One Million Things: A Visual Encyclopedia

  • 10 388 2
  • Like this paper and download? You can publish your own PDF file online for free in a few minutes! Sign Up

One Million Things: A Visual Encyclopedia

a visual encyclopedia LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Senior editor Julie Ferris Senior designer Stefan

3,081 1,168 124MB

Pages 308 Page size 714.331 x 853.228 pts Year 2008

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD FILE

Recommend Papers

File loading please wait...
Citation preview

a visual encyclopedia

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Senior editor Julie Ferris Senior designer Stefan Podhorodecki Project editors Francesca Baines, Hazel Beynon Designers Katie Knutton, Hoa Luc, Smiljka Surla, Nihal Yesil US editor Margaret Parrish Editors Steven Carton, Jenny Finch, Niki Foreman, Fran Jones, Andrea Mills Additional design Jim Green, Spencer Holbrook, Phil Letsu, Johnny Pau, Marilou Prokopiou, Jacqui Swan Managing editor Linda Esposito Managing art editor Diane Thistlethwaite Commissioned photography Dave King Creative retouching Steve Willis Picture research Nic Dean Publishing manager Andrew Macintyre Category publisher Laura Buller DK pIcture researcher Lucy Claxton, Rose Horridge Production editor Andy Hilliard Production controller Pip Tinsley Jacket design Jacqui Swan, Akiko Kato Jacket editor Mariza O’Keeffe Design development manager Sophia M Tampakopoulos Turner Development team Natasha Rees, Yumiko Tahata First published in the United States in 2008 by DK Publishing 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 AD365 – 04/08 Copyright © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fundraising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 [email protected] A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-0-7566-3843-6 Printed and bound by Leo, China Discover more at

www.dk.com

8

9

2

1

10

11

12

13

1

3

14

4

2

5

15

2

4

1

3

16

5

6

8

7

17

1

3

2

18

5

6

7

4

8

19

5

20

8

21

22

23

24

25

4

2

3

1

26

6

5

7

8

27

1

2

5

3 4

28

6

7

9

8

10

11

29

2

1

4

3

30

5

7 6

9 8

10

31

1

2

32

5

4

6

33

4

10

6

9

8

34

3

2

5

12 11

35

3

4

2

5

1

6

3

4

2

5

1

6

36

2

3

1

4

6

5

3

4

2

5

1

6

37

38

39

40

41

5

2

1 4

8

9

42

6

12

7

10

11

43

44

45

46

47

3

4

1

2

5

6

7

48

8

9 11

10

10

9

8 7

11

49

1

3 2

8 7

50

6 5 4

9

10

11

51

52

53

54

55

1

3

6

7

8

11

21 14

23

22

56

24

2

4

5

10

9

13

12 17 16 15

20 19

25

18

26

57

ile Gharial crocod

58

Antelope

Baboon

59

60

61

2

1

62

3

4

5

6

63

64 3

2

1

4

65

8

5

6

9

7

66

1

2

3

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

1

2

3

74

4

5

6

75

76 1

2

3

4

11

5

12

10

6

9

8

7

77

78

79

80

81

1

2

82

3

4

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

1

4 2

3

5

90

8

6

9

10

7

91

92

93

94

95

1 2

3

6

8

7

96

5

4

9

10

97

98 1

5

4

2

3

99

100

101

3

1

4

2

7

5

6

102

8

10

12

13 9

14

11

15

103

104

105

1

106

2

3

107

1

7

4

108

109

5

6

3

2

8

1

2

3

110

4

6

5

7

111

112

113

114

115

116

2

117

3

12

14

118

15

19

25

17

23

21

27

26 16

20

22

28

119

120

121

122

123

1

2

6

124

3

7

4

5

9 8

10

125

126

127

128

129

1

5

6 2

3

4

130

GALAXIES A galaxy is a vast group of stars held together by gravity—it is estimated that there are 100–125 billion in the universe. They are not scattered randomly but exist in clusters, vast distances apart. All the galaxies together take up just two millionths of space. 1

SIZE

Galaxies are huge. The largest are more than a million light-years across (one light-year is the distance that light travels in a year). The smallest, called dwarf galaxies, are a few thousand light-years wide. Andromeda measures 250,000 light-years from side to side.

2

SHAPE

A single galaxy is made of billions or trillions of stars arranged in one of four basic shapes: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, or irregular. Spirals and barred spirals are disk-shaped with arms of stars. In a spiral, such as Andromeda, the arms wind out from a central bulge, while in a barred spiral, they flow from the ends of a central bar of stars. Elliptical galaxies are ball-shaped. Irregular galaxies have no clear shape.

3

ORBITING STARS

Galaxies do not behave like a solid object. Each star follows its own orbit around the center of the galaxy. Stars in a spiral galaxy typically take a few hundred million years to make an orbit. Those farther away take longer than those closest to the core.

4

SPIRAL ARMS

Stars exist throughout a spiral galaxy’s disk. The arms stand out because they are full of very bright young stars.

7

5

CORE

The core of a spiral galaxy typically consists of old red and yellow stars, with a supermassive black hole in its center. Andromeda’s black hole is as massive as 30 million Suns.

DUST LANES

6

Dense clouds and lanes of dust within the galaxy’s disk hide stars from view.  ANDROMEDA

GALAXY

Andromeda is one of the closest galaxies to our own, the Milky Way. It is a spiral galaxy 2.9 million light-years away from us—the most distant object that can be seen by the naked eye from Earth.

7

DWARF GALAXY

M110 is one of the dwarf elliptical galaxies that orbit Andromeda. It is held in its orbit by Andromeda’s gravity.

131

132

133

134

7

3

1

3

4

9

5

8

6

2

135

1

2

3

4

136

5

8

7

6

9

137

1

138

2

5 4

3 6

8

7

9

139

140 7

4

2

3

9 8

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

8 3

13

10

4

6

1

7

9

2

11

5

12

33

32

31

150

22

14 21

23

17

19

15

25

18

24

16

23

20

26

27

28

30 29

151

152

153

4

3

5

6

154

2

1

7

9

10

8

155

157

158 3

1

2

4

6

5

159

160

161

1

2

3

162

4 6

7

8

5

163

164

165

166 7

2

5

1

3

6

4

12

167

17

16

18

9

13

10

8

23

19

11

20

14

24

22

15

21

168

169

170

171

172

173

4

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

206

8

9 10

8

9

6 3

10 1

4

7

2

5

207

THE WEST EN AND THE SO D,WESTMINSTER UTH BANK

208

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

3

1

4

2

5

220

7

6

9

8

10

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

2

1

3

6

7

9

FIRST CIVILIZATIONS More than 5,000 years ago, farming peoples in the river valleys of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Egypt, and India, created the world’s first civilizations. In Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, people known as Sumerians built the first cities. Each city was ruled by a king, who governed on behalf of the local god. This scene shows the king of the city of Ur receiving goods from his people. 230

King Sumerians believed that kingship was handed down from the gods. This king wears no crown, but his importance is shown by his kilt and the fact that he is larger than everyone else.

Nobles These men may have been priests, relatives of the king, or wealthy landowners. They are shown sitting on chairs with delicately carved legs, evidence of luxury at the palace.

Servants Two men move between the king and his guests, bringing food and drink. Their low status is shown by their smaller size. They would have lived in the palace or in mud-brick homes.

Musicians This man is shown playing a lyre, which has a wooden sound box decorated with the head of a bull. Other instruments from the time included harps, lutes, reed pipes, and drums.

1

2

3

4

5 4

8

10

Singer The only woman in the scene is singing with the lyre player to entertain the guests. Music and dancing played a key role in religious rituals, such as giving thanks for a good harvest.

Fishermen Rivers offered a plentiful supply of fish for all early civilizations. From the Indus in India, the Nile in Egypt, and the Euphrates and Tigris in Sumer, fish were caught with nets or spears.

Workers This man carries a bundle on his back, the heavy load strapped to his head. It was thanks to the toil of workers like this that massive temples for the gods could be built.

Farmers Although the area was hot and dry, silt from the rivers kept the soil fertile. Farmers also dug canals to divert water to their crops, which included barley, turnips, onions, and dates.

Animals Sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were vital to the first civilizations. They provided meat, milk, leather, and wool. Oxen were used to pull plows and donkeys for transportation.

Clothing Made from either wool or flax, both men and women wore tufted kilts, designed to resemble sheepskins. Wealthy men and women also owned elaborate gold jewelry.

5

6

7

8

9

10

THE

STA T NDARD OF UR

This mosaic of blue lapis lazuli, red sandstone, and white shell, was made in the city of Ur in about 2,500 BCE. It decorates one side of a small wooden box found in a royal grave. The purpose of the box is not known. This side shows a peaceful banquet, while the other side depicts scenes of war.

231

232

233

234

235

236

3

237

238

239

2

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

1

3

2

4

256

5

7

6

10

8 9

257

258

259

2

3

6

4

7

1

5

260

10

9

11

13 12

261

262

263

1

2

264

6

3

5

4

7

265

1 4

3 2

5

266

6

7

9

10

8

3

2

1

268

269

5

4

8

7

9

6

270

271

272

273

274

275

1

2

6

7

9

276

5

3

4

8

7

277

1

12

9

10

21

2 8

3

11

20

13 4

19 7

18

6

5

15

14

278

16

17

20

17

23

18 24 21

19

25 29

22

26

30

27

31

28

32

22

30

29

23

28

31

24

27

25

26

32

279

280

281

Natu

4,0 a tree dies, all th de it absorbed w ntually released tmosphere. The nt of carbon dio ased whether th or rots.

argest water t is the Amazo t lily. Its leaves g that a child c cross them an get wet.

gnolias are t ent flowerin magnolias have been found that are

20 million years old.

are born themselves. Eels lay their eggs in the oceans. The baby elvers then make their way to freshwater rivers. A female eel can lay up to

mill

e

o de mer ar weigh up to can breathe air using lun al, the bumb g)—lighter t

rabbit babies the only bir nd backward

ts n

t can grow up to 150 ft (50 m) tall.

mill

en are only an very long tim h. Some lichens

3f A

A mal be hea Croco They d their b

Shar of sm detec

100 Prairie towns

40 in A woodpecker can peck up to

20

times per second.

A hyena can produce

son in a

es

frog’s s

st er. is

mice. phant

berian tige 0 kg).

ough in a day. survive in 80C) because

00

s a day.

Whale milk is nearly

%

50 The that weig China’s ea involves t leave thei

A pile may c The la (3.5 m LEARN

San en though they have never been there before. A bee’s buzz is made

A dog can make about 10 mo

dy.

t, the capyba

2 in

an cove gle hop

Do cel tha Co th

aver can be

00 ng and dreds s old.

a win ong a 283

um

Ther mus cate there hum

dy sheds te s every min

5 lb (20 k

u lose in ce ain weighs ody weight ood supply

ou spe very da

e bra avie m th g) a t repl

he left lung make room takes your s eal. The food pass throug

ue to e about econds. ery cise. liter) ths

up

n you miles (19,000 way around

60

,

new otect e ng itself.

284

normally

es) a da

ers nee

he

m) long if fastest, the

ns up 140 of energy

n ave time ill wa quiva five t und ator.

airs on the b anzee. d was more (5 m) long a belonged to Norwegian

gseth y are born.

ul heart tr 7. There a in the US

mes a minut

of gas per da

ery, the

in (3.5 c

hen you sleep, you los in A co air a 60 m

’s as wid

e war.

on ff

A single 100,000

The o wom aged SEE AN

h

You cannot sneeze with your

Common than 250

co

e

285

cience and technology Airship

The smalle found is the

0.00000 across. It is seen one, a because of

ernet name

ss.com

The num was first around

t by Ma n 1999 f

illion

The smalles unit of weig was added t The largest o weigh st n at 6,000 y

car into a gas,

When a g quid, it

e th

A jif to o The official 1 kg weight is a cylinder made in 1899 from platinum and i idi hi h i k i Sè

Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal. olid un e reache hen it fi

mber industrial p he Midland

rst e meric 71. T rom er r 286

1,300 times less space.

hat ure.

he s Ear lion

d in the m.

te east

g at 90 deci raffic. It star eds 130 dB,

is lost in ricity. heat.

ifferent

ht pot d

Musical ant

intensityy us iginally base t by a candle 5 million candelas per sq ft (80 million per sq m).

In a v a spee

ece 0 years ago. It was a mechanical stea

983

ets.

(299,7

km)

On a sunn (light part pinhead e A normal electrical e

Red d is visible w of light 0.7 7 mi

h

so

sa

Th 10 ma pro tha

E Is D o st d w

s. Blue light farther thr than colo waveleng green. Thi looks blu SEE WH

Th by

s

Ne sc inv

287

j p ( on the Moon.

)

p is 1

321

p

collected and cataloged.

The S n ie ed from

s w

i M e i

is a storm, wider than two

e n Way is as massive as

e o

o a s

In 1971, US astronaut Alan Shepard stood

b

o are found at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii The twin Keck telescopes both have

o

s a 0 v galaxies that have incredibly bright centers. The quasars that we can see

any future mission to Mars, since the astronauts will need to grow their own food.

a n t b n h m a a a

space, as sound cannot trave

m h

The Orion vehicle is going to

s f

n t flight into

art he be (5 km

tion of the are becomi osaurs, 60 m ay was less

he Great Bar ,000 km) lon rth. It is eve

night on Ju erywhere n

ine out of te ore than 1,0 the world a

e pre rth is an th

l from resse f plan ied

he 20th peratu 20 percent Amazon rai

e are a rent sp acres (one hectare) of

llion ago.

gold g er of the wo

water in the me size as th h 100 times

re t ed like waves t 3 ft (1 m) re ever record ntarctica, on

mperatu 135.80F h, Libya, , 1922.

ca be

e water in the

land in th 109 sq mi a is larger nent rathe

s en gle f tat

nd min Siberia. 00 ftt (1,

Sea in the 408 m) belo alty that ept simple .

helicop ey fly to ountains 000 m) hi e Himala

s the North F s just

contain t r floating rop conta on cloud d

gs raine

Seawater freezes at -2°F (2°C) becau

e sky oup of nemou England, was showered w a u s Th th ha Th in (3 w 6 co 2 As la of to sh of (1 ev

TO TAK T

ay of t nds be lightn ng thu e light ) away.

ns Th ev in fire

cks for ast way e of

Ov of by

S p

e in f

w

ws.

a 291

Vatican City y isn’t actually a city. It is a country, y although it is only the size of 50 football pitches and its official population is just 821 people. Nigeria is the most densely populated country in Africa with more than 100 million people, but Sudan is the largest country geographically with a total area of 2,505,800 sq km (967,490 square miles).

Before humans arrived in New Zealand d around 1,000 years ago, there were no mammals there except Uganda has the youngest population in the world. More than half its inhabitants are aged 14 or under. r bats. Flightless birds, s such as the kiwi,i Singapore is both a city and a state. It is the only walked the land The bricks member of the UN instead. of the traditional with a completely urban population. rondavel houses of The city of Troy was thought to be mythical Rwanda are stuck China and India both until its ruins were found have more than 1 billion in Turkey in the 1870s. together using inhabitants. The next biggest country by population, the USA, has fewer than 300 million. Istanbull in Turkey is the only city to straddle two continents Europe and Asia

292

cow dung.

The tallest building in the world is the Burj Dubai Tower in Dubai, and it is still getting taller. It will be more than

estination with more than 75 million tourists each year.

People and places Between 1800 and 2000, the population of the world grew from 1 billion to 6 billion. In 27 CE Rome became the first city to have 1 million inhabitants. In 2008, for the first time in history, more than halff the people of the world d lived in cities and towns rather than rural communities.

50

There are states in the USA. The most recent to join was Hawaii, on 20 August 1959. Tokyo is the largest city in the world. If you include all its suburbs, its population is 35 million.

Fewer than 100 people still speak Votic, a language of northern Russia. 583 different languages are spoken in Indonesia.

Argentinians eat more

meatt than anyone else. Two million people converge on the holy city of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, each year during the week of the Muslim pilgrimage called the hajj.

The oldest known map was drawn around 2,500 BCE on a clay tablet in Babylonia, in modern-day Iraq, showing the area around the River Euphrates. Iceland’s Althing is the oldest parliament in the world. Its first meeting was held in 930 CE. In 1978, Argentinian Emilio Marcos Palma became the first person to be born in Antarctica.

About 4,000 people, mainly scientists, live in Antarctica in the summer. This number drops to 1,000 in the winter.

About 1 billion people do nott have enough to eat. Absolute monarchies are states that are ruled directly by a hereditary leader. Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and Oman are the only absolute monarchies that survive today.

The Trans-Siberian railwayy runs from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostokk in the east. It is 9,288 km (5,772 miles) long and goes through eight different time zones, s without ever leaving Russia.

The widest avenue in the world is

There are more than 20 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants in the world.

The first

world’s toys are made in China.

The first map to name the newly discovered continent America was drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in 1507.

293

ist te was Q round 3

y writing sy ped in Meso ound 3,100 shaped ma

he Islamic ca ear that is 11 d

ern hum ralia at re they

Greenl name by

pi II becam st six. He r h aged 10

Erik the 1000 CE

imum perio oman army

to

ury plorer

out 2, m Chi Afric ame ilk wa

00 mile nd visit countr orld. mo

, the Aztec er of a mil times larger than London at the time.

tuta

explorer Mary King Moun n Afr own when refus The first E North Am n Roanok asted one

Peop aroun acros nort 294

i

The Ancient Chinese t d thi Th

ue of Franc he 10 meric ende

tution still he tiny Eur to 1600.

ctories a of the Ind olution i ildren a five wo 6-hour s

55, 5 about o California e Gold Rush

e Hundr ar betwee nce and lly lasted om 1337

igning s curren

mibo ho cam n 1946

ka

opia was rica that w an power. re now rope.

The Viking law court ing

,a duck ster he fir ssen when they flew in

7,00 or"

seve

f the only

Pyra s

by g farm 295

d

e n

k r c o a o

r r in Vienna, Austria, in i

o h e e s

n 9

r.

296

m

c U t

t e w s t a

d 1 c o n

w played in the Basque h F 0 t h 0

0 i a e

b e

297

It’s a book. It’s an encyclopedia. But it’s unlike any you’ve seen before. ONE MILLION THINGS is crammed full of all kinds of incredible stuff, from metals to mollusks, robots to revolutions, all revealed in a fascinating, exciting, totally different way. It’s like a museum, a search engine, and the world’s biggest garage sale rolled into one.

Loads of topics, hundreds of pictures, thousands of words, a galaxy of amazing things to discover and explore . . .

Find it. See it. Know it.

Discover more at

www.dk.com