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This volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers most of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe, a time of remarkable political and cultural coherence, combined with crucial, very diverse and formative developments in every sphere of life. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the authors consider developments in Europe as a whole, from Ireland to the Bosphorus and Iceland to Gibraltar. The chapters offer an examination of the interaction between rulers and ruled, of how power and authority actually worked, and of the impact of these on the society and culture of Europe as a whole. The volume is divided into four parts. Part i encompasses the events and political developments in the whole of the British Isles, the West and East Frankish kingdoms, Scandinavia, the Slavic and Balkan regions, Spain and Italy, and those aspects of Byzantine and Muslim history which impinged on the west between c. 700 and c. 900. Parts n, in and iv cover common themes and topics within the general categories of government and institutions, the church and society, and cultural and intellectual development.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
The New Cambridge Medieval History
EDITORIAL BOARD
David Abulafia Rosamond McKitterick Martin Brett Edward Powell Simon Keynes Jonathan Shepard Peter Linehan Peter Spufford V o l u m e i i c. -joo—c. 900
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
The throne of Charles the Bald (Cathedra Petri), Vatican, Basilica of St Peter
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY Volume II c./oo—c.poo EDITED BY
ROSAMOND McKITTERICK Reader in Early Medieval European History in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Nevnbam College
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE U N IVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521362894 © Cambridge University Press 1995 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1995 Fifth printing 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue recordfor this book is availablefromthe British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data ISBN-13 978-0-521-36292-4 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-36292-X hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of maps List of tables List ofplates List of contributors Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations
page x xi xii xiv xvii xx xxi
PART I POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
1
Introduction: sources and interpretation
3
ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK
2
The British Isles (a) England, 700—900
18
SIMON KEYNES
(b) Ireland, Scotland and Wales, c. 700 to the early eleventh century
43
DONNCHADH 6 CORRAIN
(c) England and the Continent
64
ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK
3
Frankish Gaul to 814
85
PAUL FOURACRE
4
The Frankish kingdoms, 814—898: the West
110
JANET L. NELSON
5
The Frankish kingdoms, 817-911: the East and Middle kingdoms JOHANNES FRIED
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142
viii 6
Contents Fines imperil: the marches
169
JULIA M.H. SMITH
7
The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911
190
SIMON COUPLAND
8
Scandinavia, c. 700-1066
202
NIELS LUND
9
Slavs and Bulgars
228
JONATHAN SHEPARD
10
The Muslims in Europe
249
HUGH KENNEDY
11
Spain: the northern kingdoms and the Basques, 711—910
272
ROGER COLLINS
11
Lombard and Carolingian Italy
290
PAOLO DELOGU
13
Byzantine Italy, c. 680-e. 876 T.S.
14
320
BROWN
Byzantium and the west, 700-900
349
MICHAEL MCCORMICK
PART II
15
GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS
Kingship and royal government
383
JANET L. NELSON
16
The aristocracy
431
STUART AIRLIE
17
Social and military institutions
451
HANS-WERNER GOETZ
18
Economic organisation
481
ADRIAAN VERHULST
19
Rural society in Carolingian Europe
; 10
CHRIS WICKHAM
20
Money and coinage MARK BLACKBURN
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53
Contents
ix
PART I I I C H U R C H AND S O C I E T Y
21
The papacy in the eighth and ninth centuries
563
THOMAS F.X. NOBLE
22
The organisation, law and liturgy of the western church,
587
700—900 ROGER E. REYNOLDS
23
Carolingian monasticism: the power of prayer
622
MAYKE DE JONG
24
Religion and lay society
654
JULIA M.H. SMITH
PART IV CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS
25
Eighth-century foundations
681
ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK
26
Language and communication in Carolingian Europe
695
MICHEL BANNIARD
27
28
The Carolingian renaissance: education and literary culture JOHN J. CONTRENI
709
Theology and the organisation of thought
758
DAVID GANZ
29
Book production in the Carolingian empire and the spread of Caroline minuscule
786
DAVID GANZ
30
Art and architecture
809
LAWRENCE NEES
Conclusion
845
ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK
Appendix: genealogical tables List ofprimary sources Bibliography of secondary works arranged by chapter Index of Manuscripts General index
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849 867 886 1040 1042
MAPS
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Anglo-Saxon England, 700—900 page 22 Ireland, Wales and Scotland, joo—c. 1000 44 The missionary areas on the Continent in the eighth century: 74 Boniface, Chrodegang, Pirmin, Willibrord and their followers Charlemagne's Europe and Byzantium, 814 80 The Frankish kingdoms, 714—40 95 The Frankish kingdoms, 751-68 100 Divisio regnorum, 806 113 Ordinatio imperil, 817 114 Partition of 843 (Treaty of Verdun) 122 Partition of 870 (Treaty of Meersen) 123 Partition of 880 124 T h e East Frankish kingdom in the ninth century 15 2 T h e Vikings in Francia, 789—895 191 Scandinavia, 700—1050 203 Sweden, distribution of prehistoric burial sites 204 T h e Balkans, 700—900 230 T h e Iberian peninsula, 700—900 273 Italy, 700—900 295 T h e ecclesiastical provinces of western E u r o p e , 700—900 590 Carolingian schools, scriptoria and literary centres 722
FIGURE
1
Fineness of Italian gold coinages
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541
TABLES
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12
Anglo-Saxon rulers, c. joo—c. 900. 1 Northumbria; page 849 11 Bernicia; i n T h e Scandinavian k i n g d o m of York; iv South Saxons; v East Angles; v i Hwicce; VII East Saxons; VIII Kent; ix Mercia; x Wessex T h e last Merovingians 856 T h e Arnulfings 856 Pippin III and Charlemagne 857 T h e descendants of Louis the Pious a n d J u d i t h 858 T h e descendants of Louis the Pious a n d Irmengard 859 Scandinavian rulers 860 Rulers in the Balkans, c. 700—c. 900. 1 Bulgars; n Croats; 861 i n Serbs Rulers of Spain, c. 700-c. 900. 1 Visigoths; 11 Arab governors 862 and amirs of Cordoba; i n Umayyad amirs of Cordoba 863 Rulers of the Christian k i n g d o m s of n o r t h e r n Spain, c. 700— c. 900. 1 Kings of the Asturias; n Kings of Leon; i n K i n g s of Pamplona; iv Counts of Barcelona 864 Rulers in Italy, c. 700-c. 900. 1 L o m b a r d s ; n Carolingians; i n Princes of Benevento Byzantine emperors, c. 700—
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