Colonialism Postcolonialism (The New Critical Idiom)

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This accessible volume provides a vital introduction to the historical dimensions and theoretical concepts associated with colonial and postcolonial discourses. Ania Loornba examines the key features o f t h e ideologies and history o f colonialism, and the relationship o f colonial discourse to literature. She goes on to consider the challenges to colonialism, surveying anti-colonial discourses, and recent developments i n postcolonial theories and histories. Looking at how sexuality is figured in the texts o f colonialism, Colonialism/Postcolonialism shows how contemporary feminist ideas and concepts intersect with those of postcolonialist thought. This clear and concise volume is a must for any student needing to get to grips with this crucial and complex area. Ania Loomba is Associate Professor o f English at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

THE NEW CRITICAL IDIOM SERIES E D l r O R : J O HN DRAKAKIS, UNIVERSITY O F

STIRLING

The New Critical ldiom is an invaluable series o f introductory guides to today's critical terminology. Each book:

provides a handy, explanatory guide to the use (and abuse) o f t h e term offers an original and distinctive overview by a leading literary and cultural critic relates the term to the larger field o f cultural representation. With a strong emphasis on clarity, lively debate and the widest possible breadth o f examples, The New Critical Idiom is an indispensable approach to key topics i n literary studies. See below for new books in the series Colonialism/Postcolonialism by Ania Loornba Gothic by Fred Botting Historicism by Paul Hamilton Ideology by David Hawkes Metre, Rhythm and Verse by Philip Hobsbaum Romanticism by Aidan Day

COLONIALISM/ POSTCOLONIALISM Ania Loomba

For Suvir and for Tariq

First published igg8 by Routledge 11

New Fetter Lane. London EC4P 4EE

Smultanmusly published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street. New York. NY i o o o i

01998 A n ~ aLoornba The right o f Ania Loomba to be identified as the Author afthis Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright. Des~gns and Patents Act 1988 Typeset in Garamond by Routledge Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives PLC All rights reserved. N o part ofthis book may be repr~ntedor reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, rnechan~cal,or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without perm~ssionin writing from the publishers. Brrtrsh Ljbrary Catalogurng In Publicafron Data A catalogue record for t h ~ sbook

IS

available from the B r ~ t ~ sL~brary h

Library of Congress Cataiogrng in Publication Data A catalogue record has been requested for this title ISBN 0-415-12808-0

(hbk)

ISBN 0-415-12809-9

(pbk)

1 Situating Colonial and Postcolonial Studies Defining the Terms: Colonialism, Imperialism, Neo-colonial~sm,Postcolonialism From Colonialism to Colonial Discourse Colonial Discourse Colonialism and Knowledge Colonial~smand Literature Textuality, Discourse and Material Processes

2 Colonial and Postcolonial Identities Constructing Racial and Cultural Difference Race. Class and Colonialism Psychoanalysis and Colonial Subjects Gender, Sexuality and Colonial Discourse Hybridity

3

Challenging Colonialism Nationalisms and Pan-nationalisms Feminism, Nationalism and Postcolonialism Can the Subaltern Speak? Post-modernism and Postcolonial Studies Conclusion

A CKN O WLED GEM EN TS

The Neu, CCrrlal 1Jivr11is a series of introductory books which seeks t o extend the lexicon of literary terms, in order to addrrss the radical changes which have taken place in the study of literature during rhe last decades of the twentieth century. The aim is to provide clear, well-illusrrated accounts of the full range of terminology currently in use, and to evolve histories of its changing usage. T h e current state of the discipline of literary studies is one in which there is considerable debate concerning basic questions of terminology. This involves, among other things, the boundaries which distinguish the literary from the non-literary; the position of literature wlthin t h e larger sphere of culture; the relatinnship between Iiterarures of different cultures; and qursrions concrming the relation of literary to other culrural forms within the context of inter-disciplinary studies. I t is clear that the field of literary criticism and theory is a dynamic and heterogeneous one. T h e present need is for ind~vidual volumes on terms which combine clarity of exposition with an adventurousness of perspective and a breadth of application. Each volume will contain as part of its apparatus some indicarion of the direction in which the definition of particular terms is 11kely to move, as well as expanding rhe disclpllnary boundaries within which some of there terms have been rradirionally contained. This will involve some resituation of terms within the larger field of cultural presentation, and will introduce examples from the area of film and the modern media in addition to examples from a variety of lirerary rexts.

i

I t 1% ;I ~plrasureto thank the various people whose inrellectual and ~.~n!l6 Nrgni, 1 '1 6 lnrilan 7 ~ m b r r C h m u?;X Kegro. fix lncllnn

Nrgm

Nrgm

Negm

Source: Reproduced from Pratt ,992: 152

COLONIAL A N 0 POSTCOLONIAL IDENTITIES

121

If miscegenation was a nightmare, colonial administrators nevertheless drcamt o f racial mixings that would produce the ideal colonial subject. Here i s what Sir.Harry Johnson, t h e first commissioner of B r i t ~ s Central h America visualised in 1894: O n the whole, I think the admixture o f yellow that the Negro requires should come from India, and that eastern Africa and British central Africa should become the America o f the Hindu. The mixture o f the two races would give the Indian the physical development which he lacks, and he i n turn would transmit to his half-Negro offspring the industry, ambition, and aspiration towards civilized life which the Negro so markedly lacks. (quoted Roblnson 1983: 1 3 1 ) Race has thus functioned as one o f the most ~ o w e r f uand l yet the most fragile markers o f human identity, hard to explain and identify and even harder to maintain. Today, skin colour has become the privileged marker o f races which are, as Miles points out, thought of either 'black' or 'white' but never 'big-eared' and 'small-eared'. The fact that only certain physical characteristics are signified to define 'races' in specific circumstances indicates that we are investigating not a given, natural division o f the world's population, but the application o f historically and culturally specific meanings to the totality o f human physiological variation. . . . 'races' are socially imagined rather than biological realities. (1989: 71) W h i l e colour i s taken to be the prime signifier o f racial identhe latter is actually shaped by perceptions of religious, r t h nic, linguistic, national, sexual and class differences. 'Race' as a

tity,

122

C O L O N I A L A N D POSTCOLONIAL I D E N T I T I E S

concept receives irs meanings contrxrually, and in relation t o other social g r o u p i n g s and hierarchies, such ar gender and class. For example, Paul G i l r o y has explored how: the idea of the city as a jungle where bestial, predatory values prevail preceded the large-scale settlement o f Britain by blacks

in the post-war period. It has contributed significantly t o contemporary definitions of 'race', particularly those which highlight t h e supposed primitivism and violence of black residents i n inner-city areas. This is the context in which 'race' and racism c o m e t o connote t h e urban crisis as a whole.

...

This

connection between contemporary British racism a n d the city is an i m p o r t a n t reminder that 'race' is a relational concept

anti-colonial movements (Ranger

1982). Sirnllarly, t h e discoutsc

of racr has also been ap p ropriated and inverted b y anti-culonial and black resistance srruggles, such as the N e g r i t u d e or B l a c k power movements. But equally, m a n y resistance movemenrs have and nor s i m p l y inwrt, e x i s t i n g dish a d t o struggle t o trilrzsfor~l~, courses about race. I n his remarkable autob~ogtaphy,LW#Wuik fu

Freed,;m,,N e l s o n Mandela describes h o w t h e hardest, m o s t comp l e x task for the A f r i c a n N a t i o n a l Congress was t o b u i l d solidari t y across the racial and t r i b a l divides t h a t had been calcified and institutionalised b y t h e apartheid state. T o s u m up then, perceived o r constructed racial differences w e r r rtansformed i n t o very real inequalities b y colonialist andlot

which does n o t have fixed referents. The naturalization o f so-

racist regimes and ideologies. Accordinglv, the analysis o f race m u s t take cognisance of b o t h r h c reality o f racial discriminations

cial phenomena and t h e suppression of the historical process

and oppressions, as w e l l as c a l l attention t o the constructedness o f

which are introduced by its appeal t o the biological realm can

t h e concept itself. H a v i n g esrablished that racial constructions are

articulate a variety o f different political antagonisms. They

shaped w i t h i n particular historical contexts and alongside other

change, and bear with t h e m n o intrinsic o r constant political

social hierarchies, w r can examine, m o r e sprcifically, the rclarionship between race and class.

effects.

I n order t o signal the m u r a b ~ l i t yand constructednrss o f race, many writers frame the w o r d w i t h ~ nq u o t e marks and othcrs substirure

it

w i t h 'ethnicity'. B u t despite the fact that racial classifi-

cation m a y be at several levels a 'delusion' a n d a m y r h , we need t o remember r h a t i t is all t o o real In i t s pernicious social effecrs. s social conEthnic, t r i b a l and other c o m m u n i t y g r ~ ~ u p i n gare structions and i d r n r i r i c s r h a t have served

m

b o t h oppress people

RACE,

CLASS

AND C O L O N I A L I S M

In Charlorte Bronte's novelJ~i12e E y e , the y o u n g orphan Jane is t o

be sent away f r o m the house o f h r r r i c h rrlatlves w h o think of her as a badly behaved burden. Jane chooscs r o g o t o a boarding house rather t h a n t o her puorer relarions &cause. she says, 'l was n o r heroic enough t o putchasr l i b e r t y at the price o f cilste' (1981:

7

G s t e was of course a concept t h a t became familiar in

and redicalise them. In s o u t l i r r n Africa, pre-colonial t r i b a l groupings were transformed b y w h i r r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and the assign-

E n g l a n d f r o m colonial experiences in I n d i a , and it m a r k e d a so-

n i r n t o f particular k i n d s o f johs t o ditfercnt groups of pcoplr.

o f p u r i t y a n d p o l l u t i o n , s i m i l a r t o rhose r h a t shape the idea o f

(:r>lonial regimcs manipulated as w e l l as crrared e t h n i c and racial i ~ l r n t i r i e s .But Africans also participated in the procesc o f t r l b a l < r c i r i o n . Later the same t t i h a l i s m also

f d i n t o the creation o f

cial, economic a n d reli g ious hicratchy overlaid w i r h connorations race. F o r the y o u n g Jane a m o v e m e n t d o w n t h e class ladder is understood as a transgression o f caste, a v i r t u a l crossing o f racial divides. R o b e r t Y o u n g p o i n t s o u t t h a t 'If.according t o Marxism,

124

1

C O L O N I A L A N D POSTCOLONIAL I D E N T I T I E S

racr should be properly understood as class, it IS clrar that for the Brirish upper classes class was increasingly thought of in terms of race'. H e cites the first version of D.H. Lawrence's l4dy Chotterleyi Lrnrr as an instance: when Connie thinks of her lover Parkin a t home in his shirt sleeves, eating bloaters for tea and saying 'thaese' for 'these', she gives u p the idea of moving in with him, for 'c-ulturally he was another race' (Young 1995: 96). Precisrly the opposice sort of movement is registered by Hanif Kureishi's film Afy Beautl/ul Larmdnrmc (1985) in which a white wnrking-class lad suggests to his Pakisrani employer that as nonwhite person he should not evict his Caribbean tenant. The landlord replies: 'I am a professional businessman, not a professional Pakistani'. As an upwardly mobilr immigrant, the landlord refuses to overlook the class d~stincrionsthat fracture racially oppressed communities as much as racially dominant ones. I n this section we will examine the intersection of race and class in the colonial context. There have been two broad trndencies in analysis of race and ethnicity: rhe firsr, which stems from Marxist analysis, can be referred to as chc 'economic' bccause it regards social g r o ~ ~ p i n gins, cluding racial ones, as largely determined and explained by economic structures and processes.' Colonialism was the means through which capitalism achieved its global expansion. Racism simply facilitated this process, and was the conduit through which the labour of colonised people was appropriated. T h e second approach, which has been called 'sociological', and derives partly from the work of Max Weber, argues that economic explanations are insufficient for understanding the racial features of colonised societies. While the first approach tends to be functionalist in its understanding of race, the second tends to ignore e m nomic questions and is often descriptive rather than analytical. O f course, we should not reduce these approaches to watertight compartmenrs, because each includes complex and nuanced debates, but on the whole, the former privileges class, and the

C O L O N I A L A N D POSTCOLONIAL I D E N T I T I E S

latter race in understanding colonial social fornlations. T h e differences between them are, however, not merely theoretical but have direct consequences for political struggles. If racial relations are largely the offshoot of economic structures, then clearly the effort should be to transform the latter; on the other hand, if this is not the case, racral oppression needs to be accorded a different politiral weightage and sprcificity. Recently, a sophisticated dialogue between these two rendencles, exemplifird by the work of sociologist John Rex, has hrlped develop a more dialectical approach to this question. Rcx (1980) suggests that in Sourh Africa, capitalism was lnstallcd through the enforced labour of the Bantu peoples. Thus race relations wrre crucial in making available a labour force. In Capital, Marx had suggested that capiralisrn depends upon 'the free labourer selling his labour power' to the owner of the means of production (1961: 170). But in South Africa, as in a varlety of other colonial situations, the lahour of colonised peoples was commissioned through a variety of coercive measures. It was not free labour a t all. Rex quotes an East African settler to make his point: 'We have stolen his land. Now we must steal his limbs . . . . Compulsory labour is the corollary of our occupation of the country' (1980: 129). 'Classical' Marxism attributes capitalism's efficiency to its having replaced slavery and crude forms of coercion with the 'free' labour market in which the force is exerted through economic pressure. But under colonialism, according t o Rex, these other supposedly outdated features of control carry on, rrot us remnants (the part hut as integra1feutrire.r of the iupitilizst prwmt. Race and racism are the b s i s on which unfree labour is pressed into colonialist service. Racist ideologies identified different sections of people as intrinsically o r biologically suited for particular tasks. Aim6 CCsaire angrily quotes Ernst Renan on this point: Nature has made a race ofworkers, the Chinese race, who have wonderful manual dexterity and almost no sense of honour;

125

,

126 C O L O N I A L A N D POSTCOLONIAL I D E N T I T I E S

govern them with justice, levying from them, in return for the blessing of such a government, an ample allowance for the conquering race, and they will be satisfied; a race of tillers of the soil, the Negro. . . ; a race of masters and soldiers, the European race. Reduce this noble race to working in the ergastulum like Negroes and Chinese, and they rebel.. . . But the life at which our workers rebel would make a Chinese or a fellah happy, a s they are not military creatures in the least. Let each o n e d o what he is made for, a n d all will be well,

T h e ideology of racial superiority translated easily into class terms. T h e superiority of the white races, one colonist arKurd, clearly implied that 'rhe black men must forever remain chrap labour and slaves'. Certain sections of people wtre thus racially identified as the natural working classes. The problem was now how to organise the social world according to this belirf, or ro force 'the popularion into its "natural" class position: in other words, rrality had to be brought into line wirh that representation in order to ensure the material objective of production' (Miles 1989: 103). Miles illustrates this process by examining how the racial ideologies with which British colonisers arrivrd in Kenya structured capitalisr development rherr. First of all, Africans were dispossessed from the best lands, and settled in adjacent reserves. Such a process was facilitated by the creation of African chiefs, contrary to the custom hirherro prevailing in most Kenyan communities. Land that was consiilered unused by Africans was appropriated a(ter bring defined as 'waste'. Local populations were often nomadic, so lands that lay unused at a particular tlme were potentially available for future use, but the new order curbed their movements and contined rhem t o specific atvas. After cquiring land, colonists needed to recruit labour. T h e different methods employed all required the intervention of the colonial

C O L O N I A L A N 0 POSTCOLONIAL IOENTITIES

state. T h e new 'chiefs' were commissioned to supply men to construcr roads. railways and docks and act as p r t e r s , away from their place of residence. T h e fees pald were low, and refusal was treated with harsh punishmmt. T h e colonists also developed a 'squartet system' whereb y African communitirs were encouraged ro live on European lands in return for a certain quantum of lalmur power. Finally cash raxes were imposed, which Africans were forced to raise by selling thelr labour for a wage. 'Chirfs' were also used t o 'persuade' Africans to enter the labour focce. and these measures were defended on the grounds that they would eliminate 'idleness and vice' among the local population. Thus the imperial mission, based on a hierarchy of races, coincided perfectly with the economic needs of the colonists. In rhe prcxess, as wc have already noted, divisions between different African groups and tribes were also emphasised by creating particular sub-divisions and a t t r i b u t ~ n gparticular kinds of skills and shortcomings t o rhem. Thus the process of 'class formation was shaped by racialization' (Miles 1989: I I l). Capirallsm therefore does not override and l ~ q u i d a t rracial hierarchic but continues ro depend upon, and intensify, them. Ideologies of race and the social structures created by r h t m facilirate capitalist production, so that, Rex argues, 'the South African labour system is the most efficient system for the capitalist exploitation of labour yet devised, resting as it docs on the thrrr instirutions of the rural reserve, the mining compound and rhe controllrd urban "lo-way Street', in A. Basu (ed.). Women's Movements i n Global Perspective. Bouider, CO: Westview Press. Spillers, H. (1987) 'Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe: An American Grammar Book', Diacritics 17: pp. 65-71. Sp~vak.C.C. (1985a) 'Three Women's Texts and a Critique of Imperialism', Criticallnquiry 12 (I): pp. 243-261. -(1985b) 'Can the Subaltern Speak? Speculations on Widow-Sacrifice', Wedge. WinterjSpring: pp. 120-130. - (1987) 'The Ran of Sirmur: An Essay in Reading the Archives'. History and Theory24 (3): pp. 247-272. - (1988) 'Can the Subaltern Speak?', in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds). Marxism and the Interpretation o f Culture. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, pp. 271-313. -(1990) 'The Political Economy ofwomen as Seen by a Literary Critic',

in E. Weed (ed.). Coming to Terms, London and New York: Routledge. - (1996) 'Post-structuralism. Marginality, Postcoloniality and Value', in P. Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory, London: Arnold, pp. 198-222. Spurr, D. (1993) The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journaksrn, Travel Writing and Imperial Administration. Durham. NC and London: Duke University Press. Stepan, N.L. (1982) The idea ofRace m Science, Great Britain 18w-1960. London: M a c m ~ l l a n ~ - (1990) 'Race and Gender: The Role o f Analogy in Science', In D.T. Goldberg (ed.), The Anatomy o f Racism, Minneapolis. M N and London: Univers~tyo f Minnesota Press. Stepan, N.L. and Gilman, S.L. (1991) 'Appropriating the Idiom o f Science', in D. LaCapra (ed.) The Bounds o f Race: Perspectives on Hegemony and Resistance, Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, pp. 72-103. Tabar~,A. and Yahgeneh, N. (1983) In the Shadow oflslam. London: Zed Press. Teltscher, K. (1995) India Inscribed, European and Brrtish Writing o n lndm 1600-1800, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Terry. E. (1655) A Voyage to East lndia. London. Tharu. S. (1996) 'A Critique of Hindutva-Brahmlnism', Economic and Political Weekly, 27 july: pp. 2019-2021. Tharu. S. and Lalita. K. (eds) (1991) Women Writing in lndia, vol. I , New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Thiong'o. N. wa (1986) Decolonising the Mind: The Politrcs o f Language in African Literature. London: lames Currey. Tiffin, C. and Lawson, A. (eds) (1994) De-scribing Empire, Post-colonialism and Textuality, London and New York: Routledge. Vaughan, M. (1991) Curmg The~rIlls: Colonial Power and Atiican Iliness, Cambridge and Stanford. CA: Polity Press and Stanford University Press. - (1993) 'Madness and Colonialism, Colonialism as Madness', Paideuma 39: pp. 45-55. - (1994) 'Colonial Discourse Theory and Ahican History, or has Postmodernism Passed us by?', Social Dynamics 2 0 (2): pp. 1-23. Vecellio, C. (1598) Habi6 antichi et moderni di tune il mondo. Venice. 2nd edn.

Viswanathan. G. (1990) Masks o f Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in lndia, London: Faber and Faber. Volosinov, V. (1973) Marxism and the Philosophy o f Language, New York: Seminar Press. Walkowitz. l. (1989) 'Patrolling the Borders. Feminist Historiography and the New Historicism' (Exchange and Seminar). Radical History Review43:pp. 23-43, Wallerstein. 1. (1988) 'The Ideological Tensions o f Capitalism: Universalism versus Racism and Sexism', in E. Balibar and I. Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class, Ambiguous Identities, London and New York: Verso. Warmistry, T. (1658) The Baptized Turk, o r a Narrative o f the Happy Conversion ofthe Signior Rigep Dandulo, London. Warner, M. (1987) Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form. London: Picador. Watson. J.F. and Kaye, J.W. (eds) (1868-1875) The People oflndia: A Series of Photographic Illustrations, with Descriptive Letterpress, of the Races and Tribes ofHindustan. 8 vols. London: lndia Museum. White. H. (1987) Tropics o f Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore. M D and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Williams, P. and Chrisman. L. (eds) (1994) Colonial Discourse and PostColonial Theory:A Reader, New York: Columbia University Press. Williams, R. (1976) Keywords, A Vocabulary o f Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press. (1977) Marxism and Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

-

Young. C. (1994) 'The Colonial Construction of African Nations', in J. Hutchinson and A.D. Smith (eds), Nationalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Young, R. (iggo) White Mythologies: Writing History and the West, London: Routledge.

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Achebe. C. 91-2. 93. 136 Adas, M. n Adarno, T. 46 Afghanistan, lslamicisation 226 Africa, differencesfrom Europe 23, 272; colonial processes in 52. 88, 111-12. 122,126-g,ij8,167; histories of 55, 155.201. 238-9.243: language debates 91-2; representations of 136, 151-2, 1 % nationalism 188. 191-2.195-8. 203. 217, 225; femlnirm in 228, 231; pm. nationalism 211-15 African National Congress (ANC) 92, 225

Africans: African-Americans 12, 14, 166 175,270; blackness 71; colon~al medical discourse 52. 53. 64138-9; creation oftradition 243: histories 238, 243: novelists 11. 92: postcolaniality 246; racist ; groupings stereotypes 113, 1 % ~tribal 122-3; women 6 4 . 1 ~ 163.167; . see also South Afrlca Africanus, L. 155-6 Ahmad, A. 203-4.247, 253 Ahmed, L. 49 Albuquerque, A. d' 110 Algeria, nationalist struggler 15. 146, 192-4 224 alterityxiv, 104182. 246 Althusrer, L. 32-5.39. 88 Alva.J.J.K.de8-g, 12-13.19 Amazons 1% ambivalence 105, 149 Arnerka (de Bry) 59 America and Americas: African culture ~~ 4,r &g. n 65. in 212-14: ~ o l o n ~ a lin 73-4, IN-13, 130; nationalism in 187; postcolonialism in 8-9, 12. 14, 19, 210; racial ideology in 63, 11-20; representations of 59-60,

68, 72. 76-8, 97, 99.107-9,

115.

151-2

Amherst. Lord z i Amin, S. 201-2,25gn Amor, V. 165 Anderron, B. 118. 173, 186-90.197-8 Anthias. F 276 anti-colonial movement 185-254, passim g, 11. 12.15, 19. 40.41. 5% 91.174. 181-3, 185-7; anticdonal thought 104, 123, 211, 213; and histoty 13. 249; as madness 139; and Manism 22, 133; and nationalism 790-9, m - 3 ; and women 164166, 169.216-26, 236-7.239-41 Ano-Oedipus (Deleuze and Cuattari) 142

Appiah. K.A. 11. 18, 196. 245-6. 247 Arab natonalism 197 Arendt. H. 46 Argentina, Madres of Plaza de M a p 224-5 Argueta. M. 20s Arnald. D. 31. 14 Around the World in Eighty Days &'erne) 153 Arunima, C. 168 Asia, colonalirm in 112; peopleiis; representations of 152-3; Ashcroft. B. 96 atlases, 77 Aurobindo, S. 218 Austen. 1-82.93 Aurtrala: exclusion of Abor~ginals118; hybridity in 9; images ofAboriginal population 113 Autob,ography,An (Nehru) 198 Autobiography(Nkrumah) 198 Aztec Empire 2 Babn Mosque 207 Bacon. F.

155

280

INDEX

Baldick, C. 86 Baldwin. J. 92 Ballbar E. 207 Banerjee, S. 220 barbarism 57-8, 105, 132 Barrell. l. 137 Basu. A. 227 Baudelare, C. 76 Baudrillard, I . 232, 243 beauty, notions of 71 Behn. A. 164-5 Bell, D. 260" Bell Curve, The (Murray and Hermstein) 63 Belsey. C. 35, 259" Benjam~n,W. 46 Berger, J. 162 Bergner, C. 162.166 Bernal, M. 64-5, 66 Besant, A. 170 Bhabha. H.K.: critque of Said 49. 178, 179, 232, critiques ofwork 96.179; on ambwalence 105,149; on causes ofant,-colonial subversion 91; on Fanon 146, 176-7; on formation of colonial subjectiv~ties232-3, 241; on mimicry89,178; on sexuality 163; study ofwark xiii, use o f psychoanalytic concepts 150 Bharati, U. 227 Bhattacharya, N. 239 Bishop, A.J. 65 Black Atlantic, The (Cilroy) 175 Black Conscmurness 213,223 Black Hamlet (Sachs) 14-I Black Orpheus (Sanie) 211 Black Skin. White Masks (Fanon) 23-4, 142-3,146,176-7,782 Black power movement 123 blackness 57, 62, 71.105-6, log, 114. 119, 121. 143-4, 160,176. 217, 214; black diaspora 175-6, 214; black people 14, 25. 30, 63. 71.116. 122. 136. 140. 215. 239; black sub~ectivity

138-50, 176; black women 157,158. 160.162-6.228; fieure of black raplst 79, 97,158; resistance struggles 123. 147. 211-15, 223 Boabdii. Sultan 208 Boehmer. E.4.82, 95, 198 Boone, ].A. 158 Bottomore, T. 3 Borzoli, B. 20, Brazil, feminism 228 Brennan, T. 205-6 Bntain: Arians 15: black people 30, 122. 176. 214; colon~aladministration 1 1 1 ; postcolonial subjects 12: race and class 132-3 Britannia 215 Bronte. C. 82. 123 Brotherrtone, G. 65 Bry. T de 59, 60 Bunn. D. 243 Burke, E. n2 Burke, J. n5 Bunon, A M . 171 Burtan, R. 45. 157-8 Butler,]. 171

133, m, 212-13; on contact 69; on racist ideologies 125; on zuperlorlty o f non-Western roceties 200; Parry an 146 Chakrabarty. D. 197,255-6 Chapman, 6 . 7 8 Charnock, I.153 Chatterjee, P. 189-92. 219 Chauri Chaura, riot (1922) 201-2 Chavafambira, 1.140 C h e r S. 106 Ch~neseempire3 Chrrman, L. xi, 16.46 Chrrtian, B. xiii Chrrtianlty 89, 105-6, 114. 167.187, 226.237 civilisation and barbarism 57-8 Civilization and its Dircontents (Freud)

Cabral, A. 93, 203 Caliban 59. 67. 74, 79. 90-7.158 cannibalsm 58-9, 73-4, 701-3 Cspml (Man) 125 capitalism 4. 2-1. 1 2 4 127-31. 249-50 Carby, H. 165,166 Caribbean: cannibal~smclaims58-9.73; history 76; hurrcaner 73 Caribs 58 Carotherr J.C. 140 Cam, H. 159-60 Carusi, A. 252 caste: concept of 123; in lndia 198-9.

34-103 colour 62-3,109-10, 113, 121: see blackness, blacks. race Columbur. C. 58, 76. 107. 108. 208 common sense 28-9 Communist Manifesto, The ( M m and Engelr) 129 Confessions o f a n English Opium-Eater (De Quincey) 137 Conrad, l.93,136,151-2 contact zone 68-9. 70 conversion n 4 Cook. j.101 Cooper, F. 31. 215. 239. 244 Caoppan. V. 139. 194 cotton 4 Cotton, A 67 Cowhig, R. 84

'23.199 Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies 31 Cbsaiie, A.: Discourse on Colonialism 22.184; Negritude movement 23.

338 class: and ideology 27-30; and race 22-3.123-33: ndigenous structures 166-7: struggle, 22, 27 Coleridge, 5.1.84 Collitr, Terry in Colombia. inter-marriage 173 colon~aldiscourse zo,23. 43-57.

Crawford. R. 88 creoler 8,119,120.187. 198 Crusades 3.75 Dabydeen. D. 92 Dadie. BB. 211 Darwin, C. 63 Davis. A. 165 Davis. N.Z. 216 De Quincey, T 137 Deceivers. The (Marterr) 133-6. 153 deculturation 139.141 Delacrair, E. 215 Deleuze. C. 142 Del~ur.P. z o i Den~da.J.36. 240. 253 Descent ofMan, The (Darwin) 63 difference: biological n 7 ; cultural 104-23.192: racial 104-23,l28,15g; scient~ficcars~fication115-17; sexual 162 Dirks, N 96 Dirlk, A.: on global capital~sm13; on hybrldity 780; on postcolonial subject 233; on postcolonialism 2q6-8,250,256 discourse, concept of38-9. 41, 55 Discourse on C o l o n i a k m (Cesarre) 22, 184 drcovery 67 Dame, J. 71-3 Duvalier, Papa Doc n 9 Eagletan, T. xii-xiii, 82. 25gn East. the 46-9.108 East lndia Company 67,109,112. 133 Eden, R. 107 Egbuna. 0 . 2 0 5 Elizabeth I. Queen 5. 78. 215 Elliot, C. 35 Emerran, R.W. 174 Engels. F. 25-6, 29, 31, 729 Engl~shliterature, study of85. 88

Enlightenment, European 64. 66. 90, 116 Epko, D 248 Ethlopla, ,l2 ethnic#@term 176 Event, Metaphor, Memory (Amin) 207 experience 242 Ezhava system 6, famlly 217 Fanon, F.: actlwsm 143. 746-7; 'Algeria Unveiled' 192-4; BlackSkh White M a ~ k s23-4. q-j.146.?76-7.187; critiques of166, 241: influence 93; life 180; an colonialsm 23-4, 46. 142-3; on Lacanan analys~s744; on liberation 181;an mimicry 178;on Negritude 212-13, on Oedipal camplex 145-6; on prychic trauma 147-8, 150.176; on race and class divisions 22; on racial i d e n t q 144-5; on reslrtance to colonial rule 139; on sexual difference 162-3; Said on 51, Wretched o f the Earth. The 22, 142,146, 199 Far Pavilrons, The (Kaye) 153-4 feminism, feminist: African 231; attitudes to 229; natlonaism and postcolonialism 215-31; postmadernism and 252-3; psychoanalys~s148-9: racial politics 163-6; read~ngroftiction 82.84; struggle40-1; Thlrd World poiiticr 253 Ferguson, M. 165 Fermin de Vargas, P. 173 F~eldhouse.D.K. xi Fonter, E.M. 80 Foucault, M,:influence 34,43-4. 46, 51-2. 81, 253-4; notion ofdiscourre 38, 41; on human subject 34-5, 233: on madness 138; on powerql-2.50. 52-4.238

France: imperiailsm 15; Napoleonic 198;

see also Algera Francbs Xav~ern w v Frank.A.G. 1 3 0 Frankenburg, R. 19, n o Freud, S.: influence 133; inquiry mta rexualtty 154; interpellatian 32; on development 138,150; on female rexual~v161.162; on Oedlpai complex 140-1. 142 Friel, B. 99-loo Froblrher, M.59 Fryer. P. 214 fundamental~sts,rel~gious207,209. 226-7

Calle. T. de 76 Gandhi, M.K. 174.195. 202, 216, 223-4 Gates. H.L. 52, 63. 143. 147-8. 150 gender: and clarr 24; sexualty and colonial discourse 151-72 Cenghtr Khan 2 genocde n2 Geographrcal History orAfrica, A (Africanus) 155-6 German Ideology. The (Mar* and Enges) 25 Ghadder Assocat~on90 Glbbons. L. 109 Giddenr. A. 2 1 0 Glkuyu writtng 92 G~lbeit,S. 82 G ~ l l ~ e1.r .77 Gilman. S. 60, 64, 142. 160.161-1 Gllroy, P. 122. 375. 181, 214 Gobineau, J.A.de 118 Could, S.J. 61 Gramsci, A.: influence 30-1, 234,239. 253-4: on hegemony 29.31.33; on ideologies 28-30. 39. 66; on subaiterns 51; on sublectivity 148 grand narrative 240-1. 251-z Green lmperd!sm (Grove) 61 Greenblatt. S. 108

Greenstein. R. 213. 238. 257-8 Grove. R.H. 61. 67 Guanari, F. 142 Gubar, S. 82 Guha. R. 31,198-201.205 gunpowder 112 Habb, I. 112 Haggard, H.R. 82. 92 Haiti, white populat~on119 Hakluyt, R. 59, 62. 107 Hall, K. 77 Hall, S.: on Althusser 32; on capitalism 249; on class relations 733: on common sense 29; on c ~ l t u r a l identity 181-2; on ethnic~ty176; on Faucault42; on Gramsci 3+1; on masses 241-4; on partcolonialism X; on post-modernism 243. 251; an Rex 129; on slavery 131 Ham, descendants of105 Hamas 216 Hamlet (Shakespeare) 140 Hardayal, L, go Hardng. S. 163-4 harem stories 155 Harley, B. 78 Hartsock. N. 42.247-8 Hawen D. 147 Hawaii, cannibalsm question 102 Hawker, D. 259" Head, R. 157 HeartofDarknesr (Conrad) 136.151-2 hegemony, concept of 29.31 Henty. G.A. 82 Herrnrtein. R.J. 63 High-Caste Indlan Woman. The (Ramabai) 169 Hinduism: challenges to 199-zoo, 237; fundamentalists 207, 226; patriarchy 168, 237; prize essay 88-9; Ram Rajya 174; widow immolation 167, seealsowidow history: ant#-colonialhistory writing 13.

248-54;discipline of 255-6; multiple histories 13; oral 243 H~tchcon.N. 142 Hobsbawm, E. 196 Hodge. B. 9 Hohneyr, 1.192, 217 Harney. K. 259" Hulme, P.: on colonial dlscunive pradicer 10% on discourse of plantation 132: on Europeans turning T u r k ~ r son : formation of colonal discourse 73-4; on grand narratives 251-2; on love plots 158; on postcolonial studies xiii; on postcoloniality ?g;on T h e Tempest 2. 74, on Vespuco discovering America 76. 15,; on Wlde Sargasso Sea 83 Humboldt, A. von 68 hurrtcanes 73 Hunado, A. 163 Hyam, R. 158 hybridity g, 173-83; dynamics of colonal encounter 105: Latin American 8-9, 12, 120; racial classifications 119-20; term 15. 176: theme 69. in ~dentity:colonial 179; cultura 181; ethnicity 176; national 195-6, 226; producton o f l o ~racial ; 121 ideology: Althusser's work 32-4; and class 27-9; hegemony 29-30: racial 128-9 Ilaiah. K. 199-200 Imagined Communities (Anderson) 186,197-8 Imperialism, the Hlghest Stage o f Capitallsrn (Lenin) 5 imperialism: British liferature81-2; definition 4-6; women's subordination 230 lncsr 3 India: Amritsar massacre80: Bible

transmrrlon 177; Bombay rmts (1993) 207; British colonial administration in; carte divisions 98-9. 199; Chauri Chaura riot (igzz) 201-2; education. 21. 54. 85-6, 88-90.192, 219: i e m t n l ~ t r 228; medical system 14; memsahibs 170, 219: nationalism 90, 19-2, 195, 199; nation-state 210; partition 202; peasant struggles 241; religion 167-8. 207. 209. 227: reststance to Brttlsh 15; tribal peoples v - m ; uprisings (1857) 53 79-80. 98, 140; widow burn~ng39,153. 157,167. 768-9.221-2. 234, 235-7, 244-5; women's organisations 129; women'r role 224. 227 india O n e n t a h (de Bry) 59 Indian National Congress 225 lndolckha (Menon) 75.92 Introduction to Anthropology (Waltz) 117 Invention of Tradit~on.The (Hobsbawm and Ranger) 196 Q tests 63 Ireland: language gg-loo; racial difference 109; skull shape 161 Irele. FA. 211 Islam 106. z w .226 Italy, Cramso's work30 Jacaby. R. ix lad. l. 216 Jahangir 109 Jamer I. King 5, 109. 216 lameson, F. i 4 2 . m - 4 , 2 0 5 206.247 lane Eyre (Bronte) 82-3.123. 164 JanMohamed. A. 96.99.104,105,149 Jayawardena. K. 172.225 jewel in the Crown. The (Scott) 80-1 Jinnah. M.A. 209 Johnson, D. H.84.93 Johnson, Sir H. 121 Jolly. R. 10

)ones,A. 165 Joseph. C. 230 Josh,,R. 171 Judairm 106 Kabbani, R. 153 Kaunda, K. 198 Kautsky, K.J.5 Kaye, M.M. 153-4 Kelman, l.87 Kemp, A. 228 Kenya: colonisation 126-7. 128; Mau Mav ~ q o Key into the Languages ofAmerica, A (W8lliamr) 65 Kiberd. D. 800-1 Kiewiet. C W de 2 0 1 Kim (Kipling) 140 Kingrley, C. 709 Kipling, R. 16, 23. 82,140 Klein. M. 259n knowledge: and colonialism 57-69; and power 43 Kortenaar, N ten 182-3 Kureshi, H. 124 Lacan.l. 32, 35 37. 144 Laclau. E. 130 Lady Chsfterley's Lover (Lawrence) 124 Lalita, K. 169. 221, 237 Lamming. C. 76. 92,180,185 language 35-7; choiceofg2; in lndia 191-2, zoo;novels75-6: portcalon~alliterature 93: role in nat~onalirm187-8. 191: signs 27, 35-6, 70; translations 93, 99-,m, 257 Latin America: capitalism ~ 3 0 ; machismo 221;mixed societies 8. 12. 1 1 1 ; revolutions 175; women's movements 227-8 Lawrence, D.H. 124 Lawrence, E. 30,159 Lawson. A. 95

Lazarus. N. 197,206 Lenin, V.I. 5 lesbianism 155. 160, 229 L6vi-Straurs, C. 35-6 Liddle, J. 171 Linnaeus. C. 61.115 literature: and colonialism 69-94; and the nation 203-10 Lithgow. W. 155 Llovd, D. x Long. E. l59 Lone Walk to Freedom (Mandela) 123 Laamba. A. 39, 84, 236

-

Macaulay, TB. 85.86. 89 Macheray, P. 33.36 Machiavelii, N. 29 machismo 164, 223 McClintack, A, 7,154-5.192. 215 MacMillan. W M . 201 madness 38-9.41. 64,136-9 Mahasweta, Devi 10-11. 14 Maymdar, B.P. 89 Malagasy revolt (1947) 739-40 Malayalam writing 75. 92 Malintzin 2,s Mallan. F.E. 31, 254 Mandela, N. 123. 277 Mandela, W. 216 Mani, L. 39, 167. 221. 234, 245; Frankenburg and 19. 210 Manichean allegory 104. 149 Mannoni, 0.139-40.143 Mansfield Park (Austen) 82 maps 78 Marianne 215 marriage q , i l o - n , 168, 173,220-1, see also widow Mam, K.: on capitalism 125,129; on colonialism 21-2, 31; on ideology 25-729, 66 Marrist thinking: and portrtructuralism 253; and

psychoanalysis id.150; femtnist critiques of 250; language of 247; on capitalism z z , 129. 249; on colonialism 3.21-2; on difference 65; on ideology 70; on women 24; readings of English fiction 82,83-4, 123-4 Marks ofConquest (Viswanathan) 85 Masters. 1.133-6.153 matr~linealsocieties 167 Mau Mau 140 Mayo, K. 170. 171. 172 Memrni. A. 737, 143. r47-8 Menon. O.C. 75 Merchant of Venrce. The. (Shakespeare) 90.106 mestizos 8.120 Mhudi (Plaatle) 92 Michelet, l.183 Middleton, T. n 4 Mies. M . 168 Miles, R.: on Abotigloals 118; on cannibalism 59; on racial ideologies n3. 126-7; on racial rtereoqping 105, on r k n colour 121: on slaves 116 Mllton, 1. 199-200 mimicry 89, 178, 179 Mashra. V. g missionaries 175. 792 Mder, S 1 7 2 Mohanty. C. 165 Mongols 2, j Montatgne, M. de 118 Moor's Last Sigh, The (Rushdie) 207-10 More, SirT 218-19 Morgan. R. 227 Morris. 1. 95. 1 1 1 Mother lndia (Mayo) 170. 171 Mother lndia 215 Muddupalani 169 Mughals 3,108-9,nz-13 mulattos 120

multculturalism 257 Mumy, C. 63 Muslims: fundamentalists 207. 226; images of58, 106: in lndia 207, 209; women 716 M y Beautiful Launderette (Kureishi) 124 Nagaratnamma, B. 169 Namlbla, status ofwomen 227 Nandy, A. 149, 168. 218 Narrative of Twenty Years residence in South America (Stevensoo) n 9 Nahon and Its Fragments, The (Chanerjee) 189 nation and race 118, 207 nation-state 188-9 nat8onalirm 184-21a Algerian 15. 146. 192-4. 224; anti-colontal 190-1. 135; European 203; creole 198 Indian 90, 190-2, 195. 199; literature 203-10; machrmo 164; pannationalisms zn-?l; role o f language 187-8, 791; women's role 192-5 Nationalrst Thought and the Colonial World (Chatterlee) 189 NaturaiH#story(Pl#ny) 58 Negrtude movement 23, 123. 133, 174, 18~2n-13 Nehru, 1. 195,198. 209 New Statesman and Nation 171 New World 59,108 New York Times 257 New Yorker 206 Newton, 1. 56, 252 Nigersa, itferature g1 Nixon. R. 179 Nkrumah. K. 198 Noble, M. (Sister Nivedita) 170-1, 172 noble ravage 118-19,132 Nyasaland, "sanity 139 Obeyesekere. G. 101-3. n o , 149 Oedipus complex 141, 142. 145-6

O'Hanlon, R. 219. 223-4, 240. 241-2, 253

oral history 243 Orientalmz (Sald) 34.38.43-5). 58, 73, 95,178, 232, 253 Orkin. M. 84, g3 Oroonoko (Behn) 164-5 Ottelius, A. 77 Osborne, T. 757 Othelio (Shakespeare) 14-15. 60, 74. 84, 115, 155, 200. 209-10 Other, 52, 113, 138,144, 157, 182 Ottoman empire 3, 108.112 outrlderr 107 Pakistan, lslamicisation 226 Pal. B.C.46 Palestinian Islamic resistance movement 116 Palmer, T. 106 Pan-Africanism 211, 213 panmationalisrnr m - 1 5 Pannkar, K.N. 75 Par*, A. 156 Parker. C. n j Parker. P. 156 Parmar, P. 165 Parr(. B : o n Fanon and Cesaire 146-7; on nationalism 197, 2 0 0 ; on postcolonial theorists 96.179, 181; on WldeSaigasso 5es 83,235 Passage to lndia, A (Forrter) 80 patriarchy: Chinese 18; colonial dominaton 761, 168-70.222; English 18; feudal 216: Hindu 168, 237; Turkish 156 People of lndia. The 98-9 Peru, Spanish colonialism 169-70 photography, user of 98-9 Plaatje. S.T. 92 plantation 4; slave~yan 83,730-1: d~scourre132 Plato 70 Plmy the Elder 58

Pocahantaz 59. "5.753 Porter, D. 49 Porter, R. 137 Portugal, empire no-11 postcolonial, term ix-X, x # # - x i l # ,7-14 post-modermsm: and feminism 252-3; and postcolon~alstudies X . 13, 56, 233.245-54 power: colonial 51-4: Foucault's work 41-2. 53-4 Prakash. G. 240. 253 Pratt, M.L.: on calomal rtereotyping 68: on contact zone 70; an creoles 9, on science 61-2. 116. 120; on travel writing 57 Prison Notebooks (Gramm) 28 Prospero and Cahban (Mannoni) 739 psychoanalysis 32, 37; and colonial subjects 133-51 Punjab, British colonial admimstrat~an '39 Purchas. S. 59, 107 Rabasa, J. 78 race, racial: and class 22-3, 123-33; and roloniaiism 24. 123-33; and ethnicit) 124-5; and nation 118, 207: class~ficationn5-16. 119-23, 160-1; difference 104-q.128.159; meaning ofword 178; stereatypmg 105-8. 129: supertomy 126; tableof different castes 119, i r o Fable 1 ) racsm 173, 124. 125-6.128. 207 Radhika Sanhuaoam (Muddupalani) 769 Rakhamaba~169 Ralegh. Sir W. 5. 78. 108 Ramabai. P. 169, 223 Ramusio 107 Ranade, M.G. 270-8 Ranade, R. 220-1 Ranger, T. 23.98, 123.196 rape 79-81.164

Renaissance, European 64. 71, iiq, 7 5 1 754 2,8 Renan, E. 125-6.195-6 resistance 15. 439. 185. 216, 227. 244 Retarnar, R.F. 174-5.178 revolution, seeds of 185 Rex, I.725, 127-30 Rhys, 182-3. 235 Rithambara. S. 227 Rabbins, B, xiv Rabinson. C. 121 Rabinson. H.G. 86 Roe, Sir T 109 Rolfe. J, 59 Roman Emplre 2 Rose,] 148-50 Roy, R.R. 21 Rurhdie, 5. 205. 206. 207-10 Russia, lmperlal4 Rwanda, Hutu and Tutsi 196-7 Ryan. S. 78 Sachs. W. 14-3 Said, E.W.: criticisms of48-9. 86, 178, 179, 253; Foucault's influence 34,38 43.46, 49-50; Images 58; nfluence 66. 241; on colonral authority 73; on comparative read~ng9): on mperialirm 75; on K m l q o ; Orientahsm 43-57, 232; studies of work x i , Sandys. G. 155 Sarkar. S, g5 Sartre. ).-P, 211 Saussure. F. de 35-6 Schwab, R, p science 6 ~ 1115-18 , scon. 1. 242 Scan. P. 80-1 Scatt~shculture 87-8 regregatlon 69 Senghor, L.S. 211-12 Seshadri~Crooks.K 138, 149 sexuality and colonal d l ~ o u r w I,

288

INDEX

IND EX

Shakespeare. W.: study of89-90.92. 93,189,200: works, see Hamlet, Merchant of Venice, Othello. The T e m p t . h o n ofAthens Sharpe, l. 53-4.79-81, 259" Sheba and Solomon 153 Shiva, V. 67 Shohat. E. xii. 8. 178 rignifiers 35 Silverblatt. 1. 170 Sisterhood k Global (Morgan) 227 Sisyphus stratum 230 skin colour seecolour Skurrk~.j. 198 slaves 3-C 116.130-I, 158.172.217 Soarer, V. 228 South Africa: Afrikaners 10, 192, 217; Bantustans 30; Cape Boys 98; education S;feminism 231; history 201. 239; labour system 125, 127, ~ 9nationalism ; r9l; prison system 217: psychiatry 140-1; tribal groupings 322-3; uses of Shakespeare 93 Savet Union, imperialism 6 Spain, empireq. 8-9, 110-n Spillers. H. 166 Spivak, GC.:criticisms of 96: ~nfluence 66, 253; on colonial dynam~cs154; on English fiction 81, 82, 235; on ferninistcriticsm 164; on lndia 16; on pre-colonial cultures 17-18; on psychoanalysis 142; on subalterns' voices 51-2.122. q - 5 , 244;studies ofwork xiii Spurr, D. 57 Staying Power (Fryer) 214 Stepan. N.L. 6r. 64,160-1 stereotypng 59-60.68.97-8.105. 107,

Subaltern Stud~es31,198. 202. 205. 253 sugar 4 Suzman. 1.14 System ofNatore (Lmnaeus) 61 Tanan 145 Telegu 200 Teltscher, K. 153 Tempest. The (Shakespeare) z, 59. 67.

7 4 79. gc-1.158.174-5, 189 Terry, E. 109 textuality 94-7 Tharu. S. 169. 221. 237

178.184-5,

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Onelius) 77 Thiong'o, N. wa 64, 91-2 r h i r d World, term 18. 204 Thoreau, H D l74 Tifin. C 95 Timon ofAthens (Shakespeare) 26 Tolstoy. L. nq Tonga, manual labour 97-8 Totem and Taboo (Freud) 138 tradition, invention of 196,243 transculturatlon 68, 70 Translations (Friel) gg-loo translations gg-loo, 257 travel writing 57, 59-60, 71. 107, 154-7 Travels ofFoure Englishmen, The 156-7 Triumphz of Honourand Virtue. The (Middleton) 114 Turkey, 156 underdevelopment 130 U n ~ t e dStates ofAmerica: AfricanAmericans 63,165,212;Cuban action 175; fem~nism228: impenalirm, 6. 7. 19; Vietnam 15; women's rights 227

nj, 161-2 Stwenson, W.B. n g Stom-bell, The 171 Stradanus76, 77. 151 subaltern 231-45; term 199; politics

to1

Vargas Llosa, M. 205 Vaughan. M.: on African histories 238. 24); m African madness 64,138-9; on bio-medcine in Ahica 52-4; 0"

colonial discourse theory 55. 56; on colonial psychology 141; on calonial~sm18; on Sald's work 49-50 Vecellio. C. 152 veil 166. 193-4.218 Verne. 1. 753 Vespucci, A. 76, 151 Vespucci dscouenng America (Stradanus) 76 Victoria. Queen 78 Vietnam 15 Vljaynagara empire 3 ~ i ~ l e n ccolonial e. 54. 69, 185. 2 2 2 Viswanathan. C. 54, 85-6.95 Vivekananda, Swami 177 Volorinov, V. 27 Waltz, T. 117 Walkawitz, l . 238 Wallerstein, 1. 128 Warmist5 T. 155 Washbrook. D. g o , 242, 253 Weber. M. 124 White, H 39, 60, 778, 132 whitenerr 71. 114 Wide Sargasso Sea, The 82-3. 235 widow burning (sati) 39. 153, 757, 167,

168-9,

221-2.

234, 235-7, 244-5

Wild Mao3 Pedrgree, The (Burke) 1 1 5 Williams, P. xi. 46 Williarnr, Rayrnond 4.18,29, 66 Williams, Roger 65 With Cllve in India (Henty) 82 women: and colonial~sm73, 78. 82-4. 151-72. 216-26.230; education 219-21; European 17-2; figurer of, 76-8.153-2: national emblems 215-16; oppression of 24; palitlcal part~cpation226; popular culture 220: portcalon~alsituation 229-31: postcolonial struggles 206: role in resistance 192-5. 216, 227: Seealso Femnsrn, gender. rape, sexuality. "ell, widow Wordsworth, W l o o Wretched o f the Earth, The (Fanon) 22.

14z.146.199 Young. C. 197 Young, R.: on Bhabha 163; on class and race 123-4; on colonial d~scourse analysis 48; an human speiler debate 116-17; on hybridtty 173 Y u d D a v s . N. 216

Zambm Shall be Free (Kaunda) 198

2