Holt Student World Atlas 2007

Citation preview

Major Rivers N am e Nile Am azo n Ch ang (Yangtze) M ississippi-M iss o u ri

Continent

Out fl o w

T o tal Lengt h (mi.)

Africa South Am erica Asia N o rt h Am eri ca

Mediterran ean Sea Atlantic Oce an East China Sea Gul f of Mexico

4,1 60 4,000 3,964 3,710

Major Deserts Name

Continent

Area (sq. m i.)

Sa hara Gobi Libya n Sono ran

Africa Asia Africa No rt h Ameri ca

3,500 ,000 500,000 450,000 120,000

Oceans Arct ic Ocean Area: Coastline: Average De p t h:

Atlantic Ocean Area: Coastl ine: Average De p t h:

5,426 ,000 sq. mi . 28 ,209 mi . 3,407 ft.

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean Area: Coas tli ne: Average Depth:

3 1,73 6,000 sq . mi . 69 ,525 m i. 11,730 ft.

Area: Coas tl ine : Average De p th:

28,410,000 sq. mi . 4 1,346 m i. 12,598 ft

63,838,00 0 sq. m i. 84,315 m i. 12,925 ft.

Highest Elevations M o untain Peak Name

Place

Height (ft.)

Con tinen t

Kilimanja ro Vinson Massif Everest Kosciu sk o Elb rus Mc Kin ley Aconcagua

Tanzani a Antarctica Nepal-Tibet Australia Russia Alask a, U.S. Argentina

19,340 16,864 29,035 7,3 10 18,5 10 20,320 22 ,834

Africa An tarctica Asia Au stral ia Europe N orth Am erica South America

Lowest Elevations Lo west P o in t Name

Place

Dep th Below Sea Lev el (ft .)

Continen t

Lake AssaI Bentl ey Subgla cial T re nc h Dead Sea Lak e Eyre Cas p ia n Sea Death Valley Vald es Pen in su la

Djib outi

512 8,327* 1,3 10 52 92 282 13 1

Afri ca Antarctica Asia Aus trali a Europe North America South America

Antarctica

Israel-Jo rdan Aust ralia Rus sia - Azerbaijan Califo rn ia, U.S. Argentina

' Estimated Copynght © 2005 by MapQue st. Inc All rig~ t s reserved

-

Published by

Copynght © 2005

by Meprxest. Inc.

All nqhts reserved.

While everycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copy­ right, the publishers tender their apologies for any accidental infringement where copynqht hasproved untraceable.

Allnghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or trans­ mitt ed In any fo rm by any means electronic, mechanical, or other ­ Wise, whether now or hereafter devised. including photocopying, recording, or by any Information and retrieval system, without espress writt en prio r pe rm ission from the Publisher.

Acknowledgements.

"How to use this Atlas" written by ElspethLeacock

MeXICO Statecoat of arms on page 76. © 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com Photographs on pages 24-25 (Deserts, Nature, China/Tibet. Alaska,

Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/ Tibet), 59

(rivers), 60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62- 63 (Arctic)

Copynqbt © 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers.

Photographs on pages 26-2 7 1V01.16, 44, 74), 60- 61 1V01. 16, 44).

62-3 1V01. 16, 44)

Copyright © 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc.

Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight)

Copynght © 2005 NASA Photographs on pages 58, 62- 63 (Southern California)

Ccpynqbt © 2005 Drqital Stock Corp. Photograph on page 62 (Rockiespring) Copynghl © 2005 Freestockphotos ccm Pnotcqraphs on pages 68--69 No!. 194 )

Copynqbr © 2005 Corbrs Corp.

•

World Facts and Figures Using This Atlas Legend Map Scale Latitude and Longitude Different Kinds of Maps Our Solar System World Physical World Political Ocean Floor Dynamic Earth

Earthquakes Volcanoes Continental Drift World Climate World Vegetation World Environment

World Forest Cover Tropical Ra in Forests World Population

Population Density Population Projections World Population

Life Expectancy: 1999, 2025 Youthful Population Food and Nutrition World Culture

Languages Literacy Religions Historical Spread of Religions World Land Use Industrial Employment Agricultural ,Employment World Resources

Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Major Minerals Electrical Energy Production World Communications

Television Receivers Newspaper Circulation Personal Computers Cellular Communications World Transportation

Time Zones Major Airports

Inside front cover .4- 5

6

7

8- 9

10-11

12- 13

14- 15

16- 17

18- 19

20

21

22-23

24-25

26- 27

28

29

30-3 1

30

32

33

33

,

34

34

35

35

36- 37

36

37

38-39

38-39

39

.40

.41

.41

.41

.42

.43

..

North America Political .44

.45

North America Physica l North America Themes

Population Density .46

.47

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 47

Climate .48

Precipitation .48

Vegetat ion .49

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification,

Acid Rain .49

Un ited States Political 50-51

United States Political Facts 52-53

Un ited State s Physical 54-55

Un ited States Physical Facts 56-57

Geographic Featu res

58

Continental Divide U.S. Earthquakes 58

59

Fall Line Faults 59

60-61

United States Cli mate United States Vegetation 62-63

United States Land Use 64-65

66-67

United State s Resources United State s Transportation: Road, Ra ilroads, Airports . .68-69

United States Population

Population Density 70-71

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950,2000 70

71

Center of Population Percent Change in State Population, 1990-2000 .71

United States Economy

72.-73

Per Capita Income Persons Below the Poverty Level .73

74

Canada Political Canada Physical .75

Mexico Political 76

Mexico Physical 77

South America Political .78

South America Physical 79

South America Themes

Population Density 80

81

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 81

Climate 82

Precipitation 82

Vegetat ion 83

South America Themes, continued

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification

83

84

Europe Political

Europe Physical

85

Europe Themes

86

Population Density

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

87

Land Use 87

Climate 88

Precipitation 88

Vegetat ion 89

Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

89

Acid Rain Africa Political 90

Africa Physical 91

Africa Themes

Population Density 92

93

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 93

Climate 94

Precipitation 94

Vegetation 95

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification 95

96

Asia Political Asia Physical 97

Asia Themes

Population Density 98

Gross Domestic Product (GDPr 99

Land Use 99

Climate 100

Precipitation 100

Veqetatio n> 101

-, Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

Acid Ra in ; 101

102

Australia and. Oceania Political ...r" Australia and Oceania Physical 103

Australia and-Oceania Themes

Population Density

104

105

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Land Use 105

Climate 106

Precipitation 106

Vegetation 107

Envi ronmental Issues: Deforestation , Desertification 107

Index 108- 112

Geographic Glossary Inside back cover

•

is a collectio n of m ap s that can be us ed to find information abo ut your world. The very latest data has been collected to mak e these maps. Hundred s of sat ellite im ages were used to map th e dramatic sh rin king of Eart h 's for est s. The latest cens us data from each a nd every coun­ tr y was used to build a picture of Eart h's current population. T he m ost recent scienti fic research was used to crea te th em atic map s of continental drift, th e ocea n floor, th e envi ro nme n t and our natural resources. Look closely an d yo u will see that th e informat ion fo r th e map s comes from many di fferent so urces suc h as NASA, th e U.S. Department of th e Inter ior or th e Wo rld Bank. You can use th ese map s to explo re yo u r world, discover co n nec tions bet ween places, and see relation ships between places a nd peoples. But thi s a tlas is m o re than ju st a wealth of information . It is fun to look a t to o. You will find th at th ese ma ps an d ph o to graphs can evo ke im ages of far away pla ces. T hey in vite you to pause an d to dream . With a m ap you can journey th e world without ever getting wet, cold, tir ed or hungry. You ca n im agine grea t adven tu res an d not leave th e co m fort of your favorite ch air!

AN ATLAS

To get th e most o ut of this a tlas you need to know how to read maps. Just as you learned to read wo rds like th e o nes on thi s page, you can learn how to read th e lan guage of maps. The map skills yo u need to kn ow ar e: 1. locating pla ces 2. measuring di stance 3. finding directi on 4. read ing m ap sym bols

CUlCO, Peru Cyclades,Islands Cyprus,country, Cyprus, Island Cyrenaica,region Czech Reo.. country

78 85 96 97 91 84

Dakar, Senega! Dallas, TX Dalmatia, region Dernareland, region Damascus, SYria d'Ambre, Cap,cape Da Nang,Vietnam Danube, nver DanubeDelta, delta

90 50 85 91 96 91 96 85 85 85 90 103

Derdeoel'es.st-e« Dares Salaam, Tanzania Darling, fiver

Locating Places To find pla ces in thi s a tlas, you can begin with th e index. To find Dalla s follow th ese steps . 13'3 2'5 71'S6'W 1. Look up Dallas in th e index a t th e 37'OO'N 2S'OO'E en d of thi s book. 3S'OO'N 33' OO'E 3S'OO'N 33'OO'E 2. T he index tells you th at D alla s is a 2S'OO'N 24'OO'E 49'OO'N lS'OO'E city in Texas and that it can be found on page 50. You will also 14' 42'N 17'27'W learn that Dallas is located at 32' 47' N 96' 48'W

44' 00'N 16'0 0'E 32 °4 7'N (32 de gr ees 47 minutes 21'00'5 19'OO'E

3J'J l' N 36' 18'E north) and 96° 48' W (96 degr ees 48 12' 00'5 48'0 0'E

16' OJ'N 108' 12'E minutes wesr.) 49' OO'N 10' OO'E

4S' OO'N 29'OO'E

3. Go to page 50 and find th e lin e of 40'OO'N 27'OO'E 6'49 '5 39' 17'E latitude nearest to th e number Jl 'OO'S 144'00' E 32 ° N and th e lin e oflongitude nea rest to th e number 96 °W. You will find Da llas close to wh ere th ose two lin es m eet. You can learn more ab out latitude a nd longitude o n pages 8- 9.

• reneda

o

6 260

200

400 mi

' 400 km '

Measuring Distance To m easure di stance most maps have a distan ce scale. You can learn more abo u t m easuring di s­ tan ce on pa ge 7.

-w 4 5

E

Finding Di rection To find directi ons use th e m ap's compass rose. You can also lise lines oflati tude an d longi tude to find directio n . Every line oflongi tude points n orth a nd so uth. Every lin e oflati tud e points east and west. You can learn m ore abo u t la titude and longitud e on pages 8-9. Readin g Map Symbols Every m ap sym bo l shows the locati o n of some­ thing. It could be so m ething as large as a conti­ nent o r as sm all as a bird-house. A dot sh ows th e locat ion of a city. A blu e line shows the co urse of a river. Bu t map sym bols are not t he same on all maps. One map m ight sho w a city with a sq uare. Map legends or keys help explain t he symbols used on a map. You ca n find o ut m o re abou t legends an d th e m a p sym bo ls used in this atlas on page 6.

Special Features o f this Atlas Th is atl as has been designed and organi zed to be easy fo r you to use. Here is a "ro ad map" to your atlas .

The Blu e T ab Ba r So mewhere along the top blue tab ba r of each sp read yo u will see a dark er blu e tab . It tells you

th e subject of th e map or ma ps you are look in g at. The ligh t blue ta bs tell you the subjects of the sur ro un ding m ap spreads. If, for example, you are loo king at the World Clim ate map and would lik e to co mpare it to th e World Vegeta tio n m ap, you can use the tabs to find that map q uickly and easily.

Map Skills

Look at t he blu e tab bar above and you will see that you a re in t he m a p skills sectio n. This sec­

tion should be called "Read Me First " beca use it is here that you will fin d all sorts of helpful inform a tio n about maps and how to read them. Even if yo u are a p racticed m ap reader, read t his sect ion ! The Wo rl d In th is section you will find a world poli tical map, a wo rld physical m ap, an d 35 world the­ matic m aps. T he world political m ap shows the most u p to date na tional boundaries. On the wo rld physical m ap yo u can see huge desert s,

great moun tai n ran ges, a n d even th e sea ice that covers much of th e Arcti c. The th ematic maps inclu d e t he most up to date mforrnanon on everything from the world di stribunon of com p u ters and televisions to life expectancy, religion an d literacy. If you want to see the ocean floo r, o r to find wh er e 111 the world vol­ canoes fo rm , th is IS the sec tio n to look in.

Fi e!

.\ N

Co n tin en t s The co ntin ent u n its are de sign ed to all have t h e same kin ds o f m ap s. This will en able yo u to compare and contrast one continenr with an o t he r with ease an d accuracy. There IS a political map, a ph ysical map, and a to tal o f seven them ati c maps p er co n tinen t. Used individ u ally each map can provide answers to m any q u es tio n s. But all together , each set of m aps can be used to tell a story.

-

Geographic Features Th ere are two sp ecial "Geogr ap hic Feature s" mcluded in this atl as. To find out how th e co n t ine n ts, Earth 's greatest land features, have been drifnng a ro u n d the glo be, turn to pages 22 -23 . To t ake an 1t1 de p th look at fall line s, d ivid es, and fau lts turn to the United States Geograp h ic Features sp read o n pages 58 -59 .

\1.

Charts and Graphs This atlas IS filled With ch arts, graphs an d d ia­ grams. They are used to gIve m ore information about su bject s shown on th e maps. To make these charts and grap h s, long list s of th e m ost up to date data was gathered. Then al l th ose number s were o rganized into gr aphic d isp lays th at ca n be read sim p ly and acc u ra tely.

._ 1

Van c o~

~~;~; : T"c~ " .

.(

Canada and Mexico Ca n ada and Mexico b oth h ave t h eir own spread s that include a political and phys ical m ap.

*

0" •

Portlafld.

..."1::

- - Consumpt ion

-----~

20

i;­

Line graphs are u sed to sh ow change in amounts over time.

l 15 ] 10 f-Im agine a jo u rn ey cro ssmg a contin en t . You can see t h e regio n s vrsi red , the rnounrams climbed, or t h e de serts crossed. You can tell if many peo pl e are passed al ong the way o r few. You ca n d escr ib e th e acnvin cs of th e people. Will yo u see nun ers o r ranc he rs o r farmer s? An d yo u can tell about the different climates exp erienced alon g th e way. All o f rhrs informa­ tion an d m ore is on th e maps for every conn­ nent but An tarct ica.

-:7"'S,£-- """"= '----.:::>---.-E.

o

~ 5 f'-----+-~"'-----

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

IA $2.679

NC $1 ,624 MN $1,083

Bar gr aphs ar e used to co m ­ pare amoun ts.

IL $762

NE $640

IN $545

Enviro n m en t al Issues T h ere IS a sp ecial "E nv ironmen tal Issu es" feature for each continent an d o ne for the wo rld. To cr eate th ese features the latest SCIen tific in fo rm a n o n wa s gath ered an d orga­ ni zed for yo u. The topiC S cover th e three major en vironmental Issues faced by crn zcn s today, desertific a­ tio n , d eforestati on, an d acid ram. The United Sta t es oston In th e sectio n o n the Umred States MA you will find a pol itical map WIth T 1 \ tw o pag es o f poliucal fact s, a physi­ P cal map With two pages o f physic al facts, an d seven themanc map sp reads .

L.-

NY

t

Pie chart s show percentages of a total.

Glossary Ther e are many geographic terms fo u n d on maps such as fjord, isthmus, or plateau. Yo u can find th e m eaning o f th ese and ot h er t erm s in the geographic glossary located on t he in sid e back cover.

The staffat Mapquest worked hard to make this atlas a referencebook that is bothfull ofinformation and fun and ea.ry to use. We hopethaty ou enjoy your copy.

Legend

T he fo llowi ng sym bo ls are used her e for gen eral referen ce m ap s. Map s with spec ial su bjec ts (thematic m ap s) have their own ul1lqu e legends.

, .0

General Reference Maps

D

National capita l

*

Other capita l

Physical Maps Legend Nonsubject area

Pack ice --Ft3==~----::;?("---;;;;:r\l

Mou ntain peak

Oth er city

Lowest p oint

International boundary (pol iti cal map)

=

Internati onal bou ndary in d ispute/und efined (polit ical map) State or provincial boundary

Perennial lake Intermitt ent lake Perennial river

M o unt ain s-+-----"~

or: -7~~'"-:---t-- Tundra

Oceans and seas

--'=+~+-f--

Arid lands -

+--."".,.v

.~£-..:..~__;=.",.:r_---+- Grassl ands

International boundary in d ispu te (physical map)

A glo be IS the m ost accu ra te picture of the Earth. Onl y a glo be ca n show di st an ce, directi on, an d the t ru e sha pe a nd area o fl and and sea. Map m akers st ruggle with how to sho w th e ro und world on a fla t map .

Imagine the Earth as a large balloon. \ ~\

Forests

Falls

International boundary (physical map)

Projections

Ice caps

Cut it apart, and flatten it to make a map.

To show th e ro und Ear rh o n flat pap er , m apm ak ers used d ifferent

projections , o r ways o fjsho wm g a ro u n d sha pe o n a flat su rface .

With every proj ection the sha pes o f places a re cha nged so m ewhat. This IS ca lled di stortion . To find distorti on, you can co m pa re the la tit ud e and lon gitude lines of a map to th ose same lines o n a glo be.

Mercator Projection Gerardus Merca tor, a Du tc h map ma ker, wanted a map proj ection th at sho wed directi on and shape accurately. T he prob lem s with drst o rr ron s are mo re ob vIOUS o n rlu s p rojecti on. Yo u can see th at the lan d ar eas a re very d istorted the clo ser to th e pol es th a t yo u ge t. So, thi s projecti on ende d up grearly distorting d ist an ce a nd size.

Thisdiagram shows how a Mercator projection distortsthe sizes ofplaces. Compare Greenland on the map and the globe.

Projections - Making the Round World Flat Robinson Projection Arthur Rob in son, an American m ap m ak er , wanted to d evelop a

ma p proj ect IOn that "loo ked" n ght. T hi s projecti on uses ma ny

di sto rti ons bu t none are

Sign ifica n t. You can see rhi s

by co m pa n n g o ne o f th e la rge scale Wo rld m ap s m th is atlas to a glo be.

Azimuthal Projection T h is IS a projecti on used to sh ow Antarctica and th e Arctic . Azim uthal map s show d irecti o n a nd dis tan ce acc u ra tely, if m easured from th e center of the map. Bu t, o ther d istances, sha pe and size ar e distorted.

r:

Changing Scale T he larg e sc al e map of New York 's lower Manharran (top) sh ows a small area with a large amounr of derail. T he small sca le m ap of New Yo rk State (bottom) is a lar ge area with a small amo u nr of de tail.

Map Scale o

2 mile s

IJ 11I1111111111111111111111111 111 inches One inch represe nts 1 mile

, o

i

,

i

i

10

20

30

40

I

50 kilometers

WlllllllllIIIIIIII11111111111~111111111~1111 1 " 1 centimeters One centimeter represen ts 10 kilometers

Latitude and Longitude

NORTH POLE

Since an cient time s, mapmak ers, geographers, an d navigarors have work ed to develop a system fo r accu rate ly loca tin g places o n th e Eart h. O n a sphe re, such as the Earth , the re are no co rne rs o r sides, no beginrung o r end. But since the Earth ro tates on an axis, th ere are two fixed points: th e No rt h Pole and the So u th Pol e. These pomts mak e a good start ing pla ce for a syste m o f im ag inary lin es. These im aginar y line s fo rm a grId over th e Ear th, allo wm g us w pmpOlnt the exact locatio n of any SpOt o n the Eart h. This sp he rica l grid IS called the grati cule. It is fo rm ed by lines ca lled latitude a nd longitude.

/ Parall els of Latitude

Merid ia ns of Longitude

I

The Graticule

NORTH POLE 90 0N

Latitude

EQUATOR 0° I----t----I-~---'----l 0°

Halfw ay betw een the pol es the equato r CIrcles th e globe 111 an eas t­ west d irectio n. Latitude IS measured in d egr ees north or so u th of the equaw r, whi ch IS 0 d egrees (0). Lin es of latitude are called parall el s becau se th ey circle th e glo be parall el to the eq uato r. Parallels a re numbered from 0 ° at th e Equ ato r to 90 ° N a t th e No rt b Pole an d 90 °S a t the So uth Pole .

90°5 SOUTH POLE

Longitude Ru nning fro m pole to pol e, lm es o f longitude-ccal led m eridi a ns - circle th e glob e In a north-south direcnon. As In any circle or sp here, th ere a re 360 d egr ees ( 0) oflong itu de. T he m erid ian s are nu m bere d fro m the Pr im e Meridian wlnch IS labeled 0 °. Meridian s east 1800 o r west o f th e Prime Mer idran a re la beled E or W up to 180 ° .The ln ternan c nal Date Lin e generally foll ows th e 180 ° m eridian , 0E 0 90 rnakmg a few Jogs to 90 W aVOId cuttll1g th rou gh land a reas .

0° Prime Mer idi an

180° In tern atio nal D ate Line -

Parallels and Meridians-The Fads

~--'-I-+

Pa rallels · ar e lines oflatitude used to measure location nor th o r so u th of the Equator · are always th e sa me d ista nce apart (a bo u t 70 m iles) · di ffer III leng th · The Equa to r, the lon gest par allel, IS a lm ost 25 ,000 mil es lon g

Meridi a n s · are lines of longitude used to measure loca tio n east o r west of th e Prime Meri d ian · meet at th e pol es · a re all th e same length

160'140'1 20"100"80' 60" 40' 20' 0' 20" 4W 60" 80' 100"120' 140' 160 ,

/

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60"'--"

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AMERICA

40'

EU RO PE

J _

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+---­ AUSTRALIA

20'

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40"'->'"

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60'

Which way north... The geograp hic No rt h a nd South Po les are fixed points lo cated at each end of the Eart h 's axis. T he Ear th 's m agn et ic fields cause th e needle of a co m pa ss to POlllt toward ma gn eti c no rth, not geog raphic north. The north m agn et ic po le IS locat ed in th e nor th ern territo ries of Canada. T he so ut h magn eti c po le IS loca ted nea r th e coast of An ta rctica. T he ma gn eti c po les are co ns tan tly movlllg.

NORTH POLE

Degrees, Minutes, Seconds A degree (0) of latitude o r lon gitude can be d ivrded mto 60 part s called minutes (' ). Each minute can be d rvided in to 60 seco nds (") . T he di agram at tIght IS an exa m p le of a place loca ted to t he nearest secon d. It is writt en as: 42° 21 ' 30 " N 7 1° 03 ' 37 " W • Th is place

IS

City cen ter, Boston, Massachusetts.

The index a t the back of this Atlas uses degr ees and m in utes ofl atitude and lon gitude to help yo u find places.

SOUTH POLE

Different Kinds of Maps Maps are special pictures of places on Earth. All maps are alike in th ese lmportam ways: • All maps ar e a view from abo ve • All map s show selected info rmati on usm g sym bo ls • All map s are sm aller than th e real place o n Earth thar th ey show. Because peop le want to sho w many different dungs on Eart h, th ey create m an y d ifferent kinds of m ap s.

Physical Maps

~~~~~~=~

The purpose of a physical map is to show th e ph ysical or na tural " ~ Wo rld . Physical m ap s sh ow landforms a nd bodi es of _':; ~ _. water. We use physical '..... map s to locate rivers and m ountains, ocean cu rren ts and wind pat te rns .

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Thematic, or Special Purpose Maps

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These maps show a specific subject (rhe me) o r very limired number of subjects (such as population d en sity, climate or h istorical topics). They can be used to sho w distributions and relat ionsh ip s among m ap featu res. This page contains exam ples o f the ma ny ~ typesof maps to be found through out th e ...

Student Atlas ofthe World.

• Hist oric Route Map

Gross Domestic Product • (GOP) Map

Population • Density Map

V egetatio n • M ap

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(U.S.and U.K.)

/ ' St. Ma n (Fr. an d Ncrh .}

. l' . _ Monlse" at (U.K.) ST. xrrrs e: Guapeloupe (Fr.)

;?:" A'V' G UA AN D BARBUDA

AND NEV IS

" DO~lI NICA 'Ii M4rtinique (Fr.) d

sT\ LUCIA

\ t> BARBADO S

•

GRENADA ·

+

10"N

PACIFIC OCEAN 90 "W

. . .:

.~ $T. VINCENT AN D

T'JIEGRENA DIN ES

, "

MISSOURI

Pb

Pb F. Pb

cu

Unit ed Ki ngdo m 12.01

,~

,

V~

:

I'

ARKA: : ;

.. ,

~ • KENTUCKY

~

9'

,.,y

7

Quadrillion BTU,

SOurc e International Energy Database. U S Energy

Inform ati on

Adm,n,stratiOf'l

World 's Leading Energy Consumers, 1999

u.s. 92.87 China 31.88

j TENN: -SEE v'

Russia 26.01

~

Germany 13.98 Quadrillion BTU,

Canada 12.52

GEORGIA

\M ISSISSIP PI

Q>

Japan 21.71

SOurce. Int ernati o nal Energy Databas e, U.S. Energy Infor mation Ad m in istrat io n

ALABAMA U.S. Percentag e of World Fuel Production, 2000

o \S

~

Unit ed St ates 23.2%

~

LOUISI ANA

~

Coal Pet roleum

8.9%

Nat ural gas

22.0%

World

SOurce' M inerals Yearbook. U S, Geolo gic al Survey:

Inte rnatio nal Energy Annual. U.S Energy Infor mation Adrr\in,sv ation

Leadin g Petroleum Producing States, 1999

Leading Natural Gas Producing States, 1999

Leading Coal Producing States, 2000 WY 338.9

TX $14,106

TX $7,767

WV 158.3

LA $11,649

AK$4,829 OK $3,223

CA $3,844

NM $3,191

LA $2,128

OK $1,254

WY $1,621

NM $1,124

CO $1,436

Va l ue in-"'~,",,'=~'

Source' Pet ro leum Supp ly Annual, U S, E:.ner gy lofceroeticn Ad n"lf1istrat io n

Source: Na tural Gas Annual, U,S. E:.ne rgy InforlT'ation Ad ministra tion

KY 104.9

PA 74.6

TX 18.2 MT 38.4 SOurce ' Coa l Ind ustry Annual

Million short t ons 2000. U.S. E:.nergy

Informat ion Ad ministrat ion

,r)P'

0

Transport at ion Limited access (free) Limit ed access (tol l) Primary highway Amtrak Time zone boundary

~

Int erstate hig hway

®

U.S. highway

®

St at e hig hway

@

Nat ional capita l

*

St at e capital

@

O the r city

~

Population Pe rsons pe r

sq . mile

Pe rso ns pe r sq . km

a ve' 1040

Over 400

520 to 1039

260 to 519

200 to 399 100 to 199

130 to 259

25 to 129

1 to 24

SO to 99 10to 49

Under 1

Under 1

WA

MT

ND

1 to 9 I--

OR

Major cit ies Ov er 1 million • 500.000 to 1 million • 250,000 to 500,000

•

_

ID

SD WY

U.S. Resident Population 300

J

250

'E c

g 200 .~

'S

a.

d"

__

.

I

, ,­

150 --

100

-

- -- ---c:>.e=-- - - ­

Denver

I

- - - - - -- -

I I I I

I I 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Las Veg as

CO

-----

-

80 -

- -- -- --

-

>

.....

I

AZ

,; Phoeni

San Diego

A urora • Co lorado Spring s

~

I

KS Wie

I

I

Population per Square Mile

NE

--,

esa

I

-

I

,Oklahoma

Ibuq uerque

l

NM

I

Cit\"

Ft. Wort Arlin

TX 10 --

---=->;;., . . - - -­

-

Austin

-

AK

o

I I' I' 1" '1 " '1 ' 1790 1830 1870 1910 1950 1990

Source: U 5 Ce nsus Bureau

" Honolulu·

HI

a

\ "

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950, 2000 1900

1950

2000

Source ; u.s. Cens us Bureau

a

20 Largest Cities, 2000 Population City

8,008,2 78 2 Los Angeles 3,694,820 2,896 ,016 3 Chicago 1,953,631 4 Houston

7,322,564 3,48 5,398

5 Philadelphia 1,517,550 1,321,045 6 Phoenix

1,585,577

7 San Diego 8 Dallas

1,223,400 1,188,580

9 San Antonio 1,144 ,646 10 Detroit 951 ,270 894,943 11 San Jose 12 Indianapolis 13 San Francisco 14 Jacksonville

KS Nichit a .

15 Columbus 16 Austin 17 Baltimore 18 Memphis 19 Milwaukee

,Tulsa

oma

City

20 Boston

AR

OK

Vort

1990

2000

1 New York

2,783 ,726 1,630 ,553 983,403 1,110,549 1,006,877 935,933 1,027,974 782,248

MS

The center of u.s. populati on IS the cen te r o f "po p ulatio n gr211fy, " or [he po int o n wh ich [he U. S. wo uld bal ance If ir were a rigi d plan e, assu nll ng all mdividuals weigh the same and exert influenc e p rop orti onal to [h eir di stance from a

~

22 .3% -7.5% 14.4

71 1,470

632,910

12.4%

656,562 65 1,154

465,622 41% 736,014 -11.5%

6.7%

650, 100

610,337

6.5%

596,974 589,141

628 ,088 574,283

-5.0% 2.6%

10.0 to 14.9% Increase 5.0 to 9.9% increase

a to 4.9% Increase Decrease

cen tr al P0l!1 L

2000

FL

Source U.S. Census Bureau

10.2% 18.0%

7.3% 15.8%

1990-2000

U.S. Center of Population

34.3%

635,230

Percent Change in State Population More than 30% inc rease 25.0 to 30% increase 20.0 to 24.9% increase 15.0 to 19.9% increase

19.8% -4.3%

735,617

AL

LA

6.0% 4.0%

74 1,952 723,959

Arl ingto

ti n

9.4%

79 1,926 776,733

Source: u.s. Census Bureau

alias

Change

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Per Capita Income Per capita per son al income* in do llars

WA

$24,000 and above

$ 18,000 to $24,000

$14,000 to 18,000

$ 12,000 to $ 14,000

MT

$6.000 to $12,000

ND

Not report ing

OR

(

"Per cao.ta pe rsonal Inco me is the mean average Incom e co mp ut ed fo r every man, wo man, and child in a p articula r area. It 1$ d erived by d ivid­ Ing the ro ral income o f a part icular area by the tot al popu lation of that area. The areas used in th IS map are the co untie s and county eq uivalents.

WY

Based on latest availab le dat a. Source: Bureau of Econo mic Ana lysis,

U S. Cen sus Bu reau

NE San Francisc o ­

San Jo se-

Earnings

Denver

CA

• CO

by Gender

KS Male $40,257

Female $23,551

Earnings

.....

by Race

Los Angeles •

Whit e

AZ

"

M ale $41,598

\.

• Phoenix

Female $23,756

NM

Black Male $28,821 Female $21,694

Dall

Hisp anic

TX

Male $24,970

Female $18,187

Source

Cu rre n l Popu /arron

ALASKA

Reports, u.s Censvs Bureau. 2000

San Antonio.

--

............. ~...

Earnings $100,000 , -- -$80,000

by Education -

-

- --

Level -

-

-

-

-

-

- --

-

-

­

f-- - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - ,,.-­

$60,000 f - - - --

- - -- - - - - -- - - ,I -- - ­

$40,000 f-- - --

- - - - - - - ,, ,""--- - - - -­

$20.000

~-,..,.--~~~1111""'~~=~--------No hig h schoo l dip loma

High school

Some A SSOci at e 's Bachelor's Master' s coll ege

Doctorate Source: Correot Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000

·

..

Luxembourg $36,400 United States $36,200 Bermuda $33,000 San Marino $32,000 Switzerland $28,600 Aruba $28,000 Norway $27,700 Monaco $27,000 Singapore $26,500 Denm ark $25,500

MS

Belg ium $25,30 0 Austr ia $25,000 Jap an $24,900 Canada $24,800 Iceland $24,800 France $24,400 Neth erland s $24,400

Persons Below the Poverty Level

~

30% and above 25% to 30% 20% to 25% 15% to 20% 10% to 15% Less than 10%

Pove rty level is based on the incom e a house hold needs so that no more than a third of inco me must be used for adeq uate food . House holds with incomes below this le vel are conside red to be poor. The U.s . governmen t adj usts the pover­ ty leve l accord ing to house hold size, and revises it each year for changes in the cost of living.

Source: Census 2000. U.S. Census Bureau

Ge rmany $23,400

*estimated ,2ooo

Aust ralia $23,200

Source: TheWorld Faetbook2000.

CIA

1400w

Canada

HI

I

Canada

Alberta

.-,

-­ -­ Sask a tch ewan

l!I

,

lil1l

t

== Manitoba

~

~

Ontario

* •

Sault Ste Mer.e

Vancouver

Toront o

Symbol and label sizes md icate relative sizes of cities:

Other captial

Quebec

aI

a

New Brunswick

'lVDI. -1

500 krn

St-Pierre & Miquelon (Fr .)

,

500

mi

Nova Sco tia

Prin ce Ed ward Island

\

...

,' l~~

Newfoundland and Labrador

'

250

I~ PI

~ ~

250

• Largest City: Toronto, Ontario, 2,481,494 (city population)

• Largest Lake: Great Bear La ke, 12,096 sq. mi. (31 ,328 sq. km)

• Longest River: Mackenzie, 1,023 mi. (1,730 km)

• Lowest Point: sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Logan, 19,551 ft. (5,959 m)

• Area: 3,511,022 square miles (9,093,507 square kilometers)

Lab r a d o r Sea

~E W:

~'X

All offshore island s in

Hudson Bay.j am es Bay, Ungava Bay.

and Hu dson Stra it are part of

Nu navut

' \

\~~'5(-,." ~

...

National capital

Provincial boundary

International boundary

@

D D

0W

130

~lS0OW

Mountain peak

Provincial bo undary

Internatio nal boundary

oI 250

250

1100W

I

500 km

' '

500 mi

-z.­U'

s

w 4'

Labrador Sea

OCEAN

/

ATLANTIC

,

1!

I,

I)

°lto

v'o~

~~

'

500

a

500

aI ,

-.'

0'

@ M, le

MALDIVES

INDIAN

1,000 mi

5

N

w 4

OCEAN

E

10'5

AR CTI C O CEAN

l00 'E 12O"E

.(>"'"

PACIFIC OCEAN

,,/

\()""

• Largest Country: Russia (Asian) 4,928,980 sq. mi. (12,766,000sq. km)

• Largest Lake: Caspian Sea 143,244 sq. mi. (371,000 sq. km)

• Longest River: Chang (Yangtze), China 3,964 mi. (6,379 km)

• Lowest Point: Dead Sea, Israel/Jordan 1,310 ft. (399 m) below sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Everest, China/ Nepal 29,035 ft. (8,850 m)

• Area: 17,139,000 square miles (44,390,000 square kilometers)

\

40~N

50~N

I

60 0E

7lYN

'c'.

._

800E

-..!~~.: ~~-- -----~~~"!..~-~':~':~-~l/~~a ~------------------------------------------

~:~w_~=~

------- - -------­-­----------\-----------­ ----­--­-- ---------------------- --- --­ - - - -­--------------­ -- - --

I

E

I

I

I

(i'

I

-~1~== South Korea -­-

1/

I

I

7

I

I I

I

~mJ A . ~~~-=~::;~;~ :~~-- ~_:_~~~~-.~~~~:== ==-.:..~~~=~~~=~=_~~~==:;:~ === =i~_B

"hI'",

.~

I I e. -.

INDIAN IOCEAN

W JVE S

n ];

s

Indonesia

Jakarta Bandung Bogor Malang Iran Tehran

9,374,000

5,919,000

5,000,000

3,174,000

6,759,000

1,887,000

Iraq Baghdad

4,336,000

Israel Tel Aviv-Jaffa Jerusalem

2,595,000 628,000

Hiroshima

\ Pakist an 148 Banglade sh 133 J apan 127 Philippin es 85 _ _ _- ' Vietnam 81 12,059,000 3,427 ,000 2,599,000 2,171,000 1,822,000 1,494,000 1,468,000 1,341,000 1,250,000 1,126,000

Thailan d 62 South Korea 48 All oth er coun tr ies 365 Sou rce: If.S. Cens us Bueau

Amman

1,147,000

Kazakhstan Almaty

1,129,000

laos Vientiane

2,741,000

SouthKorea (core city only) Seoul 9,854,000 Susan 3,655 ,000 Daegu 2,474,000

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

Lebanon Beirut Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Maldives Male

1,500,000 1,379,000 74,000

193,000

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 753,000

Philippines Manila

Myanmar (Burma)

331,000

North Korea

Kuwait Kuwait

t

...__ ,.,J Indonesia 232

_ _ _ ._._ _......

Jordan

P'yongyang

l: China 1,284 India 1,046

Mashhad

Japan Tokyo Yokohama Osaka Nagoya Sapporo Kobe Kyoto Pukuoka Kawasaki

Estimated 2002 Population (in millions)

760,000

Yango n

(Rangoon)

4,101,000

Nepal Kathmandu

421,000

Oman Muscat Pakistan Karachi Lahore Faisalabad Islamabad

Qatar Doha

477,000 9,339,000 5,143,000 2,009,000 529,000

9,933,000

Singapore Singapo re

4,131,000

264,000

SriLanka Colombo

642 ,000

Russia(Asian) Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg Omsk Chelyabinsk

1,400,000 1,314,000 1,177,000 1,111,000

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Jeddah

2,776,000 2,046,000

Syria Halab (Aleppo) 1,813,000 1,394,000 Damascus Taiwan Taipei Tajikistan Dushanbe

2,720,000 529,000

Thailand Bangkok

6,320,000

Turkey (Asian) Ankara lzrnir

3,203,000 2,232,000

Turkmenistan Ashgabat

United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi

407,000

904,000

Uzbekistan Tashkent

2,142,000

Vietnam HoChi Minh City Hanoi

4,990,000 2,464,000

Yemen Sanaa

927,000

Intemationalcomparabilityofpop­ ulation data is limited by varying censusmethods. VVhere metro­ poUtan population is unavailable, core city population;s shown.

.. .

Electricity Use

Gross Domestic Pro duc t is a m ea sure o f rh e total goo ds and services generated by a country. Gen era lly, manu­ imuring, high-tech services, an d specialized agricu lrural producrs add mo re value t h an raw m ateri~san d basic food sru ffs. T he hi gh -rec h and oilproducing cou ntries o n t he frin ges o f Asia are the excep tio n s in rhi s gener­ ~Iy poor contine n t. R

Gross Domestic Product GDP per capita

u

Unit e d Stat e s 12,407

Over $20,000 $10,000 to $20,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $2,500 to $4,999 Less than $2,500 No data

A

Kuwait

United Arab Emirates 14,177 14,377

Japan 7,470

Source: World Factbook. CtA. 2001

Israe l 5,372

China Ind ia 851 442 Laos 31_ KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year

MALDI VES

Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001

A'

Agriculture is the p redo m in ant lan d use In Asia , rhou gh on ly o ne-sixth of th e land IS arable. Wer grain s, such as ne e, are t he pnncipal crops of China an d South east Asian countries. Dry gr ai ns, su ch as wh eat, are gro wn In lim ited ar eas o f Ru ssia and China. A lack of m ode rn farm in g m et h ods , exce p r In j apan, Ru ssia , an d Israel, I

~;\!,~rica lly lim ited food production. Ho wever, pro-

ducrion is increas in g in so m e co u n t ries as govern menrs supply rhe needed rechn ology. T he ru gged ~ landand climate in Northe rn , Centra l an d ([ ~ Southwesr Asia Iim irs lan d use ro n omad ic

herding. Here, ani m als sup ply food, sh el­

flD,

ler, clothing, and rra n sp orra rio n. R Q u s

~

Q

.' ~ . p.

Y..

.- ~. .;.f' ~

LJ

' . '17­

Q

R

•

~

r .

Land Use and Resources

,.

Pred ominant land use

D

.

Commercialagriculture Nomadic herding Subsistence agriculture Primarily forestland

s

D

A

Limited agricultural activity

A

Major resources

Q

Coal Natural gas Oil Forest products M Gold §J. Silver ili::, Iron ore ill Uranium @ Bauxite 9 Diamonds cs Other minerals ~ Fishing Major manufacturing and trade cente rs

to!

A

okyc

• •

Most Asian count ries ha ve an

Insignificant num ber of man u fac­

lUringjobs relarive ro o th er occu pa­ nons.Japan, Sou th Ko rea, Taiwan,

MALD rvES China,and Singa pore are excep ti o ns. Natural resou rces ar e Asia's m ost Iffiportant export. The o il fiel ds of Southwesr ASia su p p ly much o f th e ~'o rld' s energy needs. Sou t he ast Asia su p p lies t h e World wit h ItS un , an d coal is plentiful in are as o f Russia , Ch ina and India. The lack of processin g tacilities limirs many Asian co u ntries in th e use of th eir resources.

•

•

Asia has many clima res. T his ca n be expec red on a land m ass rha r covers an area fro m below rhe Equ ator co rh e Arcric O cea n and from rhe Medirerr anean Sea co rhe Pacific Oce an . Wearher co nd irions flu cruate from rhe su b-freezin g remperarures and sno w of rh e run dr a climare in No rr he rn Russia, rh rough rhe m o re rem per­ are h umid con n nen rai climate, pasr rh e arid co ndi ­ nons of Sou rh wesr a nd Cen tral ASia, a nd finally co rhe warm an d wet zo nes of So ur h an d Southeast Asia. See ph ocogr ap hs rak en In d ifferenr kin ds of clima tes o n pages 24-25 .

Climate Graphs Averag e d aily te mper ature range {in "Fl

Average mo nthly precip itation (in inches)

~~~h

';::]

( [:::

0'

O'

AlMATY. Kazakhstan

0 10os''] Jr

R

D·

=. =[:: -­

Jan

• Oct

Jul

Ap'

O'

BEIRUT, Lebanon

I ~l l -:-

okyo

Jan

=[::

Ap,

• Oct

Jul

O'

COLOMBO, Sri Lanka

100'j _ _ ==[20' os . ~ 10' J2'

,'/

D·

Jan

Apr

J ul

Oct

O'

DHAKA, Bangladesh

•

Trop ical wet Tro pical wet and d ry Arid Semiarid

D

100'j

Climate

Med iterranean

D

Humid subt rop ical

D D

Subarctic

• •

f r4f;""

Hum id cont inental D

'

.

. E S

...

I

J' ft.

• • ..".-... •

203 152 to 203 102 to 152

S1 to 102

25 to 51

Under 25

Over

Apr

l:J2' j .

--

I

Jan

Apr

D·

High land

1 ~~: l J

O'

I

I

Jul

Oct

[20' 10'

O'

_ = [20'

J~:

Jan

Inches

The co unr nes of Sour h and So u theast Asia expe rienc e rhe mosr rainfall. T his ra in fall occurs primarily between rhe monr hs of April a nd O ct ob er. Warm , moisr winds from rh e so urh, called Mon soo ns, bnn g rhe rain to t his part of rh e co nr ine nr and also pil e snow deepl y upo n rhe pe aks of rh e Himalayas. T he Mo nsoons d o nor reach rh e inrerior of rhe co nri ne n r, which remains d ry rhro ug ho u r rh e year. T he dri esr co unr ries are III rh e so u thwest.

80

60 to 80

40 to 60

20 to 40

10 to 20

Und er 10 Over

R

Oct

Jul

JAKARTA. Indonesia

Annual Precipitation Centimeters

Jan

[20' 10'

HONG KONG. China

('

A,

" '-"..

II

I

J2'

OS" 0'

~;~ST ' o/TI MO R r

Tund ra

T"'"'l z::::::;: ­

u

I • • Apr

Jul

:~ .

Oct

NEW DELHI, India

1~~: 1 _ _ _

r=l= [20' I

10'

J2'

00

J ul

O·

Ja n

Apr

Oct

RIYADH, Saudi Arabia

1::1 _- --[: :: 32'

D·

Jan

Apr

Jul

Oct

O'

TEHRAN, Iran

TIANJIN, China ,"

10ss-0']

_

32' ­ 00

Jan

Apr

,--" [20' I -

Jul

-

10'

Oct

O·

TOKYO, Japa n

1~~ 1 J2' ,,--, 00 ---:Ja n

__ -I [20'10' I I O·

Apr

J ul

Oct

YAKUTSK, Russia

~~3 2 :~ j ~;Jf~

1

T,m p

---, [:: :

_

00 _ 4 5,-=~~~__---,_ Jan

Api

Jul

Oct

O.

"

Ith ly ti on

..

T he contin en r's vegera rion is as vaned as irs clim are, ranging fro m rh e lush rropi cal vegera­ rion of rhe Sour h , Sourheas r, and Easr Asian co untries co rh e sparse vegera rion of Russia's vast areric t u n d ra, See phorographs of rhe di ffer­ ent kinds of vegerarion on pages 26 -27.

Veget at ion

hes)

[ ~: :

•

Unclassified highland s or ice cap Tundra and alpin e tund ra

O·

Coniferous forest Mid latltude decid uous for est

r20 "

Subtro pical broad leaf everg reen forest

~ 10 ·

Mixed forest Mid lant ude scrub Mldl at itu de grassland Desert Tropical seasonal and scrub

D D

Tropical rain for est Tropical savanna

'20 " 10·

'0"

'20 · 10"

·0 ·

' 20·

Environment al Issues

' 10 · O·

20· 10·

•

Current forest

~

Area at high est risk of desert ificati on

o D •

Cleared forest

Areas most affe cted by acid rain Poor air q uality '

0" 'Cue s exceed mg ar reast one

,.

0'

th e Wo rld He alth OrganJzanon s (WHO) a nnua l m ean g u rd e lmes for dlr

quality

20 " 10 ·

Sources Global Dlstrrbutlo n of 0 6gmal and Remaining Forests,

UNEP·WCMC, 2002

World Sorl Resources Map Ind ex, USDAJNRCS, 2002 World Developme nTIndicato rs, World Bank. 1999

0"

!O. 0"

)"

)"

./ 1"

n

.'HILIPPIN ES

M an jl~~~

i~

MA l D IVES ..

Asia's h igh popu lat ion dens iries have led co a mulrirude of env i­ ronm ental problem s, includi n g polluti on , d eforestation, over fish­ ing , and war er sho rt ages. Wirh rapid po pulation growrh , pr es­ su res o n land and war er resources will o nly conrinue co in creas e. In wesrern Asia, desertificari on and gro un d warer issu es are rh e mo sr pr essm g co ncerns. Mo st land in rhe region IS eirher cur renrly des ert o r IS vulnerable co beco m­ m g desert in rh e fu ru re, and wat er IS bein g wit hdrawn mo re quickly rhan ir can be rep laced.

300S

'

1,000 km

500

,

0

~';,

,

INDIAN OCEAN

• Kalgoorhe

'" ..,

120 E

t"" I

-:"\..

•

Hon iara

Perth

Sydney

ind icate re la tive sizes of cities:

Symbol and label sizes

National capital

State boundary

International boundary

'j

", -

J AUS T~LI A

1\

1,000 m i

-- ~-f--~----­ . Carnarvon ~WES TE RN

500

'" . ,

®

§

oI o

Philippin '!...I , Sea

135°E

"

-

r~i ., . .

..:

•

~

I

I .

Wake/.

"I

\

't I

I

®

:

Nukua loja

(N.Z.)

;;'1

01

~I

wi

51

wi

: Kermadec Is. I

I I ,

I

165'E

/

/

/

/

/

~I - I I Chatham Is, I (N.Z.) I 'll I • I

ffi l

FI

~I

lS0 ' E

H Niue I. (N.Z.)

(U.S.)

Samoa

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(U.S.)

Jarvis I.

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Fr en ch"' :Po· IJne~ ia Tahiti (Fr.) "

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15'S

" ­ -; .TROPIC OF CAPRICORN -

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Date Line.

thou gh t hey are posit ioned on Opposite sides of the Internatio nal

Republic of Kiribati observethe same date as the Islands west of 180·, eve n

Allislands east of 180 with in the

l S0'W

15'N

150'W

• Largest City: Sydney, Australia, 3,997,000

• Largest Country: Australia, 2,967,909 sq. mi. (7,686,850 sq. km)

• Largest Lake: Lake Eyre, 3,500 sq. mi. (6,475 sq. km)

• Longest River: Murray-Darling, 2,510 mi. (4,039 km)

• Lowest Point: Lake Eyre, 52 ft. (1 6 m) below sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Wilhelm, Pa pua New Guinea 15,400 ft. (4,694 m)

• Area: 3,300,000 square miles (8,547,000 square kilometers)

(N.Z.)

I

I

Palmyra Is, (U.S.)

OCEAN

(U.S.)

Hawaiian

Cook Islands

165'W

I

I

165°W

- - - , - - ­ - 1- - - - - - ­ I I I

180"

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I

American

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T_L_ I

T~!fG~

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Hoy-land I, (U.S.)

Tasman Sea

Fiji Sea

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F unaf~ ti ®

TINALU

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PACIFIC

Johnsto n I. (U.S.)

K IIRIB A' TI

® Tarawa (Bairiki)

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