Beyond Einstein

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The

for the Theory of the Universe

Beyond Einstein

Beyond Einstein The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Michio Kaku and Jennifer Thompson Revised and Updated

WANCHOR BOOKS DOUBLEDAY New York

London

Toronto

Sydney

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AN ANCHOR BOOK PUBUSliED BY DOU8I.EDAY

a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publisbing Group, Inc. 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 1U036 ANC.,OR BOOKS, DounLEDAY, and the portrayal of an anchor arc trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Puhlishing Group, Inc. Beyond Einstein was originally puhlished by Bantam Books in 1987. The Anchor Books edition is puhlished by arrAngement with Bantdm Books.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kaku, Michio. Beyond Einstein: the cosmic quest for the theory of the universe I by Michio Kaku and Jennifcr ltainer Thumpsun.-Rev. and updated. p. ern. Includes bihliographical references and index 1. Unified field theories. 2. Superstring tbeories. 3. Supersymmctry. 4. Cosmology. I. Thompson, Jennifer Trainer. II. Title. QCI73.7.K35 1995 530.1--2. 76. 78. I 10

Nambu. Yoichiro. 84--88 Nambu-Goldstone theorem. 84 Nambu's string theory, 87~8, 115 NaMe, 4, 10. 37. 47 forces and particles In. See Forces; Particle.. four forces of. 6-·9. 131-33 quarks and. 75. See al.