Color Atlas of Dental Medicine - Aesthetic Dentistry

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Aesthetic Dentistry

Color Atlas of Dental Medicine Editors: Klaus H. Rateitschak and Herbert F Wolf

Aesthetic Dentistry Josef Schmidseder

With contributions by E. P. Allen, K. J. Anusavice, U. Belser, C. E. Besimo, G. J. Christensen, H. Claus, C. E. DeFreest, J. Dunn, K. B. Frazier, G. Graber, T. Iwata, L. Machado, T. Mifuji, Y Miyoshi, R. F. Murray, R. Naef, F. Pavel, N. Pietrobon, E. A. Reetz, K. Sawano, P. Scharer, A. Schmidseder, K.-J. Soderholm, R. V. Tucker, M. Wawra

Translated by Karl-Johan Soderholm, D.D.S; edited by Arthur F. Hefti, D.D.S

952 Illustrations

Thieme Stuttgart . NewYork 2000

iv Author's Address

Editors' Addresses

J osef Schmidseder, M. D.

Klaus H. Rateitschak, D.D.S., Ph.D.

Mariannenstrasse 5

Dental Institute, Center for Dental Medicine

80538 Munich

University of Basle

Germany

Hebelstr. 3, 4056 Basle, Switzerland

Herbert F. Wolf, D.D.S. Private Practitioner Specialist of Periodontics SSO/SSP Lowenstrasse 55, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland

Library of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data is available from the publisher.

I n the Series "Color Atlas of Dental Medicine"

K. H. & E. M. Rateitschak, H. F Wolf, T. M. Hassell Periodontology, 3rd edition

A. H. Geering, M. Kundert, C. Kelsey Complete Denture and Overdenture Prosthetics

G. Graber Removable Partial Dentures

F. A. Pasler Radiology

T. Rakosi, I. Jonas, T. M. Graber Orthodontic Diagnosis

H. Spiekermann . Implantology

H. F Sailer, G. F Pajarola Oral Surgery for the General Dentist

Illustrations by Esther Schenk-Panic, Munich Uwe Neumann, Georg Thieme Verlag

R. Beer, M. A. Baumann, S. Kim .

This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher's consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage. This book is an authorized translation of the German edition published and copyrighted 1998 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of the German edition: Asthetische Zahnmedizin © 2000 Georg Thieme Verlag, Rudigerstraße 14, D-70469 Stuttgart, Germany Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10001 USA Typesetting by Muller, Heilbronn Printed in Germany by Grammlich, Pliezhausen I SBN 3-13-117731-4 (GTV) I SBN 0-86577-923-6 (TNY)

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Endodontology

P. A. Reichart, H. P Philipsen •

Oral Pathology

J. Schmidseder

.

Aesthetic Dentistry

I mportant Note: Medicine is an everchanging science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. I nsofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless this does not involve, i mply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect of any dosage instructions and forms of application stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers' leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly i mportant with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user's own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. Some of the product names, patents and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made i n the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

v

Preface

At a recent meeting of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry a survey questioned whether aesthetic treatment methods were ethical. The situation typical for that time was used as basis for the survey: "Let's assume that the patient is completely healthy and there are no biological or physical reasons for a therapeutic intervention. Do you, given such circumstances, consider treatments like ceramic veneers, changing tooth color and tooth shape through bonding procedures, bleaching, orthognatic surgery, plastic surgery of the nose, or orthodontic treatments in adults ethical, and would you offer your patients such treatments?" The answers to the questionnaire were rated on a scale of 1 to 100 with "1" being an unethical treatment and °100" an ethical treatment. The result was quite remarkable because it showed a high acceptance of all but two aesthetic measures (substitution of direct or indirect composites for amalgam restoration): Closing a diastema using bonding Changing tooth color and shape using bonding Ceramic veneers Office bleaching Home bleaching Orthodontic treatment in adults Replacing amalgam restorations using direct composites Replacing amalgam restorations using composite inlays Replacing amalgam restorations using ceramic inlays Gingivoplasty entirely for aesthetic reasons Surgical correction of the chin Orthognatic surgery Surgical correction of the nose Face lifting

100 95 91 94 85 97 52

In view of these results, one is tempted to raise the counter question: Is aesthetic dentistry still considered a medical discipline? Are we moving too far away from the core objectives of dentistry when we apply novel treatment options? Maybe we are slowly reverting toward the status of being barbers? It is well known that the former barbers turned toward cosmetics after they had abandoned dealing with dental problems. Of course, a treatment that primarily creates an aesthetic improvement is not essential. By the same token, are flowers in an apartment, pictures on the walls, or new clothes essential? Obviously not! However, if you are surrounded by pleasant things or you are fulfilling a wish or a dream, this makes you feel good. Well-being is a crucial part of being healthy. From this point of view, the opinion of many is that aesthetic dentistry is essential! Health, arguably, is mankind's most precious gift. However, when we are healthy we like to rate our looks very highly. Only, beauty is a phenomenon that cannot be measured. The following example needs no further explanation: In 1996, the people in Germany spent approximately 10 billion dollars on cosmetics. This is roughly equivalent to the amount of money the German dental insurance system paid for dental services. For this reason-and based on my own experience-I do not believe what I am frequently told by my colleagues, which is: "My patients are not willing to spend money to make their teeth more beautiful!"

58 70 94 97 90 77 86

In my humble opinion, the real reason for the skeptical attitude resides mainly in dental education. In many countries, dental education still focuses on teaching students how to relieve patients from pain, how to replace lost tooth structure, and how to stop further tooth destruction. Furthermore, students must fabricate a full denture during their initial preclinical studies. In my opinion, this is comparable to having a medical student attend a funeral as the initial requirement of their education! There is no doubt that such a therapy-oriented training significantly affects practical thinking.

Vi

Preface

It is no surprise that in many of my seminars colleagues frequently complain that they are unhappy in their job. Those dentists who only treat caries and practice at the level of their dental education must feel bored by their job! Please, reassess your personal situation and take a more progressive stance! The history of aesthetic dentistry is very young. It is only since the introduction of the new adhesive techniques a few decades ago that anterior and lateral teeth could be restored successfully with thin ceramic veneers, and that tooth-colored composite fillings could be placed. Today, any restorations can be bonded with almost insoluble cements (resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements and composite cements). This atlas shows the possibilities of aesthetic dentistry. As already mentioned, many of the methods presented here are not performed for the treatment or prevention of disease. This atlas deals exclusively with dental aesthetics and the positive effects resulting from its application, which contributes decisively to the well-being of the patient. Today's patients not only expect us to provide them with healthy teeth, a healthy periodontium, and an undisturbed neuromuscular function; many also desire beautiful teeth. Fortunately, there will always be a sufficient number of dentists who will provide basic therapeutic services. Therefore, I would recommend all readers of this atlas to free time in your schedule that will allow you to offer dental services that are truly desirable. However, the services must be offered in a novel way and must be actively sold. A dynamic internal and external marketing concept is part of this new dentistry. We don't need product marketing, but we do need promotion of services. I n short, we, the dentists, also sell beauty as a service. Beauty is essential for the general well-being and it boosts self esteem. Beauty can enhance the professional career of the patient. A beautiful smile may be a decisive factor duri ng the critical moments of a first meeting. The dental prod-

uct-a crown or a veneer-is nothing but a stepping-stone to success. Our marketing effort must show the patients that we are concerned about their needs and have superb techniques available with which we can help them achieve their goals. In a modern dental practice, the patient no longer is just a petitioner who seeks relief from pain-the patient is your client. The patient selects the treatment modality, and we, the dentists, deliver the service as requested. The patient can decide freely between amalgam, gold, composite, or ceramics as the material of choice for a posterior tooth restoration, and between several processing methods for its fabrication. The patient can choose between a claspretained denture and a fixed prosthesis supported by i mplants. Last but not least, the patient can request having something done that will improve their looks. I hope you will enjoy reading this book and that you will come up with many new ideas whilst doing so. JosefSchmidseder

VII

Acknowledgements

Aesthetic dentistry looks at conventional dentistry from many different angles. Since it was not possible for me to cover all aspects and include all sub-disciplines by myself, I would like to acknowledge the following authors who have contributed to this work. Dr. Heinz Claus, Director of the Research and Development Department of Ceramics, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany, has contributed the chapter Evolution of Artificial Tooth Replacements From an Aesthetic Point of View.

Kevin B Frazier, DMD, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, and Monika Wawra, dental hygienist in Munich, have contributed the chapter Basic Principles of Aesthetic Dentistry.

Robert F Murray, DDS, American Academy of Restorative Dentistry, private practitioner in Anacortes, Washington, made his sound knowledge available in the field of photography in the chapter bearing this name. Gordon Christensen, DDS, MSD, PhD, founder of Clinical Research Associates, Provo, Utah, gave his support by writing the chapters Intraoral Cameras and The Future of Dentistry. My thanks go to Dr Eward P Allen, Professor at the Department of Periodontics, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, for his technical support on the chapter Aesthetic Periodontal Surgery.

Karl-Johan Soderholm, DDS, MPhil, OdontDr, Professor at the Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, is thanked for his contributions to the chapters Composites-Background, Direct Posterior Restorations, and Composite Inlays. James Dunn, DDS, Professor at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, supported me on the chapter Direct Anterior Restorations- Aesthetics and Function.

For their help with the development and content of the chapter Metal-Ceramic and All-Ceramic Restorations and for providing technical support, I thank: Kenneth J Anusavice, DMD, PhD, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida, Gainesville; Edward A Reetz, DDS, Professor and Chairman of the Department for Restorative Dentistry, Dean for Clinical Issues, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Charles F DeFreest*, DDS, Willford Hall USAF Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. For their help with the development and content of the chapter All-Ceramic Systems-Clinical Aspects of the All-Ceramic Crown and for providing technical support, I thank: Takeo lwata, DDS, MSD, Director of the Medical Corporation KanshiKai, Higashi Koganei Dental Clinic, Tokyo, and Director of the lwata Osseo-Integration Institutes, Tokyo, Japan; Kenji Sawano, DDS, Director of the Memorial Dental Clinic, Sapporo, Japan; Tsukasa Mifuji, CDT, Director of the Sapporo Dental Laboratory, Sapporo; and Yutaka Miyoshi, CDT, President of the Waseda Dental Technology Training Center, Tokyo. Alfons Schmidseder, master dental technician and inventor of the Cerapress Systems, Aschau, Germany, deserves my thanks for his contributions to the chapters All-Ceramic Systems-Clinical Aspects of the All-Ceramic Crown and Ceramic Inlays.

Dr Roger Naef, senior assistant, Nicola Pietrobon, chief dental technician, and Dr. Peter Scharer, Professor and Director, all at the clinic for Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Partial Prosthodontics, and Dental Materials at the Center for Tooth, Mouth, and jaw Medicine, University of Zurich, wrote the chapter The Celay System. Christian E Besimo, Docent Private Practice, and Professor ( Eng.) George Graber, both at the Clinic for Prosthodontics and Occlusion at the Dental Center, University of Basel, Switzerland, are the authors of the chapter CAD/CAM in Restorative Dentistry.

Viii

Acknowledgements

Dr. Urs C Belser, Professor at the Faculty of Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland, contributed to the chapter Aesthetics in Implantology. Richard V Tucker, DDS, Washington, was involved in work on the chapter Cast Gold Restorations. Lester Machado, MD, DDS, FRCS (Ed), specialist in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and Frank Pavel, both from the San Diego Center for Corrective Jaw & Facial Surgery, developed the chapter Aesthetic Facial Surgery. For their support with the production of this atlas I thank the following companies: Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany; Ultra-Dent; Bisco, Itasca; 3M Medica, Borken; Dentsply.

* As expressed by the author Charles F DeFreest, the opinions in this essay are solely those of the author and do not represent the official policy of the US Department of Defense or any other ministry of the United States of America.

Dr. Andrea Beilmann, Dr. Marc T Sebastian, and Ms. Janette Schroder are thanked for their editorial support in both streamlining the manuscripts and correcting the individual stages. My special thanks for support provided during the development of the manuscript go to the editors of the series Color Atlases of Dental Medicine, Prof. Dr. KH Rateitschak and Dr. HF Wolf. To conclude, I thank the co-workers at Georg Thieme Verlag: Dr. C Urbanowicz, Mr. Gert Kruger, Ms. Joanne Stead, and Clifford Bergman, MD for their patient and supportive cooperation.

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63 64 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Table of Contents

Free Gingival Grafts -Surgical Augmentation Procedure -Causes of Possible Failure -Surgical Processes to Cover Recessions Connective Tissue Graft Surgical Procedures for Connective Tissue Grafts -Surgical Procedures at the Donor Site (Palate) -Grafting Procedure Combination Techniques -Connective Tissue Graft Combined with a Coronally Repositioned Flap -Connective Tissue Graft Combined with a Partial Thickness Double Pedicle Graft Guided Tissue Regeneration To Cover Recessions -Surgical Procedure Corrections of the Alveolar Ridge -Ridge Defects: Classification According to Seibert (1983) -Surgical Procedure Exposing Impacted Teeth Red-White Aesthetics Surgical Crown Lengthening Surgical Procedure

106 106 106 108 108 110 112 113

Composites-Background I