Your First 100 Words in Pashto

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Y

w t s o 100 r r i d f s r i u n o

PASHTO

Pashto for Total Beginners Through Puzzles and Games Series concept Jane Wightwick Illustrations Mahmoud Gaafar

Pashto edition Akber Hargar Akhtarjan Kohistani

Copyright © 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-142533-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-14223-9.

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CONTENTS

Introduction Scriptbreaker

4 (how the script works)

5

Topics AROUND THE HOME CLOTHES AROUND TOWN COUNTRYSIDE OPPOSITES ANIMALS PARTS OF THE BODY USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44

Round-up (review section)

49

Answers

59

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Flashcards

(8 sheets of tear-out topic flashcards)

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INTRODUCTION In this activity book you’ll find 100 key words for you to learn to read in Pashto. All the activities are designed specifically for reading non-Latin script languages. Many of the activities are inspired by the kind of games used to teach children to read their own language: flashcards, matching games, memory games, joining exercises, etc. This is not only a more effective method of learning to read a new script, but also much more fun. We’ve included a Scriptbreaker to get you started. This is a friendly introduction to the Pashto script that will give you tips on how to remember the letters. Then you can move on to the eight Topics. Each topic presents essential words in large type. There is a pronunciation guide so you know how to say the words. These words are also featured in the tear-out Flashcard section at the back of the book. When you’ve mastered the words, you can go on to try out the activities and games for that topic. There’s also a Round-up section to review all your new words and the Answers to all the activities to check yourself. Follow this 4-step plan for maximum success: Have a look at the key topic words with their pictures. Then tear out the flashcards and shuffle them. Put them Pashto side up. Try to remember what the word means and turn the card over to check with the English. When you can do this, cover the pronunciation and try to say the word and remember the meaning by looking at the Pashto script only.

1

Put the cards English side up and try to say the Pashto

2 word. Try the cards again each day both ways around. (When you can remember a card for seven days in a row, you can file it.) Try out the activities and games for each topic. This

3 will reinforce your recognition of the key words. After you have covered all the topics, you can try the 4 activities in the Round-up section to test your

knowledge of all the 100 words in the book. You can also try shuffling all the flashcards together to see how many you can remember.

This flexible and fun way of reading your first words in Pashto should give you a head start whether you’re learning by yourself or in a group.

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SCRIPTBREAKER The purpose of this Scriptbreaker is to introduce you to the Pashto script and how it is formed. You should not try to memorize the alphabet at this stage, nor try to write the letters yourself. Instead, have a quick look through this section and then move on to the topics, glancing back if you want to work out the letters in a particular word. Remember, though, that recognizing the whole shape of the word in an unfamiliar script is just as important as knowing how it is made up. Using this method you will have a much more instinctive recall of vocabulary and will gain the confidence to expand your knowledge in other directions. Pashto, or Pakhto, is written in the Perso-Arabic script with some modified and additional characters. Reading the script is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. There are 40 letters, no capital letters, and, unlike English, words are generally spelled as they sound. There are two main points to etch into your brain: • Pashto is written from right to left. • The letters are ´joined upµ— you cannot ´printµ a word as you can in English.

The alphabet The easiest way of tackling the alphabet is to divide it into similarly shaped letters. For example, here are two groups of similar letters. The only difference between them is the dots and signs around the basic shape:

ê ì ñ ˇ 7 *

(the letter jeem) (the letter heh Arabic) (the letter kheh) (the letter cheh) (the letter tsee)

Ü ˚ ä 9 ç

(the letter beh) (the letter peh) (the letter teh) (the letter tteh) (the letter seh)

(the letter zeh)

When these letters join to other letters they change their shape. The most common change is that they lose their ´tailsµ:

œ = ê + ä ÖM = Ü + ì

(read from right to left)

Because letters change their shape like this, they have an initial, a medial (middle) and a final form. For example, the letter (jeem) changes like this:

ê

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5

at the beginning of a word (initial)

`L `é` ê ...

in the middle of a word (medial)

...

at the end of a word (final)

... ...

ƒg ✔ Pashto has 40 letters and no capital letters ✔ Pashto reads right to left ✔ Pashto is written in ´joined upµ writing ✔ The ´tailµ is generally chopped off before joining to the next letter A few letters change their shapes completely depending on where they fall in a word. For example, the letter (heh) changes like this:

√

`g `¡` ¬` ...

initial

...

medial

... ...

final

In addition, there are 10 letters which never join to the letter following (to their left) and so hardly change shape at all. These are:

h O Q

(waaw) (daal) (reh)

G / $

(alef)

P R

(ddaal) (rreh)

(zaal) (dzeh)

ó

,

(zheh)

(geh)

You will find more details of how the individual letters change their shape in the table on page 8.

Formation of words We can use the principles of joining letters to form words. So, for example, the Pashto word for ´hotelµ is similar to English and written like this: (hottel)

6

π:ƒg ∫ = (l)

+ (tt)

9

+ (o)

h

+ (h)

√

The Pashto word for ´sockµ (jooraab), contains three non-joining letters and is written like this:

(jooraab)

ÜGQƒL Ü = (b)

G Q h ê

+ (aa) + (r)

+ (oo)

+ (j)

You may have noticed that in π:ƒg the e seems to be missing from the script. In modern Pashto, some short vowels are not written as part of the main script. It is possible to add signs above and below the script to represent these vowels, but they are not usually included in modern Pashto. So the writing is similar to English shorthand, where we might write ´bnkµ instead of ´bank.µ

ƒg ✔ Pashto letters have an initial, medial (´middleµ) and final form, depending on their position in the word ✔ Many Pashto letters simply lose their tails for the medial and final form ✔ A few letters change their shape completely ✔ 10 letters don’t join to the letter after and hardly change at all ✔ Some short vowels are not usually included in modern Pashto

Pronunciation tips This activity book has simplified some aspects of pronunciation in order to emphasize the basics. Don’t worry at this stage about being precisely correct – the other letters in a word will help you to be understood. Many Pashto letters are pronounced in a similar way to their English equivalents, but here are a few that need special attention:

9 (tteh)// (ddaal)/ the loop below indicates an emphatic version of the letter $ (rreh)/¿ (nneh)

Æ(ghein) ñ (kheh)/ 0 (kheen) ó (zheh)

(or nasal in the case of nneh). They are shown as a double letter in the pronuncation, except at the beginning of a word. pronounced in the throat like the French ´rµ as in ´rueµ

pronounced like the ´chµ in the Yiddish ´chutzpahµor the German ´Bachµ. kheen is pronounced as ´shµ in some Pashto dialects. a soft ´j,µ pronounced like the French ´jµ as in ´bonjourµ

7

A feature of Pashto is that a single sound can be represented by two or more letters, in much the same way as we can spell the sound k with either a ´kµ (´kettleµ) or a ´cµ (´catµ). In consequence, the sound s, for example, can be written as ¢S, ç, or ¢U; and the sound z as *, P, R, ¢`†, or ®. There are nine letters that only appear in Arabic loan words and are relatively uncommon: W (tweh); ® (zweh); ¢U (swaad); ¢V (zwaad); ç (seh); ´ (ain); ì (heh); P (zaal); ¥ (kaaf). Their distinctive Arabic pronunciations have disappeared in the Pashto language.

Summary of the Pashto alphabet The table below shows all the Pashto letters in the three positions, with the Pashto letter name, followed by the sound. Remember that this is just for reference and you shouldn’t expect to take it all in at once. If you know the basic principles of how the Pashto script works, you will slowly come to recognize the individual letters.

initial: medial: final:

alef(1) beh b peh p teh t tteh tt seh s jeem j heh (Arabic) h kheh kh cheh ch tsee ts zeh e z daal d ddaal dd

G É` `H `Ñ`` `> `.` `J `à`` `: `:`` `K `ã`` `L `é`` `M `ë`` `N `î`` `¸ `˝`` `6 `6` `2 `2` O O / /

G Ü ˚ ä 9 ç ê ì ñ ˇ 7 * O /

initial: medial: final:

zaal z reh r rreh rr dzeh z zheh zh geh g seen s sheen sh kheen kh swaad s zwaad z tweh t zweh z ain a

P Q $ õ ó , `°S `°T `1 `°U `°V `W `X `Y

P P Q Q $ $ R R ó ó , , `°ù`` ¢S `°û`` ¢T `1`` 0 `°ü`` ¢ü` `°†`` ¢†` `£` • `¶` ® `©` ™/´

initial: medial: final:

`Z feh f `a qaaf k `b kaaf k `c gaaf g `~ laam l `d meem m `e noon n `f nneh nn `f waaw v/w/oo/o h heh h/a `g yeh y/e/eh/ee `j ghain gh

(2)

(3)

(4)

`¨` ≠`/Æ `Ø`` ∞ `≤`` ¥ `µ`` ˝ `~`` ¯ `∏`` ∫ `ª`` Ω `æ`` ¿ `æ`` ¿ h h `¡` ¬`/√ `«`` i

g

(1) Any vowel when at the beginning of a word and also aa in medial and final positions.

’

(2) Note the special combination when alef is written after laam: , as in

¢S’ (laas, meaning ´handµ).

(3) nneh never starts a word. (4) yeh can also be written at the end of a word with additional symbols above or below, the most common of which is a final stroke: , which is pronounced ey, as in ´hey!µ

%

8

1

AROUND

THE HOME

Look at the pictures of things you might find in a house. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

%ch6

%µ$c

õ«e

tsawkey

karrkey

¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

mez

talvezyoon

ˇƒc ôJƒ« ªc

¿ƒØ«∏«J

compeotur

telefoon

9c √ôà°ùH

kawch

bestara kutt

%QɪdG almaarey

∫É˝îj yakhchaal

%QÉîH

√RGhQO bokhaarey

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darwaaza

9

Match the pictures with the words, as in the example. ˇƒc 9c √ôà°ùH %µ$c õ«e ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J ôJƒ« ªc ¿ƒØ«∏«J %ch6 Now match the Pashto household words to the English. door 9c √ôà°ùH %QɪdG cupboard %ch6 stove

bed

table chair

refrigerator

10

computer

√RGhQO

ôJƒ« ªc

∫É˝îj

õ«e

%QÉîH

Match the words and their pronunciation. õ«e karrkey bestara kutt %QɪdG telefoon ôJƒ« ªc tsawkey 9c √ôà°ùH talvezyoon %µ$c ¿ƒØ«∏«J mez ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

%ch6

compeotur almaarey

see if you can find these words in the word square. The words run right to left.

%QÉîH 9c √ôà°ùH %ch6 ∫É˝îj √RGhQO ˇƒc

% ¥ 9 å 9 ˇ % ø

- ª f « ~ √ R G / ˙ µ ∫ c ∫ É ˝ c √ ô à © Z ˇ ƒ Q É î H « / % c

h h 2 î °ù c ˙ h

É˝ Q ¥ j H ß ∏ 6

1 O j f 6 Ø g °T

11

Decide where the household items should go. Then write the correct number in the picture, as in the example.

ôJƒ« ªc 10 %µ$c 11 √RGhQO 12

%QɪdG 7 %QÉîH 8 ∫É˝îj 9

¿ƒjõjƒ∏J 4 ¿ƒØ«∏«J 5 9c √ôà°ùH 6

1

12

õ«e 1 %ch6 2 ˇƒc 3

Now see if you can fill in the household word at the bottom of the page by choosing the correct Pashto.

English word:

õ«e

c

%ch6

b

9c √ôà°ùH

w

ˇƒc

i

9c √ôà°ùH

a

¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

f

ôJƒ« ªc

d

¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

n

√RGhQO

i

%ch6

b

õ«e

d

∫É˝îj

k

ˇƒc

s

¿ƒØ«∏«J

t

%µ$c

o

√RGhQO

g

%QɪdG

w

%ch6

e

w 13

2

CLOTHES

Look at the pictures of different clothes. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

óæHôªc kamarband

¿É«æH banyan

ôµ«f

¿ƒ∏à>

nekar

ÜGQƒL

patloon

jooraab

¢ù«ªc kames

øªd ¬æj21 ¢ù«ªc

%dƒN

%Jôc kortey khowaley

khazena kames

14

laman

¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf ¿É:ƒH

bottaan

naarena kames

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Match the Pashto words and their pronunciation. khazena ¬æj21 kames kames ¢ù«ªc ôµ«f nekar

jooraab

¿É:ƒH óæHôªc khowaley

¬æjôÉf ¢ù«ªc

¢ù«ªc

%dƒN

ÜGQƒL

naarena kames

kamarband

bottaan

see if you can find these clothes in the word square. The words run right to left.

% » ô √ ¥ ¿ ¬ ˇ

µ Ü j ¿ ƒ É j É

N G ¿ É % « ¿ ª

¿ Q ƒ : 2 æ ª N

à ƒ ∏ ƒ ~ H ∏ %

µ L à H ˚ N ¢ù J

¬ J > % « à ª ô

Q 6 1 î c ß µ c

15

Now match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meaning, as in the example. sock

bottaan

nekar

shorts

c ª « ù ¢

%Jôc

belt

¿ƒ∏à>

kortey

kames

shoe

¿É: ƒH

ÜGQƒL khowaley

c ª ô H óæ

t-shirt

coat

%dƒN

hat

patloon

jooraab

ôµ«f pants

16

kamarba

nd

Candy is going on vacation. Count how many of each type of clothing she is packing in her suitcase.

%dƒN

%Jôc

óæHôªc

¿É:ƒH

¿ƒ∏à>

ôµ«f

ÜGQƒL

øªd

¢ù«ªc

¬æj21 ¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf ¢ù«ªc

2

¿É«æH 17

Someone has ripped up the Pashto words for clothes.

ƒH

¿ƒ

%J

%d

¿

«æH

¬æjôÉf

Can you join the two halves of the words, as the example?

ƒN

QƒL

¿É:

óæH ∏à>

ªd

ôªc

ôc

18

¢ù«

ªc

¢ù«ªc

¿É

ÜG

3

AROUND

TOWN

Look at the pictures of things you might find around town. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

π:ƒg

hottel

¢ùjhô°S serves

Qƒc kor

ô:ƒe

πµ°ùjÉH

mottar

baaysekel

ɪ櫰S senemaa

≈2æhƒ1 khowanzeh

i/É~ QhG

≈°ùµ:

tekseh

or gaaddeh

∑$°S

≈2æQƒ∏> sarrak

ploranzeh

¿GQƒà°SQ rustoraan

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19

Match the Pashto words to their English equivalents. movie theater π: ƒg ≈2æQƒ∏> store ô: ƒe hotel taxi

≈2æhƒ1

car

Qƒc

ɪ櫰S

train

i/É~ QhG

school house

≈°ùµ:

Now put the English words in the same order as the Pashto word chain, as in the example.

¢ùjhô°S

bicycle

4

______

20

Qƒc

∑$°S

πµ°ùjÉH

ô:ƒe

i/É~ QhG

≈°ùµ:

taxi

house

train

bus

road

car

______

______

______

______

______

______

Match the words to the signs.

≈2æhƒ1 ¿GQƒà°SQ

ô:ƒe πµ°ùjÉH ¢ùjhô°S i/É~ QhG π:ƒg ≈°ùµ: 21

Now choose the Pashto word that matches the picture to fill in the English word at the bottom of the page.

English word: 22

≈°ùµ:

c

∑$°S

c

i/É~ QhG

h

Qƒc

ô:ƒe

f

Qƒc

s

a

¢ùjhô°S

k

ô:ƒe

e

¿GQƒà°SQ

u

b

πµ°ùjÉH

o

i/É~ QhG

w

≈2æhƒ1

o

∑$°S

h

π:ƒg

s

π:ƒg

r

≈2æQƒ∏>

g

ɪ櫰S

l

s

≈2æhƒ1

Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation. kor

¢ùjhô°S

serves

≈°ùµ: or gaaddeh

≈2æhƒ1

rustoraan

ô:ƒe ploranzeh khowanzeh

π:ƒg Qƒc tekseh

senemaa

πµ°ùjÉH i/É~ QhG sarrak

≈2æQƒ∏>

hottel

ɪ櫰S mottar

¿GQƒà°SQ

baaysekel

∑$°S 23

4

COUNTRYSIDE

Look at the pictures of features you might find in the countryside. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

% /fƒZ

1

π>

ghonddey

pul

√ófhôc karwanda

ôZ /f/

dandd

óæ«°S

¬fh

wuna

Qó檰S

send

ghar

π~

gul

samandar

ô~/

π~æ2 dagar

¬J1 O

dakhta

zangul

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Can you match all the countryside words to the pictures?

ôZ √ófhôc Qó檰S π~æ2 ¬J1 O % /fƒZ /f/ π> óæ«°S π~ ¬fh ô~/ 25

Now check (✔) the features you can find in this landscape.

% /fƒZ π~æ2 √ófhôc 26

¬J1 O ô~/ π~

¬fh Qó檰S óæ«°S

π> ôZ /f/

✔

Match the Pashto words and their pronunciation.

ôZ

dakhta karwanda

óæ«°S dagar

π~æ2

zangul

¬J1 O send

Qó檰S √ófhôc π>

pul

samandar

ô~/

ghar

see if you can find these words in the word square. The words run right to left.

¬fh √ófhôc % /fƒZ π~ π> /f/

R X ô G / f % ª ˇ √ 9 > Ω ¬ G ~

% / / « ó æ f >

/ f ƒ Z å °T Z Ω © ~ 9 2 π > f 1 π ~ ∏ O f h ô c j √ ƒ æ ¥ X h ∫ © f Z °ù π c ´ /

27

Finally, test yourself by joining the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. lake

gul

karwanda

ô~ / mountain

desert

√ófhôc

dandd

dagar

π~

farm

ôZ

óæ«°S /f/ samandar

field

river

Qó檰S

sea

ghar send

¬J1 O

dakhta

flower

28

5

OPPOSITES

Look at the pictures. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

iƒd π:¸

∑É>

chattel

paak

luwee

≈渃c kochneh

¬«ÑfGRQG

∂ °S

arzaanbaya

ófhQO

¬«H$ ƒd

hQh

wro

õ«J

teaz

spak

droond

lowarrbaya

$ hR

zoorr

iƒf

naweh

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29

Join the Pashto words to their English equivalents.

∑É>

expensive

ófhQO

big

≈渃c

light

$ hR

slow

iƒf

clean

inexpensive

¬«ÑfGRQG õ«J

dirty

hQh small

¬«H$ ƒd

heavy

π:¸

new

∂ °S fast

iƒd old

30

Now choose the Pashto word that matches the picture to fill in the English word at the bottom of the page.

English word:

õ«J

c

hQh

t

∑É>

h

iƒf

d

¬«ÑfGRQG

a

π:¸

h

iƒd

r

ófhQO

a

≈渃c

u

¬«H$ ƒd

p

¬«ÑfGRQG

n

iƒf

o

iƒf

g

∂ °S

c

≈渃c

s

∑É>

m

$ hR

n

hQh

e

31

Find the odd one out in these groups of words.

32

¬«ÑfGRQG

¬«H$ ƒd

ófhQO

∂ °S

≈渃c

ófhQO

hQh

õ«J

iƒf

π:¸

$ hR

iƒf

∑É>

π:¸

hQh

¬«ÑfGRQG

iƒd

≈渃c

Finally, join the English words to their Pashto opposites, as in the example.

$ hR

slow

small

heavy

iƒd

iƒf light

hQh expensive dirty

π:¸

new

clean

≈渃c

fast

ófhQO õ«J

big

¬«H$ ƒd old

¬«H$ ƒd

∑É> inexpensive

∂ °S 33

6

ANIMALS

Look at the pictures. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

%∏«g »JÉg

heley

hateh

ƒ°û«>

≈ °S

pesho

%ƒ°S

hOÉ°T

swey

shado

Öc iQh

woreh

speh

∑, ƒe

kub

mogak

GƒZ ¢SBG

aas

iôeR

zmareh

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ghwaa

Match the animals to their associated pictures, as in

%ƒ°S

the example.

¢SBG hOÉ°T iQh

ƒ°û«>

∑, ƒe ≈ °S

GƒZ

iôeR

Öc

35

Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation.

%ƒ°S

heley ghwaa

¢SBG

kub

hOÉ°T

swey

≈ °S zmareh

ƒ°û«> speh

∑, ƒe %∏«g

hateh

Öc woreh

iôeR aas

iQh pesho

»JÉg

GƒZ

mogak

shado

36

Check (✔) the animal words you can find in the word pile.

/f/ %ƒ°S ófhQO % /æƒZ

hQh ƒ°û«> »JÉg

ô:ƒe

iQh √ôà°ùH 9c

≈2æQƒ∏> ɪ櫰S ¿É:ƒH iôeR

GƒZ

Öc ✓

37

Join the Pashto animals to their English equivalents.

hOÉ°T

dog lion

GƒZ ∑, ƒe

monkey

≈ °S iQh

elephant

rabbit

Öc

iôeR

fish

mouse duck

»JÉg cow

ƒ°û«>

%∏«g

%ƒ°S

horse

¢SBG 38

sheep

cat

7

PARTS

OF THE BODY

Look at the pictures of parts of the body. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

¬Jƒ~ gwota

π~æ`6

¬~ôà°S

ô°S

sar

sturga

tsangal

É°T

shaa

%/æ>

¢S’

pandey laas

¿Éà1jh √/«~

weshtaan

gedda

,ƒZ

√õ> ¬dƒN

paza

khoula

ghwag

39 Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.

Someone has ripped up the Pashto words for parts of the body. Can you join the two halves of the word again?

√/

¿Éà

õ> %/

°S

ô

¬d

ôà°S ƒ~

É

¬~

ƒN

æ>

1jh

°T ¬J

«~

√

,

ƒZ 40

see if you can find and circle six parts of the body in the word square, then draw them in the boxes below.

¬ ~ ô à % c Z √ ß Ø h 9 Œ Z ¬ °T ¥ ¿ É à , Z j î r ¬ d ƒ l Z k õ

°ù õ à % 1 , N ƒ

¬ > ¬ / j ƒ , d

~ d æ æ h Z f Z

> ˝ 2 > 1 ô

The words run right to left.

N /

Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation. ô°S

,ƒZ

√/«~

tsangal paza shaa sar

√õ> gedda

π~æ`6

ghwag

¬dƒN sturga

¬~ôà°S

É°T

khoula

41

Label the body with the correct number, and write the pronunciation next to the words.

1

,ƒZ ________________%/æ> ______________¬~ôà°S ________________¬Jƒ~

_________________

42

5 6 7 8

√/«~ 1 _______________π~æ`6 2 __________________√õ> 3 _________________¢S’ 4 gedda _________________

Finally, match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. hair

gwota

pandey

stomach

É°T

π~æ`6

hand

¿Éà1j h

tsangal

√/«~

laas

back

¬Jƒ~ ghwag

¢S’

finger arm

, ƒZ

ear

weshtaa

%/æ>

shaa

n

gedda

leg

43

8

USEFUL

EXPRESSIONS

Look at the pictures. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.

?¬Jô«¸

✗ ✓ ¬f

ƒg

na

≈j ¬~æ`6 ¿ÉeÉ> iGóN

ho

khuday paman

tsanga yee

  

paroon

¬à∏g

➡

➡

➡

  

¿hô>

chearta

øf

ÉÑ°S

nun

¢ShG

hulta

   sabaa

ous

?√ôeƒ6

ˆdO

tsomra

dulta

¬∏«g ¬1îHh 44

wabakh-kha

!»dÉY

aalee

hela

¬ææe

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manana

Match the Pashto words to their English equivalents. great! ¿hô> ƒg yes ¬àdO yesterday where?

!»dÉY

today

¬∏«g

¬f

here

please

øf no

?¬Jô«¸

Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation. tsanga yee

¬à∏g ≈j ¬~æ`6

khuday paman manana

ÉÑ°S

iGóN ¿ÉeÉ>

aalee sabaa

√ôeƒ6 ¬ææe

wabakh-kha tsomra

¬1îHh

»dÉY hulta

45

Choose the Pashto word that matches the picture to fill in the English word at the bottom of the page.

✗

✔ English word: 46

ˆdO

p

¬f

c

ƒg

t

¬ææe

j

¬1îHh

a

¬∏«g

l

ƒg

m

¬f

e

øf

i

¬à∏g

b

¬~æ`6 ≈j

a

¬∏«g

x

¬Jô«¸

s

»dÉY

h

¿hô>

t

¬~æ`6 ≈j

b

¬f

y

ƒg

e

p

What are these people saying? Write the correct number in each speech bubble, as in the example.

2

¬Jô«¸ 7 √ôeƒ6 8

¬àdO 5 ¬1îHh 6

ƒg 3 ¬f 4

≈j ¬~æ`6 ¬∏«g 47

1 2

Finally, match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. hello

manana

wabakh-kha

please

¬à∏g

¬~≈æ`6 j

thank you

ÉÑ°S

hulta

sabaa

sorry

¬∏«g

¬1îHh

¬f ho

no

there

ƒg

yes

hela

ee tsanga y

¬ææe tomorrow

48

na

ROUND-UP This section is designed to review all the 100 words you have met in the different topics. It is a good idea to test yourself with your flashcards before trying this section.

These ten objects are in the picture. Can you find and circle them?

√RGhQO πµ°ùjÉH

π~ 9c √ôà°ùH %ch6 ≈°S

%Jôc Öc

%dƒN ÜGQƒL

49 Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.

See if you can remember all these words. øf ¢ùjhô°S õ«J

✓

√õ> ¬J1 O ➡

ƒg %QɪdG iôeR ¢ù«ªc ¬æj21 ¬«ÑfGRQG óæ«°S %/æ> 50

  

Find the odd one out in these groups of words and say why.

šS

GƒZ

õ«e

hOÉ°T

ô:ƒe

¢ùjhô°S

i/É~ QhG

¿ƒØ«∏«J

√ófhôc

%Jôc

ôµ«f

øªd

Qó檰S

/f/

óæ«°S

¬fh

¬«H$ ƒd

π:¸

∑É>

ɪ櫰S

%ƒ°S

ƒ°û«>

Öc

iôeR

π~æ`6

ˇƒc

ô°S

√/«~

¬∏«g

¿hô>

ÉÑ°S

øf

%QÉîH

9c √ôà°ùH

%QɪdG

∫É˝îj

Because it isn’t an animal.

51

Look at the objects below for 30 seconds. Cover the picture and try to remember all the objects. Circle the Pashto words for those you remember.

π~ ô:ƒe

¿É:ƒH ¬àdO f ¬ ôZ óæHôªc ¢ù«ªc ÜGQƒL ≈ ° ù µ: ôµ«f 52

¬ææe

√RGhQO i/ É~ QhG

%Jôc %ch6 ¢SBG ¬~ôà°S 9c √ôà°ùH hOÉ°T ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

Now match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. lake

manana

kor

Qƒc thank you

bed

¬Jô«¸

π~æ2

droond

chearta

ófhQO /f/

where?

banyan

√ô9à°ùcH

house

forest

¿É«æH

sweater

dandd bestara kutt

¬ææe heavy

zangul

53

Fill in the English phrase at the bottom of the page.

54

ˇƒc

w

≈°ùµ:

g

,ƒZ

t

%Jôc

o

π:¸

a

π>

e

ƒg

m

√ôeƒ6

l

øf

i

GƒZ

b

%µ$c

l

¿GQƒà°SQ

h

¬Jô«¸

e

¬dƒN

a

šS

d

¬~ôà°S

o

õ«e

p

≈j ¬~æ`6

v

% /fƒZ

n

¬f

y

¢ùjhô°S

r

%ƒ°S

n

∑$°S

e

%QÉîH

s

English phrase:

w

!

Look at the two pictures and check (✔) the objects that are different in Picture B.

ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc √RGhQO ƒ°û«> Picture A

%ch6 Öc ÜGQƒL ≈°S Picture B

55

Now join the Pashto words to their English equivalents. refrigerator π~æ`6 √/«~ pants ≈渃c

store

∫É˝îj

school

≈2æQƒ∏>

river

great

»dÉY óæ«°S

small

¿ƒ∏à> light

∑É>

arm

∂°S stomach

¢SBG clean

horse

56

≈2æhƒ1

Try to match the Pashto to the pronunciation.

≈j ¬~æ`6

senemaa bokhaarey

¿hô> woreh

%QÉîH

dagar

ɪ櫰S gwota

≈°ùµ:

tsanga yee

ôZ hateh

iƒd

ô~/

tekseh

luwee

iQh

iƒf

naweh ghar

»JÉg

¬Jƒ~

paroon

57

Snake game. ● You will need a die and counter(s). You can challenge yourself to reach the finish or play with someone else. You have to throw the exact number to finish. ● Throw the die and move forward that number of spaces. When you land on a word you must pronounce it and say what it means in English. If you can’t, you have to go back to the square you came from.

É°T %/æ> ƒg

ÉÑ°S ófhQO

FINISH

√ófhôc π:¸

%∏«g hQh ,ƒZ

¬«H$ ƒd ¿Éà1jh

¬f

¬àdO õ«e

Qó檰S ¢ShG

¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

¢S’

π:ƒg GƒZ 58

ô°S

START

$ hR

%ƒ°S

Answers 11 AROUND

Page 13

THE HOME

English word: window

Page 10 (top) See page 9 for correct picture.

12 CLOTHES

Page 10 (bottom)

Page 15 (top)

¢ù«ªc ¬æj21 ôµ«f ¿É:ƒH óæHôªc ¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf ¢ù«ªc %dƒN ÜGQƒL

√RGhQO %QɪdG %QÉîH 9c √ôà°ùH õ«e %ch6 ∫É˝îj ôJƒ«ªc

door cupboard stove bed table chair refrigerator computer

jooraab

Page 15 (bottom)

Page 11 (top)

õ«e %QɪdG ôJƒ«ªc 9c √ôà°ùH %µ$c ¿ƒØ«∏«J ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J %ch6

% » ô √ ¥ ¿ ¬ ˇ

mez almaarey compeotur bestara kutt karrkey telefoon talvezyoon tsawkey

Page 11 (bottom)

% ¥ 9 å 9 ˇ % ø

khazena kames nekar bottaan kamarband naarena kames kames khowaley

- ª f ~ √ R / ˙ µ c ∫ É c √ ô © Z ˇ Q É î « / %

« G ∫ ˝ à ƒ H c

h h 2 î °ù c ˙ h

É˝ Q ¥ j H ß ∏ 6

Page 16 hat shoe sock shorts t-shirt belt coat pants

1 O j f 6 Ø g °T

Page 12

12

11 10 6

5

2

7 9

4 3 8 1

µ Ü j ¿ ƒ É j É

N G ¿ É % « ¿ ª

à ƒ ∏ ƒ ~ H ∏ %

µ L à H ˚ N ¢ù J

%dƒN ¿É:ƒH ÜGQƒL ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc óæHôªc %Jôc ¿ƒ∏à>

Page 17 (shoe) (sock) (sweater) (belt) (dress) (shirt) (coat) (shorts) (t-shirt) (hat) (pants) (skirt)

¿É:ƒH ÜGQƒL ¿É«æH óæHôªc ¢ù«ªc ¬æj21 ¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf %Jôc ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc %dƒN ¿ƒ∏à> øªd

¿ Q ƒ : 2 æ ª N

¬ J > % « à ª ô

Q 6 1 î c ß µ c

khowaley bottaan jooraab nekar kames kamarband kortey patloon

2 (1 pair) 6 (3 pairs) 1 2 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 1

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59

Page 22

Page 18

English word: school Page 23

¢ùjhô°S ≈°ùµ: ≈2æhƒ1 ô:ƒe π:ƒg Qƒc πµ°ùjÉH i/É~ QhG %2æQƒ∏> ɪ櫰S ¿GQƒà°SQ ∑$°S 13 AROUND

khowanzeh mottar hottel kor baaysekel or gaaddeh ploranzeh senemaa rustoraan sarrak

Page 25

car train school house

ɪ櫰S %2æQƒ∏> π:ƒg ≈°ùµ: ô:ƒe i/É~ QhG %2æhƒ1 Qƒc

Page 20 (bottom) bicycle taxi

4 7

house train bus road car

2 6 1 3 5

%2æhƒ1 ≈°ùµ: ¢ùjhô°S

ô:ƒe i/É~ QhG ¿GQƒà°SQ π:ƒg

See page 24 for correct picture. Page 26

π> ¬fh ¬J1 O % /-ƒZ ôZ Qó檰S

✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘

ô~/ π~æ2 /f/ óæ«°S π~ √ófhôc

Page 27 (top)

Page 21

60

tekseh

14 COUNTRYSIDE

TOWN

Page 20 (top) movie theater store hotel taxi

serves

πµ°ùjÉH

ôZ óæ«°S π~æ2 ¬J1 O ó檰S √ófhôc π> ô~/

ghar send zangul dakhta samandar karwanda pul dagar

✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘

Page 27 (bottom)

Page 33

R X ô G / f % ª ˇ √ 9 > Ω ¬ G ~

% / / « ó æ f >

/ f ƒ Z å °T Z Ω © ~ 9 2 π > f 1 π ~ ∏ O f h ô c j √ ƒ æ ¥ X h ∫ © f Z °ù π c ´ /

Page 28 sea lake desert farm flower mountain river field

5

ôó檰S /f/ ¬J1 O √ófhôc π~ ôZ óæ«°S ô~/

samandar dandd dakhta karwanda gul ghar send

clean light expensive inexpensive

6

ANIMALS

Page 35

Öc iôeR

dagar

¬«H$ ƒd iƒd ∂°S hQh ∑É> ¬«ÑfGRQG π:¸ ≈渃c ófhQO iƒf õ«J $ hR

Page 31 English word: change Page 32 Odd one outs are those which are not opposites:

ófhQO ≈渃c iƒf π:¸ hQh ¬«ÑfGRQG

%ƒ°S

GƒZ

OPPOSITES

Page 30 expensive big light slow clean inexpensive dirty small heavy new fast old

iƒf ≈渃c $ hR õ«J ∑É> iƒd ∂°S π:¸ ófhQO ¬«ÑfGRQG ¬«H$ ƒd

old big new slow dirty small heavy

iQh

šS

¢SBG

∑, ƒe

hOÉ°T ƒ°û«>

Page 36

%ƒ°S ¢SBG hOÉ°T ≈°S ƒ°û«> ∑, ƒe %∏«g Öc iôeR iQh GƒZ »JÉg

Page 37 elephant monkey sheep lion fish duck

swey aas shado speh pesho mogak heley kub zmareh woreh ghwaa hateh

✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

mouse cat dog cow horse rabbit

✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔

61

Page 38 monkey cow mouse dog sheep fish lion elephant cat duck rabbit horse

7

PARTS

Page 41 (bottom)

hOÉ°T GƒZ ∑, ƒe ≈°S iQh Öc iôeR »JÉg ƒ°û«> %∏«g %ƒ°S ¢SBG

ô°S ,ƒZ √/«~ √õ> π~æ`6 ¬dƒN ¬~ôà°S É°T

sar ghwag gedda paza tsangal khoula sturga shaa 7 5

3

2

OF THE BODY

Page 40 1

4

8 6

Page 42 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 41 (top)

8.

¬ ~ ô à % c Z √ ß Ø h 9 Œ Z ¬ °T ¥ ¿ É à , Z j î r ¬ d ƒ l Z k õ

°ù õ à % 1 , N ƒ

¬ > ¬ / j ƒ , d

~ d æ æ h Z f Z

You should have also drawn pictures of: leg; mouth; ear; nose; eye; hair

62

> ˝ 2 > 1 ô N /

¬Jƒ~

Page 43 ear hair hand stomach arm back finger leg

√/«~ π~æ`6 √õ> ¢S’ ,ƒZ %/æ> ¬~ôà°S

gedda tsangal paza laas ghwag pandey sturga

gwota

,ƒZ ¿Éà1jh ¢S’ √/«~ π~æ`6 É°T ¬Jƒ~ %/æ>

ghwag weshtaan laas gedda tsangal shaa gwota pandey

8

USEFUL

ROUND-UP

EXPRESSIONS

Page 45 (top)

Page 49

»dÉY ƒg ¿hô> ¬Jô«¸ øf ¬àdO ¬∏«g ¬f

great yes yesterday where? today here please no Page 45 (bottom)

¬à∏g ≈j ¬~æ`6 ÉÑ°S ¿ÉeÉ> iGóN √ôeƒ6 ¬ææe ¬1îHh »dÉY

hulta tsanga yee sabaa khuday paman tsomra manana wabakh-kha aalee

Page 50

¬J1 O

iôeR

✓

%QɪdG

ƒg

¬«ÑfGRQG

➡

Page 46 English word: please Page 47

   6

4

óæ«°S

øf

3

2

√õ> 7

8

¢ù«ªc ¬æj21

%/æ>

1

õ«J

¢ùjhô°S

5

Page 51 Page 48 yes hello no sorry please there thank you tomorrow

ƒg ≈j ¬~æ`6 ¬f ¬1îHh ¬∏«g ¬à∏g ¬ææe ÉÑ°S

ho tsanga yee na wabakh-kha hela hulta manana sabaa

õ«e (Because it isn’t an animal.) ¿ƒØ«∏«J (Because it isn’t a means of transportation.) √ófhôc (Because it isn’t an item of clothing.) ¬fh (Because it isn’t connected with water.) ɪ櫰S (Because it isn’t a descriptive word.) Öc (Because it lives in water/doesn’t have legs.) ˇƒc (Because it isn’t a part of the body.) ¬∏«g (Because it isn’t an expression of time.) 9c √ôà°ùH (Because you wouldn’t find it in the kitchen.)

63

Page 52

Page 56

Words that appear in the picture:

refrigerator pants store school river great small

¢ù«ªc ô:ƒe π~ ¿É:ƒH i/É~ QhG hOÉ°T ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J %ch6 óæHôªc ôµ«f Page 53 sweater lake thank you bed house forest where? heavy

light arm stomach clean horse

¿É«æH /f/ ¬ææe 9c √ôà°ùH Qƒc π~æ2 ¬Jô«¸ ófhQO

Page 54 English phrase: well done! Page 55

ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc √RGhQO ƒ°û«> %ch6 Öc ÜGQƒL ≈°S

64

✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

banyan dandd manana bestara kutt kor zangul chearta droond

∫É˝îj ¿ƒ∏à> %2æQƒ∏> %2æhƒ1 óæ«°S »dÉY ≈渃c ∂°S π~æ`6 √/«~ ∑É> ¢SBG

Page 57

≈j ¬~æ`6 ¿hô> %QÉîH ɪ櫰S ≈°ùµ: ôZ ô~/ iƒd iƒf iQh ¬Jƒ~ »JÉg

tsanga yee paroon bokhaarey senemaa tekseh ghar dagar luwee naweh woreh gwota hateh

(shade) (handle) (back) (direction) (pattern)

Page 58 Here are the English equivalents of the word, in order from START to FINISH: head cow hotel television no here table now hand old rabbit sea

sar ghwaa hottel talvezyoon na dulta mez ous laas zoorr swey samandar

hair expensive ear slow duck dirty farm heavy tomorrow back leg yes

weshtaan lowarrbaya ghwag wro heley chattel karwanda droond sabaa shaa pandey ho

%µ$c

ôJƒ«ªc

✄

compeotur

karrkey

%QɪdG

õ«e

almaarey

%ch6

∫É˝îj yakhchaal

tsawkey

%QÉîH

ˇƒc

11

AROUND

THE HOME

mez

kawch

bokhaarey

9c √ôà°ùH

√RGhQO darwaaza

bestara kutt

¿ƒjõjƒ∏J

¿ƒØ«∏«J telefoon

Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.

talvezyoon

%Jôc

óæHôªc kamarband

✄

%dƒN

øªd laman

CLOTHES

khowaley

¿É:ƒH

¢ù«ªc 12

kortey

kames

bottaan

¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf

¿É«æH banyan

naarena kames

ÜGQƒL

ôµ«f nekar

jooraab

¢ù«ªc ¬æj21

¿ƒ∏à> patloon

khazena kames

≈2æhƒ1

ô:ƒe

khowanzeh

✄

ɪ櫰S

∑$°S

AROUND

TOWN

sarrak

13

mottar

senemaa

≈2æQƒ∏>

π:ƒg hottel

ploranzeh

πµ°ùjÉH

≈°ùµ: tekseh

baaysekel

¢ùjhô°S

¿GQƒà°SQ rustoraan

i/É~ QhG or gaaddeh

serves

Qƒc kor

/f/

π~æ2 dandd

% /fƒZ

✄

Qó檰S

COUNTRYSIDE

ghonddey

14

zangul

samandar

¬fh

ôZ ghar

wuna

π~

¬J1 O dakhta

gul

óæ«°S

π> pul

send

ô~/

√ófhôc karwanda

dagar

∂°S

ófhQO

✄

droond

≈渃c

iƒd

OPPOSITES

luwee

15

spak

$ hR

kochneh

iƒf zoorr

naway

hQh

õ«J teaz

wro

π:¸

∑É> paak

¬«ÑfGRQG arzaanbaya

chattel

¬«H$ ƒd lowarrbaya

%∏«g

ƒ°û«> heley

∑, ƒe

✄

GƒZ

ANIMALS

mogak

16

pesho

%ƒ°S

ghwaa

šS swey

speh

hOÉ°T

¢SBG aas

shado

Öc

iôeR zmareh

kub

iQh

»JÉg hateh

woreh

¬Jƒ~

π~æ`6

✄

tsangal

¬dƒN

ô°S OF THE BODY

sar

khoula

%/æ>

,ƒZ ghwag

pandey

√/«~

¢S’

17

PARTS

gwota

laas

gedda

¿Éà1jh

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khuday paman

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ous

computer

cupboard

table

chair

refrigerator

stove

sofa

bed

door

television

telephone

11

window

AROUND THE HOME

hat

skirt

shoe

t-shirt

shirt

sweater

sock

shorts

dress

pants

CLOTHES

belt

12

coat

car

movie theater

school

road

taxi

bus

restaurant

house

train

TOWN

bicycle

AROUND

hotel

13

store

sea

hill

tree

mountain

flower

desert

river

bridge

field

farm

COUNTRYSIDE

lake

14

forest

small

big

new

old

slow

fast

dirty

clean

expensive

inexpensive

OPPOSITES

heavy

15

light

cow

mouse

dog

rabbit

monkey

horse

fish

lion

sheep

elephant

ANIMALS

duck

16

cat

arm

mouth

head

leg

ear

stomach

hand

hair

eye

back

nose

17

finger

PARTS OF THE BODY

please

no

yes

goodbye

hello

today

yesterday

USEFUL

where?

tomorrow

EXPRESSIONS

there

here

how much?

sorry!

now

great!

18

thank you