The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC

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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUME VI

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION VOLUME VI

The Fourth Century B.C. Edited by D. M. LEWIS

F.B.A.

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford

JOHN BOARDMAN

F.B.A.

Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art in the University of Oxford

SIMON HORNBLOWER Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College and Lecturer in Ancient History in the University of Oxford

M. OSTWALD William R. Kenan, Jr, Professor Emeritus of Classics, Swarthmore College and Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania

1 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY IOOI 1-421 I, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vie 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1994 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1994 Fifth printing 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress card no. 7}-SJJI$ ISBN o 521 23348 8 hardback

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS

List of maps

page xiii

hist of text-figures

xiv

Preface

xvii

i

Sources and their uses

i

by SIMON HORNBLOWER

i

Sparta as victor

24

by D. M. L E W I S

1 The leader of Greece 11 Athens in Sparta, 403—395 B.C.

3

Persia

24 32 40

45

bj SIMON HORNBLOWER

1 11 in iv 4

T h e Corinthian W a r by R O B I N S E A G E R , Reader in Classics and Ancient History, University of Liverpool 1 n in iv v vi vn

5

Introduction The Achaemenid dynasty, 479-330 B.C. The nature of Persian rule and the powers of satraps Persian political history: the involvement with the Greeks, 400—336 B.C.

The causes and outbreak of war The war on land, 395—394 B.C. The return of Conon The peace negotiations of 392-391 B.C. The war on land, 391-388 B.C. The Aegean, 391—386 B.C. The King's Peace

Sicily, 413—368 B.C. by D. M. L E W I S

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

45 48 50 64 97

97 100 103 106 109 112 117 120

vi

6

CONTENTS

The King's Peace and the Second Athenian Confederacy

156

by ROBIN SEAGER

1 T h e supremacy of Sparta 11 T h e resurgence of Athens i n T h e rise of Thebes 7

T h e b e s i n t h e 360s B.C. by j . ROY, Senior Lecturer in Classics, University of Nottingham 1 11 in iv v vi VII vni ix

8

Central Greece Peloponnesian affairs, 370—367 B.C. Thessaly and Macedon, 369—367 B.C. Peace negotiations, 367—366 B.C. Central Greece and the Peloponnese, 366—365 B.C. Northern Greece and the Aegean, 366—364 B.C. Peloponnesian affairs, 365—362 B.C. Internal political conflict in Greek states in this period T h e aftermath of the Battle of Mantinea

Regional surveys I: Persian lands and neighbours

%a Asia Minor

15 6 163 176 187 188 189 194 196 197 200 203 204 207

209 209

by SIMON HORNBLOWER

%b Mesopotamia, 482—330 B.C. by M A T T H E W w. S T O L P E R , Professor of Assyriology, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations and The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 1 11 in iv 8f

Traces of political history Documentation, settlement and landscape Tenure, extraction and control Babylonian society and culture under Achaemenid influence

234 241 245 253

Judah by H A Y I M T A D M O R , Professor of Assyriology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

261

1 11 in iv v vi id

234

The Return Construction of the Temple Ezra and his mission Nehemiah's achievement The Samaritans and the circumstances of their separation Language and literature

262 264 272 276 286 290

Cyprus and Phoenicia by F. G. M A I E R , Professor of Ancient History, University of Zurich

297

1 T h e kingdoms of Cyprus 11 Cyprus between Persia and the Greeks, c. 495-411 B.C. in The reign of Evagoras of Salamis

297 306 312

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

v11

CONTENTS

iv The city states of Phoenicia v Cyprus and Phoenicia: from the Cypriot War to the Peace of 311 B.C.

Se

317 326

E g y p t , 404-332 B.C.

337

by A L A N B. L L O Y D , Professor of Classics and Ancient History in the

University College of Swansea 1 Internal history 11 Foreign relations in Culture Appendix: chronology 9

337 345 349 35 5

Regional surveys II: t h e West a n d N o r t h

361

9« Carthage from t h e battle at H i m e r a t o A g a t h o c l e s ' invasion, 480-308 B.C. 361 by G. C H . PI C A R D , Honorary Professor, Universite de Paris — Sorbonne 1 Sources and approaches n The rule of the Magonids in The dismantling of kingship yb

361 365 371

South Italy in t h e fourth century B.C.

381

by N I C H O L A S P U R C E L L , Fellow and Tutor of St John's College, and

Lecturer in Ancient History in the University of Oxford