Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Wine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83724-4 1. Wine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on wine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WINE ......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Wine.............................................................................................. 9 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WINE ............................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding Nutrition Studies on Wine............................................................................................. 79 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 93 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WINE ....................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 101 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 123 General References ..................................................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON WINE ......................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Dissertations on Wine................................................................................................................ 139 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 141 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON WINE.................................................................................................... 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 Patents on Wine......................................................................................................................... 143 Patent Applications on Wine ..................................................................................................... 174 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 204 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON WINE ....................................................................................................... 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 205 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 207 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 210 Chapters on Wine....................................................................................................................... 212 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON WINE ............................................................................................ 215 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 215 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 215 Bibliography: Multimedia on Wine ........................................................................................... 216 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WINE ......................................................................... 217 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 217 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 217 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 221 Academic Periodicals covering Wine ......................................................................................... 222 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 223 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 223 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 223 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 224 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 227 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 227 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 227 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 229 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 231 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 233

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 233 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 233 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 235 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 237 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 237 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 237 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 237 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 237 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 243 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 244 WINE DICTIONARY .................................................................................................................... 245 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 317

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with wine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about wine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to wine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on wine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to wine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on wine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on wine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and wine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effect of Evening Alcohol Consumption on Next-Morning Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 24(11): 1888-1893. November 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Alcohol is associated with acute hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) in patients with type 1 diabetes. After drinking alcohol in the evening, delayed hypoglycemia has also been described, although its cause is unknown. This article reports on a controlled study to investigate this phenomenon. The authors admitted six men with type 1 diabetes (aged 19 to 51 years) on two occasions, from 5:00 P.M. to 12:00 noon the following day. The men received regular insulin injections before standardized

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meals, at 6:00 P.M. and 8:00 A.M., and a basal insulin infusion from 11:00 P.M. The men drank either dry white wine or mineral water at 9:00 P.M. over 90 minutes. Blood glucose, alcohol, insulin, cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon levels were measured. Blood ethanol reached a mean peak of 19.1 mmol per liter and was undetectable by 8:00 A.M. There were no significant differentces in evening or overnight blood glucose levels between the studies. In the morning, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly lower after consumption of wine and from 10:00 A.M., five subjects required treatment for hypoglycemia. None of the subjects had hypoglycemia after consumption of water. After consumption of wine, growth hormone secretion was significantly reduced between midnight and 4:00 A.M. There were no differences in insulin or other hormone levels. The authors conclude that in type 1 diabetes, moderate consumption of alcohol in the evening may predispose patients to hypoglycemia after breakfast the next morning. This is associated with reduced nocturnal growth hormone secretion. Patients should be informed of this risk and advised regarding appropriate preventative measures. 3 figures. 1 tables. 29 references. •

Beverage Use and Risk for Kidney Stones in Women Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 128(7): 534-540. April 1, 1998. Summary: An increase in fluid intake is routinely recommended for patients who have had kidney stones to decrease the likelihood of recurrence. However, data on the effect of particular beverages on stone formation in women are limited. This article reports on a study undertaken to examine the association between the intake of 17 beverages and risk for kidney stones in women. The prospective cohort study included 8 years of followup. The participants were 81,093 women in the Nurses Health Study who were 40 to 65 years of age in 1986 and had no history of kidney stones. Beverage use and diet were assessed in 1986 and 1990 with validated, self-administered food frequency questionnaire. The main outcome measure was incident symptomatic kidney stones. During 553,081 person-years of followup over the 8 year period, 719 cases of kidney stones were documented. After risk factors other than fluid intake were controlled for, the relative risk for stone formation for women in the highest quintile of total fluid intake compared with women in the lowest quintile was 0.62. Inclusion of consumption of specific beverages in the multivariate model significantly added to prediction of risk for kidney stones. In a model that adjusted simultaneously for the 17 beverages and other possible risk factors, risk for stone formation decreased by the following amount for each 8 ounce serving consumed daily: 10 percent for caffeinated coffee, 9 percent for decaffeinated coffee, 8 percent for tea, and 59 percent for wine. In contrast, a 44 percent increase in risk was seen for each 8 ounce serving of grapefruit juice consumed daily. The authors note that the observed protective effect of caffeinated coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages may be mediated through their effect on urinary concentration. Caffeine increases flow of a more dilute urine by interfering with the action of antidiuretic hormone on the distal nephron, thus decreasing risk for crystal formation. However, this beneficial effect may be partly offset by the increase in urinary calcium excretion caused by caffeine. The authors conclude that an increase in total fluid intake can reduce risk for kidney stones, and the choice of beverage may be meaningful. 3 tables. 32 references. (AA-M).

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10 Foods That Pack a Wallop Source: Time. 159(3): 76-81. January 21, 2002. Summary: Horowitz discusses 10 foods that help prevent or fight many chronic diseases. These foods are high in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and/or fiber. Many of

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the food chemicals that make foods good for us are the ones that are colorful, such as tomatoes, spinach, red wine, nuts, broccoli, oats, salmon (salmon contains omega-3 fatty acids, not phytochemicals, antioxidants, or fiber), garlic, green tea, and blueberries. Horowitz provides a summary of the research that shows the health benefits of the substances found in each of these foods. •

Let's Talk: Vinegars Source: Lifeline. 10(4): 7-8. Fall 1992. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc. CSA/USE, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131-0700. (402) 558-0600. Summary: In this article, the authors provide information about vinegars and their place in the diets of people with celiac disease. Topics covered include food labeling; types of vinegars, including cider vinegar, malt vinegars, rice and rice wine vinegars, wine vinegars, traditional balsamic vinegar, and modern balsamic vinegar; and vinegars available from certain manufacturers, including Heinz USA, Pet, Inc., Spectrum Marketing, and kosher vinegars. The authors conclude by reporting on a survey of 105 manufacturers and distributors; and present the results on the fifteen returned surveys. The authors reiterate that product information from manufacturers may or may not be accurate and that food products can vary from batch to batch.

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Dietary Patterns Predict the Development of Overweight in Women: The Framingham Nutrition Studies Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102(9):1240-1246. September 2002. Summary: In this longitudinal study, the authors investigated relationships between dietary patterns and development of overweight (defined as a body mass index [BMI] of 25 or greater) using a 145-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Study participants included 737 non-overweight women and 5 dietary patterns were identified among the cohort at baseline: heart healthy, light eating, wine and moderate eating, high fat, and empty calorie. Over 12 years, the risk of becoming overweight was 29 percent overall, ranging from 22 percent of women in the wine and moderate eating cluster to 41 percent of women in the empty calorie cluster. Women who ate an empty calorie diet that was rich in sweets and fats with fewer servings of nutrient- dense fruits, vegetables, and lean food choices were at higher risk for developing overweight than those on a heart healthy, low-fat diet.

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Prospective Study of Beverage Use and the Risk of Kidney Stones Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 143(3): 240-247. February 1, 1996. Summary: Patients with kidney stones are routinely advised to increase their fluid intake to decrease the risk of stone recurrence. However, there has been no detailed examination to determine whether the effect on recurrence varies by the type of beverages consumed. In this article, the authors report on their prospective study of the relation between the intake of 21 different beverages and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones in a cohort of 45, 289 men, 40 to 75 years of age, who had no history of kidney stones. During 6 years of followup, 753 incident cases of kidney stones were documented. After adjusting for other variables, consumption of specific beverages significantly added to the prediction of kidney stone risk. The risk of stone formation decreased by the following amount for each 240ml (8 oz) serving consumed daily: caffeinated coffee, 10 percent; decaffeinated coffee, 10 percent; tea, 14 percent; beer, 21

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percent; and wine, 39 percent. For each 240ml serving consumed daily, the risk of stone formation increased by 35 percent for apple juice and 37 percent for grapefruit juice. 3 tables. 30 references. (AA-M). •

How Italians Stay Slim Source: Prevention. 54(4): 60. April 2002. Summary: The authors discuss four differences between the eating habits of Italians living in Rome, Italy, and Italian-Americans living in Rome, New York. First, Italians eat only at meals. When they do snack, it is typically on fruit or nuts. The New York Italians eat corn chips, pretzels, and crackers, as well as fast food. Second, Italians eat salads consisting of dark, leafy greens that are served before dessert. In New York, salads consist mainly of nutrient-poor iceberg lettuce. Third, the principle source of fat in the Italian diet is olive oil, high in heart-healthy monounsaturated fat. Italian food in the United States is high in saturated fat from cheese, fatty meats, and Italian bread served with butter. Lastly, dessert in Italy is fresh fruit served plain or in a wine or balsamic vinegar marinade sweetened lightly with sugar. Dessert in New York is Italian cookies and pastries. A sidebar compares the health status of Italians with Italian-Americans, including rates of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

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Light to Moderate Alcohol Consumption: Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome Source: American Journal of Bariatric Medicine-The Bariatrician. 17(4):11-14. Winter 2002. Summary: The authors of this article examined the relationship between alcohol consumption, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Previous research by the authors found that improved insulin sensitivity was associated with alcohol consumption and greater weight loss among alcohol drinkers following laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) surgery. The article reviews the potential health benefits associated with light to moderate alcohol consumption with respect to reduced mortality and myocardial infarction. Alcohol also appears to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In addition, studies have shown a relationship between alcohol consumption and lower gains in waist-to- hip ratios and greater weight stability. For obese patients who consume alcohol, the authors recommend choosing smaller quantities of lower calorie alcoholic beverages, such as wine with meals, and avoiding binge drinking and drinking that may lead to uncontrolled eating. To reduce the risk of dependence, they recommend 1 or 2 alcohol-free days per week. The researchers conclude that light to moderate alcohol consumption should not be discouraged in the severely obese.

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Birth of the Modern Diet Source: Scientific American. 283(2):76-81. August 2000. Summary: This article describes the origins of modern Western cooking. Before 1650, the prevailing dietary wisdom was that the process of digesting foods was actually a form of cooking and that health was preserved by maintaining a proper equilibrium of bodily fluids by eating a suitably balanced diet. Doctors and chefs of the time believed that four fluids circulated in the body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Foods were assigned degrees of heat, coldness, wetness, and dryness. After 1650, physicians began to think that digestion involved fermentation rather than cooking. Fermentation turned grains and fruits into bread, beer, and wine, which the digestive system could ferment further. These changes in the understanding of the digestive process changed the way cooks prepared food. Chefs now welcomed oysters, anchovies, green vegetables,

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mushrooms, and fruits because they fermented so readily and thus did not need complicated preparation in the kitchen to be predigested. As cooks incorporated fresh produce into their dishes, horticultural and botanical gardens became popular. Sugar, which previously was freely added to many dishes, now fell out of favor and was served only in desserts. Alcoholic spirits were regarded as useful medicines. The Western cuisine born in the 17th century has long outlived the dietary theory that inspired it. •

Increasing Portion Sizes in American Diets: More Calories, More Obesity Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102(12):39-40. January 2003. Summary: This article discusses the results of two recent studies on food serving sizes. The first study, published in the 'American Journal of Public Health' by Young and Nestle, found that portion sizes of many foods have increased since the mid-1980s with a consequent increase in calories consumed. A study by Smiciklas-Wright (CHID record 4313) compared the results of the 1989 to 1991 and 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and found that respondents consumed larger portions of nearly one-third of the 107 foods examined within a 5-year period. The author, using data from the Smiciklas-Wright research and standard food composition tables, estimated that CSFII respondents increased the portion sizes of orange juice by 1 ounce (15 calories), fruit drinks by 2 ounces (30 calories), wine by 1.5 ounces (30 calories), and beer by eight ounces (96 calories). An increase of 25 calories from soft drinks alone comes to more than 9,000 calories per year, representing a 3-pound weight gain. The factors driving increasing portion sizes are discussed. The author concludes that if the obesity epidemic is to be reversed, increased portion sizes and extra calories must be considered.

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Back on the Menu Source: Cooking Light. 16(4):126-130, 132, 134. May 2002. Summary: This article explores foods that once were considered 'nutritional villains.' They include red meat, eggs, nuts, wine, shellfish, and butter. In reasonable amounts, these foods can fit into a healthful diet. A recipe featuring each food is provided with a nutritional analysis. A sidebar explains how to evaluate nutrition news and sort through conflicting reports on food and diet.

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Get Your Disease Fighters From Food Source: Health. p. 20. January/February 2001. Summary: This article recommends getting beta-carotene, an antioxidant, and flavonoids, a group of powerful antioxidants, from food rather than supplements. Research indicates that when beta-carotene is taken in pill form, the risk of cancer increases even though eating foods high in this antioxidant lowers cancer and heart disease risk. Now scientists are concerned that flavonoid supplements may also be risky. Martyn Smith, a toxicologist at the University of California at Berkeley, reviewed the research on flavonoids. He found evidence that in food sources such as vegetables, fruits, grains, and wine, the nutrients protect against heart disease and cancer. However, there were no studies demonstrating the safety or efficacy of supplements. Taking the amount suggested by some flavonoid supplement manufacturers could cause more harm than good, according to Smith. Until more is known, he advises sticking with flavonoid-rich foods such as onions and apples.

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Food Allergies Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(3): 10-13. April 2001. Contact: Available from CSPI. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. Fax (202) 265-4954. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This article reviews food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain proteins in food. Although more than 200 food ingredients can provoke an allergic reaction, the vast majority are caused by eight ingredients: nuts (like walnuts and almonds), peanuts (which are legumes), milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soybeans, and wheat. Typical symptoms are nausea, hives, skin rash, nasal congestion, and wheezing. For most people with food allergies, allergic reactions to food are a temporary discomfort, but for many the result is anaphylactic shock, a quick reaction in which their throats may swell enough to cut off breathing. The author reviews the typical pattern of a study of 32 fatal reactions; all but two reactions were triggered by peanuts or nuts. Most of the victims were teenagers or young adults who had asthma, and most knew that they suffered from food allergies; 27 ate the food away from home, and only three were carrying emergency self injectable epinephrine. Most reactions to food are caused not by allergies but by intolerances, which are less severe. The author reviews intolerances to lactose (milk sugar), sulfites, monosodium glutamate (MSG), red wine, chocolate, and food colors. The article concludes with a discussion of four reminders regarding food allergies: offending foods may show up where they are not expected; trace amounts can trigger a reaction; foods can be contaminated with allergens; and labels do not have to disclose allergens in flavors. Appended to the article is a list of websites and resource organizations for readers wishing to obtain additional information. 1 figure. 6 references.

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Detecting Hereditary Hemochromatosis Source: Nurse Practitioner. 25(7): 64, 69, 73-74, 76. July 2000. Contact: Available from Nurse Practitioner. Circulation Department, P.O. Box 5053, Brentwood, TN 37024-5053. (800) 490-6580. Fax (615) 377-0525. Summary: This article reviews the diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), the most commonly inherited autosomal recessive disorder. Hemochromatosis is a current or potential progression of abnormally high accumulations of iron in the liver. If left untreated, the condition can lead to chronic or irreversible hepatic (liver) fibrosis, cirrhosis (scarring), hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer), arthritis, and organ failure. Common signs and symptoms seen in the primary care setting include fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, palpitations, skin pigmentation (coloring) changes, and arthropathy, but any symptom associated with organ damage may be reported. Because prompt intervention can cease or reverse the debilitating effects of iron overload, prompt disease diagnosis and treatments are imperative. The author notes that often an HH diagnosis is delayed in asymptomatic patients or patients with vague complaints of fatigue and arthropathy. The goal is to identify patients prior to symptom onset and organ damage; recent gene typing studies have made this a possibility. Early manifestations of HH include vague symptoms of weakness, fatigue, weight loss, skin pigmentation changes, abdominal pain, loss of libido, and diabetes mellitus symptoms. Advanced physical signs include liver and spleen enlargement, skin pigmentation changes, spider angiomas, arthropathy, ascites, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, testicular atrophy, and jaundice. Because HH is an inherited disorder, the family history should be specific and complete. Routine assays are the most commonly used testing. A definitive diagnosis is made via liver biopsy. Patients with HH should be instructed to

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increase their dietary protein, as hemoglobin is 96 percent protein; folic acid of 1 mg daily will assist in hemoglobin formation. Vitamin or mineral supplements that contain iron should be avoided. And because alcohol is a hepatotoxin and wine contains iron, alcohol should be avoided. 1 figure. 31 references. •

Risk Factors for Dementia: the Paquid Experience Source: Alzheimer's Reports. 1(Supplement 1): S9-S11. November 1998. Summary: This journal article discusses Paquid (Personne Age QUID), a French study specifically designed to examine normal and pathological brain aging. The authors review the methodology, sample, data collection, and results of this study that analyzed known risk factors (age, gender, level of education). The following factors were found to be associated with a higher incidence of dementia: low level of education, living in an area with high levels of aluminum in the drinking water, being single, having a low weight or low height, and not having any leisure activities. The following factors were found to be associated with a lower risk of dementia: high level of education, living in an area with a high level of silica in the drinking water, being married, and having moderate wine consumption. The following factors showed no association: APOE4 allele, history of head trauma, history of dementia in relatives, diabetes, history of coronary heart disease, and consumption of NSAIDs. An interaction was found between wine and tobacco consumption. The authors state that methodological considerations may explain these findings. 3 references.

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End of Alzheimer's Disease? Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 577-586. 1999. Summary: This journal article explores the prospect for an end to Alzheimer's disease (AD). It introduces two themes derived from an understanding of AD as an extended degenerative process predominantly under genetic control but with possible environmental influences. One theme concerns the finite risk period for AD that appears to have an end in extreme old age. The second theme concerns the identification of preventive strategies which may eliminate or reduce the present morbidity of AD. In addressing these themes, the author first examines the genetics of AD, the incidence of AD in late old age, and environmental influences on the risk of AD. Then, he looks at five interventions which have shown promise for preventing AD, possibly through delay of onset: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy, anti-oxidant vitamins, histamine H2 blocking drugs, and red wine. The author concludes that the end of AD is not imminent, but it may be in sight. 7 figures, 1 table, 44 references.

Federally Funded Research on Wine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to wine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to wine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore wine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for wine: •

Project Title: ALCOHOL TAXES: PRICES, CONSUMPTION, TRAFFIC FATALITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Douglas J.; Agricultural Economics & Econ; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The central purpose of this study is to estimate the effects of alcohol taxes on consumption and traffic fatalities. Our approach improves on most previous work in three ways. First, we carefully examine the available data on taxes and beverage prices. We assess their reliability by comparing them to detailed Consumer Price Indices for beer, wine, and spirits, and by performing formal statistical tests. Second, we estimate separate relationships between taxes and prices, prices and consumption, and consumption and fatalities. Specifically, we estimate the extent to which alcohol taxes are passed forward to beverage prices, the extent to which consumers respond by decreasing consumption, and the effects of reduced consumption on fatalities. Third, we estimate the degree to which increases in the price of one beverage cause consumers to substitute other beverages, and thus, the effectiveness of tax increases in reducing total alcohol consumption. For example, increased spirits taxes may cause consumers to increase their consumption of beer or wine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ALTERATIONS IN AIRWAY SURFACE LIQUID IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Widdicombe, Jonathan H.; Professor; Physiology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The proposed SCOR will test two basic hypothesis to explain the CF-related modifications in airway surface liquid (ASL) that lead to colonization by Pseudomonas. The serous cell malfunction hypothesis proposes that serous cells in the submucosal glands of large airways and on the surface of small airways show reduced secretion of fluid and antibiotics in CF. The resulting decreased levels of serous cell antibiotics and increased mucin concentrations in ASL favor pathogen colonization. The high salt hypothesis proposes that human airway epithelium absorbs Na and Cl, that a substantial fraction of Cl absorption occurs by an transcellular route, and that block of this route by malfunction of CFTR promotes higher than normal NaCl content of ASL in CF. A less likely possibility is that elevated NaCl levels in CF ASL are caused by saltier than normal gland secretions resulting from failure of ductal salt absorption. High salt content of ASL may encourage Pseudomonas colonization by inhibiting the action of natural antibiotics. Project 1 (Widdicombe/Bastacky) will use low-temperature scanning

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electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of rapidly frozen tissues to determine how the regulation of ASL depth is altered in CF. Salt and mucin content of ASL and gland changes in depth, composition and viscosity of ASL in living tissues using novel fluorescence microscopy. Project 3 (Wine) will study the secretory mechanisms contributing to the ASL, and test specifically the serous cell malfunction hypothesis. Project 4 (Miller) will determine the routes and mechanisms by which Na and Cl are absorbed across airway surface epithelium. Nasal PD measurements will be used to verify in vitro findings. A Cell Culture Core (Finkbeiner) will provide intact human airways and cultures of human gland and surface epithelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ARE ALCOHOL TAX HIKES FULLY PASSED THROUGH TO PRICES? Principal Investigator & Institution: Kenkel, Donald S.; Interim Director and Associate Professor; National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The State of Alaska is about to: increase taxes on malt beverages from $0.35 per gallon to $1.07 per gallon; increase taxes on wine from $0.85 per gallon to $2.50 per gallon; and increase taxes on spirits from $5.60 per gallon to $12.50 per gallon. The net effect of the legislated changes is that a standard drink of beer, wine or spirits will be taxed at approximately 10 cents per standard drink. The proposed innovative research project will take advantage of this time-limited opportunity to study a very basic question: What is the impact of the tax hike on the prices of alcoholic beverages? The project's first specific aim is to describe comprehensively the impact of the Alaskan tax hike on alcoholic beverage prices. We will compare prices before and after the tax hike to determine the extent to which the tax increases prices on average and whether it changed the range of prices. The average and range of prices will be examined before and after the tax hike: (1) across beverage types (beer, wine, spirits); (2) across brands; and (3) across premise type (on-premise, off-premise). The project's second specific aim is to conduct a preliminary investigation of the extent to which the impact of the tax hike on prices varies due to different market conditions. Economic research on tax shifting suggests the hypothesis that taxes are passed through to prices at different rates depending upon market competitiveness. Econometric analysis of prices before and after the tax hike will be conducted to test two predictions: a) that the tax hike is fully passed through to consumer prices in competitive local retail markets, and b) that the tax hike is passed through to prices at a different rate in imperfectly competitive local retail markets. To complete the project's specific aims, the research team will collect primary data on alcoholic beverage prices in the State of Alaska. We propose to conduct a telephone survey of the census of on-premise and off-premise alcohol retail establishments in that State. The proposed survey will be identical to a survey currently in progress that will provide data on alcoholic beverage prices before the tax hike. Because so little is known about the impact of an alcohol tax hike on prices, these exploratory data and the preliminary analysis will be informative for policy and for future research in alcohol studies and economics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BREAST CANCER PREVENTION BY RED WINE PHYTOCHEMICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Eng, Elizabeth T.; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, Ca 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-2001

12

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Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR POLYPHENOLS

PROTECTION

BY

ETHANOL

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Parks, Dale A.; Professor; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and aging, results in a predisposition to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic lesion formation involves a complex interaction between mononuclear cells and vascular endothelium that leads to the characteristic stages of the human disease can be mimicked in a mouse apoE model of atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic and accumulating experimental evidence indicates that moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, in particular red wine, decreases the incidence of cardiovascular disease as well as the mortality associated with myocardial infarction. Preliminary data show that (1) polyphenols enhance post-ischemic myocardial function; (2) polyphenols interfere with monocyte adherence to mouse endothelial cells; (3) both alcohol and polyphenols increase the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) mRNA and protein in the vasculature; (4) cells transfected with the full length eNOS promoter respond to both alcohol and polyphenols by increased activity; (5) the bioavailability of.NO may also be increased by induction of superoxide dismutases (SOD); and (6) that the increased bioavailability of.NO may be responsible for the cardiovascular protection associated with moderate alcohol consumption. These data have led to the hypothesis that "alcohol and/or polyphenol induced increase in nitric oxide (.NO) bioavailability is a critical event in the attenuation of the vascular dysfunction and lesion formation in a mouse model of atherosclerosis". This hypothesis will be tested by completion of the following Specific Aims: (1) determining the role of ethanol and polyphenols in attenuating the altered vascular function and development of morphologic lesions in an apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model of atherogenesis; (2) defining the molecular mechanism(s) of the alcohol and polyphenol-induced increase in NO bioavailability and altered vascular function; and (3) identification of the regulatory region(s) in the promoter and 5' flanking region of the eNOS gene responsive to ethanol and polyphenols and characterization of the transcription factor(s) that mediate the ethanoland/or polyphenol- induced increased eNOS expression. Completion of these specific aims will provide insight into the mechanisms by which alcohol and polyphenols lead to increased.NO and role that these.NO-dependent mechanisms play in attenuation of vascular dysfunction and lesion formation associated with atherosclerosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE AND PLASMID PREPERATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Tabengwa, Edlue M.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that moderate alcohol and red wine consumption reduces the risk for coronary heart disease and the mortality associated with myocardial infarction. Our preliminary studies have demonstrated that the cardioprotective effects of alcoholic beverages result from both alcohol and nonalcoholic components (red wine polyphenols). However, the exact molecular

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mechanisms of how alcohol and polyphenols result in cardioprotection have not been fully elucidated. The overall programmatic theme of this Program Project Grant application is to further identify/define the molecular regulatory mechanisms that underlie this low ethanol- or polyphenol-induced cardioprotection. The overall goal of Tissue Culture and Plasmid Preparation Core Unit (Core B) is to better ensure high quality research, consistency, facilitate the optimal functioning and collaborative interaction between individual Program Project Grant research projects and investigators. Core B will provide Program Project investigators with cultured mammalian cell types and relevant plasmid DNA for their individual research projects in a highly cost effective, reproducible and efficient manner. These core unit support functions will alleviate Program Project Grant investigators of the logistic responsibilities, labor-intensive culture/maintenance of mammalian cell types and expansion and purification of the relevant plasmid DNA required by the each project. Core Unit B will routinely provide cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), human coronary endothelial cells and cultured mouse endothelial cells to Projects 1 ("Ethanol and Polyphenolic Induced Endothelial Fibrinolysis", Booyse, years 1-5), 2 ("Regulation of PAI-1 Gene Expression by Ethanol and Polyphenols", Grenett, years 1-5) and 3; ("Cardiovascular Protection by Ethanol and Polyphenols", Parks, years 1-5); human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) to project 3 (years 1-5) and adult mouse heart muscle cells to Project 4 ("Mitochondria and Cardioprotection by Ethanol and Polyphenols", Darley-Usmar, years 1-5). Core B will also routinely expand and purify relevant plasmid DNA to provide Program Project Grant projects (Projects 1 [years 1-5]; Project 2 [years 1-5]; Project 3 [years 1-5] and Project 4 [years 1-2]) for in-situ hybridizations (t-PA, u-PA, PAI-1, u-PAR, Ann-II, alphaenolase eNOS, iNOS, CuZnSOD, MnSOD); Real-Time PCR (PAs, PARs, PAL1, vitronectin, eNOS, iNOS, MnSOD, CuZnSOD); nuclear run-on assays (u-PAR, Ann II, alpha-enolase, e-NOS, iNOS, MnSOD, CuZnSOD); luciferase constructs for transient transfection assays (t-PA, u-PA, PAI-1); luciferase mutagenesis constructs (PAI-1) and expression vectors for transcription factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DAILY SELF-REPORTED DRINKING--LONGITUDINAL PATTERNS Principal Investigator & Institution: Perrine, M W.; Director and Senior Scientist; Addiction Research Institute 441 Water Tower Circle Colchester, Vt 05446 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The proposed research is an in-depth, longitudinal study of a nonclinical sample investigating: (1) dynamics of daily alcohol consumption patterns over a 2-year period, and the biopsychosocial correlates of those dynamics; (2) natural history of criteria-based alcohol problems; and (3) associated dimensions related to identification of biochemical markers and specific risk factors for alcohol abuse and dependence. Goals: (1) Identify and quantify stable patterns of drinking, and (2) identify specific factors associated with perturbations in those patterns. Results from these studies could have a significant impact from both public health and public safety perspectives by: (1) specifying the conditions for the stability and change in drinking and symptom patterns (including alcohol dependence) over time, (2) providing a detailed prospective record of daily drinking, and (3) affording the opportunity to assess accurately the specificity and sensitivity of biochemical state markers of alcohol consumption: Also, these results will add substantially to scientific knowledge concerning: (1) subclinical symptomatology; (2) influences of life stressors on psychosocial functioning and alcohol consumption, and how these three classes of variables are interrelated; and (3) consistency and change in

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patterns of alcohol use. Method: Actively drinking male and female subjects recruited through newspaper advertisements will report consumption and other relevant information daily for 2 years using an automated Interactive Voice Response telephone system. Equal thirds of the subjects will be: (1) symptom free, (2) exhibit 1 to 2 DSM-IV alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms, and (3) manifest 3 to 5 symptoms. Daily data will be gathered on: quantity of beer, wine, liquor, and cigarettes; ratings of intoxication and while driving, general mood, stress, and physical health; and location of drinking (or reasons for not drinking). Subjects will be evaluated quarterly for development of or reduction in alcoholic symptomatology. Blood assays will be obtained every quarter for the 2-year period of daily reporting to determine the reliability and validity of two promising, recently-identified state markers of alcohol abuse (hemoglobin- acetaldehyde adducts and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) relative to more traditional but nonspecific markers. Long-term objectives: Data obtained will be used to specify with greater reliability a number of highly relevant public health and public safety concerns. Since most Americans with alcohol problems are never treated, results of this study using subjects unselected for treatment-seeking should be especially meaningful for a broad spectrum of the drinking public. Data generated from this research should provide particularly useful insights into the evolution and fluctuations of symptomatology in a heavy drinking, nontreatment sample. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF RED & WHITE WINE ON CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 ACTIVITY IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Tsunoda, Shirley; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Our recent study found that red wine causes significant decreases in cyclosporine exposure. This study will determine if white wine also affects cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. In addition, we will investigate the effect of continuous dosing of red and white wine on cyclosporine disposition. This study will investigate twenty-four healthy volunteers in a randomized, two-arm study. Subjects will be randomized to group A (white wine) or Group B (red wine). A single 8 mg/kg oral dose of cyclosporine will be given with water and white or red wine on separate occasions and blood will be drawn over 24 hours for a pharmacokinetic profile. Subjects will then consume a 12 oz glass of white or red wine once a day for 7 days and a pharmacokinetic profile will be obtained. Whole blood levels will be analyzed by a specific fluorescence polarization immunoassay; and the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine will be compared both within and between groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENDOTHELIAL CELL FIBRINOLYSIS INDUCED BY WINE PHENOLICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Aikens, Michael L.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-1999; Project End 15-JAN-2002 Summary: Dr. Aikens will become an Assistant Professor of Medicine on July 1, 1999, in the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (DCD) at UAB. Dr. Aikens s subspecialty training is in the area of Preventative Cardiology with a research interest in vascular biology. He has won several distinguished departmental awards for his research

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cardioprotective effects of alcohol on endothelial cell(EC)-mediated fibrinolysis and has presented his research at several national meetings. His proposal will define the relationship between red wine phenolic compounds and sustained increases of EC mediated fibrinolysis, which may contribute, in part, to cardioprotection. Since the reduced risk for CAD has been attributed to moderate red wine consumption, which may be due to the combined effects of ethanol and the antioxidant potential or other effects of phenolic compounds in wine. It is conceivable that selected wine phenolic compounds, resveratrol, quercetin and catechin may have additional properties which may affect EC function in the long-term, in particular fibrinolysis, independent of their direct short-term antioxidant properties. These preliminary studies were carried out to determine whether select wine phenolics may, in fact, induce the expression of either tPA and/or u-PA, resulting in a significant sustained increased expression of EC fibrinolytic activity. Wine phenolic-induced increased surface-localized EC fibrinolytic activity (preliminary studies) may be expected to decrease thrombotic risk. Selected wine phenolics will exert a sustained long-term (24 h) increase in EC fibrinolysis by increasing the catalytic efficiency of surface-localized plasmin generation (ligand binding) (Aim 1) resulting from the transcriptional upregulation of t-PA and u-PA gene expression(transcription run-on, transfection)(Aim 2) through factor(s) that bind to specific cis-acting regulatory region(s) in the PAs promoters(promoter deletion analysis) (Aim 3). UAB, Department of Medicine and DCD will provide the research space, facilities, resources (secretarial support and office space) and appropriate time commitment (75 percent) to allow the candidate to conduct and accomplish the research goals set forth in this application. He will have no administrative or teaching duties during the period of this application. If his faculty sponsor were to leave the institution, a new sponsor will be appointed and his continued development toward becoming an independent physician, scientist will be supported and encouraged. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FREQ RESOLVED NEAR TOMOGRAPHY OF BURNS & CUTANEOUS

INFRARED

REFLECTANCE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Svaasand, Lars O.; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Optical techniques represent a valuable tool for non-invasive investigation of in vivo tissue properties and imaging of tissue structures. Diffuse light reflected from a tissue contains not only information on the properties of the tissue surface, but also information on tissue structures residing at depths of several millimeters. Such information is important for several clinical situations, e.g., in determining the depth and size of Port-wine stain vessels, the thickness of nodular basal cell carcinoma or the depth of necrosis in a burn. The aim is to develop a non-contact, near-infrared technique for tomographic mapping of a tissue surface with information of tissue properties to depths of 5-10 mm. This kind of information is important for establishing a proper protocol for various clinical modalities. One example can be to determine the depth of nodular basal cell carcinomas, where this information of depth is important for determining a proper drug and light dose for photodynamic therapy, or for cryotherapy. Another example can be in treatment of burns, where the depth of necrosis and the blood perfusion has to be determined. The project will be based on available expertise in photon migration work present at the Beckman Laser Institute and the Norwegian Institute of Technology. The first phase of the work will aim to develop specific and optimized algorithms and subsequently test/verify the theoretical results

16

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on equipment which, has already been developed, in part, at the Beckman Laser Institute. Provided that the results from this first phase are satisfactory, a second phase can be initiated where the algorithms and the technical equipment will be optimized for various applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIGH SPEED GRADIENT DRIVER UPGRADE FOR IMRI SCANNER Principal Investigator & Institution: Butts, Rosemary K.; Radiology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The aim of this proposal is to improve the imaging capabilities of the 0.5 T GE Signa SP MRI scanner located at Stanford University by obtaining support for the purchase of a software and hardware upgrade including high speed gradient capabilities. The equipment will be shared by wine users. A total of nine NIH grants and one Whitaker Foundation grant will be significantly enhanced by the instrumentation purchase. The hardware technology that will greatly enhanced our imaging capabilities are scalable gradient drivers (SGDs). These amplifiers are able to drive closed bore system gradients to slew rates up to SR 150 and have become part of the standard Signa platform for new conventional closed bore systems. Our aim is to retrofit our open Signa SP interventional MRI system with these drivers. We also need the appropriate software and hardware upgrade to the Signa LX platform in order to use these drivers. Therefore, we seek to upgrade our system to both the high speed gradient capabilities and to LX. The proposed hardware and software upgrade to the Signa SP magnet at Stanford will benefit users of the system across the board. There will be marked improvements in image quality, especially signal-to-noise and temporal resolution. This upgrade will allow us to bring all applications into the real-time regime which is absolutely critical for interventional procedures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INFECTIOUS RISKS OF XENOTRANSPLANTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fishman, Jay A.; Director; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Xenotransplantation has been proposed as a solution to the shortage of human organs available for transplantation. Infection and malignancy are the main complications of long-term immune suppression used to maintain allograft function. Concerns about the clinical application of xenotransplantation have focused on the risk of introducing novel infectious agents derived from on-human species into the xenograft recipient and the community at large. The isolation of a family of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) from tissues of normal swine, which are also infectious for human cells in vitro, has contributed to these concerns. The goal of this project is to assess some of the infectious risks associated with xenotransplantation and the immune deficits that predispose to such infections. Infectious will be studied using miniature swine as organ donors for non-human primate (baboon) recipients with clinically relevant immune suppression and/or modification. The approaches used to enhance discordant xenograft survival will include the induction of donor- specific, cellular immune tolerance induced by mixed chimerism, xenogeneic thymic transplantation, and/or suppression of humoral immune responses using gene transduction and pharmacological modulation of B-cell function (Projects 1 and 2). Using techniques

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developed and available in this laboratory (for PERV and porcine herpesviruses), the biology of known organisms from swine will be investigated. Attempts will also be made to detect and characterize novel organisms in xenograft recipients. Specifically this project will study: 1. The expression of PERV in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation models; 2. The genetics of PERV in a unique herd of in-bred miniature wine; 3. The activation of porcine cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses in xenograft recipients; 4. un-characterized pathogens in the pig to non- human primate model. These data will assist in the assessment of infectious risks associated with xenotransplantation from swine and, ultimately, will facilitate the development of strategies for the prevention of infection in human xenograft recipients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEOPLASIA

INT5/AROMATASE

EFFECT

OF

BREAST

ESTROGEN

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Tekmal, Rajeshwar Rao.; Professor and Director; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1997; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: A number of studies have shown that the levels of aromatase are higher in breast tumors compared to normal tissue, indicating that the in situ aromatase/breast estrogen may play a role in breast cancer. Aromatase catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogen, which is the rate- limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis. Our studies have showed that aromatase overexpression resulted in the induction of premalignant lesions (early breast cancer) in aromatase transgenic mice. These changes are persistent even without circulating ovarian estrogens. We have also shown that: aromatase overexpression affects the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), and the expression of various growth factors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and genes involved in programmed cell death and cell cycle; these animals were susceptible to carcinogens in inducing mammary tumors; aromatase is expressed both in epithelial and stromal cells; and preneoplastic changes can be abrogated with aromatase inhibitors without affecting normal physiology. To our knowledge this is the first in vivo model that clearly demonstrated the direct involvement of breast tissue aromatase/estrogen in tumorigenesis. The uniqueness and major significance of the proposed studies is in our use of a novel mouse model to study the role of breast tissue estrogen in normal mammary development, premalignant changes and tumorigenesis. The overall objective is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are affected in breast tissue as a result of aromatase overexpression and investigate the potential use of therapeutic agents in prevention of estrogeninduced premalignant breast cancer. To accomplish this: 1) We will determine the tumorigenic potential of mammary glands of aromatase transgenic mice; 2) we will investigate the role of ER alpha and beta, and PR in aromatase overexpression-induced preneoplastic changes in the absence of ERalpha; 3) we will investigate how lack of PR affects the aromatase overexpression-induced preneoplastic changes using aromatase x PRKO cross mice, and 4) we will test whether A) a natural aromatase inhibitor like red wine can be used as a chemopreventive agent and B) the chemoprevention with aromatase inhibitors reduces the susceptibility to environmental carcinogens that may, in turn, reduce the occurrence of breast cancer in aromatase mice. Our current knowledge of the genetics and biology of precancerous lesions and their progression to malignant cancers is incomplete and our aromatase model will be a valuable tool to provide novel information and aid in understanding the biology of precancerous lesions

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and their progression. The outcome of this study will also help to understand the direct role of mammary estrogen in the initiation and/or promotion of breast cancer and may aid in designing therapeutic approaches for the prevention of estrogen-mediated malignancies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MALT LIQUOR/FORTIFIED WINE USE AND ETHNICITY IN THE U.S. Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenfield, Thomas K.; Center Director and Senior Scientist; Public Health Institute 555 12Th St, 10Th Fl Oakland, Ca 94607 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): High alcohol content malt liquor and fortified wine are the least expensive way for Americans to consume ethanol and these are disproportionately drunk by inner-city ethnic populations, especially young African American and Hispanic males. Large-volume containers in coolers invite rapid, immediate consumption. Sales have expanded during the last decade with aggressive marketing to young ethnic populations. A wide range of problems ascribed to these products in affected communities raises public health and community concerns. Yet on a national basis, the scope and kind of alcohol-related problems in specific ethnic groups, and the subgroups drinking high alcohol content beverages, have not been empirically delineated. The roles of overall heavy drinking versus high alcohol content beverage use have not been distinguished. This research will conduct a secondary analysis of a current national telephone survey of adults in 50 states and Washington D.C., the Year 2000 National Alcohol Survey (N10), to be completed in July 2001 for the Alcohol Research Group (n =8,000). It also uses data collected from its RISK of AIDS San Francisco Say Area Supplement (n = 1,250). Using the combined data (n = 9,100) we propose to determine the national prevalence of use of high alcohol content products and identify demographic and drinking patterns associated with heavy use, particularly among African American, Hispanic and other ethnic subgroups. Additionally, we will study contexts of use and model the relationship between high-content drinking and high-risk behaviors (drug use, risky sexual practices, and criminal justice involvement), DSM-IV dependence, family/relationship discord, work problems, aggression, and other health harms, including drinking when pregnant. We will investigate the extent to which use of these products, rather than associated heavy consumption of beverage alcohol in general, leads to specific alcohol-related outcomes. We will also study key alcohol policy opinions and attitudes of those drinking malt liquor or fortified wine, how use of these beverages mediates risk curves, and treatment access, and barriers to help seeking. Last, we will explore spacial relationships between heavy use and alcoholrelated victimization in communities as well as existing alcohol policies. Results inform culturally appropriate health messages and policy development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS CARDIOPROTECTION

OF

ALCOHOL

AND

POLYPHENOL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Booyse, Francois M.; Professor of Medicine & Cell Biol.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological studies have shown that light-tomoderate drinkers of alcoholic beverages or red wine (1-4 drinks/day) have significantly lower mortality rates (20-40%) than nondrinkers or heavier drinkers, due to reduced risk for overall CHD-related mortality. Alcohol or red wine components (principal polyphenols) affect a diverse number of biological functions that may afford cardiovascular disease protective benefits, however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this cardioprotection remain poorly defined and understood. The integrating research theme of this inter-disciplinary Program Project Grant is to identify and define the molecular regulatory mechanisms by which moderate alcohol- or red wine polyphenols affect systemic circulatory components (blood vessels/components, ECs) and myocardial function (cardiomyocytes) that contribute to the cardioprotective benefits attributed to moderate alcohol or red wine consumption. A combination of both in vivo studies with genetically deficient murine models (including PAs -/-, Pmg -/-, PAI-1 -/-, eNOS -/-, iNOS -/-, SOD -/-, apoE-/-) and in vitro studies with cultured cells (human/mouse ECs, myocytes) will be used to decipher some of these protective mechanisms through four integrated research projects, supported by three core units (administrative, tissue culture/plasmid and animalPoioanalysis). Project 1 will study protection through mechanisms of increased EC fibrinolysis, regulated by EC fibrinolytic protein (PAs, PARs, PmgRs) function, expression and gene transcription. Project 2 will study protection through mechanisms of increased EC fibrinolysis, regulated by EC PAI-1 function, expression and gene transcription. Project 3 will study protection through mechanisms of increased NO bioavailability and altered vascular function, regulated by EC eNOS/SOD expression and eNOS gene transcription. Project 4 will study increased NO production/iNOS expression in cardiomyocytes and protection of the mouse heart from ischemic-repeffusion through NO-dependent modulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiratory function. The collective results gleaned from these research projects will provide significant new insights into our understanding of the individual, combined or synergistic roles of these multiple ethanol- /polyphenol-induced cardioprotective mechanisms that underlie and contribute to the decreased risk for thrombosis, atherosclerosis/CHD and the atherothrombotic consequence of MI, thereby reducing overall CHD and CHD-related mortality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MITOCHONDRIA AND PROTECTION BY ETHANOL AND POLYPHENOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Darley-Usmar, Victor M.; Professor; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Thrombosis leads to the occlusion of the coronary vasculature and the resulting ischemic episode can only be alleviated by inducing reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. Molecular mechanisms that lead to protection of the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury are unclear and the impact of dietary components such as polyphenolics and alcohol are barely understood. This project focuses on the beneficial effects of ethanol or the polyphenols found in red wine on mitochondrial function and apoptosis in the cardiomyocyte under stress from ischemiareperfusion. Previous studies and preliminary data have shown that a major component of myocardial-reperfusion damage is due to mitochondrial dysfunction on reperfusion. It is hypothesized that chronic exposure to either ethanol or red wine polyphenols limits mitochondrial damage through nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. Preliminary data

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supports these concepts and demonstrates a protective effect of oral, low dose treatment with ethanol in the ischemic-reperfused mouse heart. Given the finding that long-term exposure is required to reveal these effects and the concentration of ethanol or polyphenols in the heart during exposure is minimal it is postulated that transcriptional regulation is central to the mechanisms of cardioprotection. These data have led to the hypothesis that a critical mechanism contributing to low dose alcohol and polyphenoldependent cardioprotection is through protection of mitochondria against ischemiareperfnsion. This hypothesis will be tested by pursuit of the following Specific Aims: 1) Determine the effects of oral exposure of EtOH or PPs on mechanisms leading to increased NO bioavailability and modification of mt DNA and the mitochondrial proteome. 2) Determine changes in NO-dependent control of respiratory function in mitochondria isolated from the hearts of normal mice and animals given oral PPs or low dose EtOH and in response to ischemia-reperfusion. 3) Characterize the mechanisms leading to changes in protein modification and susceptibility to apoptosis in myocytes and mitochondria isolated from mice treated with low dose EtOH and PPs. The information gained from the accomplishment of these specific aims will give insight into the mechanisms of alcohol and polyphenol-dependent cardioprotection at the level of the mitochondrion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PAI-1 GENE EPRESSION BY ETHANOL AND POLYPHENOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Grenett, Hernan E.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Epidemiological studies demonstrate that consuming alcohol or red wine moderately, 1-4 drinks/day, reduces the risk for CHD-related mortality. Furthermore, these studies show that this cardioprotection may be due, in part, to increased fibrinolysis. Endothelial cells (ECs) regulate fibrinolysis through the synthesis of plasminogen activators (PAs, t-PA and u-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 (PAI-1), the major physiological regulator of fibrinolysis. In addition ECs serve as the main site of surface-localized fibrinolysis that regulates homeostasis. Thus, ECs and PAI-1 plays a pivotal role both in fibrinolytic homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of CHD and MI. Reduction in plasma PAI-1 levels by systemic factors, such as alcohol and wine polyphenols, will increase fibrinolysis and hence reduce the risk for thrombosis, CHD and eventual MI. Our preliminary studies demonstrate that consuming moderate ethanol or polyphenols (catechin, quercetin) reduces in vivo expression of both PAl-1 protein and mRNA in wild type C57BL/6J mice. Our in vitro experiments show that ethanol down-regulates PAI-1 gene transcription in a time- and dose-dependent manner concomitant with increased expression of fibrinolytic activity in cultured human ECs. Furthermore, we have identified a 251-bp promoter fragment in the PAI-1 gene that mediates this ethanol-induced suppression of PAI-1 expression. Thus, the overall goal of Project 2 is to identify the molecular mechanisms through which ethanol/polyphenols repress PAI-1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro, resulting in increased fibrinolysis. Specific studies will determine the effect of ethanol/polyphenols on the in vivo expression and role of PAI-1 in and deficient PAI-1 mice (Aim 1); examine possible cross-talk between PAI-1 and eNOS in regulating vascular function in wild-type and PAI-1 deficient mice (Aim 2); establish the role of vitronectin, LRP, VLDLr, and alpha5beta3 in modulating PAI-1 in cultured ECs (Aim 3); and identify the ethanol/polyphenols responsive cis-element(s) in the PAI-1 gene, and characterize the transcription factor(s) that bind these responsive cis-element(s) (Aim 4). Results from

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these studies will provide insight into understanding how moderate ethanol/polyphenols repress PAI-1 gene transcription that may contribute to increased fibrinolysis and the cardioprotection attributed to moderate alcohol and red wine consumption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT STUDY--RED WINE /GREEN TEA & CELL CYCLE CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Eto, Isao; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Objective: Laboratory studies with animals and cells in culture have shown cancer preventive activity of polyphenols isolated from red wine and green tea. However, the basic molecular mechanisms by which these polyphenols inhibit carcinogenesis have not been completely elucidated. The objective of this study is to use two of these polyphenols (resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (and investigate their effects on the cell cycle control of G1-to-S phase transition, a critical molecular event in the carcinogenic process. Two series of cells in culture will be used for this study: (1) JB6 mouse epidermal cells and (2) mammary epithelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESVERATROL AND HUMAN MELANOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Niles, Richard M.; Professor and Chairman; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Marshall University Huntington, Wv 25701 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing in the U.S. population. Within the under-35 age population, it has the highest incidence and mortality of all cancer types. Once melanoma has progressed to the invasive stage, it is difficult to cure, since there are very few effective chemotherapeutic agents. We have found that the plant polyphenol, resveratrol, present in grape skins, certain nuts and especially red wine, is a potent inducer of apoptosis in two human melanoma cell lines. We propose to test the hypothesis that resveratrol can inhibit the development/growth of human melanoma xenografts in nude mice. This will be investigated by three aims. First, we will determine if dietary administration of resveratrol prior to tumor cell inoculation can delay the onset of melanoma development. We will also investigate whether dietary administration of resveratrol can inhibit the growth of already established melanoma xenografts. If dietary administration has no effect, then we will determine if direct injection of resveratrol into the tumor site can inhibit melanoma xenograft growth. In the second aim we will investigate the metabolism of resveratrol and characterize its major metabolites in the athymic mouse. Special emphasis will be placed on the accumulation of resveratrol or metabolites in the skin and in the tumors. Lastly, we will begin studies on the molecular mechanism by which resveratrol induces apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines by using an apoptotic-specific gene array approach combined with a apoptotic-specific antibody array. These experiments should provide data to show whether resveratrol might be an effective in vivo chemo-preventive/therapeutic agent. Also the information derived from the metabolism and molecular mechanism studies could provide insights into improving/maximizing the biological activity of resveratrol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESVERATROL BIOAVAILABILITY--PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Walle, Thomas; Professor; Pharmacology; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Epidemiological studies, as well as studies in laboratory animals, suggest that polyphenols, present in fruits, vegetables and beverages, have protective effects in a variety of cancers. A rapidly growing number of biochemical studies show a vast array of plausible mechanisms for these effects. However, it is not clear to what extent and in which form the dietary polyphenols are absorbed in the human intestine and thus can gain access to proposed cellular sites of action. As clinical and animal studies of the bioavailability of the polyphenols in general have been unsuccessful, we are using an intermediary preclinical approach, using the Caco-2 cell line as model of human intestinal absorption as well as metabolism. The proposed study is focusing on the polyphenol resveratrol, a phytoalexin in grapes and red wine. Our working hypothesis is that the Caco-2 cell model is highly predictive of both absorption and metabolism of resveratrol in humans in vivo. In Aim 1 we will in first hand determine the absorption, i.e. apical to basolateral transport across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, of resveratrol, using a molecularly specific HPLC assay. This will also yield the metabolic fate of resveratrol, including potential oxidation as well as conjugation products, identified by HPLC/MS and other spectroscopic methods. Dosedependency in transport and metabolism will be of particular concern. Corresponding studies of ex sorption, i.e. basolateral to apical transport, will be done in order to determine the possible directional transport of resveratrol and its metabolites mediated by efflux pumps, such as P-glycoprotein and the MRPs. In addition, we will identify the drug metabolizing enzymes involved in resveratrol biotransformation. In Aim 2 we will in first hand determine the oral bioavailability of resveratrol. This will require the administration of both an oral (25 mg) and an intravenous (1 mg) dose. Fifty microCi of (14C)-labeled resveratrol will be administered with each dose to make it possible to determine recoveries and the complete metabolic fate of resveratrol. This will also make it possible to assess fecal elimination, the major route of elimination of polyphenols. From these data we will determine the pharmacokinetic parameters for resveratrol, including clearances (total, renal, metabolic, fecal), elimination half -life and volume of distribution. Together Aims 1 and 2 will let us determine the usefulness of the Caco-2 cells as a preclinical model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF MODERATE DAILY WINE CONSUMPTION UPON INSULIN SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Holly; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STAGING CONSUMPTION

HIGH

POTENCY

ALCOHOLIC

BEVERAGE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Werch, Chudley E.; Director; Health Sciences; University of North Florida 4567 St. Johns Bluff Rd S Jacksonville, Fl 32224

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of this research are to: 1) examine the stages of initiation and patterns of consumption of high potency alcoholic beverages (HPABs), including malt liquor and fortified wine, among three ethnically and economically diverse samples of adolescents; and 2) test innovative prevention messages aimed at reducing health and social problems related to HPAB use. The specific aims proposed to achieve these long-term goals include the following: 1) Map the stages of initiation of specific HPABS, patterns of HPAB consumption, and trends in mixing HPABs with other alcoholic beverages and illicit drugs among three diverse groups of adolescents over three years; 2) explore the relationship between the stages of initiation and patterns of HPAB and non-HPAB consumption, and alcohol-related health and social problems; 3) assess the contextual and psychosocial factors associated with the stages of initiation and patterns of use of various HPABs and non- HPABs; and 4) develop and pilot test the feasibility and immediate impact of innovative prevention messages aimed at retarding the initiation of HPAB consumption among high-risk youth. The exploratory research phase of the study, which will result in the generation of directional hypotheses about new approaches to explaining and preventing HPAB consumption, will be accomplished by employing a 3-year longitudinal cohort design. Participants sampled from three ethnically and socioeconomically diverse school settings representing high- risk youth in inner city, rural and beaches-community areas of northeast Florida will serve as subjects. The cohort will be tracked each year from the 7th grade through the 9th grade. The formative research phase of the study, which will permit the development and pilot testing of innovative HPAB prevention messages, will be accomplished by employing three research methods. These methods include conducting a series of focus groups, convening expert panels, and eventually pilot testing prevention messages aimed at retarding the initiation and patterns of use of HPABS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE EFFECTS OF RESVERATROL ON PRESBYACUSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Seidman, Michael D.; Director; Otolaryngology; Case Western Reserve Univ-Henry Ford Hsc Research Administraion Cfp-046 Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary purpose of this project is to study the long-term effect of resveratrol, the antioxidant compound found in red wine, on agerelated hearing loss. Presbyacusis is a progressive deterioration of hearing loss associated with aging and is the most common cause of adult auditory deficiency in the United States. 23% of the population between ages 65 and 75 years and 40% of the population older than 75 years are affected. Compelling evidence suggests that agingrelated diseases progress due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are primarily produced in vivo during mitochondrial respiration, the process that provides energy to cells. ROS cause damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), resulting in the production of specific mtDNA deletions and mutations; these produce bioenergetically deficient cells. Ultimately, this persistent attack of ROS on mitochondrial and cellular structures results in cell death, tissue damage and hearing loss. Isolated grape constituents such as resveratrol, catechins and flavanols are noted for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their potential for preventing cancer and heart disease. Resveratrol is 20 times more potent than Vitamin C and has been found to be more effective at preventing oxidative DNA damage than any other

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antioxidant. By decreasing the activity of Complex 3 of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain, it opposes the production of ROS and scavenges them. This protects against age-related nerve changes. Preliminary studies conducted in our laboratory have shown that resveratrol protects against noise-induced hearing loss as well. This project will study the effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial and auditory functions. We hypothesize that aged animals that have been treated with resveratrol will have improved auditory sensitivity and mitochondrial function and reduced inner ear hair cell loss compared to control animals. The differences in auditory sensitivity will be studied by auditory brainstem response measurements. The differences in mitochondrial function will be studied by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potentials, mitochondrial respiratory enzyme level (complex 1) and mtDNA deletions. We will also study the expression of 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 as indirect measures of ROS generation. These studies will provide the foundation for developing clinical studies to investigate the use of antioxidants and mitochondrial-function enhancing nutritional supplements to attenuate auditory deterioration in patients with presbyacusis. Furthermore, these data will provide novel strategies to impart greater wellness in the elderly population and perhaps have a positive effect on health care expenses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for wine in the PubMed Central database: •

A Simple and Reliable Method for Hybridization of Homothallic Wine Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Ramirez M, Perez F, Regodon JA.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90965

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Analysis and Dynamics of the Chromosomal Complements of Wild Sparkling-Wine Yeast Strains. by Nadal D, Carro D, Fernandez-Larrea J, Pina B.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91239

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Beverage specific alcohol intake in a population-based study: Evidence for a positive association between pulmonary function and wine intake. by Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, McCann SE, Kudalkar D, Ram M, Nochajski T, Russell M, Trevisan M.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113742

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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•

Control of Flavor Development in Wine during and after Malolactic Fermentation by Oenococcus oeni. by Nielsen JC, Richelieu M.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91089

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Cork Taint of Wines: Role of the Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Cork in the Formation of 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole by O Methylation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol. by Alvarez-Rodriguez ML, Lopez-Ocana L, Lopez-Coronado JM, Rodriguez E, Martinez MJ, Larriba G, Coque JJ.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134401

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Effect of Increased Yeast Alcohol Acetyltransferase Activity on Flavor Profiles of Wine and Distillates. by Lilly M, Lambrechts MG, Pretorius IS.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91891

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Genetic diversity and geographical distribution of wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from the wine-producing area of Charentes, France. by Versavaud A, Courcoux P, Roulland C, Dulau L, Hallet JN.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167647

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Glycerol Overproduction by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine Yeast Strains Leads to Substantial Changes in By-Product Formation and to a Stimulation of Fermentation Rate in Stationary Phase. by Remize F, Roustan JL, Sablayrolles JM, Barre P, Dequin S.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90995

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Glycosylation defining cancer malignancy: New wine in an old bottle. by Hakomori S.; 2002 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124893

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Growth and Arginine Metabolism of the Wine Lactic Acid Bacteria Lactobacillus buchneri and Oenococcus oeni at Different pH Values and Arginine Concentrations. by Mira de Orduna R, Patchett ML, Liu SQ, Pilone GJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92782

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Identification of Dekkera bruxellensis (Brettanomyces) from Wine by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes. by Stender H, Kurtzman C, Hyldig-Nielsen JJ, Sorensen D, Broomer A, Oliveira K, Perry-O'Keefe H, Sage A, Young B, Coull J.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92669

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Karyotype Rearrangements in a Wine Yeast Strain by rad52-Dependent and rad52Independent Mechanisms. by Carro D, Bartra E, Pina B.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=154779

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Killer Toxin of Kluyveromyces phaffii DBVPG 6076 as a Biopreservative Agent To Control Apiculate Wine Yeasts. by Ciani M, Fatichenti F.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92981

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Mitotic Recombination and Genetic Changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Wine Fermentation. by Puig S, Querol A, Barrio E, Perez-Ortin JE.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101454

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Molecular polymorphism distribution in phenotypically distinct populations of wine yeast strains. by Nadal D, Colomer B, Pina B.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167972

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New Hybrids between Saccharomyces Sensu Stricto Yeast Species Found among Wine and Cider Production Strains. by Masneuf I, Hansen J, Groth C, Piskur J, Dubourdieu D.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106574

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Regulation of hydrogen sulfide liberation in wine-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains by assimilable nitrogen. by Jiranek V, Langridge P, Henschke PA.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167303

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Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. by Gehm BD, McAndrews JM, Chien PY, Jameson JL.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28446

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The ftsH Gene of the Wine Bacterium Oenococcus oeni Is Involved in Protection against Environmental Stress. by Bourdineaud JP, Nehme B, Tesse S, Lonvaud-Funel A.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=154493

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Wine Yeast Strains Engineered for Glycogen Overproduction Display Enhanced Viability under Glucose Deprivation Conditions. by Perez-Torrado R, Gimeno-Alcaniz JV, Matallana E.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126773

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Yeast Diversity and Persistence in Botrytis-Affected Wine Fermentations. by Mills DA, Johannsen EA, Cocolin L.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126389

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Yeast Population Dynamics during the Fermentation and Biological Aging of Sherry Wines. by Esteve-Zarzoso B, Peris-Toran MJ, Garcia-Maiquez E, Uruburu F, Querol A.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92836

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with wine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for wine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of port-wine stain associated with ipsilateral pneumosinus dilatans. Author(s): Dogan B, Taskapan O, Harmanyeri Y, Gungor A, Basekim C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 148(6): 1287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828778&dopt=Abstract

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A man who drank a breathtaking bottle of wine. Author(s): Ahmad Z, Abochamh D, Chokhavatia S. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1993 September 15; 28(9): 133, 137. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8366151&dopt=Abstract

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A meta-analysis of studies on wine and beer and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): de Gaetano G, Di Castelnuovo A, Rotondo S, Iacoviello L, Donati MB. Source: Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2002 September-December; 32(5-6): 353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13679674&dopt=Abstract

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A moderate intake of wine is associated with reduced total mortality and reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Theobald H, Bygren LO, Carstensen J, Engfeldt P. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2000 September; 61(5): 652-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022802&dopt=Abstract

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A review: malolactic fermentation in wine -- beyond deacidification. Author(s): Liu SQ. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 92(4): 589-601. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966898&dopt=Abstract

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A soldier who had seizures after drinking quarter of a litre of wine. Author(s): Marquet P, Francois B, Vignon P, Lachatre G. Source: Lancet. 1996 October 19; 348(9034): 1070. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874460&dopt=Abstract

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Acute ingestion of red wine by men activates platelets but does not influence endothelial markers: no effect of white wine. Author(s): Blann AD, Williams NR, Lip GY, Rajput-Williams J, Howard AN. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2002 October; 13(7): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439152&dopt=Abstract

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Acute intake of moderate amounts of red wine or alcohol has no effect on the immune system of healthy men. Author(s): Watzl B, Bub A, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 41(6): 264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474070&dopt=Abstract

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AHA Science Advisory on wine and health: A confusing message about alcohol consumption. Author(s): Ellison RC. Source: Circulation. 2001 September 25; 104(13): E72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573516&dopt=Abstract

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AHA Science Advisory. Wine and your heart: A science advisory for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing of the American Heart Association. Author(s): Goldberg IJ, Mosca L, Piano MR, Fisher EA. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 February; 32(2): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157206&dopt=Abstract

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AHA Science Advisory: Wine and your heart: a science advisory for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing of the American Heart Association. Author(s): Goldberg IJ, Mosca L, Piano MR, Fisher EA; Nutrition Committee, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing of the American Heart Association. Source: Circulation. 2001 January 23; 103(3): 472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157703&dopt=Abstract

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•

Alcohol consumption and mortality: is wine different from other alcoholic beverages? Author(s): Burns J, Crozier A, Lean ME. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4): 249-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831110&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease. Studies suggest that wine has additional effect to that of ethanol. Author(s): Gronbaek M, Sorensen TI. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 August 10; 313(7053): 365. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8760764&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol licensing system changes and alcohol consumption: introduction of wine into New Zealand grocery stores. Author(s): Wagenaar AC, Langley JD. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1995 June; 90(6): 773-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7633294&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, red wine and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Wollin SD, Jones PJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 131(5): 1401-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340089&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, wine, and health. Author(s): de Lorimier AA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2000 November; 180(5): 357-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137687&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol-free red wine enhances plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. Author(s): Serafini M, Maiani G, Ferro-Luzzi A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 June; 128(6): 1003-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9614160&dopt=Abstract

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Alcoholic calories, red wine consumption and breast cancer among premenopausal women. Author(s): Viel JF, Perarnau JM, Challier B, Faivre-Nappez I. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 September; 13(6): 639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9324209&dopt=Abstract

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Aluminium levels in wine, beer and other alcoholic beverages consumed in Spain. Author(s): Lopez FF, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez MC. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1998 September 4; 220(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800382&dopt=Abstract

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American Heart Association Advisory, “Wine and Your heart,” is not science-based. Author(s): Peele S. Source: Circulation. 2001 September 25; 104(13): E73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571259&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylaxis induced by exercise and wine. Author(s): Garcia-Robaina JC, de la Torre-Morin F, Sanchez-Machin I, Sanchez-Monge R, Barber D, Lombardero M. Source: Allergy. 2001 April; 56(4): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284812&dopt=Abstract

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Aneuploidy and cancer--the vintage wine revisited. Author(s): Bialy H. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 2001 January; 19(1): 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11135546&dopt=Abstract

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Another perspective on the cocktail strategy: “two glasses of wine or a six pack”. Author(s): Colburn WA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 July; 35(7): 655-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560244&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial activity of wine against Salmonella enteritidis: pH or alcohol? Author(s): Marimon JM, Bujanda L, Gutierrez-Stampa MA, Cosme A, Arenas JI. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998 September; 27(2): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754789&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants in wine and tea. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 March; 92(3): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396276&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-oxidized LDL antibodies and wine consumption: a population-based epidemiological study in Dicomano, Italy. Author(s): Di Bari M, Zacchei S, Kritchevsky SB, Anichini M, Cesaretti S, Chiarlone M, Masotti G, Marchionni N. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2003 March; 13(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604163&dopt=Abstract

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Association of the waist-to-hip ratio is different with wine than with beer or hard liquor consumption. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators. Author(s): Duncan BB, Chambless LE, Schmidt MI, Folsom AR, Szklo M, Crouse JR 3rd, Carpenter MA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 November 15; 142(10): 1034-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485048&dopt=Abstract

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Beer and wine but not whisky and pure ethanol do stimulate release of gastrin in humans. Author(s): Singer MV, Eysselein V, Goebell H. Source: Digestion. 1983; 26(2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840408&dopt=Abstract

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Beer, wine, spirits and subjective health. Author(s): Gronbaek M, Mortensen EL, Mygind K, Andersen AT, Becker U, Gluud C, Sorensen TI. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 November; 53(11): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656102&dopt=Abstract

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Behaviour therapy nursing. New wine in old bottles. Author(s): Barker P, Wilson L. Source: Nurs Times. 1985 September 25-October 1; 81(39): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3851367&dopt=Abstract

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Beliefs about the cardiovascular benefits of drinking wine in the adult population of Ontario. Author(s): Smart RG, Ogborne AC. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2002; 28(2): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014821&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of a moderate consumption of red wine on cellular cholesterol efflux in young men. Author(s): Senault C, Betoulle D, Luc G, Hauw P, Rigaud D, Fumeron F. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2000 April; 10(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919170&dopt=Abstract

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Benzodiazepine use and wine consumption in the French elderly. Author(s): Lagnaoui R, Moore N, Dartigues JF, Fourrier A, Begaud B. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 October; 52(4): 455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678791&dopt=Abstract

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Bergamottin, lime juice, and red wine as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: comparison with grapefruit juice. Author(s): Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Bend JR. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003 June; 73(6): 529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811362&dopt=Abstract

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Betaine in wine: answer to the French paradox? Author(s): Mar MH, Zeisel SH. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 November; 53(5): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616037&dopt=Abstract

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Better psychological functioning and higher social status may largely explain the apparent health benefits of wine: a study of wine and beer drinking in young Danish adults. Author(s): Mortensen EL, Jensen HH, Sanders SA, Reinisch JM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 August 13-27; 161(15): 1844-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493125&dopt=Abstract

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Bias-free improvement in wine discrimination. Author(s): Owen DH, Machamer PK. Source: Perception. 1979; 8(2): 199-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=471683&dopt=Abstract

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Black tobacco, wine and mate in oropharyngeal cancer. A case-control study from Uruguay. Author(s): De Stefani E, Correa P, Oreggia F, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Fernandez G, Zavala D, Carzoglio J, Leiva J, Fontham E, Rivero S. Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 1988; 36(6): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3231843&dopt=Abstract

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Blood alcohol and glucose changes after ingestion of ale, wine and spirit. Author(s): Gardiner RJ, Stewart HB. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1968 June; 29(2): 313-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5662824&dopt=Abstract

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Blood glucose and alcohol levels after administration of wine to human subjects. Author(s): Murdock HR Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1971 April; 24(4): 394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5090626&dopt=Abstract

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Both the flashlamp-pumped dye laser and the long-pulsed tunable dye laser can improve results in port-wine stain therapy. Author(s): Scherer K, Lorenz S, Wimmershoff M, Landthaler M, Hohenleutner U. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453911&dopt=Abstract

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Box-jellyfish, Coca-Cola and old wine. Author(s): Currie B, Ho S, Alderslade P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 June 21; 158(12): 868. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8100984&dopt=Abstract

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Caffeic acid as biomarker of red wine intake. Author(s): Simonetti P, Gardana C, Pietta P. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2001; 335: 122-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400361&dopt=Abstract

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Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases the blood flow of port-wine stains and improves continuous-wave dye laser treatment. Author(s): Jernbeck J, Malm M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 February; 91(2): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8430139&dopt=Abstract

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Can wine tasting be used as a defence to a charge of excess alcohol? Author(s): Franklin SD, Stephens A. Source: Sci Justice. 2000 January-March; 40(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795428&dopt=Abstract

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Cardioprotective effect of red wine may be mediated by urate. Author(s): Day A, Stansbie D. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 September; 41(9): 1319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7656446&dopt=Abstract

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Catechin contents of foods commonly consumed in The Netherlands. 2. Tea, wine, fruit juices, and chocolate milk. Author(s): Arts IC, van De Putte B, Hollman PC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 May; 48(5): 1752-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10820090&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in alcohol consumption resulting from the elimination of retail wine monopolies: results from five U.S. states. Author(s): Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1995 September; 56(5): 566-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7475038&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gammaglutamyl transferase after moderate wine consumption in healthy males. Author(s): Randell E, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1998; 12(2): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524293&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in skin redness, pigmentation, echostructure, thickness, and surface contour after 1 pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains in children. Author(s): Haedersdal M, Efsen J, Gniadecka M, Fogh H, Keiding J, Wulf HC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 February; 134(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487209&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of yeast strains for wine production: effect of fermentation variables on quality of wine produced. Author(s): Ndip RN, Akoachere JF, Dopgima LL, Ndip LM. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2001 September; 95(3): 209-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732717&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience with the pulsed-dye laser in the treatment of capillary malformations (port-wine stains): a preliminary report. Author(s): Achauer BM, Vander Kam VM, Miller SR. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1990 November; 25(5): 344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2256647&dopt=Abstract

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Color and phenolic compounds of a young red wine. Influence of wine-making techniques, storage temperature, and length of storage time. Author(s): Gomez-Plaza E, Gil-Munoz R, Lopez-Roca JM, Martinez A. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 736-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725142&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative efficiency of national health systems. To improve health care system's performance, drink red wine. Author(s): Bonneux L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 January 5; 324(7328): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11797642&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative estrogenic activity of wine extracts and organochlorine pesticide residues in food. Author(s): Gaido K, Dohme L, Wang F, Chen I, Blankvoort B, Ramamoorthy K, Safe S. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 December; 106 Suppl 6: 1347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860891&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of antioxidant potentials of red wine, white wine, grape juice and alcohol. Author(s): Durak I, Avci A, Kacmaz M, Buyukkocak S, Cimen MY, Elgun S, Ozturk HS. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1999; 15(4): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640265&dopt=Abstract

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Composition of platelet phospholipids after moderate consumption of red wine in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Pellegrini N, Simonetti P, Brusamolino A, Bottasso B, Pareti FI. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 50(8): 535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863014&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of fruit and wine and the decline in cerebrovascular disease mortality in Spain (1975-1993) Author(s): Rodriguez Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillon P, Banegas Banegas JR, Manzano BA, del Rey Calero J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1998 August; 29(8): 1556-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9707192&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Fuhrman B, Lavy A, Aviram M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 March; 61(3): 549-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7872219&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of wine stored in leather wine bottles and incidence of gastric cancer. Author(s): Lopez-Abente G, Sanz-Anquela JM, Gonzalez CA. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 November-December; 56(6): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958557&dopt=Abstract

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Continuous wine making by gamma-alumina-supported biocatalyst: quality of the wine and distillates. Author(s): Loukatos P, Kiaris M, Ligas I, Bourgos G, Kanellaki M, Komaitis M, Koutinas AA. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2000 October; 89(1): 1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069004&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of alcoholic beverage preference: traits of persons who choose wine, liquor or beer. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. Source: British Journal of Addiction. 1990 October; 85(10): 1279-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2265288&dopt=Abstract

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Correlations between light penetration into skin and the therapeutic outcome following laser therapy of port-wine stains. Author(s): Ackermann G, Hartmann M, Scherer K, Lang EW, Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M, Baumler W. Source: Lasers in Medical Science. 2002; 17(2): 70-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111589&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic tattooing as a treatment of port-wine stains. Author(s): van der Velden EM, de Jong BD, van der Walle HB, Stolz E, Naafs B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 May; 32(5): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8505167&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-effectiveness of beer versus red wine for the prevention of symptomatic coronary artery disease. Author(s): Innes G. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 December 15; 159(12): 1463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875251&dopt=Abstract

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Cryogen spray cooling and higher fluence pulsed dye laser treatment improve portwine stain clearance while minimizing epidermal damage. Author(s): Chang CJ, Nelson JS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1999 October; 25(10): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594577&dopt=Abstract

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Debates over wine alcohol, Prussian blue, and sulphur dioxide. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 165-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747512&dopt=Abstract

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Decant the wine, prune back your long-term hopes. Cationic detergent poisoning. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1987 November; 48(11): 593-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480430&dopt=Abstract

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Demystifying wine expertise: olfactory threshold, perceptual skill and semantic memory in expert and novice wine judges. Author(s): Parr WV, Heatherbell D, White KG. Source: Chemical Senses. 2002 October; 27(8): 747-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379599&dopt=Abstract

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Dental erosion in a wine merchant: an occupational hazard? Author(s): Chaudhry SI, Harris JL, Challacombe SJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1997 March 22; 182(6): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9115841&dopt=Abstract

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Dental erosion in wine merchants. Author(s): Brinton LJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1997 May 24; 182(10): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185350&dopt=Abstract

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Dental erosion: in vitro model of wine assessor's erosion. Author(s): Mok TB, McIntyre J, Hunt D. Source: Aust Dent J. 2001 December; 46(4): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838873&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) as a natural component in wine. Author(s): Vose J, Tighe T, Schwartz M, Buel E. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2001 September; 46(5): 1164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569560&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of copper in wine by potentiometric-stripping analysis. Author(s): McKinnon A, Scollary G. Source: The Analyst. 1986 May; 111(5): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3740432&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of pesticide residues in wine by SPME and GC/MS for consumer risk assessment. Author(s): Vitali M, Guidotti M, Giovinazzo R, Cedrone O. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 April; 15(3): 280-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666886&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of polydimethylsiloxanes by 1H-NMR in wine and edible oils. Author(s): Mojsiewicz-Pienkowska K, Jamrogiewicz Z, Lukasiak J. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 May; 20(5): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775462&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of sulphite in wine by coulometric titration. Author(s): Lowinsohn D, Bertotti M. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 September; 18(9): 773-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552744&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the insecticide pyridafenthion in river water, soils and wine by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Author(s): Sampedro MC, Gomez de Balugera Z, Goicolea A, Barrio RJ. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 October; 15(7): 793-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211187&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of total arsenic, inorganic and organic arsenic species in wine. Author(s): Herce-Pagliai C, Moreno I, Gonzalez G, Repetto M, Camean AM. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 June; 19(6): 542-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042019&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary factors affecting the urinary mutagenicity assay system. II. The absence of mutagenic activity in human urine following consumption of red wine or grape juice. Author(s): Sousa J, Nath J, Ong T. Source: Mutation Research. 1985 June; 156(3): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3889635&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary migraine: recent progress in the red (and white) wine story. Author(s): Sandler M, Li NY, Jarrett N, Glover V. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1995 April; 15(2): 101-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641242&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of white and red wine on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and gastroesophageal reflux. Author(s): Pehl C, Pfeiffer A, Wendl B, Kaess H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 February; 33(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517519&dopt=Abstract

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Differential inhibition of human liver and duodenum sulphotransferase activities by quercetin, a flavonoid present in vegetables, fruit and wine. Author(s): Marchetti F, De Santi C, Vietri M, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2001 December; 31(12): 841-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780759&dopt=Abstract

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Discussion of “Fatal malignant hyperthermia as a result of ingestion of tranylcypromine (Parnate) combined with white wine and cheese”. Author(s): Reid WH. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1986 January; 31(1): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3944580&dopt=Abstract

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Diuretics in cardiovascular medicine: new wine into old bottles. Presentation of the fundamentals. Author(s): Reyes AJ. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1993 January; 7 Suppl 1: 7-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435380&dopt=Abstract

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Does a glass of red wine improve endothelial function? Author(s): Agewall S, Wright S, Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Duxbury M, Sharpe N. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 January; 21(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610747&dopt=Abstract

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Does allowing the sale of wine in Quebec grocery stores increase consumption? Author(s): Adrian M, Ferguson BS, Her M. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1996 July; 57(4): 434-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776686&dopt=Abstract

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Does fluence matter in the laser treatment of port-wine stains? Author(s): Woo WK, Handley JM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950354&dopt=Abstract

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Does wine work? Author(s): Goldberg DM. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 January; 41(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7813069&dopt=Abstract

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Don't rely on drinking wine to prevent traveller's diarrhoea. Author(s): Cook KA, Mead PS, Mintz ED. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 March 9; 312(7031): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595367&dopt=Abstract

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Drinking wine to inebriation in biblical times. Author(s): Ben-Noun L. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2002; 39(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013712&dopt=Abstract

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Dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Author(s): Bandoh Y, Yanai A, Tsuzuki K. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1990 Fall; 14(4): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2239519&dopt=Abstract

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Dye laser treatment of port-wine stains: comparison of the continuous-wave dye laser with a robotized scanning device and the pulsed dye laser. Author(s): Dover JS, Geronemus R, Stern RS, O'Hare D, Arndt KA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 February; 32(2 Pt 1): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7829709&dopt=Abstract

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Dynamic epidermal cooling during pulsed laser treatment of port-wine stain. A new methodology with preliminary clinical evaluation. Author(s): Nelson JS, Milner TE, Anvari B, Tanenbaum BS, Kimel S, Svaasand LO, Jacques SL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 June; 131(6): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778922&dopt=Abstract

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Ectatic blood vessels in port-wine stains lack innervation: possible role in pathogenesis. Author(s): Rydh M, Malm M, Jernbeck J, Dalsgaard CJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 March; 87(3): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1825517&dopt=Abstract

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Eczema in a port-wine stain. Author(s): Tsuboi H, Miyata T, Katsuoka K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780725&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of acute intake of red wine on flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery. Author(s): Hashimoto M, Kim S, Eto M, Iijima K, Ako J, Yoshizumi M, Akishita M, Kondo K, Itakura H, Hosoda K, Toba K, Ouchi Y. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 December 15; 88(12): 1457-60, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741577&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of consumption of red wine, spirits, and beer on serum homocysteine. Author(s): van der Gaag MS, Ubbink JB, Sillanaukee P, Nikkari S, Hendriks HF. Source: Lancet. 2000 April 29; 355(9214): 1522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10801179&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary supplementation of red or white wine on human blood chemistry, hematology and coagulation: favorable effect of red wine on plasma high-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Lavy A, Fuhrman B, Markel A, Dankner G, Ben-Amotz A, Presser D, Aviram M. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1994; 38(5): 287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7535990&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intragastric infusions of ethanol and wine on serum gastrin concentration and gastric acid secretion. Author(s): Peterson WL, Barnett C, Walsh JH. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 December; 91(6): 1390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3770365&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of low doses of ethanol on platelet function in long-life abstainers and moderate-wine drinkers. Author(s): Miceli M, Alberti L, Bennardini F, Di Simplicio P, Seghieri G, Rao GH, Franconi F. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 8; 73(12): 1557-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865095&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of red versus white wine on the heart. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 February 15; 89(4): 490. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835944&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of red wine and ethanol on production of nitric oxide in healthy subjects. Author(s): Matsuo S, Nakamura Y, Takahashi M, Ouchi Y, Hosoda K, Nozawa M, Kinoshita M. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 April 15; 87(8): 1029-31: A6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306004&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of red wine consumption on lipoprotein (a) and other risk factors for atherosclerosis. Author(s): Sharpe PC, McGrath LT, McClean E, Young IS, Archbold GP. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1995 February; 88(2): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704560&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of red wine ingestion on the antioxidant capacity of serum. Author(s): Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Allaway S, Syms J, Hale A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 January; 41(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7813078&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of red wine polyphenols on vascular smooth muscle cell function--molecular mechanism of the 'French paradox'. Author(s): Iijima K, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2002 April 30; 123(8): 1033-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044952&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of some white wine phenols in preventing inflammatory cytokine release. Author(s): Bertelli A, Migliori M, Bertelli AA, Origlia N, Filippi C, Panichi V, Falchi M, Giovannini L. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(1): 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073763&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the timing of treatment of port-wine stains with the flash-lamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser. Author(s): van der Horst CM, Koster PH, de Borgie CA, Bossuyt PM, van Gemert MJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 April 9; 338(15): 1028-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9535667&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the topical anesthetic EMLA on the efficacy of pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Author(s): Ashinoff R, Geronemus RG. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990 November; 16(11): 1008-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2246405&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of white wine on esophageal peristalsis and acid clearance. Author(s): Pehl C, Frommherz M, Wendl B, Schmidt T, Pfeiffer A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 December; 35(12): 1255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199363&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of wine ethanol on serum iron and ferritin levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Boucher F, de Leiris J, Paillard F. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 June; 11(3): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590993&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of wine phenolics and stilbene analogues on tissue factor expression in endothelial cells. Author(s): Pendurthi UR, Rao LV. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 May 15; 106(4-5): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297127&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of moderate consumption of red wine on platelet aggregation and haemostatic variables in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Pellegrini N, Pareti FI, Stabile F, Brusamolino A, Simonetti P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 April; 50(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730606&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of privatization of wine sales. Author(s): Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1993 March; 54(2): 251-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8459718&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of red and white wine on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat aorta and human coronary arteries. Author(s): Flesch M, Schwarz A, Bohm M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1998 October; 275(4 Pt 2): H1183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746465&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of red wine polyphenolic compounds on the cardiovascular system. Author(s): Zenebe W, Pechanova O. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002; 103(4-5): 159-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413203&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of wine intake on postprandial plasma amino acid and protein kinetics in type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Tessari P, Bruttomesso D, Pianta A, Vettore M, Zanetti M, Kiwanuka E, Iori E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 75(5): 856-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976159&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of wine on plasma fibrinolytic and coagulation systems. Author(s): Sumi H, Kozaki Y, Yatagai C, Hamada H. Source: Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 1998 June; 33(3): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702004&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of wine phenolics and sorghum tannins on tyrosinase activity and growth of melanoma cells. Author(s): Gomez-Cordoves C, Bartolome B, Vieira W, Virador VM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 March; 49(3): 1620-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312905&dopt=Abstract

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Endothelin-1 synthesis reduced by red wine. Author(s): Corder R, Douthwaite JA, Lees DM, Khan NQ, Viseu Dos Santos AC, Wood EG, Carrier MJ. Source: Nature. 2001 December 20-27; 414(6866): 863-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780050&dopt=Abstract

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Endothelins and the 'French paradox': are detrimental effects of red wine also associated with an action on endothelin synthesis? Author(s): Dashwood MR, Tsui JC. Source: Angiology. 2002 November-December; 53(6): 749-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463633&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological study on alcohol consumption trends and on the effects of alcohol consumption on the human body. Note 2: Levels of lead in red wine from a northern Italian region. Author(s): Roggi C, Minoia C, Ronchi A, Gatti A, Mastretti A, Maccarini L, Meloni F, Meloni C. Source: Ann Ig. 1993 March-April; 5(2): 97-105. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7510980&dopt=Abstract

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Epiluminescence microscopy for port-wine stains: pretreatment evaluation. Author(s): Procaccini EM, Argenziano G, Staibano S, Ferrara G, Monfrecola G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(4): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752823&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a positive association between pulmonary function and wine intake in a population-based study. Author(s): Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, McCann SE, Kudalkar D, Ram M, Nochajski T, Russell M, Trevisan M. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2002 December; 6(4): 161-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524569&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine. Author(s): St Leger AS, Cochrane AL, Moore F. Source: Lancet. 1979 May 12; 1(8124): 1017-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86728&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the relation between alcohol and mortality--with focus on wine. Author(s): Gronbaek M. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 October; 250(4): 291-308. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576317&dopt=Abstract

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Fading of a port-wine stain associated with sevoflurane anesthesia. Author(s): Emhardt JD, Sadove AM, McNiece WL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 April; 84(4): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085986&dopt=Abstract

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Familial communicating hydrocephalus, posterior cerebellar agenesis, mega cisterna magna, and port-wine nevi. Report on five members of one family. Author(s): Nova HR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1979 December; 51(6): 862-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=501430&dopt=Abstract

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Familial lead poisoning from contaminated wine. Author(s): Loi F, Battista G, Malentacchi GM, Paradiso C, Pompella A, Rubegni M, Federico A. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1981 August; 2(3): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7341551&dopt=Abstract

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Familial medial telangiectatic nevus: variant of nevus flammeus--port-wine stain. Author(s): Pasyk KA, Wlodarczyk SR, Jakobczak MM, Kurek M, Aughton DJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 May; 91(6): 1032-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8479968&dopt=Abstract

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Familial multiple lateral telangiectatic nevi (port-wine stains or nevi flammei). Author(s): Pasyk KA. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1992 April; 41(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1576757&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal asthma after ingestion of sulfite-containing wine. Author(s): Tsevat J, Gross GN, Dowling GP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 August; 107(2): 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3605918&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal malignant hyperthermia as a result of ingestion of tranylcypromine (Parnate) combined with white wine and cheese. Author(s): Mirchandani H, Reich LE. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1985 January; 30(1): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3981112&dopt=Abstract

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Fenhexamid residues in grapes and wine. Author(s): Cabras P, Angioni A, Garau VL, Pirisi FM, Cabitza F, Pala M, Farris GA. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 July; 18(7): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469318&dopt=Abstract

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Flashlamp pulsed dye laser and argon-pumped dye laser in the treatment of portwine stains: a clinical and histological comparison. Author(s): Edstrom DW, Hedblad MA, Ros AM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903241&dopt=Abstract

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Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser for port-wine stains in infancy: earlier versus later treatment. Author(s): Ashinoff R, Geronemus RG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 March; 24(3): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2061448&dopt=Abstract

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Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Author(s): Fitzpatrick RE, Lowe NJ, Goldman MP, Borden H, Behr KL, Ruiz-Esparza J. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994 November; 20(11): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962935&dopt=Abstract

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Food and wine tasting fairs add spice to daily menus. Author(s): Havens JB. Source: Provider. 1990 October; 16(10): 67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10107244&dopt=Abstract

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Food fair and wine tasting. Author(s): Havens JB, Ostby SJ. Source: J Long Term Care Adm. 1990 Spring; 18(1): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10104545&dopt=Abstract

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Food intolerance due to wine gums: identification of copper chlorophyll (E141) as a possible pseudoallergen. Author(s): Bohm M, Bunselmeyer B, Luger TA, Brehler R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 February; 107(2): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174213&dopt=Abstract

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Fragments of tradition: revisiting the virtues of wine. Author(s): Vintani PG. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370880&dopt=Abstract

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French wine and death certificates. Author(s): Rao LG. Source: Lancet. 1979 June 2; 1(8127): 1187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86903&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal growth on wine corks--a potential source of exposure to susceptible individuals. Author(s): Ayres JG, Allsopp D. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 December; 24(12): 1179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7889434&dopt=Abstract

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Further cases of lead poisoning from wine. Author(s): Perrelli G, Capellaro E, Pira E, Maina G, Vergnano P. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1984; 5(5): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6720696&dopt=Abstract

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Gastroesophageal reflux induced by white wine: the role of acid clearance and “rereflux”. Author(s): Pehl C, Frommherz M, Wendl B, Pfeiffer A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 97(3): 561-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922547&dopt=Abstract

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Genotoxic flavonoids and red wine: a possible role in stomach carcinogenesis. Author(s): Gaspar J, Laires A, Rueff J. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1994 December; 3 Suppl 2: 13-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7735040&dopt=Abstract

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Giant proliferative hemangiomas arising in a port-wine stain. Author(s): Holloway KB, Ramos-Caro FA, Brownlee RE Jr, Flowers FP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 October; 31(4): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089300&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosylation defining cancer malignancy: new wine in an old bottle. Author(s): Hakomori S. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 August 6; 99(16): 10231-3. Epub 2002 July 30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149519&dopt=Abstract

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Grand rounds: adverse reactions to wine. Author(s): Gershwin ME, Ough C, Bock A, Fletcher MP, Nagy SM, Tuft DS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1985 March; 75(3): 411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3973315&dopt=Abstract

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Granuloma pyogenicum arising in an arteriovenous haemangioma associated with a port-wine stain. Author(s): Lee JB, Kim M, Lee SC, Won YH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 143(3): 669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971364&dopt=Abstract

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Grapes to wine. Author(s): Thomas HJ 3rd. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 November; 47(5): 825-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568707&dopt=Abstract

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Hair ignition by dye laser for port-wine stain: risk factors evaluated. Author(s): Molin L, Hallgren S. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy. 1999 April; 1(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11357290&dopt=Abstract

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Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay. Author(s): De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M. Source: Oral Oncology. 1998 March; 34(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682771&dopt=Abstract

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Healing of port-wine stains after argon laser therapy. Author(s): Finley JL, Barsky SH, Geer DE, Kamat BR, Noe JM, Rosen S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 August; 117(8): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7259243&dopt=Abstract

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Health implications of Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 2. Meat, wine, fats, and oils. Author(s): Kushi LH, Lenart EB, Willett WC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 June; 61(6 Suppl): 1416S-1427S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7754997&dopt=Abstract

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Heavy drinking and problems among wine drinkers. Author(s): Smart RG, Walsh G. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 July; 60(4): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463802&dopt=Abstract

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Hemochromatosis and red wine. Author(s): Perman G. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1967 September; 182(3): 281-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6058357&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatocellular carcinoma. Relationship to wine and pork consumption. Author(s): Nanji AA, French SW. Source: Cancer. 1985 December 1; 56(11): 2711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2996744&dopt=Abstract

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High blood lead level in alcoholics: wine vs. beer. Author(s): Dally S, Girre C, Hispard E, Thomas G, Fournier L. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1989 January; 23(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2920666&dopt=Abstract

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High-altitude pulmonary edema: potential protection by red wine. Author(s): Schafer A, Bauersachs J. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2002 October; 12(5): 306-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616811&dopt=Abstract

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High-fluence modified pulsed dye laser photocoagulation with dynamic cooling of port-wine stains in infancy. Author(s): Geronemus RG, Quintana AT, Lou WW, Kauvar AN. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 July; 136(7): 942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10891010&dopt=Abstract

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Histamine content does not influence the tolerance of wine in normal subjects. Author(s): Kanny G, Bauza T, Fremont S, Guillemin F, Blaise A, Daumas F, Cabanis JC, Nicolas JP, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1999 February; 31(2): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219426&dopt=Abstract

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Histamine in wine. Bronchoconstriction after a double-blind placebo-controlled red wine provocation test. Author(s): Wantke F, Hemmer W, Haglmuller T, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 August; 110(4): 397400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768808&dopt=Abstract

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Histochemical evaluation of the coagulation depth after argon laser impact on a portwine stain. Author(s): Neumann RA, Knobler RM, Leonhartsberger H, Bohler-Sommeregger K, Gebhart W. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1991; 11(6): 606-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1753855&dopt=Abstract

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Histologic responses of port-wine stains treated by argon, carbon dioxide, and tunable dye lasers. A preliminary report. Author(s): Tan OT, Carney JM, Margolis R, Seki Y, Boll J, Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1986 September; 122(9): 1016-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3090945&dopt=Abstract

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Home beer and wine making--the need for some caution. Author(s): Reilly C. Source: R Soc Health J. 1976 June; 96(3): 134-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=951498&dopt=Abstract

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How much wine is enough for New Zealand? Author(s): O'Hagan JJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1983 April 27; 96(730): 295-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6573587&dopt=Abstract

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Human apo A-I and rat transferrin are the principal plasma proteins that bind wine catechins. Author(s): Brunet MJ, Blade C, Salvado MJ, Arola L. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 April 24; 50(9): 2708-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958645&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrocortisone content of human blood, and alcohol content of blood and urine, after wine consumption. Author(s): Fazekas IG. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1966 September; 27(3): 439-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5970695&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertrophic scarring in argon laser treatment of port-wine stains. Author(s): Dixon JA, Huether S, Rotering R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1984 May; 73(5): 771-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6718576&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothesis: aldosterone is synthesized by an alternative pathway during severe sodium depletion. 'A new wine in an old bottle'. Author(s): Boon WC, McDougall JG, Coghlan JP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1998 May; 25(5): 369-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9612665&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of grape and wine allergens as an endochitinase 4, a lipid-transfer protein, and a thaumatin. Author(s): Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ortolani C, Fortunato D, Giuffrida MG, Perono Garoffo L, Calamari AM, Brenna O, Conti A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 350-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589356&dopt=Abstract

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Illustration of analysis taking into account complex survey considerations: the association between wine consumption and dementia in the PAQUID study. Personnes Ages Quid. Author(s): Lemeshow S, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Lafont S, Orgogozo JM, Commenges D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 August 1; 148(3): 298-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690368&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging blood flow in human port-wine stain in situ and in real time using optical Doppler tomography. Author(s): Nelson JS, Kelly KM, Zhao Y, Chen Z. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 June; 137(6): 741-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405763&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate hypersensitivity to bakery, brewery and wine products in yeast-sensitive atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Savolainen J, Lantto R, Kalimo K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 September; 24(9): 836-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7812885&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemistry of port-wine stains and normal skin with endotheliumspecific antibodies PAL-E, anti-ICAM-1, anti-ELAM-1, and anti-factor VIIIrAg. Author(s): Neumann R, Leonhartsberger H, Knobler R, Honigsmann H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 July; 130(7): 879-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7517655&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistological evaluation of endothelial markers and basement membrane components in port-wine stains. Author(s): Mitsuhashi Y, Odermatt BF, Schneider BV, Schnyder UW. Source: Dermatologica. 1988; 176(5): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3289978&dopt=Abstract

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In sickle disease, unlike wine, dry is not good. Author(s): Schrier SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993 July; 92(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8325974&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro action of Bordeaux red wine on the microhardness of human dental enamel. Author(s): Lupi-Pegurier L, Muller M, Leforestier E, Bertrand MF, Bolla M. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 2003 February; 48(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642233&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo port-wine stain depth determination with a photoacoustic probe. Author(s): Viator JA, Choi B, Ambrose M, Spanier J, Nelson JS. Source: Appl Opt. 2003 June 1; 42(16): 3215-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790472&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of net mass lipid transfer reactions in plasma by wine consumption with dinner. Author(s): Van Tol A, Groener JE, Scheek LM, Van Gent T, Veenstra J, Van de Pol H, Hendriks HF, Schaafsma G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995 June; 25(6): 390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7656916&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of hexacyanoferrate (II) based treatments upon the elimination of heavy metal traces in wine. II. The case of cadmium. Author(s): Wencker D, Spiess B, Laugel P. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1990 May-June; 7(3): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379654&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of moderate chronic wine consumption on insulin sensitivity and other correlates of syndrome X in moderately obese women. Author(s): Cordain L, Melby CL, Hamamoto AE, O'Neill DS, Cornier MA, Barakat HA, Israel RG, Hill JO. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 November; 49(11): 1473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092514&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of red wine on visual function and endothelin-1 plasma level in a patient with optic neuritis. Author(s): Haufschild T, Kaiser HJ, Preisig T, Pruente C, Flammer J. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 June; 53(6): 825-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783437&dopt=Abstract

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Ingestion of red wine significantly increases plasma phenolic acid concentrations but does not acutely affect ex vivo lipoprotein oxidizability. Author(s): Caccetta RA, Croft KD, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 January; 71(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617948&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. Author(s): Frankel EN, Kanner J, German JB, Parks E, Kinsella JE. Source: Lancet. 1993 February 20; 341(8843): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094487&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein with red wine. Author(s): Kondo K, Matsumoto A, Kurata H, Tanahashi H, Koda H, Amachi T, Itakura H. Source: Lancet. 1994 October 22; 344(8930): 1152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7934506&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of platelet activity with red wine and grape products. Author(s): Folts JD, Begolli B, Shanmuganayagam D, Osman H, Maalej N. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1997; 6(4): 411-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388307&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the “French paradox”. Author(s): Rosenkranz S, Knirel D, Dietrich H, Flesch M, Erdmann E, Bohm M. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 December; 16(14): 1958-60. Epub 2002 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397093&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory activity of the white wine compounds, tyrosol and caffeic acid, on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Giovannini L, Migliori M, Filippi C, Origlia N, Panichi V, Falchi M, Bertelli AA, Bertelli A. Source: Int J Tissue React. 2002; 24(2): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182233&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of white wine on gastric myoelectrical activity and the role of vagal tone. Author(s): Levanon D, Goss B, Chen JD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452386&dopt=Abstract

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Initial lesion size as a predictive factor in determining the response of port-wine stains in children treated with the pulsed dye laser. Author(s): Morelli JG, Weston WL, Huff JC, Yohn JJ. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1995 October; 149(10): 1142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7550819&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of beer, wine, and spirits and risk of stroke : the copenhagen city heart study. Author(s): Truelsen T, Gronbaek M, Schnohr P, Boysen G. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1998 December; 29(12): 2467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9836752&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of wine, beer, and spirits and the risk of clinical common cold. Author(s): Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Garcia-Closas R, Figueiras A, GestalOtero JJ, Hernan MA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 May 1; 155(9): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978590&dopt=Abstract

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Intense pulsed light source for the treatment of dye laser resistant port-wine stains. Author(s): Bjerring P, Christiansen K, Troilius A. Source: Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy : Official Publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology. 2003 April; 5(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745594&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction of the flash-lamp pulsed-dye laser treatment of facial port-wine stains in childhood: A case of health care technology assessment. Author(s): De Borgie CA, Bossuyt PM, van der Horst CM, van Gemert MJ. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2001; 28(2): 182-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241528&dopt=Abstract

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Iontophoresis for anesthesia during pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Author(s): Nunez M, Miralles ES, Boixeda P, Gomez F, Perez B, Abraira V, Ledo A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 September-October; 14(5): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336816&dopt=Abstract

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Is it time for a wine trial? Author(s): Waterhouse AL, German JB, Walzem RL, Hansen RJ, Kasim-Karakas SE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 August; 68(2): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9701174&dopt=Abstract

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Is it time for the wine? Author(s): Johnson DA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991 June; 86(6): 784-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039007&dopt=Abstract

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Is sulfite an antiatherogenic compound in wine? Author(s): Mitsuhashi H, Ikeuchi H, Nojima Y. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2001 October; 47(10): 1872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568110&dopt=Abstract

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Is the effect of wine on health confounded by diet? Author(s): Gronbaek M, Sorensen TI. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 March; 13(2): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880769&dopt=Abstract

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Is wine good for your heart? A critical review. Author(s): Gall N. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 March; 77(905): 172-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222824&dopt=Abstract

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Is wine the drink of moderation? Author(s): Stockwell TR, Lang E, Lewis PN. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 June 5; 162(11): 578, 580-1. Erratum In: Med J Aust 1995 August 7; 163(3): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7791643&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and identification of rutin as the major mutagen of red wine. Author(s): Yu CL, Swaminathan B, Butler LG, Pratt DE. Source: Mutation Research. 1986 June; 170(3): 103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3520304&dopt=Abstract

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Just wine. Author(s): Dabb R. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1994 January; 32(1): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8141529&dopt=Abstract

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Ketamine sedation obviates the need for general anaesthesia in children having laser ablation of facial port-wine stains. Author(s): Pullerits J, Wiss K, Scharf MJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 July; 43(7): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807186&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of fortified wine ingested during fasting and anticoagulant therapy. Author(s): O'Reilly RA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 March; 141(4): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7212888&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of mealtime wine on the hypoprothrombinemia of oral anticoagulants. Author(s): O'Reilly RA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1979 March-April; 277(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=463946&dopt=Abstract

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Lead and wine. Eberhard Gockel and the colica Pictonum. Author(s): Eisinger J. Source: Medical History. 1982 July; 26(3): 279-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6750289&dopt=Abstract

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Lead in wine. Author(s): Kaufmann A. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 May-June; 15(4): 437-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764214&dopt=Abstract

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Lead poisoning due to contamination of home-made wine. Author(s): Warwick RG, Gibson PF. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1973 September; 27(9): 345-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4786721&dopt=Abstract

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Lead poisoning from homemade wine: a case study. Author(s): Mangas S, Visvanathan R, van Alphen M. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 April; 109(4): 433-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11335194&dopt=Abstract

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Lead poisoning from wine. Author(s): Castaldi G, Franceschini F, Bariani L, Fersini C, Garasto G. Source: Haematologica. 1985 September-October; 70(5): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3937786&dopt=Abstract

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Lesion size is a factor for determining the rate of port-wine stain clearing following pulsed dye laser treatment in adults. Author(s): Yohn JJ, Huff JC, Aeling JL, Walsh P, Morelli JG. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 May; 59(5): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169268&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Tattooing for port-wine stains. Author(s): Hishon S. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 July 3; 2(6026): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=938915&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Tattooing for port-wine stains. Author(s): van Rossum GP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 June 5; 1(6022): 1402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1276711&dopt=Abstract

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Lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve associated with macrodactyly and port-wine stains. Author(s): Ban M, Kamiya H, Sato M, Kitajima Y. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796589&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoprotein oxidation mediated by J774 murine macrophages is inhibited by individual red wine polyphenols but not by ethanol. Author(s): Rifici VA, Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2532-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221205&dopt=Abstract

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L-lactate enzyme electrode obtained with immobilized respiratory chain from Escherichia coli and oxygen probe for specific determination of L-lactate in yogurt, wine and blood. Author(s): Adamowicz E, Burstein C. Source: Biosensors. 1987-88; 3(1): 27-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3314875&dopt=Abstract

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Location of port-wine stains and likelihood of complications. Author(s): Lueder GT. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 January; 89(1): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1728008&dopt=Abstract

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Location of port-wine stains and the likelihood of ophthalmic and/or central nervous system complications. Author(s): Tallman B, Tan OT, Morelli JG, Piepenbrink J, Stafford TJ, Trainor S, Weston WL. Source: Pediatrics. 1991 March; 87(3): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1805804&dopt=Abstract

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Locus for susceptibility for familial capillary malformation ('port-wine stain') maps to 5q. Author(s): Eerola I, Boon LM, Watanabe S, Grynberg H, Mulliken JB, Vikkula M. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2002 June; 10(6): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080389&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term psychological impact and perceived efficacy of pulsed-dye laser therapy for patients with port-wine stains. Author(s): Hansen K, Kreiter CD, Rosenbaum M, Whitaker DC, Arpey CJ. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 January; 29(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534512&dopt=Abstract

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Low prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in wine drinkers--is it the alcohol beverage or the lifestyle? Author(s): Rosell M, De Faire U, Hellenius ML. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571653&dopt=Abstract

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Lower consumption of wine and fish as a possible explanation for higher ischaemic heart disease mortality in Spain's Mediterranean region. Author(s): Rodriguez Artalejo F, Banegas JR, Garcia Colmenero C, del Rey Calero J. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 December; 25(6): 1196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027524&dopt=Abstract

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Lower risk for alcohol-induced cirrhosis in wine drinkers. Author(s): Becker U, Gronbaek M, Johansen D, Sorensen TI. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2002 April; 35(4): 868-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11915033&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar disc herniation: favourable outcome associated with intake of wine. Author(s): Rasmussen C. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1998; 7(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9548354&dopt=Abstract

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Lupus vulgaris simulating a port-wine stain. Author(s): Cotterill JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 July; 119(1): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3408657&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphatic vascular system of the uterus simplex. New wine for an old bottle. Author(s): Reynolds SR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 August; 38(2): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5560116&dopt=Abstract

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Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice. Author(s): Bub A, Watzl B, Heeb D, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2001 June; 40(3): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697443&dopt=Abstract

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Meal-generated oxidative stress in diabetes. The protective effect of red wine. Author(s): Ceriello A, Bortolotti N, Motz E, Lizzio S, Russo A, Selmo V, Catone B, Tonutti L, Taboga C. Source: Diabetes Care. 1999 December; 22(12): 2084-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587848&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism-based inactivation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 by grapefruit juice and red wine. Author(s): Chan WK, Nguyen LT, Miller VP, Harris RZ. Source: Life Sciences. 1998; 62(10): Pl135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496718&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Author(s): Di Castelnuovo A, Rotondo S, Iacoviello L, Donati MB, De Gaetano G. Source: Circulation. 2002 June 18; 105(24): 2836-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070110&dopt=Abstract

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Methyl isothiocyanate in wine. Author(s): Rostron C. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1992 September; 30(9): 821-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1427521&dopt=Abstract

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Methylation of quercetin and fisetin, flavonoids widely distributed in edible vegetables, fruits and wine, by human liver. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 May; 40(5): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051572&dopt=Abstract

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Meyerson phenomenon within a nevus flammeus. The different eczematous reactions within port-wine stains. Author(s): Hofer T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(2): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218239&dopt=Abstract

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Midwives, research. and the consumption of fine wine. Author(s): Alexander J. Source: Pract Midwife. 2000 March; 3(3): 34-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052067&dopt=Abstract

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Migraine precipitated by red wine after bone-marrow transplantation. Author(s): Lonnqvist B, Ringden O. Source: Lancet. 1990 February 10; 335(8685): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1967809&dopt=Abstract

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Mixed capillary/lymphatic malformation with coexisting port-wine stain: treatment utilizing 3D MRI and CT-guided sclerotherapy. Author(s): Wimmershoff MB, Schreyer AG, Glaessl A, Geissler A, Hohenleutner U, Feuerbach SS, Landthaler M. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 June; 26(6): 584-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848942&dopt=Abstract

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Moderate consumption of beer, red wine and spirits has counteracting effects on plasma antioxidants in middle-aged men. Author(s): van der Gaag MS, van den Berg R, van den Berg H, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 July; 54(7): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918470&dopt=Abstract

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Moderate red wine consumption in healthy volunteers reduced plasma clearance of apolipoprotein AII. Author(s): Gottrand F, Beghin L, Duhal N, Lacroix B, Bonte JP, Fruchart JC, Luc G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999 May; 29(5): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354195&dopt=Abstract

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Moderate wine and alcohol consumption: beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Booyse FM, Parks DA. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 August; 86(2): 517-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521997&dopt=Abstract

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Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreased odds of developing agerelated macular degeneration in NHANES-1. Author(s): Obisesan TO, Hirsch R, Kosoko O, Carlson L, Parrott M. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1998 January; 46(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434658&dopt=Abstract

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Moderate wine consumption protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage. Author(s): Fenech M, Stockley C, Aitken C. Source: Mutagenesis. 1997 July; 12(4): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237776&dopt=Abstract

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Modernization and geographical diffusion as explanations for regional differences in the consumption of wine and beer in the European Community. Author(s): Knibbe RA, Drop MJ, Hupkens CL. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1996 September-October; 31(11-12): 1639-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8908710&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality associated with moderate intakes of wine, beer, or spirits. Author(s): Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorensen TI, Becker U, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 May 6; 310(6988): 1165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7767150&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple arteriovenous malformations located in the cerebellum, posterior fossa, spinal cord, dura, and scalp with associated port-wine stain and supratentorial venous anomaly. Author(s): Mizutani T, Tanaka H, Aruga T. Source: Neurosurgery. 1992 July; 31(1): 137-40; Discussion 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1641094&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple basal cell carcinomas arising in port-wine haemangiomas. Author(s): Magana-Garcia M, Magana-Lozano M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 September; 119(3): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3179209&dopt=Abstract

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Mutagenic activity in the wine-making process: correlations with rutin and quercetin levels. Author(s): Rueff J, Laires A, Gaspar J, Rodrigues A. Source: Mutagenesis. 1990 July; 5(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2398821&dopt=Abstract

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Mutagenic substances in red and white wine in Chile, a high risk area for gastric cancer. Author(s): Bull P, Yanez L, Nervi F. Source: Mutation Research. 1987 March; 187(3): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3547110&dopt=Abstract

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My wife and I have a glass of white wine most nights, but one of our friends says that we should switch to red wine because it is better for our hearts. Is he right? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 April; 9(8): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095230&dopt=Abstract

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Natural color system--a new method for evaluating skin colors during argon laser treatment of port-wine stain. Author(s): Malm M, Jurell G, Tonnquist G. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1988 April; 20(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3364916&dopt=Abstract

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New concepts in peritoneal dialysis: new wine in old barrels? Author(s): Van Biesen W, Veys N, Vanholder R, Lameire N. Source: Artificial Organs. 2003 May; 27(5): 398-405. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752197&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in an old bottle? Dose escalation under dose-volume constraints: a model of conformal therapy of the prostate. Author(s): Kutcher GJ, Leibel SA, Ling CC, Zelefsky M, Fuks Z. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996 May 1; 35(2): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8635953&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in old bottles. Author(s): Bennett B, Bennett L. Source: Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 2002 June; 17(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136517&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in old bottles. Author(s): Neelon FA. Source: N C Med J. 1984 June; 45(6): 398-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6588300&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in old bottles. Author(s): Prys-Roberts C. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1977 September; 49(9): 845-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=911583&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in old bottles. Author(s): Parson RL, Moore JC. Source: Rehabil Rec. 1967 March-April; 8(2): 1-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5623813&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in old bottles: the WHO ICF as an explanatory model of human behaviour. Author(s): Wade DT, Halligan P. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 17(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785241&dopt=Abstract

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New wine in old wineskins. Green Paper outlines rational new approach. Author(s): Wedel RJ. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1995 December; 41: 2051-2, 2068-70. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680286&dopt=Abstract

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New wine into old bottles. Author(s): Cullinan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1972 April 27; 68(17): 493-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5024468&dopt=Abstract

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No alcohol, but wine is permitted: a survey of obstetric units in Scotland. Author(s): McGarva K, Murray AK. Source: Scott Med J. 1989 August; 34(4): 484-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2799369&dopt=Abstract

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No aspirin in red wine. Author(s): Janssen PL, Katan MB, Hollman PC, Venema DP. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 10; 344(8924): 762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7915814&dopt=Abstract

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No correlation between wine intolerance and histamine content of wine. Author(s): Kanny G, Gerbaux V, Olszewski A, Fremont S, Empereur F, Nabet F, Cabanis JC, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 February; 107(2): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174207&dopt=Abstract

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Nonalcoholic red wine extract and quercetin inhibit LDL oxidation without affecting plasma antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid concentrations. Author(s): Chopra M, Fitzsimons PE, Strain JJ, Thurnham DI, Howard AN. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2000 August; 46(8 Pt 1): 1162-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926898&dopt=Abstract

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Noncompliance with medications: vintage wine in new (pill) bottles. Author(s): Sbarbaro JA, Steiner JF. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 April; 66(4): 273-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014925&dopt=Abstract

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Non-linear models for the relation between cardiovascular risk factors and intake of wine, beer and spirits. Author(s): Ambler G, Royston P, Head J. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 2003 February 15; 22(3): 363-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529869&dopt=Abstract

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Objective assessment of port-wine stains following treatment with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Author(s): Yong-Gee SA, Kurwa HA, Barlow RJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 42(4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903154&dopt=Abstract

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Objective evaluation of treatment effects on port-wine stains using L*a*b* color coordinates. Author(s): Rah DK, Kim SC, Lee KH, Park BY, Kim DW. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 September 15; 108(4): 842-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547137&dopt=Abstract

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Objective evaluation of treatment effects on port-wine stains. Author(s): Ion LE, Kavouni A, Scheepers H, Percival N. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 August; 110(2): 712-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142711&dopt=Abstract

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Ochratoxin A in table wine and grape-juice: occurrence and risk assessment. Author(s): Zimmerli B, Dick R. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1996 August-September; 13(6): 655-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871123&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular complication of PhotoDerm VL therapy for facial port-wine stain. Author(s): Sutter FK, Landau K. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 January; 29(1): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534525&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal and gastric potential difference and pH in healthy volunteers following intake of coca-cola, red wine, and alcohol. Author(s): Rubinstein E, Hauge C, Sommer P, Mortensen T. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1993 January; 72(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8441742&dopt=Abstract

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Of light bulbs and wine glasses: risk factors and mortality trends. Author(s): Cole P. Source: Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila. 1988 December; 10(1-4): 95-102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3238746&dopt=Abstract

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Of portobellos and wine. Author(s): Griffiths L, Small A, Corser N. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2003 March; 49: 343-4, 345-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675549&dopt=Abstract

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Old wine and new wine. Author(s): Frankel J. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 118(7): 1006-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10900123&dopt=Abstract

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On call. I am 62 years old and I've always been very healthy. At my last annual checkup, however, my blood pressure was 166/96. My doctor told me to cut down on drinking to lower my pressure. I usually have a cocktail or two before dinner and two or three glasses of wine with my meal. Is my doctor right? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2000 May; 4(10): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760977&dopt=Abstract

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On the influence of vitamin K-rich vegetables and wine on the effectiveness of warfarin treatment. Author(s): Karlson B, Leijd B, Hellstrom K. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1986; 220(4): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3541503&dopt=Abstract

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On wine and urine. Author(s): Smith WO, Howard RP. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1976 November; 69(11): 475-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=792400&dopt=Abstract

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Pb and Cu speciation and bioavailability in port wine. Author(s): Azenha MA, Vasconcelos MT. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 November; 48(11): 5740-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087548&dopt=Abstract

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Pellagra-like skin lesions associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy in a heavy wine drinker. Author(s): Wallengren J, Thelin I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125954&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptual learning in olfaction: professional wine tasters versus controls. Author(s): Bende M, Nordin S. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1997 November; 62(5): 1065-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9333201&dopt=Abstract

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Pesticide residues in grapes and wine in Italy. Author(s): Cabras P, Conte E. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 October; 18(10): 880-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569768&dopt=Abstract

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Pesticides and trace metals residue in grape and home made wine in Jordan. Author(s): Al Nasir F, Jiries AG, Batarseh MI, Beese F. Source: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2001 February; 66(3): 253-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281423&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma levels of caffeic acid and antioxidant status after red wine intake. Author(s): Simonetti P, Gardana C, Pietta P. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 December; 49(12): 5964-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743793&dopt=Abstract

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Polyphenols in red wine inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of LNCaP cells. Author(s): Romero I, Paez A, Ferruelo A, Lujan M, Berenguer A. Source: Bju International. 2002 June; 89(9): 950-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010246&dopt=Abstract

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Polyphenols produced during red wine ageing. Author(s): Brouillard R, George F, Fougerousse A. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1997; 6(4): 403-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388306&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial plasma carotenoid responses following consumption of strawberries, red wine, vitamin C or spinach by elderly women. Author(s): Paiva SA, Yeum KJ, Cao G, Prior RL, Russell RM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 December; 128(12): 2391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868186&dopt=Abstract

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Potential ochratoxin A producers from wine grapes in Argentina and Brazil. Author(s): Da RR, Palacios V, Combina M, Fraga ME, De OR, Magnoli CE, Dalcero AM. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 April; 19(4): 408-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962699&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of aged red wine aroma properties from aroma chemical composition. Partial least squares regression models. Author(s): Aznar M, Lopez R, Cacho J, Ferreira V. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 23; 51(9): 2700-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696960&dopt=Abstract

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Prolonged neurophysiological effects of cumulative wine drinking. Author(s): Ilan AB, Gevins A. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2001 November; 25(3): 137-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839457&dopt=Abstract

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Red or white wine with your turkey, sir? Author(s): Bradbury J. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 22-29; 358(9299): 2135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784636&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine consumption and brain aging. Author(s): Bastianetto S. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 May; 18(5): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985952&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine consumption and inhibition of LDL oxidation: what are the important components? Author(s): Howard A, Chopra M, Thurnham D, Strain J, Fuhrman B, Aviram M. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 July; 59(1): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160692&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine increases the expression of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a mechanism that may contribute to its beneficial cardiovascular effects. Author(s): Wallerath T, Poleo D, Li H, Forstermann U. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 February 5; 41(3): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575978&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine inhibits the cell-mediated oxidation of LDL and HDL. Author(s): Rifici VA, Stephan EM, Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999 April; 18(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10204829&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine intake prevents nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers during postprandial lipemia. Author(s): Blanco-Colio LM, Valderrama M, Alvarez-Sala LA, Bustos C, Ortego M, Hernandez-Presa MA, Cancelas P, Gomez-Gerique J, Millan J, Egido J. Source: Circulation. 2000 August 29; 102(9): 1020-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961967&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine is a poor source of bioavailable flavonols in men. Author(s): de Vries JH, Hollman PC, van Amersfoort I, Olthof MR, Katan MB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3): 745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238754&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine micronutrients as protective agents in Alzheimer-like induced insult. Author(s): Russo A, Palumbo M, Aliano C, Lempereur L, Scoto G, Renis M. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 April 11; 72(21): 2369-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639702&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine mitigates the postprandial increase of LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Author(s): Natella F, Ghiselli A, Guidi A, Ursini F, Scaccini C. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2001 May 1; 30(9): 1036-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316584&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine polyphenolics increase LDL receptor expression and activity and suppress the secretion of ApoB100 from human HepG2 cells. Author(s): Pal S, Ho N, Santos C, Dubois P, Mamo J, Croft K, Allister E. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 700-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612140&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine polyphenols enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and subsequent nitric oxide release from endothelial cells. Author(s): Leikert JF, Rathel TR, Wohlfart P, Cheynier V, Vollmar AM, Dirsch VM. Source: Circulation. 2002 September 24; 106(13): 1614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270851&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine polyphenols inhibit proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and downregulate expression of cyclin A gene. Author(s): Iijima K, Yoshizumi M, Hashimoto M, Kim S, Eto M, Ako J, Liang YQ, Sudoh N, Hosoda K, Nakahara K, Toba K, Ouchi Y. Source: Circulation. 2000 February 22; 101(7): 805-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683356&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine polyphenols inhibit the growth of colon carcinoma cells and modulate the activation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Author(s): Briviba K, Pan L, Rechkemmer G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2814-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221251&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine polyphenols inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell migration through two distinct signaling pathways. Author(s): Iijima K, Yoshizumi M, Hashimoto M, Akishita M, Kozaki K, Ako J, Watanabe T, Ohike Y, Son B, Yu J, Nakahara K, Ouchi Y. Source: Circulation. 2002 May 21; 105(20): 2404-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021228&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine polyphenols, in the absence of alcohol, reduce lipid peroxidative stress in smoking subjects. Author(s): Abu-Amsha Caccetta R, Burke V, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2001 March 15; 30(6): 636-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295361&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine protects diabetic patients from meal-induced oxidative stress and thrombosis activation: a pleasant approach to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Author(s): Ceriello A, Bortolotti N, Motz E, Lizzio S, Catone B, Assaloni R, Tonutti L, Taboga C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001 April; 31(4): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298779&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine with the noon meal lowers post-meal blood pressure: a randomized trial in centrally obese, hypertensive patients. Author(s): Foppa M, Fuchs FD, Preissler L, Andrighetto A, Rosito GA, Duncan BB. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2002 March; 63(2): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033702&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine, spirits, beer and serum homocysteine. Author(s): Jayasinghe S. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 5; 356(9228): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981921&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine, spirits, beer and serum homocysteine. Author(s): Bleich S, Degner D, Kropp S, Ruther E, Kornhuber J. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 5; 356(9228): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981920&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine-cisapride interaction: comparison with grapefruit juice. Author(s): Offman EM, Freeman DJ, Dresser GK, Munoz C, Bend JR, Bailey DG. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 July; 70(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452240&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced plasma homocysteine in obese red wine consumers: a potential contributor to reduced cardiovascular risk status. Author(s): Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 56(7): 608-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080399&dopt=Abstract

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Renal damage mediated by oxidative stress: a hypothesis of protective effects of red wine. Author(s): Rodrigo R, Rivera G. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 August 1; 33(3): 409-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126763&dopt=Abstract

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Role of sulfite additives in wine induced asthma: single dose and cumulative dose studies. Author(s): Vally H, Thompson PJ. Source: Thorax. 2001 October; 56(10): 763-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562514&dopt=Abstract

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Scapholunate diastasis associated with a Barton fracture treated by manipulation, or Terry-Thomas and the wine waiter. Author(s): King RJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1983 May; 76(5): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6864707&dopt=Abstract

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Scopolamine poisoning from homemade 'moon flower' wine. Author(s): Smith EA, Meloan CE, Pickell JA, Oehme FW. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1991 July-August; 15(4): 216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1943073&dopt=Abstract

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Semipreparative reversed-phase liquid chromatographic fractionation of aroma extracts from wine and other alcoholic beverages. Author(s): Ferreira V, Hernandez-Orte P, Escudero A, Lopez R, Cacho J. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1999 December 9; 864(1): 77-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630873&dopt=Abstract

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Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women. Author(s): Cao G, Russell RM, Lischner N, Prior RL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 December; 128(12): 2383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868185&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effect of red wine (consumed during meals) on insulin requirement and glucose tolerance in diabetic patients. Author(s): Gin H, Morlat P, Ragnaud JM, Aubertin J. Source: Diabetes Care. 1992 April; 15(4): 546-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1499475&dopt=Abstract

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Silicon, wine, and the heart. Author(s): Parr RM. Source: Lancet. 1980 May 17; 1(8177): 1087. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6103421&dopt=Abstract

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Socioeconomic level, sedentary lifestyle, and wine consumption as possible explanations for geographic distribution of cerebrovascular disease mortality in Spain. Author(s): Rodriguez Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillon P, Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Ramon Banegas J, del Rey Calero J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1997 May; 28(5): 922-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158626&dopt=Abstract

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Solitary pulmonary nodules: new wine in old bottles. Author(s): Lillington GA. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2001 July; 7(4): 242-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470981&dopt=Abstract

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Structure elucidation of phenolic compounds from red/white wine with antiatherogenic properties. Author(s): Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T, Demopoulos CA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 June 10; 1632(1-3): 90-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782155&dopt=Abstract

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The cardioprotective effect of wine on human blood chemistry. Author(s): van Velden DP, Mansvelt EP, Fourie E, Rossouw M, Marais AD. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074993&dopt=Abstract

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The debate over the pathogenic nature of plastered wine. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 145-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747511&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a moderate level of white wine consumption on the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis before and after a meal. Author(s): Kokavec A, Crowe SF. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2001 October-November; 70(2-3): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701194&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of red wine on blood antioxidant potential. Author(s): Durak I, Cimen MY, Buyukkocak S, Kacmaz M, Ozturk HS. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1999; 15(3): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621928&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of red wine on the fibrinolytic system and the cellular activation reactions before and after exercise. Author(s): Johansen KM, Skorpe S, Olsen JO, Osterud B. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1999 December 1; 96(5): 355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605950&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of whisky and wine consumption on total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of plasma from healthy volunteers. Author(s): Duthie GG, Pedersen MW, Gardner PT, Morrice PC, Jenkinson AM, McPhail DB, Steele GM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 October; 52(10): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9805220&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of wine or beer versus a carbonated soft drink, served at a meal, on ad libitum energy intake. Author(s): Buemann B, Toubro S, Astrup A. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 October; 26(10): 1367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12355333&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of wine and tobacco consumption on cognitive performance in the elderly: a longitudinal study of relative risk. Author(s): Leibovici D, Ritchie K, Ledesert B, Touchon J. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 February; 28(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195668&dopt=Abstract

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The French paradox and wine drinking. Author(s): Renaud S, Gueguen R. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 1998; 216: 208-17; Discussion 217-22, 152-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949795&dopt=Abstract

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The in vivo antithrombotic effect of wine consumption on human blood platelets and hemostatic factors. Author(s): Mansvelt EP, van Velden DP, Fourie E, Rossouw M, van Rensburg SJ, Smuts CM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074991&dopt=Abstract

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The Northern Territory's cask wine levy: health and taxation policy implications. Author(s): Gray D, Chikritzhs T, Stockwell T. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999 December; 23(6): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641360&dopt=Abstract

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The present and future of the international wine industry. Author(s): Bisson LF, Waterhouse AL, Ebeler SE, Walker MA, Lapsley JT. Source: Nature. 2002 August 8; 418(6898): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167877&dopt=Abstract

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The red wine maximization test: drinking histamine rich wine induces a transient increase in plasma diamine oxidase activity in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Wantke F, Hemmer W, Focke M, Haglmuller T, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1999 April; 48(4): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344465&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between wine consumption and cardiovascular risk: from epidemiological evidence to biological plausibility. Author(s): Rotondo S, Di Castelnuovo A, de Gaetano G. Source: Ital Heart J. 2001 January; 2(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11214695&dopt=Abstract

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Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of wine tannin-saliva protein complexes. A multitechnique approach. Author(s): Simon C, Barathieu K, Laguerre M, Schmitter JM, Fouquet E, Pianet I, Dufourc EJ. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 September 9; 42(35): 10385-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950165&dopt=Abstract

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To be honest, I have about four drinks per day - a beer when I get home from work, a couple of glasses of wine with dinner, and a nightcap. Sometimes, I also have a glass of wine at lunch. Alcohol has never interfered with my work or caused any problems in my home life, and my liver is fine, so I do not think I have an “alcohol problem.” plus, I expect that my alcohol use has something to do with my terrific HDLcholesterol level - 57 mg/dL. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 April; 9(8): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095271&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of catechin metabolites by human subjects after red wine consumption. Author(s): Donovan JL, Kasim-Karakas S, German JB, Waterhouse AL. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 January; 87(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895312&dopt=Abstract

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Use of nitrogen compounds in spontaneous and inoculated wine fermentations. Author(s): Goni DT, Azpilicueta CA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4018-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552759&dopt=Abstract

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Using historical data for bioprocess optimization: modeling wine characteristics using artificial neural networks and archived process information. Author(s): Vlassides S, Ferrier JG, Block DE. Source: Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2001 April 5; 73(1): 55-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255152&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of self-reported intakes of wine, beer and spirits in population studies. Author(s): Gronbaek M, Heitmann BL. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 July; 50(7): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8862487&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular lip enlargement: Part II. Port-wine macrocheilia--tenets of therapy based on normative values. Author(s): Zide BM, Glat PM, Stile FL, Longaker MT. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 December; 100(7): 1674-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9393463&dopt=Abstract

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Volatile flavour of wine: correlation between instrumental analysis and sensory perception. Author(s): Rapp A. Source: Die Nahrung. 1998 December; 42(6): 351-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9881361&dopt=Abstract

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Why mortality from heart disease is low in France. Wine consumption clearly correlates with residual differences in mortality. Author(s): Glaser JH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 22; 320(7229): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712023&dopt=Abstract

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Why put new wine in old bottles: the need for a biopsychosocial approach to the assessment, treatment, and understanding of unexplained and explained symptoms in medicine. Author(s): Main CJ, Richards HL, Fortune DG. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000 June; 48(6): 511-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033369&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): de Gaetano G, Cerletti C; European project. FAIR CT 97 3261 Project participants. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 47-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894753&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and good subjective health. Author(s): Poikolainen K, Vartiainen E. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 July 1; 150(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10400553&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and migraine: compatibility or incompatibility? Author(s): Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370878&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and mortality. Author(s): Kahn HS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 July 3; 135(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434749&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and mortality. Evidence for causal inference? Author(s): Gronbaek M. Source: Dan Med Bull. 2000 September; 47(4): 271-82. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11064830&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and other types of alcoholic beverages and the risk of esophageal cancer. Author(s): Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 December; 54(12): 918-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114690&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and psychiatry. Author(s): Godfroid IO. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2000 April; 1(2): 126. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607211&dopt=Abstract

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Wine antioxidant polyphenols inhibit the proliferation of human prostate cancer cell lines. Author(s): Kampa M, Hatzoglou A, Notas G, Damianaki A, Bakogeorgou E, Gemetzi C, Kouroumalis E, Martin PM, Castanas E. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 37(2): 223-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142097&dopt=Abstract

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Wine consumption is not associated with a decreased risk of alcoholic cirrhosis in heavy drinkers. Author(s): Pelletier S, Vaucher E, Aider R, Martin S, Perney P, Balmes JL, Nalpas B. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 November-December; 37(6): 618-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414558&dopt=Abstract

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Wine descriptive language supports cognitive specificity of chemical senses. Author(s): Brochet F, Dubourdieu D. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 May; 77(2): 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300703&dopt=Abstract

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Wine drinking and diet in Italy. Author(s): Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Volpato O, Franceschi S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 54(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694791&dopt=Abstract

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Wine drinking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men in the United States: a population-based case-control study. Author(s): Briggs NC, Levine RS, Bobo LD, Haliburton WP, Brann EA, Hennekens CH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 September 1; 156(5): 454-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196315&dopt=Abstract

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Wine drinking and risks of cardiovascular complications after recent acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Boucher F, Paillard F, de Leiris J. Source: Circulation. 2002 September 17; 106(12): 1465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234949&dopt=Abstract

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Wine has activity against entero-pathogenic bacteria in vitro but not in vivo. Author(s): Sugita-Konishi Y, Hara-Kudo Y, Iwamoto T, Kondo K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 April; 65(4): 954-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388480&dopt=Abstract

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Wine hath drowned more men than the sea. Author(s): Reuben A. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2002 August; 36(2): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143072&dopt=Abstract

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Wine phenolic antioxidants inhibit AP-1 transcriptional activity. Author(s): Maggi-Capeyron MF, Ceballos P, Cristol JP, Delbosc S, Le Doucen C, Pons M, Leger CL, Descomps B. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 November; 49(11): 5646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714372&dopt=Abstract

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Wine, beer, and spirits: are they really horses of a different color? Author(s): Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Source: Circulation. 2002 June 18; 105(24): 2806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070102&dopt=Abstract

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Wine, diet, antioxidant defenses, and oxidative damage. Author(s): Perez DD, Strobel P, Foncea R, Diez MS, Vasquez L, Urquiaga I, Castillo O, Cuevas A, San Martin A, Leighton F. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 136-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074968&dopt=Abstract

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Wine, flavonoids, and the “water of life”. Author(s): Brust JC. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 12; 59(9): 1300-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427873&dopt=Abstract

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Wine, liquor, beer, and mortality. Author(s): Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 September 15; 158(6): 585-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12965884&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and wine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Wine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on wine: •

Alcohol consumption and mortality: is wine different from other alcoholic beverages? Author(s): Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBLS, University of Glasgow, UK. Source: Burns, J Crozier, A Lean, M E Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 August; 11(4): 249-58 0939-4753

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An early-nineteenth century German-French model of wine therapy. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 25-56 0045-7183

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An in vitro assessment of the erosive potential of some white wines. Author(s): Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St., Bristol BS1 2LY, UK. [email protected] Source: Rees, Jeremy Hughes, Julie Innes, Caroline Eur-J-Prosthodont-Restor-Dent. 2002 March; 10(1): 37-42 0965-7452

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An in vivo experimental protocol for identifying and evaluating dietary factors that delay tumor onset: effect of red wine solids. Source: Ebeler, S.E. Clifford, A.J. Ebeler, J.D. Bills, N.D. Hinrichs, S.H. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 215-229. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Analysis of phenolic compounds in Spanish Albrarino and Portuguese Alvarinho and Loureiro wines by capillary zone electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): CEQUP/Lab. Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. Source: Andrade, P B Oliveira, B M Seabra, R M Ferreira, M A Ferreres, F Garcia Viguera, C Electrophoresis. 2001 May; 22(8): 1568-72 0173-0835

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Analysis of the stress resistance of commercial wine yeast strains. Author(s): Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciencies Biologiques, Universitat de Valencia, Spain. [email protected] Source: Carrasco, P Querol, A del Olmo, M Arch-Microbiol. 2001 June; 175(6): 450-7 0302-8933

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Antioxidant capacity of selected wines. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland. Source: Jamroz, A Beltowski, J Med-Sci-Monit. 2001 Nov-December; 7(6): 1198-202 12341010

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Antithrombotic effect of flavonoids in red wine. Source: Maalej, N. Demrow, H.S. Slane, P.R. Folts, J.D. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 247-260. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Antithrombotic potential of grape juice and red wine for preventing heart attacks. Source: Folts, J.D. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. December 1998. volume 36 (Suppl.) page 21-27. 1388-0209

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Bacchic medicine. Wine and alcohol therapies from Napoleon to the French paradox. Preface. Source: Anonymous Clio-Med. 2001; 64: i-iv 0045-7183

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Beneficial effects of white wines. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain. [email protected] Source: Lamuela Raventos, R M de la Torre Boronat, M C Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 121-4 0378-6501

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California wine use leads to improvement of thrombogenic and peroxidation risk factors in hyperlipemic subjects. Source: Watkins, T.R. Bierenbaum, M.L. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 261-273. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

•

Cardioprotection with white wine. Author(s): Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA. Source: Cui, J Tosaki, A Bertelli, A A Bertelli, A Maulik, N Das, D K Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 2002; 28(1): 1-10 0378-6501

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Characterizing the astringency of red wine: a case study. Source: Gawel, R. Iland, P.G. Francis, I.L. Food-qual-prefer. Oxford, U.K. : Elsevier Science Limited. January 2001. volume 12 (1) page 83-94. 0950-3293

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Chromatography of phenolics in wine. Source: Roggero, J.P. Archier, P. Coen, S. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 6-11. ISBN: 0841234973 (acidfree paper)

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Comparison of the antioxidant effects of equine estrogens, red wine components, vitamin E, and probucol on low-density lipoprotein oxidation in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Bhavnani, B R Cecutti, A Gerulath, A Woolever, A C Berco, M Menopause. 2001 Nov-December; 8(6): 408-19 1072-3714

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Debates over wine alcohol, Prussian blue, and sulphur dioxide. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 165-92 0045-7183

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Determination of polyphenols in wines by reaction with 4-aminoantipyrine and photometric flow-injection analysis. Author(s): CEQUP/ Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politecnico do Porto, R. Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Source: Schoonen, January W Sales, M Goreti F Anal-Bioanal-Chem. 2002 April; 372(7-8): 822-8 1618-2642

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Effect of bottle colour and storage conditions on browning of orange wine. Author(s): University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 01130-Adana, Turkey. Source: Selli, S Canbas, A Unal, U Nahrung. 2002 April; 46(2): 64-7 0027-769X

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Effect of some white wine phenols in preventing inflammatory cytokine release. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Bertelli, A Migliori, M Bertelli, A A Origlia, N Filippi, C Panichi, V Falchi, M Giovannini, L Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 2002; 28(1): 11-5 0378-6501

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Effect of wine ethanol on serum iron and ferritin levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): Laboratoire du Stress Cardiovasculaire et Pathologies Associees, UFR de Medecine et Pharmacie, Domaine de la Merci, 38706 La Tronche, Grenoble, France. [email protected] Source: de Lorgeril, M Salen, P Boucher, F de Leiris, J Paillard, F Nutr-MetabCardiovasc-Dis. 2001 June; 11(3): 176-80 0939-4753

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Effects of de-alcoholated red wine and its phenolic fractions on platelet aggregation. Author(s): Institute of Food Science & Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Roma 52 A/C, 83100 Avellino, Italy. Source: Russo, P Tedesco, I Russo, M Russo, G L Venezia, A Cicala, C Nutr-MetabCardiovasc-Dis. 2001 February; 11(1): 25-9 0939-4753

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Effects of red wine and wine polyphenol resveratrol on platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Department of cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjiang 210029, China. Source: Wang, Zhirong Huang, Yuanzhu Zou, Jiangang Cao, Kejiang Xu, Yinan Wu, Joseph M Int-J-Mol-Med. 2002 January; 9(1): 77-9 1107-3756

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Effects of red wine polyphenolic compounds on the cardiovascular system. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Zenebe, W Pechanova, O Bratisl-Lek-Listy. 2002; 103(4-5): 159-65 0006-9248

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Enantiomeric analysis of linalool for the study of the muscat wine flavorings composition. Source: Tateo, F. Desimoni, E. Bononi, M. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 94-112. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of wine, grapes, and other plant products. Source: Fitzpatrick, D.F. Coffey, R.G. Jantzen, P.T. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 237-246. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Evidence for grape, wine and tea polyphenols as modulators of atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease in humans. Source: Dubick, M.A. Omaye, S.T. J-nutraceuticals-funct-med-foods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 2001. volume 3 (3) page 67-93. 1089-4179

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Factors which affect velum formation by flor yeasts isolated from sherry wine. Source: Martinez, P. Perez Rodriguez, L. Benitez, T. Syst-appl-microbiol. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1983-. January 1997. volume 20 (1) page 154-157. 0723-2020

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Flavonoids in food and natural antioxidants in wine. Author(s): Unit 476 National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Human Nutrition and Lipids, Marseille, France. Source: Lairon, D Amiot, M J Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 1999 February; 10(1): 23-8 0957-9672

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Food and drink. Red wine headaches. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2002 June; 27(8): 6 1052-1577

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Fragments of tradition: revisiting the virtues of wine. Author(s): Farmacia Vintani, Barlassina, Milan, Italy. vintani@sanimatica Source: Vintani, P G Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 163-5 0378-6501

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French and British wine therapies. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 103-41 0045-7183

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Health benefits of wine and grape juice. Source: Blevins, J.M. Morris, J.R. HortTechnology. Alexandria, VA : American Society for Horticultural Science, c1991-. July/Sept 1997. volume 7 (3) page 228-233. 1063-0198

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Histamine content does not influence the tolerance of wine in normal subjects. Author(s): Service de Medecine D, Medecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique et Allergologie Hopital Central-29, Nancy, France. Source: Kanny, G Bauza, T Fremont, S Guillemin, F Blaise, A Daumas, F Cabanis, J C Nicolas, J P Moneret Vautrin, D A Allerg-Immunol-(Paris). 1999 February; 31(2): 45-8 0397-9148

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Hygienic and health aspects of wine control. Aspetti igienico-sanitari del controllo dei vini. Source: Pallotti, G. Consolino, A. Modi, G. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 84-93. ISBN: 8885022219

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Identification and assay of trihydroxystilbenes in wine and their biological properties. Source: Goldberg, D.M. Soleas, G.J. Hahn, S.E. Diamandis, E.P. Karumanchiri, A. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 24-43. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Influence of “terroir” on flavonoid composition of berries and Cabernet frane wines in Val de Loire (France). Incidence on the sensory typology of the wine. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Beaucouze (France). Centre d' Angers, Unite de Recherches Vigne et Vin Source: Brossaud, F. Cheynier, V. Asselin, C. Moutounet, M. Bulletin-de-l'OIV (France). (Sep-October 1998). volume 71(811-812) page 757-771. 0029-7127

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Influence of killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wine fermentation. Author(s): Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain. Source: Perez, F Ramirez, M Regodon, J A Antonie-Van-Leeuwenhoek. 2001 September; 79(3-4): 393-9 0003-6072

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Influence of the sulfur dioxide content of wine on human health. Uber den Einfluss des SO2-Gehaltes des Weines auf die Gesundheit. Source: Wucherpfennig, K. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 94-100. ill. ISBN: 8885022219

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Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the “French paradox”. Author(s): Klinik III fur Innere Medizin, Universitat zu Koln, Germany. [email protected] Source: Rosenkranz, S Knirel, D Dietrich, H Flesch, M Erdmann, E Bohm, M FASEB-J. 2002 December; 16(14): 1958-60 1530-6860

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Measurement of protein content in fruit juices, wine and plant extracts in the presence of endogenous organic compounds. Source: Boyes, S. Strubi, P. Dawes, H. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol. London : Academic Press. 1997. volume 30 (8) page 778-785. 0023-6438

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Mechanism of cardioprotection by resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant present in red wine (Review). Author(s): New York Medical College, Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. [email protected] Source: Wu, J M Wang, Z R Hsieh, T C Bruder, J L Zou, J G Huang, Y Z Int-J-Mol-Med. 2001 July; 8(1): 3-17 1107-3756

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People's stories: wine in popular medicine. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 1-24 0045-7183

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Pharmacological and dietary effects of wine. Il vino come alimento e come farmaco. Source: Paoletti, R. Galli, C.L. Tremoli, E. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 43-46. ISBN: 8885022219

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Phenolic compounds of grape and wine and health. Author(s): University of California, Davis (Etats Unis). Department of Enology and Viticulture Source: Teissedre, P.L. Waterhouse, A.L. Walzem, R.L. German, J.B. Frankel, E.N. Ebeler, S.E. Clifford, A.J. Bulletin-de-l'OIV (France). (Mar-Avr 1996). volume 69(781-782) page 251-277. 0029-7127

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Phenolic compounds: A review of their possible role as in vivo antioxidants of wine. Author(s): Stellenbosch Univ., Matieland (South Africa). Food Science Dept. Source: De Beer, D. Joubert, E. Gelderblom, W.C.A. Manley, M. South-African-Journalof-Enology-and-Viticulture (South Africa). (2002). volume 23(2) page 48-61. wines phenolic compounds antioxidants lipids oxidation toxicity free radicals south africa

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Physiological effects of wine. His share in alcoholism [cardio-vascular diseases, procyamidins, free radicals]. Author(s): Universite de Bordeaux-2 (France). UFR de Medecine et de Pharmacie Source: Masquelier, J. Bulletin-de-l'OIV (France). (Jul-August 1988). volume 61(689-690) page 554-578. 0029-7127

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Phytochemicals and wine flavor. Source: Ebeler, S.E. Functionality of food phytochemicals /. New York : Plenum Press, c1997. page 155-178. ISBN: 0306456915

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Polyphenols in red wine inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of LNCaP cells. Author(s): Department of Urology, Getafe University Medical Centre, Madrid, Spain. Source: Romero, I Paez, A Ferruelo, A LuJanuary, M Berenguer, A BJU-Int. 2002 June; 89(9): 950-4 1464-4096

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Process control of apple winemaking by low-resolution gas-phase Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Author(s): University of Turku, Department of Applied Physics, Finland. Source: Ahro, M Hakala, M Kauppinen, J Kallio, H Fresenius-J-Anal-Chem. 2001 October; 371(4): 541-9 0937-0633

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Purchasing behaviour in the Northern Ireland wine market. Source: Keown, C. Casey, M. Br-food-j. Bradford : MCB University Press Limited. 1995. volume 97 (1) page 17-20. 0007-070X

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Red wine consumption and inhibition of LDL oxidation: what are the important components? Author(s): The Howard Foundation, Whitehill House, Granhams Road, Great Shelford, Cambridge, UK. Source: Howard, A Chopra, M Thurnham, D Strain, J Fuhrman, B Aviram, M MedHypotheses. 2002 July; 59(1): 101-4 0306-9877

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Resveratrol in wine. Source: McMurtrey, K.D. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 44-55. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Simultaneous determination of trans-resveratrol and sorbic acid in wine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Department of Analytical Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Source: Dobiasova, Zuzana Pazourek, Jiri Havel, Josef Electrophoresis. 2002 January; 23(2): 263-7 0173-0835

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The civilisation of wine and the organisation of doctors. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 249-66 0045-7183

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The debate over the pathogenic nature of plastered wine. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 145-64 0045-7183

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The relative antioxidant potencies of some polyphenols in grapes and wines. Source: Baldi, A. Romani, A. Mulinacci, N. Vincieri, F.F. Ghiselli, A. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 166-179. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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The role of wine in ethyl carbamate induced carcinogenesis inhibition. Source: Stoewsand, G.S. Anderson, J.L. Munson, L. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 230-236. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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The structures of tannins in grapes and wines and their interactions with proteins. Source: Cheynier, Volume Prieur, C. Guyot, S. Rigaud, J. Moutounet, M. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 81-93. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Wine and migraine: compatibility or incompatibility? Author(s): Internal Medicine Department, Florence University, Italy. Source: Nicolodi, M Sicuteri, F Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 147-53 0378-6501

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Wine and the digestive apparatus. Vino e apparato digerente. Source: Viola, P. Audisio, M. Bizzarri, M. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 76-83. ISBN: 8885022219

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Wine and vegetable oils: the French paradox re-visited. Source: Bellizzi, M.C. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The Foundation,. 1995. volume 20 (76, suppl.) page 256-265. 0141-9684

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Wine antioxidants and their impact on antioxidant activity in vivo. Source: Maxwell, S.R.J. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 150-165. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Wine defences against bacteria, heart disease, and cancer. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 269-304 0045-7183

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Wine polyphenols and cardiovascular protection in humans: evaluation in vitro of protection secondary indicators must take into account the real polyphenol concentration in vivo. Author(s): Universite de Montpellier 1 (France). UFR de Medecine, Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine et Atherogenese Source: Leger, C.L. Carbonneau, M.A. Carton, E. Cristol, J.P. Descomps, B. Bulletin-del'OIV (France). (Jul-Aou 2000). volume 73(833-834) page 481-488. 0029-7127

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Wine Therapy: the future of another illusion? Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 305-12 0045-7183

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Wine vinegar in human nutrition. Le vinaigre de vin dans l'alimentation humaine. Source: Llaguno, C. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 101-109. ISBN: 8885022219

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Wine: risk factors for liver disease and antifibrotic compounds. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ancona, Italy. Source: Svegliati Baroni, G Jezequel, A M Orlandi, F Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 143-5 0378-6501

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Winemaking from Gaglioppo grapes with hybrid strains of Saccharomyces. Author(s): Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Technology and Science, University of Reggio Calabria, I-89061 Gallina, RC, Italy. [email protected] Source: Caridi, A Cufari, A Ramondino, D Folia-Microbiol-(Praha). 2002; 47(4): 407-8 0015-5632

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “wine” (or a synonym): •

Phenolic component and antioxidant activity evaluation in red wines produced either through traditional fermentation or carbonic maceration [Apulia]. Author(s): Lecce Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Studi Aziendali, Giuridici e Ambientali Source: Leo, F. de Massari, S. Journal-of-Commodity-Science (Italy). (Oct-December 2001). volume 40(4) page 189-204. red wines varieties designation of origin antioxidants agronomic characters phenolic compounds winemaking fermentation flavonoids vitis vinifera 0392-064X Summary: vin rouge variete appellation d' origine antioxydant caractere agronomique compose phenolique vinification fermentation flavonoide vitis vinifera

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Alcohol consumption and mortality: is wine different from other alcoholic beverages? Author(s): Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBLS, University of Glasgow, UK. Source: Burns, J Crozier, A Lean, M E Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 August; 11(4): 249-58 0939-4753

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An early-nineteenth century German-French model of wine therapy. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 25-56 0045-7183

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An in vitro assessment of the erosive potential of some white wines. Author(s): Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St., Bristol BS1 2LY, UK. [email protected] Source: Rees, Jeremy Hughes, Julie Innes, Caroline Eur-J-Prosthodont-Restor-Dent. 2002 March; 10(1): 37-42 0965-7452

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An in vivo experimental protocol for identifying and evaluating dietary factors that delay tumor onset: effect of red wine solids. Source: Ebeler, S.E. Clifford, A.J. Ebeler, J.D. Bills, N.D. Hinrichs, S.H. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 215-229. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Analysis of phenolic compounds in Spanish Albrarino and Portuguese Alvarinho and Loureiro wines by capillary zone electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): CEQUP/Lab. Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. Source: Andrade, P B Oliveira, B M Seabra, R M Ferreira, M A Ferreres, F Garcia Viguera, C Electrophoresis. 2001 May; 22(8): 1568-72 0173-0835

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Analysis of the stress resistance of commercial wine yeast strains. Author(s): Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciencies Biologiques, Universitat de Valencia, Spain. [email protected] Source: Carrasco, P Querol, A del Olmo, M Arch-Microbiol. 2001 June; 175(6): 450-7 0302-8933

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Antioxidant capacity of selected wines. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland. Source: Jamroz, A Beltowski, J Med-Sci-Monit. 2001 Nov-December; 7(6): 1198-202 12341010

•

Antithrombotic effect of flavonoids in red wine. Source: Maalej, N. Demrow, H.S. Slane, P.R. Folts, J.D. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 247-260. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

•

Antithrombotic potential of grape juice and red wine for preventing heart attacks. Source: Folts, J.D. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. December 1998. volume 36 (Suppl.) page 21-27. 1388-0209

•

Bacchic medicine. Wine and alcohol therapies from Napoleon to the French paradox. Preface. Source: Anonymous Clio-Med. 2001; 64: i-iv 0045-7183

•

Beneficial effects of white wines. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain. [email protected] Source: Lamuela Raventos, R M de la Torre Boronat, M C Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 121-4 0378-6501

•

California wine use leads to improvement of thrombogenic and peroxidation risk factors in hyperlipemic subjects. Source: Watkins, T.R. Bierenbaum, M.L. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 261-273. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

88

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Cardioprotection with white wine. Author(s): Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA. Source: Cui, J Tosaki, A Bertelli, A A Bertelli, A Maulik, N Das, D K Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 2002; 28(1): 1-10 0378-6501

•

Characterizing the astringency of red wine: a case study. Source: Gawel, R. Iland, P.G. Francis, I.L. Food-qual-prefer. Oxford, U.K. : Elsevier Science Limited. January 2001. volume 12 (1) page 83-94. 0950-3293

•

Chromatography of phenolics in wine. Source: Roggero, J.P. Archier, P. Coen, S. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 6-11. ISBN: 0841234973 (acidfree paper)

•

Comparison of the antioxidant effects of equine estrogens, red wine components, vitamin E, and probucol on low-density lipoprotein oxidation in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Bhavnani, B R Cecutti, A Gerulath, A Woolever, A C Berco, M Menopause. 2001 Nov-December; 8(6): 408-19 1072-3714

•

Debates over wine alcohol, Prussian blue, and sulphur dioxide. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 165-92 0045-7183

•

Determination of polyphenols in wines by reaction with 4-aminoantipyrine and photometric flow-injection analysis. Author(s): CEQUP/ Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politecnico do Porto, R. Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Source: Schoonen, January W Sales, M Goreti F Anal-Bioanal-Chem. 2002 April; 372(7-8): 822-8 1618-2642

•

Effect of bottle colour and storage conditions on browning of orange wine. Author(s): University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 01130-Adana, Turkey. Source: Selli, S Canbas, A Unal, U Nahrung. 2002 April; 46(2): 64-7 0027-769X

•

Effect of some white wine phenols in preventing inflammatory cytokine release. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Bertelli, A Migliori, M Bertelli, A A Origlia, N Filippi, C Panichi, V Falchi, M Giovannini, L Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 2002; 28(1): 11-5 0378-6501

•

Effect of wine ethanol on serum iron and ferritin levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): Laboratoire du Stress Cardiovasculaire et Pathologies Associees, UFR de Medecine et Pharmacie, Domaine de la Merci, 38706 La Tronche, Grenoble, France. [email protected] Source: de Lorgeril, M Salen, P Boucher, F de Leiris, J Paillard, F Nutr-MetabCardiovasc-Dis. 2001 June; 11(3): 176-80 0939-4753

•

Effects of de-alcoholated red wine and its phenolic fractions on platelet aggregation. Author(s): Institute of Food Science & Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Roma 52 A/C, 83100 Avellino, Italy. Source: Russo, P Tedesco, I Russo, M Russo, G L Venezia, A Cicala, C Nutr-MetabCardiovasc-Dis. 2001 February; 11(1): 25-9 0939-4753

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Effects of red wine and wine polyphenol resveratrol on platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Department of cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjiang 210029, China. Source: Wang, Zhirong Huang, Yuanzhu Zou, Jiangang Cao, Kejiang Xu, Yinan Wu, Joseph M Int-J-Mol-Med. 2002 January; 9(1): 77-9 1107-3756

•

Enantiomeric analysis of linalool for the study of the muscat wine flavorings composition. Source: Tateo, F. Desimoni, E. Bononi, M. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 94-112. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

•

Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of wine, grapes, and other plant products. Source: Fitzpatrick, D.F. Coffey, R.G. Jantzen, P.T. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 237-246. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

•

Evidence for grape, wine and tea polyphenols as modulators of atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease in humans. Source: Dubick, M.A. Omaye, S.T. J-nutraceuticals-funct-med-foods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 2001. volume 3 (3) page 67-93. 1089-4179

•

Factors which affect velum formation by flor yeasts isolated from sherry wine. Source: Martinez, P. Perez Rodriguez, L. Benitez, T. Syst-appl-microbiol. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1983-. January 1997. volume 20 (1) page 154-157. 0723-2020

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Flavonoids in food and natural antioxidants in wine. Author(s): Unit 476 National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Human Nutrition and Lipids, Marseille, France. Source: Lairon, D Amiot, M J Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 1999 February; 10(1): 23-8 0957-9672

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Food and drink. Red wine headaches. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2002 June; 27(8): 6 1052-1577

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Fragments of tradition: revisiting the virtues of wine. Author(s): Farmacia Vintani, Barlassina, Milan, Italy. vintani@sanimatica Source: Vintani, P G Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 163-5 0378-6501

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French and British wine therapies. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 103-41 0045-7183

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Health benefits of wine and grape juice. Source: Blevins, J.M. Morris, J.R. HortTechnology. Alexandria, VA : American Society for Horticultural Science, c1991-. July/Sept 1997. volume 7 (3) page 228-233. 1063-0198

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Histamine content does not influence the tolerance of wine in normal subjects. Author(s): Service de Medecine D, Medecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique et Allergologie Hopital Central-29, Nancy, France. Source: Kanny, G Bauza, T Fremont, S Guillemin, F Blaise, A Daumas, F Cabanis, J C Nicolas, J P Moneret Vautrin, D A Allerg-Immunol-(Paris). 1999 February; 31(2): 45-8 0397-9148

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Hygienic and health aspects of wine control. Aspetti igienico-sanitari del controllo dei vini. Source: Pallotti, G. Consolino, A. Modi, G. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 84-93. ISBN: 8885022219

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Identification and assay of trihydroxystilbenes in wine and their biological properties. Source: Goldberg, D.M. Soleas, G.J. Hahn, S.E. Diamandis, E.P. Karumanchiri, A. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 24-43. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Influence of “terroir” on flavonoid composition of berries and Cabernet frane wines in Val de Loire (France). Incidence on the sensory typology of the wine. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Beaucouze (France). Centre d' Angers, Unite de Recherches Vigne et Vin Source: Brossaud, F. Cheynier, V. Asselin, C. Moutounet, M. Bulletin-de-l'OIV (France). (Sep-October 1998). volume 71(811-812) page 757-771. 0029-7127

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Influence of killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wine fermentation. Author(s): Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain. Source: Perez, F Ramirez, M Regodon, J A Antonie-Van-Leeuwenhoek. 2001 September; 79(3-4): 393-9 0003-6072

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Influence of the sulfur dioxide content of wine on human health. Uber den Einfluss des SO2-Gehaltes des Weines auf die Gesundheit. Source: Wucherpfennig, K. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 94-100. ill. ISBN: 8885022219

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Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the “French paradox”. Author(s): Klinik III fur Innere Medizin, Universitat zu Koln, Germany. [email protected] Source: Rosenkranz, S Knirel, D Dietrich, H Flesch, M Erdmann, E Bohm, M FASEB-J. 2002 December; 16(14): 1958-60 1530-6860

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Measurement of protein content in fruit juices, wine and plant extracts in the presence of endogenous organic compounds. Source: Boyes, S. Strubi, P. Dawes, H. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol. London : Academic Press. 1997. volume 30 (8) page 778-785. 0023-6438

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Mechanism of cardioprotection by resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant present in red wine (Review). Author(s): New York Medical College, Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. [email protected] Source: Wu, J M Wang, Z R Hsieh, T C Bruder, J L Zou, J G Huang, Y Z Int-J-Mol-Med. 2001 July; 8(1): 3-17 1107-3756

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People's stories: wine in popular medicine. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 1-24 0045-7183

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Pharmacological and dietary effects of wine. Il vino come alimento e come farmaco. Source: Paoletti, R. Galli, C.L. Tremoli, E. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 43-46. ISBN: 8885022219

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Phenolic compounds of grape and wine and health. Author(s): University of California, Davis (Etats Unis). Department of Enology and Viticulture Source: Teissedre, P.L. Waterhouse, A.L. Walzem, R.L. German, J.B. Frankel, E.N. Ebeler, S.E. Clifford, A.J. Bulletin-de-l'OIV (France). (Mar-Avr 1996). volume 69(781-782) page 251-277. 0029-7127

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Phenolic compounds: A review of their possible role as in vivo antioxidants of wine. Author(s): Stellenbosch Univ., Matieland (South Africa). Food Science Dept. Source: De Beer, D. Joubert, E. Gelderblom, W.C.A. Manley, M. South-African-Journalof-Enology-and-Viticulture (South Africa). (2002). volume 23(2) page 48-61. wines phenolic compounds antioxidants lipids oxidation toxicity free radicals south africa

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Physiological effects of wine. His share in alcoholism [cardio-vascular diseases, procyamidins, free radicals]. Author(s): Universite de Bordeaux-2 (France). UFR de Medecine et de Pharmacie Source: Masquelier, J. Bulletin-de-l'OIV (France). (Jul-August 1988). volume 61(689-690) page 554-578. 0029-7127

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Phytochemicals and wine flavor. Source: Ebeler, S.E. Functionality of food phytochemicals /. New York : Plenum Press, c1997. page 155-178. ISBN: 0306456915

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Polyphenols in red wine inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of LNCaP cells. Author(s): Department of Urology, Getafe University Medical Centre, Madrid, Spain. Source: Romero, I Paez, A Ferruelo, A LuJanuary, M Berenguer, A BJU-Int. 2002 June; 89(9): 950-4 1464-4096

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Process control of apple winemaking by low-resolution gas-phase Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Author(s): University of Turku, Department of Applied Physics, Finland. Source: Ahro, M Hakala, M Kauppinen, J Kallio, H Fresenius-J-Anal-Chem. 2001 October; 371(4): 541-9 0937-0633

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Purchasing behaviour in the Northern Ireland wine market. Source: Keown, C. Casey, M. Br-food-j. Bradford : MCB University Press Limited. 1995. volume 97 (1) page 17-20. 0007-070X

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Red wine consumption and inhibition of LDL oxidation: what are the important components? Author(s): The Howard Foundation, Whitehill House, Granhams Road, Great Shelford, Cambridge, UK. Source: Howard, A Chopra, M Thurnham, D Strain, J Fuhrman, B Aviram, M MedHypotheses. 2002 July; 59(1): 101-4 0306-9877

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Resveratrol in wine. Source: McMurtrey, K.D. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 44-55. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Simultaneous determination of trans-resveratrol and sorbic acid in wine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Department of Analytical Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Source: Dobiasova, Zuzana Pazourek, Jiri Havel, Josef Electrophoresis. 2002 January; 23(2): 263-7 0173-0835

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The civilisation of wine and the organisation of doctors. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 249-66 0045-7183

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The debate over the pathogenic nature of plastered wine. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 145-64 0045-7183

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The relative antioxidant potencies of some polyphenols in grapes and wines. Source: Baldi, A. Romani, A. Mulinacci, N. Vincieri, F.F. Ghiselli, A. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 166-179. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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The role of wine in ethyl carbamate induced carcinogenesis inhibition. Source: Stoewsand, G.S. Anderson, J.L. Munson, L. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 230-236. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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The structures of tannins in grapes and wines and their interactions with proteins. Source: Cheynier, Volume Prieur, C. Guyot, S. Rigaud, J. Moutounet, M. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 81-93. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Wine and migraine: compatibility or incompatibility? Author(s): Internal Medicine Department, Florence University, Italy. Source: Nicolodi, M Sicuteri, F Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 147-53 0378-6501

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Wine and the digestive apparatus. Vino e apparato digerente. Source: Viola, P. Audisio, M. Bizzarri, M. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 76-83. ISBN: 8885022219

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Wine and vegetable oils: the French paradox re-visited. Source: Bellizzi, M.C. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The Foundation,. 1995. volume 20 (76, suppl.) page 256-265. 0141-9684

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Wine antioxidants and their impact on antioxidant activity in vivo. Source: Maxwell, S.R.J. Wine nutritional and therapeutic benefits /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, c1997. page 150-165. ISBN: 0841234973 (acid-free paper)

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Wine defences against bacteria, heart disease, and cancer. Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 269-304 0045-7183

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Wine polyphenols and cardiovascular protection in humans: evaluation in vitro of protection secondary indicators must take into account the real polyphenol concentration in vivo. Author(s): Universite de Montpellier 1 (France). UFR de Medecine, Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine et Atherogenese Source: Leger, C.L. Carbonneau, M.A. Carton, E. Cristol, J.P. Descomps, B. Bulletin-del'OIV (France). (Jul-Aou 2000). volume 73(833-834) page 481-488. 0029-7127

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Wine Therapy: the future of another illusion? Source: Paul, H W Clio-Med. 2001; 64: 305-12 0045-7183

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Wine vinegar in human nutrition. Le vinaigre de vin dans l'alimentation humaine. Source: Llaguno, C. Vino : bevanda ed alimento dell'uomo moderno : atti del secondo Simposio internazionale sul vino, 5-7 giugno 1984-Pavia (Italia) / Istituto di enologia, Universita cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza. Pinerolo : Chiriotti, c1985. page 101-109. ISBN: 8885022219

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Wine: risk factors for liver disease and antifibrotic compounds. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ancona, Italy. Source: Svegliati Baroni, G Jezequel, A M Orlandi, F Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 143-5 0378-6501

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Winemaking from Gaglioppo grapes with hybrid strains of Saccharomyces. Author(s): Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Technology and Science, University of Reggio Calabria, I-89061 Gallina, RC, Italy. [email protected] Source: Caridi, A Cufari, A Ramondino, D Folia-Microbiol-(Praha). 2002; 47(4): 407-8 0015-5632

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to wine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Appenzeller Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apples Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Apricots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,45,00.html

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Asiago Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Blackberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,142,00.html Bluefish Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,164,00.html Brie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Camembert Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chèvre Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Cinnamon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,271,00.html Clams Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,159,00.html Crab Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,167,00.html Duck Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Egg-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggnog Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fast Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Figs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,51,00.html Game Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,88,00.html Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goose Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gorgonzola Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gouda Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,53,00.html

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Guinea Fowl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichokes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,39,00.html Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,310,00.html Monterey Jack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mozzarella Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Muenster Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mussels Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,172,00.html Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nectarines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,58,00.html

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Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Oysters Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,160,00.html Parmesan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Partridge Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peaches Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,61,00.html Peanuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,110,00.html Pears Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,62,00.html Pecorino Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Persimmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,63,00.html Plums Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plums Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,65,00.html Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html Roquefort Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,184,00.html Shrimp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,177,00.html Squid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,229,00.html Swiss Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyramine-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to wine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to wine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to wine: •

(+)-Catechin in human plasma after ingestion of a single serving of reconstituted red wine. Author(s): Bell JR, Donovan JL, Wong R, Waterhouse AL, German JB, Walzem RL, Kasim-Karakas SE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 January; 71(1): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617953&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the anticarcinogenic properties of four red wine polyphenols. Author(s): Soleas GJ, Grass L, Josephy PD, Goldberg DM, Diamandis EP. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 March; 35(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983346&dopt=Abstract

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A high-fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers.

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Author(s): Cuevas AM, Guasch V, Castillo O, Irribarra V, Mizon C, San Martin A, Strobel P, Perez D, Germain AM, Leighton F. Source: Lipids. 2000 February; 35(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757544&dopt=Abstract •

Absorption of three wine-related polyphenols in three different matrices by healthy subjects. Author(s): Goldberg DM, Yan J, Soleas GJ. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2003 February; 36(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554065&dopt=Abstract

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Administration of wine and grape juice inhibits in vivo platelet activity and thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries. Author(s): Demrow HS, Slane PR, Folts JD. Source: Circulation. 1995 February 15; 91(4): 1182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7850957&dopt=Abstract

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An early-nineteenth century German-French model of wine therapy. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 25-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747508&dopt=Abstract

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An LC-MS method for analyzing total resveratrol in grape juice, cranberry juice, and in wine. Author(s): Wang Y, Catana F, Yang Y, Roderick R, van Breemen RB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 January 30; 50(3): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804508&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of resveratrol in wine by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Gu X, Chu Q, O'Dwyer M, Zeece M. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2000 June 9; 881(1-2): 471-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10905729&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-aromatase chemicals in red wine. Author(s): Eng ET, Williams D, Mandava U, Kirma N, Tekmal RR, Chen S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 963: 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095950&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Fremont L, Belguendouz L, Delpal S.

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Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 64(26): 2511-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403511&dopt=Abstract •

Antioxidant activity of resveratrol in red wine. Author(s): Miller NJ, Rice-Evans CA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 December; 41(12 Pt 1): 1789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7497631&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant polyphenols in tea, cocoa, and wine. Author(s): Dreosti IE. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 July-August; 16(7-8): 6924. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906600&dopt=Abstract

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Antiplatelet activity of synthetic and natural resveratrol in red wine. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Giannessi D, Migliori M, Bernini W, Fregoni M, Bertelli A. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1995; 17(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7499059&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-proliferative effect of resveratrol, a natural component of grapes and wine, on human colonic cancer cells. Author(s): Schneider Y, Vincent F, Duranton B, Badolo L, Gosse F, Bergmann C, Seiler N, Raul F. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 September 29; 158(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940513&dopt=Abstract

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Automated solid-phase extraction for sample preparation followed by highperformance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of resveratrol derivatives in wine. Author(s): Dominguez C, Guillen DA, Barroso CG. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2001 May 25; 918(2): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407576&dopt=Abstract

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Beer and wine as incentives in a work therapy program. Author(s): Chien CP, Tammi J, Schloss P. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1973 February; 24(2): 99-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4705601&dopt=Abstract

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Biological activity of total lipids from red and white wine/must. Author(s): Fragopoulou E, Nomikos T, Tsantila N, Mitropoulou A, Zabetakis I, Demopoulos CA.

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Biologically active lipids with antiatherogenic properties from white wine and must. Author(s): Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Demopoulos CA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 April 24; 50(9): 2684-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958642&dopt=Abstract

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Bitterness in wine. Author(s): Noble AC. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1994 December; 56(6): 1251-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7878098&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary electrophoretic determination of resveratrol in wines. Author(s): Gu X, Creasy L, Kester A, Zeece M. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 August; 47(8): 3223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552635&dopt=Abstract

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Cardioprotection of red wine: role of polyphenolic antioxidants. Author(s): Das DK, Sato M, Ray PS, Maulik G, Engelman RM, Bertelli AA, Bertelli A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 115-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370873&dopt=Abstract

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Catechin in the Mediterranean diet: vegetable, fruit or wine? Author(s): Ruidavets J, Teissedre P, Ferrieres J, Carando S, Bougard G, Cabanis J. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 November; 153(1): 107-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058705&dopt=Abstract

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Challenges for the sensory sciences from the food and wine industries. Author(s): Simons CT, Noble AC. Source: Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2003 July; 4(7): 599-605. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838334&dopt=Abstract

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Chromatographic analysis of volatile sulphur compounds in wines, using the static headspace technique with flame photometric detection. Author(s): Mestres M, Busto O, Guasch J. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1997 June 27; 773(1-2): 261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228798&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study on the antioxidant capacity of wines and other plant-derived beverages. Author(s): Actis-Goretta L, Mackenzie GG, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG.

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Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074981&dopt=Abstract •

Comparison of the antioxidant effects of equine estrogens, red wine components, vitamin E, and probucol on low-density lipoprotein oxidation in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Bhavnani BR, Cecutti A, Gerulath A, Woolever AC, Berco M. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2001 November-December; 8(6): 408-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723413&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary effects of Mediterranean diet and moderate red wine intake on haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Mezzano D, Leighton F, Martinez C, Marshall G, Cuevas A, Castillo O, Panes O, Munoz B, Perez DD, Mizon C, Rozowski J, San Martin A, Pereira J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 55(6): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423921&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of red wine polyphenols reduces the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in vivo. Author(s): Nigdikar SV, Williams NR, Griffin BA, Howard AN. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 August; 68(2): 258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9701181&dopt=Abstract

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Contents of resveratrol, piceid, and their isomers in commercially available wines made from grapes cultivated in Japan. Author(s): Sato M, Suzuki Y, Okuda T, Yokotsuka K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1997 November; 61(11): 1800-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404057&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of hydrogen peroxide to the cytotoxicity of green tea and red wines. Author(s): Chai PC, Long LH, Halliwell B. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 16; 304(4): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727203&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution to the study of ochratoxin A in Spanish wines. Author(s): Lopez de Cerain A, Gonzalez-Penas E, Jimenez AM, Bello J. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 November; 19(11): 1058-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456277&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of anthocyanidins in berries and red wine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Nyman NA, Kumpulainen JT.

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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 September; 49(9): 4183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559107&dopt=Abstract •

Determination of antioxidant power of red and white wines by a new electrochemical method and its correlation with polyphenolic content. Author(s): Alonso AM, Dominguez C, Guillen DA, Barroso CG. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 22; 50(11): 3112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009971&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of flavonoids and stilbenes in red wine and related biological products by HPLC and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Author(s): Stecher G, Huck CW, Popp M, Bonn GK. Source: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2001 September; 371(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605763&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide in wine and other beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Author(s): Andres-Lacueva C, Mattivi F, Tonon D. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1998 October 9; 823(1-2): 355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818412&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in the serum levels of acetaldehyde and cytotoxic acetaldehyde-albumin complexes after the consumption of red and white wine: in vitro effects of flavonoids, vitamin E, and other dietary antioxidants on cytotoxic complexes. Author(s): Wickramasinghe SN, Hasan R, Khalpey Z. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 August; 20(5): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865951&dopt=Abstract

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Differential response of immature rat uterine tissue to ethinylestradiol and the red wine constituent resveratrol. Author(s): Freyberger A, Hartmann E, Hildebrand H, Krotlinger F. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 2001 January; 74(11): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218048&dopt=Abstract

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Direct HPLC analysis of quercetin and trans-resveratrol in red wine, grape, and winemaking byproducts. Author(s): Careri M, Corradini C, Elviri L, Nicoletti I, Zagnoni I. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 27; 51(18): 5226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926863&dopt=Abstract

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'Do not drink wine or strong drink': alcohol and responsibility in ancient Jewish sources. Author(s): Kottek SS. Source: Med Law. 1989; 8(3): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2516207&dopt=Abstract

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Do wine polyphenols modulate p53 gene expression in human cancer cell lines? Author(s): Soleas GJ, Goldberg DM, Grass L, Levesque M, Diamandis EP. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 July; 34(5): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522280&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of black tea, green tea and wine extracts on intestinal carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane in F344 rats. Author(s): Caderni G, De Filippo C, Luceri C, Salvadori M, Giannini A, Biggeri A, Remy S, Cheynier V, Dolara P. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 November; 21(11): 1965-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11062155&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of naturally occurring stilbene glucosides from medicinal plants and wine, on tumour growth and lung metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. Author(s): Kimura Y, Okuda H. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2000 October; 52(10): 1287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092574&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of red wine and wine polyphenol resveratrol on platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Wang Z, Huang Y, Zou J, Cao K, Xu Y, Wu JM. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2002 January; 9(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745001&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of resveratrol, a flavinoid found in red wine, on infarct size in an experimental model of ischemia/reperfusion. Author(s): Hale SL, Kloner RA. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2001 November; 62(6): 730-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838907&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the wine polyphenolics quercetin and resveratrol on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Author(s): Wadsworth TL, Koop DR. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1999 April 15; 57(8): 941-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10086329&dopt=Abstract

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Ellagic acid and flavonoid antioxidant content of muscadine wine and juice. Author(s): Talcott ST, Lee JH. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 22; 50(11): 3186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009984&dopt=Abstract

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Estrogenic activity in white and red wine extracts. Author(s): Klinge CM, Risinger KE, Watts MB, Beck V, Eder R, Jungbauer A. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 26; 51(7): 1850-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643641&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of kinetic parameters of natural phytoalexin in resveratrol orally administered in wine to rats. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Stradi R, Urien S, Tillement JP, Bertelli A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1998; 24(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604148&dopt=Abstract

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Extract of wine phenolics improves aortic biomechanical properties in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Author(s): Mizutani K, Ikeda K, Kawai Y, Yamori Y. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 January; 45(1): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360244&dopt=Abstract

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Flavonoids in food and natural antioxidants in wine. Author(s): Lairon D, Amiot MJ. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 1999 February; 10(1): 23-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095986&dopt=Abstract

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French and British wine therapies. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 103-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747510&dopt=Abstract

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Glucuronidation of resveratrol, a natural product present in grape and wine, in the human liver. Author(s): de Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2000 November; 30(11): 1047-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197066&dopt=Abstract

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Hurrah--we are still alive! A different dimension in post-resuscitative care: the annual gathering of cardiac arrest survivors at a typical Viennese wine tavern. Author(s): Kliegel A, Scheinecker W, Eisenburger P, Sterz F, Malzer R, Kaff A, Redelsteiner C, Meixner G, Lillie P, Tikal M, Peschel H.

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Source: Resuscitation. 2002 March; 52(3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886738&dopt=Abstract •

Hypolipidemic action of dietary resveratrol, a phytoalexin in grapes and red wine, in hepatoma-bearing rats. Author(s): Miura D, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 1; 73(11): 1393-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850500&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of oxygen consumption by yeast lees on the autolysis phenomenon during simulation of wine aging on lees. Author(s): Fornairon-Bonnefond C, Salmon JM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 23; 51(9): 2584-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696941&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of CYP3A, CYP1A and CYP2E1 activities by resveratrol and other non volatile red wine components. Author(s): Piver B, Berthou F, Dreano Y, Lucas D. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2001 December 15; 125(1-3): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701226&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation by flavonoids in red wine and grape juice. Author(s): Miyagi Y, Miwa K, Inoue H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 December 15; 80(12): 1627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416955&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of protein kinase CKII activity by resveratrol, a natural compound in red wine and grapes. Author(s): Yoon SH, Kim YS, Ghim SY, Song BH, Bae YS. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 September 20; 71(18): 2145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204772&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with red wine and red wine polyphenols. Author(s): Araim O, Ballantyne J, Waterhouse AL, Sumpio BE. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 June; 35(6): 1226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042735&dopt=Abstract

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Ischemic heart-disease and wine. or garlic. Author(s): Tyrrell H.

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Source: Lancet. 1979 June 16; 1(8129): 1294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87753&dopt=Abstract •

Isolation and characterization of novel benzoates, cinnamates, flavonoids, and lignans from Riesling wine and screening for antioxidant activity. Author(s): Baderschneider B, Winterhalter P. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 June; 49(6): 2788-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409967&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of novel stilbene derivatives from Riesling wine. Author(s): Baderschneider B, Winterhalter P. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 July; 48(7): 2681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032479&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetics of trans- and cis-resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) after red wine oral administration in rats. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Stradi R, Urien S, Tillement JP, Bertelli A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1996; 16(4-5): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9172004&dopt=Abstract

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Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Author(s): Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, Hansen V, Vesterlund T, Dyerberg J, Toft E, Schmidt EB. Source: Circulation. 2001 February 6; 103(5): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156875&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of cardioprotection by resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant present in red wine (Review). Author(s): Wu JM, Wang ZR, Hsieh TC, Bruder JL, Zou JG, Huang YZ. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2001 July; 8(1): 3-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408943&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of endothelial nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation induced by wine polyphenols in rat thoracic aorta. Author(s): Andriambeloson E, Stoclet JC, Andriantsitohaina R. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1999 February; 33(2): 248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028933&dopt=Abstract

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Mediterranean diet, but not red wine, is associated with beneficial changes in primary haemostasis. Author(s): Mezzano D, Leighton F, Strobel P, Martinez C, Marshall G, Cuevas A, Castillo O, Panes O, Munoz B, Rozowski J, Pereira J.

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Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 March; 57(3): 439-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627181&dopt=Abstract •

Method to assay the concentrations of phenolic constituents of biological interest in wines. Author(s): Goldberg DM, Tsang E, Karumanchiri A, Diamandis E, Soleas G, Ng E. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1996 May 15; 68(10): 1688-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651480&dopt=Abstract

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More on antioxidant activity of resveratrol in red wine. Author(s): Goldberg DM. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1996 January; 42(1): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8565210&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial protection with red wine extract. Author(s): Sato M, Ray PS, Maulik G, Maulik N, Engelman RM, Bertelli AA, Bertelli A, Das DK. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000 February; 35(2): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10672859&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroprotective abilities of resveratrol and other red wine constituents against nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Author(s): Bastianetto S, Zheng WH, Quirion R. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 October; 131(4): 711-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030720&dopt=Abstract

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New skins? For new wine. Author(s): Morrisey FG. Source: Chac Rev. 1993 Spring; 21(1): 8-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10125985&dopt=Abstract

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New wines and beers of native North America. Author(s): Feest CF. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1983 December; 9(2-3): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6677824&dopt=Abstract

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Nonalcoholic compounds of wine: the phytoestrogen resveratrol and moderate red wine consumption during menopause. Author(s): Calabrese G. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 111-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370872&dopt=Abstract

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Of wine and bottles, old and new: an anthropological perspective on the “new” family physician. Author(s): Hughes CC. Source: Health Care Dimen. 1976; 3: 37-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1017787&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil and red wine antioxidant polyphenols inhibit endothelial activation: antiatherogenic properties of mediterranean diet phytochemicals. Author(s): Carluccio MA, Siculella L, Ancora MA, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Storelli C, Visioli F, Distante A, De Caterina R. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2003 April 1; 23(4): 622-9. Epub 2003 February 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615669&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction modulation by white wine. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Migliori M, Panichi V, Longoni B, Origlia N, Ferretti A, Cuttano MG, Giovannini L. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074985&dopt=Abstract

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Partial and weak oestrogenicity of the red wine constituent resveratrol: consideration of its superagonist activity in MCF-7 cells and its suggested cardiovascular protective effects. Author(s): Ashby J, Tinwell H, Pennie W, Brooks AN, Lefevre PA, Beresford N, Sumpter JP. Source: Journal of Applied Toxicology : Jat. 1999 January-February; 19(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989476&dopt=Abstract

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Partial neuroprotection of in vivo excitotoxic brain damage by chronic administration of the red wine antioxidant agent, trans-resveratrol in rats. Author(s): Virgili M, Contestabile A. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2000 March 10; 281(2-3): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10704758&dopt=Abstract

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People's stories: wine in popular medicine. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 1-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747507&dopt=Abstract

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Photoallergic contact dermatitis to rhubarb wine. Author(s): Diffey BL, Lawlor EF, Hindson TC.

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Source: Photodermatol. 1984 February; 1(1): 43-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6531281&dopt=Abstract •

Plasma polyphenols and antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial function in a diet and wine intervention study in humans. Author(s): Leighton F, Cuevas A, Guasch V, Perez DD, Strobel P, San Martin A, Urzua U, Diez MS, Foncea R, Castillo O, Mizon C, Espinoza MA, Urquiaga I, Rozowski J, Maiz A, Germain A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370876&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma, urine and tissue levels of trans- and cis-resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) after short-term or prolonged administration of red wine to rats. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Stradi R, Bertelli A, Tillement JP. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1996; 18(2-3): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063768&dopt=Abstract

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Postharvest UV-C-irradiated grapes as a potential source for producing stilbeneenriched red wines. Author(s): Cantos E, Espin JC, Fernandez MJ, Oliva J, Tomas-Barberan FA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 February 26; 51(5): 1208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590457&dopt=Abstract

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Potent inhibitory action of red wine polyphenols on human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Damianaki A, Bakogeorgou E, Kampa M, Notas G, Hatzoglou A, Panagiotou S, Gemetzi C, Kouroumalis E, Martin PM, Castanas E. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2000 June 6; 78(3): 429-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861841&dopt=Abstract

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Potential cancer-chemopreventive activities of wine stilbenoids and flavans extracted from grape (Vitis vinifera) cell cultures. Author(s): Waffo-Teguo P, Hawthorne ME, Cuendet M, Merillon JM, Kinghorn AD, Pezzuto JM, Mehta RG. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 40(2): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962253&dopt=Abstract

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Potential mechanism by which resveratrol, a red wine constituent, protects neurons. Author(s): Zhuang H, Kim YS, Koehler RC, Dore S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 May; 993: 276-86; Discussion 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12853318&dopt=Abstract

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Preservation of paraoxonase activity by wine flavonoids: possible role in protection of LDL from lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Fuhrman B, Aviram M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074989&dopt=Abstract

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Principal component analysis of biogenic amines and polyphenols in Hungarian wines. Author(s): Csomos E, Heberger K, Simon-Sarkadi L. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 June 19; 50(13): 3768-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12059158&dopt=Abstract

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Recent progress in research on wine and its components and their favorable effects on health. Author(s): Bertelli AA. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370864&dopt=Abstract

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Red and white wine differently affect collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Author(s): Pignatelli P, Lenti L, Pulcinelli FM, Catasca R, Saccani G, Germano G, Marcoccia A, Silvestri MA, Ghiselli A, Violi F. Source: Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2002 September-December; 32(5-6): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13679675&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine antioxidants bind to human lipoproteins and protect them from metal iondependent and -independent oxidation. Author(s): Ivanov V, Carr AC, Frei B. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 September; 49(9): 4442-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559152&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine consumption and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. Author(s): de Rijke YB, Demacker PN, Assen NA, Sloots LM, Katan MB, Stalenhoef AF. Source: Lancet. 1995 February 4; 345(8945): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7837889&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine decreases cyclosporine bioavailability. Author(s): Tsunoda SM, Harris RZ, Christians U, Velez RL, Freeman RB, Benet LZ, Warshaw A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 November; 70(5): 462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719733&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine raises plasma HDL and preserves long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat kidney and erythrocytes. Author(s): Araya J, Rodrigo R, Orellana M, Rivera G. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86(2): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502232&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine, aspirin and platelet function. Author(s): Rotondo S, Rotilio D, Cerletti C, de Gaetano G. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1996 November; 76(5): 818-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950800&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine, dealcoholized red wine, and especially grape juice, inhibit atherosclerosis in a hamster model. Author(s): Vinson JA, Teufel K, Wu N. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 May; 156(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368998&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine, green tea and vitamins: do their antioxidants play a role in immunologic protection against cancer or even AIDS? Author(s): Mathe G. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1999 May; 53(4): 165-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392288&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol and red wine consumption. Author(s): Slater I, Odum J, Ashby J. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1999 October; 18(10): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10557014&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol and red wine extracts inhibit the growth of CagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Author(s): Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Chadwick LR. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1440-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818294&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol content in wines and musts from the south of Spain. Author(s): Martinez-Ortega MV, Carcia-Parrilla MC, Troncoso AM. Source: Die Nahrung. 2000 August; 44(4): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10996899&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol content of some wines obtained from dried Valpolicella grapes: Recioto and Amarone. Author(s): Celotti E, Ferrarini R, Zironi R, Conte LS.

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Source: J Chromatogr A. 1996 April 12; 730(1-2): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680595&dopt=Abstract •

Resveratrol, a component of wine and grapes, in the prevention of kidney disease. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Migliori M, Panichi V, Origlia N, Filippi C, Das DK, Giovannini L. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 230-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074975&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a natural product present in wine, decreases tumour growth in a rat tumour model. Author(s): Carbo N, Costelli P, Baccino FM, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Argiles JM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 January 27; 254(3): 739-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9920811&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a natural stilbene in grapes and wine, enhances intraphagocytosis in human promonocytes: a co-factor in antiinflammatory and anticancer chemopreventive activity. Author(s): Bertelli AA, Ferrara F, Diana G, Fulgenzi A, Corsi M, Ponti W, Ferrero ME, Bertelli A. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1999; 21(4): 93-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761539&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a phytoestrogen found in red wine. A possible explanation for the conundrum of the 'French paradox'? Author(s): Kopp P. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1998 June; 138(6): 619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678525&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in wine, reduces ischemia reperfusion injury in rat kidneys. Author(s): Giovannini L, Migliori M, Longoni BM, Das DK, Bertelli AA, Panichi V, Filippi C, Bertelli A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2001 March; 37(3): 262-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11243416&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Author(s): Gehm BD, McAndrews JM, Chien PY, Jameson JL.

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Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 December 9; 94(25): 14138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9391166&dopt=Abstract •

Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in wine, inhibits tissue factor expression in vascular cells : A possible mechanism for the cardiovascular benefits associated with moderate consumption of wine. Author(s): Pendurthi UR, Williams JT, Rao LV. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999 February; 19(2): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9974427&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin present in red wine, enhances expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Author(s): Wallerath T, Deckert G, Ternes T, Anderson H, Li H, Witte K, Forstermann U. Source: Circulation. 2002 September 24; 106(13): 1652-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270858&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, a red wine constituent, is a mechanism-based inactivator of cytochrome P450 3A4. Author(s): Chan WK, Delucchi AB. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 November 10; 67(25): 3103-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125847&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, an antioxidant present in red wine, induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Author(s): Surh YJ, Hurh YJ, Kang JY, Lee E, Kong G, Lee SJ. Source: Cancer Letters. 1999 June 1; 140(1-2): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403535&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol, map kinases and neuronal cells: might wine be a neuroprotectant? Author(s): Tredici G, Miloso M, Nicolini G, Galbiati S, Cavaletti G, Bertelli A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 99-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370870&dopt=Abstract

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannoproteins that protect wine from protein haze: evaluation of extraction methods and immunolocalization. Author(s): Dupin IV, Stockdale VJ, Williams PJ, Jones GP, Markides AJ, Waters EJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 April; 48(4): 1086-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775354&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of cis- and trans-resveratrol in wines by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Berzas Nevado JJ, Contento Salcedo AM, Castaneda Penalvo G.

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Source: The Analyst. 1999 January; 124(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563045&dopt=Abstract •

Simultaneous determination of trans-resveratrol and sorbic acid in wine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Dobiasova Z, Pazourek J, Havel J. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 January; 23(2): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840534&dopt=Abstract

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Solid phase extraction of trans-resveratrol from wines for HPLC analysis. Author(s): Mattivi F. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1993 June; 196(6): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8328217&dopt=Abstract

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Spectrophotometric determination of the tannin contents of various Turkish black tea, beer and wine samples. Author(s): Tinkilic N, Uyanik A. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2001 May; 52(3): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400478&dopt=Abstract

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Study of low molecular weight phenolic compounds during the aging of sparkling wines manufactured with red and white grape varieties. Author(s): Pozo-Bayon MA, Hernandez MT, Martin-Alvarez PJ, Polo MC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 26; 51(7): 2089-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643678&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphation of resveratrol, a natural compound present in wine, and its inhibition by natural flavonoids. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2000 September; 30(9): 857-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055264&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphation of resveratrol, a natural product present in grapes and wine, in the human liver and duodenum. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2000 June; 30(6): 609-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923862&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with wine phenolic compounds increases the antioxidant capacity of plasma and vitamin E of low-density lipoprotein without changing the lipoprotein Cu(2+)-oxidizability: possible explanation by phenolic location.

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Author(s): Carbonneau MA, Leger CL, Monnier L, Bonnet C, Michel F, Fouret G, Dedieu F, Descomps B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 October; 51(10): 682-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347289&dopt=Abstract •

Suppression of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and wound healing by resveratrol, a natural compound in red wine and grapes. Author(s): Brakenhielm E, Cao R, Cao Y. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2001 August; 15(10): 1798-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481234&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by red wine phytochemicals. Author(s): Eng ET, Williams D, Mandava U, Kirma N, Tekmal RR, Chen S. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2001 May; 67(2): 133-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519862&dopt=Abstract

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Taste preferences for nutritional supplements: comparison of cancer patients and healthy controls using a wine-tasting scale. Author(s): Brown RO, Schlegel K, Hall NH, Bernard S, Heizer WD. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1986 September-October; 10(5): 490-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3761524&dopt=Abstract

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The civilisation of wine and the organisation of doctors. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 249-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747515&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of red wine and its components on growth and proliferation of human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Author(s): Elattar TM, Virji AS. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 November-December; 19(6B): 5407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697569&dopt=Abstract

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The possible implication of trans-Resveratrol in the cardioprotective effects of longterm moderate wine consumption. Author(s): Orallo F, Alvarez E, Camina M, Leiro JM, Gomez E, Fernandez P. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2002 February; 61(2): 294-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809853&dopt=Abstract

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The red wine antioxidant resveratrol protects isolated rat hearts from ischemia reperfusion injury. Author(s): Ray PS, Maulik G, Cordis GA, Bertelli AA, Bertelli A, Das DK. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1999 July; 27(1-2): 160-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443932&dopt=Abstract

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The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Author(s): Pace-Asciak CR, Hahn S, Diamandis EP, Soleas G, Goldberg DM. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1995 March 31; 235(2): 207-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7554275&dopt=Abstract

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The role of alcohol in the anti low density lipoprotein oxidation activity of red wine. Author(s): van Golde PH, Sloots LM, Vermeulen WP, Wielders JP, Hart HC, Bouma BN, van de Wiel A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 December; 147(2): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10559522&dopt=Abstract

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The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the ancient world. I. General introduction. Author(s): Nencini P. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1997 January; 32(1): 89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9044540&dopt=Abstract

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The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the Ancient World. IX. Conclusions. Author(s): Nencini P. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1997 December; 32(14): 2111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440156&dopt=Abstract

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The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the ancient world. VI. Poppies as a source of food and drug. Author(s): Nencini P. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1997 May; 32(6): 757-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178441&dopt=Abstract

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The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the ancient world. VII. A ritual use of poppy derivatives? Author(s): Nencini P.

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Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1997 August; 32(10): 1405-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286008&dopt=Abstract •

The study of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants in wine. Author(s): Lopez-Velez M, Martinez-Martinez F, Del Valle-Ribes C. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2003; 43(3): 233-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12822671&dopt=Abstract

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The use of transgenic yeasts expressing a gene encoding a glycosyl-hydrolase as a tool to increase resveratrol content in wine. Author(s): Gonzalez-Candelas L, Gil JV, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Ramon D. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 September 10; 59(3): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020039&dopt=Abstract

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The wild and the cultivated: wine in Euripides' Bacchae. Author(s): Ruck CA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1982 May; 5(3): 231-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7045535&dopt=Abstract

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Turning water into wine. Author(s): Goodman NW. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 November 2-15; 52(9): 483. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7874367&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Barnard MJ, Linter SP. Source: Lancet. 1992 August 1; 340(8814): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1353233&dopt=Abstract

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Wine and your heart. Author(s): Folts JD, Keevil J, Stein JH. Source: Circulation. 2001 November 27; 104(22): E130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723041&dopt=Abstract

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Wine defences against bacteria, heart disease, and cancer. Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 269-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747516&dopt=Abstract

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Wine ethanol, platelets, and Mediterranean diet. Author(s): de Lorgeril M, Salen P.

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Source: Lancet. 1999 March 27; 353(9158): 1067. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10199360&dopt=Abstract •

Wine flavonoids protect against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 146-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074969&dopt=Abstract

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Wine phenolics. Author(s): Waterhouse AL. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 21-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074959&dopt=Abstract

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Wine polyphenols and optimal nutrition. Author(s): Ursini F, Sevanian A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 200-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074973&dopt=Abstract

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Wine Therapy: the future of another illusion? Author(s): Paul HW. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001; 64: 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747517&dopt=Abstract

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Wine, alcohol, and oral health, with special emphasis on dental erosion. Author(s): Meurman JH, Vesterinen M. Source: Quintessence Int. 2000 November-December; 31(10): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204000&dopt=Abstract

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Wine, garlic, and CHD in seven countries. Author(s): Keys A. Source: Lancet. 1980 January 19; 1(8160): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6101471&dopt=Abstract

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Wine: risk factors for liver disease and antifibrotic compounds. Author(s): Svegliati-Baroni G, Jezequel AM, Orlandi F. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 143-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370877&dopt=Abstract

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Wines and grape juices as modulators of platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Pace-Asciak CR, Rounova O, Hahn SE, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM.

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to wine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron-deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Daniel's Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html

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Chinese Medicine Aifu Nuangong Wan Alternative names: Aifu Nuangong Pills; Aifu Nuangong Wan (Ai Fu Nuan Gong Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Aifu%20Nuangong%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ankun Zanyu Wan Alternative names: (An Kun Zan Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ankun%20Zanyu%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Baibu Alternative names: Stemona Root; Radix Stemonae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baidai Wan Alternative names: Baidai Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baidai%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Baifuzi Alternative names: Giant Typhonium Rhizome; Rhizoma Typhonii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baishao Alternative names: White Peony Root; Radix Paeoniae Alba Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baolong Wan Alternative names: Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baolong%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Binglang Sixiao Wan Alternative names: Binglang Sixiao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Binglang%20Sixiao%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Chaihu Shugan Wan Alternative names: Chaihu Shugan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chaihu%20Shugan%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Chansu Alternative names: Toad Venom; Venenum Bufonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanniuxi Alternative names: Medicinal Cyathula Root; Radix Cyathulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Colla Carapacis Et Plastri Testudinis Alternative names: Glue of Tortoise Shell Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Colla%20carapacis%20et%20Pl astri%20Testudinis&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

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Colla Corii Asini Alternative names: Donkey-hide Glue; %Colla Corii Asini%% Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Colla%20Corii%20Asini&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Colla Cornus Cervi Alternative names: Deerhorn Glue; %Colla Cornus Cervi%% Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Colla%20Cornus%20Cervi&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dahuang Alternative names: Rhubarb; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danggui Alternative names: Chinese Angelica; Radix Angelicae Sinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danggui Longhui Wan Alternative names: Danggui Longhui Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Danggui%20Longhui%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Danshen Alternative names: Danshen Root; Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dieda Huoxue San Alternative names: Dieda Houxue Powder; Dieda Huoxue San
(Die Da Huo Xue San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dieda%20Huoxue%20San&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dihuang Alternative names: Digitalis Leaf; Yangdihuangye; Folium Digitalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Fengliaoxing Fengshi Dieda Yaojiu Alternative names: Fengliaoxing Fengshi Dieda Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fengliaoxing%20Fengshi%20D ieda%20Yaojiu&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fufang Qianzheng Gao Alternative names: Compound Qianzheng Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fufang%20Qianzheng%20Gao &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fuke Tongjing Wan Alternative names: Fuke Tongjing Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fuke%20Tongjing%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gejie Alternative names: Tokay Gecko; Gecko Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guogong Jiu Alternative names: Guogong Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Guogong%20Jiu&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Huangjing Alternative names: Solomonseal Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygonati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Huangqin Alternative names: Baical Skullcap Root; Radix Scutellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huazheng Huisheng Pian Alternative names: Huazheng Huisheng Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huazheng%20Huisheng%20Pi an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Hufeng Jiu Alternative names: Hufeng Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Hufeng%20Jiu&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Huoxue Zhitong San Alternative names: Huoxue Zhitong Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huoxue%20Zhitong%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jianbu Wan Alternative names: Jianbu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jianbu%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiufen San Alternative names: Jiufen Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiufen%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiuxiangchong Alternative names: Stink-bug; Jiuxiangchong (Jiu Xiang Chong); Aspongopus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixueteng Gao Alternative names: Jixueteng Concentrated Decoction Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jixueteng%20Gao&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Longdan Xiegan Wan Alternative names: Longdan Xiegan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Longdan%20Xiegan%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Lurong Alternative names: Hairy Deer-horn (Hairy Antler); Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maqianzi San Alternative names: Maqianzi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Maqianzi%20San&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Miaoji Wan Alternative names: Miaoji Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Miaoji%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Muxiang Binglang Wang Alternative names: Muxiang Binglang PillsMuxiang Binglang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Muxiang%20Binglang%20Wa ng&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Naoyanghua Alternative names: Yellow Azalea Flower; Flos Rhododendri Mollis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuxi Alternative names: Twotoothed Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nuzhenzi Alternative names: Glossy Privet Fruit; Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Pinggan Shuluo Wan Alternative names: Pinggan Shuluo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Pinggan%20Shuluo%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiangyang Baoshen Wan Alternative names: Qiangyang Baoshen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiangyang%20Baoshen%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qibao Meiran Keli Alternative names: Qibao Meiran Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qibao%20Meiran%20Keli&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingning Wan Alternative names: Qingning Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingning%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Qingqi Huatan Wan Alternative names: Qingqi Huatan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingqi%20Huatan%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingyan Wan Alternative names: Qingyan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingyan%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Qishe Alternative names: Long-noded Pit Viper; Qishe (Qi She); Agkistrodon Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Qishiwei Zhenzhu Wan Alternative names: Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qishiwei%20Zhenzhu%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Renqing Changjue Alternative names: Renqing Changjue Pills; Renqing Changjue(Ren Qing Chang Jue) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Renqing%20Changjue&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sanliangban Yaojiu Alternative names: Wine; Sanliangban Yaojiu
(San Li Ang Ban Yao Jiu) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sanliangban%20Yaojiu&mh=1 0&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shanzhuyu Alternative names: Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit; Fructus Corni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shaofu Zhuyu Wan Alternative names: Shaofu Zhuyu Pills; Shaofu Zhuyu Wan
(Shao Fu Zhu Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shaofu%20Zhuyu%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shenrong Baifeng Wan Alternative names: Shenrong Baifeng Pills; Shenrong Baifeng Wan
(Shen Rong Bai Feng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenrong%20Baifeng%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shenrong Baotai Wan Alternative names: Shenrong Baotai Pills; Shenrong Baotai Wan
(Shen Rong Bao Tai Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenrong%20Baotai%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shenrong Guben Pian Alternative names: Shenrong Guben Tablets; Shenrong Guben Pian
(Shen Rong Gu Ben Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenrong%20Guben%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shetui Alternative names: Snake Slough; Periostracum Serpentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiquan Dabu Wan Alternative names: Shiquan Dabu Pills; Shiquan Dabu Wan
(Shi Qu An Da Bu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shiquan%20Dabu%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shouwu Wan Alternative names: Shouwu Pills; Shouwu Wan
(Shou Wu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shouwu%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Shudihuang Alternative names: Prepared Rehmannia Root; Radix Rehmanniae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shujin Huoluo Jiu Alternative names: Shujin Huoluo Wine; Shujin Huoluo Jiu
(Shu Jin Huo Luo Jiu) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shujin%20Huoluo%20Jiu&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Wushaoshe Alternative names: Black-tail Snake; Zaocys Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Xixiancao Alternative names: Siegesbeckia Herb; Herba Siegesbeckiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Allium Sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angelica Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anthocyanins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Chinese Angelica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Danggui Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Elderberry Alternative names: Sambucus nigra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Elderberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10024,00.html Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,20,00.html Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ivy Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10112,00.html Opcs (oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pyruvate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Monascus purpureus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Resveratrol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Resveratrol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Resveratrol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1040,00.html Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html Tang Kuei Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitis Vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Yohimbe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,830,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON WINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to wine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “wine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on wine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Wine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to wine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Adjustment Ofph in Cynthiana and Syrah Wine Using Enological and Ion-exchange Methods by Walker, Teresa Lynn; Phd from University of Arkansas, 2002, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079090

•

Analysis of the Volatile Components of Canadian Wine by Jackson, Allan Harold; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36532

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Analytical and Biochemical Aspects of Wine Constituents That Affect Human Health by Soleas, George John; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 329 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69176

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Characterization of Odor-active Compounds in California Chardonnay Wines Using Sensory and Instrumental Data by Lee, Seung-jo; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065271

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Chemical Fate of Malvidin-3-glucoside during Wine Aging by Zimman, Alejandro; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082580

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Cork and Talk: the Cognitive and Perceptual Bases of Wine Expertise by Hughson, Angus Leith; Phd from University of Sydney (australia), 2003, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092042

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Deciphering Aroma and Mouthfeel Attributes in Malolactic Fermented Wines by Richardson, Jill Marie; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050383

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Detection, Occurrence and Significance of Biogenic Amines in Villard Noir Wine by Buteau, Carole; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63426

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Genetic Construction of Malolactic Wine Yeasts (schizosaccharomyces Pombe, Oenococcus Oeni) by Husnik, John; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71791

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Molecular Investigations into the Relationships and Genetic Organization of Wine Yeast and Bacteria by Arvik, Torey James; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075863

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Petrology of the Red Wine Complex, Central Labrador by Curtis, Laurence Wilson; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35193

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The Effects of Microoxygenation on Red Wines by Sullivan, Patrick John; Ms from California State University, Fresno, 2002, 69 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410158

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The Impact of Health Information on Wine Demand: the Case of Ontario by Dyack, Brenda Joan; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 410 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ67230

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The Politics of Quality: Institutions and Market Stratification in the Wine Sector by Colman, Tyler Hudnut; Phd from Northwestern University, 2003, 327 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087900

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The Price/quality Relationship in Wine: Differential Effect of Price and Oak Level on Quality Perceptions of Consumers and Wholesalers by Lockshin, Lawrence S., Phd from The Ohio State University, 1991, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120687

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Tracing Childhood: the Poetics of Autobiography in the Writings of Maria Wine, Patrick Chamoiseau and Nathalie Sarraute (martinique, France, French Text) by Persson, Ann-sofie B.; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2001, 464 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3011128

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Wine Consumption and Breast Cancer: an Evaluation of the Effect of Grape Wine Flavonoids on Human Mammary Cell Proliferation by Hakimuddin, Fatima Kamal; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76073

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON WINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “wine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on wine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Wine By performing a patent search focusing on wine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on wine: •

Antimicrobial lees Inventor(s): Shanbrom; Edward (Santa Ana, CA) Assignee(s): Shanbrom Technologies, LLC (Ojai, CA) Patent Number: 6,548,076 Date filed: August 17, 1999 Abstract: The lees or "dregs" produced during wine making are rich sources of antioxidants. Unexpectedly, these materials show significant antibacterial properties as well as antioxidant properties. The lees of red wine which consist of tannins and plant pigments precipitated around crystals of potassium tartarate can advantageously be used directly as a tonic or demulcent. The material can also be used topically for disinfecting the skin, etc. In addition, it is possible to use organic polymers to bind the pigments and/or solubilize them from the tartaric salt to facilitate their use or to make a relatively pure pigment/tannin component. Excerpt(s): The present application concerns natural products and more especially valuable materials that can be derived from the byproducts of vinification. Currently there is a growing concern on the part of the public that our modern diet of highly processed and refined foods is "missing some essential components" necessary for health and well-being. This "natural food" movement probably derives from at least two sources. First is the discovery of vitamins over the last three quarter's of a century, and the public realization that consumption of apparently adequate food can actually result in a serious deficiency syndrome. It is not hard to imagine that the already discovered vitamins, which are now added back to our refined foods, are but the tip of the iceberg. That is, many other vitamin-like substances may remain to be discovered meaning that our food is presently dangerously deficient in essential nutrients. Second is the realization that consumption of certain foods--in particular animal fats--seems to result in significant heart and vascular disease. Not only has the public come to learn that apparently complete foods are lacking a key ingredient, but the public has also learned that apparently innocuous and much favored foods are actually silent killers. The question in the public mind is "why did fatty foods suddenly become so deadly?" One answer is that fatty foods have always been harmful but that people didn't used to consume so much of them. Another answer is that lack of physical activity exacerbates the damage caused by fatty food--the American public certainly appears to have grown more sedentary as compared to Americans a century ago. However, the picture is convoluted by certain groups of people that appear to be immune to the dangers of fatty diets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548076__

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Anti-pilfer device for wine bottles Inventor(s): Smith; Colin Marshall (New South Wales, AU), Oatley; Andrew Geoffrey (New South Wales, AU) Assignee(s): Rosemount Estates Pty Ltd. (New South Wales, AU) Patent Number: 6,460,713 Date filed: February 25, 2000 Abstract: An anti-pilfer device for application to a cork of a wine bottle includes a disc. The disc has a recess in at least one surface and is adapted to accommodate an adhesive for securing the disc to the cork. The disc is formed from a material having a relatively wide useful temperature range. The range is from about -5.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. such that the material has a glass transition temperature below about 5.degree. C. and a softening point in excess of about 100.degree. C. Excerpt(s): There is a trend away from the old style capsule seal on the top of a wine bottle to a security cap or anti-pilfer seal. The cap can be of a paper type and mere are variations through to a wax cap which approaches an old method of using scaling wax. Present bottle filling rates appear to demand that any sealing device is premade and only attachment takes place on the production line. Known wax caps from the United States are made of "wax" and are adhered to the top of the cork using hot-melt glue. The top of the cork is pushed a small distance into the neck of the bottle so that the wax cap when attached is approximately flush with the top of the bottle. Further to the above, the known wax caps take the form of a basic disc having flat upper and lower surfaces. A flat lower surface in particular leaves little room for the application of hot melt adhesive between the cap and the top of the cork. As a result, the adhesive can leak from the side of the cap during application and leave little adhesive in position to secure the cap to the cork and at the same time deposit a mess of adhesive on the lip of the bottle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06460713__

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Automatic bar Inventor(s): Forbes; Ludlow D. (351 South Broad St., Elizabeth, NJ 07202) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,422,422 Date filed: September 18, 2000 Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed comprising a plurality of liquid containers and a corresponding plurality of tubes. Each liquid container has an opening into which is inserted the first end of a corresponding tube. The second end of each tube is connected to a pumping device. A processor, connected to the pumping device, in response to a first signal, selects a first liquid container of the plurality of liquid containers and causes the pumping device to cause liquid to be pumped out of the first liquid container through its opening through the first end of the corresponding tube and out the second end of the corresponding tube. The plurality of liquid containers may be comprised of a first set of liquid containers which contains wine, second set which contains hard liquor, a third set which contains beer, a fourth set which includes chasers, and a fifth set which includes a keg of beer. The apparatus may include a housing wherein the plurality of liquid containers are stored in the housing. The housing may contain a plurality of compartments. Each compartment may only contain liquid containers having a

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particular type of liquid. For example, the first compartment may only include liquid containers with beer, the second wine, the third hard liquor, the fourth chasers, and the fifth beer kegs. Each compartment may include a plurality of cubicles, one cubicle for each liquid container. The size of the cubicles and/or the number of cubicles within a compartment may be able to be adjusted. The apparatus may also include a remote control signal receiver which is electrically connected to the processor and which supplies the processor with the first signal in response to a remote control signal. The apparatus may also include a plurality of selection lights, one for each corresponding liquid container of the plurality of liquid containers. The apparatus may also include a plurality of depletion sensing device, one for each corresponding liquid container of the plurality of liquid containers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved methods and apparatus for providing beverages. Various vending machines are known for providing such items as candy and cigarettes. The present invention in one embodiment discloses an apparatus comprising a plurality of liquid containers and a corresponding plurality of tubes. Each liquid container has an opening. Each tube has a first end which is inserted into a corresponding opening of a corresponding liquid container and a second end which is connected to a pumping device. A processor is provided which is electrically connected to the pumping device. The processor in response to a first signal selects a first liquid container of the plurality of liquid containers and causes the pumping device to cause liquid to be pumped out of the first liquid container through its opening through the first end of the corresponding tube and out the second end of the corresponding tube. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06422422__ •

Baby eel substitute and method of fabrication thereof Inventor(s): Herbozo; Jon Manterola (Casa Galardi, 6, 20170 Aginaga-Usurbil, Gipuzkoa, ES) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,387,439 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: Part of "surimi" in a sequential thermal treatment process comprising four stages: drainage of excess water; preliminary cooking in oil; final cooking in oil and drainage of excess oil; incorporating ground fish muscle, between 50 and 60% of final total mass; water in a state just prior to freezing, from 8 to 12%; white wine from 2 to 4%; vegetable or animal oil, from 1 to 2%; salt, from 1 to 3%; sugar, up to 1%; ovoalbumin, from 4 to 6%; flours, from 7 to 16%; starch form 7 to 16%; garlic and white pepper up to 0.5% each; cryoprotectors, up to 0.5%; potassium sorbate up to 0.5%; aromas of crab, oyster and eel, between 1 and 1.5%; alginates up to 2% and cephalopod ink in varying proportions up to 4%. Excerpt(s): The invention here disclosed relates to a baby eel substitute and a method of fabrication thereof, from among the food products based on fish derivatives known as "surimi" and their industrial fabrication methods. The invention is characterised by a special formulation of the substitute which incorporates additives which determine the texture, organoleptic characteristics, nutritional properties and external appearance of the final product, but above all it is characterised by the fabrication process, improved in its thermal treatment stage, such that it is these changes which allow to formulate the substitute in the aforementioned manner. Fish derivatives known as surimi, that is, fish

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muscle ground, washed and rinsed, have been known in the market for years so that they are sufficiently well known and no further description is required. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387439__ •

Balloon support stand for decorative arrangements Inventor(s): Naranjo; Peter (72 Sierra Meadow Dr., San Jose, CA 95116) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,364,258 Date filed: April 27, 2000 Abstract: A support stand that allows a decorative display of a balloon in combination with flowers, wine, or any object that the user chooses to include. The device includes a support structure utilized in combination with a netting and a balloon. The support structure includes an upper disk attached to a lower disk by means of four elongated rods. The upper disk includes a large central hole to receive and support the balloon. The lower disk is essentially solid, but includes a plurality of radial slots. The slots are used to receive and secure a net or other fabric used as a cover to hold the balloon in place. The rods of the support structure define an interior display space that may be used to hold flowers, a bottle of wine, or some other object intended for display with the balloon stand. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to decorative devices, and more particularly is a support stand that creates a balloon display device. Many devices have addressed the use of balloons in decorative displays. Most of the prior art devices are directed to methods of securing helium filled balloons on display for sale. One such device is the "Balloon Bouquet Holder" of Bartels, U.S. Pat. No. 5,938,154, issued Aug. 17, 1999. This device utilizes a generally cylindrical body to provide sufficient anchoring weight for the balloons. The body includes a plurality of vertical slots which receive strings tied to the balloons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06364258__

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Beverage package with sound effects Inventor(s): Mansfield; Harold D. (918 Blvd. of the Arts, Sarasota, FL 34236) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,478,152 Date filed: June 13, 2001 Abstract: A beverage package that in one embodiment can be described as a musical wine bag has a sound emitting device that plays a tune when a beverage container is pressed into the beverage package. The sound emitting device is commercially available and has an integral switch that is actuated by pressing, e.g., the top and bottom of the device together. A specially designed locator positions the sound emitting device underneath it in the bottom of the beverage package and positions beverage containers so that the sound emitting device speaker is not covered. The locator is further designed to orient beverage containers into upright positions and transmit sufficient force from smaller ones sited away from the sound emitting device to actuate the device.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a beverage package that can produce sound effects such as songs, melodies, or another message. As an example, a wine bag has a sound emitting device located inside that plays a song when a wine bottle in the bag is pushed downward. Amusement devices that use a sound emitting device comprising an integrated circuit connected to a small speaker to play a short message with sound effects are well known. For example, toy ambulances that emit a siren sound along with short phrases were popular children's toys at the time this invention was made. Also, well known were birthday cards that play "Happy Birthday" when opened. Combinations of sound emitting devices and packaging are also known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,137,410, issued to Sepulveda on Oct. 24, 2000, entitled "Bag with Sound Emitting Device," discloses a festive bag having a U-shaped pair of handles that have metal plates on the inside of the handles. When the handles are separated, electrical contact between the metal plates is broken and a sound emitting device located in the interior of the bag is activated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06478152__ •

Caesar salad dressing Inventor(s): Ruhl; Jeanne M. (210 Mary St., Downingtown, PA 19335) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,475,549 Date filed: November 6, 2000 Abstract: A Caesar salad dressing is provided with a creamy consistency using a combination of ingredients which includes extra virgin olive oil, lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper, garlic, mayonnaise, milk, cream, Romano cheese, Dijon mustard and vinegar. The milk and cream are preferably combined in equal proportions (i.e., 50% each). The salt and pepper are optionally included. If used, the salt is preferably kosher salt and the pepper is preferably black pepper. The Romano cheese is preferably Locatelli and the vinegar is preferably red wine vinegar. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally pertains to the variety of salad dressings known as "Caesar" salad dressings, and more particularly, to an improved composition for a so-called "creamy" style Caesar salad dressing. The "traditional" Caesar salad dressing, which was originally created by Chef Caesar Cardini in 1924, is generally comprised of ingredients including extra virgin olive oil, raw (or coddled) egg, lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper and garlic, in desired proportions. Subsequently, a style for the Caesar salad dressing came to be developed which included ingredients for providing the dressing with a "creamy" consistency, in substitution for the egg which was used in the traditional recipe. The present invention is primarily directed to this latter, creamy-style Caesar salad dressing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475549__

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Carrying case and rack for wine bottles Inventor(s): Ivey; Jason A. (356 Coronado #306, Long Beach, CA 90814) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,615,996 Date filed: June 17, 2002 Abstract: A carrying case for carrying and displaying consumer products, such as wine bottles. The carrying case can be restructured into a wine rack. The carrying case has a front and a back wall panel, each having an opening through which a portion of a wine bottle, or other consumer product, may extend. Two side panels connect to the front and back panels to secure the wine bottles by way of extending partially through the front and back wall panels. A central slot permits the four pieces to be reassembled into a wine rack which can hold wine bottles in a horizontal position. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is packaging and the invention relates more particularly to packaging for consumer products which provide an attractive display when placed on the shelf of a retail outlet. Shipping containers utilizing slots cut from a bottom edge or a top edge half way through a panel of the box are well known. U.S. Pat. No. 2,840,293 shows a shipping case having inner panels with slots which form rectangular openings to protect bottles during shipping. Similarly, U.S. Pat No. 2,837,216 shows a display stand and shipping container which also utilizes panels with slots cut part way through them. For some products, the appearance of the product is enhanced by the ability of the consumer to view the product utilizing the product's transparency by looking at one side and being capable of seeing through the back side while the product is in the container. Wine is especially benefited from such display, since the color of the wine is often very appealing and helps to display the wine in a much more attractive and appealing manner, particularly as compared to a wine bottle on a shelf, which has an opaque back. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06615996__

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Composite stopper with controlled permeability Inventor(s): Poitevin; Philippe (Dissay-sous-Courcillon, FR), Litoux-Desrue; Fran.cedilla.ois (Tours, FR) Assignee(s): Cortex SAS (Dizy, FR) Patent Number: 6,601,722 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: A composite stopper for closing bottles, in particular wine bottles, comprising a body made of a compressible material such as cork, provided at least at its end facing the contents of the bottle to be closed with matching element forming a joint. The element (25) is made from a substantially incompressible elastomer, filling up a cavity arranged circular in shape and a concentric position in the end surface (24) of the stopper body (22) and having a volume such that the element, under the effect of compression whereto the stopper body is subjected when the bottle is closed, is elastically deformed at the front of the end surface, so as to produce after closure, at the front of the cork body end surface, a sealing joint covering the whole of the end surface and in contact the bottle neck inner surface (26). The invention is useful for closing bottles of sparking or non-sparking wine.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a controlled permeability composite stopper for stopping bottles, in particular bottles of wine, having a body made from a compressible material such as cork, fitted with complementary means forming a seal at least at the end facing toward the content of the bottle. Stoppers of the above type are described in French patents Nos. 983 488, 1 068 263, 1 100 335, 1 338 657, 1 573 650, 2 644 142 and 2 736 036 and European patent application EP-A-0 532 367, for example. In the above documents, the complementary seal means can be sheets, films, coatings, disks, etc. of synthetic material, rubber, elastomer, for example silicone elastomer, covering at least the whole of the end face of the stopper facing toward the content of the bottle to be stopped. The use of cork in stopping wines is related to the exceptional qualities of the material, namely its virtual freedom from rotting, compressibility, resilience, sealing effect, easy machining from raw cork-oak bark, aptitude for gaseous exchange, durability, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06601722__ •

Compositions containing extracts of Morinda citrifolia, red wine, prune, blueberry, pomegranate, apple and enzyme mixture Inventor(s): Yegorova; Inna (Northridge, CA) Assignee(s): Braswell; A. Glenn (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 6,387,370 Date filed: January 19, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for reducing oxysterol buildup in the blood and normalizing cholesterol and blood pressure, in a mammal. The compositions comprise Morinda citrifolia extract, red wine extract, prune extract, blueberry extract, pomegranate extract, apple extract, and an enzyme mixture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for reducing oxysterols in the blood and normalizing cholesterol and blood pressure in a mammal, by the administration of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties found in fruits and vegetables, including polyphenols. The heart operates similar to a pulsatile pump, in that blood enters the arteries intermittently with each heart beat, causing pressure pulses in the arterial system. In a healthy circulatory system, the pressure at the height of a pulse (systolic pressure) is approximately 120 mm Hg and the pressure at the lowest point of the pulse (diastolic pressure) is approximately 80 mm Hg. The difference between these two pressures, 40 mm Hg, is termed the pulse pressure (Guyton and Hall, TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 221 (6.sup.th ed., W. B. Saunders Company, 1956) (1981)). Stroke volume output of the heart and compliance of the arterial system are the two most important factors in pulse pressure. Atherosclerosis, which is the principal cause of death in Western countries, decreases arterial compliance by depositing calcified plaques on arterial walls, thereby reducing the elasticity of arterial walls. When this occurs, systolic pressure increases greatly, while diastolic pressure, the pressure that causes blood to be transferred from the arteries to the veins, is decreased greatly (Guyton at 221). Thus, blood becomes backed-up in the system, due to the inability of blood to flow through the arteries efficiently, as well as, the inability of blood to flow back to the heart. One key process of artherosclerosis is the accumulation of lipids resulting in distribution of atheromatous plaque. As plaque accumulates in the inner artery wall, the restricted artery is weakened, bulging with cholesterol and toxic deposits. Eventually, the plaque blocks the arteries and interrupts blood flow to the organs they supply. Thus, hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of lipids), and specifically,

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hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol) are major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387370__ •

Container for keeping wine bottles in a cool condition Inventor(s): Lee; Ching-Chang (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): Brothers Promotions, Inc. (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 6,460,722 Date filed: March 20, 2001 Abstract: A container includes a container body with an accommodating space including central and surrounding regions. A plurality of coolant vessels are retained detachably in the surrounding region by a plurality of retaining members against falling towards the central region. The vessels can be filled with coolant so as to keep the accommodating space, in which wine bottles are received, in a cool condition. A bottom wall of the container body is provided with a plurality of spacers so as to space the wine bottles from the bottom wall. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a container for wine bottles, more particularly to a container for keeping wine bottles in a cool condition. In a conventional method for keeping a wine bottle in a cool condition, a bucket is filled with ice cubes, and the bottle is then placed in the container. However, it is required to wrap the bottle in a towel for preventing dripping of water that condensed on the bottle, thereby resulting in inconvenience when taking the bottle out from the container. The object of the present invention is to provide a container which can prevent wine bottles received therein from dripping when the bottles are taken out therefrom. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06460722__

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Cooling apparatus Inventor(s): Horwell; Richard (Twickenham, GB) Assignee(s): Chilla Limited (Twickenham, GB) Patent Number: 6,397,624 Date filed: February 22, 2001 Abstract: The cooling apparatus (2) for a wine bottle includes a pump (18, 20) for circulating iced water (30) around the inside of chamber (4). A bottle (14) is placed within the chamber (4). The pump (18) may be operated by a timer mechanism (10). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for cooling a container and has particular, although not exclusive, relevance to such a cooling apparatus for use in a domestic environment for cooling wine bottles and the like. Systems for cooling or chilling bottles of drink have long been known. On a basic level, a bottle to be chilled may be wrapped in a wet cloth. The latent heat of vaporisation of the water is obtained from the body of fluid within the container. This is a common technique for chilling wine bottles and the like on hot summer days. More complex systems have been proposed, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,888,092 and GBA 1,537,821.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06397624__ •

Cooling system for wine or champagne preservation and dispensing apparatus Inventor(s): Lydon; Justin R. (Queen Creek, AZ), McGuire; Timothy C. (Reno, NV), Deller; Robert R. (Reno, NV), O'Connor; Daniel N. (Reno, NV), Phelps; Johne (Ft. Myers, FL) Assignee(s): Vin Valet, Inc. (Reno, NV) Patent Number: 6,557,369 Date filed: November 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for preserving and dispensing wine or champagne. The apparatus provides a housing having a container support for holding wine or champagne bottles, a plurality of removable stoppers for insertion in the bottles, a nitrogen generator for generating a nitrogen rich gas from air, a nitrogen storage tank for storing the generated nitrogen rich gas, a cooling system for cooling certain bottles and dispensers for providing wine or champagne from the bottles to a user. The nitrogen generator draws in ambient air, adsorbs the oxygen from the air and stores nitrogen rich gas in the nitrogen storage tank. The nitrogen storage tank supplies the nitrogen rich gas to the bottles for preserving the wine or champagne. The stoppers include a nitrogen line and a supply line. The nitrogen line communicates nitrogen rich gas into the bottles and the supply line communicates wine or champagne from the bottles to the dispensers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to an apparatus for preserving and dispensing wine or champagne and in particular to a cooling system for the apparatus. One or more wine or champagne bottles may be stored in the apparatus for preservation and future use by a wine or champagne consumer. Millions of people throughout the world drink wine and champagne. Numerous types of wine and champagne are produced in many countries throughout the world. Most wine and champagne are distributed to consumers in bottles. Wine and champagne bottles are usually sealed with a cork to prevent exposure to the air and to preserve the wine or champagne. Consumers of wine or champagne may drink an entire bottle, a significant portion of a bottle or only one glass of wine or champagne. Some consumers may drink a glass of wine a day while others may only drink one glass a week. When a bottle of wine or champagne is opened, the seal formed between the bottle and the cork is broken, air enters the bottle and the quality of the wine or champagne remaining in the bottle begins to degrade due to oxidation. Wine begins to oxidize when it comes in contact with air and more specifically, with the oxygen present in the air. For a short period of time, oxygen and the process of oxidation benefit wine. With many types of wine, it is recommended to let the wine "breathe" before drinking. Breathing or exposing wine to ambient air for a short time allows a small amount of oxidation to induce the release of certain volatile compounds in the wine, which wine drinkers find to have a desirous effect on the wine's taste. Continued oxidation, however, eventually degrades every type of wine. To slow the degradation of the wine, a majority of wine is stored and preserved in bottles that are sealed with a cork or similar sealing device. However, uncorking or opening a wine bottle generally initiates the beginning of the end of a wine's useful or tasteful life. Red wines often degrade faster than white wines. Sweeter white wines tend to last longer, or degrade slower, than other white wines. Once the bottles are opened, most wines last less than a day even if the cork is properly replaced or the wine bottle is closed in a suitable period of time. In fact, the taste of some wines

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such as pinot noir, begins to degrade within thirty minutes after opening the bottle. This is problematic because, as indicated above, often times people do not finish a bottle of wine or champagne on the day the bottle is opened. Accordingly, wine and champagne are often wasted because people only consume portions of the wine or the champagne in a bottle and the remaining portions in the bottle lose their taste. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06557369__ •

Cork extractor tool Inventor(s): Federighi; William (7 Commercial Blvd., Novato, CA 94945) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,622,595 Date filed: August 1, 2002 Abstract: A cork extractor tool for removing the cork from wine bottles has a cylindrical needle carrier with an attached axially directed hollow needle of sufficient length to penetrate through the cork. The needle carrier is slidably disposed within a tubular sleeve which closely fits within a handle. The handle and tubular sleeve are arranged to rotate the needle carrier and needle using a pair of helical grooves disposed through the tubular sleeve, with a pair of corresponding roller guides which extend radially inwardly from the handle through the respective helical groove and which are affixed to the needle carrier. A pair of radially oppositely disposed graspable positioning legs include lower arcuate bottle gripping portions which engage the bottle to facilitate placement of the cork extractor tool on the bottle. As the handle is axially forced downwardly from a raised position along the tubular sleeve to a lower position thereon, the needle penetrates the cork in an axially rotating fashion to facilitate easy cork penetration. Pressurized fluid is then injected into the bottle from a replaceable container of the pressurized fluid having an integral metering valve. The metering valve introduces a controlled volume of the pressurized fluid through the needle into the bottle to smoothly eject the cork from the bottle. Removed corks are easily stripped from the needle by a cork stripping portion of the tubular sleeve through which the needle extends and retracts during use by reversing the motion to return the handle to the raised position. Optional cutting blades on the positioning legs facilitate cutting of foil wrapping at the top of bottle prior to cork removal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices for facilitating the withdrawal of corks and similar stoppers from bottles, and more particularly to those devices which inject pressurized gas into the bottle through the cork to facilitate removal of the cork. Bottle which contain wine, and some other types of liquid beverages in bottles, are traditionally closed and sealed by a cork which is friction fitted into a neck of the bottle. Use of conventional corkscrews for extraction of the cork from the bottle prior to drinking is subject to problems such as incomplete removal of the cork and cork chips falling into the bottle. Likewise, substantial physical effort and dexterity are required on the part of the user of the corkscrew to remove the cork. In an effort to simplify the opening of corked bottles, cork extractor tools were developed of a type which injects pressurized fluid such as compressed air or carbon dioxide gas into the bottle through a needle which penetrates through the cork. Expansion of the pressurized fluid ejects the cork from the bottle. While this type of cork extractor tool may reduce some of the cork chipping problems, significant physical effort is still required by the user to force the needle through the cork. Likewise, subsequently physical effort is required to pull the extracted cork from the needle. The presence of an exposed sharp needle requires that

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the device be carefully handled and manipulated so as to avoid injury to the user and other persons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06622595__ •

Cork screw with integral intelligent thermometer Inventor(s): Harris; Debra Fogel (9366 Aegean Dr., Boca Raton, FL 33431) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,536,306 Date filed: August 28, 2000 Abstract: An intelligent cork screw device which determines the temperature of the bottle and informs the consumer as to what type of wine is suitable for that temperature. In a preferred embodiment, the cork screw provides a temperature readout. Alternative embodiments include temperature gauges which are marked to indicate the wines which are appropriate for that temperature. Other alternative embodiments provide entertainment features such as voice or other audio indications related to the temperature. Still other embodiments include visual indication such as lamps which indicate what type of wine would be proper for the temperature of the bottle being measured. The cork screw can use thermal measurement of the exterior of the wine bottle, or alternatively, the actual screw which penetrates the wine cork can be used as a temperature probe. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to wine equipment. In particular, it relates to an intelligent cork screw which has an integral temperature sensing device which is used in combination with audio or video output devices to tell the user what the current temperature of the wine is, and what wines are appropriate for that particular temperature. The intelligent cork screw has several optional output methods which include audio notification and/or visual notification. There is a large segment of the population who enjoy wine on a regular basis with meals, and at social occasions. To best enjoy a particular type of wine should be served within a temperature range suitable for that wine. For example, sparkling lines such as champagne are typically served cold, white wines are typically served slightly warmer sparkling wines, red wines are served warmer than white wines, and special wines such as sherry or port are served warmer than red wines. A disadvantage associated with the enjoyment of wine is that the consumer may not know the proper temperature for the particular wine the consumer plans to drink that evening. Wine producers have attempted to assist consumers by printing the best temperature on wine labels. This simple step makes available to the consumer the correct temperature for consumption, but the consumer must still determine what the actual temperature of the wine is. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06536306__

Patents 155

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Corkscrew Inventor(s): So; Kwok Kuen (2nd Floor, Chuan Yuan Factory Building, 342-344 Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, HK) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,431,028 Date filed: August 2, 2001 Abstract: A corkscrew includes a body having first and second elongate handgrips connected together for gripping the neck of a wine bottle, a central helical screw between the handgrips to remove a cork from bottle, and a turning knob atop the body and co-axially supporting the screw. The first handgrip has at its upper end a downwardly-opening cavity. The second handgrip is pivotably connected at its upper end to the first handgrip by a connector inserted from below into the cavity. The connector incorporates a hinge pin that passes through the connector and the upper end of the second handgrip. The pin is confined by a peripheral wall of the cavity extending around the connector. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a corkscrew. Corkscrews having a pair of handgrips and a central helical screw are known. In a typical construction, one handgrip is pivotable relatively to the other handgrip for opening to receive the neck of a wine bottle between them and then closing to grip the bottle neck before the screw can be operated. The pivotable handgrip may be connected by means of an integral (plastic) hinge through a snap-fit action, which is convenient but in practice not sufficiently strong. Although a metal rivet or screw will provide the necessary strength, its use is labour intensive and requires finishing work to obscure it. The invention seeks to mitigate or at least alleviate such problems by providing a-modified corkscrew of this type. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06431028__

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Corkscrew for a wine steward Inventor(s): Burato; Piero Claudio (Montecchia di Crosara, IT), Castellani; Maurizio (Creazzo, IT) Assignee(s): Prop 12 S.A.S. di Burato Piero Claudio e Castellani Maurizio & C. (Vicenza, IT) Patent Number: 6,415,689 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: The corkscrew for a wine steward is of the type which contains a helicoidal body (1) to be inserted in the cap of a bottle to be opened, this body being hinged to an element (2) of lengthened shape. The main feature of the invention resides in the fact that it also contains an apparatus (4) which is common to devices of this type, capable of opening caps having a crown and an extension (7), which substantially extends for the entire length of element (2), is hinged (7') to the apparatus (4). This extension makes it easier substantially for the user the operation of raising the cap and also allows the operator to open the bottle without touching with his hands the mouth of the bottle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of corkscrews for a wine steward. It is known that the devices for removal of the bottle cap for a wine steward, commonly used in specialty shops, restaurants, bars and domestic environments, for the purpose of

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allowing the opening of bottles closed by caps which are operable by extraction from the neck of the bottles, comprise a helicoidal body to be inserted in the cap by screwing, these caps normally being made of cork, but recently are made of a plastic material. This body is hinged to an element of lengthened shape which is placed in a position which is essentially parallel to the latter in a rest position but emerges from the latter in functioning conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06415689__ •

Drip prevention apparatus Inventor(s): Genthon; John (151 ter, rue Joliot Curie, 69005 Lyon, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,609,639 Date filed: November 14, 2000 Abstract: A non-drip device or drip prevention apparatus eliminates all liquid dripping. The device includes a body with an orifice wherein the neck of a container may be inserted, a shoulder and a planar surface maintaining a joint in a recess. When the nondrip device is attached by interlocking, the planar surface acts as end of travel stop indicating that the attachment is completed. An angle associated with a quarter circle facilitates liquid reinsertion into the bottle. A diameter of the device enables the liquid to flow rapidly when poured and a ridge interrupts the liquid flow after it has been served. An overlap is provided for publicity or a print. The non-drip device is designed to eliminate dripping, for example, when wine is poured from a bottle. Excerpt(s): The drip prevention apparatus of this invention provides a feeling of comfort when serving any liquid of different viscosity, by preventing any of this liquid from dripping down the outside of a dispensing container. It is often the case in fact, when serving wine or alcohol from a conventional 75-centiliter wine bottle, that one or more drips ruin a meticulous presentation. As will have been observed, a drop of wine always tends to spread out upon contact with a cotton or polycotton fabric, or even on contact with paper. The only solution to this is to wash it. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06609639__

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Dry offset rotary printer for labeling wine corks Inventor(s): Coningsby; Gregg O. (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) Assignee(s): Apex Machine Company (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) Patent Number: 6,526,880 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: A rotary printing machine for the printing of synthetic cork stoppers of the type having a surface which is normally non-ink receptive. A Ferris wheel mechanism is provided, having a plurality of evenly spaced carriers mounted a predetermined radial distance from and parallel to the axis of rotation for the Ferris wheel mechanism, each carrier for rotatably holding a synthetic cork stopper. An indexing drive system controls incremental rotation of the Ferris wheel mechanism through a predetermined sequence of steps, and a cork feeder introduces a single synthetic cork stopper into each of the carriers as empty ones of the carriers are presented one-by-one at the cork feeder. A

Patents 157

corona discharger treats the surface of each synthetic cork stopper prior to being printed with sufficient energy to alter the surface energy of the cork sufficiently to permit receptivity of printing ink. A rotary printing system rotatably imprints with ink the surface of each held synthetic cork stopper with an image. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to automated printing machines; and more particularly, to dry offset printing machines. As the demand for wine has increased, so has the demand for natural cork stoppers. To reduce demand for natural cork stoppers, containers other than bottles requiring cork stoppers, such as collapsible bags in boxes and bottles with screw cap lids, have been used. However, the buying public typically perceives collapsible bags stored in boxes with exposed spigots and screw cap bottles as indicators of inferior quality wine. To meet the demand for cork stoppers, synthetic cork stoppers have been developed. These synthetic cork stoppers are made from polymeric materials that have been extruded, or molded during a molding process. These synthetic corks have characteristics similar to their natural counterparts. In the wine industry, corks are frequently printed with words and other indicia identifying the vineyard where the wine was produced or where the wine is bottled. Printing of natural cork stoppers is typically done using a rotary letter press or rotary letter flex printing system which utilizes a reverse reading hard or soft printing plate which has ink placed on the raised surface. The raised surface of the plate then makes contact with the natural cork, thus transferring the appropriate image. This printing process is typically limited to single color printing. Printing machines used for printing indicia on natural cork stoppers have been found to be ineffective when used with synthetic cork stoppers. The synthetic stoppers are not as absorbent as natural cork and the printing on such corks, regardless of transfer method, require a forced drying of the printed ink. Additionally, the synthetic corks have a lower coefficient of friction at their surface and require a surface treatment, which oxidizes the surface allowing the printing ink to "flow out" when applied to the surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06526880__ •

Fermentation lock for wine barrel Inventor(s): Montgomery; Donald C. (1250 Enos Ave., Sebastopol, CA 95472) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,478,178 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: An improved stopper apparatus for use with wine barrel bung holes includes a generally frusto-conical stopper member having a central aperture, a top surface, a bottom surface, and an outer circumferential surface adapted to seal against the inner circumferential surface of the bung hole. The apparatus further includes a sealing insert member having a top portion, a middle portion, and a bottom portion, the top portion having a diameter slightly greater than the stopper member central aperture such that the sealing insert member can be pushed into the central aperture so as to bring the top surface of the sealing insert member with the top surface and the stopper member during barrel aging. The sealing insert member further has a lower surface adapted for sealing engagement against the stopper member top surface during barrel fermentation. The bottom portion includes at least one flexible lateral projection element adapted to contact and apply a force against the stopper member bottom surface, so as to urge the top portion lower surface into sealing engagement with the stopper member top surface.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to stoppers and seals used for access and vent holes in a container, and more specifically to an improved stopper apparatus for use with wine barrels and the like, providing a positive seal fermentation lock for the barrel. Wine barrels and related containers typically include a bung hole or vent hole in a side or end of the barrel, through which the barrel can be filled or emptied, and the contents of the barrel accessed for topping off, testing, sampling, treatment and the like. The bung hole is usually sealed with a frusto-conically shaped stopper member to prevent contaminants from entering the barrel, and to prevent air circulation into or out of the barrel. These stopper members are often made from wood, rubber, silicone, or like material, and are well known and in widespread use. Carbon dioxide and/or other gasses may be produced as a byproduct of the wine fermentation process. These gasses may accumulate in the barrel until the gas pressure exceeds the sealing pressure provided by the stopper, at which time the stopper is displaced and the gas escapes. Often, displacement of the stopper is a minor matter and of little consequence, such that the stopper continues to provide a zero-pressure seal. However, on other occasions the displacement may be significant, resulting in a complete loss of sealing. A solution to this problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,018, to Montgomery (the instant inventor), which teaches a positive seal fermentation stopper apparatus for wine barrels or vent holes in any vessel. The disclosed apparatus includes a generally frusto-conical stopper member having a top surface, a bottom surface, and an outer circumferential surface which is adapted to seal against the inner circumferential surface of a barrel's bung (vent) hole, all in the traditional manner. The stopper member includes a central aperture having a length and a diameter, preferably along the longitudinal axis of the stopper member. The apparatus further includes a sealing insert member having a top portion, a middle portion, and a bottom portion, with the top portion having a diameter greater than the stopper member central aperture, and which has a lower surface adapted for sealing engagement against the stopper member top surface. In the preferred embodiment, the top portion lower sealing surface is conical in shape to provide an efficient sealing geometry with the stopper member (preferably flat) top surface. The sealing insert member middle portion has a length generally equal to the stopper member central aperture, and a diameter less than the stopper member central aperture, and is thus adapted for passage therethrough. The sealing insert member terminates in a bottom portion which includes at least one, and preferably two or more preferably opposed flexible lateral projection elements adapted to contact and apply a force against the stopper member bottom surface, so as to urge the top portion lower surface into sealing engagement with the stopper member top surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06478178__ •

Genetically modified lactic acid bacteria having modified diacetyl reductase activities Inventor(s): Henriksen; Claus Maxel (Copenhagen, DK), Nilsson; Dan (Espergaerde, DK), Walfridsson; Mats (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Chr. Hanson A/S (Hoersholm, DK) Patent Number: 6,413,765 Date filed: April 21, 1999 Abstract: Genetically modified lactic acid bacteria having a reduced or lacking or enhanced diacetyl reductase activity, acetoin reductase activity and/or butanediol dehydrogenase activity are provided. Such bacteria are used in starter cultures in the production of food products including dairy products where it is desired to have a high

Patents 159

content of diacetyl and for reducing or completely removing diacetyl in beverages including beers, fruit juices and certain types of wine, where the presence of diacetyl is undesired. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of manufacturing food products by means of lactic acid bacterial cultures. Specifically the invention provides novel genetically modified strains of lactic acid bacteria that are modified to have enhanced or reduced diacetyl reductase activity, acetoin reductase activity and/or butanediol dehydrogenase activity. Such modified bacteria are particularly useful in the manufacturing of food products having either a reduced or an increased content of the flavour compound diacetyl. Lactic acid bacteria are used extensively as starter cultures in the food industry in the manufacturing of fermented products including milk products such as e.g. yoghurt and cheese, meat products, bakery products, wine and vegetable products. Lactococcus species including Lactococcus latcis are among the most commonly used lactic acid bacteria in dairy starter cultures. Several other lactic acid bacteria such as Leuconostoc species, Pidococcus species. Lactobacillus species, Oenococcus species and Streptococcus species are also commonly used in food cultures. When a lactic acid bacterial starter culture is added to milk or any other food product starting material under appropriate conditions, the bacteria grow rapidly with concomitant conversion of citrate, lactose or other sugar compounds into lactic acid/lactate and possibly other acids including acetate, resulting in a pH decrease. In addition, several other metabolites are produced during the growth of lactic acid bacteria. These metabolites include ethanol, formate, acetaldehyde,.alpha.-acetolactate, acetoin, diacetyl, carbon dioxide and 2,3 butylene glycol (butanediol). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06413765__ •

Machine for removing grapes from the bunch before making wine Inventor(s): Ferrandez; Joseph (Narbonne, FR) Assignee(s): Socma, Sarl (Narbonne, FR) Patent Number: 6,547,661 Date filed: October 5, 1999 Abstract: A machine designed to remove grapes from the bunch before making wine. The machine contains a flat sieve capable of letting only the juice and the grapes pass therethrough by a toothed roller driven in axial rotation and containing separating fingers associated with the sieve and animated in relation to the sieve by a movement relative to translation in a direction parallel to the sieve allowing separation of grapes from the stalk by an ejection effect. Excerpt(s): This invention is a machine designed to remove grapes from the bunch before making wine. Quality research on the subject of wine production requires carrying out cleaning operations consisting of, after harvesting the grapes, lifting the stalk, leaves and other debris manually or mechanically in a manner to lead only the grapes into the wine making tank. The present machines that allow automatic separation of grapes from the stalk are made up of a grape harvesting cleaning recovering tray which is arranged above an enclosure closed by a cover and which encloses a cylindrical metallic cage perforated and rotating around its axis. Also in the cage there is an axis coaxial to the cage supporting the separating fingers spreading radially from the axis and put into rotation in order to form a whisk or toothed roller. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06547661__

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Maturation process for wines Inventor(s): Ecklein; Bryce A. (1017 W. Armour St., Seattle, WA 98119) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,378,419 Date filed: January 4, 1999 Abstract: A superior device for maturing wine which utilizes one or more cored oak slabs inserted into airtight containers of various volumes and materials whereby controlled oxidation of the wine may occur through the oak without prospect of air contamination or excessive loss of wine volume. The disclosure describes application to volumes ranging from 5 gallons to 5000 gallons (and more) and to vessels made of food grade plastic, stainless steel or white oak. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. This invention relates to a universal device for fitting containers of various materials and design to allow maturation of wine. The centuries old tradition for maturation of fine wines has been based on the use of oak barrels. Initially barrels were made of French oak and more recently the manufacture often includes American oak of various species. The quality of wine matured in oak barrels is generally held to be superior to wine that is aged without the benefit of oak. While not all the parameters of barrel aging are totally understood, there is clearly a desired taste imparted by the oak and a softening of wine chemistry (especially tannins) that occurs through the controlled and very slow oxidation that occurs through the walls of the oak barrel. Barrel making is a craft developed over the centuries, reliant both on skilled labor and extensive hand work. As such, the product is expensive and utilized in the wine making industry for only the finer wines. The barrel itself, for all the subtle qualities it imparts in the wine, is plagued with several shortcomings with which the industry has learned to live. Specifically, barrels can only be used one or two times before they lose their chemistry. At that point they must either be discarded or retrofitted in some manner such as with internally placed new oak staves. The latter mentioned process extends the useful life of the barrel for one or two years before the replacement staves again need to be replaced. Barrels are also prone to leakage and excessive evaporation of the wine in the barrel, requiring constant `topping off` to minimize the amount of free air inside the barrel. It is this free air that diminishes and ultimately destroys the quality of the wine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06378419__

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Method and apparatus for decanting wine Inventor(s): Morrison; Robert E. (1103 Wilkes St., Alexandria, VA 22314) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,425,421 Date filed: February 15, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus (10) for transferring wine from a wine bottle (100) to a decanting receptacle (200) wherein the apparatus (10) includes: a pump unit (11) for introducing pressurized air into the interior of the wine bottle; a fluid withdrawal unit (12) for allowing the wine to flow out of the wine bottle (100) into a decanting receptacle (200); and, a support unit (13) for supporting the bottom of the wine bottle (100) at an angular inclination ".alpha." to consolidate the lees (110) on one side of the bottle (100);

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wherein, a fluid withdrawal head member (50) is provided with a plurality of lateral passageways (55) disposed at a height of "h" above the bottom of the head member (50) to prevent the lees (110) from being transferred into the decanting receptacle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of siphoning apparatus in general and in particular to a pressurized system used to decant the contents of expensive bottles of wine. As can be seen by reference to the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,667,856; 5,114,033; 5,740,949; 5,376,272; 4,436,227, the prior art is replete with myriad and diverse pressurized fluid transfer systems for switching the fluid content of one fluid receptacle to another fluid receptacle. While all of the aforementioned prior art constructions are more than adequate for the basic purpose and function for which they have been specifically designed, they are uniformly deficient with respect to their failure to provide a simple, efficient, and practical method and apparatus for decanting expensive wines into fresh bottles while retaining the sediment or lees in the original bottle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06425421__ •

Method and apparatus for serving mulled wine Inventor(s): Elliott; Ian Richard (Little Netherwood, Stoke Bliss, Tenbury Wells, Worchestershire, WR15 8TR, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,547,103 Date filed: February 9, 1999 Abstract: A method and apparatus for serving a heated alcoholic beverage is disclosed. The method and apparatus includes supplying an alcoholic beverage mix, such as a mulled wine mix, which is connected to a serving tap. The mulled wine is heated between leaving the source and being serviced from the tap. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to serving mulled wine. Mulled wine is wine optionally containing sugar, herbs, spices and perhaps egg-yolk and other additives, which is heated. Indeed, the invention is concerned with serving any heated beverage that can be supplied in pre-mix form, and in particular, aside from mulled wine, is also concerned with toddies, which usually involve spirits, water and sugar, heated. Thus, for example, sake and fruit cups are also within the scope of the invention. Customarily, a mulled wine is prepared as a mix and heated in a pan from which it is served by a ladle or by dipping cups, rather as a fruit cup. A toddy is normally prepared as a mix of the various ingredients in a glass to which is added hot water from a kettle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06547103__

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Method for obtaining grape tannin, resulting tannin and uses Inventor(s): Feries; Marc (Saint-Montan, FR) Assignee(s): Ferco (Saint-Montan, FR) Patent Number: 6,479,081 Date filed: September 20, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for obtaining grape pomace and/or seed tannin, comprising steps which consist in: (a) from fresh black or white grapes pomace

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and/or seed, carrying out a solid-liquid extraction of raw tannin fraction in an aqueous solvent; (b) eliminating the first solvent from the resulting extract to obtain a concentrate of the raw tannin fraction; and (c) purifying the raw tannin fraction to obtain said tannin: The method is characterised in that in step (a) sulphite water (H.sub.2 O+SO.sub.2) is used as solvent, and in step (c) the raw tannin fraction is purified by selectively adsorbing the tannin polyphenol compounds on resin and by subsequent filtering. The invention also concerns the resulting tannin and its uses in particular as endogenous tannin in wine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the production, from fresh black or white grapes, of grape tannin from the marc or seed, containing a high content of polyphenolic compounds, the tannin thus obtained and the uses thereof especially in oenology. Tannins are substances of plant origin which consist of polyphenolic compounds and which are divided into two main groups, catechuic tannins also called condensed or procyanidin tannins, to which the grape tannins belong, and the hydrolysable tannins predominantly comprising gallotannins and ellagitannins. Grape tannins are naturally present in grape skins and seeds. These two groups are distinguishable by the nature of the polyphenolic compounds which they contain. The catechuic tannins resemble catechuic derivatives and procyanidolic oligomers and polymers consisting of 3-flavanol and 3,4-flavanediol units. More particularly, grape seed and skin tannins consist of catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin-3-O-gallate, the skin tannin containing, in addition, epigallocatechin which is absent from seed tannin. The polymers of skin tannin are longer (chains of up to 80 units) than the polymers of seed tannin (chains not exceeding 30 to 35 units). Finally, there are grafted on seed tannin molecules of gallic acid which is only present in very small quantities in skin tannin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479081__ •

Method for producing chiral dihydrotagetone, and its conversion to chiral 5-isobutyl3-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone Inventor(s): Sinha; Arun Kumar (Himachal Pradesh, IN), Dogra; Ruchi (Himachal Pradesh, IN), Joshi; Bhupendra Prasad (Himachal Pradesh, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,579,992 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: A natural inexpensive acyclic monoterpene ketone (dihydrotagetone) of formula (4), isolated from the oil of Tagetes sp., was smoothly oxidized with metaperiodate/potassium permanganate into 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-heptanoic acid of formula (3), the reduction of 3 with metal hydride such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride provided 4-hydroxyacid of formula (2) which on without isolation undergone lactonization in acidic medium furnished two chiral centered 5-isobutyl-3methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone of formula (1) as an analogue of whisky lactone 5butyl-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone of formula (1a) responsible for high quality of alcoholic beverage (whisky, wine, brandy and scotch), in addition, coconut flavored 5-butyl-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone of formula (1) is also as an analogue of coconut aldehyde (.gamma.-nonalactone, F.E.M.A. No. 2751) of formula (1b) which is responsible for flavoring a wide range of food stuffs including baked goods and confectionery.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention also relates to 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-heptanoic acid of formula (3) not only as a precursor for the synthesis of whisky lactone of formula (1a) but also as a novel analogue of 2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-heptanoic acid (a constituent of well known essential oil of Mentha x piperita) which has wide applications in flavouring food stuffs, soft and alcoholic beverages, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. A wide-spread class of.gamma.-butyrolactones (also known as dihydro-2(3H)-furanone or 4-butanolide or tetrahydro-2-furanone) were first synthesized in 1884 via internal esterification of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. These important lactones exhibit very intensive and pleasant fruity aroma and can be easily transformed into other useful products e.g. furans, cyclopentenones, butenolides and pyrrolidones (Freudenberger, D., Wunder, F. and Fernholz, H., U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,156 (1978)). The butyrolactone moieties are found in many natural products (Gunatilaka, A. A. L., Surendra, K. S. and Thomson, R. H., Phytochemistry, 23(4) 929-931 (1984) and Drioli, S., Felluga, F., Forzato, C., Nitti, P., Pitacco, G. and Valentin, E., J. Org. Chem., 63, 2385-2388 (1998)), insect pheromones (Naoshima, Y., Ozawa, H., Kondo, H. and Hayashi, S., Agric. Biol. Chem., 47(7) 14311434 (1983); Kim, C. S., Datta, P. K., Hara, T., Itoh, E. and Horiike, M., Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 63(1) 152-154 (1999)), antifungal substances and flavor components (Shinohara, T. and Watanabe, M., J. Agri. Chem. Soc. Jap., 53 (7) 219-225 (1979) and Buttery, R. G. and Ling, L. C., J Agric Food Chem., 46(7) 2764-2769 (1998)) and also occur in the essential oil bearing plants. Although several methods are available for the synthesis of simple.gamma.-butyrolactone derivatives, however, synthesis of chiral centered biologically active.gamma.-butyrolactone (Hullot, P., Cuvigny, T., Larcheveque, M. and Normant, H., Can. J. Chem., 55, 266-273 (1977); Tamaru, Y., Hojo, M. and Yoshida, Z., J. Org. Chem., 56, 1099-1105 (1991); Daugan, A. and Brown, E., J. Nat. Prod., 54(1) 110-118 (1991); Hartmann, B., Kanazama, A. M., Depres, J. P. and Greene, A. E., Tetrahedron Lett. 34(24) 3875-3876 (1993); Ishibashi, F.; Taniguchi, E., Phytochemistry, 49(2) 613-622 (1998) and Noyori, R., Kitamura, M., Ohkuma, T., Saya, N. and Kumobayashi, H., U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,306 (1995)) and their analogues (Mangnus, E. M., Vliet, L. A.-van, Vandenput, D. A. L. and Zwanenburg, B., J. Agri. Food Chem., 40(7) 1222-1229 (1992); Belletire, J. L., Mahmoodi, N. O., J Nat. Prod., 55(2) 194-206 (1992) are tedious but even then the preparation of chiral.gamma.butyrolactones are the subject of many synthetic schemes (Carretero, J. C., Rojo, J., Tetrahedron Lett., 33, 7407-7410 (992); Casey, M., Manage, A. C. and Murphy, P. J., Tetrahedron, 33, 965-968 (1992); Zschage, O. and Hoppe, D., Tetrahedron, 48, 5657-5666 (1992); Paulsen, H. and Hoppe, D., Tetrahedron, 48, 5667-5670 (1992); Chong, J. M. and Mar, E. K., Tetrahedron Lett., 31, 1981-1984 (1990) and Bachi, M. D. and Bosch, E. J., J. Org. Chem., 57, 4696-4705 (1992). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579992__ •

Natural substances based agent Inventor(s): Stuckler; Franz (Wolfsberg, AT) Assignee(s): Numico Research B.V. (Wageningen, NL) Patent Number: 6,605,296 Date filed: June 14, 2000 Abstract: A food supplement with advantageous physiological effects containing the following essential constituents in a support material (e.g. dairy products, margarine, fruit juice, plant juice, yeast, pectin or olive oil): lecithin, red wine extract and D-alphatocopherolacetate in amount ranging from 0.05 to 10.0 parts by weight.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a preparation based on natural substances for internal and external use. U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,714 A relates to a composition for skin care which contains d-alpha-tocopherol oil, purcelline, (long chain and solid), and purcelline oil (a cetearyl octanoate) and pure silicic acid as the gelling agent for the oil, decyl oleate, squalane (brand name "Robane") which is a saturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon, wheat germ glyceride, proto-lan 8, consisting of phospholipids, lipo-polypeptides and lipoaminic acids, polyoxypropylene esters and guaiazulene, a camomile extract. For the preparation of U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,714 A an improvement of the constitution of the skin by "rejuvenation" is validated. In conjunction with the component squalane it is pointed out that squalane is a saturated derivative of squalene and can be obtained by hydrogenation of natural, unsaturated squalene (see Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st edition, 1996, page 1411). As is known, food is absorbed in the human organism both in the gastrointestinal tract and also through the skin (internal and external). Thus, in external use bioactive substances, for example local rheumatism preparations or local varicose vein preparations, are absorbed into the human organisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605296__ •

Process for reducing alcohol levels in alcoholic beverages Inventor(s): Gaillard; Yvan (rue de Pologne, FR), Guth; Jean-Louis (rue Bellevue, FR), Berrebi; Georges (Demeurant le Village, FR) Assignee(s): Societe Cool S.A.R.L. (FR) Patent Number: 6,472,009 Date filed: January 30, 1998 Abstract: Passing an alcoholic beverage through a solid substance that has pores whose diameter allows only ethyl alcohol to pass through and fixes said alcohol by adsorption, said solid substance being either a Y-type zeolite or a monolithic-type microporous substance. In the beverage from which alcohol is partially or totally removed, the process makes it possible to retain in their entirety the molecules that are responsible in particular for the color, the aroma, and the taste of wine, and in particular cliousclatine and/or trypotophan. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process and technology that make it possible to remove from wine (or any equivalent alcoholic beverage) part or even all of the ethyl alcohol that it contains. This technology uses microporous solids, in particular of the hydrophobic zeolite type or any substance whose porous structure promotes adsorption, in whose structure the ethyl alcohol molecules and also, for example, any molecules whose molecular weight is equal to or less than that of ethyl alcohol are selectively adsorbed. This patent application will define in detail the nature of microporous solids for a process that makes it possible to reduce, for example, the alcohol content of an alcoholic beverage by at least 20%, whereby said process involves running the alcoholic beverage over at least one bed of at least one solid substance or in bringing said alcoholic beverage into contact with a layer of at least one solid substance, whereby said solid substances are ones whose pore diameter and hydrophobicity characteristics make possible the specific adsorption of ethanol and other alcohols with a low molecular weight. In process, the solid substances are zeolites, solids with a monolith-type microporous structure, foams, or cloths made of these substances whose basic porous structure is favorable to adsorption.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472009__ •

Property box of cabinet/wall-hanging type requiring low temperature Inventor(s): Choi; Moon (Namyangju, KR) Assignee(s): Yoo-Pyung Corporation (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,640,581 Date filed: April 26, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a property box of a cabinet/wall-hanging type requiring low temperature. The property box of a cabinet/wall-hanging type requiring low temperature according to the present invention provides advantages of being attachable to a wall surface or a corner of living space such as a bedroom of a married couple, a dress room or a bathroom in a newly-built or an existing apartment, an ordinary house or in lodging so as to store and make easily available of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, films, beverage, beer or wine requiring low temperature whenever necessary. When protection of a privacy is required, unlike the conventional refrigerator shared by others in a shared living space, the property box according to the present invention can be installed at a desired position, thereby achieving the protection of privacy and resolving the problem of narrowing the living space subsequent to installation of the property box. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a property box of cabinet/wall-hanging type requiring low temperature, and more particularly to a property box of cabinet/wallhanging type requiring low temperature, which comprises an air cooler and is attachable to a wall surface or a corner of living space such as newly-built or existing apartments, houses or lodgings so as to store and make easily available of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, films, beverage, beer or wine requiring low temperature whenever necessary. Refrigerators are commonly used for the purpose of storing and avoiding degeneration of food for a long period of time at households or restaurants. In general, the refrigerators are manufactured in large size so as to store food requiring freezing or cooling in a massive scale. Such refrigerators are large in size and heavy in weight, thereby posing inconvenience in transportation and installation. Also, since the refrigerators are conventionally installed in commonly shared space such as kitchens or living rooms, aesthetic factors can hardly be considered in the course of installation to be balanced with the surrounding circumstances within the living space. Moreover, cooked stuff, vegetables or meat requiring low temperature for the storage is stored together with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, films in the same space at the same time. Therefore, a careless management of the cooling compartment is liable to result in insanitation due to a bad smell self-generated by the food and kinds of stuff stored therein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06640581__

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Rhamnogalacturonan hydrolases Inventor(s): Outtrup; Helle (Balleruf, DK), Schulein; Martin (Copenhagen, DK), J.o slashed.rgensen; Per Lin.ang. (Copenhagen, DK), Schnorr; Kirk (Copenhagen, DK), Andersen; Lene Nonboe (Aller.o slashed.d, DK) Assignee(s): Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Patent Number: 6,399,347 Date filed: May 13, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to isolated enzymes exhibiting rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase activity, to nucleic acids encoding such enzymes, and to methods of producing such enzymes. The present invention is also related to detergent and animal feed compositions, compositions and methods for treating cellulosic materials, such as fibers, compositions and methods for preparing fruit or vegetable products, and compositions and methods for preparing wine and juice. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to microbial enzymes capable of degrading the rhamnogalacturonan backbone in hairy regions of pectins, more specifically to novel families of microbial rhamnogalacturonan hydrolases and the genes encoding such enzymes; to a method of producing such enzymes; and to methods for using such enzymes in the textile, detergent, animal feed and cellulose fiber processing industries. Pectic polysaccharides constitute the major matrix polysaccharides in the middle lamella and primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993). The main backbone in pectins can be divided into linear homogalacturonan (smooth) regions of up to 200 residues of (1,4)-linked alpha-D-galacturonic acid (GalUA), and highly branched rhamnogalacturonan (hairy) regions consisting of a backbone of repeating alpha-(1,2)-L-Rha-alpha-(1,4)-D-GalUA disaccharide units (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993; O'Neill et al., 1990; Thibault et al., 1993). The hydroxyl at the C-4 position of the rhamnose residues serves as the attachment point for the side chains (hairs), consisting mainly of neutral oligosaccharides, such as arabinan, galactan and/or arabinogalactan (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993; O'Neill et al., 1990; Schols et al., 1990). In addition, the GalUA residues in the backbone may be acetyl esterified at the C-2 or C-3 position or methyl esterified at the carboxy group (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993; Schols et al., 1990). The distribution and composition of the side chains vary considerably between different cell types and physiological states, but in general about half of the rhamnosyl units in the rhamnogalacturonan regions have side chains attached. The galactan side chains are in most plants type 1 galactans, which are composed of.beta.-1,4 linked galactopyranose with some branching points and a length of up to 60 saccharide units (DP60). Arabinofuranose residues or short arabinan oligomers can be attached to the galactan chain at the o-3 of the galactosyl unit, thus named arabinogalactan. Galactans (or arabinogalactans) have an important function in the primary cell wall, where they interact with other structural components of the cell wall such as xyloglucans or arabinoxylans. Thus they possibly serve to anchor the pectic matrix in the cell wall. (Carpita & Gibeaut, 1993, Plant J., 3, 1-30; O'Neill et al., 1990, Methods in Plant Biochemistry, 415-441; Selvendran, 1983, The Chemistry of Plant Cell Walls. Dietary Fibers; Hwang et al., Food Hydrocolloids, 7, 39-53; Fry, 1988, The growing Plant Cell Wall: Chemical and Metabolic Analysis). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399347__

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Sealing device for a bottle containing sparkling wine Inventor(s): Ballu; Jean-Louis (Epernay, FR), Leclerc; Pascal (71, rue Chaude Ruelle, 51200 Epernay, FR) Assignee(s): Leclerc; Pascal (Epernay, FR), Etudes et Creation E.C.B. (Epernay, FR) Patent Number: 6,499,618 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a device for sealing a bottle containing a sparkling wine and includes a stopper, particularly made of cork or a synthetic material, capable of being inserted in the neck of the bottle, maintained thereon by a wire cap, and run through in the axial direction, by a conduit having first and second ends capable of communicating respectively with the bottle's internal volume and external volume. The second end is closed by a retractable closer. The device is characterized in that the stopper is axially run through by an orifice designed to receive the conduit and having an adjusted and tight cross-section relative to the conduit external section, the latter being provided at its second end, with a support flange capable of resting against the stopper upper surface. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a device for ensuring the sealing of a bottle containing sparkling wine and includes a plug, namely made of cork or of synthetic material, capable of being inserted into the neck of said bottle, maintained on the latter through a cork wiring, and through which passes, in axial direction, a duct including a first and a second end capable of communicating with the inner volume or the outer volume, respectively, of the bottle, said second end being closed by a retractable seal. This invention will find its application in the field of the manufacture of devices for closing bottles containing sparkling wine. Plugs capable of being inserted into the neck of a bottle containing sparkling wine are already known. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06499618__

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Simple stack cell capacitor formation Inventor(s): Anderson; Andrew A. (Allen, TX), Ukita; Shigenari (Plano, TX), Niuya; Takayuki (Plano, TX) Assignee(s): Texas Instruments Incorporated (Dallas, TX) Patent Number: 6,468,876 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: A structure and method for fabricating an integrate circuit crown structure for use in a DRAM cell on a substrate comprising a common source/drain region (18) disposed within a substrate (12), the common source/drain region (18) connected to a bitline (22), a gate oxide (28) disposed over the common source/drain region (18) and forming at least two wordline gates (30), at least two storage node source/drains (20) adjacent to said gates (30) and contacted by storage node contacts (38) and a storage node bowl (36), the bowl being formed within adjacent supporting layers formed over said wordline gates wherein the storage node bowl (36) is formed, and electrically isolated from, the bitline (22) without being exposed to etching agents during its formation and without forming a wine glass stem structure and a crown extending from the top of the storage node bowl (36), is disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to the field of integrated circuits, and more particularly, to the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuit components such as a dynamic random access memory cell, and especially the cell's capacitor. Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with dynamic access random memory (DRAM) cells, as an example. As is well known in the art of integrated circuit design, layout and fabrication, the manufacturing cost of a given integrated circuit is largely dependent upon the chip area required to implement desired functions. The chip area is defined by the geometries and sizes of the active components disposed in the wafer substrate. Active components include gate electrodes in metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS) and diffused regions such as MOS source and drain regions and bipolar emitters, collectors and base regions. These geometries and sizes are often dependent upon the photolithographic resolution available for the particular equipment used for processing the integrated circuit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06468876__ •

Smart wine brewery equipment Inventor(s): Lu; Shun-Tsung (No. 112, Shiejung St., Shiecheng Village, Shinshe Shiang, Taichung Hsien, TW), Lu; Ta-Wei (2719 E. Belmont Ct., Brea, CA 92621) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,629,490 Date filed: March 21, 2002 Abstract: Smart brewery equipment mainly comprises a frame, at least a storing barrel, a ferment tun and a distilling barrel, where the ferment tun has a ferment cask with a filter and a compression apparatus. The compression apparatus is employed to secure air seal between the top lid and the ferment cask to ensure the successful process of fermentation. The distilling barrel constitutes a distilling cask, a compression apparatus and a cooling piping. The compression apparatus is designed to ensure the air seal between the top lid and the distilling cask. The top lid has a space inside to receive the cooling piping which cools down the steam wine into the finished wine, which flows out, to the storing barrel ready for drinking. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a complete set of smart wine brewery equipment, in particular for making wine and pure water by DIY process. In most cases, the wine brewery requires large-scaled equipment and a great stock of raw materials, such as rice and fruit, and the selling price is monopolized. The drinkers have no way to pick the taste and the alcohol grade they prefer. The consumers are not permitted to bargain the selling price the seller sets for. Moreover, there are illegal vendors who are selling moonshined wines or methyl alcohol extremely hazardous to the health of drinkers. The drinkers have to give a second thought before drinking the wine. Furthermore, it happens more than often in the house that the fruit bought for festivals or in a certain season cannot be consumed, so there are many leftovers, which become spoilt after a few days. These fruit leftovers are good raw materials for brewing wine if there is smart brewery equipment available in the home. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06629490__

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Static cling wine information label and use Inventor(s): Hoar; Bruce E. (56 Main St., Stonybrook, NY 11790) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,520,543 Date filed: October 4, 2001 Abstract: An informational label prepared to be and thus advantageously attached by static electricity to a wine glass in a restaurant and readily peeled off for transfer to a cooperating wallet surface of the patron to facilitate making subsequent purchasing reference to the label. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in providing beverage identification, principally of wine, to restaurant patrons to facilitate subsequent wine purchases, the improvements, more particularly, obviating the need to commit to memory or to write down the informational content of the wine bottle label. For proper wine identification, among other complexities, it is necessary to know the grape source, the area and name of the vineyard, the harvest and/or bottling year, the winery attending to the bottling, and like information. In a restaurant environment, even ordering the wine by the bottle and affording a cursory review of its label requires a commitment to memory or a label-duplicating chore which is difficult to accomplish and, of course, ordering the wine by the glass, which often is done, is even less favorable in providing an interested patron with subsequent wine-purchasing information. Exemplary of prior art patents addressing this problem is U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,045 for Method For Identifying An Object And The Resulting Structure issued to Comann on Jan. 10, 1995, in which provision is made for a removable reminder label from the wine bottle to be provided the restaurant patron which duplicates the informational content of the wine bottle label. While useful to the one recipient, if several patrons are being served which typically is the case for wine ordered by the bottle rather than by the glass, the information has to be subsequently shared or duplicated at the restaurant. Moreover, the necessarily diminutive size of the reminder label is often "lost" amongst the personal effects typically carried in a wallet or handbag. Broadly, it is an object of the present invention to provide as a restaurant amenity a wine-specifying take-home label overcoming the foregoing and other shortcomings of the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06520543__

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Stemware identification bracelets and method of use Inventor(s): Skapyak; Kip M. (6121 A Clark Center Ave., Sarasota, FL 54238), DeLanghe; Ann (3300 Poxpoint Rd., Burnsville, MN 55337) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,530,163 Date filed: September 24, 2001 Abstract: A plurality of stemware rings, are formed of resilient material in a loop having a pair of opposing and abutting ends. The loops are of a size for accepting a stem of a wine or other stemmed glass, and further, for being supported on a base of such a glass. The stemware rings each provide a distinctive ornamentation so as to distinguish the glasses from each other. The method includes distributing the glasses to guests with the

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rings engaged on the stems of the glasses so that one glass may be distinguished from the next, personalized, fitted to the occasion and other uses. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods and means for marking items which may be otherwise indistinguishable in use and more particularly to a method and means for marking stemware glasses such as wine glasses. Hunter, U.S. Pat. No. D47,490 describes an article of manufacture. Danco, U.S. Pat. No. D80,932 describes a tag for containers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06530163__ •

Synthetic closure Inventor(s): Allman; Michael W. (Wilson, NC), Lauer; Eduardo (Zebulon, NC) Assignee(s): Nomacorc, LLC (Zebulon, NC) Patent Number: 6,616,997 Date filed: November 6, 2000 Abstract: By achieving an extruded, foamed core formed from plastic material peripherally surrounded and integrally bonded with a cooperating synthetic, plastic, extruded, outer layer, a unique, multi-component, multi-layer synthetic closure is provided which may be employed as a bottle closure or stopper for any desired product, whether the product is a liquid, a viscous material, or a solid distributed in a bottle or container and dispensed through the open portal of the container neck. The present invention achieves a mass producible, resilient, synthetic bottle closure which is employable for any desired bottle, including wine. By employing the present invention, a multi-component or multi-layer synthetic closure is attained which possesses physical properties substantially equal to or better than the physical properties found in cork material, which has caused such cork material to be the principal closure material for wine bottles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to closures or stoppers for containers containing liquids, low viscosity substrates, and small solids, and more particularly, to closures or stoppers formed from synthetic materials and employable as a bottle stopper for a container. In view of the wide variety of products that are sold for being dispensed from containers, particularly containers with round necks which define the dispensing portal, numerous constructions have evolved for container stoppers or closure means for the portals. Generally, products such as vinegar, vegetable oils, laboratory liquids, detergents, honey, condiments, spices, alcoholic beverages, and the like, impose similar requirements on the type and construction of the closure means used for containers for these products. However, wine sold in bottles represents the most demanding product for bottle closure means, due to the numerous and burdensome requirements placed upon the closure means used for wine bottles. In view of these demands, most wine bottle closures or stoppers have been produced from a natural material known as "cork". Although synthetic materials have been proposed for use as wine bottle stoppers or closures, such products have been unable to satisfy all of the stringent requirements. As a result, cork has remained the dominant material for wine closures, in spite of the numerous inherent problems that exist with cork. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616997__

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Tableware magnifier Inventor(s): Taylor; Ronald Leon (P.O. Box 980921, Houston, TX 77098) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,532,117 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: A tableware item having a body, and a magnifier on the body. A method for using such a tableware item to read printed material such as, but not limited to, a menu or wine list. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to magnifying devices, particularly to tableware incorporating a magnifier therein, and to methods for using such a device to read a menu, wine list, dessert list or other material at a table, e.g., but not limited to, in a restaurant. Most restaurants use printed lists or menus of food and drinks available to customers. Some of these lists or menus of food and drink are sometimes displayed in large bold print and are relatively easy to read by all patrons. However, in some eating establishments, their lists or menus are printed in relatively small type. Also the lighting in such places may be insufficient so that some people cannot read the printed materials or read them with difficulty. In many restaurants the lighting is dimmed or candle light is used to impart a desirable atmosphere for the enjoyment of the patrons. This presents a problem even for many patrons having normal vision. Restaurant patrons can be provided with a prior art magnifying device, such as a conventional lens, a Fresnel lens or other flat sheet type lens for the purpose of magnifying the print of the menus. But it is relatively easy for such a lens to become separated from the menu so that it is not readily available for use by the customer. In some cases, magnifying lenses which are provided for use by customers become lost or are taken by customers because of their desirability for other purposes. In other prior art systems a restaurant menu or booklet magnification system has a lens, e.g. a flat sheet type lens that is physically attached to the structure of the menu or booklet itself and can be moved to an appropriate position by the patron or other user for accomplishing desired magnification of the print. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06532117__

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Waveform correction filters Inventor(s): Pickett; Andrew (Carson City, NV), Thibault; Theodore (Carson City, NV), Price; Edward G. (Carson City, NV) Assignee(s): Environmental Potentials, Inc. (Carson City, NV) Patent Number: 6,486,570 Date filed: July 18, 2000 Abstract: A waveform correction filter is connected into an alternating current power line to absorb and remove various forms of power pollution, including high-frequency spikes, surges and other forms of high-frequency oscillations, such as those which result from switching inductive loads on and off. The waveform correction filter of the invention includes a fuse and a coaxial amorphous toroidal inductor connected between a power line and neutral with a low-pass filter connected in series with the fuse and coaxial amorphous toroidal inductor. The filter includes a capacitor, a varistor connected in parallel with said capacitor, and a magnetic core inductor connected in series with each other and in parallel with the capacitor and said varistor. A lamp may

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be connected in series with the resistor and the magnetic core inductor or across the resistor. Various arrangements are shown for connecting a plurality of the waveform correction filters into single phase or three-phase Wine or delta circuits. Excerpt(s): For many years, those who are responsible for monitoring usage of significant amounts of alternating current power have been concerned with the quality of such power. Much of the newer equipment now in use is sensitive to transient voltages, such as spikes, power surges, and random radio frequency (r.f.) noise; but at the same time, such equipment may be creating its own transient voltages which it injects back into the power line. When switches turn off and on, reverberating impulses are created on the line. Motors that start and stop cause power impulses known as surges. Besides random r.f. pollution, electrical machinery of various kinds may generate harmonic frequencies. All of these kinds of power pollution detract from the efficiency of, inter alia, electric motors, generators, and transformers. The waveform of the power supplied to such equipment becomes distorted resulting in the creation of eddy currents in the ferrous metal parts of such equipment, such as transformer cores and motor stators and rotors. The result is that eddy currents in a motor, for example, dissipate power as heat causing it to consume more power to perform the same tasks. The motor may become damaged, either from the effect of excessive heat or from damage to insulation, causing it to break down long before its expected life. While much has been done to improve that quality of the power being supplied to various consumers, there has been little recognition of the power pollution produced within a single facility as a result of the operation of significant numbers of electric motors, switches, computers, and other power-consuming devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06486570__ •

Wine preserving assembly Inventor(s): Liebmann, Jr.; George W. (P.O. Box 482, Hanover, NH 03755) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,595,109 Date filed: February 21, 2002 Abstract: A wine preserving assembly which simultaneously delivers an inert-gas to the headspace of a wine bottle while simultaneously evacuating undesirable gas contained in the headspace through the action of operatively engaging an inert gas-containing vessel to the wine preserving assembly. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to a wine preserving assembly for insertion into a bottle of wine which enables an inert gas to be injected into the headspace of a bottle of wine while simultaneously enabling the evacuation of air contained within the headspace from the bottle of wine. The simultaneous injectionevacuation process is initiated solely by operatively engaging an inert gas-containing cannister into the wine preserving assembly which is seated in the neck of the bottle. The wine preserving assembly is used after a bottle of wine is opened and can add significant shelf life to an open bottle of wine. It is well known that any oxygencontaining gas (e.g. air) can adversely effect the taste and character of wine over time and in some cases within just a day or two. As a result, air contained within the headspace of a wine bottle (i.e. the space between the wine remaining in the bottle and the base of the cork) instigates complex chemical reactions with the wine. These chemical reactions may adversely effect the taste of the wine and can may result in

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partially filled bottles or even full bottles of wine being discarded. There have been efforts to replace the air contained within a bottle of wine after it is opened with an inert gas. Inert gases are those gases which do not contain a material amount of oxygen gas and therefore do not instigate chemical reactions with the wine contained in a wine bottle. However, many of these devices have proven awkward to use and/or have not been successful in enabling the consumer to readily preserve the wine in a bottle with an easy to operate and safe device which can both inject an inert gas into the headspace of a wine bottle and simultaneously remove any oxygen-containing gas therein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06595109__ •

Wine rack and display shelf Inventor(s): Borgen; Arden L. (2504 Forest Dr., Des Moines, IA 50312) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,361,129 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: A wine rack and display shelf is adapted to cellar and display bottles of various shapes and sizes. The wine rack is capable of receiving and storing bottles in a generally horizontal position which has the benefit of preserving the moisture of the cork. The horizontal storage method is generally accepted as the most preferred method for long term storage. In addition, the wine rack and display shelf can also display and exhibit the bottles so that one selecting a bottle can view the label or other designations without the need to pull one of the horizontal bottles. This vertical display can also be used to allow the wine to breathe while maintained in the storage area where the environment is maintained at a preferred level. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to bottle holders and especially to wine bottle storage and display. In particular, this invention concerns a wine rack for supporting a plurality of bottles lying on their sides while at the same time allowing support for a plurality of bottles in a "cork up" or display position. The proper storage of bottled wines, spirits and beers is important since these beverages can represent a sizeable investment especially when large purchases are involved. Therefore they should be treated with care and due regard for their perishable qualities. The generally accepted manner for storing wines in order to keep the wine "healthy" is to place the bottle in a bin so that it rests on its side and the cork stays moist. This prevents the cork from drying out and allowing air to enter the bottle. Similarly, other beverages such as sparkling wine need to be stored on their side. A dried out cork allows gas to escape resulting in a "flat" wine. Ideally, a storage device should be located in a well ventilated, cool, dark place having a fairly constant temperature of about 55 to 65.degree. F. The storage and display unit should be designed so as to avoid unnecessary movement or vibration of the bottles which can disturb the sediment therein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06361129__

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Wire rack for wine bottles and the like Inventor(s): Kessel; Steven M. (Loganville, GA), Walters; Peterjohn R. C. (Decatur, GA), Thompson; Jerry W. (Social Circle, GA) Assignee(s): L & P Property Management Company (South Gate, CA) Patent Number: 6,619,489 Date filed: February 1, 2002 Abstract: A number of panels and shelves are formed of wires which are arranged to intersect. These panels and shelves are secured together to form a rack for holding bottles, which rack is supported by four corner posts. The vertical placement of the shelves is adjustable along the height of the corner posts by use of adjustable support collars which fit around each post and are captured by each corner of a shelf. A plurality of A-frames are removably secured to the shelves to form areas or compartments in which the bottles or the like may be stored. The A-frames are positioned next to each other so as to support an inverted pyramid of bottles between them. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to storage and display racks and more particularly-but not exclusively--to wire wine racks which may be easily and quickly assembled and disassembled without the need for tools. For convenience of expression, the inventive rack will hereinafter be called a "wine rack"; although, it should be apparent that the inventive rack has many uses other than for storage of wine. The wine rack may have almost any convenient size and shape. In general, the dimensions of a wine shelf might be in the nature of 14".times.48" and, perhaps 84" tall. An example of such racks may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,546,887 and 2,622,741. Regardless of the assembled size, it is desirable to have a rack which may be shipped broken down into its component parts in a relatively small box. Also, it should be very easy to quickly assemble the rack into its useable form or to disassemble it for storage. Once it is assembled, it should be secure and stable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06619489__

Patent Applications on Wine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to wine: •

Accelerated oak extraction method Inventor(s): Plumb, David Carl; (Edina, MN) Correspondence: DAVID CARL PLUMB; 6508 WILLOW WOOD RD.; EDINA; MN; 55436; US Patent Application Number: 20030157216 Date filed: February 8, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for accelerating extraction of compounds from oak to flavor wine. Barrel staves are cut to increase surface area so that the longitudinal

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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dimension is exposed. The longitudinal dimension has a liquid penetration rate eight times faster than the radial and tangential dimensions. Cross cutting to increase longitudinal surface area enables winemakers to use less oak for flavoring than with current barrel alternatives Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the flavoring of wine with oak and more specifically to a process which decreases the cost of flavoring by accelerated extraction through longitudinal oak surfaces. Oak flavor in wine is valued by consumers, yet barrel aging is expensive. Currently, 60 gallon barrels cost between $400-600 and are useful for only 3-5 fillings of wine. Barrels therefore add approximately $7 to the retail price of a bottle of wine. These price parameters have changed with inflation but the underlying problem of barrel cost has yielded patented solutions for 70 years. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Accelerated wine making kit and method Inventor(s): Morris, Rick A.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Donald W. Meeker; Patent Agent; 924 East Ocean Front, # E; Newport Beach; CA; 92661; US Patent Application Number: 20030190388 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: A method of adding to wine must large quantities of yeast combined with yeast nutrients, minerals, vitamin B complex, and magnesium sulphate to ferment the wine must to wine in little as four days in a closed container between 20-30.degree. C. Adding quantities of potassium metabisulfite and potassium sorbate sufficient to release CO.sub.2 from the fermented wine and stop the fermation process. Adding Sparkolloid clearing and filtering aid in sufficient quantity to clear the fermented wine in two days in a cool environment. A kit for carrying out the method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to wine making and in particular to a wine making kit and method for shortening the time period normally associated with the making of wine to produce a wine of equal or better quality than the other wine making methods in one fourth the time: an accelerated wine making method and kit. Wine making is an art enjoyed by many individuals with a satisfying product to enjoy at the end of the process. There can be creativity involved in producing a variety of flavors and bouquets by varying and combining the grapes or wine must as well as the additional ingredients used. In locations where alcoholic beverages are highly taxed or import taxes are high, it is often a necessity to make one's own wine because of the prohibitive costs of buying it. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Antimicrobial lees Inventor(s): Shanbrom, Edward; (Santa Ana, CA) Correspondence: REED SMITH CROSBY HEAFEY LLP; 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS, SUITE 700; LOS ANGELES; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030198699 Date filed: April 9, 2003

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Abstract: The lees or "dregs" produced during wine making are rich sources of antioxidants. Unexpectedly, these materials show significant antibacterial properties as well as antioxidant properties. The lees of red wine which consist of tannins and plant pigments precipitated around crystals of potassium tartarate can advantageously be used directly as a tonic or demulcent. The material can also be used topically for disinfecting the skin, etc. In addition, it is possible to use organic polymers to bind the pigments and/or solubilize them from the tartaric salt to facilitate their use or to make a relatively pure pigment/tannin component. Excerpt(s): The present application concerns natural products and more especially valuable materials that can be derived from the byproducts of vinification. Currently there is a growing concern on the part of the public that our modern diet of highly processed and refined foods is "missing some essential components" necessary for health and well-being. This "natural food" movement probably derives from at least two sources. First is the discovery of vitamins over the last three quarter's of a century, and the public realization that consumption of apparently adequate food can actually result in a serious deficiency syndrome. It is not hard to imagine that the already discovered vitamins, which are now added back to our refined foods, are but the tip of the iceberg. That is, many other vitamin-like substances may remain to be discovered meaning that our food is presently dangerously deficient in essential nutrients. Second is the realization that consumption of certain foods--in particular animal fats--seems to result in significant heart and vascular disease. Not only has the public come to learn that apparently complete foods are lacking a key ingredient, but the public has also learned that apparently innocuous and much favored foods are actually silent killers. The question in the public mind is "why did fatty foods suddenly become so deadly?" One answer is that fatty foods have always been harmful but that people didn't used to consume so much of them. Another answer is that lack of physical activity exacerbates the damage caused by fatty food--the American public certainly appears to have grown more sedentary as compared to Americans a century ago. However, the picture is convoluted by certain groups of people that appear to be immune to the dangers of fatty diets. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Apparatus and method for aging wine or spirits Inventor(s): Eustis, Robert H.; (Stanford, CA) Correspondence: ALDO J. TEST; Dorsey & Whitney LLP; Intellectual Property Department; Four Embarcadero Center, Suite 3400; San Francisco; CA; 94111-4187; US Patent Application Number: 20030066429 Date filed: October 3, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus and method for aging wine or spirits is described. The apparatus employs a plurality of spaced hollow semi-permeable tubes which provide an interface wall between the wine or spirits and the atmosphere whereby oxygen can infuse through the walls of the tube into the wine or spirits. In one embodiment, the wine or spirits are in contact with the outer surface of the tubes and the atmosphere with the inner surface. In another embodiment, the wine or spirits are in contact with the inner surface of the tubes and the atmosphere with the outer surface. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application Serial No. 60/327,683 filed Oct. 4, 2001. This present invention relates generally to an apparatus

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and method for aging wine and spirits, and more particularly to an apparatus in which a semi-permeable wall or membrane provides an interface between the wines or spirits and the atmosphere with the interface with the wine or spirits having a substantially larger interface area with the wine or spirits than that of the prior art. In the making of many wines and spirits it is usual to mature the wine or spirit in wooden barrels. Barrel aging is a centuries-old practice to improve the characteristics such as taste and mellowness of wine. Usually, for quality wines, the barrels are made of oak. It is felt that the infusion of oxygen through the oak into the wine or spirits is an important aging process. Present understanding suggests that the aging process softens the wine by polymerization of the phenols with the involvement of oxygen. Some flavor is introduced by the oak material but it has not been established that the presence of oxygen at the wine-oak interface enhances the quality of the oak-induced flavoring. The oak flavor, for less expensive wines, may be obtained by introducing oak slabs or chips into the wine, which may be contained in stainless steel tanks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Apparatus for washing bottles Inventor(s): Fargnoli, Mario C.; (Morristown, NJ) Correspondence: MYERS & KAPLAN, INTELLECTUAL; PROPERTY LAW, L.L.C.; 1827 POWERS FERRY ROAD; BUILDING 3, SUITE 200,; ATLANTA; GA; 30339; US Patent Application Number: 20030047198 Date filed: June 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention is a device used for washing bottles for reuse in bottling wine, beer, soda or other liquids, which is comprised of a supporting frame, an input for water from a water source, a number of water spouts or rinse attachments over which bottles can be inverted for washing, and a manifold for channeling the water into the water spouts or rinse attachments. The device may be fashioned from a variety of materials, including metals and plastics. The preferred construction has six water spouts or rinse attachments, which clean the bottles automatically after the bottles are placed over them, and is made from standard pipes and fittings. The bottles drain automatically as they are cleaned. The device requires minimal operator attention and can be set up, started and left unattended until completion of the operation. A particular embodiment of the apparatus incorporates a fan spray nozzle providing a fan spray angle of 110 degrees. The device functions optimally at a water flow rate of 0.8 to 1.0 gallons per minute. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority date of Provisional Application No. 60/318,669, filed Sep. 12, 2001, entitled "Apparatus for Washing Bottles". This invention pertains to the bottling industry, both commercial and hobbyist, wherein bottles are initially cleaned or reused for bottling wine, beer, soft drinks and other liquids. Bottle washing devices are known in industry and range from commercial high-volume bottle washers to single bottlebrushes and other techniques. Low volume bottle washers also exist, but typically serve to wash a fairly large number of bottles at a time. They are also quite expensive, often being made from low-run machined parts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Bioluminescent novelty items Inventor(s): Bryan, Bruce; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: ALAN G. TOWNER; PIETRAGALLO, BOSICK & GORDON; ONE OXFORD CENTRE; 38th FLOOR; PITTSBURGH; PA; 15219; US Patent Application Number: 20030066096 Date filed: December 1, 2000 Abstract: Novelty items that are combinations of articles of manufacture with fluorescent proteins are provided. These novelty items, which are articles of manufacture, are designed for entertainment, recreation and amusement, and include toys, paints, slimy play material, textiles, particularly clothing, bubbles in bubble making toys and other toys that produce bubbles, balloons, personal items, such as cosmetics, bath powders, body lotions, gels, powders and creams, toothpastes and other dentifrices, soaps, body paints, and bubble bath, foods, such as gelatins, icings and frostings, beverages such as beer, wine, champagne, soft drinks, and glowing ice, fountains, including liquid "fireworks" and other such jets or sprays or aerosols of compositions that are solutions, mixtures, suspensions, powders, pastes, particles or other suitable formulation. Excerpt(s): This applicaiton is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/444,762 to Bruce Bryan, filed Nov. 22, 1999, entitled "BIOLUMINESCENT NOVELTY ITEMS." This application is also continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/135,988 to Bruce Bryan, filed Aug. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,358, entitled "BIOLUMINESCENT NOVELTY ITEMS." This application is also continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/757,046 to Bruce Bryan, filed Nov. 25, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,995, entitled "BIOLUMINESCENT NOVELTY ITEMS." This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/597,274, now allowed, to Bruce Bryan, filed Feb. 6, 1996, entitled "BIOLUMINESCENT NOVELTY ITEMS". U.S. application Ser. No. 09/444,762 is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/135,988, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/757,046, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/597,274. The subject matter of each of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/135,988, 08/597,274 and 08/757,046 is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto. This application is also related to provisional application serial numbers 60/079,624 and 60/089,367. The disclosures of each of the above noted patents, applications and provisional applications is incorporated herein by reference thereto. The present invention relates to systems for producing bioluminescent light, and to combinations of the systems with articles of manufacture including toys, textiles, food and beverages, to produce novelty items. By virtue of the combination, the novelty items glow or produce or expel a bioluminescent composition. Also, provided are compositions, encapsulated bioluminescence generating reagents, and methods for producing the bioluminescence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Caesar salad dressing Inventor(s): Ruhl, Jeanne M.; (Downingtown, PA) Correspondence: Gary M. Cohen, Esq.; Strafford Building Number Three; Suite 300; 125 Strafford Avenue; Wayne; PA; 19087-3318; US Patent Application Number: 20030026885 Date filed: October 3, 2002 Abstract: A Caesar salad dressing is provided with a creamy consistency using a combination of ingredients which includes extra virgin olive oil, lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper, garlic, mayonnaise, milk, cream, Romano cheese, Dijon mustard and vinegar. The milk and cream are preferably combined in equal proportions (i.e., 50% each). The salt and pepper are optionally included. If used, the salt is preferably kosher salt and the pepper is preferably black pepper. The Romano cheese is preferably Locatelli and the vinegar is preferably red wine vinegar. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of prior co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/707,019, filed Nov. 6, 2000. The present invention generally pertains to the variety of salad dressings known as "Caesar" salad dressings, and more particularly, to an improved composition for a so-called "creamy" style Caesar salad dressing. The "traditional" Caesar salad dressing, which was originally created by Chef Caesar Cardini in 1924, is generally comprised of ingredients including extra virgin olive oil, raw (or coddled) egg, lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper and garlic, in desired proportions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Combination bottle cap and stopper Inventor(s): Wheeler, Angela R.; (Kenosha, WI) Correspondence: Angela R. Wheeler; 10814 67th Place; Kenosha; WI; 53142; US Patent Application Number: 20030196985 Date filed: April 20, 2002 Abstract: A combination bottle cap and stopper is provided. A pin is embedded in the stopper and adhered to the cap to provide for a one piece closure on a bottle. The combination allows for a combination of seals including between the bottle cap and bottle top, and the stopper and the bottle neck. This combination of seals allows for greater efficacy in the sealing of bottles, especially wine bottles. Excerpt(s): Wine and other liquids are often stored in bottles for a long duration, and various methods of sealing the bottle are well known. However, some liquids can be stored for many years and the life span of a traditional cork is about 25 years. To preserve the wine, it is desirable to keep the bottle sealed in order to inhibit oxidation of the wine. Many wine bottles are sealed with a cork closure and are often covered with a foil. It has been known for years that the traditional corking method has drawbacks. The corks may dry and crumble, as well as allow oxygen to seep into the bottle over time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composite closure for removable insertion into wine or similar style bottle Inventor(s): Fox, Robert W.; (Williamsburg, VA) Correspondence: KIMBERLY A CHASTEEN; WILLIAMS MULLEN CLARK & DOBBINS; ONE IOD OYSTER POINT ROAD; SUITE 210; NEWPORT NEWS; VA; 23602 Patent Application Number: 20030102283 Date filed: December 3, 2002 Abstract: A closure for a container provides a secure closure for liquid containers while eliminating the disadvantages of traditional cork closures. The closure includes a reduced density core encapsulated by an agglomerated cork layer to which a cork veneer or printed paper or plastic layer is attached. This composite structure provides uniform pressure against the sides of the bottle finish while eliminating the problems normally associated with real cork closures, such as leakage of oxygen in and product out caused by lenticels. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to closures made from both synthetic and natural materials used in the sealing/stoppering of containers. In particular, the present invention relates to an improved cork for liquid containers. The most common material used in the fabrication of wine corks and bottle stoppers is natural cork which is derived from the bark of an oak tree (Quercus Suber) which is grown primarily in Portugal and Spain and to lesser degrees in Algeria and California. Natural cork has special properties, which make it uniquely suited for the production of wine corks and bottle or jar stoppers. The superior seal of the natural cork in comparison to recent plastic alternatives is due to the remarkable elastic properties of natural cork. Microscopic inspection of cork cells has shown them to be hexagonal prisms, having 18 edges and 12 vertices on average. Cell walls have also been identified as not being straight but having corrugations, which occupy six of the eight walls in each cell. Each cell has two or three complete corrugations, which give the cells the appearance of a bellows or concertina. The corrugations, for the most part, occur along the radial axis of the prism. The parallel axis being defined as a line running from the center of the tree to its closest outer bark surface at a right angle to the ground. These corrugations cause the cells to fold up during compressive deformation such as in the mechanical compression used to insert them into the neck of a bottle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cooling container suitable for cooling a beverage Inventor(s): Tanaka, Nobuyoshi; (Kawachinagano-shi, JP) Correspondence: J. C. Patents; 4 Venture, Suite 250; Irvine; CA; 92618; US Patent Application Number: 20030070447 Date filed: October 15, 2001 Abstract: A cooling container suitable for cooling a beverage is provided. Inside of the container with an opened upper end and a closed bottom is divided by a partition element made of a material such as a perforated plate into at least two parts for receiving water and ice and for receiving an object to be cooled. An appropriate amount of ice blocks and cold water are put in one of the parts, and only the cold water is allowed to flow into the other part through the partition element. The object to be cooled such as canned beer or bottled wine is cooled or cool-kept by inserting it into the part of

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the cold water. The position of the object to be cooled received is stably retained by the partition element 20 so that the handling of the object to be cooled is conveniently made. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cooling container that makes it easy to handle a beverage such as canned beer or bottled wine cooled with ice. A commonly used cooling container suitable for easily cooling an alcoholic beverage such as beer, wine or sake at parties in the open air or in hotels or for keeping pre-chilled canned beer, bottled wine or the like in cool conditions has been such that an appropriate amount of ice blocks are received in an icebox of heat insulation material with an opened upper end and a closed bottom. Then, an object to be cooled in a solid form such as canned beer or bottled wine is plunged into the ice blocks. Ice blocks received in an icebox are smaller ice pieces produced by an ice machine or cracked ice of irregular shapes prepared by cracking larger ice blocks with an ice pick. An icebox is a rectangular box having an opened upper end and a closed bottom or a lidded box having a lid of heat insulation material installed at the opened upper end of the box. Further, an icebox for cooling or cool-keeping a single piece of an object to be cooled in a solid form such as bottled wine is a portable type icebox with a small volume that receives the single piece of an object to be cooled and a small amount of ice blocks for cooling the object to be cooled. In this case, the single piece of an object to be cooled in a solid form is plunged into the ice blocks in the icebox while being made to shove the ice blocks apart, and the object to be cooled is cooled by ice blocks and cold water melted from the ice blocks. Also, an object to be cooled in a solid form, such as canned beer, which has been sufficiently cooled can be kept cool by plunging it into the ice blocks in the icebox. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cooling system for wine or champagne preservation and dispensing apparatus Inventor(s): Phelps, Johne; (Ft. Myers, FL), Deller, Robert R.; (Reno, NV), McGuire, Timothy C.; (Reno, NV), Lydon, Justin R.; (Queen Creek, AZ), O'Connor, Daniel N.; (Reno, NV) Correspondence: BELL, BYOD & LLOYD LLC; P.O. Box 1135; Chicago; IL; 60690-1135; US Patent Application Number: 20030145606 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling system for cooling at least one wine or champagne container in a wine or champagne preservation and dispensing apparatus. The cooling system includes a housing; a container support mounted in the housing; a cool air generating unit mounted in the housing; and a circulator mounted in the housing. In one embodiment, the cool air generating unit generates cooled air. The cooled air is circulated in the housing by the circulator to cool the wine or champagne container on the container support. In another embodiment, the container support includes a removable divider which separates the container support into two areas where at least one wine or champagne container is included in each of the areas and at least one of the areas is adjacent to the circulator. The divider includes at least one air baffle to control the amount of generated cooled air circulated in each of the areas by the circulator. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/997,307, filed Nov. 26, 2001. This patent application is

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related to the following co-pending commonly owned patent applications: "WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS," Ser. No. 09/996,332, Attorney Docket No. 0113260-005; "STOPPER FOR WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS," Ser. No. 09/995,309, Attorney Docket No. 0113260006; and "NITROGEN GENERATOR FOR WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS," Ser. No. 09/995,090, Attorney Docket No. 0113260-007. The present invention relates in general to an apparatus for preserving and dispensing wine or champagne and in particular to a cooling system for the apparatus. One or more wine or champagne bottles may be stored in the apparatus for preservation and future use by a wine or champagne consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Dry offset rotary printer for labeling wine corks Inventor(s): Coningsby, Gregg O.; (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) Correspondence: Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A.; 2180 Two Wachovia Center; Charlotte; NC; 28282; US Patent Application Number: 20030127000 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: A rotary printing machine for the printing of synthetic cork stoppers of the type having a surface which is normally non-ink receptive. A Ferris wheel mechanism is provided, having a plurality of evenly spaced carriers mounted a predetermined radial distance from and parallel to the axis of rotation for the Ferris wheel mechanism, each carrier for rotatably holding a synthetic cork stopper. An indexing drive system controls incremental rotation of the Ferris wheel mechanism through a predetermined sequence of steps, and a cork feeder introduces a single synthetic cork stopper into each of the carriers as empty ones of the carriers are presented one-by-one at the cork feeder. A corona discharger treats the surface of each synthetic cork stopper prior to being printed with sufficient energy to alter the surface energy of the cork sufficiently to permit receptivity of printing ink. A rotary printing system rotatably imprints with ink the surface of each held synthetic cork stopper with an image. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to automated printing machines; and more particularly, to dry offset printing machines. As the demand for wine has increased, so has the demand for natural cork stoppers. To reduce demand for natural cork stoppers, containers other than bottles requiring cork stoppers, such as collapsible bags in boxes and bottles with screw cap lids, have been used. However, the buying public typically perceives collapsible bags stored in boxes with exposed spigots and screw cap bottles as indicators of inferior quality wine. To meet the demand for cork stoppers, synthetic cork stoppers have been developed. These synthetic cork stoppers are made from polymeric materials that have been extruded, or molded during a molding process. These synthetic corks have characteristics similar to their natural counterparts. In the wine industry, corks are frequently printed with words and other indicia identifying the vineyard where the wine was produced or where the wine is bottled. Printing of natural cork stoppers is typically done using a rotary letter press or rotary letter flex printing system which utilizes a reverse reading hard or soft printing plate which has ink placed on the raised surface. The raised surface of the plate then makes contact with the natural cork, thus transferring the appropriate image. This printing process is typically limited to single color printing. Printing machines used for printing indicia on natural cork

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stoppers have been found to be ineffective when used with synthetic cork stoppers. The synthetic stoppers are not as absorbent as natural cork and the printing on such corks, regardless of transfer method, require a forced drying of the printed ink. Additionally, the synthetic corks have a lower coefficient of friction at their surface and require a surface treatment, which oxidizes the surface allowing the printing ink to "flow out" when applied to the surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Effective use of protease in winemaking Inventor(s): Sun, Daqing; (South Bend, IN), Harris, Jack N.; (Granger, IN) Correspondence: BAKER & DANIELS; 205 W. JEFFERSON BOULEVARD; SUITE 250; SOUTH BEND; IN; 46601; US Patent Application Number: 20030165592 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A method of making wine which involves the use of a protease to eliminate heat-unstable proteins, which cause heat-induced haze or precipitate. The protease can be used at any stage of the wine making process, but it is more advantageous to used the protease at the beginning of fermentation before the generation of inhibitive factors. A wine treated with a protease under this condition can replace a substantial amount of bentonite that is normally required for heat stabilization of the wine. By hydrolyzing the fruit protein, protease can be used as an anti-foam agent in fruit juices and during fermentation of fruit juices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to winemaking. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of protease in winemaking to reduce or eliminate heatinduced protein haze or precipitate and to control foaming. The formation of haze or precipitate in wine after it is bottled causes consumers to be suspicious as to the quality of the wine. For consumers, the formation of haze or precipitates in wine indicates that the wine may be of poor quality or microbiologically spoiled, regardless how the wine may actually taste. The most common cause of haze or precipitates forming in wine can be attributed to the instability of wine proteins, when the wine is exposed to high temperatures. This phenomenon is referred to as heat-induced protein haze or precipitate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Fermentation apparatus for automated wine making Inventor(s): Francia, Marco; (Casale Monferrato, IT) Correspondence: SUGHURE MION, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030097937 Date filed: October 10, 2002 Abstract: Automatically operating fermentation equipment: for winemaking of the type comprising:a main vat designed to contain the two-phase liquid/solid winemaking substrate,an upper vessel located above the main vat provided with valve means for discharging liquid from the upper vessel into the main vat,a riser pipe which feeds the

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liquid undergoing fermentation from the bottom portion of the main vat to the upper vessel or selectively to the main vat, provided with two separate devices for controlled oxygenation of the fermenting liquid,heat exchange means for controlling the temperature of the substrate,actuator means designed to effect and control the circulation of liquid within the fermentation equipment and designed to activate the said heat exchange means,sensor means to detect chemical and physical parameters of the substrate correlated with the stages in the fermentation process, anda control and monitoring unit associated with the said sensor and actuator means designed to control the winemaking cycle.The said control and monitoring unit comprises a display screen, control means which can be operated by an operator and processing means designed to display at least one graphic representation of the equipment, together with the location of the sensor and/or actuator means associated with the equipment, and the value of a number of parameters for the winemaking process detected by the said sensors or derived from parameters detected by the said sensors and the activation/deactivation status of the actuator means on the said screen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to automatically operating fermentation equipment for winemaking provided with a control and monitoring unit for control of the winemaking cycle. a control and monitoring unit associated with the said sensor and actuator means designed to manage the winemaking cycle. Fermentation equipment of the abovementioned type is described in Italian patents no. 1,289,672 and no. 1,293,978, patent applications TO99U000204 and TO2000A000235 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,279,457. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fermentation apparatus with washing means Inventor(s): Francia, Marco; (Casale Monferrato, IT) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030116024 Date filed: November 22, 2002 Abstract: Fermentation apparatus, particularly for wine-making, of the type comprising a main tank and a secondary tank, disposed on top of the main tank, having a lower opening for the discharge of the fermentation liquid into the main tank, and provided with a closure member movable vertically between a position for closure of the lower opening and an open position. Means for the output of jets of washing liquid are associated with the closure member in a manner such that the vertical movement of the closure member and of the washing means associated therewith enables the position of the washing jets to be adjusted. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermentation apparatus, particularly for wine-making, of the type comprising a main tank and a secondary tank, arranged on top of the main tank, having a lower opening for the discharge of the fermentation liquid into the main tank, and provided with a closure member movable vertically between a position for closure of the lower opening and an open position. A fermentation apparatus of the type mentioned above is known and is described, for example, in patents IT 1 289 672, 1 293 978 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,279,457 in the name of the Applicant. The technical problem to which the invention relates is the washing of the internal walls of the fermentation apparatus, which has to be performed periodically in order to remove the residues and encrustations that are deposited on the walls in the course of

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fermentation, and which is essential when the same apparatus has to be used for winemaking with grapes of different kinds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fermentation vat Inventor(s): Francia, Marco; (Casale Monferrato, IT) Correspondence: SUGHRUE, MION, ZINN,; MACPEAK & SEAS, PLLC; 2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030145735 Date filed: March 12, 2001 Abstract: An automatically operating fermentation vat for wine-making establishments includes a main vat (2), an upper vat (4) over the main vat, an uplift pipe (8, 12, 10, 24, 26) for feeding the fermenting liquid from the bottom of the main vat to the upper vat, means (16, 14, 18) for discharging this liquid from the upper vat into the main vat so as to spray the layer of marc floating in the main vat and injector means (20, 32) associated with the uplift pipe for injecting an oxygen-containing gas into the liquid flowing through the said pipe, characterized in that the uplift pipe has a first outlet aperture (24) directing liquid into the upper vat (4) and a second outlet aperture (40) which directs the liquid into the mass of liquid in the main vat, valve means (22) being associated with the uplift pipe for selectively directing the liquid into the upper vat or into the main vat or both at the same time though the two outlet apertures. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermentation vat, in particular to an automatic type of vat for making red wine, which includes a main vat, an upper vat over the main vat, an uplift pipe for drawing fermenting liquid from the bottom of the main vat to the upper vat, means for releasing this liquid from the upper vat to the main vat so as to spray the layer of grape marc floating in the main vat and injector means, associated with the uplift pipe, for injecting into the liquid flowing through this pipe a flow of gas containing a suitable proportion of oxygen to oxygenate it. During fermentation, and especially when making red wine, it is known that the must has to be oxygenated at various predetermined stages of fermentation. In particular, when making red wine, oxygenation helps metabolize yeasts since it makes it easier for fermentation to get under way, by increasing the growth of microbial flor and also prevents fermentation from stopping too early. In addition, oxygenating the must encourages condensation reactions between tannins and anthocians, thereby producing more complex molecules which make the colour more stable. Oxygenation also prevents the formation of unwelcome reduction agents and encourages the development of varietal aromas. Patent Application T097A000749, in the name of the present Applicant, describes a fermentation vat of the type described above, in which the must is oxygenated by aspirating ambient air and mixing it into the liquid flowing through the uplift pipe; in particular, the uplift pipe collects liquid from the bottom region of the main vat and conveys it, by means of a pump, to the upper vat, from where the oxygenated liquid is periodically released back into the main vat through a valve in the bottom of the upper vat which, when open, causes the liquid to be sprayed onto a cap of marc floating on the must/wine in the main vat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Flange screw closure and bottle having internal threads Inventor(s): Wagner, David C.; (Overland Park, KS) Correspondence: SOFER & HAROUN, L.L.P.; Suite 910; 317 Madison Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20030057173 Date filed: August 2, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus for retrofitting the opening of the neck of a bottle with a screw closure. An insert is provided that is configured to be positioned within the neck of the bottle for receiving the external threads of the lower end of a screw closure which is inserted into the opening of the bottle and rotated for securement therein. In one embodiment the insert may be secured in the neck by an adhesive. The positioning of the threads in the lower portion of the neck of the bottle affords a smooth and consistent pour of the wine from the bottle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to bottles for liquids and beverages, and in particular, to a wine bottle and complementary flange screw top for improved closure, containment and pouring of wine contained therewithin. Since biblical times, wine has been produced, consumed and enjoyed by people all over the world. Wine is produced from one or more varieties of grapes which grow in well-known regions all over the world. During wine production, the grapes are crushed and the juice is usually stored for a period of time, sometimes many years, during which the wine ferments and the flavor, color, texture and aroma develop. After a period of time, the wine may be ready for bottling, sale and consumption. For many centuries, wine has been stored and contained in glass bottles of various size and sealed with a variety of closure means such as rubber stoppers or cork. Oftentimes, wine bottles are extremely elaborate, thus adding to the attraction of the wine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Grape grabs cork grip Inventor(s): Westover, Catherine G.; (Atherton, CA) Correspondence: Catherine G. Westover; 71 Walnut Avenue; Atherton; CA; 94027; US Patent Application Number: 20030052075 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: A small elastic band designed to slip over a wine cork to allow one to get a good grip on the cork and ease removal without having to use costly, cumbersome, frustrating contraptions that usually result in a damaged cork and/or cork bits in your wine. Excerpt(s): Sometimes people do not finish a bottle of wine and need to re-cork it for enjoyment at another time. At that time one often finds the cork has been pushed into the bottle in such a manner that makes removing it with your bare hands impossible. Corks tend to be slippery. Some people will re-insert a corkscrew to pull the difficult cork out. This method is awkward and usually results in a damaged cork and cork bits floating in your bottle of wine. Still other people utilize various tools and contraptions to remove corks. They are both cumbersome and costly and cause undue frustration. This inventor has often taken an ordinary rubber band and wound it around the cork 2 or 3 times to allow a sufficient grip on the resistant cork and thus enable removal. I designed

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an elastic band specifically for this purpose. This invention is a simple but highly effective means for removing a (re-corked) cork from a wine bottle. The size of the rubber band is such that it easily slips over a wine cork but is small enough to grip it sufficiently allowing the user to easily remove the cork from a previously opened wine bottle without having to use cumbersome and costly cork-removal devices. The cork grips are also decorative--produced in a variety of colors. Some are left blank (no imprint). Some are imprinted with the catchy name: Grape Grabs. Others are imprinted with whatever logo our customer desires. Grape Grabs are measured via three dimensions--length, width and thickness. Measurements of Grape Grabs vary significantly due to imperfections of the manufacturing process. Pinch a band at each end as if to lay the band flat. The distance from end to end is the band length. A Grape Grabs is approximately 11/8" in length but can vary as much as 3/4" in either direction The width of the band measures how wide the band is, perpendicular to the length. A Grape Grabs is approximately 3/4" wide but can be much smaller or much bigger and still accomplish its goal of gripping the cork. Thickness measures the wall of the rubber band and a typical Grape Grab is approximately {fraction (1/16)}" to {fraction (1/32)}". Grape Grabs are made out of a variety of elastic material including but not limited to rubber, latex, or silicone. Grape Grabs can be left blank or imprinted with a variety of logos or designs. Grape Grabs come in a variety of colors depending on the material. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Interlocking joint wine rack Inventor(s): Kao, I-Feng; (Tainan, TW) Correspondence: Alan D. Kamrath; Rider, Bennett, Egan & Arundel, LLP; Suite 2000; 333 South Seventh Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030205543 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: A wine rack comprises a reticulated lattice defining an X direction and a Y-Z plane orthogonal to the X direction. The reticulated lattice is comprised of a plurality of spaced posts extending in the X direction and a plurality of connecting rods extending in the Y-Z plane. The posts and the connecting rods are constructed to form at least one prismatic receiving space for receiving at least one wine bottle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an interlocking joint wine rack. In particular, the present invention relates to an interlocking joint wine rack that defines a plurality of prismatic receiving spaces for receiving wine bottles. U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,503 to Johnson issued on Dec. 29, 1987 discloses an interlocking joint wine rack that defines a plurality of cubic receiving spaces for receiving wine bottles without the use of fasteners or adhesives. The time and cost for assembling the members for constructing a wine rack are both reduced, yet the members have different shapes and require troublesome processing to form the grooves in the members. Further, the assembling speed could be further increased if the members for constructing the wine rack are properly designed. An object of the present invention is to provide an interlocking joint wine rack that defines a plurality of prismatic receiving spaces for receiving wine bottles, wherein the time for assembling a wine rack is comparatively short and the members for constructing the wine rack have simple structures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Materials handling apparatus and method Inventor(s): Hickinbotham, Andrew James; (Dromana, AU) Correspondence: LOWE HAUPTMAN GILMAN & BERNER, LLP; Suite 310; 1700 Diagonal Road; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030194302 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: A container apparatus and method for handling fruit must (M). The apparatus (1) includes a rigid support structure (2) and, a flexible container (7) for holding a quantity of fruit must (M). The holding container (7) supported by the support structure (2) when holding the must (M). The holding container (7) has at least one opening (12) through which at least juice of the must (M), or wine, is removed. During fruit must (M) the holding container (7) is positioned in the support structure (2) and a quantity of fruit must (M) poured into the container (7). At least juice of the must (M), or wine, is removed through the opening (12). A flexible bag container (7) for use in the apparatus and method is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for materials handling and, in particular, container apparatus for handling flowable material as well as a method for handling that material using the container apparatus. The apparatus and method are applicable for handling crushed fruit such as grapes and/or its juice during processing, including fermentation into wine and pre- and post-fermentation maceration, and it will be convenient to hereinafter disclose the invention in relation to that exemplary application. In so describing the invention, the term "crushed" should be understood as referring to the fruit which has been crushed and which includes the fruit juice, pulp, and skins, and may also include the seeds and stems. As will be appreciated by those skilled in this art, the juice before fermentation, either alone or together with the pulp, skins, seeds and/or stems, may be known as "must", and that term will be used accordingly hereinafter. Handling of crushed grapes and must, including fermentation into wine, is currently conducted using reusable stainless steel tanks, concrete vats and other rigid, permanent containers. The stainless steel tanks, purpose designed and constructed and capable of holding grape material, are very expensive. Such containers are only cost effective with high volumes of grape material, where they can be repeatedly cleaned and recharged with must batches during a grape processing season. Accordingly, such tanks are not cost effective propositions for small to medium wine makers. Even with large volume wine makers, a coordinated regular supply of grapes through an extended season is necessary to ensure efficient use of the tanks, and that can be difficult to achieve with unpredictable weather patterns and fermentation rates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and apparatus for processing wine Inventor(s): Yahav, Shimon; (Rehovot, IL) Correspondence: LADAS & PARRY; 26 WEST 61ST STREET; NEW YORK; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030091701 Date filed: October 10, 2002

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Abstract: A method for processing wine, including filling a bottle with wine, capping the bottle with a bottle stopper, the bottle stopper including a valve that has a first orientation in which sediments can flow from the bottle past the valve, and a second orientation in which the valve substantially prevents re-entry of the sediments back into the bottle, producing sediments in the bottle, centrifugally forcing the sediments in the bottle towards the bottle stopper, the valve being in the first orientation so that the sediments flow past the valve and are removed from the bottle, and moving the valve to the second orientation to substantially prevent re-entry of the sediments back into the bottle. An apparatus for removing sediment is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): Sparkling wines, such as champagne, are classically produced by bottling wine before the fermentation has been completed and allowing the wine to finish fermentation, or to undergo a second fermentation, in the bottle. During fermentation in the bottle, grape sugar and/or sugar added to the wine are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The presence of the CO.sub.2 causes a relatively high pressure, for example, about 6 atmospheres and greater, to be built up in the hermetically closed bottle. Besides the alcohol and CO.sub.2 production, sediments are also produced during fermentation in the bottle, and these must be removed before the champagne or other beverage may be sold and consumed. The removal of these sediments constitutes a major problem. In order to remove the sediments from the bottle they are first collected upon the inside face of the cork of the bottle, whereafter the liquid in the neck of the bottle is frozen into solid state and finally the cork and the small block of ice containing the sediments are blown off with the aid of the gas pressure within the bottle. In order to avoid loss of liquid, immediately after removal of the sediments, the bottle must be hermetically closed again. In this step, as in the previous ones, great skill is required and, apart from the accidents that are liable to happen, losses of valuable liquid cannot be avoided in the period between the uncorking and the new sealing of the bottles. In addition, oxygen enters the wine during the period of uncorking, which adversely affects taste, quality and longevity of the wine. Typically liqueur, brandy and/or sugar are added to the wine to compensate for the wine lost during the removal of the frozen matter. Several United States patents attempt to solve the sediment removal problem by providing a bottle stopper that entraps therein the sediments formed in the bottle during fermentation. U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,169 to Wilson et al. describes a bottle cap with an internal collection chamber which can be sealed by a probe extending inwards from the top of the cap. The bottle cap is screwed onto a matins threaded ring affixed around the neck of the bottle. After capping the bottle, the bottle is inverted and sediments are allowed to collect in the collection chamber. By turning the bottle cap, the position of the probe can be adjusted so as to seal the sediments collected in the collection chamber. However, the Wilson et al. bottle cap suffers from several disadvantages, e.g., the probe must be manually moved to seal the collection chamber, and it is difficult to ensure that the probe has been properly positioned to seal the chamber. The process is unsuitable for mass production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for aging wine Inventor(s): Wu, Chung-Hsun; (Tao Yuan, TW), Shiau, Yen-Kuen; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Alice L. Chen; 3013 Birchtree Lane; Silver Spring; MD; 20906; US Patent Application Number: 20030031885 Date filed: August 1, 2001

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Abstract: An accelerated wine aging process comprises wrapping a container of wine with a substrate coated with spinel, AB.sub.2O.sub.4, said spinel irradiates an electromagnetic wave length 3-30 micron.A preferred embodiment is to subject the container to the radiation of the spinel, wherein B component of the spinel AB.sub.2O.sub.4, contains at least 30% of iron. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel method of and a product for aging wine. More particularly, the aging of wine is accelerated by a far-infrared radiation emitting spinel. The method is to subject the wine container to the radiation of a spinel in the farinfrared range of wavelength. It is well known that wine quality improves with aging. Some red table wines such as port requires aging for up to 10-20 years. White wine benefits by aging, stabilizing and clarification, as undesirable substances are precipitated. The traditional aging process is not only time-consuming, but also costly because storage space is required for the wine being aged, and the bottles have to be turned periodically to achieve uniform aging of the wine. Now, a new method has been found wherein a compound, spinel, having the general formula AB.sub.2O.sub.4, provides far-infrared radiation in the wave length range of 3-30 microns. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for making wine Inventor(s): Antrim, Richard L.; (Solon, IA) Correspondence: LEYDIG VOIT & MAYER, LTD; TWO PRUDENTIAL PLAZA, SUITE 4900; 180 NORTH STETSON AVENUE; CHICAGO; IL; 60601-6780; US Patent Application Number: 20030021866 Date filed: July 24, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are methods for preparing wine. In accordance with one disclosed method, a high-purity maltose product is added to the must prior to or contemporaneously with fermentation in order to increase the level of fermentable sugar. In accordance with the second embodiment, a high-purity maltose product is added to a fermented wine in order to sweeten the wine. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to prior U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/307,463, filed Jul. 24, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. The invention is in the field of oenology. Sugar plays an important role in wine making. Many wines are made by adding sugar to the grape must prior to or contemporaneously with fermentation, in particular wines made in the eastern United States. Sugar is added prior to fermentation to provide sufficient fermentable material in the must to result in adequate alcohol content in the final wine product. In addition, many wines are sweetened after fermentation by adding sugar and/or other ingredients to provide a sweet taste in the wine. A famous example of the latter is Champagne, in which a sparkling wine is dosed with a solution of sugar and brandy after fermentation has progressed to completion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for producing oenological tannins and enzymatic composition Inventor(s): Henry, Olivier; (Nil Saint-Vincent, BE) Correspondence: OLSON & HIERL, LTD.; 20 NORTH WACKER DRIVE; 36TH FLOOR; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030054056 Date filed: August 28, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns an enzymatic method for making oenological tannins starting with lumps of wood and an enzymatic method for transforming tannins into tannins for wine-making purposes. The inventive method comprises a step which consists in contacting the lumps of wood or tannins with an aqueous solution comprising a composition containing enzymes of the cellulase class. The invention also concerns an enzymatic composition mainly consisting of enzyme of the cellulase class for making oenological tannins, comprising an endocellulase activity, a xylanase activity a.beta.-mannanase and/or.alpha.-amylase activity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an enzymatic method for producing oenological tannins starting with lumps of wood, to an enzymatic method for transforming tannins into tannins for oenological use, and also to an enzymatic composition for producing oenological tannins. According to the International oenological codex, oenological tannin is drawn either from nutgall or from a tannin-rich wood (chestnut, oak) or from grapeseeds, etc. Tannin is composed of a mixture of glucosides, of ellagic acid, of gallic acid, of catechol, etc. Methods for preparing tannins have, in the past, essentially been based on methods of extraction from plant products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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METHOD OF INDUCING MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN WINE OR FRUIT JUICE BY DIRECT INOCULATION WITH A NON-ACTIVATED STARTER CULTURE Inventor(s): PRAHL, CLAUS; (GRAESTED, DK), NIELSEN, JAN CLAIR; (HUNDESTED, DK) Correspondence: FOLEY & LARDNER; 3000 K STREET NW; SUITE 500; WASHINGTON; DC; 200078696 Patent Application Number: 20030203069 Date filed: March 3, 1997 Abstract: A selected malolactically active Ln. oenos strain which is useful for inducing malolactic fermentation in wine or fruit juice by the direct inoculation of a concentrate of a starter culture containing the strain, the strain having a survival rate of at least 80% when inoculated directly into a wine having a pH of 3.2 or lower and containing at least 25 mg SO.sub.2 per l and at least 12 vol % ethanol, and capable of starting malolactic fermentation when added directly to the wine or fruit juice at a concentration of less than 10.sup.7 colony forming units per ml.There is also provided a method of isolating such a strain and a method for producing a culture of the strain. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a novel method of inducing the decarboxylation of malic acid to lactic acid in wine or fruit juice by direct inoculation with a non-activated starter culture of malolactically active lactic acid bacteria and a composition comprising bacteria useful in the method. Grape juice, must and other fruit

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juice contain a varying amount of L-malic acid and L-malate, the amount typically being in the range of 1 to 10 g/l. The amount of malic acid and malate depends largely on the climatic conditions prevailing in the viticultural region. Hence, wines produced in colder areas tend to have a relatively higher acid content, since the malic acid is not degraded during the normal alcoholic fermentation. From a taste and flavor point of view, malic acid is considered undesirable in most red wines and in several types of rse wines, white wines or sparkling wines. However, the content of malic acid and malate in a wine may be reduced by a so-called malolactic fermentation (MLF) of the wine which fermentation results from the metabolic activity of various lactic acid bacteria, including species belonging to the genera of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc. Such bacteria may be present in must and wine as part of the indigenous microbial flora hereof, or they may have been added as a bacterial starter culture. Typically, the MLF is associated with malolactic bacterial growth and catabolic processes during which the wine acidity is reduced. The catabolic phase is usually entered when the malolactically active bacteria during the growth phase has reached a population density of about 10.sup.6 colony forming units (CFU) per ml. The microbial malolactic deacidification results from the decarboxylation of the dicarboxylic acid, Lmalic acid to the monocarboxylic acid, L-lactic acid. As a result of this malolactic fermentation, the acidity of the wine decreases and the pH increases, resulting in a wine with a softer palate relative to that of the wine before the malolactic fermentation. Following a successful malolactic fermentation in wine, no further microbial growth will normally occur and hence, the wine is considered to be microbiologically stable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Oak flavor sticks Inventor(s): de Wet, Pierre Jacobus; (Tyler, TX) Correspondence: Dusti Beall; Agtoprof, Inc.; 3933 FM 344 E.; Tyler; TX; 75703; US Patent Application Number: 20030170351 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: There are not any technical disclosures for this invention. This invention presents a new idea for flavoring wine. It is also a new way of making a bottle of wine more marketable to consumers by providing an interesting and unique keepsake item to the consumer inside the bottle of wine. Excerpt(s): This nonprovisional utility patent application does not claim the benefit of any prior filed copending nonprovisional application(s). No material is being separately submitted on a compact disc with this application. This invention pertains to the field of wine making, bottling, and marketing. The invention does not address a particular problem experienced in the past, but rather is an improvement or new idea for flavoring wine. At the same time, the invention introduces a new idea for creating a more unique and desirable bottle of wine to the consumer by providing a momento or keepsake for the consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Packaging box for display Inventor(s): Hsiang, Kuan Fen; (Taipei City, TW) Correspondence: KUAN Fen Hsiang; PO Box 82-144; TAIPEI; TW Patent Application Number: 20030098255 Date filed: November 26, 2001 Abstract: A bottled win display packaging box containing a chamber guarded by two panels; a bracket inside the chamber is placed at its center a fixation ring to secure the bottle of wine; one panel is provided on its outer surface a fastening hooker and a locking latch while corresponding bore and flange are provided on the outer surface of the other panel to form an integral and secured box for the storage of the bottled wine; and both panels when opened wide outward with the box placed on the rack allow fully exposure of the bottled wine for display and easy access. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a packaging box for display, and more particularly to one for display and easier access to a bottled wine. However, coming to display for sales, the bottled wine must be fetched out to facilitate sales promotion or sampling. As a result, the bottle wine is exposed to the risk of being broken causing safety concerns and a broken bottle also means a loss of money and increased operation cost, far from being terms as economic. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a packaging box for display is essentially comprised of a box containing a chamber; the chamber being guarded by a pair of panels on both sides; a bracket on the bottom of the chamber containing a fixation ring to secure a bottle of wine in position; both panels being opened wide outward to fully expose the bottle of win for display. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Preparation of immobilised acclimated micro-organisms, production method and use for preactivating interrupted permentation processes Inventor(s): Dulau, Laurent; (Toulouse, FR), Santos, Leonor; (Vila Real, PT), Da Silva, Maria De Fatima Teixeira; (Gulpilhares, PT) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030186403 Date filed: February 4, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a preparation of micro-organisms immobilised in beads acclimated to alcohol and/or acidity, and partly dried, capable of developing a fermenting activity when they are introduced in alcohol or acid musts. The invention also concerns a method for obtaining such a preparation comprising an acclimating step and an immobilising step for the micro-organisms, said steps being carried out in any sequence, but necessarily preceding a partial dehydrating step. The invention provides the advantages on enabling the micro-organisms to be preserved in viable and active form for several months, and to be used directly for reactivating interrupted fermenting processes, in particular alcoholic fermentation processes, for producing wine and other fermented beverages. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a preparation of micro-organisms, immobilised in semi-humid beads, capable of ensuring the re-starting of fermentation in

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fermented drinks. It is known that immobilised micro-organisms may be used in the production of fermented drinks such as wine, beer, champagne and sparkling drinks with a variable degree of alcohol. The patent application EP 0350374 A1, which describes the preparation of micro-organisms immobilised in substantially dehydrated gels, the use of which is intended for preparing fermented drinks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Product and process of making an alcohol containing sport drink Inventor(s): Donhowe, Erik Thurman; (Castle Rock, CO) Correspondence: Erik T. Donhowe; Suite 243; 200 South Wilcox Street; Castle Rock; CO; 80104; US Patent Application Number: 20030134007 Date filed: January 16, 2002 Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of an alcohol containing sport drink that has enhanced nutrition in comparison to existing alcoholic drinks. The beverage comprises a clear, colorless or colored, beverage containing protein, peptide, amino acid and vitamin supplements, with low to moderate levels of ethyl alcohol. Such a beverage provides a healthier alternative to conventional malt beverages, beer, wine or distilled alcoholic beverages, especially when consumed in post recreational sport social contexts. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new sport drinks and to a method of producing the same. Intensive energy-consuming sport activities such as golf, skiing, tennis, fitness workouts, baseball, football and general athletics are increasingly becoming popular as adult recreational activities. The context in which these activities occur commonly includes post-recreational social gatherings, during which alcoholic beverages are often consumed. Hitherto, alcoholic beverages consumed at these events have been limited in nutritional needs associated with recreational activities; alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine and mixed drinks are typically low in contents of protein, minerals, antioxidants and vitamins. Beer typically contains 13 g of carbohydrates, 1 g of protein, and no vitamin A or C per 12 fluid ounce servings. Wine typically contains 2 g of carbohydrates, no protein, and no vitamin A or C per 12 fluid ounce servings. Distilled alcoholic beverages such as vodka or martinis typically contain no carbohydrate, no protein, and no vitamin A or C per 12 fluid ounce servings. Protein supplementation aids anabolic metabolism, as protein is a key nutritional component required for building muscles. Intensive recreational activities stimulate the need to rebuild and strengthen muscle fibers; hence protein supplementation is helpful to supply protein and amino acid needs following the recreational activities. Vitamin supplementation to beverages aids energy metabolism, as vitamins are primary cofactors used in electron transfer steps in anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Vitamins such as vitamin C and vitamin E also function as antioxidants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Safe cork removing device for wine bottles Inventor(s): Lian, Fen-Lan; (Chunghua, TW) Correspondence: Fen-Lan Lian; 235 Chung-Ho Box 8-24; Taipei; TW Patent Application Number: 20030033907 Date filed: March 19, 2002 Abstract: A safe cork removing device for wine bottles has a hollow needle head, a refrigerant can container, a sliding block and a seal cover. The sliding block is installed in the refrigerant can container from an opening of refrigerant can container. The limiting rod is exactly positioned in the longitudinal sliding groove of the refrigerant can container. The sliding block is movable along the longitudinal sliding groove by operating the limiting rod. The hollow needle head can be inserted into a cork stopper sealing a wine bottle, and then a refrigerant can is placed in a refrigerant can container. By extruding the refrigerant can, the refrigerant will flow into the wine bottle, and by the pressure of the refrigerant, the cork stopper separates from the wine bottle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cork removing devices, and particularly to a safe cork removing device for a wine bottle wherein a hollow needle head is inserted into a cork stopper sealing a wine bottle, and then a refrigerant can is placed in a refrigerant can container. By extruding the refrigerant can, the refrigerant will flow into the wine bottle, and by the pressure of the refrigerant, the cork stopper separates from the wine bottle. A general corkscrew used for wine bottles is drilled into a cork by human force and then the corkscrew is pulled out manually. However, a large force is necessary to pull out the corkscrew. Moreover, it is possible that the force for holding a wine bottle is unsteady so that the bottle falls down and wine will pour out. Therefore, a mechanical corkscrew is developed. The mechanical corkscrew has two claws at two sides thereof which clamp and fix the bottle head. Then the corkscrew is drilled into the cork. Then a spanner of the mechanical corkscrew is used to pull out the corkscrew and the cork. However, this mechanical corkscrew has a larger volume and is made of metal. Therefore, it is heavy and complex and has a higher cost. The operation is difficult. Since the cork easily cracks so that the corkscrew can not be pulled out, this prior art is not an ideal product. In another prior art, refrigerant device for pulling a cork is developed. In this prior art, at a lower end of a refrigerant can container is fixed with a hollow needle head. By the user to hold the refrigerant can container, the hollow needle head can be inserted into the cork. Then, a refrigerant can is placed in the refrigerant can container. Then refrigerant in the refrigerant can is compressed and then filled into the bottle through the hollow needle head. By the pressure of the refrigerant, the corkscrew is ejected out. However, since the hollow needle head is always at the bottom of the refrigerant can container, when the user pulls out the hollow needle head for storage, the user is easily hurt by the needle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Seal removal tool for stopper-closed vessels or bottles Inventor(s): Entwisle, H. Frank; (Nicholasville, KY), Howell, Edward H. III; (Nicholasville, KY) Correspondence: H. FRANK ENTWISLE; 201 CAMBRIDGE LANE; NICHOLASVILLE; KY; 40356; US Patent Application Number: 20030183044 Date filed: March 24, 2003 Abstract: The seal removal tool quickly and easily removes wax seals or other wax-like materials utilized as seals or decorative adornment on narrow neck, stopper-closed bottles such as wine bottles and the like. Removal of the wax seal prior to extracting the bottle stopper eliminates contamination of the stopper-extracting device, typically a corkscrew, by all or a portion of the seal. The operation of the tool can be accomplished by persons of right-handed or left-handed dominance. Seal removal is accomplished by one or more sequential operations utilizing various unique elements of the tool. Excerpt(s): Bottles, including wine bottles and the like, are often closed with stoppers constructed of cork or an elastomeric compound. Producers of products contained in such bottles augment the stoppers sealing effectiveness and decorative appearance with exterior, both neck and stopper, coverings of foil or foil-like plastic or with poured hot wax seals or plastic or wax seals which are pre-formed and bonded to the stopper and/or bottle interior surface of the neck. Exterior augmentary seals interfere with proper utilization of stopper extraction devices such as corkscrews. Several devices have been patented and are in general use for exterior (foil) seal removal. Interior seals of poured hot wax or bonded materials similarly hamper proper stopper extraction and if extraction is successful, the seals often separate from the stopper and require an additional operation to remove the seal from the stopper extraction device. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Shipping protector for bottles or the like Inventor(s): Hurley, Richard D.; (Corvallis, OR), Hurley, Richard B.; (Corvallis, OR) Correspondence: DELLETT AND WALTERS; 310 S.W. FOURTH AVENUE; SUITE 1101; PORTLAND; OR; 97204; US Patent Application Number: 20030070951 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: A shipping tray for bottles or other such fragile vessels suitably containing liquids therein employs a two-sided configuration with bottle receiving cradles and top and bottom stop members to prevent the bottle from sliding out of the tray. Shock absorbing members are provided about the perimeter of the tray, as well as a perimeter groove. Indentations at spaced locations on the tray perimeter function as shock absorbing spring members, and further allow displaced air to escape as the tray is lowered into a close fitting carton. The indentations further provide grip access to enable easy removal of a tray from within a close fitting carton. Both sides of a tray are functional, such that a series of trays may be packed with bottles with the trays in top side up or bottom side up configurations. A stack of trays nest together when not in use, for compact storage. When configured to receive wine bottles, the tray accepts multiple bottle shapes therein with adequate protection to each bottle style. The tray includes

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depressable stop members, which may be removed or depressed out of the plane of the bottle, to provide a longer bottle receiving portion. Multiple bottle configurations are thereby accommodated. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/607,781, filed Feb. 27, 1996. It is often desirable to ship bottles or other vessels, typically containing liquids. However, the typical shipping environment is replete with situations that can result in damage to the vessels and their contents. In the wine industry, for example, especially in the high end product lines or in gift packaging industries, it is common practice to ship wine typically in packs of one, two, three, four, six or twelve bottles, in a corrugated carton with some type of protection to prevent the bottles from becoming broken and spilling their contents during shipping. Other wine bottle package inserts employ an A/B configuration wherein the two parts form a clamshell type package such that each layer of bottles requires an A and a B part to completely surround the bottles. Such protectors, whether made of expanded polystyrene or of molded pulp fiber, typically employ a bottle engaging geometry configuration on one face thereof and support surfaces on the opposite side such that in order to properly pack and protect a row of wine bottles, two such protectors are positioned around the bottles with the bottle engaging geometries of the two protector pieces face-to-face and the support foot side of each protector piece facing outwardly with respect to the bottles. Accordingly, in order to pack two layers of bottles in a shipping carton, four bottle protector inserts are required. To pack four bottle layers in a carton, eight such protector inserts are required. Minimizing shipping weight is an issue in packing, so the need for two shipping protectors per layer can undesirably increase the shipping cost as the number of bottles per shipping carton increases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

SMART WINE BREWERY EQUIPMENT Inventor(s): Lu, Ta-Wei; (Brea, CA), Lu, Shun-Tsung; (Taichung Hsien, TW) Correspondence: ROSENBERG, KLEIN & LEE; 3458 ELLICOTT CENTER DRIVE-SUITE 101; ELLICOTT CITY; MD; 21043; US Patent Application Number: 20030177910 Date filed: March 21, 2002 Abstract: Smart brewery equipment mainly comprises a frame, at least a storing barrel, a ferment tun and a distilling barrel where the ferment tun has a ferment cask with a filter and a compression apparatus. The compression apparatus is employed to secure air seal between the top lid and the ferment cask to ensure the successful process of fermentation. The distilling barrel constitutes a distilling cask, a compression apparatus and a cooling piping. The compression apparatus is designed to ensure the air seal between the top lid and the distilling cask. The top lid has a space inside to receive the cooling piping which cools down the steam wine into the finished wine, which flows out, to the storing barrel, ready for drinking. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a complete set of smart wine brewery equipment, in particular for making wine and pure water by DIY process. In most cases, the wine brewery requires large-scaled equipment and a great stock of raw materials, such as rice and fruit, and the selling price is monopolized. The drinkers have no way to pick the taste and the alcohol grade they prefer. The consumers are not permitted to bargain the selling price the seller sets for. Moreover, there are illegal vendors who are selling

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moonshined wines or methyl alcohol extremely hazardous to the health of drinkers. The drinkers have to give a second thought before drinking the wine. Furthermore, it happens more than often in the house that the fruit bought for festivals or in a certain season cannot be consumed, so there are many leftovers, which become spoilt after a few days. These fruit leftovers are good raw materials for brewing wine if there is smart brewery equipment available in the home. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Stable wine glasses Inventor(s): Thinnes, Jay C.; (Chandler, AZ) Correspondence: JAY THINNES; STELLAR AIRPARK; 4189 WEST MILKY WAY #4; CHANDLER; AZ; 85226; US Patent Application Number: 20030189055 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention discloses a series of stable wine glasses comprising stemless wine glasses with internal container shapes appropriate to their respective types of wines and having improved stability. Appropriate internal container shapes provide the desired presentation of the bouquet of the wine. The stable wine glass provides a more stable foot which may be wider than the container of the wine glass. The stable wine glass may be insulated from the human hand by a thicker portion of container wall or by a second wall, exterior to the wine container, which may be of glass or other material and may form an air pocket between the container wall and the second wall. The second outer wall may be perforated or may be whole. Alternatively, the outer surface may be covered with an insulating material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of wine glasses and, more specifically, to methods for improving the stability of a wine glass. Making wine glasses is an ancient art. While wine glasses are generally regarded as attractive to the eye, there are also functional considerations in the making of a wine glass. Wine glasses are made to present the bouquet of a particular wine in a particular way. Thus, a glass for a white wine will have a narrow, or fluted, shape to concentrate the thin bouquet of a white wine. Similarly, a glass for a red wine has a wider shape to let the stronger bouquet disperse. Different red or white wines may have different bouquets, so makers of wine glasses practice variations on the major themes. In response to the demands of wine enthusiasts, wine glasses are made in shapes unique to virtually every major subclass of white and red wine. The wine glasses made by Reidel, The Wine Glass Company, of Austria are excellent examples of wine glasses functionally shaped for a particular type of wine. A wine glass has three major parts: the container, the stem, and the foot. Each part has unique functions. The bouquet is controlled by the shape and proportion of the container part of the wine glass, which typically bends radially inward. The point where the inward bending begins or where the sides straighten may be called the inflection point. A few flute designs appear to have no inflection point. The size and shape of the container portion are unique to the type of wine for which the glass is intended. A wine glass, properly filled, is filled with wine only to the point where the inward bending begins. Flutes without inflection points are typically filled to the top of the bottom bowlshaped portion. Filling the glass only to the inflection point maximizes the effect of the bouquet-presenting features of the glass. The ratios of the surface area of the wine to the area of the opening at the top of the container and to the volume of air between the opening and the wine are defining parameters for a wine glass.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Synthetic closure Inventor(s): Lauer, Eduardo; (Zebulon, NC) Correspondence: Melvin I. Stoltz; 51 Cherry Street; Milford; CT; 06460; US Patent Application Number: 20030207108 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: By achieving an extruded, foamed core formed from plastic material peripherally surrounded and integrally bonded with a plurality of cooperating synthetic, plastic, extruded, outer layers, a unique, multi-component, multi-layer synthetic closure is provided which may be employed as a bottle closure or stopper for any desired product, whether the product is a liquid, a viscous material, or a solid distributed in a bottle or container and dispensed through the open portal of the container neck. The present invention achieves a mass producible, resilient, synthetic bottle closure which is employable for any desired bottle, including wine. By employing the present invention, a multi-component or multi-layer synthetic closure is attained which possesses physical properties substantially equal to or better than the physical properties found in cork material, which has caused such cork material to be the principal closure material for wine bottles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to closures or stoppers for containers containing liquids, low viscosity substrates, and small solids, and more particularly, to closures or stoppers formed from synthetic materials and employable as a bottle stopper for a container. In view of the wide variety of products that are sold for being dispensed from containers, particularly containers with round necks which define the dispensing portal, numerous constructions have evolved for container stoppers or closure means for the portals. Generally, products such as vinegar, vegetable oils, laboratory liquids, detergents, honey, condiments, spices, alcoholic beverages, and the like, impose similar requirements on the type and construction of the closure means used for containers for these products. However, wine sold in bottles represents the most demanding product for bottle closure means, due to the numerous and burdensome requirements placed upon the closure means used for wine bottles. In view of these demands, most wine bottle closures or stoppers have been produced from a natural material known as "cork". Although synthetic materials have been proposed for use as wine bottle stoppers or closures, such products have been unable to satisfy all of the stringent requirements. As a result, cork has remained the dominant material for wine closures, in spite of the numerous inherent problems that exist with cork. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Systems and methods for improving the liquidity and distribution network for luxury and other illiquid items Inventor(s): Lutnick, Howard W.; (New York, NY), Heaton, Timothy H.; (Morristown, NJ) Correspondence: FISH & NEAVE; 1251 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; 50TH FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10020-1105; US Patent Application Number: 20030115131 Date filed: October 28, 2002 Abstract: Systems and methods for improving the liquidity and distribution network for luxury and other illiquid items are provided. These systems and methods preferably include the trading of futures and options contracts, which will provide the liquidity and distribution network for luxury items. Possible embodiments of these systems and methods include the trading of futures and options contracts for diamonds and wine. Another embodiment of this invention preferably includes generating indexes for diamond prices, wine prices, luxury item prices, housing values, mortgage prepayments, privately-held companies or for anything with from sufficiently liquid points of value. Another embodiment of this invention preferably includes a centralized data base for retrieving closing and current auction prices for determining the value of, and best method for the auctioning of various items The data provided by this data base would improve liquidity by creating greater price transparency. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/340,328 filed on Dec. 13, 2001. Markets for luxury items such as diamonds and fine wine tend to be illiquid at least in part because of the difficulty in acquiring luxury items and the difficulty of bringing the luxury items to market. The present invention relates to systems and methods for improving the liquidity and distribution network for luxury items. It would be desirable to provide systems and methods that provide the liquidity and distribution network for luxury items. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Systems and methods of enhancing consumable products Inventor(s): Rast, Robert W.; (Rancho Cordova, CA), Rast, Rodger H.; (Rancho Cordova, CA) Correspondence: RASTAR CORPORATION; 11230 GOLD EXPRESS DR.; STE. 310; GOLD RIVER; CA; 95670-4484; US Patent Application Number: 20030129291 Date filed: December 13, 2001 Abstract: Enhanced consumables providing an enhanced consumption rate adjustable firelog wherein the consumer can select the burning rate, baked buns which are resistant to hinge splitting when a consumer inserts food items therein, wine bottle corks which may be easily removed by the consumer without specific hardware such as corkscrews, electronic soap for entertaining bathing children, bathroom mirror defog sheets which facilitate consumer use of mirrors subject to steam fogging, and a breath "equalizer" preparation which reduces the sensitivity of the consumer to specific forms of breath born halitosis, such as garlic and onions.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/256,887 filed on Dec. 15, 2000 and serial No. 60/256/888 filed on Dec. 15, 2000 which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention pertains generally to consumables and more particularly to an enhanced consumption rate adjustable firelog, no-split baked buns, easily removable wine bottle corks, entertaining electronic soap, bathroom mirror defog sheets, and breath equalizing preparations. The number of products in the consumables category continues to rise, and the need for continuous improvement provides a competitive edge for manufacturers. Following are six typically molded consumables and a number of enhancements described for each. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of the residues from wine production Inventor(s): Pauly, Gilles; (Nancy, FR), Henry, Florence; (Villers-Les-Nancy, FR) Correspondence: COGNIS CORPORATION; 2500 RENAISSANCE BLVD., SUITE 200; GULPH MILLS; PA; 19406 Patent Application Number: 20030180405 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: The use of the residues from wine production as active substance preparations in the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to cosmetics and more particularly to the use of residues from winemaking for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations. The phenol radical possesses particularly high stability through mesomeric stabilization. Accordingly, cosmetic chemistry has for some time used polyphenols and their esterification products as additives for care and repair products. The extensive prior art literature on the subject is represented, for example, by EP-A1 0692480 A1 (Berkem), EP-A2 0774249 (Unilever), EP-A2 0781544 (Nikka), EP-A1 0842938 (L'Oral), WO 94/29404 (Ovi) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,360 (Horphag). However, it has now been found that the antioxidative and cell-stimulating effect of known polyphenols is subject to major structural variations. Because of this, the substances have to be used in high concentrations which adds significantly to the cost of the formulations. Accordingly, there is much interest in natural active-substance mixtures which develop a comparable cosmetic effect, but in far smaller quantities. In particular, there is a demand for active substances with anti-inflammatory properties which would activate special repair and detoxification enzymes (for example glutathione-S-transferase), stimulate or regulate cell growth, influence the metabolic activity of fibroblasts or keratinocytes and could thus be used with advantage for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations, especially skin and hair treatment preparations and sun protection products, without unwanted side effects, even in sensitive users. The problem addressed by the present invention was to provide active substances with the described complex performance profile. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Wine and spirits bottle carry-out package with advertising Inventor(s): Kilmartin, Tracy Marie; (Ridgefield, CT) Correspondence: ST. ONGE STEWARD JOHNSTON & REENS, LLC; 986 BEDFORD STREET; STAMFORD; CT; 06905-5619; US Patent Application Number: 20030111375 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: A bottle packaging sleeve, and method of using same, for placing advertising on wine and spirits bottles, which provides both advertising and a means to protect the bottles from damage in a shopping bag or box, comprising a sheet of cushioning material, the exterior face of which is provided with informational material, the sheet being sufficiently elastic to be fitted onto a bottle. Optionally, the sleeve includes a bottle girth adaptor for coupling a first and second end of the sheet of cushioning material while further adapting to the girth of the bottle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for placing advertising on wine and spirits bottles, which provides both advertising and a means to protect the bottles from damage in a shopping bag or box. The use of bottle advertisers has long been recognized. As a result, various inventions have been developed to effect this practice. Some of these include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,289,650 to Follett; U.S. Pat. No. 4,208,819 to Jones; U.S. Pat. No. 2,132,236 to Greene; U.S. Pat. No. 1,999,011 to Wasser; U.S. Pat. No. 1,536,445 to Maupai; and U.S. Pat. No. 1,473,313 to Piatt. Prior art bottle advertisers have all been adapted for mounting on the bottle when it is stocked on a store shelf. Since these advertising devices are designed for mounting to a bottle prior to sale, they are limited in their advertising space because it is not desirable to obscure the label of the bottle with the advertising device. Therefore, these bottle advertisers are designed to fit on the neck of a bottle. Consequently, advertisers have a limited amount of space upon which to place advertising material. Efforts to increase the amount of advertising space have resulted in the invention of devices that are less easily manufactured or assembled, or which require more room for shipping or storage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Wine glass charm Inventor(s): Ostlund, Holly K.; (Scottsdale, AZ), Wurm, Chrissa M.; (Mesa, AZ), Holmes, Lisa Henry; (Paradise Valley, AZ) Correspondence: C. Robert von Hellens; CAHILL, SUTTON & THOMAS P.L.C.; 2141 E. Highland Avenue, Suite 155; Phoenix; AZ; 85016; US Patent Application Number: 20030179059 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: A wine glass charm includes a magnetic coupling, the components of which are disposed at the respective ends of an encircling member to detachably attach the wine glass charm to the stem or handle of a drinking vessel. The encircling member may include identifying indicia or media and for further identification purposes, a uniquely configured charm may be dependingly supported therefrom. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to identification bracelets and, more particularly, to identifying media for use in conjunction with various types of drinking vessels. At most social gatherings, the participants are served liquid refreshments served

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in non-throw away vessels, such as wine glasses, beer steins, etc. During the course of such a gathering, the participants often seek to obtain refills but sometimes forget where they may have left their original drinking vessel and seek a replacement. This results in numerous empty or partially filled drinking vessels distributed throughout the area of the gathering. More importantly, the participants seeking refills tend to request or obtain clean and unused drinking vessels. This demand for substitute drinking vessels places a heavy burden on the host or hosting organization to have a supply of drinking vessels far greater in number than the number of participants at the gathering. Many times participants at a gathering inadvertently pick up a drinking vessel believing it to be their own and end up drinking out of a drinking vessel previously used by someone else. This leads to socially awkward situations. Moreover, the drinking vessels may become transmitting media for bacteria and viruses with resulting medically related complications. In many cases, severe emotional stress is created when a person realizes he/she has been drinking out of someone else's drinking vessel. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS Inventor(s): O'Connor, Daniel N.; (Reno, NV), McGuire, Timothy C.; (Reno, NV), Deller, Robert R.; (Reno, NV), Phelps, Johne; (Ft. Myers, FL), Lydon, Justin R.; (Queen Creek, AZ) Correspondence: BELL, BOYD & LLOYD, LLC; PO BOX 1135; CHICAGO; IL; 606901135; US Patent Application Number: 20030098314 Date filed: November 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for preserving and dispensing wine or champagne. The apparatus provides a housing having a container support for holding wine or champagne bottles, a plurality of removable stoppers for insertion in the bottles, a nitrogen generator for generating a nitrogen rich gas from air, a nitrogen storage tank for storing the generated nitrogen rich gas, a cooling system for cooling certain bottles and dispensers for providing wine or champagne from the bottles to a user. The nitrogen generator draws in ambient air, adsorbs the oxygen from the air and stores nitrogen rich gas in the nitrogen storage tank. The nitrogen storage tank supplies the nitrogen rich gas to the bottles for preserving the wine or champagne. The stoppers include a nitrogen line and a supply line. The nitrogen line communicates nitrogen rich gas into the bottles and the supply line communicates wine or champagne from the bottles to the dispensers. Excerpt(s): This patent application is related to the following co-pending commonly owned patent applications: "STOPPER FOR WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS," Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 0113260-006; "NITROGEN GENERATOR FOR WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS," Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 0113260-007; and "COOLING SYSTEM FOR WINE OR CHAMPAGNE PRESERVATION AND DISPENSING APPARATUS," Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 0113260-008. The present invention relates in general to an apparatus for preserving and dispensing wine or champagne. One or more wine or champagne bottles may be stored in the apparatus for preservation and future use by a wine or champagne consumer. Millions of people throughout the world drink wine and champagne. Numerous types of wine and champagne are produced in many countries throughout the world. Most wine and

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champagne are distributed to consumers in bottles. Wine and champagne bottles are usually sealed with a cork to prevent exposure to the air and to preserve the wine or champagne. Consumers of wine or champagne may drink an entire bottle, a significant portion of a bottle or only one glass of wine or champagne. Some consumers may drink a glass of wine a day while others may only drink one glass a week. When a bottle of wine or champagne is opened, the seal formed between the bottle and the cork is broken, air enters the bottle and the quality of the wine or champagne remaining in the bottle begins to degrade due to oxidation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with wine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on wine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning wine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON WINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to wine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on wine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on wine: •

UCSD Healthy Diet for Diabetes: A Comprehensive Nutritional Guide and Cookbook Source: New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. 1990. 382 p. Contact: Available from Houghton Mifflin. 215 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10003. (212) 420-5842. PRICE: $22.95. ISBN: 039549477X. Summary: This book provides a dietary workshop for those with diabetes mellitus. The authors first discuss the basis for current dietary recommendations; then provide helpful suggestions collected from clinical experience regarding ways of incorporating needed changes into the routines of daily living. The bulk of the text consists of 225 kitchen-tested recipes that reflect a holistic approach to controlling diabetes through diet modification and substitution, weight control, and exercise. Recipes are grouped in twelve categories: sips, dips, chips, and appetizers; soups and sandwiches; salads and dressings; vegetables and side dishes; breads; grains, beans, and pasta; meatless main

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dishes; meat, poultry, and seafood; desserts; miscellaneous; snacks for kids; and celebrations and special occasions (with wine selections). Recipes each include nutritional and exchange list information per serving. •

Great Chicken Cookbook for People with Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 228 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400221. Order number 462701. Summary: This cookbook provides more than 150 great tasting, low fat chicken recipes. The first chapter covers all chicken dishes that require finishing in the oven including pies, tarts, quiches, and crepes. Deep dish pie recipes can be prepared without a crust or topping. The next chapter presents braised chicken dishes. In braising, the chicken is simmered in stock, broth, wine, or water, along with condiments, aromatic herbs, and vegetables. The following chapter covers baked chicken dishes that include various condiments and aromatic herbs. Ethnic chicken dishes are highlighted in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter features recipes that combine chicken and fruit. The next chapter is devoted to grilled and broiled chicken and is followed by a chapter covering chicken dishes that depend mainly on herbs, spices, and condiments for their appeal. Subsequent chapters present recipes for chicken with pasta, chicken livers, chicken with rice or grains, and roasted chicken. The focus of the twelfth chapter is on recipes for rolling and stuffing chicken scallops, boned legs and thighs, and various vegetables. The next chapter provides recipes for cold chicken dishes with vegetables and condiments. Final chapters offer recipes for chicken soups and stir fried dishes. Each recipe is accompanied by nutritional analyses that note the diabetes exchanges; number of calories; number of grams of fat, carbohydrates, protein, fiber, and sugar; and number of milligrams of cholesterol and sodium. The number of servings and the serving size are also provided for each recipe. The book also includes tips on healthier cooking and the secrets to making perfect sauces. The book concludes with an index of recipes listed alphabetically.

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Foods That Harm, Foods That Heal: An A-Z Guide to Safe and Healthy Eating Source: Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest. 1997. 400 p. Contact: Available from Customer Service, Reader's Digest. Pleasantville, NY 10570. (800) 846-2100. PRICE: $30.00. ISBN: 0895779129. Summary: This nutrition reference book features more than 400 photographs and illustrations with more than 400 A to Z entries on a vast range of foods and health concerns, include caffeine, cancer, diabetes, fast food, garlic, heart disease, influenza, osteoporosis, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and vegetarianism. The book is designed to provide families with information to help understand the close links between foods and wellness. Each food entry provides at-a-glance information on its nutrients (or lack of) and its benefits and drawbacks. Each ailment is accompanied by a list of foods and beverages that are considered safe, and what foods or beverages should be cut down or avoided altogether. Personalized case studies help to illustrate various topics. There are special features on eating during different life stages, from infancy to old age, as well as such issues as genetically altered foods, irradiation, pesticides, and pollution. Other topics include how to cook foods to achieve maximum nutritional benefits; which dietary supplements really work; tips on exercising, storing food, and

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reading food labels; an instructive analysis of the most popular diet regimens; and controversial foods and additives such as eggs, nitrites, bran, cheese, milk, fat, wine, and alcohol. A glossary defines unfamiliar or technical terms; there is also a listing of organizations that can provide further information and resources. Topics specifically related to digestive diseases include allergic reactions to food, anorexia nervosa, antioxidants, appetite loss, basic food groups, carbohydrates, celiac disease, childhood and adolescent nutrition, cholesterol, constipation, convenience foods, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, dieting and weight control, digestive and malabsorption disorders, diverticulitis, fats, fiber, food poisoning, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gout, hiatal hernia, indigestion and heartburn, intolerance to milk and other foods, irritable bowel syndrome, malnutrition, medicine-food interactions, minerals, obesity, organic and health foods, preparation and storage of food, restaurants and eating out, smoking and diet, sports nutrition, supplements, traveler's health, ulcers, vitamins, and worms and other parasites.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “wine” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “wine” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “wine” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Ancient Wine : The Search for the Origins of Viniculture by Patrick E. McGovern (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0691070806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691070806/icongroupinterna

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Bordeaux : A Consumer's Guide to the World's Finest Wines by Robert M. Parker (Author); ISBN: 0743229460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743229460/icongroupinterna

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Cellaring Wine: Managing Your Wine Collection.to Perfection by Jeff Cox, William Bramhall (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 1580174744; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580174744/icongroupinterna

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From Vines to Wines: The Complete Guide to Growing Grapes and Making Your Own Wine by Jeff Cox (1999); ISBN: 1580171052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580171052/icongroupinterna

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Great Wine Made Simple: Straight Talk from a Master Sommelier by Andrea Immer; ISBN: 076790477X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076790477X/icongroupinterna

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Grossman's Guide to Wines, Beers, and Spirits by Harold J. Grossman (Author) (1983); ISBN: 0684177722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684177722/icongroupinterna

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How and Why to Build a Wine Cellar 3rd Ed. by Richard M. Gold Ph.D., PhD Richard M. Gold; ISBN: 0967159806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967159806/icongroupinterna

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How To Pronounce French, German, and Italian Wine Names by Diana Bellucci (2003); ISBN: 1932253335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1932253335/icongroupinterna

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How to Taste: A Guide to Enjoying Wine by Jancis Robinson, Jan Baldwin (Photographer) (2001); ISBN: 0743216776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743216776/icongroupinterna

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Hugh Johnson's Pocket Wine Book 2004 by Hugh Johnson (Author) (2003); ISBN: 1840007311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840007311/icongroupinterna

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Icon: Art of the Wine Label by Jeffrey Caldewey, et al (2003); ISBN: 1891267302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891267302/icongroupinterna

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Italian Wines 2003 by Gambero Rosso (2003); ISBN: 1890142077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890142077/icongroupinterna

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Making Sense of Wine by Matt Kramer (2003); ISBN: 0762415797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762415797/icongroupinterna

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New Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Reference Guide to the Wines of the World (revised and updated) by Tom Stevenson; ISBN: 0789480395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789480395/icongroupinterna

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Oz Clarke's New Encyclopedia of Wine [BARGAIN PRICE] by Oz Clarke; ISBN: B0000C7C3G; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000C7C3G/icongroupinterna

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Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide 6th Edition : The Complete, Easy-to-Use Reference on Recent Vintages, Prices, and Ratings for More Than 8,000 Wines from All the Major Wine Regions by Robert M. Parker (Author), Pierre-Antoine Rovani (Author); ISBN: 0743229312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743229312/icongroupinterna

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Passions : The Wines and Travels of Thomas Jefferson by James M. Gabler, et al; ISBN: 0961352531; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961352531/icongroupinterna

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Principles and Practices of Winemaking by Roger B. Boulton, et al; ISBN: 0834212706; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834212706/icongroupinterna

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Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: Why the Greeks Matter by Thomas Cahill (2003); ISBN: 0385495536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385495536/icongroupinterna

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Successful Wine Marketing by Kirby S. Moulton (Editor), James T. Lapsley (Editor); ISBN: 083421962X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/083421962X/icongroupinterna

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The All American Cheese and Wine Book by Laura Werlin (Author), Andy Ryan (Photographer); ISBN: 1584791241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1584791241/icongroupinterna

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The Cakebread Cellars Napa Valley Cookbook: Wine and Recipes to Celebrate Every Season's Harvest by Jack Cakebread, et al (2003); ISBN: 1580085083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580085083/icongroupinterna

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The Last of the Wine by Mary Renault (2001); ISBN: 0375726810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375726810/icongroupinterna

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The New Wine Lover's Companion by Ron Herbst (Author), Sharon Tyler Herbst (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0764120034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764120034/icongroupinterna

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The Oxford Companion to Wine by Jancis Robinson (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 019866236X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019866236X/icongroupinterna

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The Sommelier's Guide to Wine: A Primer for Selecting, Serving & Savoring Wine by Brian H. Smith (2003); ISBN: 1579123317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579123317/icongroupinterna

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The Wall Street Journal Guide to Wine: New and Improved: How to Buy, Drink, and Enjoy Wine by Dorothy J. Gaiter, John Brecher (2002); ISBN: 0767908147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767908147/icongroupinterna

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The Wine Bible by Karen MacNeil (2001); ISBN: 1563054345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563054345/icongroupinterna

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The Wine Chronicles by Greg Moore (2002); ISBN: 0762413581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762413581/icongroupinterna

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The World Atlas of Wine by Franc Hugh/Robinson Johnson (Author) (2001); ISBN: 1840003324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840003324/icongroupinterna

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Vino Italiano: The Regional Wines of Italy by Joseph Bastianich, David Lynch (2002); ISBN: 0609608487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0609608487/icongroupinterna

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Volume 1, The Handbook of Enology: Microbiology of Wine by Pascal RibereauGayon (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0471973629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471973629/icongroupinterna

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Wine Analysis & Production by Bruce W. Zoecklein, et al (1995); ISBN: 0834217015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834217015/icongroupinterna

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Wine and War: The French, the Nazis, and the Battle for France's Greatest Treasure by Donald Kladstrup, et al (2002); ISBN: 0767904486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767904486/icongroupinterna

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Wine Atlas of New Zealand by Michael Cooper (2002); ISBN: 1869589211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869589211/icongroupinterna

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Wine For Dummies by Ed McCarthy (Author), et al (2003); ISBN: 0764525441; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764525441/icongroupinterna

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Wine for Women: A Guide to Buying, Pairing, and Sharing Wine by Leslie Sbrocco (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0060523328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060523328/icongroupinterna

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Wine Report 2004 by Tom Stevenson (2003); ISBN: 0789496305; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789496305/icongroupinterna

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Wine Savvy: The Simple Guide to Buying and Enjoying Wine Anytime, Anywhere by Heidi Yorkshire (1996); ISBN: 1883970164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883970164/icongroupinterna

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Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace by Richard P. Vine (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0306472724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306472724/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

A book of wines, by William Turner, together with a modern English version of the text by the editors and a general introduction by Sanford V. Larkey and an oenological note by Philip M. Wagner. Author: Turner, William,; Year: 1899; New York, Scholars' Facsimiles; Reprints, 1941

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A history of wine as therapy. Author: Lucia, Salvatore Pablo,; Year: 1967; Philadelphia, Lippincott [c1963]

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A treatise on adulterations of food, and culinary poisons. Exhibiting the fraudulent sophistications of bread, beer, wine, spiritous liquors, tea, coffee, cream, confectionery, vinegar, mustard, pepper, cheese, olive oil, pickles, and other articles employed in domestic economy. And methods of detecting them. Author: Accum, Friedrich Christian,; Year: 1969; Philadelphia, Ab'm Small, 1820

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Bacchic medicine: wine and alcohol therapies from Napoleon to the French Paradox Author: Paul, Harry W.; Year: 1952; Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, 2001; ISBN: 9042011211 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9042011211/icongroupinterna

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Beer and wine advertising: impact of electronic media: hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session on H.R. 2526. and H.R. 1901. May 21, 1985. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance.; Year: 1953; Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985

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Cautions to the heads of families, in three essays: I. On cyder-wine, prepared in copper vessels. II. On the poison of lead. III. On the poison of copper. Author: Fothergill, A. (Anthony),; Year: 1970; Bath, Printed by R. Cruttwell, and sold by C. Dilly, London; [etc., etc.] 1790

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Four books. concerning the secrets of adepts; or, Of the use of Lully's spirit of wine. Collected out of the ancient as well as modern fathers of adept philosophy. Author: Weidenfeld, Johann Seger von.; Year: 1978; London, Printed by Will. Bonny, for Tho. Howkins, 1685

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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How to wine your way to good health. Author: Baus, Herbert M.; Year: 1967; New York, Mason; Lipscomb [c1973]; ISBN: 0884050068 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884050068/icongroupinterna

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Oinos krithinos. A dissertation concerning the origin and antiquity of barley wine. Author: Buckler, Benjamin,; Year: 1969; Oxford, James Fletcher [etc.] 1750

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On the acidity, sweetness, and strength of different wines. Author: Jones, Henry Bence,; Year: 1967; London, 1854

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On the uses of alcoholic liquors in general, and of the wine of St. Raphaël in particular, in temperate and cold countries. Translated from the French. Author: Bouchardat, A. (Apollinaire),; Year: 1948; London: Baillière, Tindall; Cox, 1877

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Phenolic substances in grapes and wine, and their significance [by] Vernon L. Singleton [and] Paul Esau. Author: Singleton, Vernon L.; Year: 1968; New York, Academic Press, 1969

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Plants unsafe for winemaking. Author: Belt, T. Edwin.; Year: 1965; [Andover, Eng., Amateur Winemaker, c1972]; ISBN: 0900841311 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900841311/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of wine, health & society: a symposium, November 13-14, 1981, San Francisco, California Author: University of California, San Francisco.; Year: 1963; [S.l.: s.n., 1982?]

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Speedy help for rich and poor; or, Certain physicall discourses touching the vertue of whey. Of cold water. Of wine-vinegar. Written in Latine. Author: Heyden, Hermann van der,; Year: 1975; London, Printed by James Young, for O. P. and sold by John Saywell, 1653

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The art of invigorating and prolonging life, by food, clothes, air, exercise, wine, sleep, &c. and Peptic precepts, pointing out agreeable and effectual methods to prevent and relieve indigestion, and to regulate and strengthen the action of the stomach and bowels. To which is added The pleasure of making a will. By the author of "The cook's oracle," &c. &c. From the 3d London ed. Author: Kitchiner, William,; Year: 1972; Lexington, Ky., W. W. Worsley, 1823

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The French paradox and beyond: living longer with wine and the Mediterranean lifestyle Author: Perdue, Lewis.; Year: 1720; Sonoma, Calif.: Renaissance Pub., c1992; ISBN: 0962527114 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962527114/icongroupinterna

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The tree of humane life; or, The bloud of the grape. Proving the possibilitie of maintaining humane life from infancy to extreame old age without any sicknesse by the use of wine. Author: Whitaker, Tobias,; Year: 1982; London, Printed by I. D. for H. O., 1638

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To your health: two physicians explore the health benefits of wine Author: Whitten, David N.; Year: 1970; San Francisco, CA: HarperCollinsWest, c1994; ISBN: 0062585142 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062585142/icongroupinterna

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Wine & therapy selected writings, 1967-8. Author: Wine Institute (San Francisco, Calif.); Year: 1969; [San Francisco,

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Wine: a scientific exploration Author: Sandler, Merton.; Year: 1973; London; New York: Taylor; Francis, c2003; ISBN: 0415247349 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415247349/icongroupinterna

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Wine: nutritional and therapeutic benefits Author: Watkins, Tom R.; Year: 1854; Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, c1997; ISBN: 0841234973 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841234973/icongroupinterna

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Wine and health; proceedings of the first International Symposium. November 9, 1968. Edited by Salvatore Pablo Lucia. Author: Lucia, Salvatore Pablo,; Year: 1969; Menlo Park, Calif., Pacific Coast Publishers [c1969]

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Wine and the digestive system; the effects of wine and its constituents on the organs and functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Author: Lucia, Salvatore Pablo,; Year: 1970; San Francisco, Fortune House [c1970]

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Wine as food and medicine. Author: Lucia, Salvatore Pablo,; Year: 1887; New York, Blakiston [c1954]

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Wine in context: nutrition, physiology, policy: proceedings of the Symposium on Wine & Health 1996, 24 & 25 June 1996. Reno, Nevada Author: Waterhouse, Andrew Leo.; Year: 1944; [Davis, Calif.]: American Society for Enology and Viticulture, 1996; ISBN: 0963071130 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963071130/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Wine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to wine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and wine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on wine: •

Fruits Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 121-163. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Fruits are packed with vitamins and minerals, they may satisfy one's sweet tooth, and many fruits make great portable snacks or put the finishing touch on a meal. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 2 to 4 servings of fruit each day. This chapter on fruits is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating fruits, tips for portion control, fruit juices, fruits as sources of vitamin A and vitamin C, common questions about fruits and nutrition, fanciful fruits (figs, pomegranates, papayas, pineapples), berries, and citrus. Numerous recipes are then provided: blueberries with almond cream, blueberry lemon muffins, strawberry-peach soup, strawberry raspberry almond shake, orange and fennel salad, grapefruit combo salad, lime guacamole with mango, pan-seared pork with mango salsa, mango chicken salad, cool melon soup, orange and kiwi salad, minted kiwi salad, apple sandwiches, red cherry frozen yogurt sundae, red grape and turkey salad, pears baked with white wine, and island sundaes.

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The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and two special focus sections on fiber and on fats. •

Potential Role of Cigarette Smoke-Derived Aryl Hydrocarbons in Failed Osseointegration Source: in Zarb, G., et al., eds. Aging, Osteoporosis, and Dental Implants. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2002. p. 243-254. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $78.06 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867154071. Summary: In addition to aging, or perhaps in association with aging, cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for osteopenia (subnormally mineralized bone) in men and women. In fact, the more one smokes, the greater the risk for decreased mineral density and fracture. This chapter on the potential role of cigarette smoke in failed osseointegration (an induced healing process where alloplastic materials are maintained in bone) is from a book that contains the proceedings of a symposium on Aging, Osteoporosis and Dental Implants, held at the University of Toronto (Canada) in November 2000. The proceedings attempt to reconcile the current clinical understanding of aging, with or without osteoporosis (abnormal loss of bone density), with overall dental patient management strategies, placing particular emphasis on the induction and maintenance of the osseointegrated response (necessary for dental implants). The authors focus on the potential role of cigarette smoke-derived aryl hydrocarbons. The authors report on a study that demonstrates how environmental pollutants derived from combustion or cigarette smoking might contribute to bone loss seen in patients with periodontal diseases and osteoporosis, and also how cigarette smoking might interfere with the processes of osseointegration. The authors suggest that resveratrol (an antifungal agent found naturally in red wine) might be used to prevent some of these effects. 7 figures. 1 table. 107 references.

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20 Recipes You Cannot Live Without Source: in Magee, E. Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press, Inc. 2000. p. 70-96. Contact: Available from Career Press, Inc. 3 Tice Road, P.O. Box 687, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417. (800) 227-3371. Website: www.careerpress.com or www.newpagebooks.com. PRICE: $10.99 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter is from a book that offers eating and nutrition guidelines for people who have been diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). People with IBS have bowels that tend to overreact in certain situations. Whatever affects the bowels of the population at large, such as diet, hormones, or stress, affects those of people with IBS even more, resulting in the symptoms of the disorder. This chapter offers twenty recipes that can be incorporated into a dietary strategy to manage IBS. The recipes are for: raisin bran muffins, blueberry oat bran streusel muffins, pumpkin pecan wheat bread, snickerdoodle wheat toast, wheat focaccia with tomato and cheese, hero sandwiches with reduced fat Russian dressing, reduced fat burger and fries, spinach ricotta manicotti with alfredo sauce, chicken parmigiana, country pot roast, crock pot spaghetti, mini meatloaf au gratin, quick and mild (no boil) lasagna, classic oatmeal raisin cookies, black-bottom cupcakes or muffins, microwave lemon rice, microwave orange tapioca pudding, turkey teriyaki burger, crock pot chicken breasts, and microwaved salmon in

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wine sauce. Each recipe includes serving suggestions and nutritional information including calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat (and saturated fat), cholesterol, fiber, sodium, and calories from fat. •

Everything You Ever Wanted to Ask Your Dietitian Source: in Magee, E. Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Diabetes. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press, Inc. 1999. p. 27-42. Contact: Available from Career Press, Inc. 3 Tice Road, P.O. Box 687, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417. (800) 227-3371. Website: www.careerpress.com or www.newpagebooks.com. PRICE: $10.99 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter on working with a dietitian is from a book that offers eating and nutrition guidelines for people who have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The author focuses on type 2 diabetes, noting that diabetes can manifest differently in different patients and sometimes even changing throughout its course within one person. The author encourages readers to learn as much as they can about their disease and to utilize nutrition as an adjunct therapy and a vital component of their diabetes care. The chapter answers common questions that newly diagnosed patients may have about food, the recommended diet, and diabetes. The author emphasizes the all foods (including sugar), with smaller serving sizes, can be worked into a particular eating plan. Specific strategies for eating sugary foods include: pay attention to portion sizes of sugary foods, try to enjoy a dessert or high sugar treat as part of a meal, substitute the sugar containing food for another carbohydrate containing food in the personal diabetes meal plan, and monitor blood glucose levels routinely to be aware of any negative effects from the sugary food. Other topics covered include the need to count and measure foods, the role of vegetarianism, incorporating more plant foods into the diet, the use of soluble fiber to help with blood glucose (sugar) control, carbohydrates, dietary fats (the good and the bad), coping with flatulence (gas) from eating beans and legumes, cholesterol levels, definitions of fat related ingredient and medical terms, specific foods and resulting blood glucose levels, and drinking wine with meals.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON WINE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on wine. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on wine is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “wine” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on wine: •

Diabetes and Alcohol Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Health Video, Inc. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus shipping and handling. Order number 304. Summary: This videotape provides people who have diabetes with information on the impact of alcohol consumption on diabetes management. Important information for patients includes what constitutes a drink of hard liquor, wine, and beer and how alcohol and diabetes interact. Alcohol can cause hypoglycemia, intensify insulin action, cause sleep disturbances, make weight management more difficult, use up vitamins and minerals or interfere with their absorption, kill liver cells, increase the symptoms of neuropathy, contribute to high blood pressure, and reduce the ability to think clearly. In addition, when consumed during pregnancy, alcohol can pose a danger to the fetus.

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Bibliography: Multimedia on Wine The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in wine (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on wine: •

Wine, women & wellness [videorecording] Source: presented by Partners Against Substance Abuse; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; [United States?]: Partners Against Substance Abuse, c1985

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover wine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on wine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to wine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “wine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for wine: •

Red wine could be good for your lungs, doctors say Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 28, 2003

•

Red wine good for smokers, scientists find Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 01, 2003

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•

Study: Red wine molecule shown to extend life Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 25, 2003

•

Red wine prescribed to British cardiac patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 07, 2003

•

Red wine can cause dose dumping of extended-release felodipine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 2003

•

Don't take blood pressure drug with red wine: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 24, 2003

•

Wine tasting takes brains, Italian study finds Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 27, 2003

•

Intake of beer and spirits ups risk of rectal cancer; wine mitigates effect Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 26, 2003

•

Red wine increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 17, 2003

•

French red wines show blood-vessel benefits Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 14, 2003

•

Analyst report compares stocks to wines Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 24, 2002

•

Italy's 'wine for life' campaign targets AIDS Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 10, 2002

•

Wine consumption does not decrease cirrhosis risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 06, 2002

•

Study confirms wine can cause cirrhosis, too Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 06, 2002

•

Red wine component to be studied against cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 05, 2002

•

Red wine component to be studied as cancer prophylaxis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 04, 2002

•

Smell memory separates wine tasters from the rest Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2002

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•

Food scientist developing wine-based disinfectant Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 25, 2002

•

Excess more common in beer than wine drinkers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2002

•

Beer, wine may influence dementia risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 14, 2002

•

Wine consumption associated with lower risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in men Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 17, 2002

•

Wine drinking linked to lower lymphoma risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 16, 2002

•

Moderate wine consumption following AMI lowers risk of complications Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 02, 2002

•

Red wine may cut heart disease risk in obese: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 30, 2002

•

Wine drinkers' lifestyles may explain better health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 25, 2002

•

Red wine may keep prostate cancer cells in check Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 09, 2002

•

Polyphenols in red wine induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 09, 2002

•

Light-to-moderate wine consumption linked with reduced vascular risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 21, 2002

•

Wine may be protective against the common cold Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 13, 2002

•

Wine drinkers less likely to get common cold: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2002

•

Study suggests why red wine does a heart good Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 19, 2001

•

Red wine inhibits synthesis of endothelin-1 for cardioprotective effect Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 19, 2001

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•

Sulfites may have a limited role in wine-induced asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 26, 2001

•

Wine drinkers are happy, healthy, wealthy, wise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 13, 2001

•

Psychosocial confounding factors may explain benefits of wine consumption Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 13, 2001

•

New white wine may have health benefits of red Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 07, 2001

•

Wine with meals seems to increase food intake Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 31, 2001

•

Experts downplay heart benefits of wine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 22, 2001

•

AHA questions benefit of wine in reducing CHD risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 22, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “wine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to wine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “wine” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on wine: •

Cranberry Connection Source: Quality Care. 18(3): 4. Summer 2000. Contact: Available from National Association for Continence. P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) 252-3337 or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. Summary: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a serious health problem that affects nearly 7 million women a year. Often UTIs are recurrent, requiring patients to take daily doses of antibiotics to prevent infections. Prolonged antibiotic use has resulted in bacterial resistance problems and has left researchers searching for alternative therapies. This brief article reviews the connection between cranberry juice and the maintenance of urinary tract health. There is mounting scientific evidence to suggest that cranberries do help ward off UTIs. Research has shown that compounds called tannins can prevent Escherichia coli, the primary cause of UTIs, from attaching to the walls of the urinary tract, therefore preventing their multiplying and causing infection. Tannin has been extracted from cranberries. A 10 ounce glass of cranberry juice or two 400 milligram capsules of cranberry powder supplement each day can result in the beneficial effect of these tannins (research studies showed a reduction of nearly 50 percent in urinary tract bacteria in elderly women who followed this regimen). The author cautions that

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cranberry juice products must be labelled as at least 25 percent cranberry; juices are often diluted or sweetened with white grape juice and other juices. Juice blends such as cranberry apple can also be low in cranberry. Blueberries (1 cup of fresh or frozen per day) can be eaten as an alternative to cranberries. Blueberries are closely related to cranberries and contain the same tannins. Other foods such as grapes and wine have a different type of tannin and are not effective against UTIs.

Academic Periodicals covering Wine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to wine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering wine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for wine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with wine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following

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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to wine: Rabies Immune Globulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BayRab; Hyperab; Imogam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202718.html

Rabies Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202719.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5265 175 60 13 2 5515

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “wine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on wine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to wine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to wine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “wine”:

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•

Other guides Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Alcoholism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholism.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on wine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

NCI FACT SHEET: Red Wine and Cancer Prevention Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Cancer Institute discusses red wine and its possible use in the prevention of cancer. In a question-and-answer format, it provides information on polyphenols, antioxidant compounds found in the skin and seeds of grapes, and the mechanisms by which they may inhibit the progression of cancer. The fact sheet also focuses on the laboratory evidence of resveratrol, a type of polyphenol, in preventing cancer. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to wine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals

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and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to wine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with wine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about wine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.

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To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “wine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “wine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “wine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “wine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

237

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

242 Wine

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

243

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on wine: •

Basic Guidelines for Wine Wine and health Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001963.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Wine High blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003082.htm

•

Nutrition for Wine Alcohol and diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002446.htm

•

Background Topics for Wine Alcohol consumption Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm

244 Wine

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

245

WINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine

246 Wine

derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or

Dictionary 247

manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH]

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Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ambulances: A vehicle equipped for transporting patients in need of emergency care. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of

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hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia: Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Anthralin: An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the

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lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects

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(orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autolysis: The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,

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multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzoates: Salts and esters of benzoic acid that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations including oral preparations, cosmetics, and food. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile

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acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biomedical Engineering: Application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Birthmark: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH]

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Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH]

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Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cavernous Hemangioma: Proptosis, oedema of the conjunctiva and eyelid, together with

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paralysis of the oculomotor cranial nerves. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

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[NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chorioallantoic membrane: The membrane in hen's eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the egg shell. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]

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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active

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enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Color Perception: The visual awareness of any particular hue or achromatic color. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving

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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

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Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus. It may be used in the treatment of resistant tuberculosis as part of a multi-drug regimen. It has also been used

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in urinary tract infections. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Death Certificates: Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat,

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and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demulcent: Soothing; bland; allaying the irritation of inflamed or abraded surfaces. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action

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that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic pressure: The lowest pressure to which blood pressure falls between contractions of the ventricles. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH]

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Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended

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effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Eczematous reaction: Any effect produced by a stimulus; in mecanics, a force set up by and opposing an acting force; in chemistry, the interaction between chemical compounds producing other chemical compounds. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat

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or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous Retroviruses: Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (Proviruses) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental

Pollutants:

Substances

which

pollute

the

environment.

Use

for

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environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach.

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[NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron

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with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization: Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations. [NIH]

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Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Food and Beverages: Edible or potable substances. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Galactans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic

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(drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a

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microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Harmony: Attribute of a product which gives rise to an overall pleasant sensation. This sensation is produced by the perception of the product components as olfactory, gustatory, tactile and kinaesthetic stimuli because they are present in suitable concentration ratios. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH]

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Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Rights: The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydra: A genus of freshwater cnidarians, of interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals. [NIH]

Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside

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hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypervascular: Having a large number of blood vessels. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypopigmentation: A condition caused by a deficiency in melanin formation or a loss of pre-existing melanin or melanocytes. It can be complete or partial and may result from trauma, inflammation, and certain infections. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]

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Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

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Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Jellyfish: Free swimming marine cnidarians. Most of the large jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa; the small jellyfish are in the class Hydrozoa (hydra). [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide

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backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Lamella: A layer of the iris containing the fibrils of the dilator pupillae muscle, exclusive of their cell bodies, located between the anterior pigment layer of Fuchs and the stroma. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Leisure Activities: Voluntary use of free time for activities outside the daily routine. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense

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(pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]

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Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnifier: A binocular magnifying instrument, usually consisting of simple convex lenses supported before the eyes by an attachment to a spectacle frame or by a headband. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Malignant Hyperthermia: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Potentials: Ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltagedependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]

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Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH]

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Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other

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forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and

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injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurasthenia: A mental disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and concomitant physiologic symptoms. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH]

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Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women

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during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.

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[EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Perioperative Care: Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic

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nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Pheromones: Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for

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the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of

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fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH]

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Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Period: The period following a surgical operation. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postprandial Blood Glucose: Blood taken 1-2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH]

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Privatization: Process of shifting publicly controlled services and/or facilities to the private sector. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to

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ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU]

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Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from

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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiometry: The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by scintillation counting. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of

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treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and

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treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]

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Schizosaccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales, comprising the fission yeasts. [NIH]

Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH]

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Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicic: A mixture of gelatinous substances obtained by treating silicates with acids. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH]

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Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]

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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. [NIH]

Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a

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smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supratentorial: Located in the upper part of the brain. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic pressure: The highest pressure to which blood pressure rises with the contraction of the ventricles. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or

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mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen

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plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other

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mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax

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and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor

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aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-Ray Film: A film base coated with an emulsion designed for use with X-rays. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yugoslavia: Created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. Yugoslavia

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became the official name in 1929. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia formed independent countries and split from Yugoslavia 7 April 1992. Macedonia, one of the Yugoslav republics, became an independent country 8 February 1994 as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

317

INDEX A Abdominal, 8, 245, 266, 274, 282, 294, 296 Abdominal Pain, 8, 245, 274, 282 Ablate, 245, 268 Ablation, 56, 245 Acceptor, 245, 284, 293 ACE, 245 Acetaldehyde, 14, 106, 159, 245 Acetylcholine, 245, 259, 291 Acne, 245, 304 Acrylonitrile, 245, 305 Acute myeloid leukemia, 245, 300 Acyl, 245, 270 Adaptability, 245, 258 Adaptation, 245, 298 Adenine, 106, 245, 302 Adenocarcinoma, 245, 277 Adenosine, 245, 256, 296 Adhesives, 187, 245, 246 Adjustment, 139, 245, 246 Adolescent Nutrition, 207, 246 Adrenal Cortex, 246, 247, 263, 300 Adrenal Medulla, 246, 270 Adrenergic, 246, 250, 267, 270, 310, 313 Adsorption, 164, 246 Adsorptive, 38, 246 Adverse Effect, 246, 307 Aerobic, 246, 288 Aeroembolism, 246, 253 Aerosol, 246, 310 Afferent, 246, 263, 293 Affinity, 246, 247, 308 Agar, 246, 297 Age of Onset, 246, 256, 313 Ageing, 42, 67, 247 Agenesis, 45, 247 Agonist, 26, 116, 247, 267 Airway, 10, 247, 315 Akathisia, 247, 250 Albumin, 106, 247, 297 Aldosterone, 51, 247 Alertness, 247, 256 Alginates, 146, 247 Algorithms, 15, 247, 254 Alkaline, 247, 256 Allergens, 8, 51, 247 Allograft, 16, 247 Alpha Particles, 247, 302

Alternative medicine, 220, 247 Alum, 247, 260 Aluminum, 9, 247, 248, 253 Ambulances, 148, 248 Amenorrhea, 248, 249 Amine, 248, 277 Amino Acid Sequence, 248, 249, 274 Amino Acids, 248, 254, 274, 295, 298, 301, 305, 307, 310, 312 Amphetamine, 248, 254 Amplification, 248 Amylase, 191, 248 Anabolic, 194, 248, 266 Anaesthesia, 56, 63, 248, 280 Anal, 81, 84, 88, 91, 248, 272, 284 Analog, 248, 273 Analogous, 248, 298, 312 Anaphylactic, 8, 248 Anaphylaxis, 30, 248 Anatomical, 248, 269, 280, 284, 306 Androgens, 17, 246, 248, 251 Anemia, 124, 248, 256, 273 Anesthesia, 45, 54, 247, 249, 286 Anesthetics, 249, 270 Angiogenesis, 119, 249 Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia, 249 Angioma, 249 Animal model, 249 Anions, 247, 249, 282, 310 Anisotropy, 249, 272 Ankle, 249, 314 Anorexia, 207, 249, 274 Anorexia Nervosa, 207, 249 Antagonism, 249, 256 Antecedent, 249 Anthralin, 249 Antibacterial, 30, 144, 176, 249, 253, 308 Antibiotic, 221, 249, 263, 308 Antibodies, 30, 51, 249, 250, 280, 297 Antibody, 21, 246, 250, 261, 272, 279, 280, 282, 288, 303, 308, 315 Anticarcinogenic, 101, 250 Anticoagulant, 56, 250, 300, 315 Antidiuretic, 4, 250 Antiemetic, 250 Antifungal, 163, 213, 250, 253

318 Wine

Antigen, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 261, 272, 279, 280 Anti-infective, 250, 278, 307 Anti-inflammatory, 9, 23, 201, 249, 250, 252, 274, 299 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 250, 252 Antimetabolite, 250, 273 Antimicrobial, 144, 175, 250, 265 Antineoplastic, 250, 273 Antioxidant, 7, 15, 23, 29, 35, 41, 64, 66, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 120, 144, 150, 176, 234, 250, 273, 294, 310 Antipsychotic, 250, 291 Antiseptic, 251, 257 Antithrombotic, 73, 80, 87, 251 Anus, 248, 251, 255, 272, 303 Aorta, 43, 110, 251, 314 Aperture, 157, 158, 185, 251, 302 Apolipoproteins, 251, 284 Apoptosis, 19, 21, 67, 84, 91, 117, 219, 251 Aptitude, 150, 251 Aqueous, 162, 191, 251, 253, 264, 269, 278, 283, 284 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 251, 284 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 251, 284 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 251, 284 Arginine, 25, 251, 291 Argon, 46, 48, 50, 62, 251 Aromatase, 17, 102, 119, 251 Aromatic, 206, 251, 254, 262, 308, 309 Arterial, 150, 252, 258, 259, 279, 301, 310 Arteries, 43, 102, 150, 251, 252, 255, 263, 285, 287, 289 Arteriolar, 252, 255, 271 Arterioles, 252, 255, 256, 287 Arteriovenous, 48, 61, 252, 287 Arthropathy, 8, 252 Ascites, 8, 252, 292 Aspirin, 63, 115, 252 Assay, 22, 38, 83, 90, 111, 252, 272 Astringent, 252, 257 Asymptomatic, 8, 252 Ataxia, 252, 278 Atopic, 51, 252 Atrial, 252, 315 Atrial Fibrillation, 252, 315 Atrophy, 8, 252 Attenuation, 12, 252 Atypical, 252 Auditory, 23, 252, 313

Autolysis, 109, 252 Autonomic, 245, 250, 252, 263, 295 Axillary, 252, 255 Axillary Artery, 252, 255 Axons, 252, 281, 292 Azoxymethane, 107, 252 B Bactericidal, 253, 271 Bacteriophage, 253, 297, 312 Bacterium, 26, 253, 262 Basal cell carcinoma, 15, 61, 253 Basal cells, 253 Basal Ganglia, 250, 252, 253, 256, 259 Base, 168, 169, 172, 200, 245, 253, 265, 274, 282, 311, 315 Basement Membrane, 52, 253, 271, 283 Bends, 198, 253 Benign, 249, 253, 254, 256, 276, 290, 291, 303, 315 Bentonite, 183, 253 Benzoates, 110, 253 Benzoic Acid, 253 Beta-glucans, 253, 258 Bilateral, 253 Bile, 6, 253, 254, 273, 274, 278, 282, 284, 309 Bile Acids, 253, 274, 309 Bile Acids and Salts, 253 Bile Pigments, 254, 282 Bilirubin, 247, 254, 279 Bioavailability, 12, 19, 20, 22, 59, 66, 114, 254 Bioavailable, 68, 254 Biochemical, 13, 22, 105, 107, 116, 139, 250, 254, 307 Biogenic Amines, 114, 140, 254 Biological therapy, 254, 276 Biological Transport, 254, 266 Bioluminescence, 178, 254 Biomedical Engineering, 254 Biopsy, 8, 254 Biosynthesis, 17, 254, 307 Biotechnology, 24, 27, 30, 34, 35, 75, 77, 105, 163, 210, 220, 229, 254 Biotransformation, 22, 254 Birthmark, 254 Bladder, 254, 280, 289, 300, 304, 313 Bloating, 255, 280, 282 Blood Coagulation, 28, 255, 256, 311 Blood Glucose, 3, 214, 255, 277, 281 Blood Platelets, 73, 255, 307 Blood pressure, 65, 70, 150, 215, 218, 243, 255, 257, 259, 266, 271, 279, 288, 308, 310

Index 319

Body Burden, 255, 283 Body Fluids, 255, 268, 308 Body Image, 255 Body Mass Index, 5, 255, 293 Bone Density, 213, 255 Bone Marrow, 245, 255, 264, 285, 300, 308, 309 Bowel, 248, 255, 266, 281, 296, 309 Bowel Movement, 255, 266, 309 Brachial, 40, 255, 286 Brachial Artery, 40, 255 Brachial Plexus, 255, 286 Brachytherapy, 255, 281, 282, 303, 315 Bradykinin, 255, 291, 297 Brain Neoplasms, 256, 278 Brain Stem, 256, 258 Branch, 241, 256, 285, 294, 302, 308, 310, 311 Breakdown, 256, 266, 274, 296 Bronchi, 256, 270, 312 Bronchial, 256, 277 Burns, 15, 29, 80, 86, 256 Burns, Electric, 256 C Cadmium, 52, 256 Cadmium Poisoning, 256 Caffeine, 4, 206, 256, 302 Calcium, 4, 256, 259, 261, 271, 289, 293, 300 Calcium Oxalate, 256, 293 Calculi, 256, 275 Capillary, 34, 58, 60, 80, 85, 87, 92, 102, 104, 117, 118, 255, 256, 257, 305, 314 Capillary Fragility, 256, 257, 305 Capsules, 221, 256, 274 Carbohydrate, 14, 34, 194, 212, 214, 257, 275, 298 Carbon Dioxide, 50, 153, 159, 189, 257, 264, 272, 297, 304 Carboxy, 166, 257 Carcinogen, 252, 257, 289 Carcinogenesis, 21, 47, 85, 92, 107, 257, 259 Carcinogenic, 21, 257, 281, 300, 309, 313 Carcinoma, 69, 107, 119, 257 Cardiac, 8, 19, 44, 108, 218, 252, 256, 257, 268, 270, 290, 309 Cardiac arrest, 108, 257 Cardiology, 14, 40, 41, 68, 82, 89, 109, 257 Cardiovascular disease, 12, 19, 27, 29, 61, 70, 76, 257 Cardiovascular System, 43, 82, 257

Carotene, 7, 257 Carrier Proteins, 257, 297 Case report, 257 Catechin, 15, 20, 33, 74, 104, 162, 257 Catechol, 191, 257 Caudal, 257, 279, 299 Causal, 76, 257 Cause of Death, 150, 257, 264 Caustic, 257, 307 Cavernous Hemangioma, 257 Celiac Disease, 5, 207, 258 Cell Cycle, 17, 21, 258, 263, 301 Cell Death, 17, 23, 251, 258, 290 Cell Division, 253, 258, 276, 288, 297 Cell membrane, 254, 257, 258, 296 Cell proliferation, 109, 258, 292 Cell Respiration, 258, 288, 304 Cell Survival, 258, 276 Cellobiose, 258 Cellular Structures, 23, 258 Cellulase, 191, 258 Cellulose, 166, 258, 297 Central Nervous System, 58, 245, 246, 248, 256, 258, 260, 275, 276, 278, 289, 292, 307 Central Nervous System Infections, 258, 276, 278 Cerebellar, 45, 252, 258 Cerebellum, 61, 256, 258 Cerebral, 28, 35, 54, 72, 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 265, 270, 278, 308 Cerebral Infarction, 258, 278 Cerebrospinal, 259, 278 Cerebrospinal fluid, 259, 278 Cerebrovascular, 35, 72, 257, 259 Cerebrum, 258, 259 Cervical, 58, 255, 259, 286 Cervix, 259 Character, 172, 259, 265, 275 Checkup, 65, 259 Chemoprevention, 17, 259 Chemopreventive, 17, 113, 116, 259 Chemoreceptor, 250, 259 Chlorophyll, 46, 259 Cholesterol, 31, 74, 97, 124, 150, 206, 207, 214, 253, 259, 260, 263, 279, 284, 285, 305, 309 Cholesterol Esters, 259, 284 Cholinergic, 250, 259 Chorea, 250, 259 Chorioallantoic membrane, 259 Chromatin, 251, 259, 270 Chromosomal, 24, 248, 259, 297

320 Wine

Chromosome, 259, 262, 276, 284 Chronic, 4, 8, 19, 52, 112, 260, 280, 283, 290, 301, 309, 315 Chronic Disease, 4, 260 Chylomicrons, 260, 284 Circulatory system, 150, 260 CIS, 15, 20, 110, 113, 117, 260 Citrus, 212, 260 Clamp, 195, 260 Clear cell carcinoma, 260, 265 Clinical Medicine, 260, 299 Clinical trial, 10, 229, 260, 262, 264, 295, 301, 303 Cloning, 254, 260 Clot Retraction, 260, 297 Coagulation, 41, 43, 50, 255, 260, 276, 283, 297, 311, 315 Coca, 33, 65, 260 Cocaine, 260 Cochlea, 260, 281 Coenzyme, 260, 272 Cofactor, 261, 301, 311 Colitis, 261, 282 Collagen, 114, 246, 253, 257, 261, 272, 274, 298, 300 Colloidal, 247, 253, 261, 268, 310 Color Perception, 261 Complement, 261, 297 Complementary and alternative medicine, 101, 137, 261 Complementary medicine, 101, 261 Computational Biology, 229, 261 Concentric, 149, 262 Conception, 262, 272 Concomitant, 20, 159, 262, 290 Condiments, 170, 199, 206, 262 Confounding, 220, 262 Congestion, 8, 251, 262, 270 Conjugated, 253, 262, 264 Conjugation, 22, 254, 262 Conjunctiva, 257, 262, 281 Connective Tissue, 255, 261, 262, 272, 274, 285, 305, 309 Consciousness, 262, 265 Constipation, 207, 251, 262, 282 Constriction, 262, 282, 314, 315 Contact dermatitis, 112, 262 Contamination, 56, 160, 196, 262, 296 Contraindications, ii, 262 Contrast Sensitivity, 262, 293 Controlled study, 3, 262 Coordination, 258, 263, 289

Corneum, 263, 270 Coronary, 9, 12, 19, 29, 36, 42, 43, 82, 88, 102, 110, 120, 121, 257, 263, 287, 289 Coronary Angiography, 110, 263 Coronary heart disease, 9, 12, 29, 42, 82, 88, 120, 121, 257, 263 Coronary Thrombosis, 263, 287, 289 Corpus, 263, 300 Corpus Luteum, 263, 300 Cortex, 149, 252, 263 Cortical, 263, 306 Corticosteroids, 263, 274, 299 Cortisol, 4, 247, 263 Cortisone, 263, 299 Cranial, 258, 263, 276, 282, 290, 292, 296, 313 Cranial Nerves, 258, 263 Craniocerebral Trauma, 263, 276, 278 Cryotherapy, 15, 263 Cultured cells, 19, 263 Curative, 263, 311 Cutaneous, 48, 57, 249, 262, 263 Cyclic, 256, 263, 276, 291 Cyclin, 69, 263 Cycloserine, 263 Cyclosporine, 14, 114, 264 Cysteine, 264, 310 Cytochrome, 32, 59, 117, 251, 264, 294 Cytokine, 42, 81, 88, 107, 264 Cytomegalovirus, 17, 264 Cytoplasm, 251, 258, 264, 270, 305 Cytotoxic, 106, 264, 303 Cytotoxicity, 105, 264 D Dairy Products, 158, 163, 264, 305 Data Collection, 9, 264, 273 Databases, Bibliographic, 229, 264 Death Certificates, 46, 264 Decarboxylation, 191, 254, 264, 277 Decubitus, 264, 307 Decubitus Ulcer, 264, 307 Degenerative, 9, 265, 285, 289 Deletion, 15, 251, 265 Delirium, 250, 265 Delusions, 265, 301 Dementia, 9, 51, 219, 250, 265 Demulcent, 144, 176, 265 Dendrites, 265, 291 Density, 41, 120, 180, 213, 255, 265, 284, 292 Dental implant, 213, 265, 293 Dentifrices, 178, 265

Index 321

Depigmentation, 265, 314 Depressive Disorder, 265, 284 Dermal, 265 Dermatitis, 51, 265, 268 Dermatosis, 265 DES, 83, 90, 265 Detergents, 170, 199, 265, 307 Detoxification, 201, 266 Deuterium, 266, 278 Developed Countries, 44, 266 Dexterity, 153, 266 Diabetes Mellitus, 8, 124, 205, 214, 266, 275, 277 Diabetic Retinopathy, 266, 297 Diacetyl, 158, 159, 266 Diagnostic procedure, 143, 221, 266 Diaphragm, 266, 277 Diarrhea, 207, 266, 282 Diarrhoea, 39, 266, 274 Diastole, 266 Diastolic, 150, 266, 279 Diastolic pressure, 150, 266, 279 Dietary Fats, 214, 266 Dietitian, 214, 266 Diffusion, 61, 254, 266 Digestion, 6, 31, 253, 254, 255, 266, 268, 280, 281, 284, 295, 309, 313 Digestive system, 6, 212, 266 Digestive tract, 266, 307, 309 Dihydrotestosterone, 266, 303 Dihydroxy, 247, 266, 305 Dilatation, 266, 300 Dilation, 255, 267, 278 Dilator, 267, 283 Dimethyl, 162, 163, 267 Diploid, 267, 297 Direct, iii, 15, 17, 21, 106, 191, 223, 260, 267, 303 Discrimination, 32, 267 Disinfectant, 219, 267, 271 Disposition, 14, 267 Distal, 4, 267, 268, 274, 301 Diuresis, 256, 267 Diverticula, 267 Diverticulitis, 207, 267 Diverticulum, 267 Dominance, 196, 267 Dopamine, 248, 250, 260, 267 Dorsal, 267, 299 Dose-dependent, 20, 267 Dosimetry, 267 Drip, 156, 267

Drive, ii, vi, 16, 79, 156, 182, 213, 267, 283 Drug Interactions, 224, 267 Drug Tolerance, 267, 311 Duct, 167, 268, 305 Duodenum, 38, 118, 253, 268, 294, 309 Dyskinesia, 250, 268 Dyspepsia, 268, 280 Dystonia, 250, 268 E Eczema, 40, 268 Eczematous reaction, 60, 268 Edema, 262, 266, 268, 282, 289, 292 Efficacy, 7, 42, 58, 179, 268 Elasticity, 150, 268 Elastin, 261, 268 Elective, 268 Electrocoagulation, 260, 268 Electrode, 57, 268 Electrolysis, 249, 268 Electrolyte, 247, 265, 268, 299, 308 Electrons, 250, 253, 268, 282, 293, 302, 303 Electrophoresis, 80, 85, 87, 92, 102, 117, 118, 268 Electroplating, 257, 268 Ellagic Acid, 191, 268 Emboli, 268, 269, 315 Embolism, 269, 302, 315 Embolization, 269, 315 Embryo, 269, 280, 298 Emulsion, 269, 272, 315 Enamel, 52, 269, 282 Encapsulated, 178, 180, 269 Encephalopathy, 66, 269 Endocrinology, 116, 269, 276 Endogenous Retroviruses, 16, 269 Endothelial cell, 12, 13, 15, 20, 42, 69, 249, 269, 311 Endothelium, 12, 43, 51, 82, 89, 269, 291, 298 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 269 Endothelium, Vascular, 269 Endothelium-derived, 269, 291 Endotoxin, 269, 313 Energy Intake, 73, 269 Environmental Health, 34, 35, 56, 228, 230, 269 Environmental Pollutants, 213, 269 Enzymatic, 191, 254, 256, 257, 261, 270, 272, 277 Enzyme Inhibitors, 270, 297 Eosinophils, 249, 270, 283 Epidemic, 7, 270

322 Wine

Epidemiological, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 44, 74, 270 Epidermal, 21, 36, 40, 270, 283, 286, 315 Epidermis, 253, 263, 270, 278, 282, 283, 299 Epidermoid carcinoma, 270, 309 Epinephrine, 8, 246, 254, 267, 270 Epithelial, 11, 17, 21, 245, 254, 270, 283 Epithelial Cells, 11, 21, 270, 283 Epithelium, 10, 253, 269, 270, 282 Erythema, 262, 270 Erythrocytes, 115, 248, 255, 270 Escalation, 62, 270 Esophageal, 42, 65, 76, 270, 306 Esophageal Varices, 270, 306 Esophagus, 266, 270, 274, 277, 285, 296, 303, 309 Esterification, 163, 201, 270 Estrogen, 17, 26, 116, 119, 251, 270 Estrogen receptor, 17, 26, 116, 270 Ethanol, 4, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 29, 31, 41, 42, 57, 82, 88, 121, 159, 164, 191, 271 Ethnic Groups, 18, 271 Eukaryotic Cells, 271, 293 Evacuation, 172, 262, 271 Exogenous, 246, 254, 268, 271, 313 Expiration, 271, 304 Extensor, 271, 301, 314 External-beam radiation, 271, 282, 302, 315 Extracellular, 262, 271, 272, 288, 308 Extracellular Matrix, 262, 271, 272 Extraction, 103, 117, 118, 153, 156, 162, 174, 175, 191, 196, 271 Extrapyramidal, 247, 250, 267, 271 Extremity, 255, 271, 286 F Facial, 54, 56, 65, 271 Faecal, 266, 271 Family Planning, 229, 271 Fathers, 210, 271 Fatigue, 8, 271, 277, 290 Fatty acids, 110, 247, 271, 275, 284, 307 Feces, 262, 271, 309 Felodipine, 218, 271 Ferritin, 42, 82, 88, 271 Fetus, 215, 272, 280, 285, 297, 313 Fibrin, 255, 260, 272, 298, 311 Fibrinogen, 272, 297, 298, 311 Fibrinolysis, 13, 15, 19, 20, 28, 272 Fibrinolytic, 15, 19, 20, 43, 73, 272 Fibroblasts, 201, 272 Fibrosis, 8, 272, 306

Fish Products, 272, 306 Fixation, 193, 272 Flatulence, 214, 272 Flatus, 272, 274 Fluorescence, 11, 14, 25, 106, 272 Fluorescence Polarization, 14, 272 Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay, 14, 272 Fluorouracil, 273 Flush, 145, 273 Focus Groups, 23, 273 Folate, 273 Fold, 180, 273 Folic Acid, 9, 273 Folliculitis, 249, 273 Food and Beverages, 178, 273 Food Labeling, 5, 273 Forearm, 255, 273, 286 Fossa, 61, 258, 273 Fovea, 272, 273 Fractionation, 71, 273 Friction, 153, 157, 183, 273 Fumigation, 273 Fungi, 25, 250, 254, 258, 262, 273, 276, 287, 306, 315 Fungistatic, 253, 273, 308 G Galactans, 166, 273 Gallate, 21, 162, 273 Gallbladder, 245, 266, 273 Gallic Acid, 162, 191, 273 Gamma Rays, 273, 289, 302, 303 Gastric, 6, 35, 41, 54, 62, 65, 253, 274, 277, 295, 306 Gastric Acid, 41, 274 Gastrin, 31, 41, 274, 278 Gastritis, 207, 274 Gastroenteritis, 207, 274 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 38, 124, 274 Gastrointestinal, 164, 212, 255, 256, 270, 271, 272, 274, 307, 310 Gastrointestinal tract, 164, 212, 271, 272, 274, 307 Gelatin, 274, 275, 311 Gels, 178, 194, 274 Gene Expression, 13, 15, 20, 274 Generator, 152, 203, 274 Genetic Code, 274, 291 Genetics, 9, 17, 45, 58, 262, 267, 274 Genital, 260, 274, 276 Gland, 10, 246, 263, 274, 285, 294, 300, 306, 309, 311

Index 323

Glucocorticoid, 274, 299 Glucose, 3, 4, 26, 32, 71, 214, 255, 258, 266, 275, 277, 281, 299 Glucose Intolerance, 266, 275 Glucose tolerance, 71, 275 Glucose Tolerance Test, 275 Glutamate, 8, 275 Glutamic Acid, 273, 275, 300 Gluten, 258, 275 Glycerol, 25, 275, 296 Glycerophospholipids, 275, 296 Glycine, 253, 275, 307 Glycoprotein, 22, 272, 275, 283, 311, 312 Glycoside, 275, 278 Glycosidic, 258, 275, 292 Goats, 264, 275 Gout, 207, 275 Governing Board, 275, 299 Grade, 23, 160, 168, 197, 275 Graft, 276, 278, 289 Gram-negative, 276, 305 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 276, 305 Granuloma, 48, 276 Grasses, 273, 276 Groin, 276 Growth factors, 17, 276, 292 Guanylate Cyclase, 276, 291 Gynecology, 17, 59, 81, 88, 276 H Habitual, 259, 276 Haemostasis, 27, 28, 61, 110, 114, 115, 276 Hair follicles, 273, 276, 315 Halitosis, 200, 276 Hamartoma, 57, 276 Haploid, 276, 297 Harmony, 276 Headache, 38, 125, 256, 276, 278, 281 Health Status, 6, 277 Heart attack, 80, 87, 257, 277 Heart failure, 8, 277, 292 Heartburn, 207, 277, 280 Hematology, 41, 277 Heme, 254, 264, 277 Hemiparesis, 277 Hemochromatosis, 8, 49, 277 Hemodynamics, 277 Hemoglobin, 9, 14, 249, 270, 277 Hemorrhage, 263, 266, 268, 276, 277, 289, 309 Hemorrhoids, 277, 306 Hepatic, 8, 247, 265, 275, 277 Hepatocellular, 8, 49, 277

Hepatocellular carcinoma, 8, 49, 277 Hepatoma, 109, 277 Hereditary, 8, 275, 277, 289 Heredity, 274, 277 Heterozygotes, 267, 277 Hiatal Hernia, 207, 277 Histamine, 9, 49, 64, 74, 83, 89, 250, 254, 277, 278, 279 Histidine, 277, 278 Histology, 278, 285 Homeostasis, 20, 278 Homozygotes, 267, 278 Hormonal, 252, 278 Hormone, 4, 9, 247, 263, 265, 270, 274, 278, 281, 300, 311 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 9, 278 Horny layer, 270, 278 Host, 203, 253, 278, 314 Human Rights, 278 Humoral, 16, 278 Humour, 278 Hybrid, 86, 93, 278 Hydra, 278, 282 Hydrocephalus, 45, 278, 282 Hydrogen, 26, 61, 105, 245, 248, 253, 257, 266, 278, 284, 288, 291, 293, 296, 301, 310 Hydrogen Peroxide, 61, 105, 278, 284, 310 Hydrolases, 166, 278, 296 Hydrolysis, 254, 258, 279, 295, 296, 298, 301 Hydrophilic, 266, 279 Hydrophobic, 164, 266, 275, 279, 284 Hydroxylysine, 261, 279 Hydroxyproline, 261, 279 Hygienic, 83, 90, 279, 307 Hyperbilirubinemia, 279, 282 Hypercholesterolemia, 12, 124, 151, 279, 295 Hyperlipidemia, 150, 279 Hypersensitivity, 51, 247, 248, 279 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 247, 279 Hypertension, 12, 124, 257, 279, 282 Hyperuricemia, 275, 279 Hypervascular, 279 Hypoglycemia, 3, 215, 279 Hypopigmentation, 279 Hypotension, 251, 279 Hypothalamic, 72, 279 Hypothalamus, 256, 279 I Id, 93, 123, 235, 240, 242, 279 Illusion, 86, 92, 122, 279

324 Wine

Immune response, 16, 247, 250, 263, 279, 280, 310, 314 Immune system, 8, 28, 253, 254, 279, 289, 313, 315 Immune Tolerance, 16, 280 Immunity, 280, 292 Immunoglobulins, 280, 297 Immunologic, 115, 280, 303 Immunosuppressant, 273, 280 Impairment, 252, 265, 268, 280, 287, 301 Implant radiation, 280, 281, 282, 303, 315 In situ, 17, 51, 280 In vitro, 11, 16, 19, 20, 37, 52, 77, 80, 82, 86, 87, 89, 92, 106, 107, 115, 280, 311 Incision, 280, 282 Incompetence, 274, 280 Incontinence, 278, 280 Indicative, 207, 280, 294, 314 Indigestion, 207, 211, 280 Induction, 12, 16, 17, 52, 213, 248, 250, 280 Infancy, 46, 49, 206, 211, 280 Infarction, 258, 280, 304 Infection, 16, 125, 221, 254, 264, 265, 274, 280, 281, 285, 291, 309, 315 Influenza, 206, 281 Infuse, 176, 281 Infusion, 4, 177, 281, 290, 306 Ingestion, 28, 32, 38, 41, 45, 53, 59, 101, 256, 273, 275, 276, 281, 298 Inhalation, 246, 281, 298 Initiation, 18, 23, 281, 312 Inner ear, 24, 281 Innervation, 40, 255, 281, 286 Inorganic, 38, 281, 291, 310 Inotropic, 267, 271, 281 Insecticides, 281, 296 Insight, 12, 20, 21, 281 Insulin, 3, 6, 52, 71, 124, 215, 275, 281, 313 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 281 Intermittent, 281, 296 Internal Medicine, 4, 32, 44, 45, 56, 76, 85, 92, 269, 277, 281 Internal radiation, 281, 282, 303, 315 Interneurons, 281 Interstitial, 255, 281, 282, 315 Intestinal, 22, 107, 257, 258, 275, 281, 285 Intestine, 22, 254, 255, 281, 283, 296 Intoxication, 14, 265, 281, 315 Intracellular, 256, 280, 281, 291, 299 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 278, 282 Intracranial Hypertension, 276, 278, 282 Intravascular, 282

Intravenous, 22, 281, 282, 294 Intrinsic, 246, 253, 282 Invasive, 15, 21, 280, 282 Involuntary, 259, 282, 290 Ions, 253, 268, 278, 282, 286 Ipsilateral, 27, 282 Iris, 282, 283, 302 Irradiation, 206, 282, 315 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 207, 213, 282 Ischemia, 19, 107, 116, 120, 252, 264, 282, 289, 304 J Jaundice, 8, 279, 282 Jellyfish, 33, 282 Joint, 149, 156, 187, 246, 252, 282, 310 K Kb, 228, 282 Keratin, 282, 283 Keratinocytes, 201, 283 Kidney Disease, 116, 228, 283 Kidney stone, 4, 5, 283, 293, 313 Kinetic, 108, 283 L Labyrinth, 260, 281, 283, 306, 314 Lacerations, 283 Lamella, 166, 283 Laminin, 253, 283 Large Intestine, 266, 281, 283, 303, 307 Laryngeal, 283 Larynx, 283, 312, 313 Laser Surgery, 283 Laser therapy, 36, 48, 58, 283 Latent, 151, 283, 299 Lead Poisoning, 45, 47, 283 Leisure Activities, 9, 283 Lens, 171, 283, 304 Lesion, 12, 54, 57, 276, 283, 310, 313 Lethargy, 278, 283 Leukemia, 245, 283 Leukocytes, 255, 270, 283, 313 Libido, 8, 248, 283 Library Services, 240, 284 Ligament, 284, 300 Ligation, 284 Linkages, 258, 273, 277, 284 Lip, 28, 75, 145, 284 Lipid, 35, 51, 52, 69, 114, 251, 275, 281, 284, 289, 294 Lipid Peroxidation, 35, 114, 284, 294 Lipopolysaccharide, 53, 276, 284 Lipoprotein, 41, 53, 57, 118, 120, 276, 284, 285

Index 325

Lipoxygenase, 24, 251, 284 Liquor, 14, 18, 23, 31, 35, 48, 78, 145, 215, 284, 302 Lithium, 162, 250, 284 Liver cancer, 8, 284 Localized, 15, 20, 269, 272, 280, 283, 284, 292, 297, 306, 313 Locomotion, 284, 297 Longitudinal study, 5, 13, 73, 284 Loop, 169, 284 Low-density lipoprotein, 35, 53, 81, 88, 105, 109, 114, 118, 284, 285 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 38, 274, 285 Luciferase, 13, 285 Lymph, 252, 259, 260, 269, 278, 285 Lymph node, 252, 259, 285 Lymphatic, 59, 60, 249, 269, 280, 285, 292, 308, 311 Lymphatic system, 285, 308, 311 Lymphoid, 250, 263, 285 Lymphoma, 77, 219, 285 M Maceration, 86, 188, 285 Macula, 273, 285 Macula Lutea, 285 Macular Degeneration, 61, 124, 285 Magnifier, 171, 285 Malabsorption, 207, 258, 285 Malformation, 58, 60, 276, 285 Malignancy, 16, 25, 47, 285 Malignant, 17, 38, 45, 245, 250, 256, 284, 285, 286, 290, 303 Malignant Hyperthermia, 38, 45, 286 Malnutrition, 207, 247, 252, 286 Mammary, 17, 21, 140, 286 Manic, 250, 284, 286, 301 Manic-depressive psychosis, 286, 301 Manifest, 14, 214, 286 Man-made, 257, 286 Meat, 7, 48, 159, 165, 206, 266, 286, 305 Meat Products, 159, 266, 286 Medial, 45, 286 Median Nerve, 57, 286 Mediate, 12, 267, 286 Medical Records, 286, 305 MEDLINE, 229, 286 Megaloblastic, 273, 286 Melanin, 265, 279, 282, 286 Melanocytes, 279, 286, 291 Melanoma, 21, 43, 286 Membrane, 24, 177, 258, 259, 261, 262, 271, 276, 283, 286, 289, 290, 293, 296, 300, 304

Membrane Potentials, 24, 286 Memory, 36, 168, 169, 218, 249, 265, 286 Meninges, 258, 263, 287 Menopause, 81, 88, 105, 111, 287, 299 Menstrual Cycle, 287, 300 Menstruation, 248, 287 Mental Disorders, 287, 301 Mental Health, iv, 9, 228, 230, 287, 302 Mesolimbic, 250, 287 Meta-Analysis, 27, 287 Metabolic disorder, 275, 287 Metabolite, 254, 267, 287 Metastasis, 107, 287 Methionine, 267, 287, 310 MI, 5, 19, 20, 31, 66, 244, 287 Microbe, 287, 312 Microbiology, 27, 121, 209, 245, 252, 287 Microcirculation, 287, 298 Micronutrients, 68, 287 Microorganism, 261, 287, 294, 315 Micro-organism, 193, 287 Microscopy, 11, 44, 253, 287 Migration, 15, 69, 287 Milligram, 221, 288 Milliliter, 255, 288 Mitochondria, 13, 20, 288, 289, 293 Mitochondrial Swelling, 288, 290 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 288 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 69, 288 Mitosis, 251, 288 Modeling, 75, 288 Modification, 16, 20, 205, 288, 302 Molecule, 218, 250, 253, 260, 261, 263, 269, 275, 279, 288, 291, 293, 294, 297, 303, 314 Monitor, 214, 288, 291 Monoclonal, 282, 288, 303, 315 Monocyte, 12, 288 Mononuclear, 12, 53, 68, 276, 288, 313 Monounsaturated fat, 6, 288 Morphological, 247, 269, 286, 288 Morphology, 277, 288 Motion Sickness, 289, 290 Movement Disorders, 250, 289 Mucins, 289, 305 Mucosa, 258, 289, 309 Multiple sclerosis, 289, 293 Muscle Fibers, 194, 289 Mustard Gas, 289 Mutagen, 55, 289 Mutagenesis, 13, 61, 62, 289

326 Wine

Mutagenic, 38, 62, 289 Mutagenicity, 38, 289 Myalgia, 281, 289 Myocardial infarction, 6, 12, 77, 263, 287, 289, 315 Myocardial Reperfusion, 289, 304 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 289, 304 Myocardium, 19, 287, 289, 290 N Naevus, 290 Narcotic, 245, 290 Nasal Mucosa, 281, 290 Nausea, 8, 250, 274, 280, 290 NCI, 1, 227, 234, 260, 290 Necrosis, 15, 251, 258, 280, 287, 289, 290, 304 Neodymium, 290 Neoplasm, 254, 276, 290, 313 Neoplastic, 285, 290, 292 Nephron, 4, 290 Nephropathy, 283, 290 Nerve, 24, 246, 249, 252, 255, 265, 281, 286, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 304, 306, 309, 313 Nervous System, 246, 248, 258, 290, 291, 295, 310, 313 Networks, 75, 290 Neural, 75, 246, 278, 290 Neurasthenia, 290 Neuritis, 290, 293 Neuroleptic, 247, 250, 291 Neurologic, 278, 291 Neuronal, 117, 291 Neurons, 111, 113, 260, 265, 281, 291 Neuropathy, 215, 291 Neurotoxic, 252, 291 Neutrons, 247, 282, 291, 302 Nevus, 45, 60, 291 Nitric Oxide, 12, 19, 41, 68, 69, 110, 111, 117, 218, 291 Nitrogen, 26, 75, 152, 203, 248, 251, 272, 291, 312 Nitrogen Compounds, 75, 291 Nuclear, 13, 68, 253, 262, 268, 271, 273, 286, 290, 291, 292 Nuclei, 247, 262, 268, 288, 291, 292, 301 Nucleic acid, 166, 274, 291, 302 Nucleotidases, 279, 291 Nucleus, 251, 252, 259, 263, 264, 266, 270, 271, 273, 288, 291, 301 O Obstetrics, 17, 59, 81, 88, 285, 291 Ocular, 65, 254, 290, 292

Oculomotor, 258, 292 Odds Ratio, 292, 304 Odour, 251, 292 Oedema, 257, 292 Ointments, 292, 307 Olfaction, 66, 292 Oligosaccharides, 166, 292 Omega-3 fatty acid, 5, 292 Oncogenes, 17, 292, 301 On-line, 64, 243, 292 Opacity, 265, 292 Ophthalmic, 58, 292 Ophthalmology, 65, 272, 292 Optic disc, 292, 293 Optic Nerve, 292, 293, 304 Optic Neuritis, 53, 293 Oral Health, 122, 293 Oral Hygiene, 276, 293 Orbital, 293 Organ Culture, 293, 311 Organelles, 264, 286, 293, 298 Organoleptic, 146, 293 Orthostatic, 251, 293 Osmotic, 247, 288, 293 Osseointegration, 213, 293 Osteoporosis, 206, 213, 293 Ovaries, 251, 293, 307 Ovary, 263, 293, 298, 309 Overweight, 5, 93, 293 Ovum, 263, 293, 300, 315, 316 Oxalate, 97, 293 Oxidation-Reduction, 254, 294 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 24, 294 Oxidative Stress, 59, 70, 294 Oxygen Consumption, 109, 294, 304 Oxygenation, 184, 185, 294 P P53 gene, 107, 294 Paediatric, 294 Palate, 192, 294 Palliative, 294, 311 Pancreas, 245, 266, 277, 281, 294 Pancreatic, 274, 294 Pancreatic Juice, 274, 294 Paralysis, 258, 277, 294, 308 Parenteral, 119, 269, 294 Parkinsonism, 250, 294 Particle, 286, 294, 312 Parturition, 292, 294 Patch, 294, 312 Pathogen, 10, 294 Pathogenesis, 20, 40, 294

Index 327

Pathologic, 251, 254, 263, 279, 294, 295, 301, 304, 314 Pathologic Processes, 251, 295 Patient Education, 234, 238, 240, 244, 295 Patient Satisfaction, 295 Patient Selection, 295 Pectins, 166, 295 Pelvic, 295, 300 Peptic, 125, 211, 295, 306 Peptic Ulcer, 125, 295, 306 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 295, 306 Peptide, 25, 33, 194, 279, 282, 295, 298, 300, 301 Peptide Hydrolases, 279, 295 Perception, 32, 75, 276, 295, 306 Perforation, 251, 295 Perfusion, 15, 295 Periodontal disease, 213, 295 Perioperative, 295 Perioperative Care, 295 Peripheral blood, 53, 68, 295 Peripheral Nervous System, 295, 310 Peristalsis, 42, 296 Peritoneal, 62, 252, 292, 296 Peritoneal Cavity, 252, 292, 296 Peritoneal Dialysis, 62, 296 Peritoneum, 296 Pesticide Residues, 34, 37, 296 Pesticides, 66, 206, 281, 296 PH, 15, 42, 120, 255, 296 Phallic, 272, 296 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 201, 258, 271, 274, 296 Pharmacokinetic, 14, 22, 296 Pharmacologic, 249, 296, 312 Pharynx, 48, 274, 281, 296, 313 Pheromones, 163, 296 Phospholipids, 35, 164, 271, 284, 296, 300 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 279, 296 Phosphorus, 256, 296, 297 Phosphorylation, 288, 297, 301 Photocoagulation, 49, 260, 297 Photodynamic therapy, 15, 297 Photosensitizer, 297 Phototherapy, 297 Physical Examination, 259, 297 Physiologic, 247, 254, 287, 290, 297, 303, 304 Physiology, 10, 17, 43, 51, 66, 104, 212, 245, 257, 269, 276, 277, 297 Pigment, 144, 176, 254, 265, 283, 286, 297

Pigmentation, 8, 34, 254, 290, 297 Placenta, 251, 297, 300, 302 Plants, 107, 163, 166, 211, 257, 260, 275, 288, 295, 297, 298, 305, 308, 312 Plaque, 150, 297 Plasma cells, 250, 297 Plasma protein, 50, 247, 269, 297 Plasmid, 13, 19, 297, 314 Plasmin, 15, 297, 298 Plasminogen, 20, 297, 298 Plasminogen Activators, 20, 297, 298 Plasticity, 298 Plastids, 293, 298 Platelet Aggregation, 43, 82, 88, 89, 107, 114, 120, 122, 291, 298 Platelets, 28, 121, 251, 291, 298, 311 Platinum, 284, 298 Poisoning, 36, 56, 71, 207, 256, 265, 274, 281, 290, 298 Pollen, 298, 302 Polymers, 144, 162, 176, 298, 301, 309 Polymorphism, 26, 298 Polypeptide, 248, 261, 272, 297, 298, 316 Polysaccharide, 250, 258, 298, 301 Polyunsaturated fat, 102, 115, 298 Population Density, 192, 298 Port-a-cath, 298 Posterior, 45, 61, 248, 252, 258, 267, 282, 293, 294, 299 Postmenopausal, 81, 88, 105, 293, 299 Postoperative, 299 Postoperative Period, 299 Postprandial, 4, 43, 67, 68, 299 Postprandial Blood Glucose, 4, 299 Potassium, 144, 146, 162, 175, 176, 247, 286, 299, 307 Practice Guidelines, 230, 299 Precancerous, 17, 259, 299 Preclinical, 22, 299 Precursor, 163, 267, 270, 298, 299, 312 Predictive factor, 54, 299 Predisposition, 12, 299 Prednisolone, 299 Prednisone, 299 Premalignant, 17, 299 Premenopausal, 29, 299 Prevalence, 18, 58, 292, 299 Prickle, 283, 299 Private Sector, 299, 300 Privatization, 43, 300 Probe, 52, 57, 154, 189, 300 Progeny, 262, 300

328 Wine

Progesterone, 17, 300, 309 Progression, 8, 17, 234, 249, 300 Progressive, 23, 265, 267, 270, 276, 290, 300, 313 Projection, 157, 158, 281, 292, 300 Proline, 261, 279, 300 Promoter, 12, 15, 20, 300 Promyelocytic leukemia, 117, 300 Prone, 108, 160, 300 Prophylaxis, 218, 300, 304, 315 Prospective study, 5, 284, 300 Prostate, 62, 76, 219, 300 Protease, 183, 300 Protective Agents, 68, 300 Protein C, 74, 84, 90, 247, 248, 251, 253, 271, 282, 284, 300 Protein Kinase C, 288, 300 Protein Kinases, 288, 292, 300 Protein S, 194, 210, 254, 274, 301, 305 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 288, 301 Proteoglycans, 253, 301 Proteolytic, 261, 272, 297, 298, 301 Protocol, 15, 80, 87, 301 Protons, 247, 278, 301, 302 Proto-Oncogenes, 292, 301 Protozoa, 254, 262, 287, 301 Proximal, 267, 301 Pruritic, 268, 301 Psoriasis, 249, 289, 301, 304 Psychiatry, 9, 39, 76, 103, 272, 301 Psychic, 283, 301, 302, 306 Psychosis, 250, 301 Psychosomatic, 75, 302 Public Health, 7, 13, 18, 73, 230, 302 Public Policy, 229, 302 Publishing, 24, 213, 302 Puerperium, 292, 302 Pulmonary, 24, 44, 49, 72, 255, 262, 302, 314, 315 Pulmonary Artery, 255, 302, 314 Pulmonary Edema, 49, 302 Pulmonary Embolism, 302, 315 Pulse, 150, 288, 302 Pupil, 267, 293, 302 Purifying, 162, 265, 302 Purines, 302, 307 Pyogenic, 302 Q Quality of Life, 302 Quercetin, 15, 20, 38, 60, 62, 64, 94, 106, 107, 120, 302

Quiescent, 302, 315 R Race, 287, 302 Radiation, 62, 190, 271, 272, 273, 280, 281, 282, 286, 302, 303, 315 Radiation therapy, 271, 273, 281, 282, 302, 315 Radioactive, 255, 278, 280, 281, 282, 286, 291, 303, 313, 315 Radiolabeled, 282, 303, 315 Radiometry, 303 Radiopharmaceutical, 274, 303 Radiotherapy, 255, 282, 303, 315 Randomized, 14, 70, 268, 303 Reactive Oxygen Species, 23, 303 Reagent, 273, 285, 303 Reality Testing, 301, 303 Receptivity, 157, 182, 303 Receptor, 17, 53, 69, 83, 90, 245, 250, 259, 267, 300, 303, 307 Recombination, 26, 262, 303 Rectal, 218, 303 Rectum, 251, 255, 266, 272, 274, 280, 283, 300, 303 Recurrence, 4, 5, 259, 286, 303 Reductase, 158, 159, 251, 303 Refer, 1, 261, 272, 273, 281, 284, 285, 291, 301, 303 Reflux, 47, 274, 303 Refraction, 249, 303, 308 Refractory, 268, 303 Regimen, 221, 263, 268, 303 Regurgitation, 274, 277, 304 Relative risk, 4, 73, 304 Reliability, 10, 14, 304 Remission, 286, 303, 304 Renal pelvis, 283, 304 Reperfusion, 19, 107, 116, 120, 289, 304 Reperfusion Injury, 19, 116, 120, 304 Resolving, 165, 304 Resorption, 278, 304 Respiration, 23, 257, 259, 288, 304 Respiratory Paralysis, 245, 304 Retina, 266, 283, 285, 292, 304, 305 Retinoids, 304, 314 Retrobulbar, 293, 305 Retrospective, 305 Retrospective study, 305 Rhamnose, 166, 305 Rheumatism, 164, 305 Riboflavin, 106, 305 Ribosome, 305, 312

Index 329

Rigidity, 286, 294, 297, 305 Risk factor, 4, 9, 12, 13, 41, 48, 64, 65, 81, 86, 87, 93, 105, 122, 151, 213, 300, 304, 305 Rod, 195, 253, 260, 305 Rodenticides, 296, 305 Rubber, 150, 158, 186, 245, 305 Rutin, 55, 62, 302, 305 S Saliva, 74, 305 Salivary, 264, 266, 305 Salivary glands, 264, 266, 305 Saturated fat, 6, 214, 305 Schizoid, 305, 315 Schizophrenia, 125, 305, 306, 315 Schizosaccharomyces, 140, 306 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 306, 315 Sclerosis, 289, 306 Sclerotherapy, 60, 306 Screening, 110, 260, 306 Seafood, 206, 306 Sebaceous, 306, 315 Secondary tumor, 287, 306 Secretion, 4, 10, 41, 69, 277, 278, 281, 289, 306, 313 Secretory, 11, 306 Sedative, 306 Sedentary, 72, 144, 176, 306 Sediment, 161, 173, 189, 306 Seizures, 28, 265, 306 Semen, 300, 306 Semicircular canal, 281, 306 Senile, 293, 306 Sensibility, 248, 306 Sensor, 184, 306 Serine, 288, 300, 301, 307 Serotonin, 250, 254, 307, 312 Serous, 10, 269, 307 Serum, 34, 40, 41, 42, 70, 71, 82, 88, 106, 247, 261, 280, 285, 307, 312 Sex Characteristics, 248, 307, 311 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 206, 307 Shock, 8, 196, 248, 307, 312 Side effect, 201, 223, 246, 247, 250, 254, 279, 307, 312 Signs and Symptoms, 8, 304, 307 Silicic, 164, 307 Skeletal, 248, 260, 307 Skeleton, 282, 307 Skin Care, 164, 307 Skin Pigmentation, 8, 307 Skull, 263, 307, 311

Small intestine, 260, 268, 278, 281, 307, 314 Smooth muscle, 42, 69, 109, 256, 271, 277, 279, 307, 310 Soaps, 178, 307 Social Environment, 302, 308 Social Problems, 23, 308 Sodium, 51, 162, 206, 214, 247, 275, 286, 307, 308 Solid tumor, 249, 308 Solvent, 162, 271, 275, 293, 308 Somatic, 263, 278, 288, 295, 308, 313 Sorbic Acid, 85, 92, 118, 308 Soybean Oil, 298, 308 Spastic, 282, 308 Specialist, 235, 267, 308 Specificity, 13, 77, 246, 251, 308 Spectrum, 5, 14, 308 Sperm, 248, 259, 298, 308 Spices, 161, 170, 199, 206, 308 Spinal cord, 61, 255, 256, 258, 259, 286, 287, 290, 291, 295, 304, 308 Spinous, 270, 283, 308 Spleen, 8, 264, 285, 308 Squamous, 119, 270, 308, 309 Squamous cell carcinoma, 270, 309 Squamous cells, 309 Stabilization, 183, 201, 309 Steel, 160, 177, 188, 260, 309 Steroid, 251, 253, 263, 309 Stilbenes, 106, 309 Stimulant, 248, 256, 277, 309 Stimulus, 267, 268, 281, 309, 311 Stomach, 47, 211, 245, 266, 270, 274, 275, 277, 278, 285, 290, 296, 303, 307, 308, 309 Stool, 280, 282, 283, 309 Stroke, 28, 35, 54, 72, 108, 125, 150, 228, 257, 309 Stroma, 282, 283, 309 Stromal, 17, 309 Stromal Cells, 17, 309 Styrene, 305, 309 Subacute, 280, 309 Subclinical, 13, 280, 306, 309 Subspecies, 308, 309 Substance P, 201, 255, 263, 287, 306, 310 Substrate, 167, 168, 183, 190, 270, 278, 310, 313 Sulfites, 8, 220, 310 Sulfur, 83, 90, 287, 310 Sulfur Dioxide, 83, 90, 310 Superoxide, 12, 310 Superoxide Dismutase, 12, 310

330 Wine

Supplementation, 41, 118, 194, 310 Suppression, 16, 20, 119, 310 Supratentorial, 61, 310 Survival Rate, 191, 310 Suspensions, 178, 310 Sympathomimetic, 248, 267, 270, 310, 313 Symphysis, 300, 310 Symptomatic, 4, 5, 36, 310 Symptomatology, 13, 310 Synergistic, 19, 310 Systemic, 19, 20, 224, 248, 251, 255, 265, 270, 277, 280, 282, 292, 299, 303, 310, 315 Systolic, 150, 279, 310 Systolic pressure, 150, 310 T Tardive, 250, 310 Telangiectasia, 310 Temporal, 16, 285, 311 Testicular, 8, 251, 311 Testis, 311 Testosterone, 303, 311 Therapeutics, 32, 70, 114, 224, 311 Thermal, 146, 154, 249, 291, 311 Thigh, 276, 311 Thoracic, 110, 255, 266, 286, 311, 315 Threonine, 288, 300, 301, 307, 311 Threshold, 36, 279, 311 Thrombin, 272, 298, 300, 311 Thrombocytes, 298, 311 Thrombolytic, 298, 311 Thrombomodulin, 300, 311 Thrombosis, 19, 20, 27, 28, 42, 61, 70, 73, 102, 112, 114, 115, 117, 301, 306, 309, 311 Thrombus, 263, 280, 289, 298, 311, 314 Thymus, 285, 311 Thyroxine, 247, 311 Tissue Culture, 13, 19, 311 Tolerance, 49, 83, 89, 245, 275, 311 Tomography, 51, 255, 311 Tonic, 144, 176, 312 Topical, 42, 252, 271, 278, 307, 312 Toxic, iv, 150, 262, 264, 276, 280, 291, 309, 310, 312 Toxicity, 84, 91, 111, 267, 312 Toxicology, 59, 65, 71, 106, 109, 112, 115, 230, 312 Toxins, 250, 280, 312 Trachea, 256, 283, 296, 312 Traction, 260, 312 Transcription Factors, 13, 292, 312 Transdermal, 312 Transduction, 16, 312

Transfection, 13, 15, 254, 312 Translation, 159, 312 Transplantation, 16, 60, 312 Trauma, 9, 48, 265, 279, 290, 312 Treatment Failure, 312 Trees, 305, 312 Trigger zone, 250, 312 Tryptophan, 261, 307, 312 Tuberculosis, 262, 263, 312 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 53, 312 Tumor suppressor gene, 17, 294, 313 Tumorigenic, 17, 313 Tumour, 107, 116, 313 Type 2 diabetes, 6, 214, 313 Tyramine, 99, 254, 313 U Ulcer, 264, 295, 313, 314 Unconscious, 249, 279, 313 Ureters, 283, 313 Urethra, 300, 313 Uric, 275, 279, 302, 313 Urinary, 4, 38, 74, 221, 256, 264, 278, 280, 313 Urinary tract, 221, 264, 313 Urinary tract infection, 221, 264, 313 Urine, 4, 38, 50, 66, 113, 250, 254, 256, 267, 280, 283, 293, 304, 305, 313 Uterus, 59, 259, 263, 285, 287, 293, 300, 313 V Vaccine, 224, 247, 301, 313 Vacuoles, 293, 313 Vagal, 54, 313 Vagina, 259, 265, 287, 313 Vagus Nerve, 313 Varicose, 164, 306, 314 Varicose vein, 164, 306, 314 Vascular, 12, 14, 19, 20, 42, 59, 69, 75, 84, 91, 109, 112, 117, 144, 176, 219, 248, 249, 263, 269, 271, 279, 280, 287, 291, 292, 297, 298, 311, 314 Vasoconstriction, 270, 276, 314 Vasodilatation, 40, 314 Vasodilator, 255, 267, 277, 289, 314 VE, 65, 314 Vector, 312, 314 Vegetarianism, 206, 214, 314 Vein, 13, 252, 282, 291, 314 Venous, 61, 252, 258, 277, 292, 301, 314, 315 Venous Thrombosis, 314, 315 Ventricle, 279, 302, 310, 314 Ventricular, 278, 289, 314

Index 331

Venules, 255, 256, 269, 287, 314 Vertebrae, 308, 314 Vestibule, 260, 281, 306, 314 Veterinary Medicine, 229, 314 Villi, 278, 314 Villous, 258, 314 Viral, 281, 292, 301, 312, 313, 314, 315 Virulence, 312, 314 Virus, 253, 258, 297, 312, 314 Viscosity, 11, 156, 170, 199, 314 Vitamin A, 64, 314 Vitiligo, 314 Vitro, 20, 315 Vivo, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 52, 53, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 102, 105, 107, 112, 280, 315 Vulgaris, 59, 315 W Warfarin, 66, 315 Warts, 315 Weight Gain, 7, 315

Wheezing, 8, 315 White blood cell, 250, 283, 285, 288, 297, 315 Windpipe, 296, 315 Withdrawal, 153, 160, 265, 315 Womb, 313, 315 Wound Healing, 119, 315 X Xenograft, 16, 21, 249, 315 X-ray, 11, 255, 272, 273, 282, 286, 289, 291, 302, 303, 315 X-Ray Film, 303, 315 X-ray therapy, 282, 315 Y Yeasts, 25, 82, 89, 121, 140, 185, 273, 306, 315 Yugoslavia, 315 Z Zygote, 262, 316 Zymogen, 300, 316

332 Wine