, v) register, file, chronicle,

221 list, score; (n) account, disk, book, document, history; (v) enter. ANTONYMS: (n) single; (v) delete recourse: (n, v) appeal, haunt; (n) refuge, expedient, resource, assistance, alternative, dependence, haven, asylum, request recover: (v) reclaim, get back, recuperate, retrieve, regain, pick up, get well, restore, heal, convalesce, mend. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, die, decline, aggravate, abandon, worsen, scatter recreation: (n) amusement, distraction, pastime, play, diversion, merriment, leisure, fun, game, frolic, sport recure: (n, v) remedy; (n) sanation; (v) redress redeem: (v) recover, deliver, atone, recoup, expiate, ransom, reclaim, save, free, extricate, refund. ANTONYMS: (v) hock, pawn, lose redeemer: (n) deliverer, saviour, Jesus Christ, Messiah, salvation, rescuer, delivery boy, Christ, champion, son of God, Jesus redoubted: (adj) bold, stalworth, brave, eminent, noted, renowned, reputable, respectable, daring reduce: (adj, v) lower, abbreviate, abridge, curtail, shorten, diminish, lessen; (v) cut, debase, abate, contract. ANTONYMS: (v) expand, bolster, intensify, enlarge, exacerbate, strengthen, maximize, oxidize, gain, extend, dilute reeling: (adj) giddy, intoxicated, tipsy, queer, lightheaded, groggy, fuddled, bewildered; (n) titubation, rotary straightening reflecting: (adv) reflectingly; (adj) reflective, thoughtful, calculating, reflected, shiny, shimmering, reflectent; (n) mirroring, reflection, reflexion refuse: (v) deny, reject, decline, disallow, rebuff, turn down; (adj, n) waste, trash; (n) offal, litter; (n, v) dross. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, receive, permit, offer, dedicate, approve, agree, admit, choose, pass, affirm regiment: (n) corps, battalion, legion, host, brigade, division, multitude, cohort; (v) control, organize, regulate reign: (v) govern, command, predominate, dominate, prevail; (n) dominance, dominion, control, government, administration, kingdom

222 rejoice: (v) cheer, gladden, triumph, revel, jubilate, gratify, gloat, please; (n, v) delight, glory, joy. ANTONYMS: (v) lament, mourn, complain relent: (v) give, give in, melt, soften, moderate, ease, submit, cede, relax, capitulate; (adj) remit. ANTONYMS: (v) worsen, strengthen, resist, stand religious: (adj, v) devout; (adj) sacred, divine, saintly, holy, godly, scrupulous, devoted; (n) monk, nun, friar. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreverent, irreligious, slapdash, atheistic, impious, uncommitted rely: (v) depend, count, lean, believe, bank, confide, entrust, reckon, trust, swear; (n, v) rest remember: (v) commemorate, recognize, recollect, recall, consider, memorize, think, mind, call to mind, retain, bear in mind. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect, overlook remembrance: (n, v) recollection, mind; (n) commemoration, memorial, recall, relic, monument, keepsake, reminiscence, recognition; (adj, n) memento remnant: (n) end, relic, remains, residue, fragment, leftover, survival, trace, oddment, balance, stub remorse: (n) penitence, contrition, repentance, regret, guilt, penance, sorrow, grief, qualm, ruefulness, compassion. ANTONYM: (n) shamelessness remorseful: (adj) penitent, regretful, apologetic, sorry, repentant, regret, sad, rueful, bad, compunctious, compassionate. ANTONYMS: (adj) glad, unremorseful rent: (n, v) breach, fissure, lease, let; (adj, n) cleft; (n) crevice, tear, crack, break; (v) charter, engage repair: (n, v) redress, mend, correct, cure, overhaul, fix; (v) patch, restore, doctor, renovate, compensate. ANTONYMS: (v) injure, arrive, wreck, worsen; (n) breaking, wrecking repast: (n) feast, food, banquet, dinner, lunch, refection, collation, luncheon, spread, potluck, eating repay: (v) recompense, reward, pay, reimburse, compensate, refund, render, requite, remunerate, return, redeem. ANTONYM: (v) penalize repeat: (v) copy, recapitulate, reduplicate, reiterate, rehearse, return, say, double, renew, iterate, duplicate repent: (v) deplore, bewail, rue,

Richard III mourn, lament, atone, sorry, bemoan, feel remorse, grieve, be sorry repentant: (adj) contrite, remorseful, regretful, sorry, apologetic, ashamed, compunctious, penitential, rueful, humble, doing penance. ANTONYMS: (adj) impenitent, unremorseful, glad repetition: (n) gemination, reiteration, recurrence, replication, iteration, return, repeating, renewal, duplication, rehearsal, reduplication. ANTONYM: (n) disappearance replying: (adj) respondent, responsive report: (n, v) account, gossip, name, record; (n) description, notice, recital, story, notification; (v) describe, recount reported: (adj) narrative, reputed repose: (n, v) recline, peace, lie, calm; (n) composure, ease, quiet, leisure, recreation, relaxation; (v) lay. ANTONYMS: (n, v) work; (n) activity, panic, agitation reposing: (adj) calm, asleep reprehend: (n, v) chide, blame, censure, reprimand; (v) upbraid, criticize, condemn, charge, reproach, decry; (n) dispraise represented: (adj) delineate, depicted, representing, drawn, painted, pictured, diagrammatic reproof: (n, v) reprimand, censure, rebuke, lecture; (n) reproach, admonition, reprehension, blame, condemnation, objurgation, castigation reprove: (n, v) censure, blame, chide, rebuke, reprehend; (v) admonish, reproach, lecture, condemn, warn, castigate. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, approve, commend reputation: (n) name, prestige, distinction, face, celebrity, credit, character; (n, v) honor, esteem, report; (adj, n) renown. ANTONYMS: (n) infamy, dishonor, obscurity request: (n, v) demand, bid, invite, wish, appeal; (v) ask, order, pray, call for; (n) prayer, application. ANTONYMS: (v) command, grant, insist, force, supply, reject; (n) ruling, response requests: (n) desires, requirements, needs, wants rescue: (n, v) release, ransom, salvage; (n) deliverance, delivery, relieve; (v) extricate, recover, free,

save, redeem. ANTONYMS: (n) involvement, loss, abandonment, downfall; (n, v) capture; (v) endanger, lose, aggravate rescued: (adj) saved, protected resemblance: (n) affinity, parallel, similarity, comparison, correspondence, likeness, conformity, appearance, analogy, semblance, resemble. ANTONYMS: (n) dissimilarity, contrast resign: (v) renounce, cede, relinquish, quit, give up, leave, abandon, drop, deliver, surrender, forgo. ANTONYMS: (v) accept, continue, retain, stay resolute: (adj, n) constant, firm, fixed, steady; (adj, v) determined; (adj) inflexible, brave, adamant, dogged, unbending, courageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, uncertain, uncommitted, timid, fickle, feeble, indecisive, flexible, flippant, hesitant, undecided resolution: (n) determination, purpose, firmness, conclusion, answer, solution, resolve, decomposition, resoluteness, perseverance, settlement. ANTONYMS: (n) problem, feebleness, indecision, irresoluteness, irresolution, weakness, indifference resolve: (n, v) purpose; (v) determine, solve, decide, dissolve, decompose, settle; (n) determination, firmness, decision, resolution. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, irresoluteness, vacillation, cowardice, flexibility, indecisiveness, indifference; (v) aggravate, complicate, exacerbate, waver resolved: (adj, v) resolute, firm, certain; (adj) fixed, definite, set, decided, conclusive, intent, solved, positive. ANTONYMS: (adj) undecided, flexible, irresolute, unconfirmed, uncertain resort: (n, v) repair, haunt; (n) expedient, refuge, holiday resort, playground, covert, retreat; (v) recur, rendezvous, frequent. ANTONYM: (v) rise respect: (adj, n, v) regard, worship; (n, v) esteem, heed, notice, reverence; (v) observe, keep, appreciate; (n) homage, deference. ANTONYMS: (n, v) scorn, dishonor, disregard; (n) cheek, insolence, impudence, disdain; (v) despise, humiliate, break, taint respects: (adj) abord, welcome; (n)

William Shakespeare compliments, greeting, compliment, baisemains, devoir, duty rest: (adj, n) remnant, remainder, residue; (n, v) pause, balance, nap, relaxation, sleep; (n) recess, leisure; (v) remain. ANTONYMS: (n) activity, agitation, intensification; (v) change, stand, deteriorate restless: (adj) fidgety, uneasy, impatient, restive, agitated, fretful, turbulent, feverish; (adj, n) nervous, apprehensive; (adj, v) unquiet. ANTONYMS: (adj) relaxed, peaceful, lethargic, unbroken, still, contented restore: (adj, v) repair, refresh; (v) mend, reinstate, renew, renovate, rejuvenate, replace, repay, fix, rehabilitate. ANTONYMS: (v) break, oust, neglect, confiscate, disrupt, move, kill, remove, worsen restrain: (adj, v) confine; (v) control, rein, hold, curb, bind, contain, prevent, limit, repress; (n, v) check. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, promote, unleash, impel, release, intensify, increase, free, extend, express, support retail: (v) deal out, issue, merchandise, utter, peddle, vend; (n) dispense, retailing, business; (adj, v) wholesale; (n, v) trade. ANTONYM: (v) buy retreat: (v) retire, withdraw, depart; (n) refuge, departure, asylum, den, lair, retirement; (n, v) resort, return. ANTONYMS: (n) raid, development, extension, arrival, company; (v) progress, remain return: (v) recur, reimburse, restore; (n, v) pay, restitution, recompense, refund, restoration, render, retort; (n) proceeds. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, confiscation, abolition, recovery, loss, disappearance, penalty; (v) keep, depart, take, remove revel: (n, v) frolic; (v) drink, celebrate, exult, wallow, rejoice, bask, riot; (n) carousal, orgy; (adj) luxuriate. ANTONYMS: (v) mourn; (n) mourning revenge: (n) retribution, vengeance, reprisal, retaliation, repayment, grudge, punishment; (v) retaliate, repay, requite, vindicate reverence: (n, v) respect, regard, fear, worship, honor, esteem, adore; (n) deference, adoration, admiration, awe. ANTONYMS: (n) despise, disrespect, irreverence, disdain, disparagement, contempt; (v)

dishonor reverend: (n) preacher, clergyman, parson, rector, vicar, pastor, priest, minister, churchman; (adj) respectable, honourable reversed: (adj) converse, inverse, reverse, upside-down, overturned, opposite, contrary, reversal, upside down, upturned, on its head revolt: (n, v) mutiny, rebellion, insurrection; (v) sicken, nauseate, rebel, repel, repulse, offend; (adj, v) shock; (n) uprising. ANTONYMS: (n) attraction; (v) please, delight revolving: (adj) turning, rotating, vertiginous, rotary, gyratory, wheeling, rotative, rotatory, rotational; (n) revolution; (v) revolve reward: (n, v) recompense, return, compensation, guerdon, wage, meed, prize, bribe; (v) repay, requite; (n) payment. ANTONYMS: (n) penalty, sentence; (v) dishonor, penalize rice: (adj) meal, bran, farina, flour, sporule; (n) paddy, Oryza, cereal, grain, food grain, cereal grass riches: (n, v) money; (n) affluence, abundance, fortune, opulence, plenty, prosperity, exuberance, treasure, resources; (v) gold riddle: (n) mystery, conundrum, puzzle, problem, poser; (n, v) screen, sieve; (v) puncture, strain, filter, sift. ANTONYM: (n) explanation ride: (n, v) outing; (adj, v) bestride; (n) run, lift, jaunt; (v) mount, bait, float, rag, tease, harass rights: (n) human rights, citizenship, possession, copyright, due, exclusive rights, nationality, official document, patent, government grant ring: (n, v) encircle, peal, call, loop, jingle; (v) resound, echo, reverberate; (n) gang, band, rim riotous: (adj) disorderly, turbulent, boisterous, insubordinate, lawless, insurgent, tumultuous, rebellious, dissolute, profuse, profligate. ANTONYMS: (adj) orderly, manageable, peaceful, tranquil, gentle, conventional ripe: (adj) adult, ready, advanced, prepared, good, grown, perfect, matured, finished, consummate; (adj, v) mellow. ANTONYMS: (adj) green, unripe, immature, dry, poisonous, young, unsuitable, sweet ripened: (adj) mature, matured, elderly, aged, maturer, old, mellow, grown, full-grown, cured, adult.

223 ANTONYM: (adj) young rise: (n, v) mount, lift, increase, heave, swell, jump; (v) ascend, arise; (n) elevation, ascent, progress. ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease, drop; (v) sink, descend, plummet, retire, set; (n) reduction, descent, depreciation, ruin rites: (n) money, finances, wake, religion roar: (n, v) bellow, cry, shout, howl, bark, clatter, holler; (adj, n, v) thunder; (v) bawl; (adj, v) bluster; (adj, n) peal. ANTONYMS: (v) cry, week robert: (n) Henry Martin Robert rocky: (adj) unstable, rough, shaky, craggy, stony, flinty, wobbly, difficult, unsteady, rugged, obdurate. ANTONYMS: (adj) flat, flexible, solid, stable, easy, firm rood: (n) crucifix, cross, reliquary, host, beads, relics, thurible, pyx; (n, v) pole; (v) yard, palm room: (n) chamber, occasion, house, apartment, opportunity, hall, opening, compartment, expanse, extent; (v) board. ANTONYM: (n) walkway rooting: (n) growing, ontogenesis, growth, maturation, striking, ontogeny, taking root, applause rose: (adj) pink, rosaceous, risen, roseate; (n) pink wine, blush wine, rose wine, rosette, brier; (v) flush, redden rotten: (adj, v) decayed, musty; (adj) foul, poor, fetid, lousy, putrid, off, ill, shabby, wretched. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, superior, unrotten, good, incorruptible, honest, lovely, fair, great, respectful round: (n) bout, circuit, beat; (n, v) ring, compass; (adv, prep) about; (adj) circular, entire; (adj, v) plump; (adj, n, v) turn; (v) gird. ANTONYMS: (adj) sharp, slender, thin, square, harsh, reedy, evasive; (prep) exactly royal: (adj, adv) regal, majestic; (adj) imperial, magnificent, kingly, noble, brilliant, sovereign, purple, August, princely royalty: (n) regality, payment, kingship, royal line, royal house, royal family, fee, tax, nobility, loyalty, majesty rude: (adj, n) rough, impudent, coarse, abrupt, bold; (adj) blunt, discourteous, impolite, brutal, crude, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, refined, courteous,

224 chivalrous, civil, proper, decent, exact, clean, gentle, inoffensive rudely: (adv) crudely, coarsely, uncivilly, indelicately, impolitely, roughly, harshly, vulgarly, brutally, meanly, wildly. ANTONYMS: (adv) respectfully, graciously, decently, civilly, properly, attentively, agreeably, tactfully, thoughtfully, acceptably, gently ruin: (n) devastation, desolation; (adj, n) downfall; (v) break, consume, demolish, destroy; (n, v) doom, ravage, destruction, damage. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, enhance, save, restore, improve; (n, v) respect; (n) making, success, triumph, rise, preservation ruins: (n) debris, wreck, remains, remainder, carcass, wreckage, relics, rubbish, shell, remnants, hulk rule: (n, v) control, order, govern, decree, influence, line, dominion, regulate, reign; (n) law, ordinance. ANTONYMS: (v) request; (n) option rules: (n) regulations, laws, law, ordinance, statute, etiquette, system, instructions, policy rumor: (n) hearsay, talk, news; (n, v) gossip, fame, buzz, bruit, noise, rumour; (v) repute, reputation. ANTONYM: (n) truth ruthful: (v) merciful; (adj) sorry, sorrowful, rueful, repentant, remorseful, pitying, dolorous, pitiful, miserable, regretful sacrament: (n) token, penance, rite, ritual, liturgy, symbol, communion, baptism, Eucharist, confirmation, ceremony sadly: (adv) pitifully, dolefully, unfortunately, mournfully, sorrowfully, woefully, dejectedly, pathetically, wretchedly, forlornly; (adj, adv) seriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, contentedly, gladly, joyfully, fortunately, luckily, enthusiastically safe: (adj) reliable, cautious, good, dependable, sound, harmless, innocuous, correct, innocent, inoffensive; (n) closet. ANTONYMS: (adj) dangerous, risky, unprotected, vulnerable, hurt, insecure, harmful, reckless, unreliable, toxic, injured safety: (n) guard, security, refuge, safe, bingle, base hit, sanctuary, asylum, preservation, cover, shelter. ANTONYMS: (n) danger, hazard, instability sage: (adj) sagacious, discerning, intelligent, prudent, judicious,

Richard III learned, profound, knowing; (adj, v) grave; (n) philosopher, scholar saint: (v) canonize; (n) holy man, evangelist, apostle, jimdandy, jimhickey, crackerjack, holy person, ideal, apotheosis; (adj) sacred sake: (n, v) interest, reason, motive, ground; (v) advantage, cause; (n) object, account, design, purpose, saki salisbury: (n) Fort Salisbury , capital of Zimbabwe, Harare salt: (adj) salty, saline, briny, brackish, pungent; (v) cure, pickle; (n) salinity, common salt, alkali; (adj, n) spice salutation: (n, v) salute; (n) reception, hail, hello, welcome, address, compliment, hullo, recognition, interpellation, pax salute: (v) greet, hail, kiss, accost, acknowledge, buss; (n) salutation, bow, salaam; (n, v) address, compliment same: (adj) identical, equal, like, corresponding, equivalent, similar, uniform, even, consistent, matching; (adv) equally. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, varying, another, unlike, other, varied sanctuary: (n) refuge, asylum, retreat, shrine, haven, safety, reservation, shelter, chancel, protection, church sapling: (n) seedling, stripling, adolescent, sprout, plant, youth, tree, young tree, cub, young man, plantlet satisfied: (adj) happy, content, full, pleased, confident, complacent, persuaded, fulfilled; (adj, v) certain, sure; (v) convinced. ANTONYMS: (adj) frustrated, anxious, disgruntled, hungry, insistent, pensive, unsure, dissatisfied, ashamed savage: (adj, v) fierce, wild, furious; (adj) ferocious, brutal, cruel, bloodthirsty, rough, pitiless; (adj, n) brute; (n) vandal. ANTONYMS: (adj) civilized, gentle, nice save: (v) rescue, hoard, conserve, keep, maintain, preserve, free, protect, liberate; (adv, conj, n, prep) except; (adj, v) economize. ANTONYMS: (v) waste, squander, use, abandon, endanger, capture, asphyxiate, aggravate, destroy saying: (adj, n, v) maxim; (n) axiom, adage, phrase, dictum, idiom, byword, aphorism, expression; (n, v) saw, proverb scaffold: (n) frame, scaffolding,

framework, foundation, gallows, stand, transom, summer, trave, Travis, stage scales: (adj) balance, weighbridge; (n) steelyard, mill Scales scandal: (n) disgrace, dishonor, gossip, outrage, discredit, rumor, infamy, disrepute, ignominy, detraction, shame scarce: (adj) rare, insufficient, deficient, infrequent, uncommon, scant, scanty, few, sparse; (adv) just, barely. ANTONYMS: (adj) plentiful, common, adequate, strong, usual, extensive scarcely: (adv) narrowly, rarely, hardly, just, scarce, uncommonly, insufficiently, scantily, scantly, only just, seldom. ANTONYMS: (adv) easily, liberally scath: (adj, n) damage; (adj, v) waste; (adj) impair, harm, hurt, injure; (n) delaceration, detriment, inquination, impairment, injury scattered: (adj) dissipated, thin, disordered, disconnected, confused, sparse, sporadic, distributed, rare, diffuse; (v) disperse scene: (n, v) aspect, view, outlook, lookout; (n) background, display, spectacle, picture, environment, panorama, perspective sceptred: (adj) sceptered, authorized, hegemonic, ruling schooldays: (n) childhood, school, schooltime scope: (n, v) range, drift; (n) purview, domain, room, expanse, area, compass, horizon, oscilloscope; (v) view score: (n, v) count, notch, scratch, line, cut, tally, scotch; (n) bill, groove, debt; (v) get scorn: (v) despise, contemn, reject; (n, v) ridicule, neglect, disregard, deride, slight; (n) contempt, derision, mockery. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect, praise; (v) appreciate, revere, value, approve, admire, accept; (n) admiration, commendation, humility scornfully: (adv) disdainfully, disparagingly, haughtily, derogatorily, condescendingly, contumeliously, sneeringly, arrogantly, sarcastically, derisively, mockingly. ANTONYM: (adv) humbly scourge: (n) curse, blight, affliction, plague, bane, calamity; (v) lash, flagellate, castigate, punish; (n, v) whip

William Shakespeare scrivener: (n) penman, copyist, notary, notary public, scribbler, transcriber, Augustin Eugene scribe, journalist; (v) amanuensis, writer, secretary scum: (n) foam, froth, dross, refuse, dregs, trash, lather, film, recrement, ragtag, spume seal: (n, v) stamp; (v) plug, bar, caulk, stop, shut; (n) cachet, hallmark, imprint, signet; (adj) conclude. ANTONYMS: (n, v) open; (v) unseal sear: (v) burn, char, cauterize, parch, scald, brand, fry, singe, broil; (adj, v) dry; (adj) sere season: (v) mature, flavor, salt, mellow, moderate; (adj, v) harden, inure, habituate; (n) opportunity, spell, space seat: (n) bench, base, behind, bottom, buttocks, location, position, post, posterior; (v) locate, put seated: (adj) sat, sedentary second: (n) instant, jiffy, flash, minute, sec; (v) back, endorse, help; (n, v) support; (adj) latter, further. ANTONYMS: (adj) top, former; (n) age secret: (adj, v) mysterious, hidden, covert, secluded, confidential; (adj) concealed, furtive, occult, obscure; (adj, n) privacy, secrecy. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) known, public; (adj) open, overt, apparent, unrestricted, external, visible, outermost, transparent, blatant secretly: (adv) privately, confidentially, quietly, stealthily, surreptitiously, furtively, in secret, darkly, secretively, clandestinely, occultly. ANTONYMS: (adv) publicly, deliberately, brazenly secrets: (n) secrecy secure: (adj, v) close, firm, fix, certain, confident, fasten, attach, bind; (v) preserve, gain; (adj) reliable. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, detach, unfasten, undo; (adj) vulnerable, unsafe, loose, uncertain, unlocked, uncomfortable, unstable seen: (adj) visible, clad, beseen, accomplished, discovered, appearing; (v) observe, perceive, conceive, comprehend, understand seizing: (v) seize; (n) seizure, clutches, prehension, taking, apprehension, capture, infection; (adj) catching, galling, controlling seldom: (adj) scarce, rare, few, infrequent; (adv) occasionally, infrequently, uncommonly, hardly, scarcely, not often, once in a blue

moon. ANTONYMS: (adv) often, seldom self: (n) ego, person, me, individual, being; (pron) myself, herself, itself; (adj) same; (v) own; (adv) personally selfsame: (adj) very, same, tantamount, like self-same: (adj) uniform, twin selves: (pron) oneself send: (v) pass, deliver, forward, convey, dispatch, mail, post, give, carry, divert, project. ANTONYM: (v) keep senseless: (adj) foolish, mindless, preposterous, pointless, irrational, absurd, stupid, insensible, idiotic, fatuous, purposeless. ANTONYMS: (adj) meaningful, wise, conscious, provoked, prudent, useful, worthwhile sent: (adj) dispatched, imported, ecstatic, blissful, fascinated, intoxicated; (v) transmit. ANTONYM: (adj) unsent sentence: (v) condemn, convict, judge, damn; (n) finding, phrase, conviction, punishment; (n, v) decision, doom, condemnation. ANTONYMS: (n) reward, absolution; (v) absolve, acquit sequel: (n) sequence, result, issue, aftermath, continuation, continuance, outcome, consequence, ending, upshot, outgrowth. ANTONYM: (n) prelude servant: (n) manservant, domestic, lackey, maid, employee, flunkey, retainer, boy, footman, flunky, menial. ANTONYMS: (n) master, mistress servants: (n) staff, suite serve: (adj, n, v) avail; (v) assist, aid, act, benefit, tend, attend, operate, function, do; (n, v) officiate service: (n, v) overhaul, serve, refit, assist; (n) aid, employment, assistance, avail, ministration, ceremony; (v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) disservice, damage, hindrance, uselessness seven: (adj, n) VII; (n) September, septet, week, nine, knave, king, jack, queen, digit, Sevener several: (adj, v) diverse, divers, sundry; (adj, n) a few, some; (adj) various, individual, different, particular, special, numerous. ANTONYMS: (adj) joint, all, none shade: (n, v) screen, tinge, shadow, tint, color, cloud; (n) ghost, hue, blind, conceal, tone. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, glare; (v) brighten,

225 clarify, expose shadow: (n) ghost, darkness, apparition, follower, gloom, reflection; (n, v) eclipse, trace, tail, hint; (v) follow. ANTONYMS: (v) brighten, lead; (n) brightness, pallor shadows: (n) dark, darkness, night, dimness, dusk, fogginess, mistiness, gloom, cloudiness. ANTONYM: (n) brightness shake: (n, v) jolt, beat, jar, quiver, wave; (v) agitate, excite, disturb; (adv, v) brandish; (adj, v) quake, totter. ANTONYMS: (v) soothe, steady shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require, bequeath, leave shallow: (adj) superficial, low, cursory, petty, little, sketchy, flimsy, frivolous, simple, surface, perfunctory. ANTONYMS: (adj) bottomless, profound, intense, pensive, serious, inner, weighty shame: (n, v) disgrace, dishonor, discredit, humiliate, degrade, chagrin; (n) humiliation, modesty, scandal, insult; (v) abash. ANTONYMS: (n) pride, glorification, making, worthiness; (v) acknowledge, glorify, respect, dignify shamefully: (adv) ignominiously, ingloriously, scandalously, infamously, shockingly, discreditably, basely, outrageously; (adv, v) dishonorably, foully, nastily. ANTONYMS: (adv) commendably, compassionately, nobly share: (n, v) portion, allot, part, distribute, apportion, deal, divide; (v) participate, partake, dispense; (n) dole. ANTONYM: (v) refrain sharing: (n) communion, dispensation, allotment, generosity, apportionment, pooling, allocation, division, show and tell, sharing out; (adj) sexual sharp: (adj, n, v) keen, acute, bitter; (adj) intelligent, intense, incisive; (adj, v) biting, acid, acrid, severe, harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, mild, gentle, sweet, rounded, bland, round, smooth, blurred, naive, kind shed: (v) discard, drop, moult, scatter, exuviate, molt, cast off, dismiss; (n) shack, hut, cabin. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, cover; (adj) persistent sheltered: (adj) secure, comfortable, screened, safe, secluded, cozy, snug, covered, shaded; (adj, v) private; (v)

226 covert. ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, sunny, exposed, public, harsh, bleak sheriff: (n) Lord Lieutenant, constable, shrieve, peace officer, officer of the law, officer, police officer, law officer shew: (v) demonstrate, prove, show, contradict, establish, substantiate, support, sustain, indicate, exhibit, display. ANTONYM: (v) disprove shine: (n, v) light, sheen, flash, glitter, sparkle, polish, rub; (v) burnish, gleam, blaze; (n) radiance shining: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) lustrous, radiant, glossy, luminous, glorious, glowing; (adj, n) lucid, resplendent, clear; (v) shine. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, pale, blemished shook: (adj) shake, vibrate, addled, barrel, cask, confused, distressed, hurt, passionate, puzzled shore: (n) coast, edge, beach, seashore, stay, seaside, brace, margin; (n, v) prop, land, buttress. ANTONYM: (n) sea short: (adj, v) concise, close; (adj) scarce, curt, brusque, sharp, compendious, laconic, deficient, scanty, diminutive. ANTONYMS: (adj) long, high, lengthy, unabridged, sufficient, slender, rangy, rambling, overlong, extended, plentiful shortly: (adv) presently, curtly, before long, soon, concisely, brusquely, abruptly, tersely, succinctly; (adj, adv) immediately, summarily. ANTONYMS: (adv) politely, pleasantly, verbosely, later shrift: (n) confession, sackcloth and ashes, maceration, fasting, absolution, flagellation, lustration, white sheet, shriving shrink: (adj, v) recoil; (n, v) flinch, wince; (v) contract, shorten, lessen, diminish, cower, reduce, quail, decrease. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, enlarge, grow, stretch, swell, bloom, rise, inflate shun: (v) evade, escape, elude, dodge, flee, refuse, shirk, ostracize, banish, parry; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) befriend, invite, seek, welcome, woo, court, participate, include sick: (adj) ill, queasy, poorly, ailing, weary, diseased, sickly, morbid; (adj, v) indisposed, unwell; (adj, n) invalid. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, fond, wholesome

Richard III sickly: (adj, adv) poorly; (n) invalid; (adj) sick, ailing, pale, sallow, indisposed, morbid, diseased; (adj, n, v) infirm; (adj, v) faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, bitter, robust sickness: (n, v) disease, indisposition, malady, disorder, distemper, ailment; (n) complaint, qualm, nausea, disgust, queasiness side: (n) rim, faction, brink, direction, hand, aspect, margin; (adj, n) part; (n, v) party, border, face. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, central, major, primary; (n) back, front, center, middle; (v) straddle sigh: (n, v) groan, suspire, murmur; (v) breathe, languish, pine; (n) breath, wail, whimper, whine, suspiration sight: (n, v) vision, glimpse, show, aspect, appearance; (v) aim, spot, see; (n) view, prospect, scene sign: (n, v) mark, motion, gesture; (n) portent, indication, manifestation, imprint, presage, brand, poster; (v) indicate. ANTONYMS: (n) successor; (v) dismiss signify: (n, v) intend, mark; (adj, n, v) import; (v) imply, indicate, denote, point, stand for, express, intimate, matter silent: (adj, adv) motionless; (adj) dumb, tacit, mute, noiseless, reserved, placid, reticent, mum, taciturn, hush. ANTONYMS: (adj) spoken, talkative, loud, explicit, open, live, forthcoming, verbal, audible, talking, moving silken: (adj) glossy, silk, sleek, soft, satiny, satin, shiny, smooth, slick, downy, mild. ANTONYMS: (adj) coarse, dull, rough simple: (adj, n) plain, humble, innocent, rustic; (adj) homely, elementary, natural; (adj, v) pure, clear, mere, downright. ANTONYMS: (adj) complex, complicated, compound, elaborate, difficult, multiple, obscure, ornate, problematical, sophisticated, confusing since: (adv, conj, prep) because, seeing that; (adv, prep) afterwards, before; (adv, conj) for, as; (adj, adv) ago; (conj) whereas; (prep) from, of; (adv) after sink: (n, v) sag, dip; (v) decline, fall, set, descend, drop, fell, subside, settle; (adj, n, v) droop. ANTONYMS: (v) rise, float, improve, increase, recover, drift,

ascend, raise sirs: (n) gentlemen, messieurs sister: (n) nurse, nun, brother, sisters, older sister, mate, twin, pair, fellow companion, double, match. ANTONYM: (n) brother sits: (n) sat sitting: (n) session, seat, seance, meeting, seating, conference, posing; (adj) seated, inactive; (v) incubation, batching. ANTONYMS: (adj) standing, active sixth: (n) common fraction, interval, musical interval, simple fraction slack: (adj, v) loose, lax, remiss, slow, dull; (adj) indolent, negligent, idle, flaccid, limp, baggy. ANTONYMS: (adj) strict, taut, thorough, brisk, diligent, attentive, upright, prompt, meticulous; (v) tighten; (n) tautness slain: (v) slay; (adj) overthrown, mat, fallen, dejected, cast down slander: (n, v) scandal, insult, calumniate; (adj, v) defame, asperse; (n) defamation, aspersion, obloquy, disparagement; (adj, n) abuse; (v) denigrate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) acclaim; (v) compliment; (n) acclamation slaughter: (n, v) murder, butcher, defeat; (n) carnage, butchery, bloodshed, drubbing, homicide; (v) kill, assassinate, slay. ANTONYMS: (n) preservation, victory; (v) lose, revive slave: (n) servant, bondman, thrall, bondsman, bondwoman, captive, vassal; (n, v) labor; (v) drudge, work; (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (adj) free; (v) slack slay: (n, v) murder, assassinate; (v) dispatch, execute, slaughter, destroy, massacre, put to death, remove, finish, butcher sleep: (n, v) nap, repose, doze, kip, slumber, catnap; (adj, n, v) lie; (v) hibernate, nod; (n) dream; (adj, v) lodge. ANTONYMS: (v) awaken; (n) alertness, agitation sleeper: (n) railroad tie, crosstie, tie, noctambulist, baggage car, slumberer, dreamer, Pullman car, freight car, parlor car, express car sleeping: (adj) asleep, inactive, latent, sleepy, vegetive, vegetative; (n) dormancy, noctambulism, quiescence, quiescency, short sleep. ANTONYMS: (adj) active; (n) waking sleepy: (adj) drowsy, dozy, slow, lazy, hypnotic, inactive, comatose, dull, heavy, dreamy; (adv) asleep.

William Shakespeare ANTONYMS: (adj) awake, energetic, vigorous, clear, lively, refreshed slew: (n) wad, turning, sight, heap, stack, lot, flock; (v) rotate, slue, swerve, veer slily: (adj) on the sly slimy: (adj) greasy, slippery, muddy, sludgy, squalid, oily, oozy, ropy, viscous, slimed, sordid. ANTONYM: (adj) reputable slip: (adj, n, v) lapse, miss; (adj, n) fault, blunder; (n, v) slide, drop, mistake, escape, skid, trip; (n) cutting. ANTONYM: (n) invoice slow: (adj, v) slack; (adj) dull, sluggish, heavy, stupid, lazy, indolent, inactive; (adj, adv) easy, behind; (adj, n) gradual. ANTONYMS: (adj) intelligent, rapid, bright, speedy, alert, brisk, quick, prompt, hasty, rushed; (v) accelerate slug: (n) bullet, shot; (v) smash, slog, strike, beat, punch, whack, hit, laze; (n, v) wallop. ANTONYM: (n) sip sluggard: (n) loafer, idler, slugabed, slacker, layabout, lazybones; (n, v) drone; (v) loiterer, lingerer, lag; (adj) sluggish slumber: (n, v) rest, doze, snooze, nap, drowse, repose, catnap; (v) be asleep, kip, take a nap; (n) siesta small: (adj) little, narrow, slight, minor, inadequate, petty, fine, insignificant, light, remote; (adj, v) low. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) big; (adj) sizeable, colossal, considerable, enormous, great, huge, bulky, major, giant, important smile: (n) grin, grinning, smiling, luck, facial expression; (v) laugh, beam, chuckle, simper; (n, v) grimace; (adv) smilingly. ANTONYMS: (n, v) scowl; (v) glower smiling: (adv) smilingly; (adj) bright, cheerful, jolly, joyful, of good cheer, twinkly, fair, sunny; (n) grinning, grin. ANTONYMS: (adj) sad, gloomy smoking: (n) fume, marijuana, respiration, roll of tobacco, sens; (v) candent, ebullient, glowing; (adj) smoky, rabid; (adv) on a roll smooth: (adj, v) quiet, level, facilitate; (adj) calm, oily, facile, fluent, flowing, flat, fluid, graceful. ANTONYMS: (adj) rough, uneven, wrinkled, peeling, jerky, ridged, flaking, abrasive, coarse, prickly; (v) wrinkle

smoothing: (n) fine cutting, smoothness, sleeking; (adj) sleek, even, not harsh, smooth porcelain, bland, not rough, moving equably, mild smothered: (adj) strangled, stifled, smothers, pent-up, covered snarling: (n) grumbling; (adj) cynic cycle, malicious, irritable, malignant, cynical, snappish, curst, currish, froward, mischievous snow: (n) cocaine, precipitation, snowfall, bark, barque; (v) overwhelm, beguile, hoodwink, bamboozle, lead by the nose, play false soft: (adj, adv) easy, quiet; (adj) limp, light, balmy, delicate, slack, loose, smooth; (adj, v) feeble; (adj, adv, v) low. ANTONYMS: (adj) hard, firm, harsh, loud, hoarse, stiff, rough, solid, strong, shrill, alcoholic sojourn: (adj, v) reside, inhabit; (n) residence, abode; (adj, n, v) stay; (v) remain, lodge, abide, live; (n, v) delay, domicile solace: (n) consolation, relief, balm, solacement; (v) console, allay, relieve, recreate; (n, v) ease, cheer, support. ANTONYMS: (n) distress, grief soldier: (n) warrior, fighter, serviceman, champion, ranker, military personnel, swordsman, trooper, cavalryman, guardsman, janissary soldiers: (n) military, troop, force, the military, troops, defense force, military service, militia, soldiery, Territorial Army, armed forces sole: (n) bottom, flounder, base; (adj) single, singular, one, exclusive, individual, only, alone, solitary. ANTONYM: (adj) common solemnly: (adv) earnestly, gravely, majestically, stately, sternly, staidly, thoughtfully, soberly, formally, ceremoniously, importantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, flippantly somebody: (n) person, personage, mortal, man, creature, notable, human; (n, pron) someone; (adj, n) celebrity; (pron) anybody; (adj) notability. ANTONYM: (n) nonentity something: (n) what, object, thing, article, entity, substance, somebody; (adv, n) somewhat; (adv) rather, a little, kinda. ANTONYM: (pron) nothing sometime: (adv) someday, once, one

227 day, formerly, sooner or later; (adj) quondam, erstwhile, former, old, late; (adj, adv) sometimes soon: (adv) shortly, presently, anon, immediately, directly, at once, before long, betimes, quickly, promptly; (adj, adv) early. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, eventually, later, slowly sooth: (n) verity, soothsaying, fact, truth, reality sore: (adj, n, v) hurt; (adj) sensitive, angry, grievous, raw; (n) injury, lesion, cut, boil; (v) acute; (adj, v) sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, healthy, pleased, comfortable sorrow: (n, v) regret, lament, grieve; (v) mourn; (n) mourning, heartache, repentance, remorse; (adj, n) sadness, misery; (adj, n, v) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, delight, happiness, peace, hopefulness, cheerfulness, shamelessness, calm, content; (v) rejoice sort: (adj, n, v) class; (n, v) type, group, rank; (n) variety, breed, assortment, form, pattern; (adj, n) manner, description soul: (n) creature, human, person, personification, ghost, individual, mind, essence, life, self; (adj, n) heart. ANTONYMS: (n) surface, body sound: (n, v) chime, echo, peal; (adj) reasonable, complete, healthy, sensible, sane, rational; (adj, v) fit, fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unsound, confused, unreliable, flawed, flimsy, silent, weak, unreasonable; (n) silence; (v) devoice sounded: (adj) measured, oral soundly: (adv) sound, fully, solidly, thoroughly, deeply, substantially, validly, strongly, stably, fastly, safely. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmfully, halfheartedly, fitfully, unconvincingly sour: (adj, n) morose, harsh; (adj, v) acid; (adj) bitter, rancid, gruff, grim, glum, dour; (adj, n, v) severe; (v) ferment. ANTONYMS: (adj) kindly, pleasant, bland, amiable, fresh, mature, mild, kind; (v) sweeten, enhance sovereignty: (n) reign, empire, rule, realm, power, autonomy, independence, dominion, majesty, monarchy, control. ANTONYMS: (n) restriction, subjugation spacious: (adj) broad, extensive, large, wide, ample, commodious,

228 vast, capacious, comprehensive, open, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) cramped, narrow, airless, overcrowded spare: (adj, v) free, reserve, save, thin; (adj) slender, slight, additional, lean; (adj, n) extra, excess; (v) exempt. ANTONYMS: (n) shortfall, original; (adj) principal, fat, basic, abundant, stout; (v) need, include sparing: (adj, n) economical, saving; (adj, v) scanty, poor, chary, meager, parsimonious, spare, moderate; (adj) thrifty, careful. ANTONYMS: (adj) spendthrift, generous, wasteful, extravagant sparingly: (adv) frugally, economically, parsimoniously, cautiously, thriftily, prudently, meagerly, sparely, poorly, stingily, moderately. ANTONYMS: (adv) amply, extravagantly, thickly, liberally, generously, densely, wastefully speak: (adj, v) pronounce, utter; (v) converse, say, deliver, articulate, recite, talk, discourse, lecture; (n) language speaking: (n) talk, discourse, speech, public speaking, reading, oral presentation, recital, recitation, disputation; (v) speak; (adj) expressive. ANTONYMS: (adj) nonspeaking, silent speaks: (n) talks speed: (n, v) hurry, hasten, rush, race, dispatch; (v) quicken, run, dash, expedite; (n) velocity, rapidity. ANTONYMS: (n) amble, tardiness; (v) decelerate, hinder, linger, delay, crawl spend: (v) expend, exhaust, squander, pay out, blow, deplete, pass, wear, lead; (adj, v) waste; (n) outlay. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, earn, hoard, keep spent: (adj, v) prostrate; (adj) fatigued, expended, finished, gone, dead, played out, effete, jaded, tired; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (adj) energetic spicery: (n) spice, pungency, piquancy, hotness, sharpness, nip, bite, zest, piquance, raciness, ribaldry spider: (n) spiders, tarantula, arachnid, mussuk, chatti, lota, schooner, wedge ring, spinner, star handle, terrine spiders: (n) horseshoe crabs, Araneida, order Araneae, order Araneida, scorpions, Araneae

Richard III spirit: (n, v) courage, mind; (n) mood, ghost, apparition, disposition, energy, essence, soul, phantom; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (n) lethargy, body, cowardice, surface, sluggishness, lifelessness, defeatism spirits: (n) alcohol, booze, humor, frame of mind, liqueur, strong drink, hard drink; (adj) cheer, geniality, good humor; (v) wine spit: (v) drizzle, expectorate, sprinkle, spew, drool, spike, spatter; (n) broach, saliva, cape; (n, v) skewer spleen: (n) spite, anger, resentment, rage, lien, malice, bitterness, rancour, huff, grudge, rancor. ANTONYM: (n) affection split: (adj, n, v) break, cut; (n, v) rip, rupture, fracture, slit, tear, burst, divorce; (v) divide, separate. ANTONYMS: (v) join, unite, merge, converge, combine; (n) union, unity, marriage, convergence, closure; (n, v) mend spoke: (n) bar, rung, radius, rule, shoe, skid, rundle, line, clog, round; (v) said spoken: (adj) verbal, expressed, speaking, speak, unwritten, vocal, voiced, talk, said, informal, conversational. ANTONYMS: (adj) written, unspoken, tacit, formal, silent spotted: (adj) mottled, speckled, dappled, piebald, blotchy, dotted, flyblown, multicolored, stained, spotty, flecked. ANTONYM: (adj) uniform springing: (v) jumping, climbing, bounding, furious, conspicuous, prominent, ascending, projecting outwardly; (n) growth, suspension, emanation spurn: (v) scorn, rebuff, repulse, disdain, reject, refuse, snub, kick, decline, deny; (n, v) slight. ANTONYMS: (v) admire, court, respect stab: (n, v) thrust, impale, jab, pierce, prod, dig, stick, pink; (n) try, prick; (v) spike staid: (adj, v) serious, sedate, grave, solemn, sober, demure; (adj) calm, quiet, composed, somber, decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, exciting, funny, daring, playful, bright, relaxed stain: (n, v) spot, blemish, tarnish, blot, dye, smear, disgrace, mark, soil, dirt, defile. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, dignify, clean stand: (v) endure, undergo; (n) rack,

booth, attitude, base, pedestal; (n, v) live, position; (adj, v) suffer, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) sit, lie, yield, forbid; (n) top standards: (n) norm, moral code, morality, morals, normalization, principles, religion, normalisation standing: (n) fame, position, importance, prestige, place, reputation, footing; (adj) erect, motionless, continuance; (n, v) stand. ANTONYMS: (adj) seated, moving, horizontal, falling, temporary stands: (n) bleachers, stood, grandstand, standing, stop, covered stand, standpoint, stall, sales booth, reviewing stand, rack stanley: (n) John Rowlands, Francis Edgar Stanley, sir Henry Morton Stanley staring: (adj) conspicuous, garish, agaze, vivid, noisy, showy, fixed, opened, glassy; (adv) staringly stars: (n) heavenly bodies, fate start: (n) onset, origin; (v) begin, originate, drive, commence, embark, spring, enter; (n, v) launch, shock. ANTONYMS: (n, v) finish, stop; (v) conclude, halt, terminate, arrive; (n) conclusion, demise, departure, middle, culmination started: (adv) happening, in progress, ongoing; (v) stert, leaped state: (n) nation, position, kingdom, status, country; (n, v) say, show, place; (adj) national; (v) express, expound. ANTONYMS: (adj) private; (n) monarchy; (v) conceal, refute stay: (adj, n, v) remain; (n, v) rest, prop, stop, delay, abide, continue, pause, endure, halt, support. ANTONYMS: (v) change, abscond, depart, move, disappear, become, go stays: (n) bodice, stay, girdle, panty girdle, stayed, staying, foundation, corselette, sash, slip, corselet stead: (n) behalf, room, lieu, spot, location, station, space, seat, position, office, locality steal: (v) purloin, abstract, sneak, filch, pinch, creep, misappropriate, rob, pilfer; (n) bargain; (n, v) snatch stealing: (n) pilferage, larceny, theft, steal, burglary, misappropriation, embezzlement, stolen, thievery, pilfering, thieving steel: (n) blade, brand, foil, sword, case harden; (n, v) nerve, brace, fortify; (adj) iron, adamant; (v) temper

William Shakespeare steeped: (adj) seasoned, experienced steppe: (n) field, savanna, prairie, heath, downs, desert, basin, wold, grassland, veldt, waste steps: (n) step, stairs, staircase, stairway, flight, stepladder, scale, backstairs, companionway, escalator, stair sterne: (n) Laurence Sterne steward: (n) flight attendant, waiter, keeper, warden, attendant, curator, caretaker, administrator, janitor, chamberlain, stewardess stock: (n, v) store, handle; (n) lineage, breed, goods, origin, ancestry, hoard, race; (adj, v) regular; (adj) standard. ANTONYMS: (adj) original, unusual, atypical, nonstandard stone: (n) jewel, rock, pebble, gem, calculus, gemstone, kernel, concretion; (n, v) pit; (v) lapidate, pelt stones: (n) shingle, grit stony: (adj) rocky, hard, rough, callous, cold, pitiless, flinty, unfeeling, obdurate, bleak, icy. ANTONYMS: (adj) smooth, kind stop: (int, n, v) hold, stand; (adj, n, v) stay, cease; (n, v) check, end, close, block, bar, arrest; (v) obstruct. ANTONYMS: (n, v) continue; (v) begin, encourage, permit, prolong, persevere, expedite, accelerate; (n) continuation, proceed, go stops: (n) Chicago, Michigan, Newmarket, boodle, halts, stop, stoppages, stopped, stopping, card game, moolah store: (n, v) stock, hoard, bank, cache, supply; (n) shop, market, business; (v) accumulate, garner, keep. ANTONYMS: (v) spend, delete; (n) dearth story: (n, v) history, tale, narrative; (n) recital, narration, report, account, level, legend, novel, stage. ANTONYM: (n) fact stout: (adj, n) sturdy, stocky, hearty; (adj) hardy, strong, robust, obese, husky, bold, corpulent, fleshy. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, slim, flimsy, cowardly, slight, skinny, fragile, weak straight: (adj) erect, honest, upright, even, fair, perpendicular, correct; (adj, adv, v) direct; (adj, adv, n) right; (adj, adv) level, flat. ANTONYMS: (adj) diluted, zigzag, winding, curly, curved, curvy, twisted, wavy, knotted, askew; (adv) indirectly

straightly: (adv) straightforwardly, uprightly, properly, honestly, immediately, rightly, flatly, vertically, genuinely, frankly, straight strait: (adj) narrow; (n) pinch, pass, inlet, need, channel, crisis, poverty, difficulty; (adj, n) quandary; (n, v) dilemma strangling: (n) strangle, throttling, strangulation, asphyxiation, execution strawberries: (n) genus Fragaria, Fragaria strength: (n, v) power; (n) energy, firmness, endurance, stability, potency, health, soundness; (adj, n, v) might; (adj, n) vigor, intensity. ANTONYMS: (n) frailty, shortcoming, flaw, faintness, powerlessness, moderation, limitation, instability, impotence, feebleness, disadvantage strictly: (adv) rigorously, severely, exactly, correctly, stringently, sternly, rigidly, precisely, closely, literally, harshly. ANTONYMS: (adv) loosely, leniently, lightheartedly, negligently, inaccurately, unlawfully, falsely, amenably strike: (n, v) hit, beat, bang, knock, assault, slap, clap, rap, smash; (v) impress, move. ANTONYMS: (n) defense; (v) extinguish, defend string: (n) chain, twine, strand, series, filament; (adj, n) file, row, range, rank; (n, v) run, thread. ANTONYM: (v) unstring stripling: (n) lad, boy, adolescent, teenager, youth, rocker, youngster, young man, child, pachuco; (adj) younker strive: (v) endeavor, contend, contest, struggle, fight, attempt, combat, strain, work, aspire, aim stroke: (adj, n) blow; (n, v) touch, caress, mark, buffet, lick, pat; (n) beat, hit, knock, bang strong: (adj) intense, able, firm, stable, steady, solid, hard, lusty; (adj, v) deep, sound; (adj, n, v) steadfast. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, pale, unconvincing, slight, feeble, frail, bland, faint, delicate, mild, lightweight struck: (adj, v) smitten; (v) stroke; (adj) affected, afflicted, doting, dotty, enamored, gaga, hurt, in love, infatuated strumpet: (n) courtesan, punk, harlot, hussy, slut, adulteress, wench,

229 whore, loose woman, advoutress, fornicatress strut: (adj, n, v) swagger; (n, v) stalk, prance, stride, support; (n) buttress, brace, prop; (v) parade, boast, cock. ANTONYM: (v) conceal study: (n, v) examine, review, survey, research; (v) learn, check, contemplate, ponder, inquire; (n) consideration, learning. ANTONYMS: (n) neglect; (v) skim stye: (n) hordeolum, eye infection, pigsty, pigpen, infection style: (n, v) name, call, entitle, cut; (adj, n) manner, sort, kind; (n) form, pattern, method, mode. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, tastelessness, coarseness, crudeness subject: (n) matter, citizen, motif, question, issue, affair, point, national; (adj, v) exposed; (adj, n) dependent, inferior. ANTONYMS: (n) foreigner, resolution; (adj) impervious submission: (n) compliance, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, deference, entry, presentation, conformity; (adj, n) resignation, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n) defiance, divergence, disobedience suborn: (v) corrupt, buy off, vitiate, buy, entice, instigate, misdirect, induce, pay hush money to, demoralize; (n) tamper with substance: (adj, n) subject; (n) body, significance, import, material, matter, meaning, amount, means, gist, core. ANTONYMS: (n) meaninglessness, lightness, surface substitute: (n) deputy, backup, delegate; (n, v) alternate, shift, surrogate; (adj, n) alternative, makeshift; (v) change, replace, fill in subtile: (adj) fine, delicate, rare, light, guileful, astute, acute, cunning, subtle, artful, crafty subtle: (adj) delicate, sharp, nice, acute, astute, insidious, exquisite, elusive; (adj, v) shrewd, sly, crafty. ANTONYMS: (adj) loud, bright, considerable, tactless, overpowering, harsh, concrete, dark succeeding: (adj) following, subsequent, after, consecutive, posterior, ensuing, consequent, successive, consequential; (adj, adv) later; (v) succeed. ANTONYMS: (adj) outgoing, preceding success: (n) conquest, prosperity, achievement, hit, passing, victory, effectiveness, accomplishment, triumph, coup, achiever.

230 ANTONYMS: (n) flop, disappointment, prevention, debacle, defeat, fruitlessness, poverty, dissatisfaction, inefficiency, criticism successively: (adv) in turn, one after the other, in succession, sequentially, serially, running, in order, gradually, subsequently, repeatedly, one after another sudden: (adj) precipitous, quick, abrupt, hasty, rash, unexpected, steep, unforeseen, drastic, immediate, swift. ANTONYMS: (adj) considered, slow, gentle, leisurely, protracted, sensible, smooth suddenly: (adj, adv) quickly, rapidly, immediately, presto; (adv) hastily, short, all at once, sudden, sharply, unexpectedly, instantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) increasingly, predictably, slowly, gently, progressively, sensibly, eventually suffer: (v) encounter, stand, accept, undergo, brook, experience, have, endure, abide, sustain; (adj, v) allow. ANTONYMS: (v) enjoy, rejoice, flourish sugar: (n) darling, saccharide, carbohydrate, love, beloved, jaggary; (adj, n) dear; (v) saccharify, sweeten, dulcify, edulcorate sugared: (adj) sweetened, sugary, seraphic, mellifluous, mellisonant, odoriferous, odorous, gratifying, scented, fresh, sickly. ANTONYM: (adj) bitter suggestion: (n) advice, intimation, proposal, counsel, allusion, sign, trace, proposition, recommendation; (n, v) touch, dash. ANTONYMS: (n) warning, practice suit: (adj, v) fit, please; (adj, n, v) correspond; (n) lawsuit, plea, action, case; (v) adapt, accommodate, become; (n, v) answer. ANTONYM: (v) clash suite: (n, v) series, train; (n) entourage, apartment, cortege, flat, court, battery, group; (adj) round, succession suitor: (n) plaintiff, suer, admirer, beau, candidate, complainant, gallant, boyfriend, applicant, petitioner; (n, v) wooer sullen: (adj, n) morose, sulky, sour; (adj) gloomy, gruff, glum, moody, dark, cross, surly; (adj, v) grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, cheery; (n) cheeriness summon: (v) assemble, convene,

Richard III demand, ask, invoke, evoke, invite, muster, page, rally, convoke. ANTONYM: (v) disband supper: (n) meal, tea, lunch, repast, reception, mealtime, siesta, social affair; (v) dejeuner, bever, whet suppose: (v) infer, guess, speculate, divine, presume, conjecture, reckon, imagine, estimate, consider, assume. ANTONYMS: (v) disbelieve, know, measure, despair, doubt, speculate supposed: (adj) hypothetical, reputed, alleged, assumed, imaginary, putative, apparent, ostensible, suppositional, supposititious, suppositious. ANTONYM: (adj) actual supreme: (adj, n) maximum, utmost; (adj) dominant, sovereign, chief, principal, superlative, uppermost, consummate, preeminent; (adj, v) head. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, vulnerable, lowly, poor, secondary, worst, abysmal, powerless, provisional, weak sure: (adj) secure, reliable, safe, indisputable, dependable, assured, positive; (adj, v) steady, firm; (adv) certainly; (adj, adv) for certain. ANTONYMS: (adj) doubtful, uncertain, unsure, hesitant, humbled, dubious, indefinite, wavering, wobbly, unconvinced; (adv) doubtfully surfeit: (n) overabundance, excess, repletion, satiety, plethora, overflow, congestion; (v) cloy, gorge, satiate, pall. ANTONYMS: (n) shortage, need, necessity, deficit; (v) deplete surrey: (n) carriage suspect: (v) mistrust, suppose, distrust, conjecture, guess, surmise, divine, disbelieve; (adj) fishy, questionable, shady. ANTONYMS: (adj) trustworthy, trusted, innocent, reliable, credible, aboveboard; (n) plaintiff; (v) know, believe suspicion: (n) distrust, inkling, misgiving, hunch, qualm, scruple, surmise, supposition; (n, v) doubt, mistrust, fear. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, knowledge, information, carelessness, recklessness, certitude swallow: (n, v) drink, gulp, taste, sip, swig; (v) bolt, consume, devour, accept, stomach, endure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) sip; (v) doubt, expel, disbelieve, reject, express swallowing: (adj) absorptive, unsuspecting, absorbent, absorbing; (n) consumption

swear: (v) declare, assure, assert, affirm, curse, pledge; (n, v) promise, avow, depone, depose, aver. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, refute, deny, compliment sweating: (n) sweat, exudation, diaphoresis, hidrosis, sudation, extravasation, fermentation, transpiration, bodily process; (adj) perspiring, sweaty sweet: (adj) fresh, mellow, lovable, dear, pleasant, musical, melodious, pleasing, sugary; (adj, v) lovely; (adj, n) beloved. ANTONYMS: (adj) discordant, bitter, acid, sharp, acidic, pungent, salty, harsh, detestable, cacophonous, dry swell: (n, v) rise, heave, increase, wave, billow; (v) enlarge, expand, puff, grow, bloat; (adj, n) dandy. ANTONYMS: (v) deflate, desiccate, shrink, compress, concentrate, wane; (n, v) decline; (adj) bad, horrible, shabby, awful swelling: (n) protuberance, lump, swell, intumescence, growth, projection, prominence, bulge, dropsy; (adj, v) inflated; (adj) growing. ANTONYM: (n) decline swift: (adj, adv, v) fast; (adj) quick, fleet, speedy, alert, nimble, hasty, prompt, sudden, hurried; (adj, v) rapid. ANTONYMS: (adj) considered, leisurely, sluggish, gradual, delayed, clumsy sword: (n) blade, sabre, brand, broadsword, falchion, cutlass, saber, steel, glaive, backsword, cutlas sworn: (adj) extreme, mortal, implacable, engaged, dedicated, committed, betrothed, bespoken, affianced, inveterate table: (n) board, schedule, chart, stand, list, desk, plateau, platen; (v) defer, shelve, postpone. ANTONYMS: (v) decide, vote, withdraw tackling: (n) rigging, face, confronting, grappling, facing, coping with, braving, try, gear, rassling, rig taken: (adj) occupied, full, interpreted, appropriated, seized, overcome, affected, besotted; (v) take, get, receive. ANTONYMS: (adj) given, free taking: (adj) fetching, attractive, contagious, winning, catching, fascinating, captivating; (n) capture, receipt, angry mood, acharnement. ANTONYM: (n) rejection talbot: (n) William Henry fox Talbot

William Shakespeare tale: (n) account, narrative, narration, recital, fib, fable, report, fiction, lie, relation, yarn. ANTONYM: (n) fact talk: (n, v) discourse, gossip, converse, lecture, chatter, chat, address; (v) articulate, speak, prattle; (n) language. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse; (n) silence talking: (n) talk, conversation, nothingness, speech, speaking, verbal communication, words, yak, language; (adj) sound, levelheaded. ANTONYM: (adj) silent tall: (adj) elevated, high, exalted, big, lanky, towering, eminent, unbelievable, strapping, long, gangling. ANTONYMS: (adj) low, small, sensible, reasonable, little, believable, easy, stocky tardy: (adj, adv, v) late; (adj, v) slow, remiss; (adj, adv) backward, dilatory, behindhand; (adj) belated, slack, overdue, delayed, sluggish. ANTONYMS: (adj) early, punctual, premature, speedy taste: (n, v) relish, sample, smack, touch; (n) flavor, liking, penchant, morsel, bit, drop, fondness. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, tastelessness, disinclination, hate, lot, coarseness, uncouthness; (v) abstain, refrain taught: (adj) instructed, educated, schooled, instruct, well-bred, scholarly, provided; (v) firm, fast, close, taut taunt: (n, v) ridicule, gibe, flout, insult, mock, deride, sneer, twit, quip; (n) scoff; (v) bait. ANTONYMS: (n, v) respect, compliment; (v) applaud, comfort taunts: (n) mocking, jeers teach: (v) enlighten, educate, instruct, coach, indoctrinate, drill, learn, lecture, school; (adj, v) guide, show tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily function, bodily process, body process, lacerations tedious: (adj) tiresome, boring, dreary, slow, heavy, humdrum, irksome, lifeless; (adj, v) monotonous, arid, dry. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, varied, easy, readable, lively, entertaining, enthralling, brisk, concise, exotic, pleasant teen: (adj) teenage, juvenile, young, jejune, immature; (n) teenager, youngster, distress, grief, kid, child. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) adult teeth: (v) mortar and pestle, gristmill,

nutmeg grater, grater, file, arrastra, rasp, mill, unguis, tentacle; (n) gear teeth tell: (n, v) disclose, impart, count; (v) relate, reveal, recount, divulge, explain, communicate; (adj, v) declare, express. ANTONYMS: (v) request, misunderstand, estimate, listen, figure, guess, withhold, conceal, suppress, confuse telling: (adj, v) significant; (adj) revealing, emphatic, impressive, effectual, effective, pregnant, cogent; (n) relation, recounting, notice. ANTONYMS: (adj) secretive, unimportant, insignificant, hidden tempest: (adj, n) storm, gust; (n) gale, hurricane, squall, disturbance, cyclone, typhoon, agitation, tornado, blizzard. ANTONYM: (n) serenity temples: (n) brow tempt: (adj, v) attract, allure; (v) entice, decoy, charm, inveigle, invite, coax, seduce, fascinate, attempt. ANTONYMS: (v) discourage, appall, repel tend: (v) incline, lean, nurse, guard, attend, run, nurture, contribute, gravitate, go, nourish. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, abandon tender: (n, v) offer, proffer, bid; (adj, v) affectionate; (adj) painful, sensitive, soft, loving, sore; (v) propose, present. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, rubbery, hard, rough, uncaring, healthy, mature, unfeeling, cold, experienced; (v) withdraw tenderness: (n) fondness, soreness, love, affection, sympathy; (adj, n) clemency, mildness, compassion, gentleness, softness, delicacy. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, dryness, hatred, strength, detachment tent: (n) awning, marquee, pavilion, canopy, collapsible shelter, tabernacle, attention, pack tent, parasol, pop tent; (n, v) camp tents: (n) encampment terrible: (adj) horrible, dreadful, horrid, monstrous, abominable, ghastly, dire, appalling, fearful, awful, hideous. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, pleasant, great, laudable, excellent, superb, mild, slight, minor, brilliant, insignificant terror: (n, v) alarm, scare; (adj, n) dread, awe; (n) fear, dismay, consternation, horror, panic, apprehension, scourge. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, security, delight, calm, confidence

231 testy: (adj) petulant, irritable, crabby, irascible, fractious, cantankerous, cranky, cross, techy, fretful, tetchy. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, pleasant, cheerful thank: (v) give thanks, recognize, bless, thanks, give thanks to, convey, acknowledged, remercy, impart thanks: (n) acknowledgment, gratitude, blessing, grace, praise, gratefulness, recognition, credit, benediction, thankfulness; (int) thank you. ANTONYMS: (n) criticism, blame themselves: (pron) myself, itself, yourself; (n) yourselves thence: (adv) therefore, thus, therefrom, thereof, consequently, then, so, thereafter, thenceforth, since, on account of therefore: (adv) thence, so, hence, accordingly, as a result, thus, for that reason; (conj) since, because, then, ergo therein: (adv) in this, in there thereof: (adv) thence, therefrom, therefore, hence; (adj) casual, intelligence, observer, occasional, prearranged, premeditated, fortuitous thereon: (adv) on that, thereupon, afterward, at once, early, immediately, therefore thereupon: (adv) hereupon, next, then, immediately, therefore, therewith, in the sequel, close upon, upon which, whereupon, accordingly thin: (adj) tenuous, flimsy, light, fine, emaciated; (adj, v) lean, gaunt, slight, sheer, meager, dilute. ANTONYMS: (adj) fat, concentrated, chubby, plump, wide, heavy, broad, strong, resonant, solid; (v) thicken thing: (n) affair, occurrence, object, event, concern, something, article, happening, substance, occasion, being things: (n) gear, belongings, equipment, garb, garment, clothes, paraphernalia, goods, life, property, palliament thinking: (n) consideration, idea, opinion, reasoning, intellection, cogitation, conception, contemplation; (adj) intelligent, thoughtful, meditative thither: (adv) hither, whither, on that point, in that respect, at that place, in that location; (adj) further,

232 ulterior, remoter, succeeding, more distant thomas: (n) Aquinas, Dylan Thomas, Lowell Thomas, doubting Thomas, Norman Thomas, Saint Thomas, saint Thomas Aquinas, St Thomas, St Thomas Aquinas, Thomas the doubting apostle, Lowell Jackson Thomas thou: (n) chiliad, grand, m, g, one thousand, gramme, gram, gm, gigabyte, Gb, curtilage though: (adj, conj) however; (conj) still, notwithstanding, nevertheless, albeit, whereas, while; (adv) even, after all, tho'; (adv, conj) tho thought: (n) idea, impression, conception, belief, concept; (adj, n) opinion, feeling, sentiment; (n, v) consideration, reflection, observation. ANTONYMS: (n) thing, vacuity, vacancy, concrete, thoughtlessness, inattention, impulsiveness, certainty, neglect, trust thoughts: (n) mind, opinion, depth of thought, feelings, reflection, ideas, workings of the mind, view, stance, position, considered opinion thousand: (adj, n) one thousand, k, m; (n) grand, g, thou, cat Valium, constant of gravitation, grounds, curtilage; (adj) a thousand thrall: (n) bondage, slavery, thraldom, helot, serf, enslavement, thralldom, villein, captivity, slave; (v) enslave thralldom: (n) slavery, servitude, thrall, captivity, thraldom, subjection, serfdom, slaveholding, confinement; (adj, n) imprisonment; (adj) bond service threat: (n) hazard, danger, risk, peril, commination, intimidation, jeopardy, coercion, warning, omen, terror. ANTONYMS: (n) safety, persuasion threaten: (v) intimidate, loom, bully, endanger, offer, imperil, jeopardize, peril, foreshadow, portend; (n, v) threat. ANTONYMS: (v) guard, protect, relieve, save, alleviate, reassure, recede, strengthen threefold: (adj) triple, dual, double, trinal, ternary, trine, triplex, bivalent; (adj, v) triplicate; (adv) three times, thrice thrive: (adj, v) prosper; (v) flourish, grow, advance, blossom, succeed, increase, bloom, get ahead, boom; (adj) luxuriate. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, fail, languish, struggle,

Richard III decrease thriving: (adj) successful, prosperous, prospering, booming, rich, affluent, growing, lush, lucky, healthy, luxuriant. ANTONYMS: (adj) declining, languishing, arid, moribund, dying, disappearing, poor, unwell throat: (n) orifice, pharynx, gorge, mouth, muzzle, nozzle, sucker, shaft, quarl, throat depth, nostril throne: (v) enthrone; (n) can, stool, place, fecal matter, potty, chair, cathedra, lavatory, crapper, pot throw: (n, v) cast, pitch, push; (v) shed, hurl, heave, chuck, flip, pass, hurtle; (n) shot. ANTONYMS: (v) explain, help, receive, clarify, encourage thunder: (adj, n, v) boom; (n, v) roar, bang, roll, bellow; (adj, n) peal; (adj, v) explode, detonate; (v) howl, rumble, fulminate thus: (adv) then, so, consequently, hence, thence, accordingly, as a result, ergo, thusly, for that reason, as tidings: (n) intelligence, information, message, report, word, advice, communication, dispute, wind, statement, tiding tiger: (adj) fury, dragon, demon; (n) hostler, cat, jockey, ostler, big cat, endangered, Alecto, monster till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to timeless: (adj) eternal, everlasting, dateless, immortal, inopportune, interminable, undying, ageless, perpetual, endless, deathless. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, mortal, modern times: (n) present time, modern times, contemporary world, multiplication, time, period, era, many years duration, epoch, present, arithmetic operation timorous: (adj, v) fearful, shy; (adj, adv, v) cowardly; (adj) afraid, nervous, diffident, bashful, apprehensive, anxious, craven, coy. ANTONYMS: (adj) brave, fearless timorously: (adv) fearfully, afraidly, anxiously, shily, bashfully, timidly, diffidently, shyly, trepidly, apprehensively, hesitantly tire: (n, v) bore, jade; (adj, n, v) fatigue; (v) exhaust, harass, fag, weary, wear, pall, prostrate; (n) tyre. ANTONYMS: (v) interest, invigorate, energize

title: (n, v) call, style, designation, term, designate; (adj, n) claim, right; (n) caption, denomination, appellation, epithet. ANTONYM: (n) possession toad: (n) batrachian, anuran, salientian, crapaud, sneak, sheep frog, robber frog, spadefoot, spadefoot toad; (v) toady; (adj) satyr today: (adj, n) present; (adv) these days, currently, nowadays, presently, at present, right away, immediately; (n) modern times; (adj) modern, recent. ANTONYM: (adv) yesterday together: (adv) in concert, conjointly, at the same time, at once, simultaneously, mutually, in unison, all together, at the same moment; (adj) united, stable. ANTONYMS: (adv) separately, individually, independently, apart, alone; (adj) separate, upset, unstable, separated, imbalanced, scatterbrained token: (n) memento, souvenir, note, keepsake, sign, relic, stamp, signal, indication; (adj) nominal; (n, v) trace. ANTONYM: (adj) great told: (v) related, narrated; (adj) numbered, oral, spoken, legendary, verbal, manifest tongue: (n) lingua, speech, idiom, dialect, clapper, glossa, natural language, striker, talk; (v) lick; (adj) flowing tongueless: (adj) voiceless, dumb, inarticulate, silent, speechless, unspoken, wordless, aglossal, breathless. ANTONYM: (adj) tongued took: (adj) taken; (v) receive tooth: (n) palate, denticle, trident, sprocket, saw, premolar, nap, incisor, grain, eyetooth; (adj) nib torment: (n, v) tease, distress, harass, afflict, pain, annoy; (n) agony, anguish, suffering; (v) persecute, oppress. ANTONYMS: (v) please, delight, placate, comfort, soothe; (n) contentment, happiness, pleasure, calm, content tormenting: (v) bothering, teasing, pestering, harassing; (adj) harrowing, perturbing, plaguy, raging, upsetting, vexatious; (adj, v) worrying torture: (n, v) pain, distress, agonize, afflict; (n) agony, anguish, suffering, excruciation, grief; (v) rack, excruciate. ANTONYMS: (n) relief, alleviation, content, ecstasy, joy, pleasure; (v) relieve, alleviate

William Shakespeare touch: (v) hit, affect, border, adjoin, strike, reach; (n, v) contact, stroke, tinge, regard, tap. ANTONYMS: (v) shrink, secrete, separate, diverge, abstain, leave; (n) lot touched: (adj) insane, cracked, tinged, not right, daft, crazy, nutty; (v) compassionate, sympathetic, pitiful, mucid. ANTONYMS: (adj) untouched, sane, unemotional, unmoved, well touching: (adj, v) affecting; (adj) poignant, pitiful, pathetic, adjacent, adjoining, emotional; (n) touch, contact; (prep) concerning, about. ANTONYMS: (adj) unaffecting, everyday, heartwarming, unmoving, heartbreaking, emotionless, unemotional, impassive toward: (prep) to, towards, approaching, headed for, just before, of, in the direction of; (adv, prep) on; (adv) about, around, by. ANTONYMS: (prep) from, away towards: (prep) to, facing, until, opposite to, till, unto, upon; (n, prep) against; (adv) about, by; (n) at tower: (n) column, spire, steeple, pinnacle, pylon, castle; (adj, n) pillar; (v) ascend, rise, loom, arise town: (adj) municipal, urban; (n) borough, township, village, burgh, burg, municipality, townspeople, metropolis; (adj, n) community. ANTONYMS: (adj) country, private tract: (n) region, area, expanse, essay, pamphlet, section, extent, district, dissertation, plot, lot tractable: (adj, prep) docile; (adj) obedient, ductile, tame, gentle, yielding, manageable; (adj, v) pliable, flexible, pliant, plastic. ANTONYMS: (adj) intractable, unmanageable, unruly, rebellious tragic: (adj) calamitous, disastrous, dreadful, grievous, catastrophic, unlucky, unfortunate, woeful, tragical, comic, heartbreaking. ANTONYMS: (adj) humorous, heartwarming, blessed, advantageous, lucky, fortunate, joyous train: (v) aim, exercise, direct, educate, tame, prepare, school; (n, v) coach, trail, tail; (n) chain. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, forget; (n) head trained: (adj) experienced, skilled, capable, competent, expert, practiced, accustomed, educated, efficient, skillful, professional.

ANTONYMS: (adj) inexpert, untaught, untutored, amateur, unqualified traitor: (n) betrayer, conspirator, Judas, renegade, rat, quisling, deserter, cheat, collaborationist; (adj) insurgent, mutineer. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalist, patriot treacherous: (adj) unfaithful, deceitful, false, perfidious, dangerous, disloyal, unreliable, unsafe, Punic, fraudulent, faithless. ANTONYMS: (adj) faithful, loyal, honest, safe, true, genuine, forthright, stable, harmless, dependable, open treason: (n) treachery, perfidy, high treason, sabotage, lese majesty, traitorousness, subversiveness, duplicity; (adj, n) disloyalty, sedition, prodition. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity treasure: (n) gem, fortune, riches, funds; (n, v) hoard, prize, store; (v) cherish, appreciate; (adj, n) jewel, precious stone. ANTONYMS: (v) dislike, disparage, scorn, neglect; (n) dud, poverty tree: (n) gallows, gibbet, stem, pedigree, kurchee, quandong, poon, platan, lemonwood, lancewood, lacebark trees: (n) foliage tremble: (adj, n, v) shiver; (n, v) quiver, shudder, thrill, palpitate; (adj, v) totter, quake; (n) throb; (v) flutter, quail, falter. ANTONYMS: (v) steady, calm trembles: (n) animal disease, nervousness trembling: (adj, n) shaking; (adj, n, v) tremor; (adj) shaky, quaking, shivering, flutter; (n) palpitation, quiver, vibration, shiver, quake. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, steady trifles: (n) jests, nonsense, nugae, trivia triumph: (v) exult, prevail, crow, rejoice, succeed; (n, v) glory, win, joy; (n) victory, conquest, exultation. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, defeat, sorrow, unhappiness, dud, sadness, loss, flop; (v) fail, lose, forfeit triumphant: (adj) victorious, successful, triumphal, exulting, winning, joyful, rejoicing, elated, conquering, prideful; (adj, v) exultant. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointed, failing, losing, defeated, miserable, sorrowful triumphing: (n) boast, gloriation; (v) triumphal, celebrating victory,

233 exultant troops: (n) soldiery, garrison, army, force, military, personnel, horse, man, cavalry, military personnel, troop troth: (n) faith, engagement, betrothal, plight, vow, loyalty, espousal, fidelity, truth, verity, veracity trouble: (n, v) inconvenience, pain, bother, disquiet, disorder, worry, annoy, fuss, afflict, torment; (adj, n) difficulty. ANTONYMS: (v) please, help, assist, aid, placate, soothe, comfort; (n) fitness, pleasure, advantage, ease troubled: (adj, v) concerned, solicitous; (adj) distressed, anxious, worried, uneasy, uncomfortable, disconcerted, upset, apprehensive, restless. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconcerned, composed, calm, easy, relaxed, tranquil, assured, carefree, brave, stable, unaffected troubler: (n) inciter, fomenter, trouble maker, trickster, tricker, rioter, instigant, hoaxer, hellhound, bad hat, instigator troubles: (n) dilemma, evils, harms, ills troublous: (adj) riotous, ugly, vexatious, troublesome trudge: (n, v) tramp, trek, hike, slog, ramble, march, walk, wander; (v) trail, pad, shack true: (adj, n) genuine, authentic; (adj) right, faithful, even, correct, accurate, honest, straight, truthful; (adj, v) actual. ANTONYMS: (adj) inaccurate, untrue, bogus, untrustworthy, unrealistic, mythical, fraudulent, faithless, disloyal; (adv) wrongly, dishonestly truly: (adj, adv) really; (adv) sincerely, in truth, exactly, in fact, indeed, in reality, genuinely, right, certainly, honestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) insincerely, dubiously, doubtfully, apparently, inaccurately, indefinite, dishonestly, mildly, wrongly trumpet: (n) horn, cornet, bugle, clarion, trump, brass, trombone; (v) proclaim, promulgate, show off, blare trumpets: (n) Sarracenia flava, yellow pitcher plant, pitcher plant, yellow trumpet trust: (n, v) credit, rely, hope; (n) confidence, faith, reliance, belief, cartel, assurance; (v) believe, confide. ANTONYMS: (n, v)

234 distrust, doubt, mistrust; (v) disbelieve, keep, hold, despair; (n) disbelief, suspicion, independence trusty: (adj) trustworthy, honest, faithful, dependable, responsible, constant, loyal, true, authentic, solid, sure. ANTONYMS: (adj) untrustworthy, inconstant, corrupt, disloyal truth: (n) exactness, actuality, sincerity, verity, fidelity, fact, correctness, genuineness, faithfulness, certainty, honesty. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, fabrication, falsehood, fiction, lie, inaccuracy, idealism, falsity, disloyalty, fallacy, invention tumble: (n, v) drop, jumble, stumble, plunge, slip, spill, downfall; (v) crumble, collapse, topple, confuse tumbling: (adj) falling, billowing, dropping, rolled; (adj, adv) plunging; (n) gymnastics, acrobatics, stunting, stunt flying, rumbling; (adv) headfirst turn: (n, v) curve, roll, twist, go, coil, round, change, bent, spin; (n) bout; (v) revolve. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, Miss, stagnation; (v) unbend tween: (prep) between twenty: (adj) vigesimal; (n) large integer, twenty dollar bill twice: (adv) doubly, bis, two times, in two ways, once more; (adj) twenty twill: (adj, v) curl, wrinkle; (adj) corded, crisp; (v) braid, plexus, felt, plat, plait, mesh; (n) cloth type: (adj, n) model, nature, character; (n) pattern, kind, sort, breed, category, stamp, standard, print tyrannous: (adj) tyrannical, despotic, autocratic, domineering, undisputed, arbitrary, absolute, unmerciful, imperious, authoritarian, dictatorial tyranny: (adj, n) dictatorship, autocracy; (n) absolutism, despotism, oppression, cruelty, monocracy, totalitarianism, authoritarianism, autarchy, Caesarism. ANTONYMS: (n) democracy, liberty tyrant: (n) dictator, oppressor, autocrat, disciplinarian, bully, authoritarian, sovereign, czar, monarch, suzerain, stickler ugly: (adj, adv) surly; (adj) nasty, repulsive, frightful, forbidding, disagreeable, hideous, gruesome, evil, offensive, shocking. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive,

Richard III flowing, ornamental, nice, lovely, pleasant, safe, kind, gentle, appealing, agreeable unadvisedly: (adv) indiscreetly, imprudently, injudiciously, rashly, incautiously, hastily, heedlessly, unwarnedly uncle: (n) father's younger brother, elder uncle, father's older brother, father's sister's husband, husband of paternal aunt, maternal uncle, niece, benefactor, EME, helper, kinsman under: (adj) lower, down, nether, bottom, inferior, low, subject; (adv, prep) beneath, underneath; (adv) downstairs, infra. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) over, above; (adv) primary, higher, major underneath: (adv, prep) below, under; (adj) down, inferior, supporting; (n) bottom, base, underside; (adv) under that, under it; (prep) unbecoming. ANTONYMS: (n) top; (adv) up, over, above, apparently understand: (v) interpret, hear, see, catch, learn, translate, grasp, construe, gather; (adj, v) realize, take. ANTONYMS: (v) misinterpret, misconstrue, misunderstand, disbelieve, mistake, reject, deny, Miss undertake: (v) attempt, take on, try, covenant, guarantee, accept, tackle, contract, take, begin, engage. ANTONYMS: (v) forego, abstain, forget, relinquish unfeignedly: (adv) sincerely, truely, honestly, straightly, really, frankly, truly, heartily, authentically, authenticly, naturally unfit: (adj) inappropriate, improper, inapt, unbecoming, incompetent, unable, incapable, unsuitable, bad; (adj, v) incapacitate; (v) indispose. ANTONYMS: (adj) appropriate, suitable, ready, healthy, able, firm, competent; (v) qualify ungracious: (adj) discourteous, impolite, uncivil, surly, unkind, unceremonious, churlish, disrespectful, unfriendly, graceless, unpleasing unhappy: (adj) gloomy, dismal, depressed, melancholy, sad, miserable, sorrowful, distressed, disconsolate, infelicitous, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, cheerful, satisfied, pleased, glad, euphoric, fortunate, contented, joyful, timely, lucky unite: (v) associate, meet, connect,

link, blend, join, coalesce, unify, tie, amalgamate; (adj, v) fuse. ANTONYMS: (v) divide, cut, disband, disconnect, diverge, segregate, split, undo, unpick united: (adj, v) joint; (adj) combined, cooperative, connected, allied, mutual, concerted, mixed, conjunctive, undivided, common. ANTONYMS: (adj) separate, divided, disjointed, separated, rival unity: (n) union, harmony, oneness, unison, concord, agreement, completeness, integrity, consistency, single, one. ANTONYMS: (n) separation, conflict, partiality, split, disarray, inconsistency, isolation unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, undeservedly, illegally, foully, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rightly, reasonably unknown: (adj, n) secret, alien; (adj) hidden, unfamiliar, unidentified, obscure, nameless, foreign, anonymous; (n) stranger, foreigner. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, recognized, famous, documented, identified, transparent; (n) native unlawful: (adj) illegal, illegitimate, illicit, lawless, wrongful, prohibited, improper, unauthorized, criminal, outlaw, irregular. ANTONYMS: (adj) legal, legitimate, authorized, honest, rightful unless: (adv) but, if, yet, besides, except with, further; (adv, conj) save; (conj) without, if not; (n) provisionally; (adj) not necessary unmindful: (adj) negligent, mindless, careless, oblivious, heedless, forgetful, neglectful, ungrateful, inattentive, regardless; (adj, v) remiss. ANTONYMS: (adj) mindful, attentive, conscious, careful unnatural: (adj) affected, artificial, grotesque, supernatural, forced, abnormal, eccentric, uncanny, stilted, mannered, anomalous. ANTONYMS: (adj) natural, normal, real, unaffected, commonplace, genuine, sincere unpitied: (v) unlamented, unbewailed unpleasing: (adj) displeasing, graceless, ungracious, unpleasant, disagreeable, wicked, not grateful, offensive, perturbed, restless, stiff unprovided: (adj) unorganized, unarranged, unbegun, untrimmed, unequipped, unready; (v)

William Shakespeare unsupplied unquiet: (adj) restless, anxious, nervous, turbulent, unsettled, disturbed, fussy, tumultuous; (v) movable, saltatory, shifting. ANTONYM: (adj) quiet unrest: (n) agitation, disquiet, fermentation, disorder, tumult, revolution, ferment, turbulence, commotion, excitement, chaos. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, rest, peace, harmony, calmness, order, accord, stability unsuspected: (v) unspied; (adj) unimagined, covert, adventitious, unseen, unanticipated untainted: (adj) unsullied, unstained, unspotted, innocent, unsoiled, unblemished, untarnished, stainless; (n) unmarred, unscathed, uninjured. ANTONYMS: (adj) tainted, impure unthankfulness: (n) thanklessness, oblivion of benefits, ungratefulness until: (prep, v) to; (conj, prep) unto; (adj) up to; (adv) so far, yet, before, meanwhile; (prep) pending, while, during, awaiting untimely: (adj) early, unseasonable, inopportune, inappropriate, awkward, immature, previous, ill timed, inconvenient, improper, belated. ANTONYMS: (adj) timely, appropriate, opportune, convenient, overdue unto: (prep, v) to, till, up to; (prep) towards, before untroubled: (adj) calm, quiet, peaceful, composed, carefree, serene, unworried, clear, still, undisturbed; (adj, v) smooth. ANTONYMS: (adj) anxious, turbulent, uneasy, worried, insecure, disturbed, unnerved, strict, heavy, bothered, perturbed unvalued: (adj) unalluring, unappreciated, uncared for, undesired, unattractive, unsung, valueless, obscure, all one to, ungratifying, thankless unwillingly: (adv) grudgingly, loathly, aversely, unenthusiastically, indisposedly, resentfully, involuntarily, recalcitrantly, refractorily, lothly, hesitatingly. ANTONYM: (adv) wholeheartedly unwillingness: (n) disinclination, indisposition, aversion, hesitation, hesitancy, resistance, antipathy, reluctancy, dislike, distaste, irreconcilableness. ANTONYMS: (n) enthusiasm, disposition, keenness, inclination

unwise: (adj, n) silly, stupid, absurd, indiscreet; (adj) imprudent, injudicious, ridiculous, senseless, inadvisable, impolitic, unreasonable. ANTONYMS: (adj) sensible, prudent, thoughtful, sagacious, judicious, advisable unworthy: (adj) undeserving, base, disgraceful, ignoble, low, contemptible, despicable, ugly, unmerited, unseemly, shameful. ANTONYMS: (adj) deserving, valuable, honorable, estimable, reputable upon: (adv, prep) above; (prep) up, onto, against, towards; (adv) on, on that occasion, then, before, by; (n) at upper: (adj) top, higher, overhead, over, topmost, highest; (n) stimulant, bennie, meth, speed, amphetamine. ANTONYMS: (adj) lower, below, junior, under, bottom upright: (adj) perpendicular, erect, fair, good, righteous, just, virtuous, true, honorable, plumb; (adj, n) vertical. ANTONYMS: (adj) prone, disreputable, degenerate, hanging, unwholesome, dishonest, dishonorable, lying, horizontal, falling; (adv) horizontally urge: (v) push, press, advocate, persuade, impel, induce; (n, v) spur, drive, force; (n) impulse; (adj, v) incite. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, hate, aversion, disinclination; (v) dissuade, oppose, demand, prevent, restrain urging: (n) spur, encouragement, prod, prodding, goad, advocacy, spurring, goading, influence, exhortation; (adj) driving usurp: (v) arrogate, seize, appropriate, take over, commandeer, capture, borrow, confiscate, take, grab; (adj) violate. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, relinquish usurping: (adj) encroaching vain: (adj) proud, arrogant, conceited, fruitless, idle, empty, abortive, ineffectual, unproductive, narcissistic; (adj, v) useless. ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, successful, possible, persuasive, selfless, fruitful, humble, useful, responsible, worthwhile, effective valiant: (adj) brave, courageous, intrepid, fearless, heroic, audacious, gallant, daring, dauntless, stout, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) afraid, despicable valour: (n) valor, valiancy, valiance,

235 heroism, courage, bravery, valorousness, prowess, daring, pluck, spirit vantage: (n) superiority, preference, start, handicap, expediency, expedience, advantageousness, odds, asset, tax advantage, head start. ANTONYM: (n) disadvantage vapour: (n) vapor, evaporation, gas, vaporization, vaporisation, boiling, clouding, mist, fog, damp, smoke vast: (adj) large, immense, spacious, extensive, immeasurable, enormous, gigantic, wide, boundless, colossal, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) narrow, tiny, cramped, small, miniature, affordable, bounded, insignificant, slight, shallow, restricted vehement: (adj) fierce, intense, violent, strong, furious, passionate, ferocious, eager, hot, fervent, fervid. ANTONYMS: (adj) impassionate, indifferent, mild, calm vein: (n) vena, strain, nervure, mine, temper, blood vessel, tone; (adj, n) mood, humor, strip, frame of mind vengeance: (n) retribution, reprisal, retaliation, requital, avengement, wrath, vendetta, spite, revengeance; (n, v) avenge, resentment. ANTONYMS: (n) forgiveness, acceptance venom: (n) poison, malice, bane, spite, rancor, malevolence, maliciousness, malignity, hate, bitterness; (adj, n) gall. ANTONYM: (n) affection verdict: (n) finding, decision, judgment, conclusion, determination, decree, resolution, ruling, sentence, judgement, finding of fact. ANTONYM: (n) request vexation: (adj, n) annoyance, nuisance; (n) irritation, worry, aggravation, displeasure, chagrin, chafe, anger, frustration, botheration vice: (adj, n) imperfection, defect, blemish, failing, frailty; (n) corruption, sin, evil, immorality, iniquity, depravity. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, strength, propriety, virtue, righteousness, goodness, good, honesty; (adj) chief victorious: (adj) triumphant, successful, winning, jubilant, victor, fortunate, lifted up; (adj, v) triumphal, exultant, triumphing, on top. ANTONYMS: (adj) beaten, unsuccessful, failing, losing, sorrowful victory: (n) conquest, success, mastery, superiority, subjugation,

236 win, laugher, achievement, checkmate, expugnation, fall. ANTONYMS: (n) defeat, loss, beating, failure, overthrow, forfeit view: (n, v) sight, scene, regard, opinion, judgment, prospect, outlook, thought; (adj, v) observe, see; (n) idea. ANTONYMS: (v) disbelieve, mistrust vile: (adj, n) contemptible, dirty, low; (adj, v) base; (adj) despicable, ignoble, evil, sorry, revolting, offensive, nasty. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, kind, nice, lovely, lovable, gentle, honorable, good, delightful, admirable, noble village: (n) neighborhood, settlement, city, community, kraal, thorp, dorp, campong, pueblo, small town; (adv) town villain: (n) rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, miscreant, criminal, bandit, crook, reprobate, varlet, rapscallion. ANTONYMS: (n) heroine, hero virtue: (adj, n) merit, excellence, quality, attribute; (n) honor, goodness, honesty, morality, decency, probity, efficacy. ANTONYMS: (n) wickedness, guilt, vice, peccadillo, sin, dishonor, immorality, evil, demerit, inadequacy, disadvantage virtuous: (adj) upright, pure, righteous, good, moral, just, honorable, honest, respectable, decent, pious. ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, sinful, corrupt, impure, unethical, decadent, degenerate, irreverent visit: (v) frequent, attend, call, view, gossip, jaw, inspect, haunt; (n, v) tour, chat; (n) sojourn visitation: (v) visit, examination; (n) tribulation, calamity, annoyance, misfortune, irritation, infliction, inspection, test, ordeal visiting: (adj) guest, impermanent, temporary, visitant visor: (n) eyeshade, peak, vizor, disguise, bill, vizard, shade, screen, armor plating, armor plate, head loupe voice: (n) speech, vox; (v) enunciate, pronounce, speak, say, vocalize, express, utter, articulate; (n, v) sound. ANTONYMS: (v) devoice, block voices: (n) chorus vouchsafe: (v) grant, condescend, allow, confer, stoop, give, please, bestow; (n, v) accord; (adv) have the goodness, will you

Richard III wail: (n, v) howl, cry, lament, moan, scream, bellow, whine; (v) ululate, weep, whimper, mewl. ANTONYMS: (v) whimper, laugh wait: (n, v) pause, hold, stop; (v) expect, anticipate, stay, await, lurk, ambush, remain; (adj, v) tarry. ANTONYMS: (n) act, continuation, doing; (v) interrupt, leave, begin, depart, continue; (intj) hurry waiting: (n) abeyance, suspense, expectancy, hold, time lag, postponement; (adj) ready and waiting, ready, expectant; (adv) to come, in the making wake: (v) awaken, awake, rouse, stir, vigil, provoke, arouse, waken, excite; (n) train, trail. ANTONYMS: (v) nap, dissuade, discourage, snooze, stifle waken: (v) stir, awaken, wake, wake up, arouse, awake, excite, call, kindle, evoke, provoke waking: (adj) wakeful; (n) awakening, wakefulness, consciousness walls: (n) brickwork, buttresses, defenses, masonry, ramparts, fortifications waning: (n) decrease, decline, lessening, ebb, failure; (adj) run to seed, ripe, mellow, diminishing, abating, moribund. ANTONYMS: (adj) growing, thriving, waxing, increasing; (n) improvement want: (n, v) lack, desire, miss, wish; (n) poverty, deficiency, deprivation, famine, necessity, destitution, shortage. ANTONYMS: (n, v) hate; (n) glut, despise, luxury, option, prosperity, supply; (v) disinterest, answer wanton: (adj) loose, dissolute, light, licentious, unchaste, lewd, debauched, unprovoked; (v) dally; (n, v) sport; (adj, v) flirt. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, wise, nice, kind, gentle, decent, clean, careful, observant, justifiable, involuntary wants: (n) need, necessities ward: (n) charge, protection, custody, care, quarter, neighborhood, district, defense, keep; (adj, v) shelter; (v) protect warlike: (adj) military, belligerent, bellicose, pugnacious, combative, aggressive, armigerous, hostile, unfriendly, unpacific, militant. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmonizing, friendly warm: (adj) hot, affectionate, tender,

ardent, cordial, fervent, lively, fond, loving, earnest, tepid. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, unfriendly, aloof, reserved, hostile, uncaring, unenthusiastic, unwelcoming, stale, offhand; (v) chill warrant: (n, v) permit, vouch, license, assure, sanction, empower; (n) authority, authorization, security; (v) justify, ensure. ANTONYMS: (n) break; (v) debar warwick: (n) English statesman, Richard Neville, the kingmaker, earl of Warwick wash: (adj, n, v) soak; (n, v) paint; (v) clean, scrub, mop, moisten, lave, scour, bathe; (n) washing, ablution. ANTONYM: (v) soil watch: (n, v) view, sentinel, clock, wake, regard, care; (v) observe, look, see; (n) sentry; (adj, n) surveillance. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, overlook, harm, hurt, glance water: (n) urine, sea, lake, ocean, moisture, juice, river; (n, v) wet; (v) moisten, soak, dampen. ANTONYMS: (v) dehydrate, dry wayward: (adj) contrary, disobedient, obstinate, stubborn, intractable, unruly, capricious; (adj, n) freakish, crotchety, wanton, fanciful. ANTONYMS: (adj) controllable, good, manageable, biddable weakness: (adj, n) failing, fault, debility, defect, infirmity, fragility, feebleness, deficiency, imperfection, foible; (n) flaw. ANTONYMS: (n) power, dislike, intensity, supremacy, determination, advantage, brightness, superiority, resistance, robustness, energy weapon: (n) arm, missile, arms, knuckles, spear, steel, tomahawk, firearm, flamethrower, projectile, hatchet wear: (n) clothing, clothes, apparel, attire, garb; (v) endure, fatigue, waste, bear, tire, fray. ANTONYMS: (v) refresh, reject, rebuild, please, freshen, disrobe, delight, cheer, refuse; (n) improvement wearisome: (adj, v) tiresome, irksome, troublesome; (adj) tedious, dull, monotonous, boring, laborious, trying, slow, annoying. ANTONYMS: (adj) satisfying, soothing, exciting, refreshing, easy weary: (adj, n, v) fatigue; (v) exhaust, tire out; (adj) tired, exhausted, fatigued, aweary, beat, languid; (n, v) jade, bore. ANTONYMS: (adj) energetic, fresh, lively, untiring,

William Shakespeare hopeful, refreshed; (v) refresh, enliven, energize, activate, rally weeds: (n) viduity, mourning band, garment, cypress, widowhood, dress; (adj) willow week: (n) period, minute, second, hour, rag, day, calendar week, year, sevennight, Wyke, workweek weep: (v) wail, bawl, lament, sob, blubber, moan, howl, drip, greet, whimper; (n) tear weeping: (adj) tearful, lachrymose, dolourous, dolorous; (n, v) lament, lamentation; (v) wailing; (n) sobbing, tears, cry; (adj, n) howling. ANTONYM: (n) celebration weigh: (v) press, study, measure, matter, consider, count, deliberate, contemplate, assess; (n, v) balance, poise. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect weighty: (adj) heavy, ponderous, grievous, powerful, profound; (adj, v) grave, serious, momentous, significant, solemn, influential. ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, light, unimportant, trivial, weightless, unsubstantial, thin, solvable, small, facile, easy welcome: (adj) pleasant, acceptable, pleasing, agreeable; (n, v) accept; (n) hospitality, reception; (v) receive, greet, invite, hail. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwelcome, unwanted, unacceptable, displeasing, disagreeable, unpleasant; (v) reject, evict, bar; (n) unfriendliness, goodbye welkin: (n) sphere, empyrean, firmament, heavens, sky, vault of heaven, celestial sphere, heaven, orbit, sphere of influence, surface wench: (n) miss, damsel, strumpet, trollop, Trull, missy, quean, slut, nymph, dame; (n, v) drab went: (v) walked, proceeded west: (n) due west, w, the occident, watt, geographic region, tungsten, New world; (adv) westwards; (v) to the west, south, north east western: (adj) occidental, Hesperian, occasive, occiduous, ponent, westbound; (n) horse opera, western sandwich, western movie, country, cowboy picture when: (adv, conj) once, as soon as; (adv) then, because, than, since, after; (conj) although, while, if; (prep) during whence: (adv) wherefrom, hence, because, for, why, wherefore, how, then, then thence so, how comes it,

how happens it where: (adv) there, here, wherever, whither, in which, wherein, in what; (adv, pron) anywhere; (pron) everywhere; (n) point, spot wherefore: (adv, conj) therefore; (adv, n) why; (n) reason, proof; (adv) accordingly, consequently, so, wherefor, hence, whence; (conj) then wherein: (adv) in what, in which, where whet: (v) quicken, excite, grind, stir, stimulate, hone; (n) goad, spur, fillip, stimulus; (adj) point. ANTONYMS: (v) blunt, dishearten, dull, dampen, quench whether: (pron) where while: (adv, conj) whereas, as, although; (n) time, spell, period, moment, interval; (adv) when; (conj) though; (prep) during whiles: (n) while whip: (n, v) lash, strap, goad; (v) flog, flagellate, beat, punish, thrash, trounce, stir, wallop. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, return whit: (n) iota, atom, shred, scintilla, smidgen, tittle, jot, bit, particle, smidgin; (adj) dab white: (adj, n) pale; (adj) clean, blank, snowy, ashen, wan, achromatic, pure, pallid; (v) whiten; (n) Caucasian. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) black; (adj) dark, rosy, red, dirty; (v) blacken whither: (adv) hither, thither, whereunto, whereto, for wicked: (adj) bad, sinful, atrocious, evil, vile, depraved, mischievous, immoral, unholy, nasty, naughty. ANTONYMS: (adj) innocent, pure, pious, moral, kind, admirable, kindhearted, helpful, decent, assisting, aiding wide: (adj) broad, spacious, roomy, extensive, comprehensive, large, vast, ample, capacious, open, sweeping. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, restricted, skinny, straight, cramped, minute widow: (n) woman, relict, widower, adult female, widow woman, war widow, nobbled line; (adj) widowed, additional; (v) leave behind wife: (n) matron, missis, partner, married woman, spouse, consort, helpmate, housewife, lady, woman, viscountess wild: (adj, n, v) waste, desert; (adj, v) fierce, violent, reckless, raging; (adj) boisterous, untamed, stormy, rude,

237 desolate. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, orderly, manageable, sane, domestic, cultivated, tame, restrained, mild, sensible, passive willful: (adj) perverse, headstrong, voluntary, intentional, obstinate, deliberate, wayward, stubborn, disobedient, premeditated, wilful. ANTONYMS: (adj) involuntary, yielding, willing, unwilling, docile, casual, biddable, justifiable, amenable, agreeable, unintentional willing: (adj, adv) disposed; (adj) spontaneous, voluntary, ready, amenable, inclined, prepared, enthusiastic, unforced, obliging; (adj, v) consenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, compulsory, disagreeable, unprepared, forced, unenthusiastic, unhelpful wilt: (v) flag, shrivel, sag, weaken, fade, languish, dry, wither, collapse, tire; (n) wilting. ANTONYMS: (v) flourish, rise, rally wind: (n, v) twist, turn; (v) meander, curl, bend, twine, curve, weave, crook; (n) air, gust. ANTONYMS: (v) unwind; (n) breeze wine: (n) vino, spirits, beer, saki, sake, Macon, maconnais, alcohol, liquor, dessert wine; (adj) mauve winged: (adj) swift, rapid, speedy, quick, flying, alate, sublime, lofty, alated, aligerous, composed wings: (n) insignia, agency winter: (n) wintertime, season, time of year, hiems, frost, chill; (adj) wintery, wintry; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (n) heat wipe: (n, v) rub; (v) mop, clean, towel, brush, scour, scrub, clear, dry, wash; (adj) sponge. ANTONYM: (v) dirty wisdom: (n) judiciousness, knowledge, sapience, sagacity, sense, prudence, discernment, insight, learning, depth, reasonableness. ANTONYMS: (n) stupidity, folly, inexperience, ignorance, flippancy, banality wise: (adj) reasonable, sensible, sound, rational, sagacious, intelligent, prudent, shrewd, discreet; (adj, n) knowing; (n) method. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwise, stupid, ignorant, mistaken, illogical, reckless, naive, irrational, dense wish: (adv, n, v) will; (n, v) want, hope, need, inclination, longing, aspiration, aim; (v) like, choose; (n) pleasure. ANTONYMS: (n, v)

238 dislike, hate; (n) hatred, coercion, disinclination, aversion witch: (n) hag, pythoness, sorceress, enchantress, magician, lamia; (v) charm, bewitch, glamour, hex, jinx witchcraft: (n) incantation, sorcery, witchery, enchantment, spell, black magic, necromancy, fascination, charm, black art, glamour withdraw: (v) retire, remove, retract, retreat, abandon, pull out, disengage, draw, cancel, leave, recede. ANTONYMS: (v) propose, give, advance, extend, offer, deposit, remain, engage, allow, permit, stay wither: (v) shrink, wilt, contract, shrivel, languish, droop, dry, waste, wane, atrophy, decay. ANTONYMS: (v) swell, strengthen, grow, blossom, flourish within: (adv, n, prep) inside; (adv, prep) in; (adv) indoors, internally, inwardly, inly; (adj, n) interior; (prep) into, on, between; (adj) inwards. ANTONYMS: (prep) beyond, out without: (adv, n, prep) outside; (adj, adv) except; (adj) lacking, save barring; (prep) out of, sans; (n) minus, provisionally; (adv) save, beyond; (adv, prep) besides. ANTONYMS: (prep) with, having; (adv) inside withstanding: (n) endurance, resistance; (adj) recalcitrant, defensive witness: (n, v) testimony, attest, evidence; (n) bystander, eyewitness, onlooker, observer; (v) observe, notice, see, view. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, participate, refute witty: (adj, v) smart, clever, sharp, brilliant; (adj) amusing, funny, facetious, jocular, intelligent, quick, comic. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, unamusing, unfunny, thick wives: (n) woman wizard: (n) necromancer, sorcerer, conjuror, genius, enchanter, conjurer, expert, whiz, ace, warlock; (adj, n) adept. ANTONYM: (n) rookie woeful: (adj) sad, lamentable, sorrowful, pitiful, wretched, pitiable, doleful, woebegone, deplorable, piteous, regrettable. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, joyful, glad, praiseworthy, laudable wolves: (n) jackals, skunks, raccoons, panthers, order Carnivora, lions, tigers, foxes, cats, Carnivora, Canis woman: (n) girl, female, lady, dame,

Richard III madam, mistress, matron, maid, gentlewoman, Donna, petticoat. ANTONYMS: (n) man, gentleman womanish: (adj) tender, feminine, female, womanlike, womanly, weak, unmanly womb: (n) belly, nursery, nest, intestines, guts, vitals, bowels, chitterings, cradle, entrails, viscera wonder: (adj, n) prodigy; (n) astonishment, admiration, amazement, surprise, miracle, phenomenon, muse; (v) admire, reflect, question. ANTONYMS: (n) expectation, belief, disapproval; (v) know, believe, anticipate, decide wonderful: (adj, n) marvelous, astonishing, incredible; (adj) excellent, remarkable, phenomenal, amazing, fantastic, great, grand, super. ANTONYMS: (adj) terrible, unpleasant, dreadful, poor, rotten, abysmal, mundane, devastating, lousy, dire, ordinary wont: (adj, n) use, custom, usage; (n) practice, tradition, cleanliness, assuetude, assuefaction, convention, rut; (v) practise wonton: (n) dumpling, dumplings, soup, wonton soup word: (n) news, tidings, password, expression, report, vocable, statement, term; (v) formulate, phrase; (n, v) advice words: (n) speech, expression, row, text, fracas, argument; (n, v) altercation, squabble, tiff, dispute, quarrel world: (n) cosmos, nature, creation, earth, public, sphere, society, realm, globe, macrocosm; (adj) global worldly: (adj, adv) earthly; (adj) mundane, secular, terrestrial, temporal, carnal, sophisticated, lay, profane; (adv) mundanely, temporally. ANTONYMS: (adj) spiritual, naive, cloistered, religious, unsophisticated, unworldly, unrefined, otherworldly, low, heavenly, immaterial worry: (n, v) concern, torment, trouble, distress, tease, bother, burden, care, harass, fear; (v) disturb. ANTONYMS: (n) calmness, reassurance, pleasure, relief, unconcern, calm, confidence, hopefulness, peace; (v) reassure, delight worse: (adj) worser, subordinate, waur, worsened, warre, unrelieved, minor, lesser, junior, poorer; (n) badness. ANTONYMS: (adj)

improved, healthier, higher worship: (n) adoration, veneration, adulation, cult, homage; (n, v) reverence, respect, honor, revere, adore, glorify. ANTONYMS: (v) disrespect, dishonor, despise, deprecate, scorn; (n) disdain, disparagement, contempt, detestation worshipful: (adj, v) great; (v) honorable, noble, proud, dignified; (adj) reverential, godly, adoring, venerable, divine, doting worshipfully: (adv) reverentially, reverently, godly worst: (v) whip, trounce, defeat, overcome, vanquish, pip, rack up; (adj, v) best, rout; (adj) floor, lick. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) best; (adj) highest, first, secondary worth: (adj, n) value, dignity; (n) cost, virtue, price, importance, excellence, quality, import, goodness, benefit. ANTONYMS: (n) insignificance, disadvantage, hopelessness, detriment, disgrace, inferiority, triviality, uselessness, inefficiency worthy: (adj) noble, good, meritorious, valuable, estimable, respectable, deserving, worthwhile, virtuous, honorable; (adj, n) celebrity. ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, unrespected, disreputable, mediocre, petty, poor, unimpressive, insignificant, dishonorable, despicable; (n) nobody wound: (n, v) bruise, cut, harm, pain, damage, scratch, stab, sting; (n) injury; (v) offend, injure. ANTONYMS: (v) heal, appease, aid, cure, repair wracked: (adj) disrepair, uncomfortable wrangling: (n) quarrel, bickering, controversy, polemics, discussion, haggle, haggling, dispute, strife, altercation, jangle wrath: (n) rage, resentment, ire, fury, displeasure, indignation, passion, madness, choler, irritation; (adj) angry. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, love, composure, serenity wrens: (n) warblers, Troglodytidae, tits, swallows, rooks, Passeriformes, order Passeriformes, finches, family Troglodytidae, etc, sparrows wretch: (n) victim, villain, scoundrel, reprobate, reptile, miscreant, martyr, object of compassion, poor devil, prey, wreak wretched: (adj) unfortunate, pitiful, sad, pitiable, woeful, pathetic,

William Shakespeare piteous, lamentable; (adj, v) poor, unhappy, forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) fine, strong, fortunate, overjoyed, nice, admirable, good, cheery, joyous, lucky, comfortable wring: (n, v) squeeze; (v) twist, wrench, wrest, torture, torment, distort, extract, twine, contort, rack wrinkled: (adj, n) rough, rugged; (adj) puckered, creased, wrinkly, wizened, crumpled, lined, gnarled, unironed, crinkled. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwrinkled, ironed, straight write: (v) pen, indite, draw up, correspond, spell, record, publish, compile, draw, outline, type wrong: (adj, n) evil, ill, injury, injustice; (adj, n, v) damage, injure; (adj) improper, false, incorrect, bad, inappropriate. ANTONYMS: (adj) correct, good, proper, honest, appropriate, just, true; (adv) correctly; (n) justice, virtue; (v) sympathize wronged: (adj) upset, hurt, indignant, offended wrongs: (n) mala yield: (n, v) produce, return, allow, give; (v) surrender, concede, submit, give up, grant, cede; (n) output. ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, survive, stand, withstand, repel, reject, prevent, withhold, acquire, oppose, veto yielded: (v) yold, yolden yoke: (adj, n, v) couple, link; (n, v) pair, tie; (adj, n) brace; (v) connect, join, bind, attach; (n) coupling, team. ANTONYMS: (v) disconnect, disjoin yonder: (adv) beyond, further, farther, abroad, thither, further away, at that place; (adj) distant, yond, furious, fierce york: (n) house of York young: (n, v) offspring; (adj, n) juvenile; (adj) immature, fresh, adolescent, new, raw, baby, childish, early; (n) progeny. ANTONYMS: (adj) old, mature, adult, ripe, older, late; (adj, n) aged yours: (adj) own youth: (n) youngster, young person, lad, juvenile, boy, adolescence, kid, younker, stripling, juvenility; (adj, n) young. ANTONYMS: (n) adulthood, adult, ripeness, maturity, aged zeal: (adj, n) eagerness; (n) fervor, enthusiasm, devotion, passion, vehemence, fire, fervency, heat, fervour, ardour. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, lethargy, patience zealous: (adj) keen, enthusiastic,

fervent, ardent, avid, devoted, strenuous, vehement, glowing, fiery; (adj, n) passionate. ANTONYMS: (adj) indifferent, apathetic, unenthusiastic, cool, halfhearted, moderate

239

240