The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 11: The High Empire, A.D. 70-192

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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY

VOLUME XI

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION

VOLUME XI

The High Empire, .. – edited by ALAN K. BOWMAN

Student of Christ Church, Oxford PETER GARNSEY

Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Jesus College DOMINIC RATHBONE

Reader in Ancient History, King’s College London

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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa~ o Paulo Cambridge Univeristy Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521263351 © Cambridge University Press 2000 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Reprinted 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogue card number : 75-85719 isbn-13 978-0-521-26335-1 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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CONTENTS

List of maps List of tables Preface

page xiii xv xix

PART I NARRATIVE  The Flavians by  , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Somerville College, Oxford



I Vespasian II Titus III Domitian

  

 Nerva to Hadrian by  

   

I Nerva II Trajan III Conclusion

 Hadrian to the Antonines by . . , Professor of Ancient History, University of Düsseldorf I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

The accession of Hadrian The first provincial tour, – The second provincial tour, – The succession crisis Antoninus Pius The accession of Marcus and Verus The Parthian war of L. Verus, – The Marcommanic war The rebellion of Avidius Cassius The last years of Marcus’ reign, –

v

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          

  

vi

XI A Caesar born to the purple XII The ascendancy of Perennis, – XIII The ascendancy of Cleander, – XIV The last years of Commodus, –

   

PART II GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION  The emperor and his advisers  by  , Professor of Ancient History, University of Cologne  Emperor, Senate and magistrates by  



 The growth of administrative posts by  



 Provincial administration and finance by  



PART III THE EMPIRE  Frontiers by . . , Fellow of Churchill College, University of Cambridge I II III IV V

Ancient and modern concepts of space and frontiers Frontiers and imperialism The western frontiers The eastern frontiers Why did Roman frontiers stop where they did?

     

 The army  by  , Reader in Archaeology, University College London I II III IV V

Distribution The legions The auxiliaries The military role of the army The role of the army in peacetime

    

 Local and provincial institutions and government  by  , Professor of Ancient History, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn

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    Rebels and outsiders by  . , Professor of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia I Insiders and outsiders II Outlaws, aliens and outcasts

vii   

PART IV ROME, ITALY AND THE PROVINCES  Rome and Italy by  , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St John’s College, Oxford I II III IV V

The city of wonders at the heart of a mobile world The religion of centrality in the greatest Antonine city The cities of Italy: an imperial anomaly The economic foundations Culture without ethnicity?

 Spain by  , Professor of Ancient History, University of Heidelberg I II III IV V VI

Provincial government and army Economy Urbanization and cities Society Cultural life The age of the Flavians and Antonines: diachronic aspects

 Gaul by . , Professor of the Collège de France I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

The Gauls and Rome The Gallic provinces: physical and human geography The romanization of the countryside Mining, craft production and trade The lifestyle and horizons of the aristocracy ‘Gaul was covered in Roman monuments’ Religious practices Art and culture, Romanitas and provincialism Conclusion

 Roman Germany by . , Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier I Economic history II Social history III Religious history

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     

      

         

   

  

viii  Africa by . .  I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

The emperors and Africa Frontiers The army Tribal territories Agrarian legislation and estates The African corn supply The African economy Cities Romanization and resistance

         

 Cyrenaica by  , Fellow of Newnham College, and Emeritus Reader in Roman Historical Epigraphy, University of Cambridge



 Britain by  , Yates Professor of Archaeology, University of Reading



I .. – II .. –

I The frontier II Urban development III Rural development IV Economy

 The Danube provinces by . . , Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, University College London I The frontier II Provincial and local government III Settlements and economy IV Society and culture

 Greece and Asia Minor by  , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St Hilda’s College, Oxford Vespasian’s reorganization of the Greek East: recovery and advance under the Flavians II Philhellene emperors: the interventions of Trajan III Philhellene emperors: Hadrian, Athens and the Panhellenion IV The Antonines: a marred prosperity

 

   

    



I

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   

    Syria and Arabia by  , Professor of Ancient History, François Rabelais University of Tours The integration of the client states and the process of provincialization II The development of the land and the organization of the indigenous societies III The spread of the civic model and the urbanization of the region IV The success of the artisan class and the apogee of Syrian trade

ix 

I

 Judaea by   , Fellow of Wolfson College and Reader in Jewish Studies, University of Oxford I II III IV V VI

The great revolt and its aftermath The rebuilding of Judaea The diaspora revolt under Trajan The Bar Kochba War Jewish settlement, – Religious changes

   

      

PART Va ECONOMY AND SOCIETY  The land by  , Fellow of Jesus College and Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity, University of Cambridge I II III IV V VI

Introduction Climate and crop Expansion and innovation in agriculture Social and geographical distribution of property Management and labour Productivity

 Trade by . . , Professor of History, Columbia University, New York I II III IV V VI VII

Introduction The geographical setting Commercial transport Commodities The geographical patterns of trade Personnel Companies and guilds

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      

       

  

x

VIII Commercial finance IX Governmental intervention and its limits X The character and scale of Roman trade XI Changes over  years

 Industry and technology by  , Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne I Industry II Technology III Conclusions

   

   

 Commerce and finance by . , Directeur d’Etudes, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris



 Demography by  . , Professor of Classical Studies, University of Michigan



I Mortality II Fertility III Migration IV Population

 Status and patronage by  , Professor of History and Classics, University of Chicago I II III IV V VI VII

Ordines: the Romans’ conception of their social order Legitimation of the ordines Wealth, exploitation and classes Status and competition Social mobility Patronage Social change

 Family and household by   I II III IV V

Language and ideals The family in law and in practice Kin beyond the household Lineage and inheritance Conclusion

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   

       

     

  

xi

PART Vb ART AND CULTURE  Literacy by   , Professor of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of St Andrews I The extent and significance of literacy II The uses of writing III An empire of words?

 Literature and sophistic by  , Tutorial Fellow in Greek Literature, Corpus Christi College, Oxford I II III IV V

Sophistic rhetoric Philosophy and philosophical rhetoric The written and the read Poetry The Latin world

 Philosophy by . . , Professor of Classics, Trinity College, Dublin I Introduction II The philosophical schools III Principal doctrines and tendencies IV The philosopher in society

   

     

    

 Medicine by  , Professor of Ancient Medicine, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London



 Art and architecture by   . .   , Professor of Classics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London



I II III IV V

Introduction The Flavians Trajan Hadrian The Antonines

 Religion by . . . . , Professor Emeritus of Classics and Ancient History, University of Nottingham I Introduction II Emperors and religion

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    

  

  

xii III IV V VI VII

Imperial cult and religion in the western provinces The diaspora cults The East The changing mood Conclusion

    

Chronological table



BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations Frequently cited works Part I: Narrative (chapters –) Part II: Government and civil administration (chapters –) Part III: The empire (chapters –) Part IV: Rome, Italy and the provinces (chapters –) Part Va: Economy and society (chapters –) Part Vb: Art and culture (chapters –)

       

Index



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MAPS

          

The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius Italy Spain Africa Cyrenaica Britain The Danube provinces Greece and Asia Minor The Roman East in the second century Syria and Arabia Judaea

page xvi      ‒ ‒   

  

Perceptions of the ‘barbarian’ as inverse of the insider The Roman theatre as a social world

xiii

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 

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TABLES

     

Model West, level : a life table for the Roman empire? Reported mortality rates in Roman North Africa Age distribution of Egyptian population Reconstructed fertility rates, Roman Egypt An estimate of the empire’s population in ..  An estimate of the empire’s population in .. 

     

  Egyptian fertility rates and natural fertility pattern

xv

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

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