The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918 : A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary

Citation preview

943.6

T23h 1345044 Taylor The Habsburg Monarchy

o-

.5

o

kansas city

Books

||||

will

public library

be issued only

on presentation of

lease report

lost cards

library

card.

and

change of residence promptly Card holders are responsible for all

books, records, films. Diet

1148006724611

THE HABSBURG MONARCHY 1809-1918

By

the

same Author

ITALIAN PROBLEM IN EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY 1847-9 (Manchester University Press)

GERMANY'S FIRST BID FOR COLONIES 1884-5 (Macmillan)

THE COURSE OF GERMAN HISTORY (Hamisk Hamilton)

EMPEROR FRANCIS AND EMPRESS CAROLINA AUGUSTA Lithograph by Joseph Kriehuber, after Johann Ender

THE HABSBURG MONARCHY I809-I9I8

A HISTORY OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

BY A. J. P.

TAYLOR

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford

NEW EDITION

HAMISH HAMILTON LONDON

Fifft published in this Edition

1948

TO L, THIS

;B.

RENEWED TOKEN OF GRATITUDE AFFECTION AND ESTEEM

PRINTED

Tjl fS&E^T

.BRITAIN

BY WESTERN PRINTING SERVICES

LTD., BRISTOL

CONTENTS page 7

Preface

CHAPTER I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. VI.

The Dynasty The Peoples Old Absolutism

9 22 :

the,.

Austria of Mettemich,

1809-35

33

Pre-March

47

Radical Outbreak: the Revolutions of 1848

57

Liberal Episode: the Constituent Assembly, July, 71

i848-March, 1849 VII.

New

Absolutism: the System of Schwarzenberg

and Bach, 1849-59, VIII.

83

and CentralStruggle between Federalism ism: QotoberiDiplomaand'EebEuaiiy, Patent,

The

1860-61 IX..

95

Constitutional Absolutism: the System of'

Schmerling, 1861-65

X. XI. XII.

The End

of

Old

123

Austrias, ,1865-66.,.

The Making of Dualism,

i

BGGrjty

u

H3P

Liberal Failure: German. iAsceadaHcy. in* Austria, 1867-79

XIII.

Habsburg Recovery: the Era of T^affe^

15

1879-93

XIV.

The Years of Confusion: from

Taaffe to 169

Badeni, 1893-97

XV.

,-.

and Hungary after 1 867 Koloman Tisza 'the Magyar Gentry :

l %5

CONTENTS

16

CHAPTER

XVI

page

Democratic Pretence: the Indian

Summer

of

the Habsburg Monarchy, 1897-1908 *-

XVIL

XVIII.

196

Solution by Violence, 1908-14

Violence Rewarded: the

214

End of the 233

Habsburgs, 1914-18 Epilogue:

Appendix:

The

Peoples without the Dynasty

252

The

Political and Ethnographical Structure of the Habsburg Monarchy

262

Bibliography

270

Index

273

MAPS The

Political Structure

of the Habsburg

Monarchy

The

front endpaper

National Structure of the Habsburg back endpaper

Monarchy

ILLUSTRATIONS Emperor Frkmcis and Empress Carolina Augusta frontispiece

Metternich (1815}

face page 34

Kossuth (1842)

52

Field-Marshal Radetzky (1857)

?2

Alexander Bach (1840)

86

Anton

Ritter

von Schmerling

104

Franz Dedk (1867)

130

Francis Joseph (i8 92)

196

!

PREFACE book

an

entirely rewritten version of an earlie^ woirfc which I published in 1941. It is about half as long again as its predecessor. Apart fi;om~general addi tions, it treats Austrian foreign policy with greato* detail ami is

with the same THIS

title,

relevance* Tfc g jH^bgbiyg -was its

fate

th.e.

was

gj.ii

tf

Monarchy, more

tfraiy>

TTOfi

f

ftl^TT^med.^t&^m^fih fry foreig tf it^ pgj^te TJBLJ?^^

beh^yKm

trci:;

and the t

which it hadiiSeETEe^ped to bring abou& Mjr attempt jr, to~wR!e ffie history of the Habsburg Monarchy ^vWiout dis cussing Habsburg foreign policy made much of the original book puzzling; and I hope I have now remedied this defect. The other principal change is in treatment* Despite efforts to face reality, the earlier book was still dominated by the "liberal illusion"; many passages talked of "lost opportune ties'* and suggested that the Habsburg Monarchy might have survived if only this or that statesman or people had been mord sensible. It was difficult to escape from this approach after read^ ing the works of innumerable contemporary writers of good

who either wrote before the fall of the Monarch^ or stffl could not believe that it had vanished. Xhese regrets are no part of the duty of a historian, especially when the story which he tells makes it clear, time after time, that there were no will,

opportunities to be lost. The conflict between a super-national dynastic state and the national principle had to be fought to the finish; and so, too, had the conflict between the master and subject nations. Inevitably, any concession came too late and was too little; and equally inevitably every concession pro duced more violent discontent. The national principle, once earlier launched, had to work itself out to its conclusion. version had also perhaps a "^atiOT^iUusio|i^ that the nationaJLjpo^ wg%4^Mb*~ suggest

My

.

PREFACE

8

movements of "jhop^opl^" I^have tried .V-^s-" ..* her? ^-tg wEsrr^^.-^*.^ ^^^ ,

century^ -ri-aa*--

where

it

i^^^

'

existeofwas^very different from the nationalism of the

foun(j an adequate short title for the Empire with which the book deals. The* "Austrian Empire" existed in fiill form only from iS^^ntiF^^^IlE^^^SF'lf Became iB^afyr*"^^ noiPHuiigarian half of the Empire however I have continued the slip ^ shod contemporary practice of calling it "Austria" or some times "constitutional Austria/ in order to suggest its official description as "the lands and kingdoms represented in the Reidisrat;" In my earlier book, I translated Reichsrat into Imperial Council^ this, though technically correct, gave a derogatory character to an assembly which was at least as much a parliament as the Reichstag; and I have put it back into German. On the other hand, I have broken with the absurd practice of clinging to the German or Italian names of places without a single German or Italian inhabitant; in this book I have restored Zagreb to the Croats and Sadova to the Czechs. Apart from Vienna, an international form, I liave broken this rule only with Prague' and Trieste; I do not by this imply that Prague is German or Trieste Italian. The Epilogue does not attempt to summarise the history of the fast 'thirty years; merely to suggest thkt Habsburg themes continued even after the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy. I first developed its ai^ument in an article on "National Inde M in the Political Quarterly. pendence and the 'Austrian Idea I amgratdfal to Mr. A. F. Thompson, of Wadham College, for reading my manuscript, and to my colleague, Mi. C. E. Stevens, for reading my proofs. A. J. P. TAYLOR HolyweU Ford, Oxford November i6) i

5

*

5

'

THE HABSBURG MONARCHY I8O9-I9I8

CHAPTER ONE

THE DYNASTY 1 Empire of the Habsburgs which was dissolved in rgr8 had a unique character, out of time and out of place. Metternich, a European from the Ijltiineland, felt that ti^e to Europe. "Asia/ he said* IJab$jDurg Empire did ijtot bplong "- the road out of Vienna to the east. at Landstrasse the "begins waSuCor^sciou&^that he belonged to the, .wrong

THE

5

^

.

He

told Tfieodore Roosevelt: "You see in me the last centjiry. of the old school.^ |Thp collection of territories ruled rpowxch oyei;

tion.

by the House of Habsburg never found a settled descrip Their broad lines were determined in 1526, wiiei Eetdir

ngndj possessing already a variety of titles as ruler of* the ISoglpf ^Alpine-Germanic lands, became J^^otJ^^ ; yet for almost three hundred years they had no name. They were "the lands of the House of Habs 55 burg" or "the lands of the [Holy Roman] Eniperor. Between 5, when the Imperial title passed out ,of Habsburg

W&

~

^hgp^could

i

only




at,

186

Breisgau, 9 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of, 244, 245, 249

Brno, 24, 60 Brack, Minister of Commerce, 77, 86; Minister of 88; of, resignation Finance, 97; death, 97; and "empire of seventy millions," 86, 91, 96, 102, 104, 106, 107, 113, 1 60, 205, 239, 258

119,

128,

155,

Buchlov, agreement of (1908), 218 24, 5i> 855 102, 105, no, 117, 119, 122, 130, 136, 138, 141, 1 151, 86, 204, 242, 264; revolution of 1848 in, 58, 59, 75 Bukovina, the, 10, 101, 158, 172, 200,

Budapest,

263; national balance in, 267 German Chancellor, 199 Buol, Foreign Minister, 91-3, 95, 228 Burian, 235 Billow,

Caporetto, battle of, 241,

German

247

Chancellor, 166, 167,

180 Carinthia, in 1848, 68, 262; national conflict in, 79, 174, 201, 202, 245; national balance in, 266

Carniola, 68, 106, 134 n, 172, 201, 238, 262, 263; national balance in, 266

Cavour, 92, 93, 254 Celje,

grammar

school at, 171, 172, 197

Charles, Archduke, 47 ^Charles, Emperor of Austria, accession of, 241 efforts at conciliation of, 242, 244, 250; fall of, 251, 252 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, n, ;

;

20 Charles VI, Holy 16,

63; 87; 68,

97

Corfu, pact

Hungarian Diet

Brauner, 60

Caprivi,

Constitution, of April 25, 1848, 62, of Krom&Hz, 80; of Stadion, 81, of 1867, 138, 172 Constitutional Assembly (1848), 62, 70-2, 74-6; at Kromefiz, 78-81,

Roman Emperor,

Kossuth, 64, 83; and Bach, 85; and Schmerling, 117; and Hungary, no, 132, 146; and compromise, 132, 137; Francis Joseph on, 167; after 1867, 186, 188-91, 194, 223; in first Ger

man war, 243; and Germany, 260 Croats, historic claims of, 25, 29; in 1848, 65, 66, 68, 75; and Schmerling, 117; and Beust, 133; and South Slav movement, 189-91, 209, an, 223-4; and Francis Ferdinand, 197, 226; and Hungarian crisis of 1906, 208; and first German war, 232; Yugoslavia, 249, 253-5, 260 Custoza, battle of (1848), 72, (1866), 127

and 93;

Czechoslovak idea, 69, 187, 191, 209, 240-

Czechoslovakia, recognition of, 246-8; independence of, 249; between the wars, 253, 254, 25p; and Germany, 257, 259; after second German war,

260 Czechs, 24-6, 29, 31, 43, 88; and dynasty, 65, 66-70; and Constitu tional Assembly, 71;

and Hungary,

and KromSfiz,

78; and Schmerlingj 115, 116, 128, 139; and TaafFe, 142-4, 156-8, 160; and Badeni, 162, 197; and Czechoslovak idea, 191, 197;

75;

and first German war, 238, 243; between the wars, 253-6; after second German war, 259, 260 Czernin, Foreign Minister, 232, 241,

244

Cholm, 244, 245 176,. 179,

Croatia, social composition of, 26-8; national balance in, 269; in preMarch, 53; in 1848, 60, 65; and

15,

29

Christian Socialist party, 196, 212, 213, 250

of, 247 Cracow, 24, 262

183,

Dalmatia, 262, 263; Italian claims to, 107, 202, 237; German proposals to cede to Italy, 162, 198, 234 South Slav movement in, 190, 191, 209, 243; national balance in, 266 J"

Clam-Martinici 98, 103, 116 Clemenceau, 112, 242 Danube, 9, 36,^37, 51, 85, 91, 159, 263 Cluj, Transylvanian diet at, 66 >Dek, Francis, in 1848, 63, 74; in 1849, Committee of Public Safety (1848), 62, * 85; in 1861, 1 10-12; and subject 68 nations, 117; in 1865, 121-3; and Concordat (1855), 89, 138 Dualism, 124-6, 130, 133, 146, 148, Conference of Ministers, 38, 48 193 Conrad von Hotzendorff, 214, 218, 220, Debreczen, Hungarian parliament at,

228,234 Constantinople, 36, 37, 84, 85, 128, 152,

2l6

>

2 37

84,109 Delegations, proposed, 124, method of election to, 135

125;

INDEX Disraeli, 151, 166, 178

Dobrovsk^-, 50 Dresden, conference at (1851), 86, 91, 1

60

Easter programme (1915), 198, 234 Eisenmann, Louis, 73, 85; 96, 224 England, 35, 42, 106, 138, 160; in 1848, 62; and Wessenberg, 71, 72, 77; and Crimean war, 91, 92; and

Poland, 119; co-operation of, with Austria-Hungary, 128, 151, 155, 159, 1

66,

1

80;

and Moroccan

and Bosnian

crisis,

217;

crisis, in first

210;

Ger

man

war, 237, 239, 241, 246; after second German war, 259 Ennersdorf programme, 157 Esterhazy, Maurice, in, 120, 126

February Patent, 104-7, 109, 120,

122,

'

275

Bohemian compromise, 145, 148; and Andrassy, 152, 154, 155; and Taaffe, 167; and coalition ministry, 169, 179; and Badeni, 182; and Koerber, 198; and Koloman Tisza, 192; and conflict with Hungary, 196, and universal 206-8, 210, 21 1 suffrage, ip, 146, 165, 212, 213; and Bosnian crisis, 218; and first German ;

war, 231; political outlook

40,

184, 225; death of, 240, 241 Frankfurt, German National Assembly at (1848), 63, 67, 70, 75, 79, 83, 88, 104, 128, 130, 143; meeting of Ger man princes at (1863), 113, 118, 121 167 French revolution of 1789, 18, 19, 42, 100, 105, no; of 1830, 37, 45 Friedjung, 161, 205; case, 219, 220,

224

124, 132, 138, 172

of,

77, 78, 120, 121, 129, 167, 175, 176,

n.

Froebel, 113

Fejervary, 207-9

Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria, accesof, 46, 47; coronations of, 49; abdication of, 76, 196 Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor, 9,

cession

Galicia, 10, 43, 91, 134 n> *93> 263; revolt of, in 1846, 40, 54, 55, 77,

261; and Kossuth, 64; Polish supre

ii

Ficquelmont, 62 Forgacs, 220, 231 France, 12, 14, 16,

macy

18, 19, 42, 102, 112, 138, 1 60, 163; and Metternich, 34-6, in 1848, 72, 86; and Crimean 54; war, 91, 92; attempts at alliance with, 119, 128, 144, 220, 259; and Eastern Question, 151, 180, 181;

205, 210; and Bosnian 215, 217; and first German war, 237, 239, 241, 246 Francis I, Emperor of Austria (until 1806 Francis II, Holy Roman peror), 9, 48, 49, 78; accession of,

and Morocco, crisis,

Em

20;

Oaj, 43, 53, 65, 189

and Napoleon,

21, 33; political

outlook of, 21, 22, 38, 39; and Hun gary, 43-5; and Kolovrat, 45; death of, 46, 47 Francis Charles, Archduke, 47, 61 Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, reform ing plans of, 196, 197, 225, 241, 243, and 2-55; ancl Hungary, 208, 242; Bosnian crisis, 214, 218; and Tran 1 sylvania, 230; assassination of, 23 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, on himself, 9; on Croatia, 167; on Prague, 167; accession of, 75; and Kiibeck, 87, 88; and Crimean war, 91; and Austro-French war, 93, 94;

and October Diploma, 96-104; and February Patent, 107, 108; and

Austro-Prussian war, 118-121, 127; and Hungary, in, 122, 123; and Dualism, 126, 130, 133-7* *4*; and

in, 22, 24, 99, 107, 149, 150, 157, 162, 170, 198, 203, 214, 236, 247, 249; Little Russian claims in, 75, 165, 203, 221, 243, 252 n; campaign of 1914 in, 92, 233, 234

Gentz, 36, 39, 41, 42, 229 German Austrians, 16, 23-6, 31, 32, 69; and Czechs, 70; and Constituent Assembly, 71, 78-9; and Bach, 86,

and 89; and October Diploma, 102; February Patent, 106; and Schmerling, 112-14, 12 1 ; and Dualism, 139; and Bohemia, 143, 145-9; and occupa

tion of Bosnia, 151, 154; and Taaffe, 158, 160-3; and coalition ministry,

170;

and Badeni, 182; Whitsuntide

programme of, 197; and Koerber, and 199; and Bohemian Diet, 221; first German war, 232, 235, 242; establishment of state by, 250, 251;

and

Hitler, 258

German

Confederation, 25, 26, 34, 64,

86,95,113,118 Germans in Hungary, 44, 52, 66, no, 222,227 Germany, 138, 150; and eastern crisis of 1875-8, 151-4; and German Austrians, 160, 161, 163; and Balkans 166, 167, 180; and Morocco, 204, 205, 210; and Bosnian crisis, 217; and Balkan wars, 229, 230; and first

German

war, 231, 233, 236, 241, and 244; between the wars, 256, 257;

second

German war,

257, 259, 260

THE HABSBURG MONARCHY and

Giskra, 70

252,

Gladstone, 166, 178 Goluchowski, Minister of State, 99, 103, 123, 150 Goluchowski, Foreign Minister, 181,

Ryeka, 269 Jellac-id, 65,

214 202;

national

balance

Hitler,

258;

and

74-6, 85, 188, 208

Jews in Hungary, 187, 193, 1207, 222 John, Archduke, 47, 48, 71 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 17;

,

Gorica,

253;

in,

266

agrarian reforms of, 20; system of policy, 38, 41, 43-6, 54, 66, 88, 98, 101, 174, 208,

Guizot, 55, 220, 259 Gyulai, 93

18; death, 19 23, 27, 31, 72, 77-9, 81, 215, 226, 261

17,

Hartig, 38

Kallay, Minister of Finance, 153 Kalnoky, Foreign Minister, 135, 159, 193, 217; and Bismarck, 160; and Taaffe, 166, 167; fall of, 180, 181 Karlovci, Serb national meeting at, 59,

Hitler, 143, 254, 257-60 Hohenlohe, German Chancellor, 180 Hohenwart, and Bohemian compromise of 1871, 145-8; and fall of Taaffe,

165

Hungary, u; under Turkish rule, 12; reconquered, 14; and Pragmatic Sanction, 15 j and Maria Theresa, 15, 1 6; and Joseph II, 17, 19; and Leopold II, 20; and Francis I, 21; social structure, 26, 27, 29; and Metternich, 43-6; in pre-March,

65 Karolyi, Alexander, 14 Kdrolyi, Michael, 22, 193; and party of Independence, 194; before first German war, 223, 2268; during first German war, 243; President of Hun gary, 250, 251 Koerber, Austrian Prime Minister, 199, 241 Kolovrat, 23, 87; and Francis I, 45, 46; in pre-March, 48, 49; Prime Minis ter, 62 Korosec, 238 Kossuth, Francis, 194, 211

51-4; revolution of 1848 in, 59, 60, 63, 64, 71-3; civil war in, 74-6, 80; reconquered, 83-5; and FrancoAustrian war, 94; and October

Diploma, 101; and February Patent, 109; and Schmerling, 114, 115; and Dualism, 121, 13 3-6; and compro mise -with. Croatia, 137; position of

gentry

191-3, 222; policy of magnates of, 193-5; consti tutional conflict of 1906 in, 205-11; in,

185-7,

57,

and Stephen Tisza, 222, 223, 230, 231; and Michael Karolyi, 227, 247; and first German war, 232, 235; and Emperor Charles, 242, 244; after first German war, 253, 256; and second German Hitler, 257; war, 260; national balance in,^6g Hungarian Diet, 27, 44; of 1825, 44 J of 1830, 45; of 1844, 52, 54J in February Patent, 104; of 1861, rio12; of 1866, 124 after

Illyria, 33, 43 Independence, party of (Hungarian), I

94

Innsbruck, 24, 50, 105, 164; court at in 1848, 62, 65, 66, 68 Istria, 202, 209, 247; national balance in,

266

Italy, 9, 20, 22,

24; and Metternich,

and Wessenberg, 71, 76; Austro-Prussian war, 126-8;

34i 35> 55;

and and 1

80;

Beust, 144;

Conrad's

and Kalnoky, 159, advocacy of war

against, 220; in first German war, 234 237* 241, 247; gains by, in 1919,

Lewis, in pre-March, 51-4, 59, 61, 74; Minister of Finance, 63; and Ger many, 64; and October revolution, 75; war leader, 83-5; Governor, 84; exiled, 85; in Franco-Austrian war, no; 94; contrasted with Dek,

sJECossuth,

*

and revolution of 1848,

Andrdssy and, 125; proposals

of, for

Danubian confederation, 211; death of, 194; influence of, 109, no, 116, 117, 191, 192, 207, 222, 223, 226, 237, 249, 250

Kramaf, 239 Kudlich, 72-4, 76, 174 Kiibeck, 87-9, 91

Lammasch, Austrian Prime Minister, 241, 248, 251 Lasser, 80, 97

League of Three Emperors,

151,

159,

215 Leopold

II, Holy Roman Emperor, 20,50 Lewis, Archduke, 46-9 Linz, 12, 24; programme, 161-3, 1 9&> 234

Liptovsk^ Sv. MikulaS, Slovak national

meeting at, 59 222 Ljubljana, 50

List, 52,

,

INDEX

277

Nationalities, Hungarian Law of

Lloyd George, 176, 240 Lombardy-Venetia, 35,

39, 55; revolu tion of 1848 in, 6 1, 64; reconquered, 72, .81, 89; 92, 94, 262 London, treaty of (1915), 237 Lueger, 176, 212, 258

(

1

868) ,

136, 137, 186

Netherlands, 9, n, 12 Nicholas I, Tsar, 36, 37, 55, 90 Nicholas II, Tsar, 92 Novara, battle of, 83

Lvov, 24, 178

October Diploma (1860),

Magenta, battle of, 36, 93 Magyars, position of, in Hungary,

character

26,

3 r > 3 2 > 55> 57) 58; contrasted with Czechs, 66, 69; and Bismarck, 128; and Turks, 151; and Marx, 177; monopoly of Hungary by, 186, 196, 204; in 1918, 249, 250 March laws (1848), 59, 63, 72, 74, 81, 98, 102, 103, 136, 138 15-18, 22, 23, 38, 66, 79, 98, 101, 138, 147 Maribor, 171

Maria Theresa,

Marx, Karl, 177 Friedjung case, 219; and Habsburg Monarchy, 226-8; during first Ger man war, 238, 239; in United States, 246, 247; President of Czechoslovakia 250. 253-5 Maximilian, Archduke, 92, 95 Mayer, Kajetan, 80 Mensdorff, 120, 126 Metternich, Imperial Chancellor,

I,

7;

Holy 9, 20;

9;

Roman Empire and

Illyria, 33;

and Italy, 35, 39; wars against, 34, 36, 38, 48, 84 n, 90, 233; system of rule in France, 17, 19, 41,81 Napoleon

III,

87,

109,

112;

1

20

Palacty, 50; invited to Frankfurt, 67; and Slav Congress, 68; and national division, 79, 115, 147;

and "inven

tion" of Habsburg Monarchy, 238, ,

253

Paris, 59; congress of, Pasid, 247

92

Peter, King of Serbia, 209

62 236

Pillersdorf,

Pilsudski,

147 Poland, in 1830, 37; and Hungary, 84, 95; revolt of 1863 in, 119; projects

February Patent, 106, 115, 134 n\ and Bohemian compromise, 146; compromise of 1905 in, 200, 205; national balance in, 267

abolished by,

(1850),

Plener, Ignaz, Minister of Finance, 97,

foreign policy of, 33-7, 54-6, 151, 181, 215, 217, 220, 228, 241, 259; projects of reform of, 39-41, 48, 49, 87; and provinces, 42-3; and Hungary, 44-6, 51-4, 223; and Ferdinand, 47; fall of, 56, 6 1, 71, 1 66, 169; contrasted with Schwarzenberg, 77, 90; contrasted with Bismarck, 127; his system, 81, 89* 9*-3 s 95, 101, 102, 138, 158, 199, 204, 239, 256, 258, 261 Milan, 58, 94 Mnichovo HradiSte, agreement of (1833), 37, 46, 54 Mozart, 12 Moravia, in 1848, 60, 66, 67, 72; and

Napoleon

ment of

250

Masaryk, Thomas Garrigue, 193; and

issued, 100;

100-2; failure of, 103, 104; 109, 113, 116-18, 172, 182, 197, 205, 226, 241 Old Conservatives, 81, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109-11, 117, 118, 120, 131, 221 Olomouc, court at in 1848, 76; agree of,

and

Eastern Question, 90; and Italy, 935, 102, 122; and Austro-Prussian war, 119, 126, 127; attempts at alliance with, 55, 77, 144, 220, 259

German war, 235, 236; 249, 253 Poles, 22, 24, 25, 31, 43; and Galician revolt, 54, 55; at Slav Congress, 68, 69; co-operation of, with Habsburg Monarchy, 91, 99, 128, 147, 149; and TaafFe, 156, 165, 167; and coali tion ministry, 170; and Marx, 177; and Little Russians, 188, 198, 203, 212; and first German war, 232, 235, 238, 243; and Cholm, 245; and republic of Poland, 249, 252, 253 for, in first

republic

of,

Posnania, 69, 249 Pragmatic Sanction, 15, 29, 59, 63 Prague, 8; occupied by French, 15; population of, 24, 29, 50, 264; revolution of 1848 ii}, 58-60, 66;

Whitsuntide

riots in, 69, 78, 105, 106, 167, 187, 202; riots in (1898), (1918), 248; 198; revolution in University of, 157, 256, 189; peace of (1866), 127, 130 Prussia, 33, 42; agrarian reforms in, 17, 18; and Metternich, 34, 37, 55, 101;

and and 86; Schwarzenberg, Crimean war, -92; conflict with, 35, 95, 99> 102, 113, 119, 126, 127; and 144; contrasted with Serbia, 254; and Hitler, 258, 260

Beust,

Radetzky, 36, 62, 63, 72, 76, 77, 83,

THE HABSBURG kONARCHY

278

165, 174, 229, 241, 251; death of, 93 Radi