3,071 1,168 124MB
Pages 308 Page size 714.331 x 853.228 pts Year 2008
a visual encyclopedia
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Senior editor Julie Ferris Senior designer Stefan Podhorodecki Project editors Francesca Baines, Hazel Beynon Designers Katie Knutton, Hoa Luc, Smiljka Surla, Nihal Yesil US editor Margaret Parrish Editors Steven Carton, Jenny Finch, Niki Foreman, Fran Jones, Andrea Mills Additional design Jim Green, Spencer Holbrook, Phil Letsu, Johnny Pau, Marilou Prokopiou, Jacqui Swan Managing editor Linda Esposito Managing art editor Diane Thistlethwaite Commissioned photography Dave King Creative retouching Steve Willis Picture research Nic Dean Publishing manager Andrew Macintyre Category publisher Laura Buller DK pIcture researcher Lucy Claxton, Rose Horridge Production editor Andy Hilliard Production controller Pip Tinsley Jacket design Jacqui Swan, Akiko Kato Jacket editor Mariza O’Keeffe Design development manager Sophia M Tampakopoulos Turner Development team Natasha Rees, Yumiko Tahata First published in the United States in 2008 by DK Publishing 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 AD365 – 04/08 Copyright © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fundraising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 [email protected] A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-0-7566-3843-6 Printed and bound by Leo, China Discover more at
www.dk.com
8
9
2
1
10
11
12
13
1
3
14
4
2
5
15
2
4
1
3
16
5
6
8
7
17
1
3
2
18
5
6
7
4
8
19
5
20
8
21
22
23
24
25
4
2
3
1
26
6
5
7
8
27
1
2
5
3 4
28
6
7
9
8
10
11
29
2
1
4
3
30
5
7 6
9 8
10
31
1
2
32
5
4
6
33
4
10
6
9
8
34
3
2
5
12 11
35
3
4
2
5
1
6
3
4
2
5
1
6
36
2
3
1
4
6
5
3
4
2
5
1
6
37
38
39
40
41
5
2
1 4
8
9
42
6
12
7
10
11
43
44
45
46
47
3
4
1
2
5
6
7
48
8
9 11
10
10
9
8 7
11
49
1
3 2
8 7
50
6 5 4
9
10
11
51
52
53
54
55
1
3
6
7
8
11
21 14
23
22
56
24
2
4
5
10
9
13
12 17 16 15
20 19
25
18
26
57
ile Gharial crocod
58
Antelope
Baboon
59
60
61
2
1
62
3
4
5
6
63
64 3
2
1
4
65
8
5
6
9
7
66
1
2
3
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
1
2
3
74
4
5
6
75
76 1
2
3
4
11
5
12
10
6
9
8
7
77
78
79
80
81
1
2
82
3
4
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
1
4 2
3
5
90
8
6
9
10
7
91
92
93
94
95
1 2
3
6
8
7
96
5
4
9
10
97
98 1
5
4
2
3
99
100
101
3
1
4
2
7
5
6
102
8
10
12
13 9
14
11
15
103
104
105
1
106
2
3
107
1
7
4
108
109
5
6
3
2
8
1
2
3
110
4
6
5
7
111
112
113
114
115
116
2
117
3
12
14
118
15
19
25
17
23
21
27
26 16
20
22
28
119
120
121
122
123
1
2
6
124
3
7
4
5
9 8
10
125
126
127
128
129
1
5
6 2
3
4
130
GALAXIES A galaxy is a vast group of stars held together by gravity—it is estimated that there are 100–125 billion in the universe. They are not scattered randomly but exist in clusters, vast distances apart. All the galaxies together take up just two millionths of space. 1
SIZE
Galaxies are huge. The largest are more than a million light-years across (one light-year is the distance that light travels in a year). The smallest, called dwarf galaxies, are a few thousand light-years wide. Andromeda measures 250,000 light-years from side to side.
2
SHAPE
A single galaxy is made of billions or trillions of stars arranged in one of four basic shapes: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, or irregular. Spirals and barred spirals are disk-shaped with arms of stars. In a spiral, such as Andromeda, the arms wind out from a central bulge, while in a barred spiral, they flow from the ends of a central bar of stars. Elliptical galaxies are ball-shaped. Irregular galaxies have no clear shape.
3
ORBITING STARS
Galaxies do not behave like a solid object. Each star follows its own orbit around the center of the galaxy. Stars in a spiral galaxy typically take a few hundred million years to make an orbit. Those farther away take longer than those closest to the core.
4
SPIRAL ARMS
Stars exist throughout a spiral galaxy’s disk. The arms stand out because they are full of very bright young stars.
7
5
CORE
The core of a spiral galaxy typically consists of old red and yellow stars, with a supermassive black hole in its center. Andromeda’s black hole is as massive as 30 million Suns.
DUST LANES
6
Dense clouds and lanes of dust within the galaxy’s disk hide stars from view. ANDROMEDA
GALAXY
Andromeda is one of the closest galaxies to our own, the Milky Way. It is a spiral galaxy 2.9 million light-years away from us—the most distant object that can be seen by the naked eye from Earth.
7
DWARF GALAXY
M110 is one of the dwarf elliptical galaxies that orbit Andromeda. It is held in its orbit by Andromeda’s gravity.
131
132
133
134
7
3
1
3
4
9
5
8
6
2
135
1
2
3
4
136
5
8
7
6
9
137
1
138
2
5 4
3 6
8
7
9
139
140 7
4
2
3
9 8
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
8 3
13
10
4
6
1
7
9
2
11
5
12
33
32
31
150
22
14 21
23
17
19
15
25
18
24
16
23
20
26
27
28
30 29
151
152
153
4
3
5
6
154
2
1
7
9
10
8
155
157
158 3
1
2
4
6
5
159
160
161
1
2
3
162
4 6
7
8
5
163
164
165
166 7
2
5
1
3
6
4
12
167
17
16
18
9
13
10
8
23
19
11
20
14
24
22
15
21
168
169
170
171
172
173
4
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
206
8
9 10
8
9
6 3
10 1
4
7
2
5
207
THE WEST EN AND THE SO D,WESTMINSTER UTH BANK
208
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
3
1
4
2
5
220
7
6
9
8
10
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
2
1
3
6
7
9
FIRST CIVILIZATIONS More than 5,000 years ago, farming peoples in the river valleys of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Egypt, and India, created the world’s first civilizations. In Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, people known as Sumerians built the first cities. Each city was ruled by a king, who governed on behalf of the local god. This scene shows the king of the city of Ur receiving goods from his people. 230
King Sumerians believed that kingship was handed down from the gods. This king wears no crown, but his importance is shown by his kilt and the fact that he is larger than everyone else.
Nobles These men may have been priests, relatives of the king, or wealthy landowners. They are shown sitting on chairs with delicately carved legs, evidence of luxury at the palace.
Servants Two men move between the king and his guests, bringing food and drink. Their low status is shown by their smaller size. They would have lived in the palace or in mud-brick homes.
Musicians This man is shown playing a lyre, which has a wooden sound box decorated with the head of a bull. Other instruments from the time included harps, lutes, reed pipes, and drums.
1
2
3
4
5 4
8
10
Singer The only woman in the scene is singing with the lyre player to entertain the guests. Music and dancing played a key role in religious rituals, such as giving thanks for a good harvest.
Fishermen Rivers offered a plentiful supply of fish for all early civilizations. From the Indus in India, the Nile in Egypt, and the Euphrates and Tigris in Sumer, fish were caught with nets or spears.
Workers This man carries a bundle on his back, the heavy load strapped to his head. It was thanks to the toil of workers like this that massive temples for the gods could be built.
Farmers Although the area was hot and dry, silt from the rivers kept the soil fertile. Farmers also dug canals to divert water to their crops, which included barley, turnips, onions, and dates.
Animals Sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were vital to the first civilizations. They provided meat, milk, leather, and wool. Oxen were used to pull plows and donkeys for transportation.
Clothing Made from either wool or flax, both men and women wore tufted kilts, designed to resemble sheepskins. Wealthy men and women also owned elaborate gold jewelry.
5
6
7
8
9
10
THE
STA T NDARD OF UR
This mosaic of blue lapis lazuli, red sandstone, and white shell, was made in the city of Ur in about 2,500 BCE. It decorates one side of a small wooden box found in a royal grave. The purpose of the box is not known. This side shows a peaceful banquet, while the other side depicts scenes of war.
231
232
233
234
235
236
3
237
238
239
2
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
1
3
2
4
256
5
7
6
10
8 9
257
258
259
2
3
6
4
7
1
5
260
10
9
11
13 12
261
262
263
1
2
264
6
3
5
4
7
265
1 4
3 2
5
266
6
7
9
10
8
3
2
1
268
269
5
4
8
7
9
6
270
271
272
273
274
275
1
2
6
7
9
276
5
3
4
8
7
277
1
12
9
10
21
2 8
3
11
20
13 4
19 7
18
6
5
15
14
278
16
17
20
17
23
18 24 21
19
25 29
22
26
30
27
31
28
32
22
30
29
23
28
31
24
27
25
26
32
279
280
281
Natu
4,0 a tree dies, all th de it absorbed w ntually released tmosphere. The nt of carbon dio ased whether th or rots.
argest water t is the Amazo t lily. Its leaves g that a child c cross them an get wet.
gnolias are t ent flowerin magnolias have been found that are
20 million years old.
are born themselves. Eels lay their eggs in the oceans. The baby elvers then make their way to freshwater rivers. A female eel can lay up to
mill
e
o de mer ar weigh up to can breathe air using lun al, the bumb g)—lighter t
rabbit babies the only bir nd backward
ts n
t can grow up to 150 ft (50 m) tall.
mill
en are only an very long tim h. Some lichens
3f A
A mal be hea Croco They d their b
Shar of sm detec
100 Prairie towns
40 in A woodpecker can peck up to
20
times per second.
A hyena can produce
son in a
es
frog’s s
st er. is
mice. phant
berian tige 0 kg).
ough in a day. survive in 80C) because
00
s a day.
Whale milk is nearly
%
50 The that weig China’s ea involves t leave thei
A pile may c The la (3.5 m LEARN
San en though they have never been there before. A bee’s buzz is made
A dog can make about 10 mo
dy.
t, the capyba
2 in
an cove gle hop
Do cel tha Co th
aver can be
00 ng and dreds s old.
a win ong a 283
um
Ther mus cate there hum
dy sheds te s every min
5 lb (20 k
u lose in ce ain weighs ody weight ood supply
ou spe very da
e bra avie m th g) a t repl
he left lung make room takes your s eal. The food pass throug
ue to e about econds. ery cise. liter) ths
up
n you miles (19,000 way around
60
,
new otect e ng itself.
284
normally
es) a da
ers nee
he
m) long if fastest, the
ns up 140 of energy
n ave time ill wa quiva five t und ator.
airs on the b anzee. d was more (5 m) long a belonged to Norwegian
gseth y are born.
ul heart tr 7. There a in the US
mes a minut
of gas per da
ery, the
in (3.5 c
hen you sleep, you los in A co air a 60 m
’s as wid
e war.
on ff
A single 100,000
The o wom aged SEE AN
h
You cannot sneeze with your
Common than 250
co
e
285
cience and technology Airship
The smalle found is the
0.00000 across. It is seen one, a because of
ernet name
ss.com
The num was first around
t by Ma n 1999 f
illion
The smalles unit of weig was added t The largest o weigh st n at 6,000 y
car into a gas,
When a g quid, it
e th
A jif to o The official 1 kg weight is a cylinder made in 1899 from platinum and i idi hi h i k i Sè
Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal. olid un e reache hen it fi
mber industrial p he Midland
rst e meric 71. T rom er r 286
1,300 times less space.
hat ure.
he s Ear lion
d in the m.
te east
g at 90 deci raffic. It star eds 130 dB,
is lost in ricity. heat.
ifferent
ht pot d
Musical ant
intensityy us iginally base t by a candle 5 million candelas per sq ft (80 million per sq m).
In a v a spee
ece 0 years ago. It was a mechanical stea
983
ets.
(299,7
km)
On a sunn (light part pinhead e A normal electrical e
Red d is visible w of light 0.7 7 mi
h
so
sa
Th 10 ma pro tha
E Is D o st d w
s. Blue light farther thr than colo waveleng green. Thi looks blu SEE WH
Th by
s
Ne sc inv
287
j p ( on the Moon.
)
p is 1
321
p
collected and cataloged.
The S n ie ed from
s w
i M e i
is a storm, wider than two
e n Way is as massive as
e o
o a s
In 1971, US astronaut Alan Shepard stood
b
o are found at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii The twin Keck telescopes both have
o
s a 0 v galaxies that have incredibly bright centers. The quasars that we can see
any future mission to Mars, since the astronauts will need to grow their own food.
a n t b n h m a a a
space, as sound cannot trave
m h
The Orion vehicle is going to
s f
n t flight into
art he be (5 km
tion of the are becomi osaurs, 60 m ay was less
he Great Bar ,000 km) lon rth. It is eve
night on Ju erywhere n
ine out of te ore than 1,0 the world a
e pre rth is an th
l from resse f plan ied
he 20th peratu 20 percent Amazon rai
e are a rent sp acres (one hectare) of
llion ago.
gold g er of the wo
water in the me size as th h 100 times
re t ed like waves t 3 ft (1 m) re ever record ntarctica, on
mperatu 135.80F h, Libya, , 1922.
ca be
e water in the
land in th 109 sq mi a is larger nent rathe
s en gle f tat
nd min Siberia. 00 ftt (1,
Sea in the 408 m) belo alty that ept simple .
helicop ey fly to ountains 000 m) hi e Himala
s the North F s just
contain t r floating rop conta on cloud d
gs raine
Seawater freezes at -2°F (2°C) becau
e sky oup of nemou England, was showered w a u s Th th ha Th in (3 w 6 co 2 As la of to sh of (1 ev
TO TAK T
ay of t nds be lightn ng thu e light ) away.
ns Th ev in fire
cks for ast way e of
Ov of by
S p
e in f
w
ws.
a 291
Vatican City y isn’t actually a city. It is a country, y although it is only the size of 50 football pitches and its official population is just 821 people. Nigeria is the most densely populated country in Africa with more than 100 million people, but Sudan is the largest country geographically with a total area of 2,505,800 sq km (967,490 square miles).
Before humans arrived in New Zealand d around 1,000 years ago, there were no mammals there except Uganda has the youngest population in the world. More than half its inhabitants are aged 14 or under. r bats. Flightless birds, s such as the kiwi,i Singapore is both a city and a state. It is the only walked the land The bricks member of the UN instead. of the traditional with a completely urban population. rondavel houses of The city of Troy was thought to be mythical Rwanda are stuck China and India both until its ruins were found have more than 1 billion in Turkey in the 1870s. together using inhabitants. The next biggest country by population, the USA, has fewer than 300 million. Istanbull in Turkey is the only city to straddle two continents Europe and Asia
292
cow dung.
The tallest building in the world is the Burj Dubai Tower in Dubai, and it is still getting taller. It will be more than
estination with more than 75 million tourists each year.
People and places Between 1800 and 2000, the population of the world grew from 1 billion to 6 billion. In 27 CE Rome became the first city to have 1 million inhabitants. In 2008, for the first time in history, more than halff the people of the world d lived in cities and towns rather than rural communities.
50
There are states in the USA. The most recent to join was Hawaii, on 20 August 1959. Tokyo is the largest city in the world. If you include all its suburbs, its population is 35 million.
Fewer than 100 people still speak Votic, a language of northern Russia. 583 different languages are spoken in Indonesia.
Argentinians eat more
meatt than anyone else. Two million people converge on the holy city of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, each year during the week of the Muslim pilgrimage called the hajj.
The oldest known map was drawn around 2,500 BCE on a clay tablet in Babylonia, in modern-day Iraq, showing the area around the River Euphrates. Iceland’s Althing is the oldest parliament in the world. Its first meeting was held in 930 CE. In 1978, Argentinian Emilio Marcos Palma became the first person to be born in Antarctica.
About 4,000 people, mainly scientists, live in Antarctica in the summer. This number drops to 1,000 in the winter.
About 1 billion people do nott have enough to eat. Absolute monarchies are states that are ruled directly by a hereditary leader. Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and Oman are the only absolute monarchies that survive today.
The Trans-Siberian railwayy runs from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostokk in the east. It is 9,288 km (5,772 miles) long and goes through eight different time zones, s without ever leaving Russia.
The widest avenue in the world is
There are more than 20 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants in the world.
The first
world’s toys are made in China.
The first map to name the newly discovered continent America was drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in 1507.
293
ist te was Q round 3
y writing sy ped in Meso ound 3,100 shaped ma
he Islamic ca ear that is 11 d
ern hum ralia at re they
Greenl name by
pi II becam st six. He r h aged 10
Erik the 1000 CE
imum perio oman army
to
ury plorer
out 2, m Chi Afric ame ilk wa
00 mile nd visit countr orld. mo
, the Aztec er of a mil times larger than London at the time.
tuta
explorer Mary King Moun n Afr own when refus The first E North Am n Roanok asted one
Peop aroun acros nort 294
i
The Ancient Chinese t d thi Th
ue of Franc he 10 meric ende
tution still he tiny Eur to 1600.
ctories a of the Ind olution i ildren a five wo 6-hour s
55, 5 about o California e Gold Rush
e Hundr ar betwee nce and lly lasted om 1337
igning s curren
mibo ho cam n 1946
ka
opia was rica that w an power. re now rope.
The Viking law court ing
,a duck ster he fir ssen when they flew in
7,00 or"
seve
f the only
Pyra s
by g farm 295
d
e n
k r c o a o
r r in Vienna, Austria, in i
o h e e s
n 9
r.
296
m
c U t
t e w s t a
d 1 c o n
w played in the Basque h F 0 t h 0
0 i a e
b e
297
It’s a book. It’s an encyclopedia. But it’s unlike any you’ve seen before. ONE MILLION THINGS is crammed full of all kinds of incredible stuff, from metals to mollusks, robots to revolutions, all revealed in a fascinating, exciting, totally different way. It’s like a museum, a search engine, and the world’s biggest garage sale rolled into one.
Loads of topics, hundreds of pictures, thousands of words, a galaxy of amazing things to discover and explore . . .
Find it. See it. Know it.
Discover more at
www.dk.com