Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook

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Section 2

Physical and Chemical Data*

Bruce E. Poling Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo (Physical and Chemical Data) George H. Thomson AIChE Design Institute for Physical Properties (Physical and Chemical Data) Daniel G. Friend National Institute of Standards and Technology (Physical and Chemical Data) Richard L. Rowley Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties) W. Vincent Wilding Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)

GENERAL REFERENCES

2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-65

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Tables 2-1 2-2

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Properties of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-3 Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Liquid Water from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Vapor Pressure (MPa) of Liquid Water from 0 to 100 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-7 2-28

2-48 2-48 2-48 2-48 2-48 2-49 2-52 2-55 2-61

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-11 Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Partial Pressure of H2O Vapor (Fig. 2-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Weight of H2O in Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15 Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . 2-18 Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-80 2-80 2-80 2-81 2-81 2-81 2-82 2-84 2-86 2-87 2-88 2-89

*Contribution in part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States. 2-1

Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

2-2 2-20 2-21 2-22

2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI at 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions (Fig. 2-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressure of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-89 2-89 2-89 2-89 2-90 2-91 2-92 2-93 2-94 2-94 2-94

WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES Chart for Gases at High Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-95 2-95

DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Tables 2-30 2-31 2-32

Density (kg/m3) of Saturated Liquid Water from the Triple Point to the Critical Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C . . . . . . . . . . . . Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) . . . . .

2-96 2-97 2-98

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Tables 2-33 Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-34 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-35 Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-36 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-37 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-38 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-39 Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-40 Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-41 Arsenic Acid (H3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-42 Barium Chloride (BaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-43 Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-44 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-45 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-46 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-47 Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-48 Chromic Acid (CrO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-49 Chromium Chloride (CrCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-50 Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-51 Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-52 Cuprous Chloride (CuCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-53 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-54 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-55 Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-56 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-57 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-58 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-59 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-60 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-61 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-62 Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-63 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-64 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-65 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-66 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-67 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-68 Nitric Acid (HNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-107 2-69 Perchloric Acid (HClO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-70 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-71 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-72 Potassium Bromide (KBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108

2-73 2-74 2-75 2-76 2-77 2-78 2-79 2-80 2-81 2-82 2-83 2-84 2-85 2-86 2-87 2-88 2-89 2-90 2-91 2-92 2-93 2-94 2-95 2-96 2-97 2-98 2-99 2-100 2-101 2-102 2-103 2-104 2-105 2-106 2-107

Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chloride (KCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Bromide (NaBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Formate (HCOONa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride (NaCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfide (Na2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 ⋅5H2O) . . . . . . Stannic Chloride (SnCl4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-108 Formic Acid (HCOOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110 Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111 Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-112 Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-113 Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C . . . . . 2-114 Specific Gravity {60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]} of Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-115 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116 Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-117 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-118 Hydrazine (N2H4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-119 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-112 2-114 2-114 2-114 2-114

2-114 2-114 2-115 2-116 2-116 2-117 2-118 2-119 2-120 2-120 2-121 2-121 2-122

DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Tables 2-120 2-121

Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SOLUBILITIES Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-122 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-123 Solubility as a Function of Temperature and Henry’s Constant at 25°C for Gases in Water . . . . . . . . . . 2-124 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-125 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25°C from Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients . . . . . . 2-126 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-127 Ammonia-Water at 10 and 20°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-128 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-129 Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-130 Chlorine (Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-124 2-125

2-125 2-126 2-130 2-130 2-131 2-131 2-131 2-131 2-131 2-132 2-132

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-132 2-133 2-134

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over Water, mmHg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THERMAL EXPANSION Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Expansion of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-135 Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136 Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances . . . . . . . . . 2-137 Volume Expansion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-138 Volume Expansion of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-139 Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-140 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRITICAL CONSTANTS Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-141 Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPRESSIBILITIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-142 Composition of Selected Refrigerant Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . 2-143 Compressibility Factors for R 407A (Klea 60) . . . . . . . . . . 2-144 Compressibility Factors for R 407B (Klea 61) . . . . . . . . . . 2-145 Compressibilities of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-146 Compressibilities of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LATENT HEATS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-147 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-148 Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-149 Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-151 Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-152 Specific Heat [kJ/(kg⋅K)] of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . 2-153 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-154 Specific Heats of Organic Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-155 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to a Polynomial Cp [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-157 Cp/Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1 atm Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-158 Acetic Acid (at 38°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-159 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-160 Aniline (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-161 Copper Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-132 2-132 2-133

2-133 2-133 2-133 2-134 2-135 2-136 2-136

2-162 2-163 2-164 2-165 2-166 2-167 2-168 2-169 2-170 2-171 2-172 2-173 2-174 2-175

Ethyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal Propyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-3 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184

SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 2-137 2-137

Tables 2-176 2-177

Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids . . . . . . Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-143 2-143

PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-178 Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-179 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-180 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT − h298 (kJ/kmol), of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-181 Ideal Gas Entropies s°, kJ/(kmol⋅K), of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-143 2-143 2-143 2-144 2-144

Tables 2-182 2-183

2-137

2-138 2-138

2-144 2-145 2-147 2-148 2-150

2-156 2-156 2-156 2-164 2-165 2-171 2-174 2-176 2-182

2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183

2-185 2-185

2-185 2-186 2-195 2-201 2-202

HEATS OF SOLUTION Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water . . . . . Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES Explanation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-184 List of Substances for Which Thermodynamic Property Tables Were Generated from NIST Standard Reference Database 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-185 Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-186 Saturated Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-187 Thermodynamic Properties of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dry Air (Fig. 2-5) . . . . . . . 2-188 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air, Moist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-189 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia (Fig. 2-6) . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ammonia (Fig. 2-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-190 Thermodynamic Properties of Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-191 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the ArgonNitrogen-Oxygen System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-192 Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-193 Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-194 Saturated Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-195 Thermodynamic Properties of Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-196 Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-197 Thermodynamic Properties of cis-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-198 Thermodynamic Properties of trans-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . 2-199 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . 2-200 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Monoxide (Fig. 2-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-201 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-203 2-206

2-207 2-207 2-207 2-207

2-208 2-209 2-210 2-211 2-215 2-216 2-216 2-217 2-219 2-220 2-221 2-224 2-228 2-229 2-231 2-232 2-234 2-236 2-238 2-240 2-242 2-244 2-245

2-4 Tables 2-202 2-203 2-204 2-205

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide . . . . . . . . Saturated Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9) . . 2-206 Saturated Chloroform (R20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207 Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexane . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-208 Thermodynamic Properties of Decane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-209 Thermodynamic Properties of Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-210 Thermodynamic Properties of 2,2-Dimethylpropane (Neopentane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-211 Saturated Diphenyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-212 Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-213 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol (Fig. 2-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-215 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-216 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-217 Flutec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-218 Halon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-219 Thermodynamic Properties of Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-220 Thermodynamic Properties of Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-221 Thermodynamic Properties of Hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-222 Saturated Hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-223 Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Hydrogen . . . . . . . 2-224 Thermodynamic Properties of para-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . 2-225 Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-226 Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-227 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-228 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutene (2-Methyl 1-Propene) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-229 Thermodynamic Properties of Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-230 Saturated Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-231 Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-232 Saturated Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12) . 2-233 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-234 Thermodynamic Properties of Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-235 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Butane (Isopentane) 2-236 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Pentane (Isohexane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-237 Saturated Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-238 Thermodynamic Properties of Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-239 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13) . . . . . 2-240 Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-241 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride . . . . . 2-242 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14). . . . . . . . . . 2-243 Thermodynamic Properties of Nonane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-244 Thermodynamic Properties of Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-245 Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-246 Thermodynamic Properties of Pentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-247 Saturated Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-248 Thermodynamic Properties of Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-249 Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-250 Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 11 (Fig. 2-18) 2-251 Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, Dichlorodifluoromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 (Fig. 2-19) 2-252 Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane Refrigerant 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refrigerant 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-253 Saturated Refrigerant 13B1, Bromotrifluoromethane . . . . . 2-254 Saturated Refrigerant 21, Dichlorofluoromethane . . . . . . . . 2-255 Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, Chlorodifluoromethane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 (Fig. 2-20) . 2-256 Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane . . . . 2-257 Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 (Fig. 2-21) .

2-245 2-246 2-248 2-249 2-250 2-251 2-252 2-254 2-256 2-258 2-260 2-261 2-263 2-265 2-267 2-268 2-270 2-271 2-271 2-272 2-274 2-276 2-278 2-279 2-281 2-282 2-283 2-285 2-286 2-288 2-290 2-292 2-292 2-293 2-295 2-296 2-298 2-300 2-302 2-304 2-305 2-307 2-309 2-310 2-311 2-313 2-315 2-316 2-318 2-320 2-322 2-323 2-324 2-326 2-326 2-327 2-329 2-331 2-333 2-334 2-336 2-337 2-339 2-339 2-339 2-339 2-340 2-342 2-343 2-345 2-347

2-258 2-259 2-260 2-261 2-262

2-263 2-264 2-265 2-266 2-267 2-268 2-269 2-270 2-271 2-272 2-273 2-274 2-275

2-276 2-277 2-278 2-279 2-280 2-281 2-282 2-283 2-284 2-285 2-286 2-287 2-288 2-289 2-290 2-291 2-292 2-293 2-294 2-295 2-296 2-297 2-298 2-299

2-300 2-301 2-302 2-303 2-304 2-305 2-306 2-307 2-308 2-309

Thermodynamic Properties of R-41, Fluoromethane . . . . . Saturated R-401A (SUVA MP 39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-401A (SUVA MP 39) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407A (Klea 60) Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407B (Klea 61) Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407A (Klea 60) (Fig. 2-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407B (Klea 61) (Fig. 2-23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated R-404A (SUVA HP 62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-404A (SUVA HP 62) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123 Saturated R-401B (SUVA MP 66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-401B (SUVA MP 66) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Saturated R-402A (SUVA HP 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-402A (SUVA HP 80) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Saturated R-402B (SUVA HP 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-402B (SUVA HP 81) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1, 2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1, 2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 115, Chloropentafluoroethane . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-116, Hexafluoroethane . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-123, 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123 (Fig. 2-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-124, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 125 (Fig. 2-25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 1,1,1,2Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a (Fig. 2-26) Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1Fluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1Difluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane . Saturated Refrigerant 216a, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3Hexafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-218, Octafluoropropane . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3Heptafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane . Refrigerant RC 318, Octafluorocyclobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C (Fig. 2-27) Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507 . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater . . . . . . . . Saturated Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Hexafluoride . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) (Fig. 2-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA AC 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid at 1 atm (Fig. 2-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Solid/Vapor Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along the Melting Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . Surface Tension σ (dyn/cm) of Various Liquids . . . . . . . . . .

2-348 2-350 2-350 2-351 2-351 2-352 2-353 2-354 2-354 2-355 2-355 2-355 2-356 2-356 2-356 2-357 2-359 2-361 2-362 2-365 2-366 2-367 2-369 2-371 2-372 2-374 2-375 2-377 2-379 2-381 2-383 2-384 2-386 2-388 2-388 2-389 2-391 2-393 2-394 2-396 2-396 2-397 2-397 2-397 2-398 2-400 2-400 2-401 2-402 2-403 2-404 2-406 2-408 2-409 2-409 2-410 2-412 2-413 2-416 2-417 2-419 2-419

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-310 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-311 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . 2-312 Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas) 2-313 Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pas) . . . . . . . . 2-314 Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(mK)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(mK)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-316 Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-317 Lower and Upper Flammability Limits, Flash Point, and Autoignition Temperature for Selected Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-318 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32 . . Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-32) . . Tables 2-319 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids (Fig. 2-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-320 Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . 2-321 Prandtl Number of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-322 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-323 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-324 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) . . . . . . . . 2-325 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-326 Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-327 Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature for Metals . . . . . . . . . . 2-328 Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-329 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature 2-330 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for Refrigeration and Building Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-331 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-332 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-333 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Low Temperatures (Gröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-334 Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . 2-335 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-420 2-420 2-420 2-420 2-420 2-421 2-427 2-433 2-439 2-445 2-446 2-448 2-449 2-450 2-450 2-450 2-451 2-451 2-452 2-454 2-456 2-459 2-460 2-461 2-461 2-461 2-461 2-462 2-462 2-462 2-463

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-463 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-464 Classification of Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Theory and Empirical Extension of Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Corresponding States (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Group Contributions (GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Computational Chemistry (CC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Empirical QSPR Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Molecular Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Critical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Tables 2-336 Ambrose Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . 2-469 2-337 Joback Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . . . 2-470 Normal Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471 Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471 2-338 Fedors Method Atomic and Structural Contributions . . . . . 2-471 2-339 First-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472 2-340 Second-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472 Characterizing and Correlating Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-473

2-341 Group Contributions for the Nannoolal Method for Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-342 Intermolecular Interaction Corrections for the Nannoolal et al. Method for Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-343 Domalski-Hearing Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gibbs’ Energy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latent Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Sublimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-344 Cs (CH) Group Values for Chickos Estimation of ∆Hfus . 2-345 Ct (Functional) Group Values for Chickos Estimation of ∆Hfus Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-346 Group Contributions and Corrections for ∆Hsub . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-347 Benson and CHETAH Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for Ruzicka-Domalski Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-349 Group Values and Nonlinear Correction Terms for Estimation of Solid Heat Capacity with the Goodman et al. Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-350 Element Contributions to Solid Heat Capacity for the Modified Kopp’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-351 Simple Fluid Compressibility Factors Z(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-352 Acentric Deviations Z(1) from the Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-353 Constants for the Two Reference Fluids Used in Lee-Kesler Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-354 Relationships for Eq. (2-66) for Common Cubic EoS . . . . . Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-355 Reichenberg Group Contribution Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-356 Group Contributions for the Hsu et al. Method . . . . . . . . . . 2-357 UNIFAC-VISCO Group Interaction Parameters αmn . . . . . . Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-358 Correlation Parameters for Baroncini et al. Method for Estimation of Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-359 Sastri-Rao Group Contributions for Liquid Thermal Conductivity at the Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pure Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-360 Knotts Group Contributions for the Parachor in Estimating Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flammability Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-361 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-362 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits Method for Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-363 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-364 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature Method for Inorganic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-5

2-474 2-476 2-477 2-477 2-478 2-478 2-478 2-479 2-485 2-486 2-486 2-486 2-487 2-488 2-488 2-488 2-489 2-489 2-489 2-490 2-491 2-495 2-496 2-497 2-497 2-497 2-498 2-498 2-500 2-501 2-502 2-502 2-503 2-503 2-504 2-504 2-505 2-506 2-506 2-507 2-509 2-509 2-510 2-510 2-511 2-511 2-512 2-513 2-513 2-514 2-514 2-515 2-516 2-516 2-517 2-517

GENERAL REFERENCES Considerations of reader interest, space availability, the system or systems of units employed, copyright considerations, etc., have all influenced the revision of material in previous editions for the present edition. Reference is made at numerous places to various specialized works and, when appropriate, to more general works. A listing of general works may be useful to readers in need of further information.

ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, SI edition, ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2005; Benedek, P., and F. Olti, Computer-Aided Chemical Thermodynamics of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1985; Brule, M. R., L. L. Lee, and K. E. Starling, Chem. Eng., 86, 25, Nov. 19, 1979, pp. 155–164; Cox, J. D., and G. Pilcher, Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970; Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989; Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibel, and C. C. Stebbins, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, Taylor & Francis, Washington, 1997; Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, Heat capacities and entropies of organic compounds in the condensed phase, vol. 3, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(1):1–525, Jan-Feb 1996; Dykyj, J., and M. Repas, Saturated vapor pressures of organic compounds, Veda, Bratislava, 1979 (Slovak); Dykyj, J., M. Repas, and J. Svoboda, Saturated vapor pressures of organic compounds, Veda, Bratislava, 1984 (Slovak); Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Compounds, Issues I–X., Moscow, 1965–1982 (Russian only); Gmehling, J., Azeotropic Data, 2 vols., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1994; Gmehling, J., and U. Onken, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Frankfurt, 1977–1978; International Data Series, Selected Data on Mixtures, Series A: Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; Kaye, S. M., Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U.S. Army R&D command, Dover, N.J., 1980; King, M. B., Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures, Pergamon, Oxford, 1969; Landolt-Boernstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology (New Series), http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-10113-295859-0,00.html; Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005; Lyman, W. J., W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990; Majer, V., and V. Svoboda, Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Science, 1985; Majer V., V. Svoboda, and J. Pick, Heats of Vaporization of Fluids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989 (general discussion); Marsh, K. N., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Science, 1987; NIST-IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Pergamon Press, http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1999/march/solubility.html; Ohse, R. W., and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp.—High Press., 9:367–385, 1977; Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Science Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985; Pedley, J. B., R. D. Naylor, and S. P. Kirby, Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986; Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989; Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of

2-6

Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001; Rothman, D, et al., Max Planck Inst. f. Stromungsforschung, Ber 6, 1978; Smith, B. D., and R. Srivastava, Thermodynamic Data for Pure Compounds, Part A: Hydrocarbons and Ketones, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, Physical sciences data 25, http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookseriesdescription.librarians/BS_PSD/description; Sterbacek, Z., B. Biskup, and P. Tausk, Calculation of Properties Using Corresponding States Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979; Stull, D. R., E. F. Westrum, and G. C. Sink, The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1969; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—NonHydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; Young, D. A., “Phase Diagrams of the Elements,” UCRL Rep. 51902, 1975 republished in expanded form by the University of California Press, 1991; Zabransky, M., V. Ruzicka, Jr., V. Majer, and E. S. Domalski, Heat Capacity of Liquids: Critical Review and Recommended Values, J. Phy. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996. CRITICAL DATA ARE COMPILED IN:

Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties,” N. P. L. Teddington, Middlesex, Rep. 107, 1980; Kudchaker, A. P., G. H. Alani, and B. J. Zwolinski, Chem. Revs. 68:659–735, 1968; Matthews, J. F., Chem. Revs. 72:71–100, 1972; Simmrock, K., R. Janowsky, and A. Ohnsorge, Critical Data of Pure Substances, Parts 1 and 2, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, 1986; Other recent references for critical data can be found in Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005. PUBLICATIONS ON THERMOCHEMISTRY

Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, 1, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (976 pp., 3000 cpds.); Frenkel, M., et al., Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State, 2 vols., Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (1825 pp., 2000 cpds.); Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 2 vols., 2d ed., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1993 (1834 pp., 2400 substances); Gurvich, L.V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 3 vols., 4th ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1989, 1990, and 1993 (2520 pp.); Lide, D. R., and G. W. A. Milne, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 7 vols., 3d ed., Chemical Rubber, Miami, 1993 (7000 pp.); Daubert, T. E., et al., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, Pa., 1995; Database 11, NIST, Gaithersburg, Md. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins 584, 1960 (232 pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970 (26 pp.); Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.); Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data is available online at http://listserv. nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0501&L=pamnet&F=&S=&P=8490 and at http://www.nist.gov/srd/reprints.htm

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-1

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table

a., acid A., specific gravity with reference to air = 1 abs., absolute ac., acetic acid act., acetone al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or KOH) am., amyl (C5H11) amor., amorphous anh., anhydrous aq., aqueous or water aq. reg., aqua regia

atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of mercury pressure bk., black brn., brown bz., benzene c., cold cb., cubic cc, cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless or white conc., concentrated cr., crystals or crystalline d., decomposes D., specific gravity with reference to hydrogen = 1

d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50 d., melts at 50°C with decomposition delq., deliquescent dil., dilute dk., dark eff., effloresces or efflorescent et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gel., gelatinous gly., glycerol (glycerin) gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal

hyg., hygroscopic i., insoluble ign., ignites lq., liquid lt., light m. al., methyl alcohol mn., monoclinic nd., needles NH3, liquid ammonia NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide solution oct., octahedral or., orange pd., powder

Aluminum acetate, normal acetate, basic bromide bromide carbide chloride chloride fluoride (fluellite) fluoride hydroxide nitrate nitride oxide oxide (corundum) phosphate

Formula

Formula weight

Color, crystalline form and refractive index

Al Al(C2H3O2)3 Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2 AlBr3 AlBr36H2O Al4C3 AlCl3

26.98 204.11 162.08 266.69 374.78 143.96 133.34

silv., cb. wh. pd. wh., amor. trig. col., delq. cr. yel., hex., 2.70 wh., delq., hex.

AlCl3·6H2O AlF3H2O Al2F67H2O Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)39H2O Al2N2 Al2O3 Al2O3 AlPO4

241.43 101.99 294.06 78.00 375.13 81.98 101.96 101.96 121.95

col., delq., trig., 1.560 col., rhb., 1.490 wh., cr. pd. wh., mn. rhb., delq. yel., hex. col., hex., 1.67–8 wh., trig., 1.768 col., hex.

trig., trigonal v., very vac., in vacuo vl., violet volt., volatile or volatilizes wh., white yel., yellow ∞, soluble in all proportions , greater than 42, about or near 42 −3H2O, 100, loses 3 moles of water per formula weight at 100°C

Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility is often expressed in some manner as “510° cc” which indicates that at 10 °C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 g of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, etc., represent dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility. REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources: Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, 1922. Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data, National Research Council, Princeton, N.J., 1943. Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostrand, New York, 1940.

Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights in “Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001,” Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003, and are computed to the nearest hundredth. Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for the sodium D-line (λ = 589.3 mµ). Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15 to 20 °C) unless otherwise indicated by the small figures which follow the value: thus, “5.6 18° 4 ” indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance at 18 °C referred to water at 4°C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1. Melting point is recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” and in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinction being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C, while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82 °C. Where a value such as “−2H2O, 82” is given it indicates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82 °C. Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated; thus, “8215 mm.” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm.

Name

pl., plates pr., prisms or prismatic pyr., pyridine rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic) s., soluble satd., saturated sl., slightly soln., solution subl., sublimes sulf., sulfides tart. a., tartaric acid tet., tetragonal tr., transition tri., triclinic

Specific gravity 2.7020° 3.01 25° 4 2.95 2.44 25° 4 2.17 2.42 3.05 3.99 4.00 2.59

25° 4

Melting point, °C 660 d. 200 d. 97.5 d. 100 d. >2200 1945.2atm. d. −4H2O, 120 −2H2O, 300 73 21504atm. 1999 to 2032 1999 to 2032

Boiling point, °C 2056 268 752mm

182.7 ; subl. 178 −6H2O, 250 d. 134 d. >1400 2210

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

Hot water

Other reagents

i. s. i. s. s. d. to CH4 69.8715°

i. d.

s. d.

s.a.; i. NH4 salts s.al., act., CS2 s. al., CS2 s. a.; i. act. s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.

400 sl. s. i. 0.00010418° v. s. d. slowly i. i. i.

v. s.

50 al.; s. et.

s.

sl. s. i. v. s. d. i. i. i.

2-7

*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry.

s. HCl, H2SO4, alk.

s. a., alk.; i. a. s. al., CS2 s. alk. d. v. sl. s. a., alk. v. sl. s. a., alk. s. a., alk.; i. ac.

2-8

TABLE 2-1

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Name Aluminum (Cont.) potassium silicate (muscovite)

Formula

Formula weight

Color, crystalline form and refractive index

Specific gravity

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

3Al2O3K2O6SiO2· 2H2O Al2O3K2O6SiO2 AlK(C4H4O6)2 AlF33NaF Al2O3Na2O6SiO2 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 24H2O Cr2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 24H2O Fe2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 24H2O Al2(SO4)3K2SO4 24H2O Cr2(SO4)3K2SO4 24H2O Al2(SO4)3Na2SO4 24H2O NH3

796.61

mn., 1.590

2.9

d.

i.

556.66 362.22 209.94 524.44 342.15 906.66

col., mn., 1.524 col. wh., mn., 1.3389 col., tri., 1.529 wh. cr. col., oct., 1.4594

2.56

1450 (1150)

2.90 2.61 2.71 1.64 20° 4

1000 1100 d. 770 93.5

i. s. sl. s. i. 31.30° 3.90°

17.03

col. gas, 1.325 (lq.)

77.08 337.09 79.06 97.94 114.10 157.13

wh., hyg. cr. pl. mn. or rhb., 1.5358 col., cb., 1.7108 col. pl. wh. cr.

272.21

wh.

chloride (salammoniac) chloroplatinate chloroplatinite chlorostannate chromate cyanide dichromate ferrocyanide fluoride fluoride, acid formate

NH4C2H3O2 NH4CNAu(CN)3H2O NH4HCO3 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3H2O NH4HCO3 NH2CO2NH4‡ (NH4)2CO3 2NH4HCO3H2O NH4Cl (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl4 (NH4)2SnCl6 (NH4)2CrO4 NH4CN (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)4Fe(CN)66H2O NH4F NH4FHF HCO2NH4

53.49 443.87 372.97 367.50 152.07 44.06 252.06 392.19 37.04 57.04 63.06

wh., cb., 1.639, 1.6426 yel., cb. tet. pink., cb. yel., mn. col., cb. or., mn. mn. wh., hex. wh., rhb., 1.390 col., mn., delq.

hydrosulfide hydroxide molybdate molybdate, heptanitrate (α), stable −16° to 32° nitrate (β), stable 32° to 84°

NH4HS NH4OH (NH4)2MoO4 (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O‡ NH4NO3 NH4NO3

51.11 35.05 196.01 1235.86 80.04 80.04

col., rhb. in soln. only mn. col., mn. col., tet., 1.611 col., rhb. or mn.

nitrite osmochloride oxalate oxalate, acid perchlorate persulfate phosphate, monobasic

NH4NO2 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2C2O4H2O NH4HC2O4H2O NH4ClO4 (NH4)2S2O8 NH4H2PO4

64.04 439.02 142.11 125.08 117.49 228.20 115.03

wh. nd. cb. col., rhb. col., trimetric col., rhb., 1.4833 wh., mn., 1.5016 col., tet., 1.5246

potassium silicate (orthoclase) Aluminum potassium tartrate sodium fluoride (cryolite) sodium silicate sulfate Alum, ammonium (tschermigite) ammonium chrome ammonium iron potassium (kalinite) potassium chrome sodium Ammonia† Ammonium acetate auricyanide bicarbonate bromide carbonate carbonate, carbamate carbonate, sesqui-

956.69 964.38

gn. or vl., oct., 1.4842

1.72

100 d.

vl., oct., 1.485

1.71

948.78

col., mn., 1.4564

1.76 26° 4

92

998.81

red or gn., cb., 1.4814

1.83

89

916.56

col., oct., 1.4388

−20H2O, 120; −24H2O, 200

1.675

−79°

0.817 0.5971 (A) 1.073 1.573 2.327 15° 4

2.4 1.91712° 0.79100° (A) 2.15 12° 2.21 12 1.266

21.2

−18H2O, 64.5

5.7 °

61

93°

50

106.4

0°

i. al.

i. al. ∞

20

i. HCl d. a.

s. al.

124

i. al. 45°

121.7

i. al.

−77.7

−33.4

89.9

114 d. 200 d. 35–60 subl. 542 d. 58 subl.

d.

1484° s. 11.90° 6810° 10015° 2515°

v. s. 2730° 145.6100°

2015°

5049°

29.40° 0.715° s. 33.315° 40.530° s. 47.230° s. v. s. v. s. 1020°

77.3100° 1.25100° v. s.

s. NH3; sl. s. al., m. al. 0.005 al.

d. v. s. v. s. d.

sl. s. act., NH3; i. al. s. al. s. al.; i. act. i. al. s. al.; i. NH3

53180°

s. al.

d. 1.5317° 3.065

i. 89100° ∞ 100°

25°

0

Other reagents

s.

25°

40

20° 4

Hot water

d. 350 d. d.

subl. 520

d. 180 36 d. 185 d. 114–116 d.

2.27

d.

1.66 25° 4 1.725 25° 4

169.6

1.69 2.93 20° 4 1.501 1.556 1.95 1.98 1.803 19° 4

expl.

d. 180; subl. in vac. subl. 120

d. 210 d. 210

0°

v. s. s. d. 4425° 118.30° 365.835° s.

7.4

14.820° al.; s. et. s. al.; sl. s. act. i. al. i. al. s. al., et., act. i. al., CS2, NH3

6765°

s. al. d. 241.830° 58080° d.

0°

d. d. d. 120

96°

2.5 s. 10.90° 58.20° 22.70°

11.850° 100°

46.9 d. 173.2100°

i. al., NH3 i. al. 3.820° al., 17.120° m. al.; v. s. NH3 s. al. sl. s. al.; i. NH3 220° al.; s. act.; i. et. i. ac.

phosphate, dibasic phosphate, metaAmmonium phosphomolybdate silicofluoride sulfamate sulfate (mascagnite) sulfate, acid sulfide sulfide, pentasulfite sulfite, acid tartrate thiocyanate vanadate, metaAntimony

(NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)4P4O12 (NH4)3PO412MoO3 3H2O (?) (NH4)2SiF6 NH4SO3NH2 (NH4)2SO4 NH4HSO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2S5 (NH4)2SO3H2O NH4HSO3 (NH4)2C4H4O6 NH4CNS NH4VO3 Sb

132.06 388.04 1930.39 178.15 114.12 132.14 115.11 68.14 196.40 134.16 99.11 184.15 76.12 116.98 121.76

col., mn., 1.53 col., mn. yel.

13115° s. 0.0315°

1.619 2.21 d.

cb., 1.3696 col. pl. col., rhb., 1.5230 col., rhb., 1.480 yel.-wh. or.-red pr. col., mn. rhb. col., mn. col., mn., 1.685 col. cr. tin wh., trig.

2.01

1.41 2.03 12° 4 1.60 1.305 2.326 6.68425°

d. d. d. 149.6 d. 630.5

1.769 20° 4 1.78

17.5°

i.

s. alk.; i. al., HNO3

55.5 35750° 103.3100°

s. al.; i. act.

1380

18.5 1340° 70.60° 100 v. s. s. 10012° s. 450° 1200° 0.4418° i.

87 17020° 3.0570° i.

73.4

220.2

601.60°

∞72°

1570

v. sl. s.

132 235 d. 146.9 d.

subl. d. 160

i. act.

490

d. 170

i. al., act., CS2 v. sl. s. al.; i. act. 12025° NH3 i. al., act.

60°

sl. s. al. s. al., act., NH3, SO2 i. al., NH4Cl s. aq. reg., h. conc. H2SO4 s. al., HCl, HBr, H2C4H4O6 s. HCl, KOH, H2C4H4O6

SbCl3

228.12

col., rhb., delq.

3.14 20° 4

Sb2O3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3

291.52 291.52 339.72

rhb., 2.35 cb., 2.087 bk., rhb., 4.046

5.67 5.2 4.64

656 652 550

sulfide, pentatelluride, triAntimonyl potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) sulfate, normal sulfate, basic Argon

Sb2S5 Sb2Te3

403.85 626.32

golden gray

4.1200°

−2S, 135 629

i.

i.

(SbO)KC4H4O6aH2O (SbO)2SO4 (SbO)2SO4Sb2(OH)4 Ar

333.94 371.58 683.20 39.95

wh., rhb. wh. pd. wh. pd. col. gas

2.60 4.89

−aH2O, 100 −189.2

−185.7

35.7100° d. d. 2.2350° cc

Arsenic (crystalline) (α) Arsenic (black) (β)

As4 As4

299.69 299.69

met., hex. bk., amor.

1.65−288°; 1.402−185.7°; 1.38 (A) 5.72714° 4.720°

5.268.7° d. i. 5.60° cc

81436atm.

subl. 615

i. i.

i. i.

Arsenic (yellow)(γ) acid, orthoacid, metaacid, pyropentoxide sulfide, di- (realgar)

As4 H3AsO4aH2O HAsO3 H4As2O7 As2O5 As2S2

299.69 150.95 123.93 265.87 229.84 213.97

yel., cb. col., hyg. wh., hyg. col. wh., amor. red, mn., 2.68

2.020° 2.0–2.5

s. HNO3 s. HNO3, aq. reg., aq. Cl2, h. alk.

d. 358 35.5 d. d. 206

−H2O, 160

50 H3AsO4 H3AsO4 76.7100° d.

s. alk.

d. 565

16.7 d. to form d. to form 59.50° i.

s. alk., al. s. K2S, NaHCO3

sulfide, pentaArsenious chloride (butter of arsenic) hydride (arsine) oxide (arsenolite) oxide (claudetite) oxide

As2S5

310.17

yel.

d. 500

0.0001360°

i.

s. HNO3, alk.

AsCl3 AsH3 As2O3 As2O3 As2O3

181.28 77.95 197.84 197.84 197.84

oily lq. col. gas col., cb., fibrous, 1.755 col., mn., 1.92 amor. or vitreous

130 −55; d. 230

d. 20 cc sl. s. sl. s. 1.210°

d. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. 2.9340°

Auric chloride

AuCl32H2O

339.36

or. cr.

v. s.

v. s.

cyanide Aurous chloride cyanide Cf. also under Gold Barium acetate acetate bromide

Au(CN)36H2O AuCl AuCN

383.11 232.42 222.98

yel. cr. yel. cr.

7.4

v. s. d. i.

v. s. d. i.

s. HCl, HBr, PCl3 sl. s. alk. i. al., et. i. al., et. s. HCl, alk., Na2CO3; i. al., et. s. HCl, al., et.; sl. s. NH3 s. al. s. HCl, HBr; d. al. s. KCN; i. al., et.

Ba Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2H2O BaBr2

137.33 255.42 273.43 297.14

silv. met. col. wh., tri. pr., 1.517 col.

3.5 2.468 2.19 4.781 24° 4

d. 58.80° 7530°(anh.) 980°

d. 75.0100° 7940°(anh.) 149100°

chloride, tri- (butter of antimony)* oxide, tri- (valentinite) oxide, tri- (senarmontite) sulfide, tri- (stibnite)

2-9

*Usually the solution. †See special tables. ‡Usual commercial form.

4.086 (α)3.50619°; (β)3.25419° lq. 2.163 2.695 (A) 3.865 25° 4 3.85 3.738

(α)tr. 267; (β)307 −18 −113.5 subl. subl. 315

0.00017

d. d. 50 AuCl3, 170 d.

d. 290

850

1140

−H2O, 41 847

d.

sl. s. 18°

d.

s. HCl; alk., NH4HS, K2S; i. ac. s. HCl, alk., NH4HS s. gly.; i. al. 5.1515° gly. 2425° cc al.

s. a.; d. al. i. al. v. s. m. al.; v. sl. s. act.

2-10

TABLE 2-1

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Name Barium (Cont.) bromide carbonate (witherite) carbonate (α) carbonate (β) Barium chlorate chlorate chloride chloride chloride hydroxide hydroxide nitrate (nitrobarite) oxalate oxide peroxide peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, pyrosilicofluoride sulfate (barite, barytes) sulfide, monosulfide, trisulfide, tetraBeryllium (glucinum) Bismuth carbonate, subchloride, dichloride, trinitrate nitrate, suboxide, trioxide, trioxide, trioxychloride

Formula

Formula weight

Color, crystalline form and refractive index

Specific gravity

Melting point, °C

BaBr22H2O BaCO3 BaCO3 BaCO3 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2H2O* BaCl2 BaCl2 BaCl22H2O† Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)28H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaC2O4 BaO

333.17 197.34 197.34 197.34 304.23 322.24 208.23 208.23 244.26 171.34 315.46 261.34 225.35 153.33

col., mn., 1.7266 wh., rhb., 1.676 wh., hex. wh. col. col., mn., 1.577 col., mn., 1.7361 col., cb. col., mn., 1.646 col., mn. col., mn., 1.5017 col., cb., 1.572 wh. cr. col., cb., 1.98

BaO2* BaO28H2O BaH4(PO4)2 BaHPO4 Ba3(PO4)2 Ba2P2O7 BaSiF6 BaSO4

169.33 313.45 331.30 233.31 601.92 448.60 279.40 233.39

gray or wh. pd. pearly sc. tri. wh., rhb. nd., 1.635 wh., cb. wh., rhb. pr. col., rhb., 1.636

BaS BaS3 BaS42H2O Be(Gl) Bi

169.39 233.52 301.62 9.01 208.98

Bi2O3CO2H2O BiCl2(?) BiCl3* Bi(NO3)35H2O BiONO3H2O Bi2O3 Bi2O3 Bi2O3 BiOCl

527.98 279.89 315.34 485.07 305.00 465.96 465.96 465.96 260.43

col., cb., 2.155 yel.-gn. red, rhb. gray, met., hex. silv. wh. or reddish, hex. wh. pd. bk. nd. wh. cr. col., tri. hex. pl. yel., rhb. yel., tet. yel., cb. wh., amor.

6.86 4.86 4.75 2.82 4.92815° 8.9 8.55 8.20 7.7215°

d. 163 230 d. 30 d. 260 820 860 tr. 704

3.69 4.29

3.179 3.856 24° 4 3.097 24° 4 4.495 2.18816° 3.24428° 2.658 5.72 4.958 4°

2.9 4.16515° 4.116° 3.920° 4.27915° 4.49915°

Boiling point, °C

−2H2O, 100 tr. 811 to α tr. 982 to β 174090atm 414 d. 120 tr. 925 962 −2H2O, 100

d. d. 1450

77.9 592

−8H2O, 550 d.

1923

2.988 1.816 9.8020°

d. 400 d. 200 1284 271

Other reagents

v. s. 0.0065100°

s. al. s. a.; i. al.

0.002218° 20.350° s. 310°

0.0065100° 84.880° s. 59100°

s. a.; i. al.

76.8100° 101.480°

2000

39.30° 1.670° 5.615° 5.00° 0.00168° 1.50°

d. d. d.

tr. to mn. 1149

v. sl. s. 0.168 d. 0.015 i. 0.01 0.02617° 0.0001150°

2767 1450

d. s. 4115° i. i.

d. s. v. s. sl. s. d. i.

i. d. d. d. i. i. i. i. sl. s.

i.

i. i. i. i. sl. s.

2.660°

40.2100°

1560 1560

4.2515° 20°

Hot water

v. s. 0.002218°

−O, 800 −8H2O, 100

1580 d.

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

d. 300 447 −5H2O, 80 1900

34.2100° 0.002424° 90.880°

0.09100° 0.00028530°

sl. s. al., act. sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al. sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al. v. sl. s. al.; i. et. sl. s. a.; i. al. s. a., NH4Cl; i. al. s. HCl, HNO3, abs. al.; i. NH3, act. s. dil. a.; i. act. s. dil. a.; i. al., et., act. s. a. s. a., NH4 salts s. a. s. a., NH4 salts sl. s. HCl, NH4Cl; i. al. s. conc. H2SO4; 0.006, 3% HCl d. HCl; i. al. i. al., CS2 s. dil. a., alk. s. aq. reg., conc. H2SO4, HNO3 s. a. s. al. 4219° act.; s. a.; i. al. s. a. s. a. s. a. s. a. s. a.; i. act., NH3, H2C4H4O6 22.220° gly., 0.2425° et.; s. al. s. HNO3; i. al.

Boric acid

H3BO3

61.83

wh., tri.

1.43515°

185 d.

Boron

B

10.81

2.32

2300

2550

i.

i.

carbide oxide oxide (sassolite) Bromic acid Bromine

B4C B2O3 B2O33H2O HBrO3 Br2

55.25 69.62 123.67 128.91 159.81

gray or bk., amor. or mn. bk. cr. col. glass, 1.459 tri., 1.456 col.; in soln. only rhb., or red lq.

2.54 1.85 1.49

2450 577 d. d. 100 −7.2

>3500 >1500

i. 1.10° sl. s. v. s. 4.220°

i. 15.7100° s. d. 3.1330°

i. a. s. a., al., gly.

hydrate Cadmium acetate acetate carbonate

Br210H2O Cd Cd(C2H3O2)2 Cd(C2H3O2)22H2O* CdCO3

339.96 112.41 230.50 266.53 172.42

red, oct. silv. met., hex. col. col., mn. wh., trig.

8.6520° 2.341 2.01 4.2584°

d. 6.8 320.9 256 −H2O, 130 d. 200 d. 300 350 59.4

132

d. 900–1000 d. 1000 tr. 108 tr. 41.5

3.6720° 2.765

tr. 4 1750100atm 810 d. 1600 1551

3.353 25° 4 2.93 25° 2.711 4 2.152 15° 4

760 d. 825 1339103atm. 772

1810

1.6817°

29.92 −2H2O, 130

−6H2O, 200 −4H2O, 185

1.7 3.18020° 2.015 1.7 2.2

2.872 3.3 2.36 1.82 2.6317° 2.2334° 2.24° 2.2 3.32 2.220 16° 4 2.306 16° 4 3.14 2.82 3.09 2.25 2.5115° 2.905 2.915 2.96

subl. in N2, 980 1200  30

>1600

1330 d. d. 675 −H2O, 580 d. −2H2O, 200 −3H2O, 100

−8H2O, 100 −H2O, 100 d. 1670 975 1230

2850 expl. 275 d. 200

>1600 1540 tr. 1190 to α 1450(mn.)

76.50° s. 114.20° s. 350−5° 0.000001 d. 520° d. 0.01325° 1250° 0.001220°† 0.001425° 59.50° s. v. s. 0.08518° s. d. s. 0.001618° 16.10° d. 0.1850° delq.; d. i. 10.5

180100° 32659.5° i. i. 60.8100° s. 127.660° s. Colloidal d. 45.580° i. 312105° 0.002100° 0.002100° 347260° s. v. s. 0.09626° d. 15090° 0.001726° 18.4100 0.077100° d. ∞

2.0515° m. al. s. a.; NH4OH, KCN s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. v. s. a. s. al., NH3; i. HNO3 s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. d. a., alk. i.act., NH3 i. al. i. al. i. al. s. a.; v. s. NH4OH s, a.; sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. HCl s. dil. a. s. al., act.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., NH4Cl s. a., NH4Cl s. al. s. al. s. al. 0.006518° al. i. al. sl. s. a. i. al., et. d. a.; i. bz. s. NH4Cl d. a. s. HCl, H4P2O6 ∞h. al.; i. et.

18°

d. 730–760 1391 561 42.7 900 d. −H2O, 200 2570

16820° 0.024718° 0.0002625° 109.70° 2150° i. i.

tr. 1193 to rhb.

0.032 i. 1020° 2660° d. 770° 0.0006713° i. Forms Ca(OH)2 sl. s. 0.0224.5° 0.0025 i. i. sl. s. d. 0.009517° 0.29820°

i. 376151° v. s. d. 41790° 0.001495° i. d. d. 0.075100° d. i.

0.1619100°

1415° al.; s. amyl al., NH3 s. dil. a.; i. abs. al. s. 90% al. s. a.; i. ac. s. a.; i. ac s. a.; i. al. s. a. d.; i. al., et. s. a.; i. al., ac. i. a. s. a. s. a.; i. NH4Cl s. dil. a.; i. al., et. s. HCl s. a., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

TABLE 2-1

2-12

Name Calcium (Cont.) sulfate (gypsum) sulfhydrate sulfide (oldhamite) sulfite tartrate thiocyanate thiosulfate tungstate (scheelite) Carbon, cf. table of organic compounds Carbon, amorphous Carbon, diamond Carbon, graphite dioxide disulfide

Formula

172.17

col., mn., 1.5226

Ca(SH)26H2O CaS CaSO32H2O CaC4H4O64H2O Ca(CNS)23H2O CaS2O36H2O CaWO4

214.32 72.14 156.17 260.21 210.29 260.30 287.92

col. pr. col., cb. wh., cr., 1.595 col., rhb. wh., delq. cr. col., tri., 1.56 wh., tet., 1.9200

C C C CO2

12.01 12.01 12.01 44.01

bk., amor. col., cb., 2.4195 bk., hex. col. gas

CS2

76.14

col. lq.

CO

oxychloride (phosgene) oxysulfide

COCl2 COS C3O2 CSCl2 2CeO23H2O Ce(OH)(NO3)33H2O CeO2 Ce(SO4)24H2O Ce

28.01

98.92 60.08 68.03 114.98 398.28 397.18 172.11 404.30 140.12

Cerous sulfate sulfate Cesium Chloric acid Chlorine

Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)38H2O Cs HClO37H2O Cl2

568.42 712.54 132.91 210.57 70.91

hydrate Chloroplatinic acid Chlorostannic acid Chlorosulfonic acid Chromic acetate chloride chloride fluoride hydroxide

Cl28H2O H2PtCl66H2O H2SnCl66H2O HOSO2Cl Cr2(C2H3O2)62H2O CrCl3 CrCl36H2O* CrF3 Cr(OH)3

215.03 517.90 441.54 116.52 494.29 158.36 266.45 108.99 103.02

Cr(OH)32H2O Cr(NO3)39H2O* Cr(NO3)37aH2O Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4)35H2O Cr2(SO4)315H2O Cr2(SO4)318H2O Cr2S3

139.05 400.15 373.13 151.99 392.18 482.26 662.41 716.46 200.19

hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfide

Color, crystalline form and refractive index

CaSO42H2O

monoxide

suboxide thionyl chloride Ceric hydroxide hydroxynitrate oxide sulfate Cerium

Formula weight

col., poisonous, odorless gas poisonous gas gas gas yel.-red lq. yel., gelatinous red, mn. wh. or pa. yel., cb. yel., rhb. steel gray, cb. or hex. wh., mn. or rhb. tri. silv. met., hex. lq. rhb., or gn.-yel. gas rhb. red-brn., delq. delq. col. lq. gn. pink, trig. vl. or gn., hex. pl. gn., rhb. gn. or blue, gelatinous gn. purple pr. purple, mn. dark gn., hex. rose pd. gn. vl. vl., cb., 1.564 brn.-bk. pd.

Specific gravity 2.32 2.815°

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

−1aH2O, 128

−2H2O, 163

d. 15 −2H2O, 100 d.

d. 650

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

Hot water

0.2230°

0.25750°

v. s. d. 0.004318° 0.0370° s. 71.29° 0.2

v. s. d. 0.002790° 0.2285° v. s. d.

Other reagents s. a., gly., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts s. al. s. a. s. H2SO3 sl. s. al. v. s. al. i. al. s. NH4Cl; i. a.

1.87316° 6.06

d.

1.8–2.1 3.5120° 2.2620° lq. 1.101−87°; 1.53 (A); solid 1.56−79° 22° lq. 1.261 20 ; 2.63 (A) lq. 0.814−195° 4 ; 0.968 (A) 1.392 19° 4 lq. 1.24−87°; 2.10 (A) lq. 1.1140° 1.50915°

>3500 >3500 >3500 −56.65.2atm.

4200 4200 4200 subl. −78.5

i. i. i. 179.70° cc

i. i. i. 90.120° cc

i. a., alk. i. a., alk. i. a., alk. s. a., alk.

−108.6

46.3

0.20°

0.01450°

s. al.; et.

−207

−192

0.00440°; 3.50° cc

0.001850° 2.3220° cc

s. al., Cu2Cl2

−104 −138.2

8.2756mm −50.2760mm

v. s. sl. d. 1330° cc

d. 40.330° cc

s. ac., CCl4, bs.; d.a. v. s. alk., al.

−107

7761mm 73.5

d.

s. et. s. a.; sl. s. alk. carb.; i. alk

7.3 3.91 6.920° cb.; 6.7 hex. 3.91 2.88617° 1.9020° 1.28214.2° lq. 1.56−33.6°; 2.490° (A) 1.23 2.431 1.97128° 1.78725°

d. 9.6 60 19.2 −80

2.75715° 1.835 25° 4 3.8

subl. 83 >1000

5.21 3.012 1.86717° 1.722° 3.7719°

1950 645

1400

d. i. s. d. i.

i.

0°

−8H2O, 630 28.5 600

2.286 15.6° 4 4.6

−4H2O, 110 tr. 103

4.4 3.53 2.9

d. 422 474.5

3.4 6.0 6.4 to 6.8 5.6 5.80 lq. 0.866−17.2°; 1.806 (A)

bk.-brn., hex. delq. red-yel., delq. dark blue

2.804

Fe(OH)3 Fe(C3H5O3)3 Fe(NO3)36H2O Fe2O3

106.87 323.06 349.95 159.69

red-brn. brn., amor., delq. rhb., delq. red or bk., trig., 3.042 rhb., 1.814 yel., trig. yel., delq. gn. bk., cb., 2.42

3.4 to 3.9

303.59 392.14

chloride (lawrencite)

Fe3O44H2O FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 6H2O FeCl2

chloroplatinate ferricyanide (Turnbull’s blue) ferrocyanide formate hydroxide nitrate oxide

FePtCl66H2O Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 Fe2Fe(CN)6 Fe(HCO2)22H2O Fe(OH)2 Fe(NO3)26H2O FeO

571.73 591.43 323.64 181.91 89.86 287.95 71.84

126.75

bk. blue-gn., mn., 1.4915 gn.-yel., hex., 1.567 yel., hex. dark blue blue-wh., amor.

1366 d.

908 −aH2O, 360 1235

−O, 1800

1100 1130 −34.4

−20.5

subl. 1100

Hot water

i. i. i. i. 14.30°

i. i.

24.30° 0.00003318°

205100°

1.18° al. s. HNO3, KCN

0.0215° d. i. 1.5225° i.

0.1485°

s. a., KOH s. NH4I s. a., NH4OH s. HCl, NH4OH, al. s. KCN, HCl, NH4OH; sl. s. NH3 s. NH4OH; i. HCl s. NH4OH; i. NH4Cl s. HF, HCl, HNO3; i. al. s. a., NH4OH s. HCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH s. HNO3; i. HCl s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act. s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act. 230020° cc al.; 50018° cc et.

i. i. i. i. i. i. 0.000518° 0.000518° 45020° cc

75.4100°

i. i.

i. i.

s. a.; KCN, NH4Cl s. a., KCN, NH4Cl s. a. s. HNO3; i. HCl i. al.

s. a.; al. 0°

100°

v. s. al.; et. +HCl s. al., act., gly. s. HCl, conc. H2SO4; i. al., et. s. a.; i. al., et. i. et. s. al., act. s. HCl

535.8 ∞ d.

i. v. s. 1500° i.

i. v. s. ∞ d. d. s.

5.2

d. 50 d. 180 1538 d.

sl. s. 440 s. i. i.

i.

s. d. h. HCl i. al.

1.864

d. d.

i. 180°

i. 10075°

s. a. i. al.

64.410°

105.7100°

100 al.; s. act.; i. et.

v. s. i. i. sl. s. 0.00067 2000° i.

v. s.

1.684 5.12

3.09718° 2.1

−1aH2O, 500 35 1560 d.

d.

d. 480

2.7

delq.

2.714 d. 3.4 5.7

315 280

Other reagents

74.4 2460° i.

20°

282 37 d.

d. lt. gn. cr. bk.

Forms CuO, 650 −5H2O, 250 d. 220

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

i. 11°

162.20 270.30 859.23

399.88 562.02 775.43 1662.61 231.53

Boiling point, °C

d.

FeCl3 FeCl36H2O* Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)39H2O FeCl22FeCl318H2O Fe′′′ 4 Fe′′ 3 [Fe(CN)6]6 Fe3O4

Melting point, °C

60.5 1420

i. H2SO4, NH3 s. abs. al.

i. dil. a., al.

30025° i.

s. a., NH4Cl s. a.; i. alk.

Fe3(PO4)28H2O

501.60

silicate sulfate (siderotilate) sulfate (copperas) sulfide cf. also under iron Fluoboric acid Fluorine

FeSiO3 FeSO45H2O FeSO47H2O* FeS

131.93 241.98 278.01 87.91

HBF4 F2

87.81 38.00

Fluosilicic acid Gadolinium Gallium bromide Glucinum cf. Beryllium Gold Gold, colloidal Gold salts cf. under Auric and Aurous Hafnium Helium Hydrazine formate hydrate hydrochloride hydrochloride, dinitrate nitrate, disulfate sulfate Hydrazoic acid (azoimide) Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic acid

H2SiF6 Gd GaBr3

144.09 157.25 309.44

Au Au

196.97 196.97

yel. met., cb. blue to vl.

19.3

Hf He N2H4 N2H42HCO2H N2H4H2O N2H4HCl N2H42HCl N2H4HNO3 N2H42HNO3 N2H4aH2SO4 N2H4H2SO4 HN3 HI HIH2O HI2H2O HI3H2O HI4H2O HBr HBrH2O

178.49 4.00 32.05 124.10 50.06 68.51 104.97 95.06 158.07 81.08 130.12 43.03 127.91 145.93 163.94 181.96 199.97 80.91 98.93

hex. col. gas col. lq. cb. col. yel. lq. wh., cb. cr. nd. delq. pl. rhb. col. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas; 1.325 (lq.) col. lq.

12.1 0.1368 (A) 1.011 15° 4

Hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid)

HBr (47.8% in H2O) HBr2H2O HCl† HCl (45.2% in H2O) HCl2H2O HCl3H2O HCN

80.91 118.96 36.46 36.46 72.49 90.51 27.03

Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen

HF HF (35.35% in H2O) H2

20.01 20.01 2.02

col. lq. wh. cr. col. gas; 1.256 (lq.) col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. poisonous gas or col. lq., 1.254 gas or col. lq. col. lq. col. gas or cb.

H2O2‡ H2Se H2S NH2OH NH2OHHCl NH2OHHNO3 NH2OHaH2SO4

34.01 80.98 34.08 33.03 69.49 96.04 82.07

phosphate (vivianite)

peroxide selenide sulfide Hydroxylamine hydrochloride nitrate sulfate

2-15

*Usual commercial form. †Usual commercial form about 31 percent. ‡Usual commercial forms 3 or 30 percent.

blue, mn., 1.592, 1.603 mn. gn., tri., 1.536 blue-gn., mn. bk., hex. col. lq. gn.-yel. gas

2.58 3.5 2.2 1.89914.8° 4.84 lq. 1.51−187°; 1.3115° (A)

1550

col. lq., 1.333 col. gas col. gas rhb., delq. col., mn. col. cr. col., mn.

1.0321° 1.42

1.378 4.40° (A) 1.715°

2.710° (A) 1.78 1.486 2.11−15° 1.2680° (A) 1.48 1.46 −18.3° 4 18°

0.697

0.98813.6° 1.15 lq. 0.0709−252.7° 0.06948 (A) 1.438 20° 4 2.12−42° 1.1895 (A) 1.3518° 1.6717°

i.

s. a.; i. ac.

64 1193

−5H2O, 300 −7H2O, 300 d.

s. 32.80° 0.00061618°

s. 14950°

i. al. i. al. s. a.; i. NH3

−223

130 d. −187

∞ d.

∞

s. al.

s.

s.

s.

s.

i. s.

i.

s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a. s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.

0.970° cc ∞ s. ∞ v. s. s. 174.910° v. s. v. s. 3.05522° ∞ 4250010° cc ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 2210°

1.0850° cc ∞

Absorbed by Pt s. al.

∞ v. s. v. s. v. s.

∞ al.; i. et. sl. s. al. s. al.

delq. cr. 20°

i.

1063

2600

>1700 3200(?) −268.9 113.5

198 70.7 104 85 254 −80 −50.8 −43 −48 −36.5 −86

118.5739.5mm subl. 140 d. 37 −35.5 127774mm

−67

−11 −111 −15.35 0 −24.4 −14

d. d. 26

∞ s. 82.30° ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

−83 −35 −259.1

19.4 120 −252.7

∞ 0° to 19.4° v. s. 2.10° cc

−0.89 −64 −82.9 34 151 48 170 d.

126 −85

760mm

151.4 −42 −59.6 56.522mm d. d. 560

>4800

83.93 119.98 119.98 647.44

yel.-gray, oct. yel., rhb. yel., cb. hex.

6.1 20° 4 4.87 5.0 4.6 20° 4

d. d.

i. 0.00049 0.0005 i.

i.

tr. 450 1171 d. >700

Kr La Pb

83.80 138.91 207.20

col. gas lead gray silv. met., cb.

2.818 (A) 6.1520° 20° 11.337 20

−169 826 327.5

−151.8 1800 1620

11.050° cc d. i.

3.5760° cc

Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)23H2O† Pb(C2H3O2)210H2O Pb2(C2H3O2)3OH Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(OH)2H2O Pb(C2H3O2)2 2Pb(OH)2 PbH4(AsO4)2 PbHAsO4 Pb(AsO3)2 Pb2As2O7 PbN6 PbBr2

325.29 379.33 505.44 608.54 584.52

wh. cr. wh., mn. wh., rhb. wh. wh. nd.

3.251 20° 4 2.55 1.689

280 −3H2O, 75 22

807.72

wh. nd.

489.07 347.13 453.04 676.24 291.24 367.01

tri., 1.82 wh., mn., 1.9097 hex. rhb., 2.03 col. nd. col., rhb.

4.46 5.94 6.4215° 15° 6.85 15

253.81 333.81 1120.66 192.22 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 179.55 195.90 125.70

15°

3000

102.5760mm

d. 140 d. >200

−H2O, 280

6.66

802 expl. 350 373

918

22150° 200100° s.

5.55

18.2

d. 0.05100° 4.75100°

0.0001120°

d. i. 3.34100° i. i. 18100° d.

i.

267.21

wh., rhb., 2.0763

6.6

d. 315

2PbCO3Pb(OH)2† PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbCrO4PbO Pb(HCO2)2 3PbOH2O Pb(NO3)2

775.63 278.11 323.19 546.39 297.23 687.61 331.21

6.14 5.80 6.12

d. 400 501 844

4.56 7.592 4.53

d. 190 −H2O, 130 d. 470

i. 0.6730° 0.00000720° i. 1.616° 0.014 38.80°

oxide, suboxide, mono- (litharge)

Pb2O PbO

430.40 223.20

wh., hex. wh., rhb., 2.2172 yel., mn., 2.42 or.-yel. nd. wh., rhb. cb. col., cb. or mn., 1.7815 bk., amor. yel., tet.

8.34 9.53

d. red heat 888

i. 0.006818°

oxide, mono (massicotite)

PbO

223.20

yel., rhb., 2.61

s. a. v. s. 87% al.; i. abs. al. et., chl. s. al., KI, et. i. abs. al., et., chl. sl. s. aq. reg., aq. Cl2 s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a. s. al., H2SO4, alk. s. HCl, H2SO4 i. aq. reg. i. dil. a. i. dil. a.

sl. s. al., bz. s. a. s. HNO3; i. c. HCl, H2SO4 s. gly.; v. sl. s. al. s. gly.; sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. al.

d. i. d. i. i. 0.45540°

PbCO3

8.0

i.

19.70° 45.6415° s. v. s. v. s.

carbonate (cerussite) carbonate, basic (hydrocerussite; white lead) chloride (cotunnite) chromate (crocoite) chromate, basic formate hydroxide nitrate

954760mm d.

i. i. i. i. i. i. i.

Other reagents

sl. s.

138.8100°

s. al. s. HNO3 s. HNO3, NaOH s. HNO3 s. HCl, HNO3; i. sc. v. s. ac.; i. NH4OH s. a., KBr.; sl. s. NH3; i. al. s. a., alk.; i. NH3, al. s. ac.; sl. s. aq. CO2 sl. s. dil. HCl, NH3, i. al. s. a., alk.; i. NH3, ac. s. a., alk. i. al. s. a., alk. 8.822° al. s. a., alk. s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl, CaCl2

oxide, mono-

PbO

223.20

amor.

9.2 to 9.5

oxide, red (minium) oxide, sesquioxide, di- (plattnerite) silicate sulfate (anglesite)

Pb3O4 Pb2O3 PbO2 PbSiO3 PbSO4

685.60 462.40 239.20 283.28 303.26

9.1

Pb(HSO4)2 H2O PbSO4PbO PbS Pb(CNS)2 Li LiC7H5O2 LiBr

419.36 526.46 239.27 323.36 6.94 128.05 86.85

LiBr2H2O Li2CO3 LiCl

122.88 73.89 42.39

citrate fluoride formate hydride hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, tribasic salicylate sulfate sulfate sulfate, acid Lutecium Magnesium acetate acetate aluminate (spinel)

Li3C6H5O74H2O LiF LiHCO2H2O LiH LiOH LiOHH2O LiNO3 LiNO33H2O Li2O LiH2PO4 Li3PO4 Li3PO412H2O LiC7H5O3 Li2SO4 Li2SO4H2O† LiHSO4 Lu Mg Mg(C2H3O2)2 Mg(C2H3O2)24H2O† MgO·Al2O3

281.98 25.94 69.97 7.95 23.95 41.96 68.95 122.99 29.88 103.93 115.79 331.98 144.05 109.94 127.96 104.01 174.97 24.31 142.39 214.45 142.26

red, amor. red-yel., amor. brn., tet., 2.229 col., mn., 1.961 wh., mn. or rhb., 1.8823 cr. col., mn. lead gray, cb., 3.912 col., mn. silv. met. cb. wh. leaflets wh., delq., cb., 1.784 wh. pr. col., mn., 1.567 wh., delq., cb., 1.662 wh. cr. wh., cb., 1.3915 col., rhb. wh., cb. wh. cr. col., mn. col., trig., 1.735 col. col., 1.644 col. wh., rhb. wh., trig. col. col., mn., 1.465 col., mn., 1.477 pr.

2.22 2.06 2.12313°

>100 837 100 d. 860 −H2O, 130 170.5

silv. met., hex. wh. wh., mn. pr., 1.491 col. cb., 1.718–23

1.7420° 1.42 1.454 3.6

651 323 80 2135

ammonium chloride ammonium phosphate (struvite) ammonium sulfate (boussingaultite) benzoate carbonate (magnesite) carbonate (nesquehonite) carbonate, basic (hydromagnesite) Magnesium chloride (chloromagnesite) chloride (bischofite) hydroxide (brucite) nitride oxide (magnesia; periclase) perchlorate

MgCl2NH4Cl6H2O MgNH4PO46H2O

256.79 245.41

wh., rhb., delq. col., rhb., 1.496

1.456 1.715

−4H2O, 195 d. 100

MgSO4(NH4)2SO4 6H2O Mg(C7H5O2)23H2O MgCO3 MgCO33H2O 3MgCO3Mg(OH)23H2O

360.60

col., mn.

1.72

>120

16.86

130

320.58 84.31 138.36 365.31

wh. pd. wh., trig. 1.700 col., rhb., 1.501 wh., rhb., 1.530

4.525° (anh.) 0.0106 0.151819° 0.04

s.

3.037 1.852 2.16

−3H2O, 110 d. 350 −H2O, 100 d.

d. 0.011

s. act. s. a., aq. CO2; i. act., NH3 s. a., aq. CO2 s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.

95.21

col., hex., 1.675

2.32525°

712

1412

52.80°

73100°

50 al.

wh., delq., mn., 1.507 wh., trig., 1.5617 gn.-yel., amor. col., cb., 1.7364 wh., delq.

1.56 2.4

118 d. d. d. 2800 d.

d.

2810° 0.000918° i. 0.00062 99.625°

918100°

50 al. s. NH4 salts, dil. a. s. a.; i. al. s. a., NH4 salts; i. al. 2425 al., 51.825° m. al.; 0.29 et.

sulfate, acid sulfate, basic (lanarkite) sulfide (galena) thiocyanate Lithium benzoate bromide bromide carbonate chloride

2-17

*See also a table of alloys. †Usual commercial form.

MgCl2 MgCl26H2O† Mg(OH)2 Mg3N2 MgO Mg(ClO4)2†

203.30 58.32 100.93 40.30 223.21

i.

i.

d. 500 d. 360 d. 290 766

i. i. i. i.

i. i. i.

1336  5

3.464 25° 4

547

1265

0.00280° 0.000118° 0.004418° 0.0000918° 0.0520° d. 3325° 1430° (2H2O)

0.005640°

6.92 7.5 3.82 0.5320°

1170 d. 977 1120 d. 190 186

2.110° 2.068 25° 4

44 618 614

d. 1360

24620° 1.540° 670°

9.375 6.49 6.2

2.29521.5° 1.46 0.820 2.54 1.83 2.38 2.013 25° 4

2.461 2.53717.5° 1.645

3.65 2.6025°

d. 870 −H2O, 94 680 445 261 29.88

1670 925 d. subl. 230

MnSO4 MnSO4H2O

151.00 169.02

red-wh. pa. pink, mn., 1.595

3.235 2.87

sulfate (ous)

MnSO42H2O

187.03

2.52615°

sulfate (ous)

MnSO43H2O

205.05

2.35615°

sulfate (ous)

MnSO44H2O*

223.06

sulfate (ous)

MnSO45H2O

sulfate (ous)

MnSO46H2O

259.09

sulfate (ous)

MnSO47H2O

277.11

pink, mn. or rhb.

2.092

sulfate (ic)

Mn2(SO4)3

398.06

gn., delq. cr.

3.24

700 Stable 57 to 117 Stable 40 to 57 Stable 30 to 40 Stable 18 to 30 Stable 8 to 18 Stable −5 to +8 Stable −10 to −5; 19 d. d. 160

Mercuric acetate bromide carbonate, basic chloride (corrosive sublimate) fulminate hydroxide oxide (montroydite) oxychloride (kleinite) silicofluoride, basic sulfate sulfate, basic (turpeth) Mercurous acetate bromide carbonate

Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgBr2 HgCO32HgO HgCl2 Hg(CNO)2 Hg(OH)2 HgO HgCl23HgO HgSiF6HgO3H2O HgSO4 HgSO42HgO HgC2H3O2 HgBr Hg2CO3

241.08

318.68 360.40 693.78 271.50 284.62 234.60 216.59 921.26 613.30 296.65 729.83 259.63 280.49 461.19

pa. pink, mn. rose, trig., 1.817

pink, rhb. or mn., 1.518 pink, tri., 1.508

wh. pl. wh., rhb. brn.-red wh., rhb., 1.859 cb. yel. or red, rhb., 2.5 yel., hex. yel. nd. wh., rhb. yel., tet. wh. sc. wh., tet. yel. pd.

2.107 2.103

15°

d. 237

5.44 4.42

277 expl. −H2O, 175 d. 100 d. 260

6.47 6.44 7.307

d. d. subl. 345 d. 130

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

Hot water

Other reagents

i. i. i. 64.519° d. 19.260° 64.817.5° s. 26.90° 72.40° d. s. s. 0.006525°

i. i. sl. s. d. 81.775° s. s. 68.3100° 17840°

63.40° 1518°

123.8100° ∞

s. al., m. al. s. aq. CO2, dil. a.; l. NH3, al. s. al.; i. et., NH3 s. al.; i. et.

129.5

s. 0.00220° i. 4260° i. i. i.

s. i. i. ∞ i. i. i.

s. al., et. s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. s. h. H2SO4 v. s. al. s. a., NH4Cl s. a.; i. act. s. HCl; i. HNO3, act.

d. 850

530° 98.4748°

7350° 79.77100°

s. al.; i. et.

85.2735°

106.855°

74.225°

99.3157°

13616°

16950°

1900

d.

3.270 6.053

11.14 7.93

Boiling point, °C

1190 −H2O, 106; −4H2O, 200

−4H2O, 450

−7H2O, 280

142

5°

200

204

0°

2479° 25114°

v. s.

d.

304

25 0.520° i. 3.60° sl. s. i. 0.005225° i. d. d. 0.005 0.7513° 7 × 10−9 i.

d. HF s. al. s. al. s. dil. a.

i. al.

35°

1760°

10°

322

s. 64.550°

s. a. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. al. d. al.

100°

100 25100°

61.3100° i. 0.041100° d. 0.167100° d. i. d.

s. HCl, dil. H2SO4; l. conc. H2SO4, HNO3 s. al. sl. d. 25.20° al.; v. sl. s. et. s. aq. CO2, NH4Cl 3325° 99% al.; 33 et. s. NH4OH, al. s. a. s. a.; i. al. s. HCl s. a. s. a.; i. al., act., NH8 s. a.; i. al. s. H2SO4, HNO3; i. al. s. a.; i. al., act. s. NH4Cl

HgCl

236.04

wh., tet., 1.9733

7.150

302

383.7

0.00140°

0.000743°

iodide nitrate Mercurous oxide

HgI HgNO3H2O Hg2O

327.49 280.61 417.18

yel., tet. wh. mn. bk.

7.70 4.7853.9° 9.8

290 d. 70 d. 100

subl. 140; 310d. expl.

2 × 10−8 v. s. i.

v. sl. s. d. 0.0007

sulfate Mercury† Molybdenum

Hg2SO4 Hg Mo

497.24 200.59 95.94

wh., mn. silv. lq. or hex.(?) gray, cb.

7.56 13.54620° 10.2

d. −38.87 2620  10

0.05516.5° i. i.

0.092100° i. i.

MoCl2

166.85

yel., amor.

3.714 25° 4

d.

i.

i.

3.578 25° 4

chloride (calomel)

chloride, dichloride, tri-

MoCl3

202.30

dark red pd.

chloride, tetra-

MoCl4

237.75

brn., delq.

chloride, penta-

MoCl5

273.21

bk. cr.

oxide, tri- (molybdite) sulfide, di- (molybdenite) sulfide, trisulfide, tetraMolybdic acid Molybdic acid Neodymium Neon

MoO3 MoS2 MoS3 MoS4 H2MoO4 H2MoO4H2O Nd Ne 239

143.94 160.07 192.14 224.20 161.95 161.95 144.24 20.18

Np Ni

239.05 58.69 176.78 291.18 394.99

carbonyl chloride chloride

Ni(C2H3O2)2 NiCl2NH4Cl6H2O NiSO4(NH4)2SO4 6H2O Ni(BrO3)26H2O NiBr2 NiBr23H2O NiBr26NH3 NiPtBr66H2O NiCO3 2NiCO33Ni(OH)2 4H2O Ni(CO)4 NiCl2 NiCl26H2O*

chloride, ammonia cyanide dimethylglyoxime

NiCl26NH3 Ni(CN)24H2O NiC8H14O4N4

231.78 182.79 288.91

formate hydroxide (ic) hydroxide (ous) nitrate nitrate, ammonia oxide, mono- (bunsenite) potassium cyanide sulfate

Ni(HCO2)22H2O Ni(OH)3 Ni(OH)2dH2O Ni(NO3)26H2O Ni(NO3)24NH32H2O NiO Ni(CN)22KCNH2O NiSO4

184.76 109.72 97.21 290.79 286.86 74.69 258.97 154.76

Neptunium Nickel acetate ammonium chloride ammonium sulfate bromate bromide bromide bromide, ammonia bromoplatinate carbonate carbonate, basic

2-19

*Usual commercial form. †See also Tables 2-28 and 2-280.

422.59 218.50 272.55 320.68 841.29 118.70 587.59 170.73 129.60 237.69

col., rhb. bk., hex., 4.7 red-brn. brn. pd. yel-wh., hex. yel., mn. yellowish col. gas

2.928 25° 4 19.5°

4.50 4.80114°

3.12415° 6.920° lq. 1.204−245.9° 0.674 (A)

d.

s. dil. HNO3; sl. s. H2SO4, HCl; i. NH3 i. al.

194

268

s.

795 1185 d. d. d. 115 −H2O, 70 840 −248.67

subl.

−2H2O, 200 −245.9

d. 18°

0.107 i. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. 0.13318° d. 2.60° cc

Produced by Neutron bombardment of U 1452 2900 i. d.

2.575 4.64 28° 4

2.154

i.

d.

1.798 1.645 1.923

gn. pl. scarlet red cr.

s. lq. O2, al., act., bz.

s.

gn. pr. gn., delq., mn. blue-gn., mn., 1.5007 gn., cb. yel., delq. gn., delq. vl. pd. trig. lt. gn., rhb. lt. gn.

1.3117° 3.544

1.145° cc

d.

d.

8.9020

lq. yel., delq. gn., delq., mn., 1.57

2.10679° i. s. i. sl. s. 2.1370°

i.

volt.

silv. met., cb.

1.837 3.715

356.9 3700

s. aq. reg., Hg(NO3)2; sl. s. HNO3, HCl; i. al., etc. s. KI; i. al. s. HNO3; i. al., et. s. h. ac.; i. alk., dil. HCl, NH3 s. H2SO4, HNO3 s. HNO3; i. HCl s. h. conc. H2SO4; i. HCl, HF, NH3, dil. H2SO4, Hg s. HCl, H2SO4, NH4OH, al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; v. sl. s. al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; sl. s. al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. abs. al., et. s. a., NH4OH s. H2SO4, aq. reg. s. alk. sulfides s. alk. sulfides; i. NH3 s. NH4OH, H2SO4; i. NH s. a., NH4OH, NH4, salts

238

16.6 15025° 2.53.5°

v. s. 39.288°

v. sl. s. (NH4)2SO4

d. d. −3H2O, 200

28 112.80° 1999° v. s.

156100° 316100° d.

s. NH4OH s. al., et., NH4OH s. al., et., NH4OH i. c. NH4OH

d. d.

0.009325° i.

i. d.

s. a. s. a., NH4 salts

0.0189.8° 53.80° 180

i. 87.6100° v. s.

s. aq. reg., HNO3, al., et. s. NH4OH, al.; i. NH3 v. s. al.

s. i. i.

d. i. i.

s. NH4OH; i. al. s. KCN; i. dil. KCl s. abs. al., a.; i. ac., NH4OH

i. v. sl. s. ∞56.7°

s. a., NH4OH, NH4Cl s. a., NH4OH; i. alk. s. NH4OH; i. abs. al. i. al. s. a., NH4OH d. a. i. al., et., act.

−25 subl.

43751mm 973

−4H2O, 200 subl. 250

d.

gn. cr. bk. lt. gn. gn., mn.

4.36 2.05

d. d. d. 56.7

gn.-bk., cb., 2.37 red yel., mn. yel., cb.

7.45 1.87511° 3.68

Forms Ni2O3 at 400 −H2O, 100 −SO3, 840

136.7

s. i. v. sl. s. 243.00° v. s. i. s. 27.20°

i. 76.7100°

2-20

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

TABLE 2-1

Name

Formula

Formula weight

Color, crystalline form and refractive index gn. mn. or blue, tet., 1.5109 gn., rhb., 1.4893 col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col., rhb. col. gas or cb. cr.

Nickel (Cont.) sulfate

NiSO46H2O*

262.85

sulfate (morenosite) Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitro acid sulfite Nitrogen

NiSO47H2O HNO3 HNO3H2O HNO33H2O NO2HSO3 N2

280.86 63.01 81.03 117.06 127.08 28.01

Nitrogen oxide, mono- (ous)

N2O

44.01 30.01 60.01 76.01

oxide, di- (ic)

NO or (NO)2

oxide, tri-

N2O3

oxide, tetra- (per- or di-)

NO2 or (NO2)2

col. gas col. gas

N2O5

46.01 92.01 108.01

red-brn. gas or blue lq. or solid yel. lq., col. solid, red-brn. gas wh., rhb.

oxybromide oxychloride

NOBr NOCl

109.91 65.46

brn. lq. red-yel. lq. or gas

Nitroxyl chloride Osmium chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraOxygen

NO2Cl Os OsCl2 OsCl3 OsCl4 O2

81.46 190.23 261.14 296.59 332.04 32.00

yel.-brn. gas blue, hex. gn., delq. brn., cb. red-yel. nd. col. gas or hex. solid

Ozone

O3

48.00

Palladium

Pd

106.42

silv. met., cb.

PdBr2 PdCl2 PdCl22H2O Pd(CN)2

266.23 177.33 213.36 158.45

brn. brn., cb. brn. pr. yel.

213.85 211.39 100.46 118.47 136.49

met. red or yel., tet. unstable, col. lq fairly stable nd. stable lq., col.

Periodic acid Periodic acid Permanganic acid Permolybdic acid Persulfuric acid Phosphamic acid Phosphatomolybdic acid Phosphine

Pd2H Pd(NH3)2Cl2 HClO4 HClO4H2O HClO42H2O* 73.6% anh. HIO4 HIO42H2O HMnO4 HMoO42H2O H2S2O8 PONH2(OH)2 H7P(Mo2O7)628H2O PH3

Phosphonium chloride

PH4Cl

oxide, penta-

bromide (ous) chloride chloride cyanide hydride Palladous dichlorodiammine Perchloric acid Perchloric acid Perchloric acid

191.91 227.94 119.94 196.98 194.14 97.01 2365.71 34.00 70.46

col. gas

wh. cr. delq., mn. exists only in solution wh. cr. hyg. cr. cb. yel. cb. col. gas wh., cb.

Specific gravity 2.07 1.948 1.502

Melting point, °C

1.63

18°

>1.0 1.417−12° 2.31 (A) lq. 1.3214° 22.4820°

−6H2O, 280

13150°

98–100 −42 −38 −18.5 73 d. −209.86

−6H2O, 103 86

0°

1.14 1.426−252.5° 1.1053 (A) 1.71−183° 3.03−80° 1.658 (A) 12.020° 111550°

30°

−195.8 −90.7

130.520° cc

60.8224° cc 0.0100°

−151

7.34 cc

3.5

s.

−9.3

21.3

d.

30

47

s.

−55.5 −64.5

−2 −5.5

d. d.

5300

0°

1.5520° cc

Other reagents v. s. NH4OH, al. s. al. expl. with al. d. al. d. al. s. H2SO4 sl. s. al. s. H2SO4, al. 26.6 cc al.; 3.5 cc H2SO4; s. aq. FeSO4 s. a., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4, chl., CS2

Forms HNO3 s. fuming H2SO4

−218.4

−183

d i. s. d. sl. s. s. d. 4.890° cc

−251

−112

0.4940° cc

060° cc

s. oil turp., oil cinn.

1555

2200

i.

i.

i. s. s. i.

i. s. s. i.

s. aq. reg., h. H2SO4; i. NH3 s. HBr s. HCl, act., al. s. HCl, act., al. s. HCN, KCN, NH4OH; i. dil. a.

d.

lq. 0.746−90° 1.146 (A)

280100° 117.8 ∞ ∞ ∞

500 d.

11.06 2.5 1.768 22° 4 1.88 25° 1.71 4

Hot water

63.5 ∞ ∞ 263−20° d. 2.350° cc

d. 560–600 −188°

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

tr. 53.3

1.026−252.5° 0.808−195.8° 12.50° (D) lq. 1.226−89° −102.3 1.530 (A) −150.2° lq. 1.269 −161 1.0367 (A) 1.4472° −102 1.44820°

Boiling point, °C

i.

2.630° cc 1.7100° cc

sl. s. aq. reg., HNO3; i. NH3 s. NaCl, al., et. s. a., alk., al.; sl. s. et. s. HCl, al. sl. s. al., s. fused Ag

d. −112 50 −17.8

1618mm d. 200

d. 138 d. 110

subl. 110

s. s. s. v. s.

1950 2450 >1300 1200 58 26 50 220

s. KOH sl. s. al.; i. et. 0.130° al.; i. et. v. s. NH3; sl. s. al.

s. al., et. 0.10520° m. al.; i. et. s. H2SO4; d. al. i. al. i. al. sl. s. al. i. al. s. a. i. al. s. al., et. i. al. i. al. i. al., act., CS2 s. al., gly.; i. et. sl. s. al.; i. NH3 i. abs. al. sl. s. al. s. a., alk.; i. al., ac. 20.822° act.; s. al. i. al.

d. d. +H2 7020° 510° cc

s. 8.560° cc

3440 12.5

Other reagents

d. a. s. al. i. HF, HCl; s. H2SO4; HNO3 sl. s. aq. reg., a. v. sl. s. alk.; i. aq. reg., a. s. HCl, al.; i. et. s. a., al.

i. i.

700

i. i. v. s. d.

>2700

i. i.

i. i.

sl. s. aq. reg., a.

2400 260 205 688 688

130030° v. s. i. i.

∞60°

s. H2SO4; d. al.; i. NH3

i. i.

s. CS2, H2SO4, CH2I2 s. CS2, H2SO4

Selenium Selenous acid Silicic acid, metaSilicic acid, orthoSilicon, crystalline

Se8 H2SeO3 H2SiO3 H4SiO4 Si

631.68 128.97 78.10 96.11 28.09

steel gray hex. amor., 1.41 amor. gray, cb., 3.736

4.825° 3.004 15° 4 2.1–2.3 17° 1.576 2.420°

cr. brn., amor. blue-bk., trig., 2.654 lf. or lq. col., fuming lq., 1.412 gas col. gas iridescent, amor. col., cb. or tet., 1.487

217 d.

688

2600

i. 900° i. sl. s. i.

i. 40090° i. sl. s. i.

1420

2.0–2.5

2600

i.

i.

2 3.17 1.580° 1.50

>2700 −1 −70

2600 subl. 2200 144760mm 57.6

i. i. d. d.

i. i.

3.57 (A) lq. 0.68−185° 2.2 2.32

−95.7 −185 1600–1750 1710

−651810mm −112760mm subl. 1750 2230

v. s. d. i. i. i.

Silicon, graphitic

Si

Silicon, amorphous carbide chloride, trichloride, tetra-

Si SiC Si2Cl6 SiCl4

28.09 40.10 268.89 169.90

SiF4 SiH4 SiO2xH2O SiO2

104.08 32.12

SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Ag AgBr

60.08 60.08 60.08 107.87 187.77

hex., 1.5442 trig., rhb., 1.469 silv. met., cb. pa. yel., cb., 2.252

2.20 2.65020° 2.26 10.520° 6.473 25° 4

tr. 315 d. 741

d., −H2O

75

−10H2O, 200

17.5°

2-23

bromate bromide bromide

NaBrO3 NaBr NaBr2H2O

150.89 102.89 138.92

col., cb. col., cb., 1.6412 col., mn.

3.339 3.20517.5° 2.176

381 755 50.7

carbonate (soda ash) carbonate

Na2CO3 Na2CO3H2O

105.99 124.00

2.533 1.55

851 −H2O, 100

carbonate carbonate (sal soda)

Na2CO37H2O Na2CO310H2O

232.10 286.14

wh. pd., 1.535 wh., rhb., 1.506– 1.509 rhb. or trig. wh., mn., 1.425

1.51 1.46

d. 35.1

*Usual commercial form.

−3H2O, 120

−7H2O, 100 −12H2O, 100

0.00002220° 1220° d., forms NaOH 46.520° v. s. s. d. 16.7 0.03112.8° 26.717° s. 6115° 5.590.1° v. s. 62.525° 6.90° 3.720° 500° sl. s. 1.30° 2262° (anh.)

i. i.

i. 0.00037100°

952100° 170100° v. s. v. s. 100

s. HF; i. alk. s. HF; i. alk. s. HF; i. alk. s. HNO3, h. H2SO4; i. alk. 0.5118° NH4OH; s. KCN, Na2S2O3 s. NH4OH, Na2S2O3; i. al. s. NH4OH, KCN; sl. s. HCl s. NH4OH, KCN, HNO3 s. gly.; v. sl. s. al. i. bz.; d. al. 2.118° al. 7.825° abs. al. i. al. d. al. i. al. sl. s. al., NH4 salts; i. ac. 1.67 al., 5015° gly. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. 2.325°, 8.378° al. i. al.

1390

27.5 9020° 79.50° (anh.)

d.

7.10° s. s. 21.50°

s. 23830°

0°

s. HNO3, al., et. i. al., et.; d. KOH s. HF, h. alk., fused CaCl2 s. HF; i. alk.

v. s. 140.730° 76.9100° 16.460° s. 100100° s. 8.7940° 52.3100° (anh.) 20.380° (anh.) 90.9100° 121100° 118.380° (anh.) 48.5104° s.

1.30.5 (anh).

i. CS2; s. H2SO4 v. s. al.; i. NH3 s. alk.; i. NH4Cl s. alk.; i. NH4Cl s. HNO3 + HF, Ag; sl. s. Pb, Zn; i. HF s. HNO3 + HF, fused alk.; i. HF. s. HF, KOH s. fused alk.; i. a. d. alk. d. conc. H2SO4, al.

d. al.; i. NH3 i. al., act. i. al. s. gly.; i. abs. al. i. al. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. i. al., et. s. gly.; i. al., et. i. al.

2-24

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

TABLE 2-1

Name Sodium ammonium phosphate (Cont.) carbonate, sesqui- (trona) chlorate

Formula

Na3H(CO3)22H2O NaClO3

Formula weight

226.03 106.44

Color, crystalline form and refractive index

chloride chromate chromate citrate cyanide dichromate

NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO410H2O 2Na3C6H5O711H2O NaCN Na2Cr2O72H2O

58.44 161.97 342.13 714.31 49.01 298.00

wh., mn., 1.5073 wh., cb., or trig., 1.5151 col., cb., 1.5443 yel., rhb. yel., delq., mn. wh., rhb. wh., cb., 1.452 red, mn., 1.6994

ferricyanide ferrocyanide

Na3Fe(CN)6H2O Na4Fe(CN)610H2O

298.93 484.06

red, delq. yel., mn.

fluoride (villiaumite) formate hydride

NaF NaHCO2 NaH

hydrosulfide hydrosulfide hydrosulfite hydroxide hydroxide hypochlorite iodide iodide lactate nitrate (soda niter) nitrite

NaSH2H2O NaSH3H2O Na2S2O42H2O NaOH NaOH3aH2O NaOCl NaI* NaI2H2O NaC3H5O3 NaNO3 NaNO2

oxide

Na2O

perborate perchlorate perchlorate peroxide peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyrophosphate (pyrodisodium) phosphate (pyrodisodium) potassium tartrate silicate, metaSodium silicate, metasilicate, orthosilicofluoride stannate sulfate (thenardite) sulfate

NaBO3H2O NaClO4 NaClO4H2O Na2O2* Na2O28H2O NaH2PO4H2O* NaH2PO42H2O Na2HPO47H2O Na2HPO412H2O Na3PO4 Na3PO412H2O* Na4P4O12 Na4P2O7* Na4P2O710H2O Na2H2P2O7 Na2H2P2O76H2O NaKC4H4O64H2O Na2SiO3 Na2SiO39H2O Na4SiO4 Na2SiF6 Na2SnO33H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4

41.99 68.01 24.00 92.09 110.11 210.14 40.00 103.05 74.44 149.89 185.92 112.06 84.99 69.00 61.98 99.81 122.44 140.46 77.98 222.10 137.99 156.01 268.07 358.14 163.94 380.12 407.85 265.90 446.06 221.94 330.03 282.22 122.06 284.20 184.04 188.06 266.73 142.04 142.04

tet., 1.3258 wh., mn. silv. nd., 1.470 col., delq., nd. rhb. col. cr. wh., delq. mn. pa. yel., in soln. only col., cb., 1.7745 col., mn. col., amor. col., trig., 1.5874 pa. yel., rhb. wh., delq. wh. pd. rhb., 1.4617 hex. yel.-wh. pd. wh., hex. col., rhb., 1.4852 col., rhb., 1.4629 col., mn., 1.4424 col., mn., 1.4361 wh. wh., trig., 1.4458 col. wh. mn., 1.4525 col., mn., 1.510 col., mn., 1.4645 rhb., 1.493 col., rhb., 1.520 rhb. col., hex., 1.530 wh., hex., 1.312 hex. tablets col., rhb., 1.477 col., mn.

Specific gravity

2.112 2.49015° 2.163 2.723 1.483 1.857 23.5° 4 18°

2.52

Melting point, °C

d. 248 800.4 392 19.9 −11H2O, 150 563.7 −2H2O, 84.6; 356 (anh.)

Boiling point, °C

d. 1413 d. 1496 d. 400

1.458 992 253 d. 800

2.130

d. 22 d. 318.4 15.5 d. 651

1300

2.257 2.1680°

d. 308 271

d. 380 d. 320

2.27

subl.

2.02 2.805 2.040 1.91 1.679 1.52 2.53717.5° 1.62 2.476 2.45 1.82 1.862 1.848 1.790

2.679 2.698

d. 40 482 d. d. 130 d. d. 30 −H2O, 100 60 d. 34.6 1340 73.4 616 d. 988 d. d. 220 70 to 80 1088 47 1018 d. d. 140 tr. 100 to mn. tr. 500 to hex.

130° 790°

d. 1390

d. 200 −12H2O, 180 −11H2O, 100

−4H2O, 215 −6H2O, 100

Hot water

42100° 230100° 0°

100°

35.7 320° v. s. 9125° 4810° 2380°

39.8 126100° ∞ 250100° 8235° 50880°

18.90° 17.920° (anh.)

67100° 6398.5° (anh.) 5100° 160100°

40° 440° d.

2.79 1.919 0.92

3.6670° 2.448

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

s. s. 2220° 420° s. 260° 158.70° v. s. v. s. 730° 72.10°

s. s. d. 347100° v. s. 15856° 302100° v. s. v. s. 180100° 163.2100°

Forms NaOH sl. s. 1700° 20915° s. d. s. d. 710° 91.10° 18540° 4.30° 4.50° 28.315° s. 2.260° 5.40° 4.50° 6.90° 260° s. v. s. s. 0.440° 500° 50° 48.840°

d. 320100° 28450° d. d. 39083° 30840° 2000100° 76.730° 77100° ∞ s. 4596° 93100° 2140° 3640° 6626° s. d. v. s. s. 2.45100° 6750° 42100° 42.5100°

Other reagents

s. al. sl. s. al.; i. conc. HCl sl. s. al. i. al. s. NH3; sl. s. al. i. al. i. al. v. sl. s. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. bz., CS2, CCl4, NH3; s. molten metal s. al.; d. a. s. al.; d. a. i. al. v. s. al., et., gly.; i. act. v. s. al., act. v. s. NH3 s. al.; i. et. s. NH3; sl. s. gly., al. 0.320° et.; 0.3 abs. al.; 4.420° m. al.; v. s. NH3 d. al. s. gly., alk. s. al.; 51 m. al.; 52 act.; i. et. s. al. s. dil. a. i. al. i. al. i. CS2 s. a., alk. d. a. i. al., NH3 sl. s. al. i. Na or K salts, al. 2918°, aN NaOH i. al. i. al., act. i. al. d. HI; s. H2SO4

sulfate sulfate sulfate (Glauber’s salt) sulfide, monosulfide, tetrasulfide, pentasulfite sulfite tartrate thiocyanate thiosulfate thiosulfate (hypo) tungstate tungstate tungstate, parauranate vanadate vanadate, pyroStannic chloride

Na2SO4 Na2SO47H2O Na2SO410H2O Na2S Na2S4 Na2S5 Na2SO3 Na2SO37H2O Na2C4H4O62H2O NaCNS Na2S2O3 Na2S2O35H2O* Na2WO4 Na2WO42H2O* Na6W7O2416H2O Na2UO4 Na3VO416H2O Na4V2O7 SnCl4

142.04 268.15 322.19 78.04 174.24 206.30 126.04 252.15 230.08 81.07 158.11 248.18 293.82 329.85 2097.05 348.01 472.15 305.84 260.52

col., hex. tet. col., mn., 1.396 pink or wh., amor. yel., cb. yel. hex. pr., 1.565 mn. rhb. delq., rhb., 1.625 mn. mn. pr., 1.5079 wh., rhb. wh., rhb. wh., tri. yel. col. nd. hex. col., fuming lq.

884 1.464 1.856 2.633 15° 4 1.561 1.818

2.226

866 (anh.) 654 −30.2

7.0

1127

5.1217°

215.5 246.8 37.7 −SO2, 360 800

sulfate

Sn(SO4)22H2O

346.87

col., delq., hex.

SnBr2 SnCl2 SnCl22H2O* SnSO4 Sr

278.52 189.62 225.65 214.77 87.62

yel., rhb. wh., rhb. wh., tri. wh. cr. silv. met.

2.7115.5°

acetate carbonate (strontianite) chloride chloride hydroxide hydroxide

Sr(C2H3O2)2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrCl26H2O* Sr(OH)2 Sr(OH)28H2O*

205.71 147.63 158.53 266.62 121.63 265.76

wh. cr. wh., rhb., 1.664 wh., cb., 1.6499 wh., rhb., 1.5364 wh., delq. col., tet., 1.499

2.099 3.70 3.052 1.93317° 3.625 1.90

nitrate nitrate oxide (strontia)

Sr(NO3)2* Sr(NO3)24H2O SrO

211.63 283.69 103.62

col., cb., 1.5878 wh., mn. col., cb., 1.870

2.986 2.2 4.7

SrO2 SrO28H2O SrSO4 Sr(HSO4)2 NH2SO3H S S8 S8 S2Br2 S2Cl2 SCl2 SCl4 SO2

119.62 263.74 183.68 281.76 97.09 32.07 256.52 256.52 223.94 135.04 102.97 173.88 64.06

wh. pd. wh. cr. col., rhb., 1.6237 col., granular wh., rhb. pa. yel. pd., 2.0–2.9 pa. yel., mn. pa. yel., rhb. red, fuming lq. red-yel. lq. dark red fuming lq. yel.-brn. lq. col. gas

oxide, tri-(α)

2-25

oxide, tri-(β) Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid *Usual commercial form.

SO3 (SO3)2 H2SO4* H2SO4H2O

80.06 160.13 98.08 116.09

col. pr. col., silky, nd. col., viscous lq. pr. or lq.

d.

d. 48.0 692 −2H2O, 100 −16H2O, 300

150.71

peroxide peroxide sulfate (celestite) sulfate, acid Sulfamic acid Sulfur, amorphous Sulfur, monoclinic Sulfur, rhombic Sulfur bromide, monochloride, monochloride, dichloride, tetraoxide, di-

275 251.8 d. −7H2O, 150

1.667 1.685 4.179 3.245 3.98714°

SnO2

Stannous bromide chloride chloride (tin salt) sulfate Strontium

−10H2O, 100

287

oxide (cassiterite)

wh., tet., 1.9968

32.4

2.6

3.96 2.03 12° 4 2.046 1.96 2.07 2.635 1.687 1.621 15° 15 lq., 1.4340°; 2.264 (A) lq., 1.923; 2.75 (A) 1.9720° 1.834 18° 4 1.842 15° 4

149760atm 873 −4H2O, 61 375 −7H2O in dry air 570

114.1

620 623 d. 1150 d. −CO2, 1350 −6H2O, 100

19.420° 44.90° 3615° 15.410° s. s. 13.90° 34.72° 296° 11010° 500° 74.70° 57.580° 880° 8 i. v. s. s. s.

45.360° 202.626° 41234° 57.390° s. s. 28.384° 67.818° 6643° 225100° 23180° 301.860° 97100° 123.5100° d. i. d.

i.

i.

v. s.

d.

s. 83.90° 118.70° 1919° d.

d. 269.815° ∞ 18100° Forms Sr(OH)2 36.497° 0.065100° 100.8100° 19840° 21.83100° 47.7100°

36.90° 0.001118° 43.50° 1040° 0.410° 0.900°

d. −8H2O, 100 1580 d. d. 205 d. 120 119.0 112.8 −46 −80 −78 −30 −75.5

444.6 444.6 444.6 540.18mm 138 59 d. > −20 −10.0

400° 62.20° Forms Sr(OH)2 0.00820° 0.01820° 0.01130° d. 200° i. i. i. d. d. d. d. 22.80°

16.83

44.6

d.

50 10.49 8.62

d. 340 290

Forms H2SO4 ∞ ∞

2430 d.

d.

i. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. s. al. s. al. i. al., NH i. al. i. al. v. s. al. s. NH3; v. sl. s. al. sl. s. NH3; i. a., al. s. alk. carb., dil. a. i. al. i. al. s. abs. al., act., NH3; s. ∞ CS2 s. conc. H2SO4; i. alk.; NH4OH, NH3 s. dil. H2SO4, HCl; d. abs. al. s. C6H5N s. alk., abs. al., et. s. tart. a., alk., al. s. H2SO4 s. al., a. 0.2615° m. al. s. a., NH4 salts, aq. CO2 v. sl. s. act., abs. al.; i. NH3 s. NH4Cl s. NH4Cl; i. act.

10089° 12420°

s. NH3; 0.012 abs. al. i. HNO3 sl. s. al.; i. et.

d. d. 0.011432°

s. al., NH4Cl; i. act. s. al.; i. NH4OH sl. s. a.; i. dil. H2SO4, al. 1470° H2SO4 sl. s. al., act.; i. et. sl. s. CS2 s. CS2, al. 240°, 18155° CS2

4070° i. i. i.

s. CS2, et., bz. d. al. 4.550°

s. H2SO4; al., ac. s. H2SO4

∞ ∞

s. H2SO4 d. al. d. al.

2-26

Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)

TABLE 2-1

Name

Formula

Formula weight

Color, crystalline form and refractive index

Specific gravity

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

Solubility in 100 parts Cold water

Hot water

Other reagents

Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid, pyroSulfuric oxychloride Sulfurous oxybromide oxychloride Tantalum

H2SO42H2O H2S2O7 SO2Cl2 SOBr2 SOCl2 Ta

134.11 178.14 134.97 207.87 118.97 180.95

col. lq. cr. col. lq. or.-yel. lq. col. lq. bk.-gray, cb.

1.650 40° 1.920° 1.667 20° 4 2.6818° 1.638 16.6

−38.9 35 −54.1 −50 −104.5 2850

167 d. 69.1760mm 6840mm 78.8 >4100

∞ d. d. d. d. i.

∞

Tellurium

Te

127.60

met., hex.

(α) 6.24; (β) 6.00

452

1390

i.

i.

Terbium Thallium acetate chloride, monochloride, sesquichloride, trichloride, trisulfate (ic) sulfate (ous) sulfate, acid Thio, cf. sulfo or sulfur Thorium

Tb Tl TlC2H3O2 TlCl Tl2Cl3 TlCl3 TlCl34H2O Tl2(SO4)37H2O Tl2SO4 TlHSO4

158.93 204.38 263.43 239.84 515.13 310.74 382.80 823.06 504.83 301.45

blue-wh., tet. silky nd. wh., cb. yel., hex. hex. pl. nd. lf. col., rhb., 1.8671 trimorphous

11.85 3.68 7.00 5.9

303.5 110 430 400–500 25 37 −6H2O, 200 632 115 d.

1650

i. v. s. 0.210° 0.2615° v. s. 86.217° d. 2.700°

i.

Th

232.04

cb.

11.2

1845

>3000

i.

i.

oxide, di- (thorianite) sulfate sulfate Thulium Tin

ThO2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)29H2O Tm Sn

264.04 424.16 586.30 168.93 118.71

wh., cb.

>2800

4400

mn. pr.

9.69 4.22517° 2.77

silv. met., tet.

7.31

231.85

2260

i. 0.740° sl. s. i. i.

5.2250° sl. s. i. i.

Tin

Sn

118.71

gray, cb.

5.750

Stable −163 to +18

2260

i.

i.

Tin salts, cf. stannic and stannous Titanic acid

H2TiO3

97.88

wh. pd.

i.

i.

i. d.

d.

s. s. i.

s. d. i.

i.

i.

i.

i.

s. H2SO4, alk. s. h. conc. KOH; sl. s. NH3, HNO3, aq. reg. s. F2; i. a. s. h. HNO3; sl. s. HCl, H2SO4 s. alk.; i. a. s. HF, alk., NH3

Ti TiCl2

47.87 118.77

dark gray, cb. bk., delq.

chloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, di- (anatase)

TiCl3 TiCl4* TiO2

154.23 189.68 79.87

oxide, di- (brookite)

TiO2

79.87

oxide, di- (rutile)

TiO2

79.87

Titanium chloride, di-

6.77

4.50

17.5°

806 d. d. −4H2O, 100 d. d.

i.

100°

1.8 1.9100° d. d. 18.45100°

>3000

W

183.84

vl., delq. col. lq. brn. or bk., tet., 2.534–2.564 brn. or bk., rhb., 2.586 col. if pure, tet., 2.615 gray-bk., cb.

19.3

3370

5900

i.

i.

WC W2C

195.85 379.69

gray pd., cb. iron gray

15.718° 16.0618°

2777 2877

6000 6000

i. i.

i. i.

oxide, triTungstic acid (tungstite)

WO3 H2WO4

231.84 249.85

yel., rhb. yel., rhb. 2.24

7.16 5.5

i. i.

i. sl. s.

Uranic acid

H2UO4

304.04

yel. pd.

5.92615°

Uranium carbide oxide, di- (uraninite)

U U2C3 UO2

238.03 512.09 270.03

wh. cr. cr. bk., rhb.

18.485 13° 4 11.28 10.9

>2130 −aH2O, 100; 1473 −H2O, 250 to 300 1133 2400 2176

Tungsten carbide carbide

lq., 1.726 3.84

136.4

4.17 4.26

1640 d.

s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. NH3 v. s. al. sl. s. HCl; i. al., NH4OH s. al., et. s. al., et. s. dil. H2SO4 v. sl. s. dil. H2SO4

−9H2O, 400

1800 Unstable in air d. 440 −30

d. al. d. al. s. ac.; d. al. s. bz., CS2, CCl4; d. act. s. bz., chl. s. fused alk., HF; i. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 s. H2SO4, HNO3, KCN, KOH, aq. reg.; i. CS2

1800 expl. 212 >420 1437

3.74 15° 4 3.28 15° 4 2.072 15° 4 1.96616.5° 4.087 4.102 25° 4

d. 740 d. 238 −5H2O, 70 tr. 39 1850150atm tr. 1020

4.04 6.4 5.49 5.73

−2aH2O, 100 1700 2700

18°

624 −6H2O, 105

1100

−7H2O, 280 subl. 1185

d. 200 >2900 4300

0.0005 0.0005218° 4300°

sl. s.

324.5 0.0004218° 0.0004218° 0.0022 i. i.

∞36.4°

420° s. s. 115.20° 0.0006918° i.

61100° 89.5100° s. 653.6100° i. i.

sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3 sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3 v. s. a.; i. ac. s. a.

i. 0.16 i. i. i.

i. d. i. i. i.

v. s. a.; i. ac. s. H2SO3, NH4OH; i. al. s. HF, aq. reg.; sl. s. a. s. H2SO4, HF s. H2SO4, HF

510100°

i. NH4OH; d. a. s. dil. a. sl. s. al.; s. gly.

2-28

TABLE 2-2

Physical Properties of Organic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table

(A), density referred to air al., ethyl alcohol amor., amorphous aq., aqua, water brn., brown bz., benzene c., cubic cc., cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless

cr., crystalline d., decomposes d-, dextrorotatory dl-, dextro-laevorotatory et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal

i-, iso-, containing the group (CH3)2CHi., insoluble ign., ignites l-, laevorotatory lf., leaflets lq., liquid m-, meta mn., monoclinic n-, normal

nd., needles o-, ortho or., orange p-, para pd., powder pet., petroleum ether pl., plates pr., prisms rhb., rhombic s., soluble

Abietic acid Acenaphthene Acetal Acet-aldehyde -aldehyde, par-aldehyde ammonia -amide -anilide -phenetidide (o-) (m-) -toluidide (o-) (p-) Acetic acid anhydride nitrile Acetone Acetonyl urea Acetophenone benzoyl hydride Acetyl-chloride -phenylenediamine (-p) Acetylene dichloride (cis) (trans) Aconitic acid Acridine Acrolein ethylene aldehyde Acrylic acid nitrile Adipic acid amide nitrile Adrenaline (1-) (3,4,1) Alanine (α) (dl-) Aldol acetaldol Alizarin Allyl alcohol bromide chloride thiocyanate (i) thiourea Aluminum ethoxide Amino-anthraquinone (α) (β) -azobenzene -benzoic acid (m-) (p-)

Synonym sylvic acid, abietinic acid naphthylene ethylene acetaldehyde diethylacetal ethanal paraldehyde ethanamide antifebrin o-ethoxyacetanilide acetyl-m-phenetidine N-tolylacetamide N-tolylacetamide ethanoic acid, vinegar acid acetyl oxide, acetic oxide methyl cyanide propanone, dimethyl ketone dimethyl hydantoin methyl-phenyl ketone ethanoyl chloride amino-acetanilide (p) ethyne; ethine 1,2-dichloroethene dioform equisetic acid; citridic acid acrylic aldehyde, propenal propenoic acid vinyl cyanide hexandioc acid, adipinic acid tetramethylene 1-suprarenine 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde Anthraquinoic acid propen-1-ol-3,propenyl alcohol 3-bromo-propene-1 3-chloro-propene-1 mustard oil thiosinamide

aminodracylic acid

v. s., very soluble v. sl. s., very slightly soluble wh., white yel., yellow (+), right rotation >, greater than C6H4 CH2:CHCHO CH2:CHCO2H CH2:CHCN (CH2CH2CO2H)2 (CH2CH2CONH2)2 (CH2CH2CN)2 C6H3(OH)2(CHOHCH2NHCH3) CH3CH(NH2)CO2H CH3CH(OH)CH2COH C6H4(CO)2C6H2(OH)2 CH2:CHCH2OH CH2:CHCH2Br CH2:CHCH2Cl CH2:CHCH2NCS CH2:CHCH2NHCSNH2 Al(OCH2CH3)3 C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2 C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2 C6H5N:NC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4CO2H H2NC6H4CO2H

302.45 154.21 118.17 44.05 132.16 61.08 59.07 135.16 179.22 179.22 149.19 149.19 60.05 102.09 41.05 58.08 128.13 120.15 78.50 150.18 26.04 96.94 96.94 174.11 179.22 56.06 72.06 53.06 146.14 144.17 108.14 183.20 89.09 88.11 240.21 58.08 120.98 76.52 99.15 116.18 162.16 223.23 223.23 197.24 137.14 137.14

lf. rhb./al. lq. col. lq. col. cr. col. cr. col. cr. rhb./al. lf./al. lf./al. rhb. rhb. or mn. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. tri./al. lf. col. lq. nd./aq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. cr./aq. rhb./aq. al. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. mn. pr. cr. pd. col. oil col. pd. nd./aq. col. lq. red rhb. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. pr. pd. red nd. red nd. yel. mn. nd./aq. mn. pr.

Specific gravity 1.06995/95 0.82122/4 0.78318/4 0.99420/4 1.159 1.214 1.16815 1.21215 1.04920/4 1.08220/4 0.78320/4 0.79220/4 1.03315/15 1.10520/4 (A) 0.906 1.29115/4 1.26515/4 0.84120/4 1.06216/4 0.81120 1.36025/4 19/19

0.951

1.10320/4 0.85420/4 1.39820/4 0.93820/4 1.01320/4 1.21920/20 1.14220/0

1.5114°

Melting point, °C 182 95 −123.5 10.5–12 97 81(69.4) 113–4 79 96–7 110 153 16.7 −73 −41 −94.6 175 20.5 −112.0 162 −81.5891 −80.5 −50 192 d. 110–1 −87.7 12–13 −82 151–3 226–7 1 d. 207–11 295 d. 289–90 −129 −119.4 −136.4 −80 77–8 150–60 256 302 126–7 173–4 187–8

Boiling point, °C 278–9 102.2 20.2 124.4752 100–10 d. 222 305 >250 296 306–7 118.1 139.6 81.6–2.0 56.5 subl. 202.3749 51–2 −84760 60.3 48.4 346 52.5 141–2 78–9 26510 295 subl. >200 8320 430 96.6 70–1753 44.6 152 200–510 subl. subl. 225120

Solubility in 100 parts Water

Alcohol

Ether

i. i. 625 ∞ 1213 v. s. s. 0.56 i. sl. s. 0.8619 0.0922 ∞ 12 c. ∞ ∞ s. i. d. s. h. 100 cc.18 0.3520 0.6320 3315 sl. s. h. 40 ∞ s. 1.415 0.412 v. sl. s. 0.0320 2217 ∞ 0.03100 ∞ i. 175

pr. mn. pr. rhb./et. col. lq.

1.2315 1.26615/4 1.19915/4 1.00125/6

95 121.7 42 −12.9

col. lf. nd./aq. rhb. nd./aq. nd./aq. col./al.

1.02220/4

1.385 4 1.123 20/4 1.09815/15 1.096 20/4 1.089 55/55 0.990 22/4 1.25 27/4

1.18715/4 1.438 20/4

1.54315/4

1.20320/4 1.248 20/20 1.035 20/20 1.046 20/4 1.341 1.314 0.879 20/4

−135 −139 −124 22.5 143 −6.2

Boiling point, °C

Solubility in 100 parts Water

Alcohol

Ether

30–1 20.5 771 31–2758 36.4 37–8 235.3 185 184.4

i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. i. 3.618

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. sl. s. ∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞

245

s. s. sl. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. 1.520

i. sl. s. i. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s.

198 d. 190 d. 73–4 184.2 2.5 5.2 100 d. 251.5 400740 348 d. 249.2 360 190.7

520 s. 2.320 s. s.

2-31

Benzoin (dl-) Benzophenone Benzotrichloride Benzoyl-benzoic acid (o-) -chloride -peroxide Benzyl acetate alcohol amine aniline benzoate butyrate chloride ether formate propionate Berberonic acid (2-,4-,5-) Biuret Borneol (dl-) (d- or l-) (iso-) Bornyl acetate (d-) Bromo-aniline (p-) -benzene -camphor (3-)(d-) -diphenyl (p-) -naphthalene (α-) (β-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -styrene (ω)(1) (2) -toluene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromoform Butadiene (1-,2-) (1-,3-) Butadienyl acetylene Butane (i-) Butyl acetate (n-) (s-) (i-) (tert-) alcohol (n-) (s-) (i-) (tert-) amine (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) p-aminophenol (N)(n) (N)(i-) aniline (n-) (i-) arsonic acid (n-) benzoate (n-) (i-) bromide (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) butyrate (n-)(n-) (n-)(i-) (i-)(i-) caproate carbamate (i-) cellosolve (n-)

diphenyl ketone phenyl chloroform

phenyl carbinol ω-amino toluene phenyl-benzylamine ω-chlorotoluene dibenzyl ether

allophanamide

phenyl bromide α-bromocamphor α-naphthyl bromide β-naphthyl bromide

o-tolyl bromide tribromo-methane methyl-allene erythrene diethyl trimethyl-methane

butanol-1 butanol-2 2-methyl-propanol-1 2-methyl-propanol-2

1-bromo-butane 2-bromo-butane 1-Br-2-Me-propane 2-Br-2-Me-propane

2-BuO-ethanol-1

C6H5COCHOHC6H5 C6H5COC6H5 C6H5CCl3 C6H5COC6H4CO2HH2O C6H5COCl (C6H5CO)2O2 CH3CO2CH2C6H5 C6H5CH2OH C6H5CH2NH2 C6H5CH2NHC6H5 C6H5CO2CH2C6H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH2C6H5 C6H5CH2Cl (C6H5CH2)2O HCO2CH2C6H5 C2H5CO2CH2C6H5 C5H2N(CO2H)32H2O NH(CONH2)2 C10H17OH C10H17OH C10H17OH CH3CO2C10H17 BrC6H4NH2 C6H5Br BrC10H15O BrC6H4C6H5 C10H7Br C10H7Br BrC6H4OH BrC6H4OH BrC6H4OH C6H5CH:CHBr C6H5CH:CHBr CH3C6H4Br CH3C6H4Br CH3C6H4Br CHBr3 CH3CH:C:CH2 CH2:CHCH:CH2 CH2:(CH)2:CHC⯗CH CH3CH2CH2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH3 CH3CO2(CH2)2C2H5 CH3CO2CH(CH3)C2H5 CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3CO2C(CH3)3 C2H5CH2CH2OH C2H5CH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2OH (CH3)3COH C2H5CH2CH2NH2 C2H5CH(NH2)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 (CH3)3CNH2 C4H9NHC6H4OH C4H9NHC6H4OH C4H9NHC6H5 C4H9NHC6H5 C4H9AsO(OH)2 C6H5CO2C4H9 C6H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2Br C2H5CH(Br)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2Br (CH3)3CBr C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH2C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCO2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)4CO2C4H9 NH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 C4H9OCH2CH2OH

212.24 182.22 195.47 244.24 140.57 242.23 150.17 108.14 107.15 183.25 212.24 178.23 126.58 198.26 136.15 164.20 247.16 103.08 154.25 154.25 154.25 196.29 172.02 157.01 231.13 233.10 207.07 207.07 173.01 173.01 173.01 183.05 183.05 171.03 171.03 171.03 252.73 54.09 54.09 78.11 58.12 58.12 116.16 116.16 116.16 116.16 74.12 74.12 74.12 74.12 73.14 73.14 73.14 73.14 165.23 165.23 149.23 149.23 182.05 178.23 178.23 137.02 137.02 137.02 137.02 144.21 144.21 144.21 172.26 117.15 118.17

mn. col. rhb. col. lq. tri./aq. col. lq. rhb./et. col. lq. col. lq. lq. mn. pr. nd. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. tri. nd./al. col. cr. col. cr. col. cr. rhb./pet. rhb. col. lq. cr. cr./al. col. oil lf./al. col. lq. cr. tet. cr. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr./al. col. lq. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. gas col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. oil col. lf. col. oil col. oil lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lf. col. lq.

1.08354 1.38014 1.21220/4 1.05717 1.04320/4 0.98220/4 1.065 25/25 1.1220/4 1.01616/18 1.100 20/20 1.03616 1.08123 1.03616/17 20/4

1.011 1.01120/4 15

0.991 1.820 1.495 20/4 1.449 20/4 1.48220/4 1.605 0 1.55380 1.588 80 1.42220/4 1.427 20/4 1.42220/4 1.410 20/4 1.390 20/4 2.890 20/4 0.62120/4 0.773 20/4 0.600 0.600 0.882 20 0.865 25/4 0.87120/4 0.866 20/4 0.810 20/4 0.808 20/4 0.80517.5 0.779 26 0.739 25/4 0.724 20/4 0.73220/20 0.69818/4

133–7 48.5 −4.75 93(128) −0.5 108 d. −51.5 −15.3 37–8 21 238–40 −39 3.6 243 192–3 d. 210.5 208–9 212 29 63–4 −30.6 77–8 90–1 5–6 59 5.6 32–3 63.5 7 −7.5 −28 −39.8 28.5 8–9 −108.9 −135 −145 −76.3 −98.9 −79.9 −114.7 −108 25.5 −50 −104 −85 −67.5 71 79

0.940 20/4 1.005 25/25 0.997 25/25 1.277 20/4 1.25125/4 1.258 25/4 1.21120/4 0.87220/20 0.86318/4 0.875 0/4 0.8820/0 0.95676/4 0.90320/4

158–9 −22 −112.4 −112 −118.5 −16.2 −80.7 65

344768 305.4 220.7 197.2 expl. 213.5 204.7 184.5 306750 323–4 i. 179.4 295–8 202–3747 220–2 subl. 212–3 226–7 156.2 274 310 281.1 281–2 194–5 236–7 238 221 10826 181.8 183.7 184–5 150.5 18–9 −4.41 83–6 −0.6 −10 125 740 112744 118 95–6760 117 99.5 107–8 82.9 77.8 66772 68–9 45.2 235720 231–2 249–50 241.5 101.6 91.3 91.5 73.3 165.7736 156.9 148–9 204.3 206–7 171.2

v. sl. s. i. i. sl. s. d. i. i. 417 ∞ i. i. v. s. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. 1.30 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. c. i. i. i. i. i. s. 1.415 i. i. i. i. i. 0.1 c. i. i. i. i. i. 0.7 i. 0.625 i. 915 12.520 1015 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. i. i. 0.0115 s. i. i. 0.0616 i. 0.0618 i. i. i. i. i. i. ∞

s. h. 6.515 s.

sl. s. 1513 s.

d. h. s. h. ∞ ∞ ∞

∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞

∞ v. s. ∞ s. h. s.

∞ s. ∞

sl. s. h. s.

i.

v. s.

v. s.

s. v. s. s. 2026 s. s. 620 s. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞

s. v. s. ∞ v. s. 34 25 ∞ v. s. ∞ s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞25 s. ∞25 ∞ ∞ ∞

s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

v. s. v. s. s. s. ∞ ∞

v. s. v. s. i. s. ∞ ∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

s. ∞

s. ∞

2-32

TABLE 2-2

Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued)

Name chloride (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) dimethylbenzene (t-)(1-,3-,5-) formate (n-) (s-) (i-) furoate (n-) iodide (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) lactate (n-) mercaptan (n-) (i-) (t-) methacrylate (n-) (i-) phenol (p-)(t-) propionate (n-) (s-) (i-) stearate (n-) (i-) iso-thiocyanate (n-) (i-) (s-)(d-) (t-) valerate (n-)(n-) (i-)(n-) (i-)(s-) (i-)(i-) Butylene (α-) (β-) Butyraldehyde (n-) (i-) Butyric acid (n-) (i-) amide (n-) (i-) anhydride (n-) (i-) anilide (n-) Caffeic acid (3-,4-) Caffeine Camphene (dl-) (d- or l-) Camphor (d-) Camphoric acid (d-) Cantharidine Capric acid Caproic acid (n-) (i-) Caprylic acid (n-) Carbazole Carbitol Carbon disulfide monoxide suboxide tetrabromide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Carbonyl sulfide Carminic acid Carvacrol (1-,2-,4-)

Synonym 1-chloro-butane 2-chloro-butane 1-Cl2-2-Me-propane 2-Cl2-2-Me-propane

1-iodo-butane 2-iodo-butane 1-iodo-2-Me-propane 2-iodo-2-Me-propane butanthiol-1 2-Me-propanthiol-1

butyl mustard oil iso-Bu mustard oil

butene-1 butene-2 2-Me-propanol butanoic acid 2-Me-propanoic acid n-butyramide iso-butyramide n-butyranilide

decanoic acid hexanoic acid 2-Me-pentanoic-5 acid octanoic acid diphenylenelimine, dibenzopyrrole diethylene glycol mono-Et ether

tetrabromomethane tetrachloromethane tetrafluoromethane

Formula C2H5CH2CH2Cl C2H5CHClCH3 (CH3)2CHCH2Cl (CH3)3CCl (CH3)3CC6H3:(CH3)2 HCO2CH2CH2C2H5 HCO2CH(CH3)C2H5 HCO2CH2CH(CH3)2 OC4H3CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2I C2H5CHICH3 (CH3)2CHCH2I (CH3)3CI CH3CH(OH)CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2SH (CH3)2CHCH2SH (CH3)3CSH CH2:C(CH3)CO2C4H9 CH2:C(CH3)CO2C4H9 (CH3)3CC6H4OH C2H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CO2C4H9 CH3(CH2)16CO2C4H9 CH3(CH2)16CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2N:CS (CH3)2CHCH2N:CS C4H9N:CS (CH3)3CN:CS CH3(CH2)3CO2(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2C4H9 C4H9CO2C4H9 C2H5CH:CH2 CH3CH:CHCH3 CH3CH2CH2CHO (CH3)2CHCHO C2H5CH2CO2H (CH3)2CHCO2H C2H5CH2CONH2 (CH3)2CHCONH2 (C2H5CH2CO)2O [(CH3)2CHCO]2O C3H7CONHC6H5 (HO)2C6H3C2H2CO2H C8H10O2N4H2O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C8H14(CO2H)2 C10H12O4 CH3(CH2)8CO2H CH3(CH2)4CO2H (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CO2H CH3(CH2)6CO2H (C6H4)2NH C2H5O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OH CS2 CO OC:C:CO CBr4 CCl4 CF4 COS C22H20O13 CH3C6H3(OH)CH(CH3)2

Formula weight 92.57 92.57 92.57 92.57 162.27 102.13 102.13 102.13 168.19 184.02 184.02 184.02 184.02 146.18 90.19 90.19 90.19 142.20 142.20 150.22 130.18 130.18 130.18 340.58 340.58 115.20 115.20 115.20 115.20 158.24 158.24 158.24 158.24 56.11 56.11 72.11 72.11 88.11 88.11 87.12 87.12 158.19 158.19 163.22 180.16 212.21 136.23 136.23 152.23 200.23 196.20 172.26 116.16 116.16 144.21 167.21 134.17 76.14 28.01 68.03 331.63 153.82 88.00 60.08 492.39 150.22

Form and color

Specific gravity

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. nd./aq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. wax lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. rhb. mn. pl. col. lq. col. lq. mn. pr. yel./aq. nd./al. cr. cr. trig. mn. cr. col. nd. oily lq. col. oil col. lf. lf. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas gas col. mn. col. lq. gas col. gas red pd. col. lq.

0.887 20 0.87120/4 0.88415 0.84715

−123.1 −131 −131.2 −26.5

77.9763 67.8767 68.9 51–2 200–2147 106.9 97 98.2 118–2025 129.9 118–9 120 99 75–66 97–8 88 65–7 155 155 236–8 146 132.5 136.8 220–525

0.9110 0.88220/4 0.885 20/4 1.056 20/4 1.617 20/4 1.595 20 1.606 20/4 1.370 19/15 0.968 0.837 25/4 0.836 20/4 0.889 15.6 0.889 15.6 0.908 112/4 0.88315 0.866 20/4 0.888 0/4 0.855 25/25 0.95611 0.96414/4 0.943 20/4 0.91910 0.87015/4 0.862 25/4 0.848 20/4 0.8740/4 0.69 20/4

0.817 0.79420/4 0.96420/4 0.949 20/4 1.032 1.013 0.968 20/20 0.950 25/4 1.134 1.2319 0.82278 0.845 50/4 0.999 9/9 1.186 0.889 87 0.922 20/4 0.925 20/4 0.910 20/4 0.990 20/20 1.263 20/4 0.81−195/4 1.1140 3.42 1.595 20/4 1.24−87 0.977 20/4

−95.3 −103.5 −104 −90.7 −34 −116

CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CH2 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHOH CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CO (CH2CH2CH:)2 CH3CO2C6H11 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHNH2 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHBr CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHCl CH2 < (CH:CH)2 > CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > < (CH2CH2)2 > CO < CH2CH2CH2 > CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 [SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H]2 C6H6(OH)6 C10H18 C10H18 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH2OH (C6H10O5)x (CH3)2C(OH)CH2COCH3 H2NC6H4COC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4NHC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4CH2C6H4NH2 (H2NC6H4NH)2CO [(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2NH (C2H5CH2CH2CH2)2O [(CH3)2CH(CH2)2]2O [(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2CO C6H4(CO2C5H11)2 C6H4(CO2C5H11)2 (HOCHCO2C5H11)2 [NH2(OCH3)C6H3]2 C6H5N:NNHC6H5 C7H7N:NNHC7H7 CH2:N2

Formula weight 164.16 164.16 146.14 118.13 149.15 113.12 138.16 137.18 108.14 108.14 108.14 212.24 212.24 212.24 86.09 86.09 70.09 120.19 164.20 135.21 42.04 43.02 85.06 52.03 105.92 61.47 165.10 56.11 98.19 84.16 100.16 98.14 82.14 142.20 99.17 163.06 118.60 66.10 70.13 84.12 42.08 134.22 134.22 134.22 240.30 180.16 138.25 138.25 142.28 158.28 162.14 116.16 212.25 199.25 198.26 242.28 157.30 158.28 158.28 170.29 306.40 306.40 290.35 244.29 197.24 225.29 42.04

Form and color nd./aq. cr./aq. rhb./et. oil mn./aq. mn. pr. nd./pet. cr. lq. pr. lq. cr. cr. col. mn. nd. col. lq. col. lq. tri. lq. col. nd. gas col. lq. col. gas nd. gas mn./aq. col. gas oil col. lq. col. nd. col. oil lq. oil col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. oil col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. pl. mn./aq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. oil amor. lq. yel. nd. lf./aq. nd./aq. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. yel. oil col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lf. yel. lf. or. cr. gas

Specific gravity

0.93520/4 1.07815/15 1.09220/20 20/4

1.048 1.03420/4 1.03520/4

0.96479.7 1.03115/4 0.85320/20 0.86220/4 1.1624 0.953 1.07348/4 1.1400 0.86617 2.01520/4 1.2220 1.7680/4 0.7030/4 0.81020/4 0.77920/4 0.96220/4 0.94719/4 0.81020/4 0.9850/4 0.86520/0 1.32420/20 0.97718/4 0.80519/4 0.74520/4 0.94820 0.720−79 0.87520/4 0.86220 0.85720/4 1.752 0.89518/4 0.87220/4 0.7302 0.83020/4 1.038 0.93125

0.76721/4 0.77420/4 0.77720/4 0.82125/4

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

207–8 206–7 d. 70

Hg(CN)2 Hg(ONC)2aH2O (CH3)2C:CHCOCH3 C6H3(CH3)3 H2NC6H4SO3H CH4

Formula weight 144.21 102.17 102.17 102.17 130.18 194.27 179.17 155.15 180.16 90.08 27.03 110.11 122.12 213.23 145.16 145.16 262.26 264.28 117.15 133.15 204.01 220.01 393.73 192.30 192.30 206.32 147.13 68.12 42.04 427.34 90.08 162.14 144.13 360.31 200.32 338.61 186.33 323.44 267.34 143.19 131.17 116.12 136.23 154.25 196.29 280.45 116.07 98.06 134.09 134.09 104.06 360.31 152.15 182.17 180.16 270.45 342.17 156.27 167.25 119.21 252.62 293.63 98.14 120.19 173.19 16.04

Form and color

Specific gravity

col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. nd. rhb. lf./aq. cr./aq. syrup lq. cr. nd./aq. pr./al. pr./al. pr. cr. gray lf./aq. yel. pr. col. lq. nd./aq. yel. hex. col. oil col. oil col. oil yel. red col. lq. col. gas cr. hyg. yel. oil tri./al. col. rhb. col. nd. pl. lf. col. lq. col. lq. lq. cr. lf. lq. col. oil col. lq. yel. oil mn. cr. col. cr. col. cr. col. tri. col. nd. rhb./aq. col. rhb. rhb. col. pl. nd./al. col. cr. nd. cr. cr. cr./aq. lq. col. lq. col. nd. gas

0.890 0/0 0.820 20/20 0.821 20/0 0.809 20/4 0.898 0 1.371 20/4

0.697 18 1.332 15 1.129 130

1.35

1.824 25/4 1.857 112 4.008 17 0.930 20 0.944 20 0.939 20

Melting point, °C −51.6 −14 −107 68–70 187–8 d. 287 175–80 −12 170.3 116–7 135 199–200 75–6 390–2 52 85 −28.5 93–4 119

0.681 20/4

200–1 −120 −151

1.249 15/4

16.8

0.862 10/4 1.525 20 0.869 50/4 0.809 69/4 0.831 24/4 1.659 18/4 1.995 20/4 1.086 20 1.29318 1.140 20/20 0.842 20/4 0.868 20 0.895 20 0.903 18/4 1.609 1.5 1.601 20/4 1.595 20/4 1.631 15 1.540 17 1.300 20/4 1.489 20/4 1.539 20/4 0.853 60

124.5 202 48(44) 69–70 24 −136 −27.5 9–10 295 33.5 −96.9

15/15

0.890 1.4220/4 1.50 4.003 22 4.4 0.858 20/4 0.865 20/4

0.415 −164

−9.5 130.5 57–60 128–9 99–100 130–5 d. d. 118.1 166 132 60–1 286–8 42–3 179 106 d. 320 expl. −59 −45(−52) d. −182.6

Boiling point, °C 169.2 157.2 120–1 123762 153.6 1797 d. d. 25–6 285730 subl. d. subl. 266.6752 subl. 253–4 110 188.6 d. subl. 136.117 14018 14416 subl. 34 −56 12214 d. 250 255757 d. 225100 255–9 152291 110760 261–3 subl. 245–6 177 198–200 220762 d. 229–3016 135 d. 202 150 d. 140 d. d. 290–53 227100 d. 212 d.

130750 164.8 −161.4

Solubility in 100 parts Water i. 0.620 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 0.05 0.420 s. s. h. ∞ 615 1.3831 v. sl. s. h. s. h. v. sl. s. c. i. i. s. h. s. 0.03420 sl. s. 0.0125 sl. s. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. h. i. d. 7.220 ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 1710 i. i. i. i. i. sl. s. 2.218 v. s. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. 7925 16.380 14426 v. s. 13816 10825 1620 1314 24817 i. v. s. 0.04 c. i. 1.660 12.515 0.0712 320 i. 215 0.420 cc.

Alcohol

Ether

v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. h. v. sl. s. v. s.

v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. 0.2518 i. sl. s.

∞ v. s.

∞ v. s.

s. v. s. s. i. s. s. h. s. s. v. s. 1.517 ∞ ∞ v. s. v. s. h. ∞ d.

s. v. s. sl. s. i. s. s. s. ∞ v. s. 13.625 ∞ ∞ v. s. sl. s. ∞ s.

∞ s. v. sl. s. c. i. s. i. c. s. sl. s. ∞ ∞

∞ s.

v. s. ∞ s. ∞ ∞ 7030

v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 825

v. s. v. s. 4225 v. sl. s. c. s. 0.0114 v. sl. s. 3228 v. s. v. s. s.

v. s. 8.415 815 i. s. i. i. v. s.

s. ∞ s. v. sl. s. 4720 cc.

i. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞

v. s. sl. s.

∞ ∞ v. sl. s. 10410 cc.

2-41

Methoxy-methoxyethanol Methyl acetate acrylic acid (α-) alcohol -amine -amine hydrochloride aniline anthracene (α-) (β-) anthranilate (o-) anthraquinone (2-) benzoate benzylaniline bromide butyrate (n-) (i-) caprate caproate (n-) caprylate cellosolve chloride chloroacetate chloroformate cinnamate cyclohexane ethyl carbonate ethyl ketone ethyl oxalate formate furoate glucamine glycolate heptoate hypochlorite iodide lactate laurate mercaptan methacrylate myristate naphthalene (α-) (β-) nitrate nitrite nonyl ketone (n-) oleate orange palmitate phosphine propionate propyl ketone (n-) salicylate (o-) stearate toluate (o-) (m-) (p-) Methyl toluidine (o-) (m-) (p-) valerate (n-) (i-) vinyl ketone Methylal Methylene-bis-(phenyl-4-isocyanate) bromide chloride dianiline iodide Michler’s hydrol (p-,p′-) ketone Morphine Mucic acid

CH3(OCH2)2CH2OH CH3CO2CH3 CH2:C(CH3)CO2H CH3OH CH3NH2 CH3NH2HCl C6H5NHCH3 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3CH3 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3CH3 NH2C6H4CO2CH3 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H3CH3 C6H5CO2CH3 C6H5N(CH3)CH2C6H5 CH3Br CH3(CH2)2CO2CH3 (CH3)2CHCO2CH3 CH3(CH2)8CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)4CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)6CO2CH3 CH3OCH2CH2OH CH3Cl ClCH2CO2CH3 ClCO2CH3 C6H5CH:CHCO2CH3 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHCH3 CH3OCOOC2H5 CH3.COC2H5 CH3OCOCO2C2H5 HCO2CH3 C4H3OCO2CH3 CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2NHCH3 HOCH2CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)5CO2CH3 ClOCH3 CH3I CH3CH(OH)CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)10CO2CH3 CH3SH CH2:C(CH3)CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)12CO2CH3 C10H7CH3 C10H7CH3 CH3ONO2 CH3ONO CH3(CH2)8COCH3 C17H33CO2CH3 (CH3)2NC6H4N2C6H4SO3Na CH3(CH2)14CO2CH3 CH3PH2 CH3CH2CO2CH3 CH3COCH2CH2CH3 HOC6H4CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)16CO2CH3 CH3C6H4CO2CH3 CH3C6H4CO2CH3 CH3C6H4CO2CH3 CH3C6H4NHCH3 CH3C6H4NHCH3 CH3C6H4NHCH3 CH3(CH2)3CO2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2CH3 CH3COCH:CH2 HCH(OCH3)2 (OCNC6H4)2CH2 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 (C6H5NH)2CH2 CH2I2 [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CHOH [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CO C17H19O3NH2O (CHOHCHOHCO2H)2

106.12 74.08 86.09 32.04 31.06 67.52 107.15 192.26 192.26 151.16 222.24 136.15 197.28 94.94 102.13 102.13 186.29 130.18 158.24 76.09 50.49 108.52 94.50 162.19 98.19 104.10 72.11 132.11 60.05 126.11 195.21 90.08 144.21 66.49 141.94 104.10 214.34 48.11 100.12 242.40 142.20 142.20 77.04 61.04 170.29 296.49 327.33 270.45 48.02 88.11 86.13 152.15 298.50 150.17 150.17 150.17 121.18 121.18 121.18 116.16 116.16 70.09 76.09 250.25 173.83 84.93 198.26 267.84 270.37 268.35 303.35 210.14

lq. col. lq. pr. col. lq. col. gas pl./al. lq. lf./al. col. lf. col. lq. col. nd. col. lq. lq. gas col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. gas col. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. gas col. lq. lq. lq. gas lq. cr./al. oil mn. lq. gas col. oil oil red pd. col. cr. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. cr. col. lq. col. lq. cr. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. gn. lf./al. pr./al. pd.

1.038 25 0.924 20/4 1.015 20/4 0.792 20/4 0.699 −11 1.23 0.989 20/4 1.047 99.4 1.181 0/4 1.168 19/4 1.087 25/25 1.732 0/0 0.898 20/4 0.891 20/4 0.904 0/0 0.887 18 0.965 20/4 0.952 0 1.236 20/4 1.236 15 1.042 36/0 0.769 20/4 1.002 27 0.805 20/4 1.156 0/0 0.974 20/4 1.179 21/4

250 125 46–9 69–70 50 111–2

300 >300 278–80 285–6

1.077 100/4 1.224 4 1.217 4

1.123 25/25 1.061 98/4

250.5100 16715 217.9

300.8 306.1 subl.

d.

1.18 1.009 20/4

1.207 156 1.211 156 1.442 15 1.43 1.437 14 1.254 20/4 1.233 20

1.205 18/4 1.575 4/4 1.494 4/4 1.550 22/4

89/4

1.240 1.067 20/4 1.179 20/4 1.313 17 1.44

NH C5H4NCH3 C5H4NCH3 C5H4NCH3 HOC6H2(NH2)(NO2)2 HOC6H2(NO2)3 ClC6H2(NO2)3 [(CH3)2COH]2 CH3COC(CH3)3 C10H16 C10H17Cl C10H16O CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > NH HO2CCH < (CH2CH2)2 > NH (CH2)5CS2HHN(CH2)5 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CO2H CH3CH2CHO (CH3CH2CO)2O CH3CO2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2OH (CH3)2CHOH CH3CH2CH2NH2 (CH3)2CHNH2 C6H5NHCH2CH2CH3 C6H5CO2CH2CH2CH3 C6H5CO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2Br (CH3)2CHBr C2H5CH2CO2CH2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCO2CH2C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2Cl (CH3)2CHCl HCO2CH2CH2CH3 HCO2CH(CH3)2 C4H3OCO2C3H7 CH3CH(OH)CO2CH2C2H5 CH3CH(OH)CO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2SH (CH3)2CHSH C2H5CO2CH2C2H5 C2H5CO2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCNS CH3(CH2)3CO2CH2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2C3H7 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2C3H7 CH3CH:CH2 CH3CHBrCH2Br CH3CHClCH2OH CH3CHClCH2Cl CH3CH(OH)CH2OH CH3(CHCH2)O (HO)2C6H3CO2HH2O

Formula weight

Form and color

108.14 108.14 108.14 162.14 138.21 98.92 166.13 166.13 148.12 128.13 134.13 147.13 93.13 93.13 93.13 199.12 229.10 247.55 118.17 100.16 136.23 172.69 152.23 85.15 129.16 232.43 44.10 74.08 58.08 130.14 102.13 102.13 60.10 60.10 59.11 59.11 135.21 164.20 164.20 122.99 122.99 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 78.54 78.54 88.11 88.11 154.16 132.16 132.16 76.16 76.16 116.16 116.16 101.17 144.21 144.21 144.21 42.08 201.89 94.54 112.99 76.09 58.08 172.14

lf./aq. rhb. mn. rhb. yel. pr. gas mn./aq. nd./aq. rhb. cr. nd./aq. cr./et. col. lq. col. lq. lq. red nd. yel. rhb. yel. mn. col. nd. col. lq. col. lq. lf. lq. lq. cr. cr. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. lq. nd./aq.

Specific gravity 1.139 15/15 0.885 20/4 1.392 19/4 1.593 20/4 1.527

4

1.164 99/4 0.950 15/4 0.961 15/4 0.957 15/4 1.763 20/4 1.797 20 0.967 15 0.800 16 0.878 20/4 0.953 20/20 0.860 20/4 1.13 0.585 −45/4 0.992 20/4 0.807 20/4 1.012 20/4 0.886 20/4 0.874 20/20 0.804 20/4 0.78920/4 0.718 20/20 0.694 15/4 0.949 18 1.021 25/25 1.010 25/25 1.353 20/4 1.310 20/4 0.879 15 0.884 0/4 0.865 18 0.869 0/4 0.890 20/4 0.859 20 0.901 20/4 0.873 20/4 1.075 26/4 0.836 25/4 0.80925/4 0.883 20/4 0.893 0 0.96320 0.874 15 0.863 20/4 0.854 17 0.609 −47/4 1.933 20/4 1.103 20 1.159 20/20 1.040 19.4 0.831 20/20 1.542 4/4

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

103–4 62.8 140 117 28 −104 208 330 130.8 141 73(65) 238 −70

256–8 284–7 267 subl. 197.2743 8.2756 d. subl. 284.5

169 121.8 83 43(38) −52.5 −55 131–2 −9 264 175 −187.1 −22 −81 −45 −92.5 −73.4 −127 −85.8 −83 −101 −51.6 −109.9 −89 −95.2

−122.8 −117 −92.9

−112 −130.7 −76 −70.7 −185 −55.5

CH < (CHCH)2 > N C6H4(OH)2 C6H3(OH)3 CO < (CHCH)2 > O < (CH:CH)2 > NH < (CH2CH2)2 > NH < (CHCH2)2 > NH CH3COCO2H C21H20O112H2O CH3C9H6N C 9 H7 N C9H7N C6H4CH:C(OH)N:C(OH) CO < (CHCH)2 > CO HOC10H5(SO3)2Ca HOC10H5(SO3K)2 HOC10H5(SO3Na)2 C18H32O165H2O C6H4(OH)2 C18H18 CH3(CHOH)4CHOH2O C17H32(OH)CO2H C20H21ON3 C20H16O3 C6H4(CO)(SO2) > NH CH2:CHCH2C6H3:O2CH2 CH3CH:CHC6H3:O2CH2 HOC6H4CO2H HOC6H4CHO HOC6H4CH2OH (HOC10H6SO3)2Ca5H2O HOC10H6SO3K HOC10H6SO3Na NH2CONHNH2 NH2CONHNH3Cl CH3C8H6N CH3ONa [CH2OH(CHOH)2]2 C6H12O6 (C6H10O5)x CH3(CH2)16CO2H CH3(CH2)16CONH2 C6H5CH:CH2 HO2C(CH2)6CO2H HO2C(CH2)2CO2H C12H22O11 H2NC6H4SO3H C10H16 (CHOHCO2H)2 (CHOHCO2H)2H2O (CHOHCO2H)2 CH(OH)(CO2H)2aH2O C6H4(CO2H)2 C10H20O2H2O C10H18O C10H18O CH3CO2C10H17 Br2CHCHBr2 Br3CCH2Br Cl2CHCHCl2 Cl3CCH2Cl Cl2C:CCl2 CH3(CH2)22CH3 CH3(CH2)12CH3 [(C2H5)2NCS]2S2

154.25 152.23 68.08 70.09 84.08 202.25 80.09 79.10 110.11 126.11 96.08 67.09 71.12 69.11 88.06 484.41 143.19 129.16 129.16 161.16 108.09 342.36 380.48 348.26 594.51 110.11 234.34 182.17 298.46 319.40 304.34 183.18 162.19 162.19 138.12 122.12 124.14 576.60 262.32 246.21 75.07 111.53 131.17 54.02 182.17 180.16 162.14 284.48 283.49 104.15 174.19 118.09 342.30 173.19 136.23 150.09 168.10 150.09 129.07 166.13 190.28 154.25 154.25 196.29 345.65 345.65 167.85 167.85 165.83 338.65 198.39 296.54

col. lq. col. lq. nd./et. lq. nd. yel. pr. lq. col. lq. nd./aq. nd. cr. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. yel. nd. lq. lq. pl. cr. yel. mn. cr. cr. cr. cr./aq. col. rhb. lf./al. col. mn. lq. col. nd. red lf. mn. col. mn. col. lq. mn. col. oil rhb./aq. cr. cr. cr. pr./al. pr. lf. pd. cr. rhb. amor. mn. col. cr. col. lq. nd./aq. col. mn. col. mn. col. cr. lq. cr. tri. mn. pr./aq. cr. rhb. col. cr. col. cr. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. cr.

0.911 20/4 0.932 20/20 70 1.277 0/4 1.107 20/4 0.982 20/4 1.344 4 1.453 4 1.190 40.3 0.948 20/4 0.852 22.5 0.910 20/4 1.267 20/4 1.059 20/4 1.095 20 1.099 21/4 1.318 20/4

1.465 0 1.272 15 1.1316 1.47120/4 0.954 16

1.100 20/4 1.122 20/4 1.443 20/4 1.153 25/4 1.161 25

1.654 15 1.5021 0.847 69.3 0.903 20/4 1.266 25/4 1.572 25/4 1.588 15 0.863 20/4 1.737 1.697 20/4 1.760 20/4 1.510 0.935 15 0.935 20/20 0.966 20/4 2.964 20/4 2.875 20/4 1.600 20/4 1.588 20/4 1.624 15/4 0.779 51/4 0.765 20/4 1.17

165 149-50 −8 −42 104-5 133-4 32.5

13.6 182-5 −1 −15 24.6 237 115.7

119 110.7 98-9 126 4-5 186 d. 308-10 d. 225-8 11.2 6-7 159 -7 86-7

96 173 d. 95 d. 300 110-2 165 d. 70-1 108-9 −31 140-4 189-90 170-86 d. d. > 280 159-60 205-6 168-70 d. 155-8 subl. 117 38-40 35 < −50 −1.0 0 −36 −19 51.1 5.5 70

86-9 10 224754 186-8 144 subl. d. >360 208 115-6 240-5 309 215-7 131 87-8 90-1 165 244-5750 237.1747 240.5763 subl.

d. 130 276.5 390-4 226-810 subl. 233-4 252-3 21120 196.5 subl.

265-6755

291110 25112 145-6 279100 235 d. 176-7 d. subl. d. 219-21 218-9752 220 d. 15154 10413 146.3 129-30 120.8 324 252.5

v. sl. s. i. s. ∞ s. i. ∞ ∞ 45.120 40 13 v. sl. s. i. ∞ v. s. ∞ 0.04 20 v. sl. s. 6 sl. s. v. sl. s. sl. s. h. 30.6 25 29.5 25 25.2 25 14.3 20 14712 i. 60.8 21 i. v. sl. s. 0.1225 0.4 25 i. i. 0.223 1.7 86 6.615 4.7620 3.4625 6.2925 v. s. v. s. 0.05 c. d. v. s. 5517 i. 0.0325 i. v. sl. s. 0.1416 6.820 1790 0.810 12015 20.620 13920 v. s. 0.001 c. 0.415 i. i. i. i. 0.2920 i. 0.0220 i. i.

∞ s. ∞ v. s. 3 h. s. ∞ v. s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ s.

0.120 v. s. 69 h.

∞ s. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. s. s. s. v. s. s. v. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. s. ∞ s. s.

∞ sl. s. v. s. h. 3.1 c. s. ∞ 4915 ∞ v. s.

v. s. v. s. h. i. ∞ i. sl. s. 1.05 c. ∞ ∞ 5115 ∞ v. s.

v. s. sl. s. s.

i. i. s.

v. s. h. sl. s. i. 220 s. h. ∞ s. 9.915 0.9 v. sl. s.

i. 6g s. h: ∞ 0.815 1.215 i. v. sl. s.

20 2515 v. s. sl. s. h. 1015 v. s. v. s. 20 ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s.

0.09 0.415 i. i. 115 v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. v. s.

2-46

TABLE 2-2

Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Concluded) Name

Tetrafluoro-ethylene Tetrahydro-furan -furfuryl alcohol -pyran Tetralin Tetramethyl-thiuram disulfide Tetryl (2-,4-,6-) Theobromine Thio-acetic acid -aniline (4-, 4′-) -carbanilide -naphthol (β-) -phenol -salicylic acid (o-) -urea Thiophene Thymol (5-,2-,1-) Tolidine (0-)(3-,3′-,4-,4′-) Toluene sulfonic acid (o-) (p-) sulfonic amide (p-) sulfonic chloride (p-) Toluic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Toluidine (o-) (m-) (p-) hydrochloride (o-) sulfonic acid (1-,2-,3-) Toluylenediamine (1-,2-,4-) Tolylene diisocyanate (1-,2-,4-) Trehalose Triamylamine (n-) (i-) Tributyl-amine (n-) phosphite Trichloro-acetic acid -benzene (s-)(1-,3-,5-) -ethane (1-,1-,1-) -ethylene -phenol Tricosane (n-) Tricresyl phosphate (o-) Tridecane (n-) Triethanol amine Triethyl-amine -benzene (1-,3-,5-) (1-,2-,4-) borate citrate Triethylene glycol Trifluoro-chloromethane -chloroethylene -trichloroethane Trimethoxybutane (1-,3-,3-) Trimethylamine Trimethylene bromide chloride glycol Trinitro-benzene (1-,3-,5-) -benzoic acid (2-,4-,6-) -tert-butylxylene -naphthalene (α-)(1-,3-,5-) (β-)(1-,3-,8-) (γ-)(1-,4-,5-)

Formula F2C:CF2 CH2(CH2)2CH2O C4H7OCH2OH CH2(CH2)3CH2O C6H4CH2(CH2)2CH2 [(CH3)2NCS]2S2 (NO2)3C6H2N(CH3)NO2 C7H8O2N4 CH3COSH (NH2C6H4)2S (C6H5NH)2CS C10H7SH C6H5SH HSC6H4CO2H NH2CSNH2 < (CH:CH)2 > S (CH3)(C3H7)C6H3OH [CH3(NH2)C6H3]2 C6H5CH3 CH3C6H4SO3H2H2O CH3C6H4SO3HH2O CH3C6H4SO2NH2 CH3C6H4SO2Cl CH3C6H4CO2H CH3C6H4CO2H CH3C6H4CO2H CH3C6H4NH2 CH3C6H4NH2 CH3C6H4NH2 CH3C6H4NH3Cl CH3(NH2)C6H3SO3H CH3C6H3(NH2)2 CH3C6H3(NCO)2 C12H22O112H2O [CH3(CH2)3CH2]3N [(CH3)2CH(CH2)2]3N [CH3(CH2)2CH2]3N [CH3(CH2)3O]3P Cl3CCO2H C6H3Cl3 Cl3CCH3 Cl2C:CHCl Cl3C6H2OH CH3(CH2)21CH3 OP(OC6H4CH3)3 CH3(CH2)11CH3 (HOCH2CH2)3N (CH3CH2)3N (C2H5)3C6H3 (C2H5)3C6H3 B(OCH2CH3)3 HOC3H4(CO2C2H5)3 (CH2OCH2CH2OH)2 CF3Cl F2C:CFCl Cl2CFCClF2 CH2(OCH3)CH2C(OCH3)2CH3 (CH3)3N BrCH2CH2CH2Br ClCH2CH2CH2Cl HOCH2CH2CH2OH C6H3(NO2)3 (NO2)3C6H2CO2H (NO2)3C6(CH3)2C4H9 C10H5(NO2)3 C10H5(NO2)3 C10H5(NO2)3

Formula weight

Form and color

Specific gravity

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

100.02 72.11 102.13 86.13 132.20 240.43 287.14 180.16 76.12 216.30 228.31 160.24 110.18 154.19 76.12 84.14 150.22 212.29 92.14 208.23 190.22 171.22 190.65 136.15 136.15 136.15 107.15 107.15 107.15 143.61 187.22 122.17 174.16 378.33 227.43 227.43 185.35 250.31 163.39 181.45 133.40 131.39 197.45 324.63 368.36 184.36 149.19 101.19 162.27 162.27 145.99 276.28 150.17 104.46 116.47 187.38 148.20 59.11 201.89 112.99 76.09 213.10 257.11 297.26 263.16 263.16 263.16

gas col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. cr. yel. mn. rhb. yel. lq. nd./aq. rhb./al. cr./al. col. lq. yel. nd. rhb./al. col. lq. cr. lf. col. lq. cr. mn. mn. tri. cr./aq. pr./aq. cr./aq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. mn. pr. cr. rhb. lq. rhb./al. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. cr. nd. lq. col. lq. nd. lf. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. oil lq. lq. lq. oil col. lq. gas gas lq. lq. gas lq. lq. oil col. rhb. rhb./aq. nd./al. rhb. cr./al. yel. cr.

1.58−78 0.88821/4 1.05020/4 0.88120/4 0.97318/4 1.29 1.5719

−142.5 −65

−76.3 65-6 177-8743 88 206764

10

1.074 1.324

1.07423/4 1.40520/4 1.07015/4 0.97225/25 0.86620/4

1.062115/4 1.054112/4 0.99920/4 0.98920/4 1.04620/4

1.2328

−31 155-6 130.5 330 < −17 108 154 81 164 180-2 −30 51.5 128-9 −95 d. 104-5 137 69 104-5 110-1 179-80 −16.3 −31.5 44-5 218-20 99

expl. 93 d. 286-8 168-9 subl. d. 84 232752 110.8 128.80 146-70 134.510 259751 263 274-5 199.7 203.3 200.3 242 283-5 134.520

97 0.78620/4 0.77820/20 0.92520/4 1.61746/15 26/4

1.325 1.46620/20 1.49075/4 0.77948/4 0.75720/4 1.12620/20 0.72920/20 0.86120/4 0.88217/4 0.86420/20 1.13720/4 1.12520/20 1.726−130 1.57620/4 0.932 0.662 −5 1.987 15/4 1.201 15 1.060 20/4 1.688 20/4

58 63.5 −73 68-9 47.7 −6.2 20-1 −114.8

−5 −182 −157.5 −35 −124 −34.4 121 210-20 d. 110 122-3 218-9 148-9

240-5 235 216.5761 122-312 195.5754 208.5764 74.1 87.2 246 23415 234 277-9150 89.4 215 217-8755 120 294 290 −80 −27.9 47.6 63-525 3.5 167.5 123-5 214 d.

Solubility in 100 parts Water 0.0130 s. ∞ s. i. i. i. 0.0615 s. sl. s. h. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. sl. s. h. 9.213 i. 0.0919 v. sl. s. 0.0516 v. s. v. s. 0.29 i. 2.17100 1.6100 1.3100 1.525 sl. s. 0.7421 s. 0.9711 s. h. d. s. h. i. i. i. i. 12025 i. i. 0.125 0.0925 i. i. i. ∞ ∞ > 190 i. i. d. i. ∞ d. i. d. 4119 0.1730 0.2725 ∞ 0.0315 2.0524 i. i. 0.02100 i.

Alcohol

Ether

s. ∞

s. ∞

s.

s.

s. h. 0.06 c. ∞ s. v. s. v. s. v. s. s. s. s. v. s. s. s. s. s. 7.45 s. v. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s. sl. s.

s. 0.03 h. ∞ s. v. s. v. s. ∞ sl. s. v. s. s. ∞

s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s.

s. d. sl. s. h.

i.

s.

s.

∞

s. sl. s. ∞ ∞ v. s.

s. ∞ ∞ v. s.

v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s.

v. s. sl. s. ∞ s. s.

∞ ∞

∞ v. sl. s.

∞

∞

s. s. s. ∞ 1.918

s. s. s. 1.518

sl. s. s. 0.0523 0.1119

0.1315 0.419

s.

-phenol (2-,3-,6-) -toluene (β-)(2-,3-,4-) (γ-)(2-,4-,5-) (α-)(2-,4-,6-) Trional Triphenyl-arsine carbinol guanidine (α-) methane methyl phosphate Tripropylamine (n-) Undecane (n-) Urea nitrate Uric acid Valeric acid (n-) (i-) aldehyde (n-) (i-) amide (n-) (i-) Vanillic acid (3-,4-,1-) alcohol (3-,4-,1-) hyl-thiuram disulfide Vanillin (3-,4-,1-) Veratrole (o-) Vinyl acetate (poly-) acetic acid acetylene alcohol (poly-) chloride propionate Xylene (o-) (m-) (p-) sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-) Xylidine (1:2)(3-) (1:2)(4-) (1:3)(2-) (1:3)(4-) (1:3)(5-) (1:4)(2-) Xylose (l-)(+) Xylylene dichloride (p-) Zinc diethyl dimethyl dimethyl-dithiocarbamate NOTE:

°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.

(NO2)3C6H2OH CH3C6H2(NO2)3 CH3C6H2(NO2)3 CH3C6H3(NO2)3 (C2H5SO2C2H4)2 (C6H5)3As (C6H5)3COH C6H5N:C(NHC6H5)2 (C6H5)3CH (C6H5)3C . . . OP(OC6H5)3 (CH3CH2CH2)3N CH3(CH2)9CH3 H2NCONH2 CO(NH2)2HNO3 C5H4O3N4 C2H5CH2CH2CO2H (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H C2H5CH2CH2CHO (CH3)2CHCH2CHO C2H5CH2CH2CONH2 (CH3)2CHCH2CONH2 CH3O(OH)C6H3CO2H CH3O(OH)C6H3CH2OH [(C2H5)2NCS]2S2 CH3O(OH)C6H3CHO C6H4(OCH3)2 CH3CO2CH:CH2 (CH3CO2CH:CH2)x CH2:CHCH2CO2H CH2:CHC:CH CH2:CHOH (CH2:CHOH)x CH2:CHCl C2H5CO2CH:CH2 C6H4(CH3)2 C6H4(CH3)2 C6H4(CH3)2 (CH3)2C6H3SO3H2H2O (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO C6H4(CH2Cl)2 Zn(CH2CH3)2 Zn(CH3)2 Zn[S2CN(CH3)2]2

229.10 227.13 227.13 227.13 242.36 306.23 260.33 287.36 244.33 243.32 326.28 143.27 156.31 60.06 123.07 168.11 102.13 102.13 86.13 86.13 101.15 101.15 168.15 154.16 296.54 152.15 138.16 86.09 (86.09) 86.09 52.07 44.05 (44.05) 62.50 100.12 106.17 106.17 106.17 222.26 121.18 121.18 121.18 121.18 121.18 121.18 150.13 175.06 123.53 95.48 305.84

nd. cr. yel. pl. cr./al. pl./al. pl. cr. rhb./al. cr. col. cr. pr./al. col. lq. col. lq. col. pr. col. mn. cr. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. mn. pl. mn. nd./aq. mn./aq. cr. mn. cr. col. lq. col. lq. gas gas lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lf. lq. pr. lq. lq. oil oil nd. mn. col. lq. col. lq.

1.620 20/4 1.620 20/4 1.654 1.199 85/4 1.306 1.188 20/4 1.13 1.014 99/4 1.206 58/4 0.757 20/4 0.741 20/4 1.335 20/4 1.893 20 0.939 20/4 0.931 20/20 0.819 11 0.803 17 1.023 0.965 20/4 1.17 1.056 1.091 15/15 0.932 20/4 1.1920 1.013 15/15 0.705 1.5

117-8 112 104 80.8 76 59-60 162.5 144-5 93.4 145-7 49-50 −93.5 −25.6 132.7 152 d. d. −34.5 −37.6 −92 −51 106 135-7 207 115 70 81-2 22.5 < −60 100-25 −39

1.320 0.908 25/25

d. >200 −160

0.881 20/4 0.867 17/4 0.861 20/4

−25 −47.4 13.2 86 < −15 49-50

0.991 15 1.076 17.5 0.980 15 0.978 20/4 0.972 20/4 0.979 21/4 1.535 0 1.417 0 1.182 18 1.386 11 2.0040/4

15.5 153-4 100.5 −28 −40 248-50

expl. expl. expl. d. >360 >360 d. 359754 d. 24511 156.5 194.5 d. 187 176 103.4 92.5 232 subl. d. 285 207.1 72-3 163 5.5 −12 93-5 144 139.3 138.5 1490.1 223 224-6 216-7 213-4 221-2 215789 240-5 d. 118 46

s. h. i. i. 0.0120 0.315 i. i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. 10017 v. s. h. 0.06 h. 3.316 4.220 v. sl. s. sl. s. v. s. s. 0.1214 v. s. h. i. 114 v. sl. s. 220 i. s. 0.670.6 s. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 11720 i. d. d. i.

v. s. sl. s. c. s. h. 1.522 50 s. v. s. 40 v. s. h. sl. s. h. 15525 ∞ ∞ 2020 s. i. ∞ ∞ s. s. v. s. s. v. s. v. s.

v. s. s. v. s. 533 6.615 v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ sl. s. i. ∞ ∞ s. s. v. s. s. v. s. v. s.

v. s. s. ∞

v. s. s. ∞

∞

∞

s.

v. s.

s. s. s.

∞ ∞ v. s.

s.

s.

v. sl. s. s. d. d.

i. v. sl. s.

2-47

2-48

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-3

Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 0 to −40 ⬚C

Vapor pressure t, ºC mmHg 0 −0.5 −1.0 −1.5 −2.0 −2.5 −3.0 −3.5 −4.0 −4.5 −5.0 −5.5 −6.0 −6.5 −7.0 −7.5 −8.0 −8.5 −9.0 −9.5 −10.0 −10.5 −11.0 −11.5 −12.0 −12.5 −13.0

4.584 4.399 4.220 4.049 3.883 3.724 3.571 3.423 3.281 3.145 3.013 2.887 2.766 2.649 2.537 2.429 2.325 2.225 2.130 2.038 1.949 1.865 1.783 1.705 1.630 1.558 1.489

Vapor pressure

kPa

t, ºC

mmHg

0.6112 0.5865 0.5627 0.5398 0.5177 0.4965 0.4761 0.4564 0.4375 0.4193 0.4018 0.3849 0.3687 0.3532 0.3382 0.3238 0.3100 0.2967 0.2839 0.2717 0.2599 0.2486 0.2377 0.2273 0.2173 0.2077 0.1985

−13.5 −14.0 −14.5 −15.0 −15.5 −16.0 −16.5 −17.0 −17.5 −18.0 −18.5 −19.0 −19.5 −20.0 −20.5 −21.0 −21.5 −22.0 −22.5 −23.0 −23.5 −24.0 −24.5 −25.0 −25.5 −26.0 −26.5

1.423 1.359 1.298 1.240 1.184 1.130 1.079 1.029 0.9822 0.9370 0.8937 0.8522 0.8125 0.7745 0.7381 0.7034 0.6701 0.6383 0.6078 0.5787 0.5509 0.5243 0.4989 0.4747 0.4515 0.4294 0.4083

kPa

UNITS CONVERSIONS

Vapor pressure t, ºC

mmHg

0.1897 −27.0 0.3881 0.1812 −27.5 0.3688 0.1731 −28.0 0.3505 0.1653 −28.5 0.3330 0.1578 −29.0 0.3162 0.1507 −29.5 0.3003 0.1438 −30.0 0.2851 0.1372 −30.5 0.2706 0.1310 −31.0 0.2568 0.1249 −31.5 0.2437 0.1191 −32.0 0.2311 0.1136 −32.5 0.2192 0.1083 −33.0 0.2078 0.1033 −33.5 0.1970 0.09841 −34.0 0.1867 0.09377 −34.5 0.1769 0.08934 −35.0 0.1676 0.08510 −35.5 0.1587 0.08104 −36.0 0.1503 0.07716 −36.5 0.1423 0.07345 −37.0 0.1347 0.06991 −37.5 0.1274 0.06652 −38.0 0.1206 0.06329 −38.5 0.1140 0.06020 −39.0 0.1078 0.05725 −39.5 0.1019 0.05443 −40.0 0.0963

0.05174 0.04918 0.04673 0.04439 0.04216 0.04004 0.03801 0.03608 0.03424 0.03249 0.03082 0.02923 0.02771 0.02627 0.02490 0.02359 0.02235 0.02116 0.02004 0.01897 0.01796 0.01699 0.01607 0.01520 0.01437 0.01359 0.01284

SOURCE: Formulation of Wagner, Saul, and Pruss, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515 (1994), implemented in Harvey, Peskin, and Klein, NIST/ASME Steam Properties, NIST Standard Reference Database 10, Version 2.2, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2000. This source provides data down to 190 K (−83.15 ºC). A formula extending to 110 K may be found in Murphy and Koop, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1539 (2005).

TABLE 2-4 Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Liquid Water from 0 to −40 ⬚C* Vapor pressure t, ºC mmHg 0 −0.5 −1.0 −1.5 −2.0 −2.5 −3.0 −3.5 −4.0 −4.5 −5.0 −5.5 −6.0 −6.5 −7.0 −7.5 −8.0 −8.5 −9.0 −9.5 −10.0 −10.5 −11.0 −11.5 −12.0 −12.5 −13.0

4.584 4.421 4.262 4.108 3.959 3.816 3.676 3.542 3.411 3.285 3.163 3.046 2.932 2.822 2.715 2.612 2.513 2.417 2.324 2.235 2.149 2.065 1.985 1.907 1.832 1.760 1.690

Vapor pressure

For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:

kPa

Vapor pressure

kPa

t, ºC

mmHg

kPa

t, ºC

mmHg

kPa

0.6112 0.5894 0.5682 0.5477 0.5279 0.5087 0.4901 0.4722 0.4548 0.4380 0.4218 0.4061 0.3909 0.3762 0.3620 0.3483 0.3351 0.3223 0.3099 0.2980 0.2865 0.2753 0.2646 0.2542 0.2442 0.2346 0.2253

−13.5 −14.0 −14.5 −15.0 −15.5 −16.0 −16.5 −17.0 −17.5 −18.0 −18.5 −19.0 −19.5 −20.0 −20.5 −21.0 −21.5 −22.0 −22.5 −23.0 −23.5 −24.0 −24.5 −25.0 −25.5 −26.0 −26.5

1.623 1.558 1.495 1.435 1.377 1.321 1.267 1.215 1.165 1.117 1.070 1.026 0.9827 0.9414 0.9016 0.8633 0.8265 0.7911 0.7571 0.7244 0.6930 0.6628 0.6337 0.6059 0.5791 0.5534 0.5288

0.2163 0.2077 0.1993 0.1913 0.1836 0.1761 0.1689 0.1620 0.1553 0.1489 0.1427 0.1367 0.1310 0.1255 0.1202 0.1151 0.1102 0.1055 0.1009 0.0965 0.0923 0.08836 0.08449 0.08078 0.07721 0.07379 0.07050

−27.0 −27.5 −28.0 −28.5 −29.0 −29.5 −30.0 −30.5 −31.0 −31.5 −32.0 −32.5 −33.0 −33.5 −34.0 −34.5 −35.0 −35.5 −36.0 −36.5 −37.0 −37.5 −38.0 −38.5 −39.0 −39.5 −40.0

0.5051 0.4824 0.4606 0.4397 0.4197 0.4005 0.3820 0.3644 0.3475 0.3313 0.3158 0.3009 0.2867 0.2731 0.2600 0.2476 0.2356 0.2242 0.2133 0.2029 0.1929 0.1834 0.1743 0.1656 0.1573 0.1494 0.1419

0.06734 0.06431 0.06141 0.05862 0.05595 0.05339 0.05094 0.04858 0.04633 0.04417 0.04210 0.04012 0.03822 0.03640 0.03467 0.03300 0.03141 0.02989 0.02844 0.02705 0.02572 0.02445 0.02324 0.02208 0.02098 0.01992 0.01891

*SOURCE: Murphy and Koop, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1539 (2005). The formula in the reference extends down to 123 K (-150.15 ºC), although in practice pure liquid water cannot be supercooled below about 235 K.

°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32. To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Additional vapor-pressure data may be found in major thermodynamic property databases, such as those produced by the AIChE’s DIPPER program (www.aiche.org/dippr/), NIST’s Thermodynamics Research Center (trc.nist.gov), the Dortmund Databank (www.ddbst.de), and the Physical Property Data Service (www.ppds.co.uk). Additional sources include the NIST Chemistry Webbook (webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/); Boublik, Fried, and Hala, The Vapor Pressures of Pure Substances, 2d ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984; Poling, Prausnitz, and O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 2001; Vapor Pressure of Chemicals (Subvolumes A, B, and C), vol. IV/20 in Landolt-Bornstein: Numerical Data nad Functional Relationships in Science and Technology—New Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999–2001. The most recent work on water may be found at The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam website http://iapws.org.

TABLE 2-5 Vapor Pressure (MPa) of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C t, °C 0.01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Pvp, MPa

t, °C

Pvp, MPa

t, °C

Pvp, MPa

0.00061165 0.00065709 0.00070599 0.00075808 0.00081355 0.00087258 0.00093536 0.0010021 0.0010730 0.0011483 0.0012282 0.0013130 0.0014028 0.0014981 0.0015990 0.0017058 0.0018188 0.0019384 0.0020647 0.0021983 0.0023393 0.0024882 0.0026453 0.0028111 0.0029858 0.0031699 0.0033639 0.0035681 0.0037831 0.0040092 0.0042470 0.0044969 0.0047596 0.0050354

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

0.0053251 0.0056290 0.0059479 0.0062823 0.0066328 0.0070002 0.0073849 0.0077878 0.0082096 0.0086508 0.0091124 0.0095950 0.010099 0.010627 0.011177 0.011752 0.012352 0.012978 0.013631 0.014312 0.015022 0.015762 0.016533 0.017336 0.018171 0.019041 0.019946 0.020888 0.021867 0.022885 0.023943 0.025042 0.026183 0.027368

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

0.028599 0.029876 0.031201 0.032575 0.034000 0.035478 0.037009 0.038595 0.040239 0.041941 0.043703 0.045527 0.047414 0.049367 0.051387 0.053476 0.055635 0.057867 0.060173 0.062556 0.065017 0.067558 0.070182 0.072890 0.075684 0.078568 0.081541 0.084608 0.087771 0.091030 0.094390 0.097852 0.10142

From E. W. Lemmon, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. (http://webbook.nist.gov) and Wagner, W., and A., Pruss, “The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2):387–535, 2002. The website mentioned above allows users to generate their own tables of thermodynamic properties. The user can select the units as well as the temperatures and/or pressures for which properties are to be generated. The results can be then be copied into spreadsheets or other files.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

2-49

TABLE 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family Name

Cmpd. No.

Formula

Paraffins Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Hexadecane Heptadecane Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane 2-Methylpropane 2-Methylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclopentane Methylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclohexane

193 125 295 31 279 171 160 265 256 74 336 123 327 319 277 169 158 263 254 124 236 202 107 234 114 323 332 333 71 64 69 65 217 134 213 108 109 110 133

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12 C6H12 C7H14 C7H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

135 305 36 37 38 70 285 68 177 166 271 260 77 238 205 206 218 219 298 294 29 30 201

C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C5H8 C5H10 C6H10 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16 C9H18 C10H20 C4H8 C5H10 C5H10 C6H10 C6H10 C9H14 C3H4 C4H6 C4H6 C5H8

7 43 288 289 178 180 181 168

C2H2 C4H6 C5H8 C5H8 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C7H12

Olefins Ethylene Propylene 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclopentene 1-Pentene Cyclohexene 1-Hexene 1-Heptene 1-Octene 1-Nonene 1-Decene 2-Methyl propene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Propenylcyclohexene Propadiene 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene Acetylenes Acetylene 1-Butyne 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne 3-Hexyne 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 1-Heptyne

Name

Cmpd. No.

Formula

Acetylenes 1-Octyne 1-Nonyne 1-Decyne Methyl acetylene Vinyl acetylene Dimethyl acetylene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne 3-Methyl-1-butyne

273 262 79 197 339 105 207 210

C8H14 C9H16 C10H18 C3H4 C4H4 C4H6 C5H6 C5H8

16 325 312 129 343 344 345 243 62 304 330 331 246 321 40 24 290 318

C6H6 C7H8 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C10H8 C10H12 C10H14 C12H10 C14H10 C18H14

153 1 299 44 278 170 159 264 255 73

CH2O C2H4O C3H6O C4H8O C5H10O C6H12O C7H14O C8H16O C9H18O C10H20O

8 5 222 229 283 284 310 67 144 175 176 226 102 164 165 269 270 20

C3H4O C3H6O C4H8O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C6H4O2 C6H10O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C8H16O C8H16O C13H10O

156 324 320 322

C4H4O C4H4S C4H8O C4H8S

14 25 52 80 149

Ar Br2 Cl2 D2 F2

Aromatics Benzene Toluene Styrene Ethylbenzene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene alpha-Methyl styrene Cumene Propylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Naphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene Biphenyl Phenanthrene o-Terphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde Pentanal Hexanal Heptanal Octanal Nonanal Decanal Ketones Acrolein Acetone Methylethyl ketone Methylisopropyl ketone 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Quinone Cyclohexanone Ethylisopropyl ketone 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Methylisobutyl ketone Diisopropyl ketone 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 2-Octanone 3-Octanone Benzophenone Heterocyclics Furan Thiophene Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrothiophene Elements Argon Bromine Chlorine Deuterium Fluorine

2-50

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family (Continued) Name

Cmpd. No.

Formula

Elements Hydrogen Helium-4 Nitrogen Neon Oxygen

183 157 249 247 275

H2 He N2 Ne O2

194 126 296 297 34 35 281 282 66 173 174 162 163 267 268 258 259 76 337 237 204 21 214 215 216 137 309 32 33

CH4O C2H6O C3H8O C3H8O C4H10O C4H10O C5H12O C5H12O C6H12O C6H14O C6H14O C7H16O C7H16O C8H18O C8H18O C9H20O C9H20O C10H22O C11H24O C4H10O C5H12O C7H8O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C2H6O2 C3H8O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2

291 59 60 61

C6H6O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O

112 245 221 120 95 240 228 103 208 225 244 147 143 104 101 235 13 84 142 22 121

C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C7H8O C8H18O C8H18O C9H12O C12H10O

155 274 3 9 191 300

CH2O2 C2H2O4 C2H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O4 C3H6O2

Alcohols Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol Cyclohexanol 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Decanol 1-Undecanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Benzyl alcohol 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Ethylene glycol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol Phenols Phenol m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Ethers Dimethyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Methylethyl ether 1,4-Dioxane Diethyl ether Methylpropyl ether Methylisopropyl ether 1,1-Dimethoxyethane Methylbutyl ether Methylisobutyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethylpropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Di-isopropyl ether Methyl pentyl ether Anisole Dibutyl ether Ethylhexyl ether Benzyl ethyl ether Diphenyl ether Acids Formic acid Oxalic acid Acetic acid Acrylic acid Malonic acid Propionic acid

Name

Cmpd. No.

Formula

Methacrylic acid Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Butyric acid Isobutyric acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid Pentanoic acid 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Hexanoic acid Benzoic acid Heptanoic acid Phthalic anhydride Terephthalic acid 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Octanoic acid 2-Methyloctanoic acid Nonanoic acid Decanoic acid

192 4 313 45 189 203 280 131 172 18 161 293 317 141 266 233 257 75

C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H6O2 C7H14O2 C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2

224 140 196 198 338 127 239 306 232 146 211 302 39 132 200 130 115 119

C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H8O2 C9H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4

199 138 106 128 136 190 303 329 94 93 100 122 328

CH5N C2H5N C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N

154 2 113 195 15

CH3NO C2H5NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C7H7NO

6 63 10 301 46 19

C2H3N C2N2 C3H3N C3H5N C4H7N C7H5N

251 248

CH3NO2 C2H5NO2

Acids

Esters Methyl formate Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate Vinyl acetate Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Propyl formate Methyl methacrylate Ethyl propionate Methyl butyrate Propyl acetate Butyl acetate Ethyl butyrate Methyl benzoate Ethyl benzoate Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Amines Methyl amine Ethyleneimine Dimethyl amine Ethyl amine Ethylenediamine Isopropyl amine Propyl amine Trimethyl amine Diethyl amine Diethanol amine Di-isopropyl amine Dipropyl amine Triethyl amine Amides Formamide Acetamide N,N-Dimethyl formamide N-Methyl acetamide Benzamide Nitriles Acetonitrile Cyanogen Acrylonitrile Propionitrile Butyronitrile Benzonitrile Nitro Compounds Nitromethane Nitroethane

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

2-51

TABLE 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family (Concluded) Name

Cmpd. No.

Formula

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

334 335

C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6

227 292

C2H3NO C7H5NO

231 145 308 307 41 42 287 286 17 72 179 23 167 272 261 78

CH4S C2H6S C3H8S C3H8S C4H10S C4H10S C5H12S C5H12S C6H6S C6H12S C6H14S C7H8S C7H16S C8H18S C9H20S C10H22S

117 111 223 96 230 241 209

C2H6S C2H6S2 C3H8S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C5H12S

50 51 55 83 90 99 28 56 152 340 326 81 82 88

CCl4 CF4 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2

Isocyanates Methyl isocyanate Phenyl isocyanate Mercaptans Methyl mercaptan Ethyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 2-Propyl mercaptan Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 2-Pentyl mercaptan Benzenethiol Cyclohexyl mercaptan Hexyl mercaptan Benzyl mercaptan Heptyl mercaptan Octyl mercaptan Nonyl mercaptan Decyl mercaptan Sulfides Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Methylethyl sulfide Diethyl sulfide Methylisopropyl sulfide Methylpropyl sulfide Methylbutyl sulfide

Cmpd. No.

Formula

1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Bromoethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene

89 97 98 27 54 151 91 92 57 58 85 86 87 26 53 150

C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5F C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F

242 212 220 341 148 116 311

CH6Si CH5ClSi CH4Cl2Si C2H3Cl3Si C2H5Cl3Si C2H8Si F4Si

186 49 47 48 250 315 184 185 187 188 12 182 253 252 314 276 316

CHN CO CO2 CS2 F3N F6S HBr HCl HF H2S H3N H4N2 NO N2O O2S O3 O3S

11 139 118 342

Mixture C2H4O C2H6OS H2O

Silanes Methylsilane Methylchlorosilane Methyldichlorosilane Vinyl trichlorosilane Ethyltrichlorosilane Dimethylsilane Silicon tetrafluoride Light Gases

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chloroform Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Vinyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane

Name Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Nitro Compounds

Hydrogen cyanide Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Nitrogen trifluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Others Air Ethylene oxide Dimethyl sulfoxide Water

2-52

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Formula

No.

Name

Formula

No.

Name

Ar Br2 CCl4 CF4 CHCl3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6Si CO CO2 CS2 C2H2 C2H2O4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3Si C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6OS C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C2H8Si C2N2 C3H3N C3H4 C3H4 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O4 C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Cl2

11 14 25 50 51 55 186 83 90 99 153 155 28 56 152 154 251 193 220 194 231 212 199 242 49 47 48 7 274 340 326 341 6 227 135 81 82 88 89 97 98 1 139 3 224 27 54 148 151 138 2 248 125 112 126 137 118 117 145 111 106 128 136 116 63 10 197 294 8 9 191 301 71 305 91

Air Argon Bromine Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chloroform Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Methyldichlorosilane Methanol Methyl mercaptan Methylchlorosilane Methyl amine Methylsilane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Acetylene Oxalic acid Vinyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinyl trichlorosilane Acetonitrile Methyl Isocyanate Ethylene 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluoroethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide Nitroethane Ethane Dimethyl ether Ethanol Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfide Ethyl mercaptan Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl amine Ethyl amine Ethylenediamine Dimethylsilane Cyanogen Acrylonitrile Methyl acetylene Propadiene Acrolein Acrylic acid Malonic acid Propionitrile Cyclopropane Propylene 1,1-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H4 C4H4O C4H4S C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11NO2 C5H6 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2

92 5 245 299 140 196 300 57 58 113 195 295 221 296 297 309 223 308 307 190 303 329 339 156 324 29 30 43 105 192 198 338 4 313 46 36 37 38 64 238 44 222 320 45 120 127 189 239 306 322 31 236 34 35 95 237 240 228 32 33 103 41 42 96 230 241 94 93 207 70 201 210 288 289 232

1,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Methyl vinyl ether Propionaldehyde Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propionic acid 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane N,N-Dimethyl formamide N-Methyl acetamide Propane Methylethyl ether 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol Methylethyl sulfide Propyl mercaptan 2-Propyl mercaptan Isopropyl amine Propyl amine Trimethyl amine Vinyl acetylene Furan Thiophene 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Dimethyl acetylene Methacrylic acid Methyl acrylate Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Butyronitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclobutane 2-Methyl propene Butyraldehyde Methylethyl ketone Tetrahydrofuran Butyric acid 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Isobutyric acid Methyl propionate Propyl formate Tetrahydrothiophene Butane 2-Methylpropane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol Diethyl ether 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylpropyl ether Methylisopropyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,1-Dimethoxyethane Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan Diethyl sulfide Methylisopropyl sulfide Methylpropyl sulfide Diethyl amine Diethanol amine 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Cyclopentene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 3-Methyl-1-butyne 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Methyl methacrylate

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

2-53

TABLE 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 (Continued) Formula

No.

Name

Formula

No.

Name

C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C6H3N3O6 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H6 C6H6O C6H6S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12S C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H5N3O6 C7H5NO C7H6O2 C7H7NO

69 205 206 285 229 278 283 284 146 203 211 280 302 202 279 143 147 204 208 225 244 281 282 104 209 286 287 334 85 86 87 310 26 53 150 16 291 17 218 68 178 180 181 219 67 65 177 217 66 144 170 175 176 226 39 131 132 172 72 107 171 234 101 173 174 235 179 100 122 328 19 335 292 18 15

Cyclopentane 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Pentene Methylisopropyl ketone Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Ethyl propionate 2-Methylbutanoic acid Methyl butyrate Pentanoic acid Propyl acetate 2-Methylbutane Pentane Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylpropyl ether 3-Methyl-1-butanol Methylbutyl ether Methylisobutyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Methylbutyl sulfide 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Quinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Benzene Phenol Benzenethiol 1-Methylcyclopentene Cyclohexene 3-Hexyne 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 3-Methylcyclopentene Cyclohexanone Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexanol Ethylisopropyl ketone Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Methylisobutyl ketone Butyl acetate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Hexanoic acid Cyclohexyl mercaptan 2,3-Dimethylbutane Hexane 2-Methylpentane Di-isopropyl ether 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol Methyl pentyl ether Hexyl mercaptan Di-isopropyl amine Dipropyl amine Triethyl amine Benzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Phenyl isocyanate Benzoic acid Benzamide

C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8S C7H12 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16S C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H8 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H14 C9H16 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20S C10H8 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H18

325 13 21 59 60 61 23 168 134 166 213 102 159 164 165 214 215 216 161 114 160 162 163 167 293 317 312 200 129 343 344 345 273 108 109 110 133 271 264 269 270 141 266 265 323 332 333 84 142 267 268 272 243 130 62 304 330 331 22 298 262 260 255 233 257 256 258 259 261 246 115 119 321 40 79

Toluene Anisole Benzyl alcohol m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Ethylcyclopentane 1-Heptene Methylcyclohexane Di-isopropyl ketone Heptanal 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Heptanoic acid 2,3-Dimethylpentane Heptane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol Heptyl mercaptan Phthalic anhydride Terephthalic acid Styrene Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octyne 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclohexane 1-Octene Octanal 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Octanoic acid Octane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane Dibutyl ether Ethylhexyl ether 1-Octanol 2-Octanol Octyl mercaptan alpha-Methyl styrene Ethyl benzoate Cumene Propylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzyl ethyl ether Propenylcyclohexene 1-Nonyne 1-Nonene Nonanal 2-Methyloctanoic acid Nonanoic acid Nonane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol Nonyl mercaptan Naphthalene Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene 1-Decyne

2-54

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 (Concluded) Formula

No.

Name

Formula

No.

Name

C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22S C11H24 C11H24O C12H10 C12H10O C12H26 C13H10O C13H28 C14H10 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H14 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 Cl2

77 73 75 74 76 78 336 337 24 121 123 20 327 290 319 277 169 158 318 263 254 124 52

1-Decene Decanal Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Decyl mercaptan Undecane 1-Undecanol Biphenyl Diphenyl ether Dodecane Benzophenone Tridecane Phenanthrene Tetradecane Pentadecane Hexadecane Heptadecane o-Terphenyl Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane Chlorine

D2 F2 F3N F4Si F6S HBr HCl HF H2 H2O H2S H3N H4N2 He NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S

80 149 250 311 315 184 185 187 183 342 188 12 182 157 253 249 252 247 275 314 276 316

Deuterium Fluorine Nitrogen trifluoride Silicon tetrafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen Water Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Helium-4 Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide

TABLE 2-8

Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa

2-55

No.

Name

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol o-Cresol

Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H 3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O

CAS no. 75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4 95-48-7

C1 193.69 125.81 53.27 100.95 69.006 58.302 39.63 138.4 46.745 87.604 21.662 90.483 128.06 42.127 85.474 83.107 77.765 88.513 138.5 88.404 100.68 68.541 118.02 77.314 108.26 63.749 62.217 72.586 39.714 75.572 66.343 103.28 123.22 106.295 114.68 51.836 72.541 71.704 122.82 101.22 65.382 60.649 77.004 99.33 93.815 66.32 140.54 67.114 45.698 78.441 61.89 71.334 54.144 65.988 146.43 64.697 79.24 46.854 95.403 210.88

C2 −8,036.7 −12,376 −6,304.5 −8,873.2 −5,599.6 −5,385.6 −2,552.2 −7,122.7 −6,587.1 −6,392.7 −692.39 −4,669.7 −9,307.7 −1,093.1 −11,932 −6,486.2 −8,455.1 −11,829 −11,195 −11,769 −11,059 −7,886.2 −10,527 −9,910.4 −6,592 −7,130.2 −5,113.3 −4,698.6 −3,769.9 −4,621.9 −4,363.2 −11,548 −12,620 −9,866.4 −9,850.2 −4,019.2 −4,691.2 −4,563.1 −9,253.2 −9,255.4 −6,262.4 −5,785.9 −5,054.5 −7,083.6 −9,942.2 −6,714.9 −4,735 −4,820.4 −1,076.6 −6,128.1 −2,296.3 −3,855 −6,244.4 −4,661.3 −7,792.3 −4,048.1 −5,718.8 −4,445.5 −10,581 −13,928

C3 −29.502 −14.589 −4.2985 −11.451 −7.0985 −5.4954 −2.78 −19.638 −3.2208 −10.101 −0.392 −11.607 −16.693 −4.1425 −8.3348 −9.2194 −7.7404 −8.6826 −17.085 −8.9014 −10.709 −6.5804 −13.91 −7.5079 −14.16 −5.879 −5.9761 −7.9966 −2.6407 −8.5323 −7.046 −10.925 −13.986 −11.655 −12.963 −4.5229 −7.9776 −7.9053 −14.99 −11.538 −6.2585 −5.6113 −8.5665 −11.733 −9.8019 −6.3087 −21.268 −7.5303 −4.8814 −8.5766 −7.086 −8.5171 −4.5343 −6.8586 −20.614 −6.8066 −8.789 −3.6533 −10.004 −29.483

C4

C5

Tmin, K

P at Tmin

Tmax, K

P at Tmax

4.3678E-02 5.0824E-06 8.8865E-18 6.1316E-06 6.2237E-06 5.3634E-06 2.3930E-16 2.6447E-02 5.2253E-07 1.0891E-05 4.7574E-03 1.7194E-02 1.4919E-02 5.7254E-05 1.2850E-18 6.9844E-06 4.3089E-18 2.3248E-19 9.5641E-06 1.9334E-18 3.0582E-18 2.4285E-06 6.4794E-06 2.2385E-18 1.6043E-02 5.2136E-18 4.7174E-17 1.1553E-05 6.9379E-18 1.2269E-05 9.4509E-06 4.2560E-18 3.9260E-06 1.0832E-17 1.8738E-17 4.8833E-17 1.0368E-05 1.1319E-05 1.0470E-05 5.9208E-06 1.4943E-17 1.5877E-17 1.0161E-05 1.0027E-05 9.3124E-18 1.3516E-17 4.0909E-02 9.1695E-03 7.5673E-05 6.8465E-06 3.4687E-05 1.2378E-02 4.7030E-18 7.9404E-06 2.4578E-02 1.0371E-05 8.4486E-06 1.3260E-17 4.3032E-18 2.5182E-02

1 2 6 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 2 6 1 6 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 6 6 1 1 2 2 2 1 6 2 1 2 2 6 6 1

150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.4 185.45 286.15 189.63 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.4 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.2 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.8 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.3 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.8 207.15 175.43 150.35 155.97 285.39 304.19

3.23E−01 3.36E+02 1.28E+03 2.20E−02 2.79E+00 1.87E+02 1.27E+05 1.03E+01 2.57E+02 3.68E+00 5.64E+03 6.11E+03 2.45E+00 6.87E+04 3.55E+02 4.76E+03 7.68E+00 7.96E+02 3.08E+00 1.49E+00 1.88E−01 2.31E+01 2.98E−01 9.42E+01 5.85E+03 7.84E+00 3.72E−01 1.95E+02 4.47E−01 6.92E+01 6.74E−01 2.93E−04 3.74E−07 2.90E−04 1.95E−06 6.94E−07 2.72E−01 7.45E+01 8.17E−02 1.54E−04 2.35E−03 3.40E−05 1.18E+00 3.17E−01 6.78E+00 6.18E−04 5.19E+05 1.49E+00 1.54E+04 1.12E+03 1.08E+02 1.37E+03 8.45E+00 1.25E−01 5.25E+01 8.71E+02 6.96E−02 9.08E−01 5.86E+00 6.53E+01

466 761 591.95 606 508.2 545.5 308.3 506 615 535 132.45 405.65 645.6 150.86 824 562.05 689 751 699.35 830 720.15 662 718 773 584.15 670.15 503.8 467 452 425 425.12 680 676 563.1 535.9 419.5 435.5 428.6 575.4 660.5 570.1 554 440 537.2 615.7 582.25 304.21 552 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.4 416.25 503.15 489 705.85 697.55

5.565E+06 6.569E+06 5.739E+06 3.970E+06 4.709E+06 4.852E+06 6.106E+06 5.020E+06 5.661E+06 4.480E+06 3.793E+06 1.130E+07 4.273E+06 4.896E+06 5.047E+06 4.875E+06 4.728E+06 4.469E+06 4.243E+06 3.357E+06 4.372E+06 3.113E+06 4.074E+06 3.407E+06 1.028E+07 4.520E+06 6.290E+06 7.997E+06 4.361E+06 4.303E+06 3.770E+06 5.202E+06 4.033E+06 4.401E+06 4.182E+06 4.021E+06 4.238E+06 4.100E+06 3.087E+06 2.882E+06 3.973E+06 4.060E+06 4.599E+06 4.323E+06 4.071E+06 3.787E+06 7.390E+06 8.041E+06 3.494E+06 4.544E+06 3.742E+06 7.793E+06 4.529E+06 5.327E+06 5.554E+06 6.691E+06 4.581E+06 4.510E+06 4.522E+06 5.058E+06

2-56

TABLE 2-8

Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Continued)

No.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

C1

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane

C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2

106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1

118.53 102.81 81.565 85.899 51.087 189.19 85.424 88.184 66.341 67.952 40.608 85.146 201.64 112.73 123.36 156.239 68.401 91.91 142.94 18.947 62.711 43.751 86.295 72.227 53.187 77.105 88.31 66.611 92.355 101.6 83.495 65.955 106.38 49.314 136.9 46.705 73.491 84.625 69.132 462.84 41.631 50.868 53.637 62.097 66.592 71.738 77.161 81.184 78.952 78.429 81.045 44.704 82.762 78.335 72.517 63.08 84.39 56.273 43.541 44.494

C2 −11,957 −8,674.6 −4,808.9 −4,884.4 −5,226.4 −14,337 −7,944.4 −6,624.9 −5,198.5 −5,187.5 −3,179.6 −7,843.7 −15,133 −9,749.6 −14,680 −15,212 −7,776.9 −10,565 −11,119 −154.47 −6,503.5 −5,587.7 −7,010.3 −7,537.6 −6,827.5 −8,111.1 −8,463.4 −5,493.1 −6,920.4 −6,541.6 −6,661.4 −6,015.6 −13,714 −4,949 −6,954.3 −5,177.4 −4,385.9 −5,217.4 −3,847.7 −18,227 −4,668.7 −6,036.5 −5,251.2 −6,174.9 −4,999.8 −5,302 −5,691.1 −6,927 −7,075.4 −6,882.1 −6,941.3 −3,525.6 −7,955.5 −6,348.7 −10,415 −4,062.3 −5,740.6 −7,620.6 −8,204.8 −5,406.7

C3

C4

C5

Tmin, K

P at Tmin

Tmax, K

P at Tmax

−13.293 −11.922 −9.3748 −10.883 −4.2278 −24.148 −9.2862 −10.059 −6.8103 −7.0785 −2.8937 −9.2982 −26.264 −13.245 −13.474 −18.424 −6.4637 −9.5957 −17.818 −0.5723 −5.7669 −3.0891 −9.5972 −7.0596 −4.3233 −7.8886 −9.6308 −6.7301 −10.651 −12.247 −9.2386 −6.5509 −11.06 −3.9256 −19.254 −3.5985 −8.1851 −9.871 −7.5868 −73.734 −2.8551 −4.066 −4.5649 −5.715 −6.8387 −7.3324 −8.501 −8.8498 −8.4344 −8.4129 −8.777 −3.4444 −8.8038 −8.5105 −6.755 −6.425 −9.6454 −4.6279 −2.7519 −3.1287

8.6988E-18 7.0048E-06 1.3901E-05 1.4934E-02 9.7554E-18 1.0740E-05 4.9957E-06 8.2566E-06 6.1930E-06 6.8165E-06 5.6131E-17 5.1788E-06 1.4625E-05 7.1266E-06 1.9491E-18 8.5006E-18 6.3750E-18 5.7028E-18 1.1020E-05 3.8899E-02 1.0427E-06 8.2664E-07 6.7794E-06 9.1442E-18 2.3112E-18 2.7267E-06 4.5833E-06 5.3579E-06 9.1426E-06 1.2311E-05 6.7652E-06 4.3172E-06 3.2645E-18 9.1978E-18 2.4508E-02 1.7147E-06 1.2978E-05 1.3050E-05 1.5065E-05 9.2794E-02 6.3693E-04 1.1326E-06 1.6754E-17 1.2323E-17 6.6793E-06 6.4200E-17 8.0325E-06 5.4580E-06 4.5035E-06 4.9831E-06 5.5501E-06 5.4574E-17 4.2431E-06 6.4311E-06 1.3269E-06 1.5115E-16 1.0073E-05 4.3819E-07 1.0466E-18 2.8913E-18

6 2 2 1 6 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 6 6 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 2 6 6

307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.6 242 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 18.73 210.15 282.85 220.6 175.3 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.1 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 212.72 160 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67 413.8 284.95

3.45E+01 4.71E−04 7.39E+04 1.80E+02 5.36E+03 7.65E+01 6.80E+00 1.04E−01 9.07E+00 1.28E−02 7.80E+01 8.24E−03 4.86E−01 1.39E+00 1.50E−01 1.51E−01 2.59E−02 2.59E−02 1.60E−01 1.72E+04 2.64E+00 7.53E+02 2.13E+01 7.14E−04 6.41E+00 6.49E+00 1.23E+03 2.21E+00 2.37E+02 5.93E+00 4.52E+00 8.25E−02 1.02E−01 3.74E+02 3.95E−01 9.93E−02 6.45E+01 2.83E+03 5.43E+01 4.47E−03 6.86E+00 8.21E−01 9.45E−02 4.50E+01 6.12E+03 7.56E+01 1.52E−02 6.06E+01 6.41E+00 8.04E−02 2.07E−01 3.05E+00 1.95E−01 1.26E−02 3.72E−02 4.15E−01 7.86E+00 5.02E+01 1.26E+03 2.53E+03

704.65 631 400.15 459.93 553.8 650.1 653 560.4 511.7 507 398 664 674.2 617.7 722.1 688 616.6 696 619.85 38.35 628 650.15 611 584.1 683.95 705 684.75 523 561.6 510 560 572 736.6 496.6 466.7 557.15 386.44 445 351.255 523.1 500.05 576 507.8 543 473.2 437.2 500 591.15 606.15 596.15 615 400.1 649.6 537.3 766 402 503.04 729 772 587

5.151E+06 3.226E+06 5.961E+06 4.991E+06 4.094E+06 4.265E+06 3.989E+06 4.392E+06 4.513E+06 4.799E+06 5.494E+06 3.970E+06 2.599E+06 2.091E+06 2.233E+06 2.309E+06 2.223E+06 2.130E+06 2.363E+06 1.663E+06 6.034E+06 5.375E+06 7.170E+06 2.459E+06 4.070E+06 4.074E+06 4.070E+06 5.106E+06 5.318E+06 6.093E+06 4.239E+06 4.232E+06 4.260E+06 3.674E+06 3.641E+06 3.961E+06 4.507E+06 4.372E+06 5.760E+06 3.199E+06 2.869E+06 3.017E+06 3.773E+06 3.447E+06 4.870E+06 5.258E+06 3.130E+06 2.939E+06 2.939E+06 2.938E+06 5.363E+06 5.274E+06 4.365E+06 2.882E+06 2.780E+06 3.561E+06 5.533E+06 5.648E+06 2.778E+06 5.158E+06

2-57

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen

C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2

101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0

59.969 54 137.47 203.66 51.857 73.304 66.824 81.56 89.063 52.923 90.464 57.661 80.208 88.671 53.963 73.51 84.09 66.51 91.944 73.833 117.52 77.523 57.723 57.459 65.551 105.64 86.898 62.614 42.393 51.915 56.639 59.123 101.51 100.3 50.323 74.738 11.533 156.95 92.252 87.829 120.47 147.41 124.23 78.463 75.494 65.922 79.858 59.083 156.06 81.507 104.65 114.05 135.421 109.42 107.44 73.155 51.024 47.091 68.467 133.2 123.71 76.858 12.69

−8,585.5 −6,018.5 −11,976 −19,441 −2,598.7 −7,122.3 −6,227.6 −5,596.9 −7,733.7 −7,531.7 −10,243 −6,346.5 −7,203.2 −7,012.7 −2,443 −7,572.7 −10,411 −6,019.2 −5,293.4 −5,817 −12,991 −7,978.8 −5,236.9 −6,356.8 −5,027.4 −8,007 −6,646.4 −6,148.2 −1,103.3 −5,439 −3,576.5 −3,043.7 −4,917.2 −10,763 −5,378.2 −5,417 −8.99 −15,557 −8,349 −6,996.4 −13,106 −13,466 −11,637 −8,077.2 −7,896.5 −6,189 −8,501.8 −6,031.8 −15,015 −7,776.8 −6,995.5 −12,332 −12,288 −10,449 −8,528.6 −7,242.9 −4,986.4 −5,104 −7,390.5 −7,492.9 −7,639 −7,245.2 −94.896

−5.1538 −4.4981 −16.698 −25.525 −5.1283 −7.1424 −6.41 −9.0779 −9.917 −4.2347 −9.2836 −5.032 −8.6023 −10.045 −5.5643 −7.1435 −8.1976 −6.3332 −11.682 −7.809 −12.895 −7.7757 −5.2136 −4.9545 −6.6853 −12.477 −9.5758 −5.84 −4.1203 −4.2896 −5.5801 −6.1845 −13.765 −10.946 −4.203 −8.0636 0.6724 −18.966 −10.274 −9.8802 −13.31 −17.353 −14.148 −7.9062 −7.5047 −6.3629 −8.1043 −5.3072 −18.941 −8.4516 −12.702 −12.45 −15.732 −12.051 −12.679 −7.2569 −4.2463 −3.6371 −6.5456 −18.405 −16.451 −8.22 1.1125

1.9983E-18 9.9684E-18 8.0906E-06 8.8382E-06 1.4913E-05 2.8853E-06 1.7914E-17 8.7920E-06 5.9860E-06 1.1835E-06 5.2573E-18 8.2534E-18 4.5901E-06 7.4578E-06 1.9079E-05 1.2124E-17 1.6536E-18 1.0394E-17 1.4902E-02 6.3200E-06 6.1306E-18 1.0076E-17 2.2998E-17 5.2015E-18 6.3208E-06 9.0000E-06 5.9615E-17 1.0900E-17 5.7815E-05 8.7527E-18 9.8969E-06 1.6637E-05 2.2031E-02 3.8503E-06 3.4697E-06 7.4700E-06 2.7430E-01 6.4559E-06 5.9252E-06 7.2099E-06 5.8384E-18 1.1284E-17 6.9486E-17 8.0521E-18 8.9130E-18 2.0091E-17 8.1501E-18 1.4357E-17 6.8172E-06 1.5143E-17 1.2381E-05 5.6253E-18 1.2701E-17 2.6122E-46 8.4606E-06 1.2741E-17 1.6768E-17 5.1621E-04 7.7611E-18 2.2062E-02 1.6495E-02 6.1557E-03 3.2915E-04

6 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 1 2 6 6 6 6 2 2 6 6 2 6 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 6 6 5.7 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 2 6 6 16 2 6 6 1 6 1 1 1 2

300.03 210.15 263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.6 192.15 178.2 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104 284.29 260.15 195.2 160.65 193.55 235 180 140 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 230.94 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.6 281.45 187.55 1.76 295.13 229.8 182.57 265.83 239.15 230 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223 217.35 217.5 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65 274.69 13.95

7.09E+00 3.69E+00 6.15E−01 9.26E−03 1.13E+00 4.96E−04 1.43E+00 1.52E+02 3.91E−03 1.69E−01 4.63E−01 1.04E−02 3.57E−04 3.71E−06 1.26E+02 6.78E+02 2.19E−01 9.71E+00 7.79E+00 1.81E+01 2.86E−04 7.60E−04 4.31E−03 9.70E−01 1.14E−03 7.80E−01 1.61E−03 1.85E−02 2.53E+02 1.51E+02 8.37E+00 4.33E+02 8.87E+02 1.04E+00 2.40E+03 5.00E+01 1.46E+03 4.65E−02 1.45E+00 1.83E−01 4.34E−02 1.95E−02 3.68E−02 2.30E+00 3.54E+00 1.86E−03 3.05E−01 8.15E−01 9.23E−02 1.25E+00 9.02E−01 2.43E−01 2.25E−02 7.44E−02 1.45E+00 2.22E+00 7.96E−04 2.20E−01 1.31E−02 3.92E−04 5.40E−01 4.08E+02 7.21E+03

766.8 550 658 768 305.32 514 523.3 456.15 617.15 698 655 571 609.15 569.5 282.34 593 720 537 469.15 508.4 674.6 583 489 567 499.15 546 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408 771 588 490.15 5.2 736 616.8 540.2 677.3 632.3 608.3 606.6 611.4 537.4 645 547 723 591 507.6 660.2 611.3 585.3 587.61 582.82 504 544 623 516.2 549 653.15 33.19

3.097E+06 3.111E+06 1.822E+06 1.175E+06 4.852E+06 6.109E+06 3.850E+06 5.594E+06 3.590E+06 3.203E+06 3.403E+06 2.935E+06 3.041E+06 3.412E+06 5.032E+06 6.290E+06 8.257E+06 6.850E+06 7.255E+06 4.708E+06 2.788E+06 2.460E+06 3.415E+06 3.293E+06 5.492E+06 3.337E+06 3.372E+06 3.320E+06 5.167E+06 4.544E+06 5.006E+06 5.875E+06 6.594E+06 7.751E+06 5.807E+06 5.550E+06 2.285E+05 1.344E+06 3.155E+06 2.719E+06 3.039E+06 3.013E+06 2.995E+06 2.919E+06 2.946E+06 2.921E+06 2.772E+06 3.209E+06 1.411E+06 3.461E+06 3.045E+06 3.284E+06 3.441E+06 3.298E+06 3.286E+06 3.322E+06 3.212E+06 3.540E+06 3.079E+06 3.635E+06 3.530E+06 1.473E+07 1.315E+06

2-58

TABLE 2-8

Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Continued)

No.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

C1

184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242

Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane

HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si

10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9

29.315 104.27 36.75 59.544 85.584 110.38 136.66 122.92 109.53 39.205 82.718 79.128 61.267 50.242 107.69 75.206 84.828 66.575 71.308 85.383 121.85 93.131 83.927 95.453 60.164 96.344 69.459 71.87 95.984 92.684 134.63 125.1 54.179 55.368 52.732 52.601 79.788 78.586 72.698 79.07 77.184 57.984 80.503 57.612 53.867 45.242 52.82 54.15 107.36 105.7 53.579 61.907 108.43 172.27 78.01 70.717 67.942 83.711 37.205

C2 −2,424.5 −3,731.2 −3,927.1 −4,143.8 −3,839.9 −10,540 −7,201.5 −16,258 −10,410 −1,324.4 −6,904.5 −9,523.9 −5,618.6 −3,811.9 −7,027.2 −5,082.8 −9,334.7 −5,213.4 −4,976 −9,575.4 −10,976 −5,525.4 −5,640.5 −5,448.8 −5,621.7 −7,856.3 −5,250 −6,885.7 −5,401.7 −7,080.8 −10,682 −10,288 −7,477.2 −5,149.8 −5,286.9 −5,120.3 −5,420 −5,176.3 −6,143.6 −6,114.1 −5,606.1 −5,339.6 −7,421.8 −5,197.9 −4,701 −5,324.4 −5,437.7 −4,337.7 −8,085.3 −12,458 −5,041.2 −6,188.9 −5,039.9 −11,589 −4,634.1 −6,439.7 −5,419.1 −6,786.9 −2,590.3

C3

C4

C5

Tmin, K

P at Tmin

Tmax, K

P at Tmax

−1.1354 −15.047 −2.1245 −6.1764 −11.199 −12.262 −18.934 −13.113 −12.289 −3.4366 −8.8622 −7.7355 −5.6473 −4.2526 −13.916 −8.0919 −8.7063 −6.7693 −7.7169 −8.6164 −13.869 −11.852 −9.6453 −12.384 −5.53 −11.058 −7.1125 −7.0944 −11.829 −10.695 −16.511 −15.157 −4.22 −5.0136 −4.4509 −4.4554 −9.0702 −8.7501 −7.5779 −8.631 −8.392 −5.2362 −8.379 −5.1269 −4.7052 −3.2551 −4.442 −4.8127 −12.72 −11.234 −4.6404 −5.706 −15.012 −22.113 −8.9575 −6.9845 −6.8067 −9.2526 −2.5993

2.3806E-18 3.1340E-02 3.8948E-17 1.4161E-05 1.8848E-02 1.4310E-17 2.2255E-02 2.0609E-18 3.1990E-06 3.1019E-05 7.4664E-06 3.1616E-18 2.1080E-17 6.5326E-17 1.5185E-02 8.1130E-06 6.1723E-18 4.8106E-06 8.7271E-06 5.6124E-18 1.4283E-17 1.4205E-02 1.1121E-05 1.5643E-02 1.8629E-17 7.3080E-06 7.9289E-17 1.4903E-17 1.8092E-05 8.1366E-06 8.4427E-06 1.0918E-05 3.5225E-18 3.2220E-06 1.0883E-17 1.3288E-17 1.1489E-05 9.1727E-06 5.6476E-06 6.5333E-06 7.8468E-06 2.0767E-17 1.8114E-17 2.1702E-17 2.8791E-17 3.0363E-18 9.5103E-18 4.5000E-17 8.3307E-06 4.4629E-18 1.9443E-17 1.1767E-17 2.2725E-02 1.3703E-05 1.3413E-05 2.0129E-17 4.7778E-17 6.6666E-06 6.0508E-06

6 1 6 2 1 6 1 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 1 2 6 2 2 6 6 1 2 1 6 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 6 6 1 2 2 6 6 2 2

185.15 158.97 259.83 189.79 187.68 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 193 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.3 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115 182.55 160 186.48 167.23 174.15 150 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240 119.55 176 113.54 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34

2.95E+04 1.35E+04 1.87E+04 3.37E+02 2.29E+04 7.82E−02 7.73E+00 7.03E+01 5.86E+01 1.17E+04 1.11E−01 2.86E+01 1.02E+00 4.15E+02 4.07E+00 1.77E+02 1.81E+00 7.28E−01 1.21E−04 6.94E−05 8.67E−09 2.05E−02 1.94E−02 2.92E+00 2.99E−02 4.61E−03 4.36E+01 1.34E−01 4.12E−01 1.52E−04 2.57E+02 4.56E+01 1.62E+01 2.25E−04 3.98E−03 2.12E−06 2.58E+01 7.85E+00 1.39E+00 2.25E−01 6.88E+00 2.13E−02 6.99E−02 7.28E+03 3.32E−03 2.95E−01 1.80E−01 3.15E+00 1.91E+01 4.19E−04 2.07E−05 6.33E−02 1.21E−02 5.88E+03 6.45E−01 6.34E−01 2.90E−03 4.26E−03 1.43E+01

363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605 471.85 805 662 190.56 512.5 718 506.55 402.4 536 430.05 693 490 460.4 643 577.2 465 470 492 512.74 593 463.2 554.5 442 572.1 686 614 617 532.7 542 526 483 437.8 535.5 533 487.2 497 574.6 488 464.48 553.4 553.1 469.95 566 694 497.7 546.49 407.8 506.2 417.9 530.6 476.25 565 352.5

8.463E+06 8.356E+06 5.353E+06 6.487E+06 8.999E+06 3.683E+06 4.540E+06 5.652E+06 4.812E+06 4.590E+06 8.146E+06 4.997E+06 4.695E+06 5.619E+06 4.277E+06 7.414E+06 3.590E+06 3.831E+06 3.366E+06 3.887E+06 3.916E+06 3.465E+06 3.394E+06 4.469E+06 3.377E+06 3.464E+06 4.199E+06 3.480E+06 4.170E+06 3.486E+06 3.994E+06 3.808E+06 3.767E+06 3.759E+06 4.130E+06 4.129E+06 3.964E+06 4.433E+06 4.120E+06 4.261E+06 5.983E+06 3.416E+06 3.272E+06 5.480E+06 3.764E+06 3.792E+06 4.022E+06 7.231E+06 3.674E+06 2.545E+06 3.044E+06 3.041E+06 3.630E+06 3.957E+06 4.004E+06 4.028E+06 3.802E+06 3.972E+06 4.702E+06

2-59

243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305

-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene

C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6

98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1

56.485 57.1511 51.085 62.964 29.755 75.632 58.282 68.149 57.278 96.512 72.974 182.54 337.71 109.35 137.6 162.854 146.46 63.313 106.2 114.77 157.68 83.601 96.084 140.16 144.111 133.41 63.775 72.382 74.936 78.368 64.612 122.04 51.245 40.067 135.57 149.58 78.741 101.7 114.748 122.26 84.635 44.286 46.994 58.985 67.309 82.805 137.29 72.958 95.444 86.779 126.5 57.069 59.078 84.6642 96.094 64.268 80.581 54.552 82.699 115.16 58.398 91.379 43.905

−6,954.2 −5,201.7 −4,271 −8,137.5 −271.06 −7,202.3 −1,084.1 −2,257.9 −6,089 −4,045 −2,650 −17,897 −18,506 −9,030.4 −14,948 −15,205 −13,813 −7,040.4 −10,982 −9,430.8 −16,093 −8,865.8 −7,900.2 −14,813 −13,667 −12,630 −7,711.3 −8,054.8 −7,155.9 −8,855.4 −6,802.5 −16,050 −1,200.2 −2,204.8 −13,478 −8,890 −5,420.3 −10,955 −10,643 −10,774 −7,078.4 −5,415.1 −4,289.5 −6,193.1 −6,880.8 −5,683.8 −7,447.1 −10,943 −10,113 −8,101.8 −12,551 −3,682.7 −3,492.6 −8,307.2 −8,575.4 −7,298.9 −5,896.1 −7,149.4 −6,703.5 −8,433.9 −5,312.7 −8,276.8 −3,097.8

−4.7889 −5.1429 −4.307 −5.6317 −2.6081 −7.6464 −8.3144 −8.9118 −4.9821 −12.277 −8.261 −22.498 −50.224 −12.882 −15.618 −19.424 −17.158 −5.8055 −11.696 −13.631 −18.954 −8.5711 −11.003 −16.004 −16.826 −15.369 −5.7359 −7.0002 −7.5843 −7.8202 −6.0261 −12.986 −6.4361 −2.9351 −16.022 −20.697 −8.8253 −10.829 −12.858 −13.943 −9.3 −3.0913 −3.7345 −5.2746 −6.4449 −9.4301 −19.01 −6.7902 −10.09 −9.5303 −15.002 −5.5662 −6.0669 −8.5767 −10.292 −5.9109 −8.9301 −4.2769 −9.1506 −13.934 −5.2876 −10.176 −3.4425

2.7753E-18 1.6529E-17 3.0530E-17 2.2675E-18 5.2700E-04 1.8250E-17 4.4127E-02 2.3233E-02 1.2154E-17 2.8860E-05 9.7000E-15 7.4008E-06 4.7345E-02 7.8544E-06 5.5660E-18 1.0722E-17 8.6279E-40 7.5753E-18 8.8955E-18 8.1918E-06 5.9272E-06 7.9446E-18 7.1802E-06 6.4239E-18 9.3666E-18 2.9939E-41 3.0902E-18 5.8276E-18 1.7106E-17 5.6629E-18 1.1013E-17 2.0871E-18 2.8405E-02 7.7520E-16 5.6136E-06 2.2101E-02 9.6171E-06 7.1880E-18 1.2491E-17 1.0700E-42 6.2702E-06 1.8580E-18 2.5424E-17 7.3986E-18 1.0148E-17 1.0767E-05 2.1415E-02 1.0850E-18 6.7603E-18 6.1367E-06 7.7521E-06 6.5133E-06 1.0919E-05 7.5091E-18 1.6665E-17 4.8482E-18 8.2236E-06 1.1843E-18 7.5424E-06 1.0346E-05 1.9913E-06 5.6240E-06 9.9989E-17

6 6 6 6 2 6 1 1 6 2 6 2 1 2 6 6 14 6 6 2 2 6 2 6 6 14 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 2 1 2 6 6 15 2 6 6 6 6 2 1 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 2 2 2 2 6

249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 24.56 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.6 182.3 109.5 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.36 80.15 283.07 182 143.42 239.15 195.56 200 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199 170 252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36 173.55 87.89

9.23E+00 4.93E−01 3.37E+00 9.91E+02 4.38E+04 3.18E-02 1.25E+04 1.86E−01 1.47E+02 8.69E+04 2.20E+04 1.59E−02 3.42E−01 4.31E−01 4.71E−02 8.55E−02 4.32E−03 2.04E−02 1.47E−01 4.50E−01 3.39E−02 1.46E+00 2.11E+00 1.83E−01 9.60E−02 4.04E−02 4.68E+00 7.84E+00 2.98E−03 3.05E−02 1.04E−01 2.15E+03 1.48E+02 7.35E−01 1.29E−01 5.23E−02 6.86E−02 3.28E−02 5.48E−04 4.15E−03 7.52E−01 7.34E+01 3.70E−05 1.77E−03 2.01E−01 2.40E+00 2.05E−01 2.93E+01 1.88E+02 4.33E+00 7.90E+02 1.83E+01 1.68E−04 4.28E−07 1.95E−02 2.48E−02 1.31E+00 1.31E+01 1.69E−01 1.71E−02 1.30E+01 1.81E−04 1.17E−03

654 497.1 437 748.4 44.4 593 126.2 234 588.15 309.57 180.15 758 658 594.6 710.7 670.9 649.5 593.1 681 598.05 747 638.9 568.7 694.26 652.3 629.8 632.7 627.7 566.9 667.3 574 804 154.58 261 708 566.1 469.7 639.16 588.1 561 561.08 560.95 464.8 584.3 598 481.2 519 869 694.25 653 791 394 369.83 536.8 508.3 636 504.4 600.81 564.4 549.73 496.95 638.35 364.85

3.341E+06 3.285E+06 4.583E+06 4.069E+06 2.665E+06 5.159E+06 3.391E+06 4.500E+06 6.309E+06 7.278E+06 6.516E+06 1.208E+06 2.743E+06 2.305E+06 2.502E+06 2.522E+06 2.551E+06 2.427E+06 2.330E+06 2.620E+06 1.256E+06 2.951E+06 2.467E+06 2.761E+06 2.782E+06 2.754E+06 2.647E+06 2.705E+06 2.663E+06 2.523E+06 2.880E+06 7.060E+06 5.021E+06 5.566E+06 1.474E+06 3.969E+06 3.364E+06 3.589E+06 3.896E+06 3.709E+06 3.706E+06 3.699E+06 3.562E+06 3.537E+06 3.474E+06 4.170E+06 4.020E+06 2.902E+06 6.059E+06 4.063E+06 4.734E+06 5.218E+06 4.214E+06 5.170E+06 4.783E+06 3.130E+06 4.919E+06 4.608E+06 4.191E+06 3.366E+06 4.738E+06 3.202E+06 4.599E+06

2-60 TABLE 2-8

Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Concluded)

No.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

C1 104.08 60.43 62.165 212.8 48.651 272.85 105.93 128.65 47.365 29.16 180.99 248.72 110.52 140.47 54.898 137.23 75.881 57.963 93.193 76.945 54.153 137.45 56.55 134.68 78.341 85.301 84.912 83.105 506.33 302 131 182.571 57.406 55.682 91.432 54.571 73.649 85.099 90.405 88.72

C2

C3

C4

C5

Tmin, K

P at Tmin

Tmax, K

P at Tmax

−7,535.9 −5,276.9 −5,624 −15,420 −7,289.5 −9,548.9 −8,685.9 −16,958 −4,084.5 −2,383.6 −12,060 −32,238 −14,045 −13,231 −5,305.4 −10,620 −6,910.6 −5,901.5 −7,001.5 −6,729.8 −6,041.8 −12,549 −5,681.9 −6,055.8 −8,019.8 −8,215.9 −6,722.2 −6,903.7 −37,483 −24,324 −11,143 −17,112 −5,702.8 −4,439.3 −5,141.7 −5,561.5 −7,258.2 −7,615.9 −7,955.2 −7,741.2

−12.348 −5.6572 −5.8595 −28.109 −3.4453 −40.089 −12.42 −13.872 −3.6469 −1.1342 −22.839 −30.009 −11.861 −16.859 −4.7627 −17.908 −7.9499 −5.2048 −10.738 −8.179 −4.5383 −16.543 −4.9815 −19.415 −8.1458 −9.2166 −9.5157 −9.1858 −69.22 −40.13 −15.855 −22.125 −5.0307 −5.0136 −10.981 −4.712 −7.3037 −9.3072 −10.086 −9.8693

9.6020E−06 2.6039E−17 2.0597E−17 2.1564E−05 1.0068E−18 6.3699E−15 7.5583E−06 2.1559E−18 1.7990E−17

2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6

7.2350E−17 4.7950E−06 2.2121E−18 6.5877E−06 1.4291E−17 1.4506E−02 4.4315E−06 9.1301E−18 8.2308E−06 5.3017E−06 4.9833E−18 7.1275E−06 1.2363E−17 2.8619E−02 3.8971E−06 4.7979E−06 7.2244E−06 6.4703E−06 2.7381E−05 1.7403E−05 8.1871E−06 1.12835E−17 1.1042E−17 1.9650E−17 1.4318E−05 1.0702E−17 4.1653E−06 5.5643E−06 5.9594E−06 6.0770E−06

6 2 6 2 6 1 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 2 2 2 2

180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95 700.15 329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.5 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.4 354 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.3 247.98 286.41

2.11E−01 9.73E−03 6.51E−02 9.29E−05 1.17E+04 2.21E+05 1.06E+01 8.85E+02 1.67E+03 2.30E+05 2.09E+04 4.57E+03 4.14E−01 2.53E−01 1.96E−01 1.33E−01 1.54E−02 8.69E+04 1.86E+02 4.75E−02 4.47E+01 2.51E−01 1.06E−02 9.92E+00 3.71E+00 6.93E−01 1.71E−02 1.68E−02 8.50E+00 9.36E−01 4.08E−01 1.26E−01 7.06E−01 6.69E+01 1.92E−02 3.54E−01 6.11E+02 3.18E+00 2.18E+01 5.76E+02

538 517 536.6 626 683 259 636 806 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113 857 693 540.15 720 631.95 568 579.35 591.75 602 675 535.15 433.25 664.5 649.1 543.8 573.5 846 828 639 703.9 519.13 454 432 543.15 647.096 617 630.3 616.2

4.031E+06 4.752E+06 4.627E+06 6.041E+06 5.925E+06 3.748E+06 3.823E+06 4.727E+06 7.860E+06 3.771E+06 8.192E+06 3.943E+06 2.974E+06 1.569E+06 5.203E+06 3.624E+06 5.117E+06 2.871E+06 5.702E+06 4.080E+06 4.447E+06 1.679E+06 3.037E+06 4.102E+06 3.447E+06 3.212E+06 2.550E+06 2.812E+06 3.410E+06 3.019E+06 1.949E+06 2.120E+06 3.930E+06 4.887E+06 5.750E+06 3.058E+06 2.193E+07 3.528E+06 3.741E+06 3.501E+06

Vapor pressure Ps is calculated by

Ps = exp(C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4T C5) where Ps is in Pa and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AIChE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-9

2-61

Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm* Compound

Pressure, mmHg 1

Name Aluminum borohydride bromide chloride fluoride iodide oxide Ammonia heavy Ammonium bromide carbamate chloride cyanide hydrogen sulfide iodide Antimony tribromide trichloride pentachloride triiodide trioxide Argon Arsenic Arsenic tribromide trichloride trifluoride pentafluoride trioxide Arsine Barium Beryllium borohydride bromide chloride iodide Bismuth tribromide trichloride Diborane hydrobromide Borine carbonyl triamine Boron hydrides dihydrodecaborane dihydrodiborane dihydropentaborane tetrahydropentaborane tetrahydrotetraborane Boron tribromide trichloride trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium chloride fluoride iodide oxide Calcium Carbon (graphite) dioxide disulfide monoxide oxyselenide oxysulfide selenosulfide subsulfide tetrabromide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Cesium bromide chloride fluoride iodide

5

10

20

Al Al(BH4)3 AlBr3 Al2Cl6 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 NH3 ND3 NH4Br N2H6CO2 NH4Cl NH4CN NH4HS NH4I Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbI3 Sb4O6 A As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5 As2O3 AsH3 Ba Be(BH4)2 BeBr2 BeCl2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 B2H5Br BH3CO B3N3H6 B10H14 B2H6 B5H9 B5H11 B4H10 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 Br2 BrF5 Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO Ca C CO2 CS2 CO COSe COS CSeS C3S2 CBr4 CCl4 CF4 Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI

40

60

100

200

400

760

Melting point, °C

1749 −3.9 176.1 152.0 1422 294.5 2665 −68.4 −67.4 320.0 26.7 271.5 −0.5 0.0 331.8 1223 203.5 143.3 114.1 303.5 957 −200.5 518 145.2 70.9 13.2 −84.3 332.5 −98.0 1301 58.6 405 411 411 1271 360 343 −29.0 −95.3 +4.0

1844 +11.2 199.8 161.8 1457 322.0 2766 −57.0 −57.0 345.3 37.2 293.2 +9.6 +10.5 355.8 1288 225.7 165.9

1947 28.1 227.0 171.6 1496 354.0 2874 −45.4 −45.4 370.8 48.0 316.5 20.5 21.8 381.0 1364 250.2 192.2

2056 45.9 256.3 180.2 1537 385.5 2977 −33.6 −33.4 396.0 58.3 337.8 31.7 33.3 404.9 1440 275.0 219.0

660 −64. 97. 192.4 1040

333.8 1085 −195.6 548 167.7 89.2 26.7 −75.5 370.0 −87.2 1403 69.0 427 435 435 1319 392 372 −15.4 −85.5 18.5

368.5 1242 −190.6 579 193.6 109.7 41.4 −64.0 412.2 −75.2 1518 79.7 451 461 461 1370 425 405 0.0 −74.8 34.3

401.0 1425 −185.6 610 220.0 130.4 56.3 −52.8 457.2 −62.1 1638 90.0 474 487 487 1420 461 441 +16.3 −64.0 50.6

142.3 −120.9 +9.6 20.1 −28.1 33.5 −32.4 −123.0 +9.3 −4.5 611 797 1486 640 1341 1207 4373 −100.2 −5.1 −205.7 −61.7 −85.9 28.3 109.9 119.7 23.0 −150.7 509 1072 1069 1025 1055

163.8 −111.2 24.6 34.8 −14.0 50.3 −18.9 −115.9 24.3 +9.9 658 847 1561 688 1409 1288 4516 −93.0 +10.4 −201.3 −49.8 −75.0 45.7 130.8 139.7 38.3 −143.6 561 1140 1139 1092 1124

−99.6 40.8 51.2 +0.8 70.0 −3.6 −108.3 41.0 25.7 711 908 1651 742 1484 1388 4660 −85.7 28.0 −196.3 −35.6 −62.7 65.2

−86.5 58.1 67.0 16.1 91.7 +12.7 −100.7 58.2 40.4 765 967 1751 796 1559 1487 4827 −78.2 46.5 −191.3 −21.9 −49.9 85.6

163.5 57.8 −135.5 624 1221 1217 1170 1200

189.5 76.7 −127.7 690 1300 1300 1251 1280

Temperature, °C

Formula 1284 81.3 100.0 1238 178.0 2148 −109.1

1421 −52.2 103.8 116.4 1298 207.7 2306 −97.5

1487 −42.9 118.0 123.8 1324 225.8 2385 −91.9

1555 −32.5 134.0 131.8 1350 244.2 2465 −85.8

1635 −20.9 150.6 139.9 1378 265.0 2549 −79.2

198.3 −26.1 160.4 −50.6 −51.1 210.9 886 93.9 49.2 22.7 163.6 574 −218.2 372 41.8 −11.4

234.5 −10.4 193.8 −35.7 −36.0 247.0 984 126.0 71.4 48.6 203.8 626 −213.9 416 70.6 +11.7

252.0 −2.9 209.8 −28.6 −28.7 263.5 1033 142.7 85.2 61.8 223.5 666 −210.9 437 85.2 +23.5

270.6 +5.3 226.1 −20.9 −20.8 282.8 1084 158.3 100.6 75.8 244.8 729 −207.9 459 101.3 36.0

−117.9 212.5 −142.6

−108.0 242.6 −130.8 984 19.8 325 328 322 1099 261 242 −75.3 −127.3 −45.0

−103.1 259.7 −124.7 1049 28.1 342 346 341 1136 282 264 −66.3 −121.1 −35.3

−98.0 279.2 −117.7 1120 36.8 361 365 361 1177 305 287 −56.4 −114.1 −25.0

290.0 14.0 245.0 −12.6 −12.3 302.8 1141 177.4 117.8 91.0 267.8 812 −204.9 483 118.7 50.0 −2.5 −92.4 299.2 −110.2 1195 46.2 379 384 382 1217 327 311 −45.4 −106.6 −13.2

1684 −13.4 161.7 145.4 1398 277.8 2599 −74.3 −74.0 303.8 19.6 256.2 −7.4 −7.0 316.0 1176 188.1 128.3 101.0 282.5 873 −202.9 498 130.0 58.7 +4.2 −88.5 310.3 −104.8 1240 51.7 390 395 394 1240 340 324 −38.2 −101.9 −5.8

3586 −134.3 −73.8 −222.0 −117.1 −132.4 −47.3 14.0

80.8 −149.5 −40.4 −29.9 −73.1 −20.4 −75.2 −145.4 −32.8 −51.0 455 618 1231 481 1100 926 3828 −124.4 −54.3 −217.2 −102.3 −119.8 −26.5 41.2

90.2 −144.3 −30.7 −19.9 −64.3 −10.1 −66.9 −141.3 −25.0 −41.9 484 656 1286 512 1149 983 3946 −119.5 −44.7 −215.0 −95.0 −113.3 −16.0 54.9

100.0 −138.5 −20.0 −9.2 −54.8 +1.5 −57.9 −136.4 −16.8 −32.0 516 695 1344 546 1200 1046 4069 −114.4 −34.3 −212.8 −86.3 −106.0 −4.4 69.3

−50.0 −184.6 279 748 744 712 738

−30.0 −174.1 341 838 837 798 828

−19.6 −169.3 375 887 884 844 873

−8.2 −164.3 409 938 934 893 923

117.4 −131.6 −8.0 +2.7 −44.3 14.0 −47.8 −131.0 −8.0 −21.0 553 736 1400 584 1257 1111 4196 −108.6 −22.5 −210.0 −76.4 −98.3 +8.6 85.6 96.3 +4.3 −158.8 449 993 989 947 976

127.8 −127.2 −0.4 10.2 −37.4 22.1 −41.2 −127.6 −0.6 −14.0 578 762 1436 608 1295 1152 4273 −104.8 −15.3 −208.1 −70.2 −93.0 17.0 96.0 106.3 12.3 −155.4 474 1026 1023 980 1009

+1.0 289 291 283 1021 −93.3 −139.2 −63.0 60.0 −159.7 −50.2 −90.9 −41.4 −91.5 −154.6 −48.7 −69.3 394 1112 416 1000

*Compiled from the extended tables published by D. R. Stull in Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947).

2050 −77.7 −74.0 520 36 630.5 96.6 73.4 2.8 167 656 −189.2 814 −18 −5.9 −79.8 312.8 −116.3 850 123 490 405 488 271 218 230 −104.2 −137.0 −58.2 99.6 −169 −47.0 −119.9 −45 −107 −126.8 −7.3 −61.4 320.9 568 520 385 851 −57.5 −110.8 −205.0 −138.8 −75.2 +0.4 90.1 −22.6 −183.7 28.5 636 646 683 621

2-62

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-9

Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Compound

Pressure, mmHg 1

Name Chlorine fluoride trifluoride monoxide dioxide heptoxide Chlorosulfonic acid Chromium carbonyl oxychloride Cobalt chloride nitrosyl tricarbonyl Columbium fluoride Copper Cuprous bromide chloride iodide Cyanogen bromide chloride fluoride Deuterium cyanide Fluorine oxide Germanium bromide chloride hydride Trichlorogermane Tetramethylgermane Digermane Trigermane Gold Helium para-Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide chloride cyanide fluoride iodide oxide (water) sulfide disulfide selenide telluride Iodine heptafluoride Iron pentacarbonyl Ferric chloride Ferrous chloride Krypton Lead bromide chloride fluoride iodide oxide sulfide Lithium bromide chloride fluoride iodide Magnesium chloride Manganese chloride Mercury Mercuric bromide chloride iodide Molybdenum hexafluoride oxide

5

10

20

Cl2 ClF ClF3 Cl2O ClO2 Cl2O7 HSO3Cl Cr Cr(CO)6 CrO2Cl2 CoCl2 Co(CO)3NO CbF5 Cu Cu2Br2 Cu2Cl2 Cu2I2 C2N2 CNBr CNCl CNF DCN F2 F2O GeBr4 GeCl4 GeH4 GeHCl3 Ge(CH3)4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Au He H2 HBr HCl HCN H2F2 HI H 2O H2S HSSH H2Se H2Te I2 IF7 Fe Fe(CO)5 Fe2Cl6 FeCl2 Kr Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 PbO PbS Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI Mg MgCl2 Mn MnCl2 Hg HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 Mo MoF6 MoO3

40

60

100

200

400

760

Melting point, °C

−71.7 −120.8 −34.7 −39.4 −29.4 29.1 105.3 2139 108.0 58.0 843 29.0 148.5 2207 951 960 907 −51.8 22.6 −24.9 −97.0 −17.5 −202.7 −165.8 113.2 27.5 −120.3 26.5 −6.3 −20.3 47.9 2521 −270.3 −257.9 −97.7 −114.0 −17.8 −28.2 −72.1 51.6 −91.6 22.0 −74.2 −45.7 116.5 −31.9 2360 50.3 272.5 842 −171.8 1421 745 784 1080 701 1265 1108 1097 1076 1129 1425 993 909 1142 1792 960 261.7 237.8 237.0 261.8 4109 −8.0 955

−60.2 −114.4 −20.7 −26.5 −17.8 44.6 120.0 2243 121.8 75.2 904 44.4 172.2 2325 1052 1077 1018 −42.6 33.8 −14.1 −89.2 −5.4 −198.3 −159.0 135.4 44.4 −111.2 41.6 +8.8 −4.7 67.0 2657 −269.8 −256.3 −88.1 −105.2 −5.3 −13.2 −60.3 66.5 −82.3 35.3 −65.2 −32.4 137.3 −20.7 2475 68.0 285.0 897 −165.9 1519 796 833 1144 750 1330 1160 1178 1147 1203 1503 1049 967 1223 1900 1028 290.7 262.7 256.5 291.0 4322 +4.1 1014

−47.3 −107.0 −4.9 −12.5 −4.0 62.2 136.1 2361 137.2 95.2 974 62.0 198.0 2465 1189 1249 1158 −33.0 46.0 −2.3 −80.5 +10.0 −193.2 −151.9 161.6 63.8 −100.2 58.3 26.0 +13.3 88.6 2807 −269.3 −254.5 −78.0 −95.3 +10.2 +2.5 −48.3 83.0 −71.8 49.6 −53.6 −17.2 159.8 −8.3 2605 86.1 298.0 961 −159.0 1630 856 893 1219 807 1402 1221 1273 1226 1290 1591 1110 1034 1316 2029 1108 323.0 290.0 275.5 324.2 4553 17.2 1082

−33.8 −100.5 +11.5 +2.2 +11.1 78.8 151.0 2482 151.0 117.1 1050 80.0 225.0 2595 1355 1490 1336 −21.0 61.5 +13.1 −72.6 26.2 −187.9 −144.6 189.0 84.0 −88.9 75.0 44.0 31.5 110.8 2966 −268.6 −252.5 −66.5 −84.8 25.9 19.7 −35.1 100.0 −60.4 64.0 −41.1 −2.0 183.0 +4.0 2735 105.0 319.0 1026 −152.0 1744 914 954 1293 872 1472 1281 1372 1310 1382 1681 1171 1107 1418 2151 1190 357.0 319.0 304.0 354.0 4804 36.0 1151

−100.7 −145 −83 −116 −59 −91 −80 1615

Temperature, °C

Formula −118.0 −98.5

−106.7 −143.4 −80.4 −81.6

−45.3 32.0 1616 36.0 −18.4

−23.8 53.5 1768 58.0 +3.2

1628 572 546 −95.8 −35.7 −76.7 −134.4 −68.9 −223.0 −196.1 −45.0 −163.0 −41.3 −73.2 −88.7 −36.9 1869 −271.7 −263.3 −138.8 −150.8 −71.0 −123.3 −17.3 −134.3 −43.2 −115.3 −96.4 38.7 −87.0 1787 194.0 −199.3 973 513 547 479 943 852 723 748 783 1047 723 621 778 1292 126.2 136.5 136.2 157.5 3102 −65.5 734

1795 666 645 610 −83.2 −18.3 −61.4 −123.8 −54.0 −216.9 −186.6 43.3 −24.9 −151.0 −22.3 −54.6 −69.8 −12.8 2059 −271.5 −261.9 −127.4 −140.7 −55.3 −74.7 −109.6 +1.2 −122.4 −24.4 −103.4 −82.4 62.2 −70.7 1957 −6.5 221.8 −191.3 1099 578 615 861 540 1039 928 838 840 880 1156 802 702 877 1434 736 164.8 165.3 166.0 189.2 3393 −49.0 785

−101.6 −139.0 −71.8 −73.1 −59.0 −13.2 64.0 1845 68.3 13.8

−93.3 −134.3 −62.3 −64.3 −51.2 −2.1 75.3 1928 79.5 25.7

86.3 1879 718 702 656 −76.8 −10.0 −53.8 −118.5 −46.7 −214.1 −182.3 56.8 −15.0 −145.3 −13.0 −45.2 −60.1 −0.9 2154 −271.3 −261.3 −121.8 −135.6 −47.7 −65.8 −102.3 11.2 −116.3 −15.2 −97.9 −75.4 73.2 −63.0 2039 +4.6 235.5 700 −187.2 1162 610 648 904 571 1085 975 881 888 932 1211 841 743 930 1505 778 184.0 179.8 180.2 204.5 3535 −40.8 814

−1.3 103.0 1970 777 766 716 −70.1 −1.0 −46.1 −112.8 −38.8 −211.0 −177.8 71.8 −4.1 −139.2 −3.0 −35.0 −49.9 +11.8 2256 −271.1 −260.4 −115.4 −130.0 −39.7 −56.0 −94.5 22.1 −109.7 −5.1 −91.8 −67.8 84.7 −54.5 2128 16.7 246.0 737 −182.9 1234 646 684 950 605 1134 1005 940 939 987 1270 883 789 988 1583 825 204.6 194.3 195.8 220.0 3690 −32.0 851

−84.5 −128.8 −51.3 −54.3 −42.8 +10.3 87.6 2013 91.2 38.5 770 +11.0 121.5 2067 844 838 786 −62.7 +8.6 −37.5 −106.4 −30.1 −207.7 −173.0 88.1 +8.0 −131.6 +8.8 −23.4 −38.2 26.3 2363 −270.7 −259.6 −108.3 −123.8 −30.9 −45.0 −85.6 34.0 −102.3 +6.0 −84.7 −59.1 97.5 −45.3 2224 30.3 256.8 779 −178.4 1309 686 725 1003 644 1189 1048 1003 994 1045 1333 927 838 1050 1666 879 228.8 211.5 212.5 238.2 3859 −22.1 892

−79.0 −125.3 −44.1 −48.0 −37.2 +18.2 95.2 2067 98.3 46.7 801 18.5 133.2 2127 887 886 836 −57.9 14.7 −32.1 −102.3 −24.7 −205.6 −170.0 98.8 16.2 −126.7 16.2 −16.2 −30.7 35.5 2431 −270.6 −258.9 −103.8 −119.6 −25.1 −37.9 −79.8 41.5 −97.9 12.8 −80.2 −53.7 105.4 −39.4 2283 39.1 263.7 805 −175.7 1358 711 750 1036 668 1222 1074 1042 1028 1081 1372 955 868 1088 1720 913 242.0 221.0 222.2 249.0 3964 −16.2 917

735 −11 75.5 1083 504 422 605 −34.4 58 −6.5 −12 −223 −223.9 26.1 −49.5 −165 −71.1 −88 −109 −105.6 1063 −259.1 −87.0 −114.3 −13.2 −83.7 −50.9 0.0 −85.5 −89.7 −64 −49.0 112.9 5.5 1535 −21 304 −156.7 327.5 373 501 855 402 890 1114 186 547 614 870 446 651 712 1260 650 −38.9 237 277 259 2622 17 795

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

TABLE 2-9

2-63

Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Compound

Pressure, mmHg 1

Name Neon Nickel carbonyl chloride Nitrogen Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Nitrous oxide Nitrosyl chloride fluoride Osmium tetroxide (yellow) (white) Oxygen Ozone Phosgene Phosphorus (yellow) (violet) tribromide trichloride pentachloride Phosphine Phosphonium bromide chloride iodide Phosphorus trioxide pentoxide oxychloride thiobromide thiochloride Platinum Potassium bromide chloride fluoride hydroxide iodide Radon Rhenium heptoxide Rubidium bromide chloride fluoride iodide Selenium dioxide hexafluoride oxychloride tetrachloride Silicon dioxide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Trichlorofluorosilane Iodosilane Diiodosilane Disiloxan Trisilane Trisilazane Tetrasilane Octachlorotrisilane Hexachlorodisiloxane Hexachlorodisilane Tribromosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluorosilane Dibromosilane Difluorosilane Monobromosilane Monochlorosilane Monofluorosilane Tribromofluorosilane Dichlorodifluorosilane Trifluorobromosilane

5

10

20

Ne Ni Ni(CO)4 NiCl2 N2 NO NO2 N2O5 N2O NOCl NOF OsO4 OsO4 O2 O3 COCl2 P P PBr3 PCl3 PCl5 PH3 PH4Br PH4Cl PH4I P 4O 6 P4O10 POCl3 PSBr3 PSCl3 Pt K KBr KCl KF KOH KI Rn Re2O7 Rb RbBr RbCl RbF RbI Se SeO2 SeF6 SeOCl2 SeCl4 Si SiO2 SiCl4 SiF4 SiFCl3 SiH3I SiH2I2 (SiH3)2O Si3H8 (SiH3)3N Si4H10 Si3Cl3 (SiCl3)2O Si2Cl6 SiHBr3 SiHCl3 SiHF3 SiH2Br2 SiH2F2 SiH3Br SiH3Cl SiH3F SiFBr3 SiF2Cl2 SiF3Br

40

60

100

200

400

760

Melting point, °C

−251.0 2364 −6.0 866 −209.7 −166.0 −14.7 7.4 −110.3 −46.3 −88.8 71.5 71.5 −198.8 −141.0 −35.6 197.3 349 103.6 21.0 117.0 −118.8 7.4 −52.0 29.3 108.3 510 47.4 126.3 63.8 3714 586 1137 1164 1245 1064 1080 −99.0 289.0 514 1114 1133 1168 1072 554 258.0 −73.9 118.0 147.5 2083 1969 +5.4 −113.3 −33.2 −4.4 79.4 −55.9 +1.6 −1.1 47.4 146.0 75.4 85.4 51.6 −16.4 −118.7 14.1 −107.3 −42.3 −68.5 −122.4 28.6 −70.3

−249.7 2473 +8.8 904 −205.6 −162.3 −5.0 15.6 −103.6 −34.0 −79.2 89.5 89.5 −194.0 −132.6 −22.3 222.7 370 125.2 37.6 131.3 −109.4 17.6 −44.0 39.9 129.0 532 65.0 141.8 82.0 3923 643 1212 1239 1323 1142 1152 −87.7 307.0 563 1186 1207 1239 1141 594 277.0 −64.8 134.6 161.0 2151 2053 21.0 −170.2 −19.3 +10.7 101.8 −43.5 17.8 +14.0 63.6 166.2 92.5 102.2 70.2 −1.8 −111.3 31.6 −98.3 −28.6 −57.0 −115.2 45.7 −58.0 −69.8

−248.1 2603 25.8 945 −200.9 −156.8 +8.0 24.4 −96.2 −20.3 −68.2 109.3 109.3 −188.8 −122.5 −7.6 251.0 391 149.7 56.9 147.2 −98.3 28.0 −35.4 51.6 150.3 556 84.3 157.8 102.3 4169 708 1297 1322 1411 1233 1238 −75.0 336.0 620 1267 1294 1322 1223 637 297.7 −55.2 151.7 176.4 2220 2141 38.4 −100.7 −4.0 27.9 125.5 −29.3 35.5 31.0 81.7 189.5 113.6 120.6 90.2 +14.5 −102.8 50.7 −87.6 −13.3 −44.5 −106.8 64.6 −45.0 −55.9

−246.0 2732 42.5 987 −195.8 −151.7 21.0 32.4 −85.5 −6.4 −56.0 130.0 130.0 −183.1 −111.1 +8.3 280.0 417 175.3 74.2 162.0 −87.5 38.3 −27.0 62.3 173.1 591 105.1 175.0 124.0 4407 774 1383 1407 1502 1327 1324 −61.8 362.4 679 1352 1381 1408 1304 680 317.0 −45.8 168.0 191.5 2287 2227 56.8 −94.8 +12.2 45.4 149.5 −15.4 53.1 48.7 100.0 211.4 135.6 139.0 111.8 31.8 −95.0 70.5 −77.8 +2.4 −30.4 −98.0 83.8 −31.8 −41.7

−248.7 1452 −25 1001 −210.0 −161 −9.3 30 −90.9 −64.5 −134 56 42 −218.7 −251 −104 44.1 590 −40 −111.8

Temperature, °C

Formula −257.3 1810

−255.5 1979

−254.6 2057

−253.7 2143

671 −226.1 −184.5 −55.6 −36.8 −143.4

731 −221.3 −180.6 −42.7 −23.0 −133.4

759 −219.1 −178.2 −36.7 −16.7 −128.7

789 −216.8 −175.3 −30.4 −10.0 −124.0

−132.0 3.2 −5.6 −219.1 −180.4 −92.9 76.6 237 7.8 −51.6 55.5

−120.3 22.0 +15.6 −213.4 −168.6 −77.0 111.2 271 34.4 −31.5 74.0

−114.3 31.3 26.0 −210.6 −163.2 −69.3 128.0 287 47.8 −21.3 83.2

−107.8 41.0 37.4 −207.5 −157.2 −60.3 146.2 306 62.4 −10.2 92.5

−43.7 −91.0 −25.2 384

−28.5 −79.6 −9.0 39.7 424

50.0 −18.3 2730 341 795 821 885 719 745 −144.2 212.5 297 781 792 921 748 356 157.0 −118.6 34.8 74.0 1724

72.4 +4.6 3007 408 892 919 988 814 840 −132.4 237.5 358 876 887 982 839 413 187.7 −105.2 59.8 96.3 1835

−63.4 −144.0 −92.6

−44.1 −134.8 −76.4 −53.0 3.8 −95.8 −49.7 −49.9 −6.2 74.7 17.8 27.4 −8.0 −62.6 −142.7 −40.0 −136.0 −85.7 −104.3 −145.5 −25.4 −110.5

−21.2 −74.0 −1.1 53.0 442 2.0 83.6 16.1 3146 443 940 968 1039 863 887 −126.3 248.0 389 923 937 1016 884 442 202.5 −98.9 71.9 107.4 1888 1732 −34.4 −130.4 −68.3 −47.7 18.0 −88.2 −40.0 −40.4 +4.3 89.3 29.4 38.8 +3.4 −53.4 −138.2 −29.4 −130.4 −77.3 −97.7 −141.2 −15.1 −102.9

−13.3 −68.0 +7.3 67.8 462 13.6 95.5 29.0 3302 483 994 1020 1096 918 938 −119.2 261.0 422 975 990 1052 935 473 217.5 −92.3 84.2 118.1 1942 1798 −24.0 −125.9 −59.0 −33.4 34.1 −79.8 −29.0 −30.0 15.8 104.2 41.5 51.5 16.0 −43.8 −132.9 −18.0 −124.3 −68.3 −90.1 −136.3 −3.7 −94.5

−112.5 −68.9 −68.7 −27.7 46.3 −5.0 +4.0 −30.5 −80.7 −152.0 −60.9 −146.7 −117.8 −153.0 −46.1 −124.7

−252.6 2234 −23.0 821 −214.0 −171.7 −23.9 −2.9 −118.3 −60.2 −100.3 51.7 50.5 −204.1 −150.7 −50.3 166.7 323 79.0 +2.3 102.5 −129.4 −5.0 −61.5 16.1 84.0 481 27.3 108.0 42.7 3469 524 1050 1078 1156 976 995 −111.3 272.0 459 1031 1047 1096 991 506 234.1 −84.7 98.0 130.1 2000 1867 −12.1 −120.8 −48.8 −21.8 52.6 −70.4 −16.9 −18.5 28.4 121.5 55.2 65.3 30.0 −32.9 −127.3 −5.2 −117.6 −57.8 −81.8 −130.8 +9.2 −85.0

−251.9 2289 −15.9 840 −212.3 −168.9 −19.9 +1.8 −114.9 −54.2 −95.7 59.4 59.4 −201.9 −146.7 −44.0 179.8 334 89.8 10.2 108.3 −125.0 +0.3 −57.3 21.9 94.2 493 35.8 116.0 51.8 3574 550 1087 1115 1193 1013 1030 −106.2 280.0 482 1066 1084 1123 1026 527 244.6 −80.0 106.5 137.8 2036 1911 −4.8 −117.5 −42.2 −14.3 64.0 −64.2 −9.0 −11.0 36.6 132.0 63.8 73.9 39.2 −25.8 −123.7 +3.2 −113.3 −51.1 −76.0 −127.2 17.4 −78.6

−132.5 −28.5 22.5 569 2 38 −36.2 1755 62.3 730 790 880 380 723 −71 296 38.5 682 715 760 642 217 340 −34.7 8.5 1420 1710 −68.8 −90 −120.8 −57.0 −1.0 −144.2 −117.2 −105.7 −93.6 −33.2 −1.2 −73.5 −126.6 −131.4 −70.2 −93.9 −82.5 −139.7 −70.5

2-64

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-9

Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Concluded) Compound

Pressure, mmHg 1

Name Trifluorochlorosilane Hexafluorodisilane Dichlorofluorobromosilane Dibromochlorofluorosilane Silane Disilane Silver chloride iodide Sodium bromide chloride cyanide fluoride hydroxide iodide Strontium Strontium oxide Sulfur monochloride hexafluoride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dioxide trioxide (α) trioxide (β) trioxide (γ) Tellurium chloride fluoride Thallium Thallous bromide chloride iodide Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride Tin Stannic bromide Stannous chloride Stannic chloride iodide hydride Tin tetramethyl trimethyl-ethyl trimethyl-propyl Titanium chloride Tungsten Tungsten hexafluoride Uranium hexafluoride Vanadyl trichloride Xenon Zinc chloride fluoride diethyl Zirconium bromide chloride iodide

5

10

20

SiF3Cl Si2F6 SiFCl2Br SiFClBr2 SiH4 Si2H6 Ag AgCl AgI Na NaBr NaCl NaCN NaF NaOH NaI Sr SrO S S2Cl2 SF6 SO2Cl2 SO2 SO3 SO3 SO3 Te TeCl4 TeF6 Tl TlBr TlCl TlI SOBr2 SOCl2 Sn SnBr4 SnCl2 SnCl4 SnI4 SnH4 Sn(CH3)4 Sn(CH3)3·C2H5 Sn(CH3)3·C3H7 TiCl4 W WF6 UF6 VOCl3 Xe Zn ZnCl2 ZnF2 Zn(C2H5)2 ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrI4

40

100

200

400

760

Melting point, °C

−108.2 −46.7 −29.0 −4.7 −146.3 −66.4 1795 1242 1152 662 1099 1169 1156 1403 1057 1039 1057

−101.7 −41.7 −19.5 +6.3 −140.5 −57.5 1865 1297 1210 701 1148 1220 1214 1455 1111 1083 1111

−91.7 −34.2 −3.2 23.0 −131.6 −44.6 1971 1379 1297 758 1220 1296 1302 1531 1192 1150 1192

−81.0 −26.4 +15.4 43.0 −122.0 −29.0 2090 1467 1400 823 1304 1379 1401 1617 1286 1225 1285

−70.0 −18.9 35.4 59.5 −111.5 −14.3 2212 1564 1506 892 1392 1465 1497 1704 1378 1304 1384

305.5 63.2 −96.8 +7.2 −54.6 +4.0 8.0 21.4 789 287 −73.8 1143 621 612 631 68.3 10.4 1903 116.2 467 43.5 234.2 −96.6 11.7 38.4 57.5 58.0 5007 −27.5 10.4 49.8 −137.7 700 584 1207 47.2 289 268 355

327.2 75.3 −90.9 17.8 −46.9 10.5 14.3 28.0 838 304 −67.9 1196 653 645 663 80.6 21.4 1968 131.0 493 54.7 254.2 −89.2 22.8 50.0 69.8 71.0 5168 −20.3 18.2 62.5 −132.8 736 610 1254 59.1 301 279 369

359.7 93.5 −82.3 33.7 −35.4 20.5 23.7 35.8 910 330 −57.3 1274 703 694 712 99.0 37.9 2063 152.8 533 72.0 283.5 −78.0 39.8 67.3 88.0 90.5 5403 −10.0 30.0 82.0 −125.4 788 648 1329 77.0 318 295 389

399.6 115.4 −72.6 51.3 −23.0 32.6 32.6 44.0 997 360 −48.2 1364 759 748 763 119.2 56.5 2169 177.7 577 92.1 315.5 −65.2 58.5 87.6 109.6 112.7 5666 +1.2 42.7 103.5 −117.1 844 689 1417 97.3 337 312 409

444.6 138.0 −63.5 69.2 −10.0 44.8 44.8 51.6 1087 392 −38.6 1457 819 807 823 139.5 75.4 2270 204.7 623 113.0 348.0 −52.3 78.0 108.8 131.7 136.0 5927 17.3 55.7 127.2 −108.0 907 732 1497 118.0 357 331 431

−142 −18.6 −112.3 −99.3 −185 −132.6 960.5 455 552 97.5 755 800 564 992 318 651 800 2430 112.8 −80 −50.2 −54.1 −73.2 16.8 32.3 62.1 452 224 −37.8 3035 460 430 440 −52.2 −104.5 231.9 31.0 246.8 −30.2 144.5 −149.9

60

Temperature, °C

Formula −144.0 −81.0 −86.5 −65.2 −179.3 −114.8 1357 912 820 439 806 865 817 1077 739 767 2068 183.8 −7.4 −132.7 −95.5 −39.0 −34.0 −15.3 520 −111.3 825 440 −6.7 −52.9 1492 316 −22.7 −140.0 −51.3 −30.0 −12.0 −13.9 3990 −71.4 −38.8 −23.2 −168.5 487 428 970 −22.4 207 190 264

−133.0 −68.8 −68.4 −45.5 −168.6 −99.3 1500 1019 927 511 903 967 928 1186 843 857 847 2198 223.0 +15.7 −120.6 −35.1 −83.0 −23.7 −19.2 −2.0 605 −98.8 931 490 487 502 +18.4 −32.4 1634 58.3 366 −1.0 156.0 −125.8 −31.0 −7.6 +10.7 +9.4 4337 −56.5 −22.0 +0.2 −158.2 558 481 1055 0.0 237 217 297

−127.0 −63.1 −59.0 −35.6 −163.0 −91.4 1575 1074 983 549 952 1017 983 1240 897 903 898 2262 243.8 27.5 −114.7 −24.8 −76.8 −16.5 −12.3 +4.3 650 233 −92.4 983 522 517 531 31.0 −21.9 1703 72.7 391 +10.0 175.8 −118.5 −20.6 +3.8 21.8 21.3 4507 −49.2 −13.8 12.2 −152.8 593 508 1086 +11.7 250 230 311

−120.5 −57.0 −48.8 −24.5 −156.9 −82.7 1658 1134 1045 589 1005 1072 1046 1300 953 952 953 2333 264.7 40.0 −108.4 −13.4 −69.7 −9.1 −4.9 11.1 697 253 −86.0 1040 559 550 567 44.1 −10.5 1777 88.1 420 22.0 196.2 −111.2 −9.3 16.1 34.0 34.2 4690 −41.5 −5.2 26.6 −147.1 632 536 1129 24.2 266 243 329

−112.8 −50.6 −37.0 −12.0 −150.3 −72.8 1743 1200 1111 633 1063 1131 1115 1363 1017 1005 1018 2410 288.3 54.1 −101.5 −1.0 −60.5 −1.0 +3.2 17.9 753 273 −78.4 1103 598 589 607 58.8 +2.2 1855 105.5 450 35.2 218.8 −102.3 +3.5 30.0 48.5 48.4 4886 −33.0 +4.4 40.0 −141.2 673 566 1175 38.0 281 259 344

−30 3370 −0.5 69.2 −111.6 419.4 365 872 −28 450 437 499

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-65

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm* Pressure, mmHg Compound

1

Name

Formula

Acenaphthalene Acetal Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetanilide Acetic acid anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetyl chloride Acetylene Acridine Acrolein (2-propenal) Acrylic acid Adipic acid Allene (propadiene) Allyl alcohol (propen-1-ol-3) chloride (3-chloropropene) isopropyl ether isothiocyanate n-propyl ether 4-Allylveratrole iso-Amyl acetate n-Amyl alcohol iso-Amyl alcohol sec-Amyl alcohol (2-pentanol) tert-Amyl alcohol sec-Amylbenzene iso-Amyl benzoate bromide (1-bromo-3-methylbutane) n-butyrate formate iodide (1-iodo-3-methylbutane) isobutyrate Amyl isopropionate iso-Amyl isovalerate n-Amyl levulinate iso-Amyl levulinate nitrate 4-tert-Amylphenol Anethole Angelonitrile Aniline 2-Anilinoethanol Anisaldehyde o-Anisidine (2-methoxyaniline) Anthracene Anthraquinone Azelaic acid Azelaldehyde Azobenzene Benzal chloride (α,α-Dichlorotoluene) Benzaldehyde Benzanthrone Benzene Benzenesulfonylchloride Benzil Benzoic acid anhydride Benzoin Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzotrichloride (α,α,α-Trichlorotoluene) Benzotrifluoride (α,α,α-Trifluorotoluene) Benzoyl bromide chloride nitrile Benzyl acetate alcohol

C12H10 C6H14O2 C2H4O C2H5NO C8H9NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C8H8O C2H3OCl C2H2 C13H9N C3H4O C3H4O2 C6H10O4 C3H4 C3H6O C3H5Cl C6H12O C4H5NS C6H12O C11H14O2 C7H14O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C11H16 C12H16O2 C5H11Br C9H18O2 C6H12O2 C5H11I C9H18O2 C8H16O2 C10H20O2 C10H18O3 C10H18O3 C5H11NO3 C11H16O C10H12O C5H7N C6H7N C8H11NO C8H8O2 C7H9NO C14H10 C14H8O2 C9H16O4 C9H18O C12H10N2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C17H10O C6H6 C6H5ClO2S C14H10O2 C7H6O2 C14H10O3 C14H12O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C8H5NO C9H10O2 C7H8O

5

10

20

114.8 −2.3 −65.1 92.0 146.6 +6.3 24.8 −40.5 −26.6 64.0 −35.0 −133.0 165.8 −46.0 27.3 191.0 −108.0 +0.2 −52.0 −23.1 +25.3 −18.2 113.9 +23.7 34.7 30.9 22.1 +7.2 55.8 104.5 +2.1 47.1 +5.4 +21.9 40.1 33.7 54.4 110.0 104.0 28.8 109.8 91.6 +15.0 57.9 134.3 102.6 88.0 173.5 219.4 210.4 58.4 135.7 64.0 50.1 274.5 −19.6 96.5 165.2 119.5 180.0 170.2 55.3 141.7 73.7 −10.3 75.4 59.1 71.7 73.4 80.8

131.2 +8.0 −56.8 105.0 162.0 17.5 36.0 −31.1 −16.3 78.0 −27.6 −128.2 184.0 −36.7 39.0 205.5 −101.0 10.5 −42.9 −12.9 38.3 −7.9 127.0 35.2 44.9 40.8 32.2 17.2 69.2 121.6 13.6 59.9 17.1 34.1 52.8 46.3 68.6 124.0 118.8 40.3 125.5 106.0 28.0 69.4 149.6 117.8 101.7 187.2 234.2 225.5 71.6 151.5 78.7 62.0 297.2 −11.5 112.0 183.0 132.1 198.0 188.1 69.2 157.6 87.6 −0.4 89.8 73.0 85.5 87.6 92.6

148.7 19.6 −47.8 120.0 180.0 29.9 48.3 −20.8 −5.0 92.4 −19.6 −122.8 203.5 −26.3 52.0 222.0 −93.4 21.7 −32.8 −1.8 52.1 +3.7 142.8 47.8 55.8 51.7 42.6 27.9 83.8 139.7 26.1 74.0 30.0 47.6 66.6 60.0 83.8 139.7 134.4 53.5 142.3 121.8 41.0 82.0 165.7 133.5 116.1 201.9 248.3 242.4 85.0 168.3 94.3 75.0 322.5 −2.6 129.0 202.8 146.7 218.0 207.0 83.4 175.8 102.7 12.2 105.4 87.6 100.2 102.3 105.8

40

60

100

200

400

760

197.5 50.1 −22.6 158.0 227.2 63.0 82.2 +7.7 27.0 133.6 +3.2 −107.9 256.0 +2.5 86.1 265.0 −72.5 50.0 −4.5 29.0 89.5 35.8 183.7 83.2 85.8 80.7 70.7 55.3 124.1 186.8 60.4 113.1 65.4 84.4 104.4 97.6 125.1 180.5 177.0 88.6 189.0 164.2 77.5 119.9 209.5 176.7 155.2 250.0 285.0 286.5 123.0 216.0 138.3 112.5 390.0 26.1 174.5 255.8 186.2 270.4 258.0 123.5 224.4 144.3 45.3 147.7 128.0 141.0 144.0 141.7

222.1 66.3 −10.0 178.3 250.5 80.0 100.0 22.7 43.7 154.2 16.1 −100.3 284.0 17.5 103.3 287.8 −61.3 64.5 10.4 44.3 108.0 52.6 204.0 101.3 102.0 95.8 85.7 69.7 145.2 210.2 78.7 133.2 83.2 103.8 124.2 117.3 146.1 203.1 198.1 106.7 213.0 186.1 96.3 140.1 230.6 199.0 175.3 279.0 314.6 309.6 142.1 240.0 160.7 131.7 426.5 42.2 198.0 283.5 205.8 299.1 284.4 144.1 249.8 165.6 62.5 169.2 149.5 161.3 165.5 160.0

250.0 84.0 +4.9 200.0 277.0 99.0 119.8 39.5 62.5 178.0 32.0 −92.0 314.3 34.5 122.0 312.5 −48.5 80.2 27.5 61.7 129.8 71.4 226.2 121.5 119.8 113.7 102.3 85.7 168.0 235.8 99.4 155.3 102.7 125.8 146.0 138.4 169.5 227.4 222.7 126.5 239.5 210.5 117.7 161.9 254.5 223.0 197.3 310.2 346.2 332.8 163.4 266.1 187.0 154.1

277.5 102.2 20.2 222.0 303.8 118.1 139.6 56.5 81.8 202.4 50.8 −84.0 346.0 52.5 141.0 337.5 −35.0 96.6 44.6 79.5 150.7 90.5 248.0 142.0 137.8 130.6 119.7 101.7 193.0 262.0 120.4 178.6 123.3 148.2 168.8 160.2 194.0 253.2 247.9 147.5 266.0 235.3 140.0 184.4 279.6 248.0 218.5 342.0 379.9 356.5 185.0 293.0 214.0 179.0

60.6 224.0 314.3 227.0 328.8 313.5 166.7 276.8 189.2 82.0 193.7 172.8 185.0 189.0 183.0

80.1 251.5 347.0 249.2 360.0 343.0 190.6 305.4 213.5 102.2 218.5 197.2 208.0 213.5 204.7

Temperature, °C −23.0 −81.5 65.0 114.0 −17.2 1.7 −59.4 −47.0 37.1 −50.0 −142.9 129.4 −64.5 +3.5 159.5 −120.6 −20.0 −70.0 −43.7 −2.0 −39.0 85.0 0.0 +13.6 +10.0 +1.5 −12.9 29.0 72.0 −20.4 21.2 −17.5 −2.5 14.8 +8.5 27.0 81.3 75.6 +5.2 62.6 −8.0 34.8 104.0 73.2 61.0 145.0 190.0 178.3 33.3 103.5 35.4 26.2 225.0 −36.7 65.9 128.4 96.0 143.8 135.6 28.2 108.2 45.8 −32.0 47.0 32.1 44.5 45.0 58.0

168.2 31.9 −37.8 135.8 199.6 43.0 62.1 −9.4 +7.7 109.4 −10.4 −116.7 224.2 −15.0 66.2 240.5 −85.2 33.4 −21.2 +10.9 67.4 16.4 158.3 62.1 68.0 63.4 54.1 38.8 100.0 158.3 39.8 90.0 44.0 62.3 81.8 75.5 100.6 155.8 151.7 67.6 160.3 139.3 55.8 96.7 183.7 150.5 132.0 217.5 264.3 260.0 100.2 187.9 112.1 90.1 350.0 +7.6 147.7 224.5 162.6 239.8 227.6 99.6 195.7 119.8 25.7 122.6 103.8 116.6 119.6 119.8

181.2 39.8 −31.4 145.8 211.8 51.7 70.8 −2.0 15.9 119.8 −4.5 −112.8 238.7 −7.5 75.0 251.0 −78.8 40.3 −14.1 18.7 76.2 25.0 169.6 71.0 75.5 71.0 61.5 46.0 110.4 171.4 48.7 99.8 53.3 71.9 91.7 85.2 110.3 165.2 162.6 76.3 172.6 149.8 65.2 106.0 194.0 161.7 142.1 231.8 273.3 271.8 110.0 199.8 123.4 99.6 368.8 15.4 158.2 238.2 172.8 252.7 241.7 109.8 208.2 130.0 34.0 133.4 114.7 127.0 129.8 129.3

Melting point, °C 95 −123.5 81 113.5 16.7 −73 −94.6 −41 20.5 −112.0 −81.5 110.5 −87.7 14 152 −136 −129 −136.4 −80

−117.2 −11.9

93 22.5 −6.2 2.5 5.2 217.5 286 106.5 68 −16.1 −26 174 +5.5 14.5 95 121.7 42 132 −12.9 48.5 −21.2 −29.3 0 −0.5 33.5 −51.5 −15.3

*Compiled from the extended tables published by D. R. Stull in Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947). For information on fuels see Hibbard, N.A.C.A. Research Mem. E56I21, 1956. For methane see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.

2-66

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Benzylamine Benzyl bromide (α-bromotoluene) chloride (α-chlorotoluene) cinnamate Benzyldichlorosilane Benzyl ethyl ether phenyl ether isothiocyanate Biphenyl 1-Biphenyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane d-Bornyl acetate Bornyl n-butyrate formate isobutyrate propionate Brassidic acid Bromoacetic acid 4-Bromoanisole Bromobenzene 4-Bromobiphenyl 1-Bromo-2-butanol 1-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 1,4-Bromochlorobenzene 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 2-Bromo-4,6-dichlorophenol 1-Bromo-4-ethyl benzene (2-Bromoethyl)-benzene 2-Bromoethyl 2-chloroethyl ether (2-Bromoethyl)-cyclohexane 1-Bromoethylene Bromoform (tribromomethane) 1-Bromonaphthalene 2-Bromo-4-phenylphenol 3-Bromopyridine 2-Bromotoluene 3-Bromotoluene 4-Bromotoluene 3-Bromo-2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2-Bromo-1,4-xylene 1,2-Butadiene (methyl allene) 1,3-Butadiene n-Butane iso-Butane (2-methylpropane) 1,3-Butanediol 1,2,3-Butanetriol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 3-Butenenitrile iso-Butyl acetate n-Butyl acrylate alcohol iso-Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol iso-Butyl amine n-Butylbenzene iso-Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene iso-Butyl benzoate n-Butyl bromide (1-bromobutane) iso-Butyl n-butyrate carbamate Butyl carbitol (diethylene glycol butyl ether) n-Butyl chloride (1-chlorobutane) iso-Butyl chloride

1

5

10

20

29.0 32.2 22.0 173.8 45.3 26.0 95.4 79.5 70.6 135.3 46.9 74.0 47.0 70.0 64.6 209.6 54.7 48.8 +2.9 98.0 23.7 +6.2 −44.0 −38.4 −47.3 −39.0 −45.0 32.0 −36.0 −28.8 84.0 30.4 48.0 36.5 38.7 −95.4

70.0

54.8 59.6 47.8 206.3 70.2 52.0 127.7 107.8 101.8 169.9 75.7 103.4 74.8 99.8 93.7 241.7 81.6 77.8 27.8 133.7 45.4 30.0 −23.2 −17.0 −27.0 −17.9 −24.1 59.5 −18.0 −7.0 115.6 42.5 76.2 63.2 66.6 −77.8 22.0 117.5 135.4 42.0 49.7 50.8 47.5 146.2 65.0 −72.7 −87.6 −85.7 −94.1 67.5 132.0 −89.4 −81.1 −84.0 +2.9 +1.4 +23.5 +20.0 +11.6 +7.2 −3.0 −31.0 48.8 40.5 44.2 39.0 93.6 −11.2 30.0 83.7 95.7

67.7 73.4 60.8 221.5 83.2 65.0 144.0 121.8 117.0 187.2 90.2 118.0 89.3 114.0 108.0 256.0 94.1 91.9 40.0 150.6 55.8 41.8 −12.8 −6.4 −16.8 −7.2 −13.8 72.7 −9.4 +4.1 130.8 74.0 90.5 76.3 80.5 −68.8 34.0 133.6 152.3 55.2 62.3 64.0 61.1 163.2 78.8 −64.2 −79.7 −77.8 −86.4 85.3 146.0 −81.6 −73.4 −76.3 14.1 12.8 35.5 30.2 21.7 16.9 +5.5 −21.0 62.0 53.7 57.0 51.7 108.6 −0.3 42.2 96.4 107.8

81.8 88.3 75.0 239.3 96.7 79.6 160.7 137.0 134.2 205.8 106.0 133.8 104.0 130.0 123.7 272.9 108.2 107.8 53.8 169.8 67.2 54.2 −1.4 +5.4 −5.3 +4.6 −2.4 87.8 0.0 16.0 147.7 90.2 105.8 90.8 95.8 −58.8 48.0 150.2 171.8 69.1 76.0 78.1 75.2 181.8 94.0 −54.9 −71.0 −68.9 −77.9 100.0 161.0 −73.0 −64.6 −67.5 26.6 25.5 48.6 41.5 32.4 27.3 14.3 −10.3 76.3 67.8 70.6 65.6 124.2 +11.6 56.1 110.1 120.5

97.3 104.8 90.7 255.8 111.8 95.4 180.1 153.0 152.5 226.3 123.7 150.7 121.2 147.2 140.4 290.0 124.0 125.0 68.6 190.8 79.5 68.2 +11.5 18.4 +7.2 17.7 +10.5 103.8 +10.4 29.7 165.8 108.5 123.2 106.6 113.0 −48.1 63.6 170.2 193.8 84.1 91.0 93.9 91.8 200.5 110.6 −44.3 −61.3 −59.1 −68.4 117.4 178.0 −63.4 −54.7 −57.6 40.0 39.2 63.4 53.4 44.1 38.1 24.5 +1.3 92.4 83.3 86.2 80.8 141.8 24.8 71.7 125.3 135.5

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl

−49.0 −53.8

−28.9 −34.3

−18.6 −24.5

−7.4 −13.8

+5.0 −1.9

60

100

200

400

760

107.3 115.6 100.5 267.0 121.3 105.5 192.6 163.8 165.2 239.7 135.7 161.8 131.7 157.6 151.2 301.5 133.8 136.0 78.1 204.5 87.0 77.3 19.8 27.2 15.4 26.2 18.7 114.8 17.0 38.0 177.6 121.0 133.8 116.4 123.7 −41.2 73.4 183.5 207.0 94.1 100.0 104.1 102.3 213.0 121.6 −37.5 −55.1 −52.8 −62.4 127.5 188.0 −57.2 −48.4 −51.3 48.8 48.0 72.6 60.3 51.7 45.2 31.0 8.8 102.6 93.3 96.0 90.6 152.0 33.4 81.3 134.6 146.0

120.0 129.8 114.2 281.5 133.5 118.9 209.2 177.7 180.7 255.0 149.8 176.4 145.8 172.2 165.7 316.2 146.3 150.1 90.8 221.8 97.6 89.2 30.8 38.1 26.3 37.5 29.9 128.0 28.0 49.5 193.2 135.5 148.2 129.8 138.0 −31.9 85.9 198.8 224.5 107.8 112.0 117.8 116.4 229.3 135.7 −28.3 −46.8 −44.2 −54.1 141.2 202.5 −48.9 −39.8 −42.7 60.2 59.7 85.1 70.1 61.5 54.1 39.8 18.8 116.2 107.0 109.5 103.8 166.4 44.7 94.0 147.2 159.8

140.0 150.8 134.0 303.8 152.0 139.6 233.2 198.0 204.2 280.4 172.0 198.0 166.4 194.2 187.5 336.8 165.8 172.7 110.1 248.2 112.1 107.0 47.8 55.7 42.8 54.5 46.5 149.5 44.7 66.8 216.5 156.5 169.8 150.0 160.0 −17.2 106.1 224.2 251.0 127.7 133.6 138.0 137.4 253.0 156.4 −14.2 −33.9 −31.2 −41.5 161.0 222.0 −36.2 −26.8 −29.7 78.0 77.6 104.0 84.3 75.9 67.9 52.7 32.0 136.9 127.2 128.8 123.7 188.2 62.0 113.9 165.7 181.2

161.3 175.2 155.8 326.7 173.0 161.5 259.8 220.4 229.4 309.8 197.5 222.2 190.2 218.2 211.2 359.6 186.7 197.5 132.3 277.7 128.3 126.3 66.8 75.0 61.9 74.0 66.0 172.6 63.4 86.0 242.0 182.0 194.0 172.3 186.2 −1.1 127.9 252.0 280.2 150.0 157.3 160.0 160.2 278.0 181.0 +1.8 −19.3 −16.3 −27.1 183.8 243.5 −21.7 −12.0 −14.8 98.0 97.5 125.2 100.8 91.4 83.9 68.0 50.7 159.2 149.6 150.3 145.8 212.8 81.7 135.7 186.0 205.0

184.5 198.5 179.4 350.0 194.3 185.0 287.0 243.0 254.9 340.0 223.0 247.0 214.0 243.0 235.0 382.5 208.0 223.0 156.2 310.0 145.0 147.0 86.2 94.7 81.0 93.9 85.5 196.9 82.7 106.7 268.0 206.0 219.0 195.8 213.0 +15.8 150.5 281.1 311.0 173.4 181.8 183.7 184.5 305.8 206.7 18.5 −4.5 −0.5 −11.7 206.5 264.0 −6.3 +3.7 +0.9 119.0 118.0 147.4 117.5 108.0 99.5 82.9 68.6 183.1 172.8 173.5 168.5 237.0 101.6 156.9 206.5 231.2

13.0 +5.9

24.0 16.0

40.0 32.0

58.8 50.0

77.8 68.9

Temperature, °C

Formula C7H9N C7H7Br C7H7Cl C16H14O2 C7H8Cl2Si C9H12O C13H12O C8H7NS C12H10 C15H14O2 C12H20O2 C14H24O2 C11H18O2 C14H24O2 C13H22O2 C22H42O2 C2H3BrO2 C7H7BrO C6H5Br C12H9Br C4H9BrO C4H7BrO C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C6H4BrCl C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl C6H3BrCl2O C8H9Br C8H9Br C4H8BrClO C8H15Br C2H3Br CHBr3 C10H7Br C12H9BrO C5H4BrN C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C6H2BrCl3O C8H9Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H5N C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C11H14O2 C4H9Br C8H16O2 C5H11NO2 C8H18O3

40

84.2 100.0 16.8 24.4 14.8 10.3 112.4 37.5 −89.0 −102.8 −101.5 −109.2 22.2 102.0 −104.8 −96.4 −99.4 −19.6 −21.2 −0.5 −1.2 −9.0 −12.2 −20.4 −50.0 22.7 14.1 18.6 13.0 64.0 −33.0 +4.6

Melting point, °C −4 −39 39

69.5 29

61.5 49.5 12.5 −30.7 90.5

−100.3 −133.4 −111.2 −114.6 16.6 −16.6 68 −45.0

−138 8.5 5.5 95 −28 39.8 28.5 +9.5 −108.9 −135 −145 77 −130 −138.9 −105.4 −98.9 −64.6 −79.9 −108 −114.7 25.3 −85.0 −88.0 −51.5 −75.5 −58 −112.4 65 −123.1 −131.2

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-67

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Formula

sec-Butyl chloride (2-Chlorobutane) tert-Butyl chloride sec-Butyl chloroacetate 2-tert-Butyl-4-cresol 4-tert-Butyl-2-cresol iso-Butyl dichloroacetate 2,3-Butylene glycol (2,3-butanediol) 2-Butyl-2-ethylbutane-1,3-diol 2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol n-Butyl formate iso-Butyl formate sec-Butyl formate sec-Butyl glycolate iso-Butyl iodide (1-iodo-2-methylpropane) isobutyrate isovalerate levulinate naphthylketone (1-isovaleronaphthone) 2-sec-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol 4-iso-Butylphenol 4-sec-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol 2-(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)ethyl acetate 4-tert-Butylphenyl dichlorophosphate

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11ClO2 C11H16O C11H16O C6H10Cl2O2 C4H10O2 C10H22O2 C12H15O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H9I C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C9H16O3 C15H16O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C14H20O3 C10H13Cl2 O2P C11H14O C7H14O2 C12H18O C12H18O C12H18O C12H18O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H7N C11H14O C10H16 C10H16O2 C10H16O C10H19N C10H20O C10H20O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H10O2 C6H11N C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H15N C12H9N CO2 CS2 CO COSe COS CBr4 CCl4 CF4 C10H14O C10H14O C10H12O2 C2HCl3O C2H3Cl3O2

tert-Butyl phenyl ketone (pivalophenone) iso-Butyl propionate 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-xylenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-xylenol 6-tert-Butyl-2,4-xylenol 6-tert-Butyl-3,4-xylenol Butyric acid iso-Butyric acid Butyronitrile iso-Valerophenone Camphene Campholenic acid d-Camphor Camphylamine Capraldehyde Capric acid n-Caproic acid iso-Caproic acid iso-Caprolactone Capronitrile Capryl alcohol (2-octanol) Caprylaldehyde Caprylic acid (octanoic acid) Caprylonitrile Carbazole Carbon dioxide disulfide monoxide oxyselenide (carbonyl selenide) oxysulfide (carbonyl sulfide) tetrabromide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Carvacrol Carvone Chavibetol Chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate) Chloranil Chloroacetic acid anhydride 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorobenzotrichloride (2-α,α,α-tetrachlorotoluene)

C6Cl4O2 C2H3ClO2 C4H4Cl2O3 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C7H4Cl4

1

5

10

20

−60.2

−39.8

−29.2

−17.7

17.0 70.0 74.3 28.6 44.0 94.1 76.3 −26.4 −32.7 −34.4 28.3 −17.0 +4.1 16.0 65.0 136.0 57.4 56.6 72.1 71.4 70.0 118.0 96.0

41.8 98.0 103.7 54.3 68.4 122.6 106.2 −4.7 −11.4 −13.3 53.6 +5.8 28.0 41.2 92.1 167.9 86.0 84.2 100.9 100.5 99.2 150.0 129.6

54.6 112.0 118.0 67.5 80.3 136.8 121.0 +6.1 −0.8 −3.1 66.0 17.0 39.9 53.8 105.9 184.0 100.8 98.1 115.5 114.8 114.0 165.8 146.0

57.8 −2.3 88.2 74.0 70.3 83.9 25.5 14.7 −20.0 58.3

85.7 +20.9 119.8 103.9 100.2 113.6 49.8 39.3 +2.1 87.0

97.6 41.5 45.3 51.9 125.0 71.4 66.2 38.3 9.2 32.8 73.4 92.3 43.0

40

60

100

200

400

760

31.5 +14.6 124.1 187.8 197.8 139.2 145.6 212.0 200.3 67.9 60.0 56.8 135.5 81.0 106.3 124.8 181.8 269.7 179.7 173.8 192.1 194.3 191.5 250.3 240.0

50.0 32.6 146.0 210.0 221.8 160.0 164.0 233.5 223.8 86.2 79.0 75.2 155.6 100.3 126.3 146.4 205.5 294.0 203.8 196.3 214.7 217.6 214.0 277.6 268.2

68.0 51.0 167.8 232.6 247.0 183.0 182.0 255.0 247.8 106.0 98.2 93.6 177.5 120.4 147.5 168.7 229.9 320.0 228.0 219.5 237.0 242.1 238.0 304.4 299.0

Temperature, °C

Melting point, °C

68.2 127.2 134.0 81.4 93.4 151.2 137.0 18.0 +11.0 +8.4 79.8 29.8 52.4 67.7 120.2 201.6 116.1 113.0 130.3 130.3 129.5 183.3 164.0

−5.0 −19.0 83.6 143.9 150.8 96.7 107.8 167.8 154.0 31.6 24.1 21.3 94.2 42.8 67.2 82.7 136.2 219.7 133.4 129.2 147.2 147.8 146.0 201.5 184.3

+3.4 −11.4 93.0 153.7 161.7 106.6 116.3 178.0 165.4 39.8 32.4 29.6 104.0 51.8 75.9 92.4 147.0 231.5 143.9 140.0 157.0 157.9 156.0 212.8 197.2

14.2 −1.0 105.5 167.0 176.2 119.8 127.8 191.9 179.0 51.0 43.4 40.2 116.4 63.5 88.0 105.2 160.2 246.7 157.3 153.5 171.2 172.4 170.2 228.0 214.3

125.7 68.6 74.0 78.8 142.0 89.5 83.0 66.4 34.6 57.6 92.0 114.1 67.6

99.0 32.3 135.0 119.0 115.0 127.0 61.5 51.2 13.4 101.4 47.2 139.8 82.3 83.7 92.0 152.2 99.5 94.0 80.3 47.5 70.0 101.2 124.0 80.4

114.3 44.8 151.0 135.0 131.0 143.0 74.0 64.0 25.7 116.8 60.4 153.9 97.5 97.6 106.3 165.0 111.8 107.0 95.7 61.7 83.3 110.2 136.4 94.6

130.4 58.5 169.8 152.2 148.5 159.7 88.0 77.8 38.4 133.8 75.7 170.0 114.0 112.5 122.2 179.9 125.0 120.4 112.3 76.9 98.0 120.0 150.6 110.6

−134.3 −73.8 −222.0 −117.1 −132.4

−124.4 −54.3 −217.2 −102.3 −119.8

−119.5 −44.7 −215.0 −95.0 −113.3

−114.4 −34.3 −212.8 −86.3 −106.0

−50.0 −184.6 70.0 57.4 83.6 −37.8 −9.8

−30.0 −174.1 98.4 86.1 113.3 −16.0 +10.0

−19.6 −169.3 113.2 100.4 127.0 −5.0 19.5

−8.2 −164.3 127.9 116.1 143.2 +7.2 29.2

−108.6 −22.5 −210.0 −76.4 −98.3 96.3 +4.3 −158.8 145.2 133.0 159.8 20.2 39.7

140.8 67.6 180.3 163.6 158.2 170.0 96.5 86.3 47.3 144.6 85.0 180.0 124.0 122.0 132.0 189.8 133.3 129.6 123.2 86.8 107.4 126.0 160.0 121.2 248.2 −104.8 −15.3 −208.1 −70.2 −93.0 106.3 12.3 −155.4 155.3 143.8 170.7 29.1 46.2

154.0 79.5 195.0 176.0 172.0 184.0 108.0 98.0 59.0 158.0 97.9 193.7 138.0 134.6 145.3 200.0 144.0 141.4 137.2 99.8 119.8 133.9 172.2 134.8 265.0 −100.2 −5.1 −205.7 −61.7 −85.9 119.7 23.0 −150.7 169.7 157.3 185.5 40.2 55.0

70.7 43.0 67.2 46.3 63.5 59.3 −13.0

89.3 68.3 94.1 72.3 89.8 87.9 +10.6

97.8 81.0 108.0 84.8 102.0 102.1 22.2

106.4 94.2 122.4 99.2 116.7 117.8 35.3

116.1 109.2 138.2 115.6 133.6 135.0 49.7

122.0 118.3 148.0 125.7 144.1 145.8 58.3

129.5 130.7 159.8 139.5 158.0 159.9 70.7

140.3 149.0 177.8 160.0 179.5 182.3 89.4

151.3 169.0 197.0 183.7 203.5 206.6 110.0

162.6 189.5 217.0 208.8 228.5 230.5 132.2

290 61.2 46 0 −10.4 70.5 −45.2

69.0

101.8

117.9

135.8

155.0

167.8

185.0

208.0

233.0

262.1

28.7

175.0 197.7 220.0 97.0 116.4 136.8 217.5 241.3 265.3 196.0 217.8 239.8 192.3 214.2 236.5 204.5 226.7 249.5 125.5 144.5 163.5 115.8 134.5 154.5 76.7 96.8 117.5 180.1 204.2 228.0 117.5 138.7 160.5 212.7 234.0 256.0 157.9 182.0 209.2 153.0 173.8 195.0 164.8 186.3 208.5 217.1 240.3 268.4 160.8 181.0 202.0 158.3 181.0 207.7 157.8 182.1 207.0 119.7 141.0 163.7 138.0 157.5 178.5 145.4 156.5 168.5 190.3 213.9 237.5 155.2 179.5 204.5 292.5 323.0 354.8 −93.0 −85.7 −78.2 +10.4 28.0 46.5 −201.3 −196.3 −191.3 −49.8 −35.6 −21.9 −75.0 −62.7 −49.9 139.7 163.5 189.5 38.3 57.8 76.7 −143.6 −135.5 −127.7 191.2 213.8 237.0 179.6 203.5 227.5 206.8 229.8 254.0 57.8 77.5 97.7 68.0 82.1 96.2

−131.3 −26.5

22.5

−95.3 −90.7 −80.7

99

−71

−74 −47 50 178.5 31.5 −1.5 −35 −38.6 16 244.8 −57.5 −110.8 −205.0 −138.8 90.1 −22.6 −183.7 +0.5 −57 51.7

2-68

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

2-Chlorobenzotrifluoride (2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene) 2-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl α-Chlorocrotonic acid Chlorodifluoromethane Chlorodimethylphenylsilane 1-Chloro-2-ethoxybenzene 2-(2-Chloroethoxy) ethanol bis-2-Chloroethyl acetacetal 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 2-Chloroethyl chloroacetate 2-Chloroethyl 2-chloroisopropyl ether 2-Chloroethyl 2-chloropropyl ether 2-Chloroethyl α-methylbenzyl ether Chloroform (trichloromethane) 1-Chloronaphthalene 4-Chlorophenethyl alcohol 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2-Chloro-3-phenylphenol 2-Chloro-6-phenylphenol Chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) 1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chlorostyrene 4-Chlorostyrene 1-Chlorotetradecane 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotriethylsilane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethylene Chlorotrifluoromethane Chlorotrimethylsilane trans-Cinnamic acid Cinnamyl alcohol Cinnamylaldehyde Citraconic anhydride cis-α-Citral d-Citronellal Citronellic acid Citronellol Citronellyl acetate Coumarin o-Cresol (2-cresol; 2-methylphenol) m-Cresol (3-cresol; 3-methylphenol) p-Cresol (4-cresol; 4-methylphenol) cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid cis-Crotononitrile trans-Crotononitrile Cumene 4-Cumidene Cuminal Cuminyl alcohol 2-Cyano-2-n-butyl acetate Cyanogen bromide chloride iodide Cyclobutane Cyclobutene Cyclohexane Cyclohexaneethanol Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Cyclopentane Cyclopropane Cymene

1

5

10

20

60

100

200

400

760

88.3 197.0 212.5 155.9 −76.4 124.7 141.8 139.5 150.7 110.0 113.6 116.0 140.0 115.8 125.6 164.8 10.4 180.4 188.1 106.0 143.0 150.0 237.0 237.1 53.8 −15.1 104.6 121.2 122.0 215.5 94.7 96.3 96.6 82.3 −66.7 −111.7 +6.0 232.4 177.8 177.7 145.4 160.0 140.1 195.4 159.8 161.0 216.5 127.4 138.0 140.0 116.3 128.0 50.1 62.8 88.1 158.0 160.0 176.2 133.8 −51.8 22.6 −24.9 97.6 −32.8 −41.2 25.5 142.7 103.7 90.4 229.0 −1.3 −70.0 110.8

108.3 219.6 237.8 173.8 −65.8 145.5 162.0 157.2 169.8 130.2 133.8 137.0 159.8 135.7 146.3 186.3 25.9 204.2 210.0 126.4 164.8 172.0 261.3 261.6 71.8 +1.3 125.0 142.2 143.5 240.3 115.0 116.6 117.1 101.6 −55.0 −102.5 21.9 253.3 199.8 199.3 165.8 181.8 160.0 214.5 179.8 178.8 240.0 146.7 157.3 157.3 133.9 146.0 68.0 81.1 107.3 180.0 182.8 197.9 152.2 −42.6 33.8 −14.1 111.5 −18.9 −27.8 42.0 161.7 121.7 110.3 248.7 +13.8 −59.1 131.4

130.0 243.8 264.5 193.2 −53.6 168.6 185.5 176.5 190.5 152.2 156.7 159.8 182.2 156.5 169.8 210.8 42.7 230.8 234.5 149.8 188.7 196.0 289.4 289.5 91.8 18.0 147.7 165.7 166.0 267.5 137.1 139.7 139.8 123.6 −41.7 −92.7 39.4 276.7 224.6 222.4 189.8 205.0 183.8 236.6 201.0 197.8 264.7 168.4 179.0 179.4 152.2 165.5 88.0 101.5 129.2 203.2 206.7 221.7 173.4 −33.0 46.0 −2.3 126.1 −3.4 −12.2 60.8 183.5 141.4 132.5 269.8 31.0 −46.9 153.5

152.2 267.5 292.9 212.0 −40.8 193.5 208.0 196.0 212.6 177.6 181.1 184.3 205.0 180.0 194.1 235.0 61.3 259.3 259.3 174.5 214.0 220.0 317.5 317.0 111.9 37.0 170.2 190.0 191.0 296.0 159.3 162.3 162.3 146.3 −27.9 −81.2 57.9 300.0 250.0 246.0 213.5 228.0 206.5 257.0 221.5 217.0 291.0 190.8 202.8 201.8 171.9 185.0 108.0 122.8 152.4 227.0 232.0 246.6 195.2 −21.0 61.5 +13.1 141.1 +12.9 +2.4 80.7 205.4 161.0 155.6 291.5 49.3 −33.5 177.2

Temperature, °C

Formula C7H4ClF3 C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C4H5ClO2 CHClF2 C8H11ClSi C8H9ClO C4H9ClO2 C6H12Cl2O2 C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C5H10Cl2O C5H10Cl2O C10H13ClO CHCl3 C10H7Cl C8H9ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C12H9ClO C12H9ClO CCl3NO2 C3H5Cl C5H4ClN C8H7Cl C8H7Cl C14H29Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C6H15ClSi C2ClF3 CClF3 C3H9ClSi C9H8O2 C9H10O C9H8O C5H4O3 C10H16O C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H20O C12H22O2 C9H6O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N C4H5N C9H12 C9H13N C10H12O C10H14O C7H11NO2 C2N2 CBrN CClN CIN C4H8 C4H6 C6H12 C8H16O C6H12O C6H10O C12H14N2O5 C5H10 C3H6 C10H14

40

0.0 89.3 96.4 70.0 −122.8 29.8 45.8 53.0 56.2 17.2 18.6 19.2 46.0 24.7 29.8 62.3 −58.0 80.6 84.0 12.1 44.2 49.8 118.0 119.8 −25.5 −81.3 13.3 25.3 28.0 98.5 +5.4 +4.8 +5.5 −4.9 −116.0 −149.5 −62.8 127.5 72.6 76.1 47.1 61.7 44.0 99.5 66.4 74.7 106.0 38.2 52.0 53.0 33.5

24.7 109.8 129.8 95.6 −110.2 56.7 72.8 78.3 83.7 43.0 45.2 46.4 72.1 50.1 56.5 91.4 −39.1 104.8 114.3 38.2 72.0 78.2 152.2 153.7 −3.3 −63.4 38.8 51.3 54.5 131.8 30.6 30.3 31.0 +19.8 −102.5 −139.2 −43.6 157.8 102.5 105.8 74.8 90.0 71.4 127.3 93.6 100.2 137.8 64.0 76.0 76.5 57.4

−29.0 −19.5 +2.9 60.0 58.0 74.2 42.0 −95.8 −35.7 −76.7 25.2 −92.0 −99.1 −45.3 50.4 21.0 +1.4 132.8 −68.0 −116.8 17.3

−7.1 +3.5 26.8 88.2 87.3 103.7 68.7 −83.2 −18.3 −61.4 47.2 −76.0 −83.4 −25.4 77.2 44.0 26.4 161.8 −49.6 −104.2 43.9

37.1 134.7 146.0 108.0 −103.7 70.0 86.5 90.7 97.6 56.1 58.1 60.0 86.0 63.0 70.0 106.0 −29.7 118.6 129.0 51.2 86.1 92.2 169.7 170.7 +7.8 −54.1 51.7 65.2 67.5 148.2 43.2 43.2 43.8 32.0 −95.9 −134.1 −34.0 173.0 117.8 120.0 88.9 103.9 84.8 141.4 107.0 113.0 153.4 76.7 87.8 88.6 69.0 80.0 +4.0 15.0 38.3 102.2 102.0 118.0 82.0 −76.8 −10.0 −53.8 57.7 −67.9 −75.4 −15.9 90.0 56.0 38.7 175.9 −40.4 −97.5 57.0

50.6 151.2 164.0 121.2 −96.5 84.7 101.5 104.1 112.2 70.3 73.0 75.5 100.0 77.2 84.8 121.8 −19.0 134.4 145.0 65.9 101.7 108.1 186.7 189.8 20.0 −44.0 65.8 80.0 82.0 166.2 56.9 57.4 57.8 45.5 −88.2 −128.5 −23.2 189.5 133.7 135.7 103.8 119.4 99.8 155.6 121.5 126.0 170.0 90.5 101.4 102.3 82.0 93.0 16.4 27.8 51.5 117.8 117.9 133.8 96.2 −70.1 −1.0 −46.1 68.6 −58.7 −66.6 −5.0 104.0 68.8 52.5 191.2 −30.1 −90.3 71.1

65.9 169.9 183.8 135.6 −88.6 101.2 117.8 118.4 127.8 86.2 89.2 91.8 116.0 92.4 101.5 139.6 −7.1 153.2 162.0 82.0 118.0 125.0 207.4 208.2 33.8 −32.7 81.7 96.5 98.0 187.0 72.0 73.0 73.5 60.2 −79.7 −121.9 −11.4 207.1 151.0 152.2 120.3 135.9 116.1 171.9 137.2 140.5 189.0 105.8 116.0 117.7 96.0 107.8 30.0 41.8 66.1 134.2 135.2 150.3 111.8 −62.7 +8.6 −37.5 80.3 −48.4 −56.4 +6.7 119.8 83.0 67.8 206.7 −18.6 −82.3 87.0

75.4 182.1 196.0 144.4 −83.4 111.5 127.8 127.5 138.0 96.4 99.6 102.0 126.2 102.2 111.8 150.0 +0.5 165.6 173.5 92.0 129.4 136.1 219.6 220.0 42.3 −25.1 91.6 107.2 108.5 199.8 81.8 83.2 83.3 69.5 −74.1 −117.3 −4.0 217.8 162.0 163.7 131.3 146.3 126.2 182.1 147.2 149.7 200.5 115.5 125.8 127.0 104.5 116.7 38.5 50.9 75.4 145.0 146.0 161.7 121.5 −57.9 14.7 −32.1 88.0 −41.8 −50.0 14.7 129.8 91.8 77.5 216.0 −11.3 −77.0 97.2

Melting point, °C −6.0 34 75.5 −160

−80.2 −53.3 −62.6

−63.5 −20 7 32.5 42 +6 −64 −99.0 −15.0 +0.9 +7.3 −157.5 133 33 −7.5

70 30.8 10.9 35.5 15.5 72 −96.0

−34.4 58 −6.5 −50 +6.6 23.9 −45.0 −93.7 −126.6 −68.2

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-69

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Decane Decan-2-one 1-Decene Decyl alcohol Decyltrimethylsilane Dehydroacetic acid Desoxybenzoin Diacetamide Diacetylene (1,3-butadiyne) Diallyldichlorosilane Diallyl sulfide Diisoamyl ether oxalate sulfide Dibenzylamine Dibenzyl ketone (1,3-diphenyl2-propanone) 1,4-Dibromobenzene 1,2-Dibromobutane dl-2,3-Dibromobutane meso-2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromodecane Di(2-bromoethyl) ether α,β-Dibromomaleic anhydride 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2,3-Dibromopropene 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol Diisobutylamine 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-cresol 4,6-Ditert-butyl-2-cresol 4,6-Ditert-butyl-3-cresol 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-ethylphenol 4,6-Ditert-butyl-3-ethylphenol Diisobutyl oxalate 2,4-Ditert-butylphenol Dibutyl phthalate sulfide Diisobutyl d-tartrate Dicarvacryl-mono-(6-chloro-2-xenyl) phosphate Dicarvacryl-2-tolyl phosphate Dichloroacetic acid 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene Dichlorodifluoromethane Dichlorodiphenyl silane Dichlorodiisopropyl ether Di(2-chloroethoxy) methane Dichloroethoxymethylsilane 1,2-Dichloro-3-ethylbenzene 1,2-Dichloro-4-ethylbenzene 1,4-Dichloro-2-ethylbenzene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloro ethylene Di(2-chloroethyl) ether Dichlorofluoromethane 1,5-Dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane Dichloromethylphenylsilane 1,1-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,6-Dichlorophenol

1

5

10

20

100

200

400

760

22.5 −0.8 16.5 44.2 14.7 69.5 67.4 91.7 123.3 70.0 −82.5 +9.5 −9.5 18.6 85.4 43.0 118.3 125.5

50.1 +30.6 42.3 71.9 40.3 97.3 96.4 122.0 156.2 95.0 −68.0 34.8 +14.4 44.3 116.0 73.0 149.8 159.8

64.2 47.2 55.7 85.8 53.7 111.3 111.0 137.3 173.5 108.0 −61.2 47.4 26.6 57.0 131.4 87.6 165.6 177.6

79.8 65.3 69.8 100.7 67.8 125.8 126.5 153.0 192.0 122.6 −53.8 61.3 39.7 70.7 147.7 102.7 182.2 195.7

97.2 85.7 85.5 117.1 83.3 142.1 144.0 171.0 212.0 138.2 −45.9 76.4 54.2 86.3 165.7 120.0 200.2 216.6

C6H4Br2 61.0 C4H8Br2 7.5 C4H8Br2 +5.0 C4H8Br2 +1.5 C10H20Br2 95.7 C4H8Br2O 47.7 C4H2Br2O3 50.0 C4H8Br2 −28.8 C4H8Br2 14.0 C5H10Br2 19.8 C3H6Br2 −7.0 C3H6Br2 +9.7 C3H4Br2 −6.0 C3H6Br2O 57.0 C8H19N −5.1 C15H24O 85.8 C15H24O 86.2 C15H24O 103.7 C16H26O 89.1 C16H26O 111.5 C10H18O4 63.2 C14H22O 84.5 C16H22O4 148.2 C8H18S +21.7 C12H22O6 117.8 C32H34ClO4P 204.2

79.3 33.2 30.0 26.6 123.6 75.3 78.0 −3.0 40.0 45.4 +17.3 35.4 +17.9 84.5 +18.4 116.2 117.3 135.2 121.4 142.6 91.2 115.4 182.1 51.8 151.8 234.5

87.7 46.1 41.6 39.3 137.3 88.5 92.0 +10.5 53.0 58.0 29.4 48.0 30.0 98.2 30.6 131.0 132.4 150.0 137.0 157.4 105.3 130.0 198.2 66.4 169.0 249.3

103.6 60.0 56.4 53.2 151.0 103.6 106.7 25.7 67.5 72.0 42.3 62.1 43.2 113.5 43.7 147.0 149.0 167.0 154.0 174.0 120.3 146.0 216.2 80.5 188.0 264.5

C27H33O4P 180.2 C2H2Cl2O2 44.0 C6H4Cl2 20.0 C6H4Cl2 12.1 C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 −23.6 C4H8Cl2 −25.2 C2Cl2F2 −82.0 CCl2F2 −118.5 C12H10Cl2Si 109.6 C6H12Cl2O 29.6 C5H10Cl2O2 53.0 C8H8Cl2OSi −33.8 C8H8Cl2 46.0 C8H8Cl2 47.0 C8H8Cl2 38.5 C2H2Cl2 −58.4 C2H2Cl2 −65.4 C4H8Cl2O 23.5 CHCl2F −91.3 C6H18Cl2 26.0 O2Si3 C7H8Cl2Si 35.7 C4H8Cl2 −31.0 C4H8Cl2 −25.8 C4H8Cl2 −3.0 C6H4Cl2O 53.0 C6H4Cl2O 59.5

209.3 69.8 46.0 39.0 −0.3 −3.0 −65.6 −104.6 142.4 55.2 80.4 −12.1 75.0 77.2 68.0 −39.2 −47.2 49.3 −75.5 52.0

221.8 82.6 59.1 52.0 54.8 +11.5 +8.5 −57.3 −97.8 158.0 68.2 94.0 −1.3 90.0 92.3 83.2 −29.9 −38.0 62.0 −67.5 65.1

63.5 −8.4 −4.2 +20.6 80.0 87.6

77.4 +2.6 +6.7 32.0 92.8 101.0

60 108.0 98.4 95.5 127.8 93.5 152.0 154.3 181.5 224.5 148.0 −41.0 86.3 63.7 96.0 177.0 130.6 212.2 229.4

123.2 114.6 108.6 142.0 106.5 165.8 169.5 197.5 241.3 160.6 −34.0 99.7 75.8 109.6 192.2 145.3 227.3 246.6

145.4 136.2 128.4 163.2 126.7 186.2 191.0 219.5 265.2 180.8 −20.9 119.4 94.8 129.0 215.0 166.4 249.8 272.3

169.9 160.1 150.6 186.7 149.2 208.8 215.5 244.5 293.0 202.0 −6.1 142.0 116.1 150.3 240.0 191.0 274.3 301.7

194.6 186.7 174.1 211.0 172.0 231.0 240.0 269.0 321.0 223.0 +9.7 165.3 138.6 173.4 265.0 216.0 300.0 330.5

120.8 76.0 72.0 68.0 167.4 119.8 123.5 42.3 83.5 87.4 57.2 77.8 57.8 129.8 57.8 164.1 167.4 185.3 172.1 192.3 137.5 164.3 235.8 96.0 208.5 280.5

131.6 86.0 82.0 78.0 177.5 130.0 133.8 53.7 93.7 97.4 66.4 87.8 67.0 140.0 67.0 175.2 179.0 196.1 183.9 204.4 147.8 175.8 247.8 105.8 221.6 290.7

146.5 99.8 95.3 91.7 190.2 144.0 147.7 68.8 107.4 110.1 78.7 101.3 79.5 153.0 79.2 190.0 194.0 211.0 198.0 218.0 161.8 190.0 263.7 118.6 239.5 304.9

168.5 120.2 115.7 111.8 209.6 165.0 168.0 92.1 117.8 130.2 97.8 121.7 98.0 173.8 97.6 212.8 217.5 233.0 220.0 241.7 183.5 212.5 287.0 138.0 264.7 323.8

192.5 143.5 138.0 134.2 229.8 188.0 192.0 119.8 150.6 151.8 118.5 144.1 119.5 196.0 118.0 237.6 243.4 257.1 244.0 264.6 205.8 237.0 313.5 159.0 294.0 342.0

218.6 166.3 160.5 157.3 250.4 212.5 215.0 149.0 174.6 175.0 141.6 167.5 141.2 219.0 139.5 262.5 269.3 282.0 268.6 290.0 229.5 260.8 340.0 182.0 324.0 361.0

237.0 96.3 73.4 66.2 69.2 24.5 21.2 −48.3 −90.1 176.0 82.2 109.5 +11.3 105.9 109.6 99.8 −19.4 −28.0 76.0 −58.6 79.0

251.5 111.8 89.4 82.0 84.8 37.7 35.0 −38.2 −81.6 195.5 97.3 125.5 24.4 123.8 127.5 118.0 −7.9 −17.0 91.5 −48.8 94.8

260.3 121.5 99.5 92.2 95.2 47.8 43.9 −31.8 −76.1 207.5 106.9 135.8 32.6 135.0 139.0 129.0 −0.5 −10.0 101.5 −42.6 105.0

272.5 134.0 112.9 105.0 108.4 60.2 56.0 −23.0 −68.6 223.8 119.7 149.6 44.1 149.8 153.3 144.0 +9.5 −0.2 114.5 −33.9 118.2

290.0 152.3 133.4 125.9 128.3 79.7 74.0 −10.0 −57.0 248.0 139.0 170.0 61.0 172.0 176.0 166.2 24.6 +14.3 134.0 −20.9 138.3

309.8 173.7 155.8 149.0 150.2 100.8 94.2 +5.0 −43.9 275.5 159.8 192.0 80.3 197.0 201.7 191.5 41.0 30.8 155.4 −6.2 160.2

330.0 194.4 179.0 173.0 173.9 123.5 116.0 20.9 −29.8 304.0 182.7 215.0 100.6 222.1 226.6 216.3 59.0 47.8 178.5 +8.9 184.0

92.4 14.6 18.7 44.8 107.7 115.5

109.5 28.2 32.0 58.6 123.4 131.6

120.0 37.0 40.2 67.5 133.5 141.8

134.2 48.2 51.7 78.8 146.0 154.6

155.5 65.8 68.9 96.1 165.2 175.5

180.2 85.4 87.8 115.4 187.5 197.7

205.5 106.0 108.0 135.0 210.0 220.0

Temperature, °C

Formula C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C10H20O C10H20 C10H22O C13H30Si C8H8O4 C14H12O C4H7NO2 C4H2 C6H10Cl2Si C6H10S C10H22O C12H22O4 C10H22S C14H15N C15H14O

40

Melting point, °C −43.3 −30.7 −29.7 +3.5 +7 60 78.5 −34.9 −83

−26 34.5 87.5 −64.5 −34.5

−70.3 −55.5 −34.4 −70

−79.7 73.5

9.7 −17.6 −24.2 53.0 −80.4 −112

−40.8 −76.4 −61.2 −80.5 −50.0 −135 −53.0

45.0

2-70

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

α,α-Dichlorophenylacetonitrile Dichlorophenylarsine 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichlorostyrene 2,4-Dichlorostyrene 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 2,6-Dichlorostyrene 3,4-Dichlorostyrene 3,5-Dichlorostyrene 1,2-Dichlorotetraethylbenzene 1,4-Dichlorotetraethylbenzene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Dichloro-4-tolylsilane 3,4-Dichloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene Dicyclopentadiene Diethoxydimethylsilane Diethoxydiphenylsilane Diethyl adipate Diethylamine N-Diethylaniline Diethyl arsanilate 1,2-Diethylbenzene 1,3-Diethylbenzene 1,4-Diethylbenzene Diethyl carbonate cis-Diethyl citraconate Diethyl dioxosuccinate Diethylene glycol Diethyleneglycol-bis-chloroacetate Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Di(2-methoxyethyl) ether glycol ethyl ether Diethyl ether ethylmalonate fumarate glutarate Diethylhexadecylamine Diethyl itaconate ketone (3-pentanone) malate maleate malonate mesaconate oxalate phthalate sebacate 2,5-Diethylstyrene Diethyl succinate isosuccinate sulfate sulfide sulfite d-Diethyl tartrate dl-Diethyl tartrate 3,5-Diethyltoluene Diethylzinc 1-Dihydrocarvone Dihydrocitronellol 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Dimethylacetylene (2-butyne) Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline Dimethyl arsanilate Di(α-methylbenzyl) ether 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Dimethyl citraconate 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

1

5

10

20

40

C8H5Cl2N C6H5AsCl2 C3H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C14H20Cl2 C14H20Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C7H8Cl2Si C7H3Cl2F3 C10H8 C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C10H18O4 C4H11N C10H15N C10H16As NO3 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C5H10O3 C9H14O4 C8H10O6 C4H10O3 C8H12Cl2O5

56.0 61.8 −38.5 61.0 53.5 55.5 47.8 57.2 53.5 105.6 91.7 −95.4 46.2 11.0 −19.1 111.5 74.0

84.0 100.0 −17.0 90.1 82.2 83.9 75.7 86.0 82.2 138.7 126.1 −80.0 71.7 38.3 34.1 +2.4 142.8 106.6

49.7

78.0

98.1 116.0 −6.1 104.6 97.4 98.2 90.0 100.4 97.4 155.0 143.8 −72.3 84.2 52.2 47.6 13.3 157.6 123.0 −33.0 91.9

113.8 133.1 +6.0 120.5 111.8 114.0 105.5 116.2 111.8 172.5 162.0 −63.5 97.8 67.3 62.0 25.3 174.3 138.3 −22.6 107.2

130.0 151.0 19.4 137.8 129.2 131.0 122.4 133.7 129.2 192.2 183.2 −53.7 113.2 84.0 77.9 38.0 193.2 154.6 −11.3 123.6

38.0 22.3 20.7 20.7 −10.1 59.8 70.0 91.8 148.3

62.6 48.7 46.8 47.1 +12.3 88.3 98.0 120.0 180.0

74.8 62.0 59.9 60.3 23.8 103.0 112.0 133.8 195.8

88.0 76.4 74.5 74.7 36.0 118.2 126.8 148.0 212.0

C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C4H10O C9H16O4 C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C20H43N C9H14O4 C5H10O C8H14O5 C8H12O4 C7H12O4 C9H14O4 C6H10O4 C12H14O4 C14H26O4 C12H16 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10O3S C8H14O6 C8H14O6 C11H16 C4H10Zn C10H16O C10H22O C14H8O4 C4H6 C2H7N C8H11N C8H12AsNO3 C16H18O C6H14 C6H14 C7H10O4 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

13.0 45.3 −74.3 50.8 53.2 65.6 139.8 51.3 −12.7 80.7 57.3 40.0 62.8 47.4 108.8 125.3 49.7 54.6 39.8 47.0 −39.6 10.0 102.0 100.0 34.0 −22.4 46.6 68.0 196.7 −73.0 −87.7 29.5 15.0 96.7 −69.3 −63.6 50.8 −24.4 −15.9 −21.1 −19.4 −22.7 −20.0 −24.3

37.6 72.0 −56.9 77.8 81.2 94.7 175.8 80.2 +7.5 110.4 85.6 67.5 91.0 71.8 140.7 156.2 78.4 83.0 66.7 74.0 −18.6 34.2 133.0 131.7 61.5 0.0 75.5 91.7 239.8 −57.9 −72.2 56.3 39.6 128.3 −50.7 −44.5 78.2 −1.4 +7.3 +1.7 +3.4 0.0 +3.2 −1.7

50.0 85.8 −48.1 91.6 95.3 109.7 194.0 95.2 17.2 125.3 100.0 81.3 105.3 83.8 156.0 172.1 92.6 96.6 80.0 87.7 −8.0 46.4 148.0 147.2 75.3 +11.7 90.0 103.0 259.8 −50.5 −64.6 70.0 51.8 144.0 −41.5 −34.9 91.8 +10.3 18.4 13.0 14.9 +11.2 14.5 +10.1

63.0 100.3 −38.5 106.0 110.2 125.4 213.5 111.0 27.9 141.2 115.3 95.9 120.3 96.8 173.6 189.8 108.5 111.7 94.7 102.1 +3.5 59.7 164.2 163.8 90.2 24.2 106.0 115.0 282.0 −42.5 −56.0 84.8 65.0 160.3 −31.1 −24.1 106.5 23.0 31.1 25.6 27.4 23.6 27.1 22.6

60

100

200

400

760

141.0 163.2 28.0 149.0 140.0 142.0 133.3 144.6 140.0 204.8 195.8 −47.5 122.6 95.0 88.0 46.3 205.0 165.8 −4.0 133.8

154.5 178.9 39.4 163.5 153.8 155.8 147.6 158.2 153.8 220.7 212.0 −39.1 135.5 109.2 101.7 57.6 220.0 179.0 +6.0 147.3

176.2 202.8 57.0 185.7 176.0 178.0 169.0 181.5 176.0 245.6 238.5 −26.3 153.5 129.0 121.8 74.2 243.8 198.2 21.0 168.2

199.5 228.8 76.0 210.0 200.0 202.5 193.5 205.7 200.0 272.8 265.8 −12.0 175.2 150.5 144.2 93.2 259.7 219.1 38.0 192.4

223.5 256.5 96.8 235.0 225.0 227.0 217.0 230.0 225.0 302.0 296.5 +3.5 196.3 172.8 166.6 113.5 296.0 240.0 55.5 215.5

102.6 92.5 90.4 91.1 49.5 135.7 143.8 164.3 229.0

111.8 102.6 100.7 101.3 57.9 146.2 153.7 174.0 239.5

123.8 116.2 114.4 115.3 69.7 160.0 167.7 187.5 252.0

141.9 136.7 134.8 136.1 86.5 182.3 188.0 207.0 271.5

161.0 159.0 156.9 159.0 105.8 206.5 210.8 226.5 291.8

181.0 183.5 181.1 183.8 125.8 230.3 233.5 244.8 313.0

77.5 116.7 27.7 122.4 126.7 142.8 235.0 128.2 39.4 157.8 131.8 113.3 137.3 110.6 192.1 207.5 125.8 127.8 111.0 118.0 16.1 74.2 182.3 181.7 107.0 38.0 123.7 127.6 307.4 −33.9 −46.7 101.6 79.7 179.6 −19.5 −12.4 122.6 37.3 45.3 39.7 41.4 37.5 41.1 36.5

86.8 126.8 −21.8 132.4 137.7 153.2 248.5 139.9 46.7 169.0 142.4 123.0 147.9 119.7 204.1 218.4 136.8 138.2 121.4 128.6 24.2 83.8 194.0 193.2 117.7 47.2 134.7 136.7 323.3 −27.8 −40.7 111.9 88.6 191.5 −12.1 −4.9 132.7 45.7 54.4 48.7 50.4 46.4 50.1 45.4

99.5 140.3 −11.5 146.0 151.1 167.8 265.5 154.3 56.2 183.9 156.0 136.2 161.6 130.8 219.5 234.4 151.0 151.1 134.8 142.5 35.0 96.3 208.5 208.0 131.7 59.1 149.7 145.9 344.5 −18.8 −32.6 125.8 101.0 206.8 −2.0 +5.4 145.8 57.9 66.8 61.0 62.5 58.5 62.3 57.6

118.0 159.0 +2.2 166.0 172.2 189.5 292.8 177.5 70.6 205.3 177.8 155.5 183.2 147.9 243.0 255.8 173.2 171.7 155.1 162.5 51.3 115.8 230.4 230.0 152.4 77.0 171.8 160.2 377.8 −5.0 −20.4 146.5 119.8 229.7 +13.4 21.1 165.8 76.2 85.6 79.6 81.0 76.9 80.8 76.0

138.5 180.3 17.9 188.7 195.8 212.8 324.6 203.1 86.3 229.5 201.7 176.8 205.8 166.2 267.5 280.3 198.0 193.8 177.7 185.5 69.7 137.0 254.8 254.3 176.5 97.3 197.0 176.8 413.0 +10.6 −7.1 169.2 140.3 254.8 31.0 39.0 188.0 97.2 107.0 100.9 102.1 97.8 101.9 97.0

159.8 201.9 34.6 211.5 218.5 237.0 355.0 227.9 102.7 253.4 225.0 198.9 229.0 185.7 294.0 305.5 223.0 216.5 201.3 209.5 88.0 159.0 280.0 280.0 200.7 118.0 223.0 193.5 450.0 27.2 +7.4 193.1 160.5 281.0 49.7 58.0 210.5 119.5 129.7 123.4 124.4 120.1 124.3 119.3

Temperature, °C

Formula

Melting point, °C

−94 −12.1 32.9 −21 −38.9 −34.4 −31.4 −83.9 −43.2 −43

−116.3 +0.6

−42 −49.8 −40.6 1.3 −20.8 −25.0 −99.5 17 −28 194 −32.5 −96 +2.5 −99.8 −128.2 −34 −50.0 −88.0 −92.0 −76.2 −87.4 −36.9

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-71

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Dimethyl ether 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane Dimethyl itaconate 1-Dimethyl malate Dimethyl maleate malonate trans-Dimethyl mesaconate 2,7-Dimethyloctane Dimethyl oxalate 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylphenol (2,3-xylenol) 2,4-Dimethylphenol (2,4-xylenol) 2,5-Dimethylphenol (2,5-xylenol) 3,4-Dimethylphenol (3,4-xylenol) 3,5-Dimethylphenol (3,5-xylenol) Dimethylphenylsilane Dimethyl phthalate 3,5-Dimethyl-1,2-pyrone 4,6-Dimethylresorcinol Dimethyl sebacate 2,4-Dimethylstyrene 2,5-Dimethylstyrene α,α-Dimethylsuccinic anhydride Dimethyl sulfide d-Dimethyl tartrate dl-Dimethyl tartrate N,N-Dimethyl-2-toluidine N,N-Dimethyl-4-toluidine Di(nitrosomethyl) amine Diosphenol 1,4-Dioxane Dipentene Diphenylamine Diphenyl carbinol (benzhydrol) chlorophosphate disulfide 1,2-Diphenylethane (dibenzyl) Diphenyl ether 1,1-Diphenylethylene trans-Diphenylethylene 1,1-Diphenylhydrazine Diphenylmethane Diphenyl sulfide Diphenyl-2-tolyl thiophosphate 1,2-Dipropoxyethane 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene Dipropylene glycol Dipropyleneglycol monobutyl ether isopropyl ether Di-n-propyl ether Diisopropyl ether Di-n-propyl ketone (4-heptanone) Di-n-propyl oxalate Diisopropyl oxalate Di-n-propyl succinate Di-n-propyl d-tartrate Diisopropyl d-tartrate Divinyl acetylene (1,5-hexadiene-3-yne) 1,3-Divinylbenzene Docosane n-Dodecane 1-Dodecene n-Dodecyl alcohol Dodecylamine Dodecyltrimethylsilane Elaidic acid

1

5

10

20

−115.7 −29.7 −23.0 −26.9 −26.7 −25.8 −22.1 69.3 75.4 45.7 35.0 46.8 +6.3 20.0 −49.0 −42.0 −48.0 −45.9 56.0 51.8 51.8 66.2 62.0 +5.3 100.3 78.6 49.0 104.0 34.2 29.0 61.4 −75.6 102.1 100.4 28.8 50.1 +3.2 66.7 −35.8 14.0 108.3 110.0 121.5 131.6 86.8 66.1 87.4 113.2 126.0 76.0 96.1 159.7 −38.8 40.0 34.7 73.8 64.7 46.0 −43.3 −57.0 23.0 53.4 43.2 77.5 115.6 103.7 −45.1 32.7 157.8 47.8 47.2 91.0 82.8 91.2 171.3

−101.1 −7.9 −1.1 −5.3 −5.5 −4.4 +0.2 94.0 104.0 73.0 59.8 74.0 30.5 44.0 −28.7 −20.8 −27.4 −25.0 83.8 78.0 78.0 93.8 89.2 30.3 131.8 107.6 76.8 139.8 61.9 55.9 88.1 −58.0 133.2 131.8 54.1 74.3 27.8 95.4 −12.8 40.4 141.7 145.0 160.5 164.0 119.8 97.8 119.6 145.8 159.3 107.4 129.0 179.8 −10.3 67.8 62.3 102.1 92.0 72.8 −22.3 −37.4 44.4 80.2 69.0 107.6 147.7 133.7 −24.4 60.0 195.4 75.8 74.0 120.2 111.8 122.1 206.7

−93.3 +3.1 +9.9 +5.2 +5.3 +6.1 11.3 106.6 118.3 86.4 72.0 87.8 42.3 56.0 −18.7 −10.3 −17.1 −14.4 97.6 91.3 91.3 107.7 102.4 42.6 147.6 122.0 90.7 156.2 75.8 69.0 102.0 −49.2 148.2 147.5 66.2 86.7 40.0 109.0 −1.2 53.8 157.0 162.0 182.0 180.0 136.0 114.0 135.0 161.0 176.1 122.8 145.0 201.6 +5.0 81.8 76.0 116.2 106.0 86.2 −11.8 −27.4 55.0 93.9 81.9 122.2 163.5 148.2 −14.0 73.8 213.0 90.0 87.8 134.7 127.8 137.7 223.5

−85.2 15.0 22.1 17.2 17.2 18.2 23.5 119.7 133.8 101.3 85.0 102.1 55.8 69.4 −7.5 +1.1 −5.9 −2.9 112.0 105.0 105.0 122.0 117.0 56.2 164.0 136.4 105.8 175.8 90.8 84.0 116.3 −39.4 164.3 164.0 80.2 100.0 53.7 124.0 +12.0 68.2 175.2 180.9 203.8 197.0 153.7 130.8 151.8 179.8 194.0 139.8 162.0 215.5 22.3 96.8 91.2 131.3 120.4 100.8 0.0 −16.7 66.2 108.6 95.6 138.0 180.4 164.0 −2.8 88.7 233.5 104.6 102.4 150.0 141.6 153.8 242.3

60

100

200

400

760

−62.7 48.2 56.0 50.6 50.5 52.5 57.7 153.7 175.1 140.4 121.9 141.5 93.9 104.8 23.9 33.3 25.4 29.3 152.2 143.0 143.0 161.0 156.0 94.2 210.0 177.5 147.3 222.6 132.3 124.7 155.3 −12.0 208.8 209.5 118.1 140.3 90.3 165.6 45.1 108.3 222.8 227.5 265.0 241.3 202.8 178.8 198.6 227.4 242.5 186.3 211.8 252.5 74.2 138.7 132.3 169.9 159.8 140.3 33.0 13.7 96.0 148.1 132.6 180.3 227.0 207.3 29.5 130.0 286.0 146.2 142.3 192.0 182.1 199.5 288.0

−50.9 65.7 73.8 68.1 68.0 70.0 75.6 171.0 196.3 160.0 140.0 161.0 114.0 123.3 40.3 50.1 41.8 46.2 173.0 161.5 161.5 181.5 176.2 114.2 232.7 198.0 167.8 245.0 153.2 145.6 175.8 +2.6 230.5 232.3 138.3 161.6 110.0 186.2 62.3 128.2 247.5 250.0 299.5 262.6 227.8 203.3 222.8 251.7 267.2 210.7 236.8 270.3 103.8 159.8 153.7 189.9 180.0 160.0 50.3 30.0 111.2 168.0 151.2 202.5 250.1 228.2 46.0 151.4 314.2 167.2 162.2 213.0 203.0 222.0 312.4

−37.8 85.6 94.1 88.2 87.9 90.4 96.0 189.8 219.5 182.2 159.8 183.5 136.0 143.3 59.2 69.4 60.6 65.5 196.0 184.2 184.2 203.6 197.8 136.4 257.8 221.0 192.0 269.6 177.5 168.7 197.5 18.7 255.0 257.4 161.5 185.4 131.3 209.5 81.8 150.5 274.1 275.6 337.2 285.8 255.0 230.7 249.8 278.3 294.0 237.5 263.9 290.0 140.0 184.3 177.6 210.5 203.8 183.1 69.5 48.2 127.3 190.3 171.8 226.5 275.6 251.8 64.4 175.2 343.5 191.0 185.5 235.7 225.0 248.0 337.0

−23.7 106.8 115.6 109.4 109.1 112.0 117.7 208.0 242.6 205.0 180.7 206.0 159.7 163.3 79.2 89.8 80.5 86.1 218.0 211.5 211.5 225.2 219.5 159.3 283.7 245.0 215.0 293.5 202.0 193.0 219.5 36.0 280.0 282.0 184.8 209.5 153.0 232.0 101.1 174.6 302.0 301.0 378.0 310.0 284.0 258.5 277.0 306.5 322.2 264.5 292.5 310.0 180.0 209.0 202.0 231.8 227.0 205.6 89.5 67.5 143.7 213.5 193.5 250.8 303.0 275.0 84.0 199.5 376.0 216.2 208.0 259.0 248.0 273.0 362.0

Temperature, °C

Formula C2H6O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C7H10O4 C6H10O5 C6H8O4 C5H8O4 C7H10O4 C10H22 C4H6O4 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H12Si C10H10O4 C7H8O2 C8H10O2 C12H22O4 C10H12 C10H12 C6H8O3 C2H6S C6H10O6 C6H10O6 C9H13N C9H13N C2H5N3O2 C10H16O2 C4H8O2 C10H16 C12H11N C13H12O C12H10ClPO3 C12H10S2 C14H14 C12H10O C14H12 C14H12 C12H12N2 C13H12 C12H10S C18H17O3PS C8H18O2 C12H18 C12H18 C6H14O3 C10H22O3 C9H20O3 C6H14O C6H14O C7H14O C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C10H18O4 C10H18O6 C10H18O6 C6H6 C10H10 C22H46 C12H26 C12H24 C12H26O C12H27N C15H34Si C18H34O2

40 −76.2 28.2 35.6 30.5 30.4 31.7 37.1 133.7 150.1 117.2 100.0 118.0 71.2 83.6 +5.0 13.9 +6.5 +9.9 129.2 121.5 121.5 138.0 133.3 71.4 182.8 152.7 122.5 196.0 107.7 100.2 132.3 −28.4 182.4 182.4 95.0 116.3 68.2 141.2 25.2 84.3 194.3 200.0 227.9 214.8 173.7 150.0 170.8 199.0 213.5 157.8 182.8 230.6 42.3 114.0 107.9 147.4 136.3 117.0 +13.2 −4.5 78.1 124.6 110.5 154.8 199.7 181.8 +10.0 105.5 254.5 121.7 118.6 167.2 157.4 172.1 260.8

−70.4 36.7 44.2 39.0 38.9 40.4 45.8 142.6 160.4 127.1 109.7 127.8 80.8 92.8 13.0 22.1 14.5 18.1 139.5 131.0 131.0 148.0 143.5 81.3 194.0 163.8 133.2 208.0 118.0 110.7 142.4 −21.4 193.8 193.8 105.2 126.4 77.7 151.3 33.8 94.6 206.9 212.0 244.2 226.2 186.0 162.0 183.4 211.5 225.9 170.2 194.8 240.4 55.8 124.3 118.2 156.5 146.3 126.8 21.6 +3.4 85.8 134.8 120.0 166.0 211.7 192.6 18.1 116.0 268.3 132.1 128.5 177.8 168.0 184.2 273.0

Melting point, °C −138.5

−90.7 38 −62 −52.8 −123.7 −135 −119.5 −135.0 75 25.5 74.5 62.5 68 51.5 38

−83.2 61.5 89 −61

10 52.9 68.5 61 51.5 27 124 44 26.5

−105

−122 −60 −32.6

−66.9 44.5 −9.6 −31.5 24 51.5

2-72

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound

1

5

10

20

−16.5 −69.0 206.7 52.6 −159.5 36.3 −50.9 167.0 −43.4 28.5 −92.5 −29.5 47.0 −29.0 −31.3 −82.3 52.0 38.5 29.7 33.7 33.5 −9.8 44.0 107.6 −74.3 10.6 −18.4 −24.3 118.2 11.0 107.8 133.2 −89.8 +1.0 −5.1 +6.6 87.6 28.3 31.5 67.8 −14.5 −32.2 9.6 76.0 98.3 −168.3 112.0 −4.0 −11.0 −27.0 −44.5 53.0 −33.5

+5.6 −50.0 239.7 80.0 −148.5 63.1 −31.0 198.2 −23.5 54.0 −76.7 −8.7 70.7 −6.4 −12.0 −66.4 80.0 66.4 55.9 60.3 60.2 +13.9 72.0 136.4 −56.4 35.8 +4.0 −2.4 149.8 35.8 65.8 131.8 168.2 −73.9 25.4 +18.0 30.2 108.5 55.5 58.4 93.5 +9.2 −10.8 34.0 106.3 130.2 −158.3 142.4 +19.0 +10.5 +4.7 −24.0 79.7 −10.2

16.6 −40.3 254.5 93.7 −142.9 76.2 −20.7 213.5 −13.5 67.3 −68.7 +2.0 82.0 +5.0 −2.3 −58.3 93.8 80.6 69.0 73.9 73.9 25.9 86.0 150.3 −47.5 48.0 15.3 +8.4 165.0 48.0 77.8 143.7 186.0 −65.8 37.5 29.9 41.9 134.0 68.8 72.0 106.0 20.6 −0.1 46.3 121.7 146.0 −153.2 158.0 30.3 21.5 18.6 −13.6 92.1 +1.6

29.0 −29.5 270.6 108.4 −136.7 91.0 −9.8 230.0 −3.0 81.1 −59.9 13.0 94.4 17.7 +8.0 −48.6 109.0 96.0 83.1 88.5 88.5 38.6 101.4 166.8 −37.8 61.8 27.8 20.6 181.8 61.7 91.0 155.5 205.5 −56.8 50.4 42.0 54.3 150.3 83.6 86.7 119.8 33.4 +11.7 59.5 137.7 162.8 −147.6 173.5 42.5 33.0 32.7 −2.4 105.8 14.7

42.0 −17.3 289.1 124.6 −129.8 107.2 +3.7 247.0 +9.1 96.2 −50.0 26.0 108.1 31.8 19.0 −39.8 125.7 113.2 98.8 104.8 104.7 52.8 118.2 181.8 −26.7 77.0 41.5 33.8 199.8 76.3 105.6 168.8 226.5 −47.0 65.2 56.0 68.2 169.2 99.9 103.3 133.8 47.6 25.0 74.0 154.4 182.0 −141.3 191.0 56.0 45.8 48.0 +10.0 120.0 29.7

50.6 −9.7 300.2 135.2 −125.4 127.5 11.5 258.3 16.6 106.0 −43.4 33.5 116.7 40.6 26.0 −33.4 136.0 123.6 109.0 115.5 115.4 61.8 129.0 191.9 −19.5 86.7 50.1 42.3 211.5 85.8 114.8 177.3 239.8 −40.6 74.0 65.2 77.3 181.2 110.2 113.8 142.1 56.7 33.4 83.6 166.0 193.7 −137.3 201.8 64.1 53.8 57.9 18.1 129.5 39.0

62.0 +1.2 314.4 148.5 −119.3 131.4 22.1 273.5 27.0 118.5 −34.9 44.5 127.5 53.0 34.9 −25.1 149.8 137.3 122.3 129.2 128.4 74.1 143.2 205.0 −10.0 99.8 62.0 53.5 226.6 98.4 126.2 187.9 256.8 −32.0 86.0 76.6 89.3 196.0 124.3 127.2 152.8 69.0 45.0 96.1 180.3 209.8 −131.8 215.0 75.0 62.5 70.4 29.4 141.8 51.8

C4H10O2

−48.0

−26.2

−15.3

−3.0

+10.7

19.7

31.8

50.0

70.8

93.0

C3H8O2

−13.5

+10.2

22.0

34.3

47.8

56.4

68.0

85.3

104.3

124.4

−89.7 40.5 −117.0 −60.5 37.6 14.3 −20.0 50.0 −60.7 −112.5 −54.4 27.8 47.3 −76.7 26.5 −91.0

−73.8 67.3 −103.8 −42.2 63.8 38.8 +2.1 77.7 −41.9 −98.4 −34.3 57.3 74.0 −59.1 51.0 −75.6

−65.7 80.2 −97.7 −33.0 77.1 50.5 12.8 91.8 −32.3 −91.7 −24.3 72.1 87.3 −50.2 63.2 −67.8

−56.6 94.6 −90.0 −22.7 91.5 63.9 25.0 106.3 −21.9 −84.1 −13.1 88.0 101.8 −40.7 76.1 −59.1

−46.9 110.3 −81.8 −11.5 107.5 78.1 38.5 123.7 −10.2 −75.8 −0.9 106.0 117.7 −29.8 91.0 −49.4

−40.7 120.6 −76.4 −4.3 117.5 87.6 47.1 134.0 −2.9 −70.4 +7.2 117.8 127.6 −22.4 100.0 −43.3

−32.1 133.8 −69.3 −5.4 130.4 99.8 58.9 147.9 +7.2 −63.2 18.0 131.8 141.3 −13.0 112.0 −34.8

−19.5 153.2 −58.0 20.0 150.1 117.8 76.7 168.2 22.4 −52.0 34.1 149.8 160.2 +1.5 130.0 −22.0

−4.9 175.6 −45.5 37.1 172.5 138.0 97.0 192.2 39.8 −39.5 52.3 167.3 183.0 17.7 149.8 −7.8

+10.7 198.0 −32.0 54.3 195.0 158.2 118.5 216.0 57.4 −26.5 72.4 184.0 206.2 35.0 170.0 +7.5

Name

Formula

Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxy-2-methylpropane Erucic acid Estragole (p-methoxy allyl benzene) Ethane Ethoxydimethylphenylsilane Ethoxytrimethylsilane Ethoxytriphenylsilane Ethyl acetate acetoacetate Ethylacetylene (1-butyne) Ethyl acrylate α-Ethylacrylic acid α-Ethylacrylonitrile Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Ethylamine 4-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline 2-Ethylanisole 3-Ethylanisole 4-Ethylanisole Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate benzoylacetate bromide α-bromoisobutyrate n-butyrate isobutyrate Ethylcamphoronic anhydride Ethyl isocaproate carbamate carbanilate Ethylcetylamine Ethyl chloride chloroacetate chloroglyoxylate α-chloropropionate trans-cinnamate 3-Ethylcumene 4-Ethylcumene Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl dichloroacetate N,N-diethyloxamate N-Ethyldiphenylamine Ethylene Ethylene-bis-(chloroacetate) Ethylene chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol) diamine (1,2-ethanediamine) dibromide (1,2-dibromethane) dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) glycol (1,2-ethanediol) glycol diethyl ether (1,2-diethoxyethane) glycol dimethyl ether (1,2-dimethoxyethane) glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol) oxide Ethyl α-ethylacetoacetate fluoride formate 2-furoate glycolate 3-Ethylhexane 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Ethylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethane) fluoride (1,1-difluoroethane) Ethyl iodide Ethyl l-leucinate Ethyl levulinate Ethyl mercaptan (ethanethiol) Ethyl methylcarbamate Ethyl methyl ether

C3H5ClO C4H8O C22H42O2 C10H12O C2H6 C10H16OSi C5H14OSi C20H20OSi C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C4H6 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H7N C2H6O C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C8H10 C9H10O2 C11H12O3 C2H5Br C6H11BrO2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C11H16O5 C8H16O2 C3H7NO2 C9H11NO2 C18H39N C2H5Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H5ClO3 C5H9ClO2 C11H12O2 C11H16 C11H16 C5H7NO2 C8H16 C7H14 C4H6Cl2O2 C8H15NO3 C14H15N C2H4 C6H8Cl2O4 C2H5ClO C2H8N2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H6O2 C6H14O2

C2H4O C8H14O3 C2H5F C3H6O2 C7H8O3 C4H8O3 C8H18 C11H20O2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H5I C8H17NO2 C7H12O3 C2H6S C4H9NO2 C3H8O

40

60

100

200

400

760

Temperature, °C 79.3 98.0 117.9 17.5 36.0 55.5 336.5 358.8 381.5 168.7 192.0 215.0 −110.2 −99.7 −88.6 151.5 175.0 199.5 38.1 56.3 75.7 295.0 319.5 344.0 42.0 59.3 77.1 138.0 158.2 180.8 −21.6 −6.9 +8.7 61.5 80.0 99.5 144.0 160.7 179.2 71.6 92.2 114.0 48.4 63.5 78.4 −12.3 +2.0 16.6 170.6 194.2 217.4 156.9 180.8 204.0 142.1 164.2 187.1 149.7 172.8 196.5 149.2 172.3 196.5 92.7 113.8 136.2 164.8 188.4 213.4 223.8 244.7 265.0 +4.5 21.0 38.4 119.7 141.2 163.6 79.8 100.0 121.0 71.0 90.0 110.0 248.5 272.8 298.0 117.8 139.2 160.4 144.2 164.0 184.0 203.8 220.0 237.0 283.3 313.0 342.0 −18.6 −3.9 +12.3 103.8 123.8 144.2 94.5 114.7 135.0 107.2 126.2 146.5 219.3 245.0 271.0 145.4 168.2 193.0 148.3 171.8 195.8 169.8 187.8 206.0 87.8 109.1 131.8 62.4 82.3 103.4 115.2 135.9 156.5 202.8 226.5 252.0 233.0 258.8 286.0 −123.4 −113.9 −103.7 237.3 259.5 283.5 91.8 110.0 128.8 81.0 99.0 117.2 89.8 110.1 131.5 45.7 64.0 82.4 158.5 178.5 197.3 71.8 94.1 119.5

Melting point, °C −25.6 33.5 −183.2

−82.4 −45 −130 −71.2 −112 −80.6 −4 −63.5

−94.9 −34.6 −117.8 −93.3 −88.2 49 52.5 −139 −26 12

−111.3 −138.6

−169 −69 8.5 10 −35.3 −15.6

−111.3 −79 34

−96.7 −117 −105 −121

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-73

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

1-Ethylnaphthalene Ethyl α-naphthyl ketone (1-propionaphthone) Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate 3-Ethylpentane 4-Ethylphenetole 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl phenyl ether (phenetole) Ethyl propionate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl salicylate 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Ethylisothiocyanate 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyltrimethylsilane Ethyltrimethyltin Ethyl isovalerate 2-Ethyl-1,4-xylene 4-Ethyl-1,3-xylene 5-Ethyl-1,3-xylene Eugenol iso-Eugenol Eugenyl acetate Fencholic acid d-Fenchone dl-Fenchyl alcohol Fluorene Fluorobenzene 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid trans-Fumaryl chloride Furfural (2-furaldehyde) Furfuryl alcohol Geraniol Geranyl acetate Geranyl n-butyrate Geranyl isobutyrate Geranyl formate Glutaric acid Glutaric anhydride Glutaronitrile Glutaryl chloride Glycerol Glycerol dichlorohydrin (1,3-dichloro-2-propanol) Glycol diacetate Glycolide (1,4-dioxane-2,6-dione) Guaicol (2-methoxyphenol) Heneicosane Heptacosane Heptadecane Heptaldehyde (enanthaldehyde) n-Heptane Heptanoic acid (enanthic acid) 1-Heptanol Heptanoyl chloride (enanthyl chloride) 2-Heptene Heptylbenzene Heptyl cyanide (enanthonitrile) Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexacosane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecene n-Hexadecyl alcohol (cetyl alcohol)

1

100

200

400

760

Melting point, °C

164.1

180.0

204.6

230.8

258.1

−27

206.9 192.6 17.5 119.8 117.9 130.0 131.3 86.6 27.2 −12.0 136.7 99.2 97.3 50.8 76.4 73.3 73.6 85.5 −9.0 30.0 55.2 96.0 97.2 92.6 155.8 167.0 183.0 171.8 99.5 110.8 185.2 +11.5 34.7 37.0 37.8 −70.6 137.5 24.0 79.5 82.1 95.7 141.8 150.0 170.1 164.0 136.2 226.3 185.5 176.4 128.3 198.0 93.0

218.2 205.0 25.7 129.8 127.9 139.8 141.7 95.4 35.1 −4.0 147.6 109.6 107.6 59.8 86.0 82.9 83.2 94.4 −1.2 38.4 64.0 106.2 107.4 103.0 167.3 178.2 194.0 181.5 109.8 120.2 197.8 19.6 43.7 45.8 46.5 −65.0 147.0 32.4 89.0 91.5 104.0 151.5 160.3 180.2 174.0 147.2 235.5 196.2 189.5 139.1 208.0 102.0

233.5 220.3 36.9 143.5 141.8 152.0 154.2 108.4 45.2 +6.8 161.5 123.2 121.5 71.9 99.0 95.9 96.3 107.4 +9.2 50.0 75.9 120.0 121.2 116.5 182.2 194.0 209.7 194.0 123.6 132.3 214.7 30.4 55.3 57.5 58.1 −57.3 157.5 43.8 101.0 103.4 115.9 165.3 175.2 193.8 187.7 160.7 247.0 212.5 205.5 151.8 220.1 114.8

255.5 244.6 53.8 163.2 161.6 171.8 175.0 127.9 61.7 23.3 183.7 144.0 142.0 90.0 119.0 115.5 116.1 125.8 25.0 67.3 93.8 140.2 141.8 137.4 204.7 217.2 232.5 215.0 144.0 150.0 240.3 47.2 73.0 75.4 76.0 −46.0 175.5 61.4 120.0 121.8 133.1 185.6 196.3 214.0 207.6 182.6 265.0 236.5 230.0 172.4 240.0 133.3

280.2 270.6 73.0 185.7 184.5 193.3 197.4 149.8 79.8 41.6 207.0 167.2 165.0 110.1 141.4 137.8 136.4 146.0 42.8 87.6 114.0 163.1 164.4 159.6 228.3 242.3 257.4 237.8 166.8 173.2 268.6 65.7 92.8 95.4 96.1 −33.0 193.5 80.3 140.0 141.8 151.8 207.8 219.8 235.0 228.5 205.8 283.5 261.0 257.3 195.3 263.0 153.5

306.0 298.0 93.5 208.0 207.5 214.0 219.0 172.0 99.1 61.7 231.5 191.5 189.0 131.0 165.1 161.3 162.0 167.0 62.0 108.8 134.3 186.9 188.4 183.7 253.5 267.5 282.0 264.1 191.0 201.0 295.0 84.7 114.0 116.0 117.0 −19.5 210.5 100.6 160.0 161.8 170.0 230.0 243.3 257.4 251.0 230.0 303.0 287.0 286.2 217.0 290.0 174.3

106.1 148.6 121.6 243.4 305.7 195.8 66.3 22.3 139.5 99.8 86.4 21.5 144.0 92.6 206.0 102.3 295.2 181.3 178.8 219.8

115.8 158.2 131.0 255.3 318.3 207.3 74.0 30.6 148.5 108.0 93.5 30.0 154.8 103.0 219.0 112.0 307.8 193.2 190.8 234.3

128.0 173.2 144.0 272.0 333.5 223.0 84.0 41.8 160.0 119.5 102.7 41.3 170.2 116.8 235.5 124.2 323.2 208.5 205.3 251.7

147.8 194.0 162.7 296.5 359.4 247.8 102.0 58.7 179.5 136.6 116.3 58.6 193.3 137.7 258.5 143.1 348.4 231.7 226.8 280.2

168.3 217.0 184.1 323.8 385.0 274.5 125.5 78.0 199.6 155.6 130.7 78.1 217.8 160.0 283.5 163.8 374.6 258.3 250.0 312.7

190.5 240.0 205.0 350.5 410.6 303.0 155.0 98.4 221.5 175.8 145.0 98.5 244.0 184.6 309.4 185.6 399.8 287.5 274.0 344.0

5

10

20

70.0

101.4

116.8

133.8

152.0

C13H12O C9H9NO4 C7H16 C10H14O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C5H10O2 C5H12O C9H10O3 C10H12 C10H12 C3H5NS C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C4H5Cl3O2 C5H14Si C5H14Sn C7H14O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C12H14O3 C10H16O2 C10H16O C10H18O C13H10 C6H5F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C10H18O C12H20O2 C14H24O2 C14H24O2 C11H18O2 C5H8O4 C5H6O3 C5H6N2 C5H6Cl2O2 C3H8O3 C3H6Cl2O

124.0 108.1 −37.8 48.5 46.2 60.0 59.3 18.1 −28.0 −64.3 61.2 28.3 26.0 −13.2 9.4 7.2 7.6 20.7 −60.6 −30.0 −6.1 25.7 26.3 22.1 78.4 86.3 101.6 101.7 28.0 45.8 −43.4 −24.2 −22.4 −21.8

155.5 140.2 −17.0 75.7 73.4 86.8 86.5 43.7 −7.2 −45.0 90.0 55.0 52.7 +10.6 34.8 32.3 32.7 45.5 −41.4 −7.6 +17.0 52.0 53.0 48.8 108.1 117.0 132.3 128.7 54.7 70.3 129.3 −22.8 −2.2 −0.3 +0.3

70.5 −20.0 +15.0 18.5 31.8 69.2 73.5 96.8 90.9 61.8 155.5 100.8 91.3 56.1 125.5 28.0

96.3 −5.0 38.5 42.6 56.0 96.8 102.7 125.2 119.6 90.3 183.8 133.3 123.7 84.0 153.8 52.2

171.0 155.0 −6.8 89.5 87.0 100.2 100.2 56.4 +3.4 −35.0 104.2 68.3 66.3 22.8 47.6 44.7 44.9 57.7 −31.8 +3.8 28.7 65.6 66.4 62.1 123.0 132.4 148.0 142.3 68.3 82.1 146.0 −12.4 +8.9 +11.0 11.8 −88.0 109.5 +2.1 51.8 54.8 68.0 110.0 117.9 139.0 133.0 104.3 196.0 149.5 140.0 97.8 167.2 64.7

188.1 173.6 +4.7 103.8 101.5 114.5 115.0 70.3 14.3 −24.0 119.3 82.8 80.8 36.1 61.2 58.2 58.5 70.6 −21.0 16.1 41.3 79.8 80.6 76.5 138.7 149.0 164.2 155.8 83.0 95.6 164.2 −1.2 21.4 23.4 24.0 −79.6 122.5 10.3 65.0 67.8 81.0 125.6 133.0 153.8 147.9 119.8 210.5 166.0 156.5 112.3 182.2 78.0

C6H10O4 C4H4O4 C7H8O2 C21H44 C27H56 C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H13ClO C7H14 C13H20 C7H13N C6Cl6 C2Cl6 C26H54 C16H34 C16H32 C16H34O

38.3

64.1 103.0 79.1 188.0 248.6 145.2 32.7 −12.7 101.3 64.3 54.6 −14.1 94.6 47.8 149.3 49.8 240.0 135.2 131.7 158.3

77.1 116.6 92.0 205.4 266.8 160.0 43.0 −2.1 113.2 74.7 64.6 −3.5 110.0 61.6 166.4 73.5 257.4 149.8 146.2 177.8

90.8 132.0 106.0 223.2 284.6 177.7 54.0 +9.5 125.6 85.8 75.0 +8.3 126.0 76.3 185.7 87.6 275.8 164.7 162.0 197.8

60

Temperature, °C

Formula C12H12

40

52.4 152.6 211.7 115.0 12.0 −34.0 78.0 42.4 34.2 −35.8 64.0 21.0 114.4 32.7 204.0 105.3 101.6 122.7

47 −118.6 −45 −4 46.5 −30.2 −72.6 1.3 −5.9 −95.5

−99.3

−10 295 19 5 35 113 −42.1 −80 −110.8 −92 8.2

97.5

17.9 −31 97 28.3 40.4 59.5 22.5 −42 −90.6 −10 34.6

230 186.6 56.6 18.5 4 49.3

2-74

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Formula

n-Hexadecylamine (cetylamine) Hexaethylbenzene n-Hexane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 1-Hexene n-Hexyl levulinate n-Hexyl phenyl ketone (enanthophenone) Hydrocinnamic acid Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid) Hydroquinone 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid α-Hydroxybutyronitrile 4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 3-Hydroxypropionitrile Indene Iodobenzene Iodononane 2-Iodotoluene α-Ionone Isoprene Lauraldehyde Lauric acid Levulinaldehyde Levulinic acid d-Limonene Linalyl acetate Maleic anhydride Menthane 1-Menthol Menthyl acetate benzoate formate Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methacrylonitrile Methane Methanethiol Methoxyacetic acid N-Methylacetanilide Methyl acetate acetylene (propyne) acrylate alcohol (methanol) Methylamine N-Methylaniline Methyl anthranilate benzoate 2-Methylbenzothiazole α-Methylbenzyl alcohol Methyl bromide 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl isobutyl carbinol (2-methyl4-pentanol) n-butyl ketone (2-hexanone) isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone) n-butyrate isobutyrate caprate caproate caprylate chloride chloroacetate cinnamate α-Methylcinnamic acid Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclopropane Methyl n-decyl ketone (n-dodecan-2-one) dichloroacetate N-Methyldiphenylamine

C16H35N C18H30 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12 C11H20O3 C13H18O C9H10O2 CHN C6H6O2 C7H6O2 C4H8O3 C5H9NO C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C3H5NO C9H8 C6H5I C9H19I C7H7I C13H20O C5H8 C12H24O C12H24O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C10H16 C12H20O2 C4H2O3 C10H20 C10H20O C12H22O2 C17H24O2 C11H20O2 C6H10O C4H6O2 C4H5N CH4 CH4S C3H6O3 C9H11NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH4O CH5N C7H9N C8H9NO2 C8H8O2 C8H7NS C8H10O CH3Br C5H10 C5H10 C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C11H22O2 C7H14O2 C9H18O2 CH3Cl C3H5ClO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C7H14 C6H12 C4H8 C12H24O C3H4Cl2O2 C13H13N

1

5

10

20

40

60

100

123.6

157.8 134.3 −34.5 47.2 34.8 25.7 −38.0 120.0 130.3 133.5 −55.3 153.3 153.2 98.5 65.8 69.3 46.7 87.8 44.3 50.6 96.2 65.9 108.8 −62.3 108.4 150.6 54.9 128.1 40.4 82.5 63.4 35.7 83.2 85.8 154.2 75.8 +14.1 48.5 −23.3 −199.0 −75.3 79.3 103.8 −38.6 −97.5 −23.6 −25.3 −81.3 62.8 109.0 64.4 97.5 75.2 −80.6 −72.8 −57.0

176.0 150.3 −25.0 58.2 45.0 36.7 −28.1 134.7 145.5 148.7 −47.7 163.5 169.7 110.5 77.8 81.0 58.8 102.0 58.5 64.0 109.0 79.8 123.0 −53.3 123.7 166.0 68.0 141.8 53.8 96.0 78.7 48.3 96.0 100.0 170.0 90.0 26.0 60.0 −12.5 −195.5 −67.5 92.0 118.6 −29.3 −90.5 −13.5 −16.2 −73.8 76.2 124.2 77.3 111.2 88.0 −72.8 −64.3 −47.9

195.7 168.0 −14.1 70.3 55.9 49.0 −17.2 150.2 161.0 165.0 −39.7 174.6 186.8 123.8 90.7 94.0 72.0 117.9 73.9 78.3 123.0 95.6 139.0 −43.5 140.2 183.6 82.7 154.1 68.2 111.4 95.0 62.7 110.3 115.4 186.3 105.8 37.9 72.7 −0.6 −191.8 −58.8 106.5 135.1 −19.1 −82.9 −2.7 −6.0 −65.9 90.5 141.5 91.8 125.5 102.1 −64.0 −54.8 −37.9

215.7 187.7 −2.3 83.7 67.9 62.2 −5.0 167.8 178.9 183.3 −30.9 192.0 206.0 138.0 104.8 108.2 86.7 134.1 90.7 94.4 138.1 112.4 155.6 −32.6 157.8 201.4 98.3 169.5 84.3 127.7 111.8 78.3 126.1 132.1 204.3 123.0 51.7 86.4 +12.8 −187.7 −49.2 122.0 152.2 −7.9 −74.3 +9.2 +5.0 −56.9 106.0 159.7 107.8 141.2 117.8 −54.2 −44.1 −26.7

228.8 199.7 +5.4 92.0 76.0 70.7 +2.8 179.0 189.8 194.0 −25.1 203.0 217.5 146.4 113.9 117.4 96.0 144.7 100.8 105.0 147.7 123.8 166.3 −25.4 168.7 212.7 108.4 178.0 94.6 138.1 122.0 88.6 136.1 143.2 215.8 133.8 60.4 95.3 21.5 −185.1 −43.1 131.8 164.2 −0.5 −68.8 17.3 12.1 −51.3 115.8 172.0 117.4 150.4 127.4 −48.0 −37.3 −19.4

245.8 216.0 15.8 102.8 87.3 81.8 13.0 193.6 204.2 209.0 −17.8 216.5 233.5 157.7 125.0 129.0 108.2 157.7 114.7 118.3 159.8 138.1 181.2 −16.0 184.5 227.5 121.8 190.2 108.3 151.8 135.8 102.1 149.4 156.7 230.4 148.0 72.1 106.6 32.8 −181.4 −34.8 144.5 179.8 +9.4 −61.3 28.0 21.2 −43.7 129.8 187.8 130.8 163.9 140.3 −39.4 −28.0 −9.9

+22.1 28.8 +19.7 −5.5 −13.0 93.5 30.0 61.7 −99.5 19.0 108.1 155.0 −14.0 −33.8 −80.6 106.0 26.7 134.0

33.3 38.8 30.0 +5.0 −2.9 108.0 42.0 74.9 −92.4 30.0 123.0 169.8 −3.2 −23.7 −72.8 120.4 38.1 149.7

45.4 50.0 40.8 16.7 +8.4 123.0 55.4 89.0 −84.8 41.5 140.0 185.2 +8.7 −12.8 −64.0 136.0 50.7 165.8

58.2 62.0 52.8 29.6 21.0 139.0 70.0 105.3 −76.0 54.5 157.9 201.8 22.0 −0.6 −54.2 152.4 64.7 184.0

67.0 69.8 60.4 37.4 28.9 148.6 79.7 115.3 −70.4 63.0 170.0 212.0 30.5 +7.2 −48.0 163.8 73.6 195.4

78.0 79.8 70.4 48.0 39.6 161.5 91.4 128.0 −63.0 73.5 185.8 224.8 42.1 17.9 −39.3 177.5 85.4 210.1

200

400

760

Temperature, °C

−53.9 24.4 14.6 +2.5 −57.5 90.0 100.0 102.2 −71.0 132.4 121.2 73.5 41.0 44.6 22.0 58.7 16.4 24.1 70.0 37.2 79.5 −79.8 77.7 121.0 28.1 102.0 14.0 55.4 44.0 +9.7 56.0 57.4 123.2 47.3 −8.7 25.5 −44.5 −205.9 −90.7 52.5 −57.2 −111.0 −43.7 −44.0 −95.8 36.0 77.6 39.0 70.0 49.0 −96.3 −89.1 −75.4 −0.3 +7.7 −1.4 −26.8 −34.1 63.7 +5.0 34.2 −2.9 77.4 125.7 −35.9 −53.7 −96.0 77.1 3.2 103.5

272.2 300.4 330.0 241.7 268.5 298.3 31.6 49.6 68.7 119.6 138.0 157.0 103.7 121.8 139.9 98.3 117.0 135.5 29.0 46.8 66.0 215.7 241.0 266.8 225.0 248.3 271.3 230.8 255.0 279.8 −5.3 +10.2 25.9 238.0 262.5 286.2 256.8 282.6 310.0 175.2 193.8 212.0 142.0 159.8 178.8 146.5 165.5 185.0 126.8 147.5 167.9 178.0 200.0 221.0 135.6 157.8 181.6 139.8 163.9 188.6 179.0 199.3 219.5 160.0 185.7 211.0 202.5 225.2 250.0 −1.2 +15.4 32.6 207.8 231.8 257.0 249.8 273.8 299.2 142.0 164.0 187.0 208.3 227.4 245.8 128.5 151.4 175.0 173.3 196.2 220.0 155.9 179.5 202.0 122.7 146.0 169.5 168.3 190.2 212.0 178.8 202.8 227.0 253.2 277.1 301.0 169.8 194.2 219.0 90.0 109.8 130.0 123.9 142.5 161.0 50.0 70.3 90.3 −175.5 −168.8 −161.5 −22.1 −7.9 +6.8 163.5 184.2 204.0 202.3 227.4 253.0 24.0 40.0 57.8 −49.8 −37.2 −23.3 43.9 61.8 80.2 34.8 49.9 64.7 −32.4 −19.7 −6.3 149.3 172.0 195.5 212.4 238.5 266.5 151.4 174.7 199.5 183.2 204.5 225.5 159.0 180.7 204.0 −26.5 −11.9 +3.6 −13.8 +2.5 20.2 +4.9 21.6 38.5 94.9 94.3 85.6 64.3 55.7 181.6 109.8 148.1 −51.2 90.5 209.6 245.0 59.6 34.0 −26.0 199.0 103.2 232.8

113.5 111.0 102.0 83.1 73.6 202.9 129.8 170.0 −38.0 109.5 235.0 266.8 79.6 52.3 −11.3 222.5 122.6 257.0

131.7 127.5 119.0 102.3 92.6 224.0 150 193.0 −24.0 130.3 263.0 288.0 100.9 71.8 +4.5 246.5 143.0 282.0

Melting point, °C 130 −95.3 −51.6 −98.5 48.5 −13.2 170.3 115.5 79 −47 −2 −28.5

−146.7 44.5 48 33.5 −96.9 58 42.5 54.5 −59 15 −182.5 −121 102 −98.7 −102.7 −97.8 −93.5 −57 24 −12.5 15.4 −93 −135 −133 −56.9 −84.7 −84.7 −18 −40 −97.7 −31.9 33.4 −126.4 −142.4

−7.6

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-75

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm* (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Formula

Methyl n-dodecyl ketone (2-tetradecanone) Methylene bromide (dibromomethane) chloride (dichloromethane) Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone) 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane 3-Methyl-3-ethylpentane Methyl fluoride formate α-Methylglutaric anhydride Methyl glycolate 2-Methylheptadecane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 2-Methyl-2-heptene 6-Methyl-3-hepten-2-ol 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane Methyl iodide laurate levulinate methacrylate myristate α-naphthyl ketone (1-acetonaphthone) β-naphthyl ketone (2-acetonaphthone) n-nonyl ketone (undecan-2-one) palmitate n-pentadecyl ketone (2-heptdecanone) 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl n-pentyl ketone (2-heptanone) phenyl ether (anisole) 2-Methylpropene Methyl propionate 4-Methylpropiophenone 2-Methylpropionyl bromide Methyl propyl ether n-propyl ketone (2-pentanone) isopropyl ketone (3-Methyl-2-butanone) 2-Methylquinoline Methyl salicylate α-Methyl styrene 4-Methyl styrene Methyl n-tetradecyl ketone (2-hexadecanone) thiocyanate isothiocyanate undecyl ketone (2-tridecanone) isovalerate Monovinylacetylene (butenyne) Myrcene Myristaldehyde Myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid) Naphthalene 1-Naphthoic acid 2-Naphthoic acid 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine Nicotine 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitroglycerin Nitromethane 2-Nitrophenol 2-Nitrophenyl acetate

C14H28O CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 C4H8O C8H18 C8H18 CH3F C2H4O2 C6H8O3 C3H6O3 C18H38 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C7H16 C7H16 CH3I C13H26O2 C6H10O3 C5H8O2 C15H30O2 C12H10O C12H10O C11H22O C17H34O2 C17H34O C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C7H14O C7H8O C4H8 C4H8O2 C10H12O C4H7BrO C4H10O C5H10O C5H10O C10H9N C8H8O3 C9H10 C9H10 C16H32O C2H3NS C2H3NS C13H26O C6H12O2 C4H4 C10H16 C14H28O C14H28O2 C10H8 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H14N2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C3H5N3O9 CH3NO2 C6H5NO3 C8H7NO4

1

5

10

20

40

99.3 −35.1 −70.0 −48.3 −24.0 −23.9 −147.3 −74.2 93.8 +9.6 119.8 −21.0 −19.8 −20.4 −16.1 41.6 41.9 −40.4 −39.0

130.0 −13.2 −52.1 −28.0 −1.8 −1.4 −137.0 −57.0 125.4 33.7 152.0 +1.3 +2.6 +1.5 +6.7 65.0 66.0 −19.5 −18.1 −55.0 117.9 66.4 −10.0 145.7 146.3 152.3 95.5 166.8 161.6 −41.7 −39.8 38.0 +16.8 43.6 30.0 −96.5 −21.5 89.3 38.4 −54.3 +8.0 −1.0 104.0 81.6 34.0 42.0

145.5 −2.4 −43.3 −17.7 +9.5 +9.9 −131.6 −48.6 141.8 45.3 168.7 12.3 13.3 12.4 17.8 76.7 77.8 −9.1 −7.8 −45.8 133.2 79.7 +1.0 160.8 161.5 168.5 108.9 184.3 178.0 −32.1 −30.1 49.6 27.6 55.5 42.2 −81.9 −11.8 103.8 50.6 −45.4 17.9 +8.3 119.0 95.3 47.1 55.1

161.3 +9.7 −33.4 −6.5 21.7 22.3 −125.9 −39.2 157.7 58.1 186.0 24.4 25.4 24.5 30.4 89.3 90.4 +2.3 +3.6 −35.6 149.0 93.7 11.0 177.8 178.4 185.7 123.1 202.0 196.4 −21.4 −19.4 61.6 38.8 67.7 55.8 −73.4 −1.0 120.2 64.1 −35.4 28.5 18.3 134.0 110.0 61.8 69.2

179.8 23.3 −22.3 +6.0 35.2 36.2 −119.1 −28.7 177.5 72.3 204.8 37.9 38.9 38.0 44.0 102.7 104.0 14.9 16.4 −24.2 166.0 109.5 25.5 195.8 196.8 203.8 139.0

151.5 +9.8 −8.3 117.0 +2.9 −77.7 40.0 132.0 174.1 74.2 184.0 189.7 125.5 128.6 137.7 141.6 91.8 135.7 151.5 177.6 117.7 127.4 71.6 +1.5 167 −7.9 76.8 128.0

167.3 21.6 +5.4 131.8 14.0 −70.0 53.2 148.3 190.8 85.8 196.8 202.8 142.0 145.5 153.8 157.6 107.2 150.4 167.8 194.4 133.4 142.8 84.9 12.5 188 +2.8 90.4 142.0

184.6 34.5 20.4 147.8 26.4 −61.3 67.0 166.2 207.6 101.7 211.2 216.9 158.0 161.8 171.6 175.8 123.7 167.7 185.5 213.2 150.0 159.0 99.3 24.8 210 14.1 105.8 155.8

60

100

200

400

760

191.4 31.6 −15.7 14.0 43.9 45.0 −115.0 −21.9 189.9 81.8 216.3 46.6 47.6 46.6 52.8 111.5 112.8 23.0 24.5 −16.9 176.8 119.3 34.5 207.5 208.6 214.7 148.6

206.0 42.3 −6.3 25.0 55.7 57.1 −109.0 −12.9 205.0 93.7 231.5 58.3 59.4 58.3 64.6 122.6 123.8 34.1 35.6 −7.0 190.8 133.0 47.0 222.6 223.8 229.8 161.0

228.2 58.5 +8.0 41.6 73.6 75.3 −99.9 +0.8 229.1 111.8 254.5 76.0 77.1 76.1 82.3 139.5 140.0 50.8 52.4 +8.0

253.3 79.0 24.1 60.0 94.0 96.2 −89.5 16.0 255.5 131.7 279.8 96.2 97.4 96.3 102.2 156.6 156.6 69.8 71.6 25.3

278.0 98.6 40.7 79.6 115.6 118.3 −78.2 32.0 282.5 151.5 306.5 117.6 118.9 117.7 122.5 175.5 174.3 90.0 91.9 42.4

153.4 63.0 245.3 246.7 251.6 181.2

175.8 82.0 269.8 270.5 275.8 202.3

197.7 101.0 295.8 295.5 301.0 224.0

214.3 −9.7 −7.3 74.7 51.3 81.2 70.7 −63.8 +11.0 138.0 79.4 −24.3 39.8 29.6 150.8 126.2 77.8 85.0

226.7 −1.9 +0.1 83.4 58.8 89.8 80.1 −57.7 18.7 149.3 88.8 −17.4 47.3 36.2 161.7 136.7 88.3 95.0

242.0 +8.1 10.5 94.2 69.2 100.0 93.0 −49.3 29.0 164.2 101.6 −8.1 56.8 45.5 176.2 150.0 102.2 108.6

265.8 24.1 26.5 111.3 85.0 116.1 112.3 −36.7 44.2 187.4 120.5 +6.0 71.0 59.0 197.8 172.6 121.8 128.7

291.7 41.6 44.2 129.8 102.6 133.2 133.8 −22.2 61.8 212.7 141.7 22.5 86.8 73.8 211.7 197.5 143.0 151.2

319.5 60.3 63.3 147.9 121.2 150.2 155.5 −6.9 79.8 238.5 163.0 39.1 103.3 88.9 246.5 223.2 165.4 175.0

203.7 49.0 38.2 165.7 39.8 −51.7 82.6 186.0 223.5 119.3 225.0 231.5 177.8 181.7 191.5 195.7 142.1 186.0 204.2 234.2 168.8 177.7 115.4 38.0 235 27.5 122.1 172.8

215.0 58.1 47.5 176.6 48.2 −45.3 92.6 198.3 237.2 130.2 234.5 241.3 190.0 193.7 203.8 208.1 154.7 197.8 216.5 245.9 180.7 189.5 125.8 46.5 251 35.5 132.6 181.7

230.5 70.4 59.3 191.5 59.8 −37.1 106.0 214.5 250.5 145.5 245.8 252.7 206.0 209.8 220.0 224.3 169.5 213.0 232.1 261.8 196.2 204.3 139.9 57.8

254.4 89.8 77.5 214.0 77.3 −24.1 126.0 240.4 272.3 167.7 263.5 270.3 229.6 234.0 244.9 249.7 193.8 236.3 255.3 284.5 220.0 227.4 161.2 74.8

279.8 110.8 97.8 238.3 96.7 −10.1 148.3 267.9 294.6 193.2 281.4 289.5 255.8 260.6 272.2 277.4 219.8 260.0 280.2 310.2 246.8 252.1 185.8 94.0

307.0 132.9 119.0 262.5 116.7 +5.3 171.5 297.8 318.0 217.9 300.0 308.5 282.5 288.0 300.8 306.1 247.3 284.5 305.7 336.0 273.5 278.3 210.6 114.0

46.6 146.4 194.1

63.5 167.6 213.0

82.0 191.0 233.5

101.2 214.5 253.0

Temperature, °C

87.8 39.8 −30.5 115.0 115.6 120.2 68.2 134.3 129.6 −60.9 −59.0 15.4 −4.5 19.3 +5.4 −105.1 −42.0 59.6 13.5 −72.2 −12.0 −19.9 75.3 54.0 7.4 16.0 109.8 −14.0 −34.7 86.8 −19.2 −93.2 14.5 99.0 142.0 52.6 156.0 160.8 94.0 104.3 108.0 61.8 104.0 119.3 142.4 85.8 96.2 44.4 −21.0 127 −29.0 49.3 100.0

Melting point, °C −52.8 −96.7 −85.9 −114.5 −90 −99.8

−109.5 −120.8 −121.1

−118.2 −64.4 5 18.5 55.5 15 30 −154 −118 −103 −37.3 −140.3 −87.5

−77.8 −92 −1 −8.3 −23.2

−51 35.5 28.5

23.5 57.5 80.2 160.5 184 96 122.5 50 111.5 71.5 114 146.5 40.9 58 +5.7 −90 11 −29 45

2-76

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitro-1,3-xylene (4-nitro-m-xylene) Nonacosane Nonadecane n-Nonane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanone Octacosane Octadecane n-Octane n-Octanol (1-octanol) 2-Octanone n-Octyl acrylate iodide (1-Iodooctane) Oleic acid Palmitaldehyde Palmitic acid Palmitonitrile Pelargonic acid Pentachlorobenzene Pentachloroethane Pentachloroethylbenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentacosane Pentadecane 1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene Pentaethylbenzene Pentaethylchlorobenzene n-Pentane iso-Pentane (2-methylbutane) neo-Pentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) 2,3,4-Pentanetriol 1-Pentene α-Phellandrene Phenanthrene Phenethyl alcohol (phenyl cellosolve) 2-Phenetidine Phenol 2-Phenoxyethanol 2-Phenoxyethyl acetate Phenyl acetate Phenylacetic acid Phenylacetonitrile Phenylacetyl chloride Phenyl benzoate 4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one Phenyl isocyanate isocyanide Phenylcyclohexane Phenyl dichlorophosphate m-Phenylene diamine (1,3-phenylenediamine) Phenylglyoxal Phenylhydrazine N-Phenyliminodiethanol 1-Phenyl-1,3-pentanedione 2-Phenylphenol 4-Phenylphenol 3-Phenyl-1-propanol Phenyl isothiocyanate Phorone iso-Phorone Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) Phthalic anhydride Phthalide Phthaloyl chloride 2-Picoline Pimelic acid α-Pinene β-Pinene

1

5

10

20

40

C3H7NO2 −9.6 C3H7NO2 −18.8 C7H7NO2 50.0 C7H7NO2 50.2 C7H7NO2 53.7 C8H9NO2 65.6 C29H60 234.2 C19H40 133.2 C9H20 +1.4 C9H20O 59.5 C9H18O 32.1 C28H58 226.5 C18H38 119.6 C8H18 −14.0 C8H18O 54.0 C8H16O 23.6 C11H20O2 58.5 C8H17I 45.8 C18H34O2 176.5 C16H32O 121.6 C16H32O2 153.6 C16H31N 134.3 C9H18O2 108.2 C6HCl5 98.6 C2HCl5 +1.0 C8H5Cl5 96.2 C6HCl5O C25H52 194.2 C15H32 91.6 C5H8 −71.8 C5H8 −83.5 C16H26 86.0 C16H25Cl 90.0 C5H12 −76.6 C5H12 −82.9 C5H12 −102.0 C5H12O3 155.0 C5H10 −80.4 C10H16 20.0 C14H10 118.2 C8H10O2 58.2 C8H11NO 67.0 C6H6O 40.1 C8H10O2 78.0 C10H12O3 82.6 C8H8O2 38.2 C8H8O2 97.0 C8H7N 60.0 C8H7ClO 48.0 C13H10O2 106.8 C10H10O 81.7 C7H5NO 10.6 C7H5N 12.0 C12H16 67.5 C6H5Cl2O2P 66.7

+13.5 +4.1 79.1 81.0 85.0 95.0 269.8 166.3 25.8 86.1 59.0 260.3 152.1 +8.3 76.5 48.4 87.7 74.8 208.5 154.6 188.1 168.3 126.0 129.7 27.2 130.0

25.3 15.8 93.8 96.0 100.5 109.8 286.4 183.5 38.0 99.7 72.3 277.4 169.6 19.2 88.3 60.9 102.0 90.0 223.0 171.8 205.8 185.8 137.4 144.3 39.8 148.0

230.0 121.0 −53.8 −66.2 120.0 123.8 −62.5 −65.8 −85.4 189.3 −63.3 45.7 154.3 85.9 94.7 62.5 106.6 113.5 64.8 127.0 89.0 75.3 141.5 112.2 36.0 37.0 96.5 95.9

248.2 135.4 −45.0 −57.1 135.8 140.7 −50.1 −57.0 −76.7 204.5 −54.5 58.0 173.0 100.0 108.6 73.8 121.2 128.0 78.0 141.3 103.5 89.0 157.8 127.4 48.5 49.7 111.3 110.0

37.9 28.2 109.6 112.8 117.7 125.8 303.6 200.8 51.2 113.8 87.2 295.4 187.5 31.5 101.0 74.3 117.8 105.9 240.0 190.0 223.8 204.2 149.8 160.0 53.9 166.0 192.2 266.1 150.2 −34.8 −47.7 152.4 158.1 −40.2 −47.3 −67.2 220.5 −46.0 72.1 193.7 114.8 123.7 86.0 136.0 144.5 92.3 156.0 119.4 103.6 177.0 143.8 62.5 63.4 126.4 125.9

51.8 41.8 126.3 130.7 136.0 143.3 323.2 220.0 66.0 129.0 103.4 314.2 207.4 45.1 115.2 89.8 135.6 123.8 257.2 210.0 244.4 223.8 163.7 178.5 69.9 186.2 211.2 285.6 167.7 −23.4 −37.0 171.9 178.2 −29.2 −36.5 −56.1 239.6 −34.1 87.8 215.8 130.5 139.9 100.1 152.2 162.3 108.1 173.6 136.3 119.8 197.6 161.3 77.7 78.3 144.0 143.4

C6H8N2 C8H6O2 C6H8N2 C10H15NO2 C11H12O2 C12H10O C12H10O C9H12O C7H5NS C9H14O C9H14O CCl2O C8H4O3 C8H6O2 C8H4Cl2O2 C6H7N C7H12O4 C10H16 C10H16

71.8 145.0 98.0 100.0

131.2 75.0 101.6 179.2 128.5 131.6

74.7 47.2 42.0 38.0 −92.9 96.5 95.5 86.3 −11.1 163.4 −1.0 +4.2

102.4 75.6 68.3 66.7 −77.0 121.3 127.7 118.3 +12.6 196.2 +24.6 30.0

147.0 87.8 115.8 195.8 144.0 146.2 176.2 116.0 89.8 81.5 81.2 −69.3 134.0 144.0 134.2 24.4 212.0 37.3 42.3

163.8 100.7 131.5 213.4 159.9 163.3 193.8 131.2 115.5 95.6 96.8 −60.3 151.7 161.3 151.0 37.4 229.3 51.4 58.1

182.5 115.5 148.2 233.0 178.0 180.3 213.0 147.4 122.5 111.3 114.5 −50.3 172.0 181.0 170.0 51.2 247.0 66.8 71.5

60

100

200

400

760

60.5 50.3 137.6 142.5 147.9 153.8 334.8 232.8 75.5 139.0 113.8 326.8 219.7 53.8 123.8 99.0 145.6 135.4 269.8 222.6 256.0 236.6 172.3 190.1 80.0 199.0 223.4 298.4 178.4 −16.5 −30.0 184.2 191.0 −22.2 −29.6 −49.0 249.8 −27.1 97.6 229.9 141.2 149.8 108.4 163.2 174.0 118.1 184.5 147.7 129.8 210.8 172.6 87.7 88.0 154.2 153.6

72.3 62.0 151.5 156.9 163.0 168.5 350.0 248.0 88.1 151.3 127.4 341.8 236.0 65.7 135.2 111.7 159.1 150.0 286.0 239.5 271.5 251.5 184.4 205.5 93.5 216.0 239.6 314.0 194.0 −6.7 −20.6 200.0 208.0 −12.6 −20.2 −39.1 263.5 −17.7 110.6 249.0 154.0 163.5 121.4 176.5 189.2 131.6 198.2 161.8 143.5 227.8 187.8 100.6 101.0 169.3 168.0

90.2 80.0 173.7 180.3 186.7 191.7 373.2 271.8 107.5 170.5 148.2 364.8 260.6 83.6 152.0 130.4 180.2 173.3 309.8 264.1 298.7 277.1 203.1 227.0 114.0 241.8 261.8 339.0 216.1 +8.0 −6.7 224.1 230.3 +1.9 −5.9 −23.7 284.5 −3.4 130.6 277.1 175.0 184.0 139.0 197.6 211.3 151.2 219.5 184.2 163.8 254.0 211.0 120.8 120.8 191.3 189.8

110.6 99.8 197.7 206.8 212.5 217.5 397.2 299.8 128.2 192.1 171.2 388.9 288.0 104.0 173.8 151.0 204.0 199.3 334.7 292.3 326.0 304.5 227.5 251.6 137.2 269.3 285.0 365.4 242.8 24.7 +8.3 250.2 257.2 18.5 +10.5 −7.1 307.0 +12.8 152.0 308.0 197.5 207.0 160.0 221.0 235.0 173.5 243.0 208.5 186.0 283.5 235.4 142.7 142.3 214.6 213.0

131.6 120.3 222.3 231.9 238.3 244.0 421.8 330.0 150.8 213.5 195.0 412.5 317.0 125.6 195.2 172.9 227.0 225.5 360.0 321.0 353.8 332.0 253.5 276.0 160.5 299.0 309.3 390.3 270.5 42.1 26.1 277.0 285.0 36.1 27.8 +9.5 327.2 30.1 175.0 340.2 219.5 228.0 181.9 245.3 259.7 195.9 265.5 233.5 210.0 314.0 261.0 165.6 165.0 240.0 239.5

194.0 124.2 158.7 245.3 189.8 192.2 225.3 156.8 133.3 121.4 125.6 −44.0 185.3 193.5 182.2 59.9 258.2 76.8 81.2

209.9 136.2 173.5 260.6 204.5 205.9 240.9 170.3 147.7 134.0 140.6 −35.6 202.3 210.0 197.8 71.4 272.0 90.1 94.0

233.0 153.8 195.4 284.5 226.7 227.9 263.2 191.2 169.6 153.5 163.3 −22.3 228.0 234.5 222.0 89.0 294.5 110.2 114.1

259.0 173.5 218.2 311.3 251.2 251.8 285.5 212.8 194.0 175.3 188.7 −7.6 256.8 261.8 248.3 108.4 318.5 132.3 136.1

285.5 193.5 243.5 337.8 276.5 275.0 308.0 235.0 218.5 197.2 215.2 +8.3 284.5 290.0 275.8 128.8 342.1 155.0 158.3

Temperature, °C

Formula

99.8

Melting point, °C −108 −93 −4.1 15.5 51.9 +2 63.8 32 −53.7 −5 −19 61.6 28 −56.8 −15.4 −16 −45.9 14 34 64.0 31 12.5 85.5 −22 188.5 53.3 10

−129.7 −159.7 −16.6

99.5 40.6 11.6 −6.7 76.5 −23.8 70.5 41.5 +7.5 62.8 73 19.5 56.5 164.5 −21.0 28 −104 130.8 73 88.5 −70 103 −55

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-77

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Piperidine Piperonal Propane Propenylbenzene Propionamide Propionic acid anhydride Propionitrile Propiophenone n-Propyl acetate iso-Propyl acetate n-Propyl alcohol (1-propanol) iso-Propyl alcohol (2-propanol) n-Propylamine Propylbenzene Propyl benzoate n-Propyl bromide (1-bromopropane) iso-Propyl bromide (2-bromopropane) n-Propyl n-butyrate isobutyrate iso-Propyl isobutyrate Propyl carbamate n-Propyl chloride (1-chloropropane) iso-Propyl chloride (2-chloropropane) iso-Propyl chloroacetate Propyl chloroglyoxylate Propylene Propylene glycol (1,2-Propanediol) Propylene oxide n-Propyl formate iso-Propyl formate 4,4′-iso-Propylidenebisphenol n-Propyl iodide (1-iodopropane) iso-Propyl iodide (2-iodopropane) n-Propyl levulinate iso-Propyl levulinate Propyl mercaptan (1-propanethiol) 2-iso-Propylnaphthalene iso-Propyl β-naphthyl ketone (2-isobutyronaphthone) 2-iso-Propylphenol 3-iso-Propylphenol 4-iso-Propylphenol Propyl propionate 4-iso-Propylstyrene Propyl isovalerate Pulegone Pyridine Pyrocatechol Pyrocaltechol diacetate (1,2-phenylene diacetate) Pyrogallol Pyrotartaric anhydride Pyruvic acid Quinoline iso-Quinoline Resorcinol Safrole Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid Sebacic acid Selenophene Skatole Stearaldehyde Stearic acid Stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol) Styrene Styrene dibromide [(1,2-dibromoethyl) benzene] Suberic acid Succinic anhydride Succinimide Succinyl chloride α-Terpineol Terpenoline

1

5

10

20

87.0 −128.9 17.5 65.0 4.6 20.6 −35.0 50.0 −26.7 −38.3 −15.0 −26.1 −64.4 6.3 54.6 −53.0 −61.8 −1.6 −6.2 −16.3 52.4 −68.3 −78.8 +3.8 9.7 −131.9 45.5 −75.0 −43.0 −52.0 193.0 −36.0 −43.3 59.7 48.0 −56.0 76.0

−7.0 117.4 −115.4 43.8 91.0 28.0 45.3 −13.6 77.9 −5.4 −17.4 +5.0 −7.0 −46.3 31.3 83.8 −33.4 −42.5 +22.1 +16.8 +5.8 77.6 −50.0 −61.1 28.1 32.3 −120.7 70.8 −57.8 −22.7 −32.7 224.2 −13.5 −22.1 86.3 74.5 −36.3 107.9

+3.9 132.0 −108.5 57.0 105.0 39.7 57.7 −3.0 92.2 +5.0 −7.2 14.7 +2.4 −37.2 43.4 98.0 −23.3 −32.8 34.0 28.3 17.0 90.0 −41.0 −52.0 40.2 43.5 −112.1 83.2 −49.0 −12.6 −22.7 240.8 −2.4 −11.7 99.9 88.0 −26.3 123.4

15.8 148.0 −100.9 71.5 119.0 52.0 70.4 +8.8 107.6 16.0 +4.2 25.3 12.7 −27.1 56.8 114.3 −12.4 −22.0 47.0 40.6 29.0 103.2 −31.0 −42.0 53.9 55.6 −104.7 96.4 −39.3 −1.7 −12.1 255.5 +10.0 0.0 114.0 102.4 −15.4 140.3

29.2 165.7 −92.4 87.7 134.8 65.8 85.6 22.0 124.3 28.8 17.0 36.4 23.8 −16.0 71.6 131.8 −0.3 −10.1 61.5 54.3 42.4 117.7 −19.5 −31.0 68.7 68.8 −96.5 111.2 −28.4 +10.8 −0.2 273.0 23.6 +13.2 130.1 118.1 −3.2 159.0

60

100

200

400

760

37.7 177.0 −87.0 97.8 144.3 74.1 94.5 30.1 135.0 37.0 25.1 43.5 30.5 −9.0 81.1 143.3 +7.5 −2.5 70.3 63.0 51.4 126.5 −12.1 −23.5 78.0 77.2 −91.3 119.9 −21.3 18.8 +7.5 282.9 32.1 21.6 140.6 127.8 +4.6 171.4

49.0 191.7 −79.6 111.7 156.0 85.8 107.2 41.4 149.3 47.8 35.7 52.8 39.5 +0.5 94.0 157.4 18.0 +8.0 82.6 73.9 62.3 138.3 −2.5 −13.7 90.3 88.0 −84.1 132.0 −12.0 29.5 17.8 297.0 43.8 32.8 154.0 141.8 15.3 187.6

66.2 214.3 −68.4 132.0 174.2 102.5 127.8 58.2 170.2 64.0 51.7 66.8 53.0 15.0 113.5 180.1 34.0 23.8 101.0 91.8 80.2 155.8 +12.2 +1.3 108.8 104.7 −73.3 149.7 +2.1 45.3 33.6 317.5 61.8 50.0 175.6 161.6 31.5 211.8

85.7 238.5 −55.6 154.7 194.0 122.0 146.0 77.7 194.2 82.0 69.8 82.0 67.8 31.5 135.7 205.2 52.0 41.5 121.7 112.0 100.0 175.8 29.4 18.1 128.0 123.0 −60.9 168.1 17.8 62.6 50.5 339.0 81.8 69.5 198.0 185.2 49.2 238.5

106.0 263.0 −42.1 179.0 213.0 141.1 167.0 97.1 218.0 101.8 89.0 97.8 82.5 48.5 159.2 231.0 71.0 60.0 142.7 133.9 120.5 195.0 46.4 36.5 148.6 150.0 −47.7 188.2 34.5 81.3 68.3 360.5 102.5 89.5 221.2 208.2 67.4 266.0

Temperature, °C

Formula C5H11N C8H6O3 C3H8 C9H10 C3H7NO C3H6O2 C6H10O3 C3H5N C9H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H9N C9H12 C10H12O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C5H9ClO2 C5H7ClO3 C3H6 C3H8O2 C3H6O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C15H16O2 C3H7I C3H7I C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C3H8S C13H14

40

C14H14O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C6H12O2 C11H14 C8H16O2 C10H16O C5H5N C6H6O2

133.2 56.6 62.0 67.0 −14.2 34.7 +8.0 58.3 −18.9

165.4 83.8 90.3 94.7 +8.0 62.3 32.8 82.5 +2.5 104.0

181.0 97.0 104.1 108.0 19.4 76.0 45.1 94.0 13.2 118.3

197.7 111.7 119.8 123.4 31.6 91.2 58.0 106.8 24.8 134.0

215.6 127.5 136.2 139.8 45.0 108.0 72.8 121.7 38.0 150.6

227.0 137.7 146.6 149.7 53.8 118.4 82.3 130.2 46.8 161.7

242.3 150.3 160.2 163.3 65.2 132.8 95.0 143.1 57.8 176.0

264.0 170.1 182.0 184.0 82.7 153.9 113.9 162.5 75.0 197.7

288.2 192.6 205.0 206.1 102.0 178.0 135.0 189.8 95.6 221.5

313.0 214.5 228.0 228.2 122.4 202.5 155.9 221.0 115.4 245.5

C10H10O4 C6H6O3 C5H6O3 C3H4O3 C9H7N C9H7N C6H6O2 C10H10O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C10H18O4 C4H4Se C9H9N C18H36O C18H36O2 C18H36O C8H8

98.0 69.7 21.4 59.7 63.5 108.4 63.8 33.0 113.7 183.0 −39.0 95.0 140.0 173.7 150.3 −7.0

129.8 151.7 99.7 45.8 89.6 92.7 138.0 93.0 60.1 136.0 215.7 −16.0 124.2 174.6 209.0 185.6 +18.0

145.7 167.7 114.2 57.9 103.8 107.8 152.1 107.6 73.8 146.2 232.0 −4.0 139.6 192.1 225.0 202.0 30.8

161.8 185.3 130.0 70.8 119.8 123.7 168.0 123.0 88.7 156.8 250.0 +9.1 154.3 210.6 243.4 220.0 44.6

179.8 204.2 147.8 85.3 136.7 141.6 185.3 140.1 105.2 172.2 268.2 24.1 171.9 230.8 263.3 240.4 59.8

191.6 216.3 158.6 94.1 148.1 152.0 195.8 150.3 115.7 182.0 279.8 33.8 183.6 244.2 275.5 252.7 69.5

206.5 232.0 173.8 106.5 163.2 167.6 209.8 165.1 129.4 193.4 294.5 47.0 197.4 260.0 291.0 269.4 82.0

228.7 255.3 196.1 124.7 186.2 190.0 230.8 186.2 150.0 210.0 313.2 66.7 218.8 285.0 316.5 293.5 101.3

253.3 281.5 221.0 144.7 212.3 214.5 253.4 210.0 173.7 230.5 332.8 89.8 242.5 313.8 343.0 320.3 122.5

278.0 309.0 247.4 165.0 237.7 240.5 276.5 233.0 196.5 256.0 352.3 114.3 266.2 342.5 370.0 349.5 145.2

C8H8Br2 C8H14O4 C4H4O3 C4H5NO2 C4H4Cl2O2 C10H18O C10H16

86.0 172.8 92.0 115.0 39.0 52.8 32.3

115.6 205.5 115.0 143.2 65.0 80.4 58.0

129.8 219.5 128.2 157.0 78.0 94.3 70.6

145.2 238.2 145.3 174.0 91.8 109.8 84.8

161.8 254.6 163.0 192.0 107.5 126.0 100.0

172.2 265.4 174.0 203.0 117.2 136.3 109.8

186.3 279.8 189.0 217.4 130.0 150.1 122.7

207.8 300.5 212.0 240.0 149.3 171.2 142.0

230.0 322.8 237.0 263.5 170.0 194.3 163.5

254.0 345.5 261.0 287.5 192.5 217.5 185.0

Melting point, °C −9 37 −187.1 −30.1 79 −22 −45 −91.9 21 −92.5 −127 −85.8 −83 −99.5 −51.6 −109.9 −89.0 −95.2

−122.8 −117 −185 −112.1 −92.9 −98.8 −90 −112

15.5 26 61 −76

−42 105 133 13.6 −15 24.6 110.7 11.2 −7 159 134.5 95 63.5 69.3 58.5 −30.6 142 119.6 125.5 17 35

2-78

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-10

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Formula

1,1,1,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Tetraisobutylene Tetracosane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4-ethylbenzene Tetrachloroethylene 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-xylene Tetradecane Tetradecylamine Tetradecyltrimethylsilane Tetraethoxysilane 1,2,3,4-Tetraethylbenzene Tetraethylene glycol Tetraethylene glycol chlorohydrin Tetraethyllead Tetraethylsilane Tetralin 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Tetramethylene dibromide (1,4-dibromobutane) Tetramethyllead Tetramethyltin Tetrapropylene glycol monoisopropyl ether Thioacetic acid (mercaptoacetic acid) Thiodiglycol (2,2′-thiodiethanol) Thiophene Thiophenol (benzenethiol) α-Thujone Thymol Tiglaldehyde Tiglic acid Tiglonitrile Toluene Toluene-2,4-diamine 2-Toluic nitrile (2-tolunitrile) 4-Toluic nitrile (4-tolunitrile) 2-Toluidine 3-Toluidine 4-Toluidine 2-Tolyl isocyanide 4-Tolylhydrazine Tribromoacetaldehyde 1,1,2-Tribromobutane 1,2,2-Tribromobutane 2,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane 1,2,3-Tribromopropane Triisobutylamine Triisobutylene 2,4,6-Tritertbutylphenol Trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic anhydride Trichloroacetyl bromide 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobutane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

C2H2Br4 C2H2Br4 C16H32 C24H50 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O C8H6Cl4 C14H30 C14H31N C17H38Si C8H20O4Si C14H22 C8H18O5 C8H17ClO4 C8H20Pb C8H20Si C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C8H18 C4H8Br2 C4H12Pb C4H12Sn C15H32O5 C2H4O2S C4H10O2S C4H4S C6H6S C10H16O C10H14O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H7N C7H8 C7H10N2 C8H7N C8H7N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C8H7N C7H10N2 C2HBr3O C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C2H3Br3 C3H5Br3 C12H27N C12H24 C18H30O C2HCl3O2 C4Cl6O3 C2BrCl3O C6H4Cl3N C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C4H7Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O

1

5

10

20

58.0 65.0 63.8 183.8 68.5 58.2

83.3 95.5 93.7 219.6 99.6 89.0

95.7 110.0 108.5 237.6 114.7 104.1

108.5 126.0 124.5 255.3 131.2 121.6

−37.5 −16.3 −3.8 77.0 −20.6 100.0 94.4 76.4 102.6 120.0 16.0 65.7 153.9 110.1 38.4 −1.0 38.0 42.6 40.6 45.0 −17.4

−16.0 +7.4 +20.7 110.0 +2.4 130.3 125.0 106.0 135.8 150.7 40.3 96.2 183.7 141.8 63.6 +23.9 65.3 68.7 65.8 65.0 +3.2

−5.0 19.3 33.0 126.0 13.8 145.3 140.3 120.7 152.0 166.2 52.6 111.6 197.1 156.1 74.8 36.3 79.0 81.8 77.8 74.6 13.5

32.0 −29.0 −51.3 116.6 60.0 42.0 −40.7 18.6 38.3 64.3 −25.0 52.0 −25.5 −26.7 106.5 36.7 42.5 44.0 41.0 42.0 25.2 82.4 18.5 45.0 41.0 38.2 32.6 47.5 32.3 18.0 95.2 51.0 56.2 −7.4 134.0 40.0 38.4

58.8 −6.8 −31.0 147.8 87.7 96.0 −20.8 43.7 65.7 92.8 −1.6 77.8 −2.4 −4.4 137.2 64.0 71.3 69.3 68.0 68.2 51.0 110.0 45.0 73.5 69.0 66.0 58.0 75.8 57.4 44.0 126.1 76.0 85.3 +16.7 157.8 70.0 67.3 63.8 27.2 −32.0 −2.0 −22.8 −67.6 102.1 105.9

72.4 +4.4 −20.6 163.0 101.5 128.0 −10.9 56.0 79.3 107.4 +10.0 90.2 +9.2 +6.4 151.7 77.9 85.8 81.4 82.0 81.8 64.0 123.8 58.0 87.8 83.2 79.8 70.6 90.0 69.8 56.5 142.0 88.2 99.6 29.3 170.0 85.6 81.7 78.0 40.0 −21.9 +8.3 −12.4 −59.0 117.3 120.2

40

60

100

200

400

760

Temperature, °C

+0.5 −52.0 −24.0 −43.8 −84.3 72.0 76.5

Melting point, °C

+6.7 32.1 46.2 143.7 26.3 161.0 156.0 135.6 170.0 183.5 65.8 127.7 212.3 172.6 88.0 50.0 93.8 95.8 91.0 88.0 24.6

123.2 144.0 142.2 276.3 149.2 140.0 146.0 19.8 46.7 60.8 162.1 40.1 179.1 174.2 152.7 189.0 201.5 81.1 145.8 228.0 190.0 102.4 65.3 110.4 111.5 105.8 104.2 36.8

132.0 155.1 152.6 288.4 160.0 152.0 157.7 28.1 56.0 70.0 175.0 49.2 190.0 185.8 164.0 200.2 213.3 90.7 156.7 237.8 200.5 111.7 74.8 121.3 121.8 115.4 114.8 44.5

144.0 170.0 167.5 305.2 175.7 168.0 173.5 38.6 68.0 83.2 191.6 61.3 205.2 200.5 178.5 215.7 227.8 103.6 172.4 250.0 214.7 123.8 88.0 135.3 135.7 128.3 128.1 54.8

161.5 192.5 190.0 330.5 198.0 193.7 196.0 55.0 87.2 102.2 215.3 79.8 227.2 223.0 201.8 239.8 250.0 123.5 196.0 268.4 236.5 142.0 108.0 157.2 155.7 149.9 149.5 70.2

181.0 217.5 214.6 358.0 225.5 220.0 220.5 73.1 108.2 124.0 243.0 100.0 250.4 248.3 226.8 264.6 275.0 146.2 221.4 288.0 258.2 161.8 130.2 181.8 180.0 173.7 172.1 87.4

200.0 243.5 240.0 386.4 254.0 246.0 245.0 92.0 130.5 145.9 270.0 120.8 275.0 273.5 252.5 291.2 300.0 168.5 248.0 307.8 281.5 183.0 153.0 207.2 204.4 197.9 195.9 106.3

87.6 16.6 −9.3 179.8 115.8 165.0 0.0 69.7 93.7 122.6 23.2 103.8 22.1 18.4 167.9 93.0 101.7 95.1 96.7 95.8 78.2 138.6 72.1 103.2 98.6 94.6 84.2 105.8 83.0 70.0 158.0 101.8 114.3 42.1 182.6 101.8 97.2 93.7 55.0 −10.8 21.6 −1.0 −49.7 134.0 135.8

104.0 30.3 +3.5 197.7 131.8 210.0 +12.5 84.2 110.0 139.8 37.0 119.0 36.7 31.8 185.7 110.0 109.5 110.0 113.5 111.5 94.0 154.1 87.8 120.2 116.0 111.8 100.0 122.8 97.8 86.7 177.4 116.3 131.2 57.2 195.8 119.8 114.8 110.8 71.5 +1.6 35.2 +11.9 −39.0 151.5 152.2

115.1 39.2 11.7 209.0 142.0 240.5 20.1 93.9 120.2 149.8 45.8 127.8 46.0 40.3 196.2 120.8 130.0 119.8 123.8 121.5 104.0 165.0 97.5 131.6 127.0 122.2 110.0 134.0 107.3 96.7 188.0 125.9 141.8 66.7 204.5 131.5 125.7 121.8 82.0 9.5 44.0 20.0 −32.3 162.5 163.5

128.7 50.8 22.8 223.3 154.0 285 30.5 106.6 134.0 164.1 57.7 140.5 58.2 51.9 211.5 135.0 145.2 133.0 136.7 133.7 117.7 178.0 110.2 146.0 141.8 136.3 123.5 148.0 119.7 110.0 203.0 137.8 155.2 79.5 214.6 146.0 140.0 136.0 96.2 20.0 55.7 31.4 −23.0 178.0 177.8

149.8 68.8 39.8 245.0

173.8 89.0 58.5 268.3

197.5 110.0 78.0 292.7

−20 −27.5

46.5 125.8 154.2 185.5 75.4 158.0 77.8 69.5 232.8 156.0 167.3 153.0 157.6 154.0 137.8 198.0 130.0 167.8 163.5 157.8 143.5 170.0 138.0 130.2 226.2 155.4 176.2 98.4 229.8 168.2 162.0 157.7 118.0 36.2 73.3 48.0 −9.1 201.5 199.0

64.7 146.7 177.8 209.2 95.5 179.2 99.7 89.5 256.0 180.0 193.0 176.2 180.6 176.9 159.9 219.5 151.6 192.0 188.0 182.2 165.4 195.0 157.8 153.0 250.6 175.2 199.8 120.2 246.4 193.5 187.7 183.0 143.0 54.6 93.0 67.0 +6.8 226.5 222.5

84.4 168.0 201.0 231.8 116.4 198.5 122.0 110.6 280.0 205.2 217.6 199.7 203.3 200.4 183.5 242.0 174.0 216.2 213.8 206.5 188.4 220.0 179.0 179.0 276.3 195.6 223.0 143.0 262.0 218.5 213.0 208.4 169.0 74.1 113.9 86.7 23.7 251.8 246.0

−38.3

51.1 46.5 54.5 139 26.5 −68.7 −36 −19.0 69.5 5.5

11.6 −136 −31.0 −6.2 −24.0 79.5 −102.2

−16.5

51.5 64.5 −95.0 99 −13 29.5 −16.3 −31.5 44.5 65.5

−26 16.5 −22 57 78 52.5 17 63.5 −30.6 −36.7 −73 62 68.5

VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10

2-79

Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Concluded) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name

Tri-2-chlorophenylthiophosphate 1,1,1-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tricosane Tridecane Tridecanoic acid Triethoxymethylsilane Triethoxyphenylsilane 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene 1,3,4-Triethylbenzene Triethylborine Triethyl camphoronate citrate Triethyleneglycol Triethylheptylsilane Triethyloctylsilane Triethyl orthoformate phosphate Triethylthallium Trifluorophenylsilane Trimethallyl phosphate 2,3,5-Trimethylacetophenone Trimethylamine 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Trimethyl citrate Trimethyleneglycol (1,3-propanediol) 1,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-ethylbenzene 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,5-Trimethylstyrene 2,4,6-Trimethylstyrene Trimethylsuccinic anhydride Triphenylmethane Triphenylphosphate Tripropyleneglycol Tripropyleneglycol monobutyl ether Tripropyleneglycol monoisopropyl ether Tritolyl phosphate Undecane Undecanoic acid 10-Undecenoic acid Undecan-2-ol n-Valeric acid iso-Valeric acid γ-Valerolactone Valeronitrile Vanillin Vinyl acetate 2-Vinylanisole 3-Vinylanisole 4-Vinylanisole Vinyl chloride (1-chloroethylene) cyanide (acrylonitrile) fluoride (1-fluoroethylene) Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethene) 4-Vinylphenetole 2-Xenyl dichlorophosphate 2,4-Xyaldehyde 2-Xylene (2-xylene) 3-Xylene (3-xylene) 4-Xylene (4-xylene) 2,4-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine

1

5

10

20

217.2

231.2

246.7

261.7

−7.0 33.7 −49.4 206.3 98.3 166.3 +22.8 98.8 74.2 76.0

+4.2 46.0 −40.3 223.0 104.0 181.0 34.6 112.6 88.5 90.2 −148.0 166.0 144.0 158.1 114.6 120.6 40.5 82.1 51.7 +0.8 149.8 122.3 −73.8 109.0 55.9 50.7 47.4 −18.8 160.4 100.6 84.6 80.5 +3.9 −4.3 +6.9 +7.1 46.4 67.8 91.6 79.7 97.4 197.0 249.8 140.5 147.0 127.3 198.0 73.9 149.0 156.3 112.8 79.8 71.3 79.8 30.0 154.0 −18.0 81.0 83.0 85.7 −83.7 −20.3 −132.2 −51.2 105.6 187.0 99.0 32.1 28.3 27.3 93.0 87.0

16.2 59.3 −30.0 242.0 120.2 195.8 47.2 127.2 104.0 105.8 −140.6 183.6 171.1 174.0 130.3 137.7 53.4 97.8 67.7 12.3 169.8 137.5 −65.0 123.7 69.9 64.5 61.0 −7.5 177.2 115.5 99.7 96.0 16.0 +7.5 19.2 19.3 57.6 83.0 107.1 94.8 113.8 206.8 269.7 155.8 161.8 143.7 213.2 85.6 166.0 172.0 127.5 93.1 84.0 95.2 43.3 170.5 −7.0 94.7 97.2 100.0 −75.7 −9.0 −125.4 −41.7 120.3 205.0 114.0 45.1 41.1 40.1 107.6 102.7

29.9 74.0 −18.5 261.3 137.7 212.4 61.7 143.5 121.7 122.6 −131.4 201.8 190.4 191.3 148.0 155.7 67.5 115.7 85.4 25.4 192.0 154.2 −55.2 139.8 85.4 79.8 76.1 +5.2 194.2 131.0 106.0 113.2 29.5 20.7 33.0 32.9 69.8 100.0 124.2 111.8 131.0 215.5 290.3 173.7 179.8 161.4 229.7 104.4 185.6 188.7 143.7 107.8 98.0 101.9 57.8 188.7 +5.3 110.0 112.5 116.0 −66.8 +3.8 −118.0 −31.1 136.3 223.8 129.7 59.5 55.3 54.4 123.8 120.2

60

100

200

400

760

271.5

283.8

302.8

322.0

341.3

38.3 83.6 −11.2 273.8 148.2 222.0 70.4 153.2 132.2 133.4 −125.2 213.5 202.5 201.5 158.2 168.0 76.0 126.3 95.7 33.2 207.0 165.7 −48.8 149.5 95.3 89.5 85.8 13.3 205.5 141.1 126.3 123.8 38.1 29.1 41.8 41.6 77.3 110.0 135.5 122.3 142.2 221.2 305.2 184.6 190.2 173.2 239.8 115.2 197.2 199.5 153.7 116.6 107.3 122.4 66.9 199.8 13.0 119.8 122.3 126.1 −61.1 11.8 −113.0 −24.0 146.4 236.0 139.8 68.8 64.4 63.5 133.7 131.5

50.0 96.1 −1.7 289.8 162.5 236.0 82.7 167.5 146.8 147.7 −116.0 228.6 217.8 214.6 174.0 184.3 88.0 141.6 112.1 44.2 225.7 179.7 −40.3 162.0 108.8 102.8 98.9 24.4 219.6 153.4 140.3 137.9 49.9 40.7 53.8 53.4 87.6 124.0 149.8 136.8 156.5 228.4 322.5 199.0 204.4 187.8 252.2 128.1 212.5 213.5 167.2 128.3 118.9 136.5 78.6 214.5 23.3 132.3 135.3 139.7 −53.2 22.8 −106.2 −15.0 159.8 251.5 152.2 81.3 76.8 75.9 146.8 146.0

67.7 115.6 +13.5 313.5 185.0 255.2 101.0 188.0 168.3 168.3 −101.0 250.8 242.2 235.2 196.0 208.0 106.0 163.7 136.0 60.1 255.0 201.3 −27.0 182.3 129.0 122.7 118.6 41.2 241.3 172.8 160.3 158.4 67.8 58.1 72.0 71.3 102.2 145.0 171.8 157.8 179.8 239.7 349.8 220.2 224.4 209.7 271.8 149.3 237.8 232.8 187.7 146.0 136.2 157.7 97.7 237.3 38.4 151.0 154.0 159.0 −41.3 38.7 −95.4 −1.0 180.0 275.3 172.3 100.2 95.5 94.6 166.4 168.0

87.5 137.0 30.2 339.8 209.4 276.5 121.8 210.5 193.7 193.2 −81.0 276.0 267.5 256.6 221.0 235.0 125.7 187.0 163.5 78.7 288.5 224.3 −12.5 203.7 152.0 145.4 141.0 60.4 264.2 193.8 184.5 183.5 88.2 78.0 92.7 91.8 118.4 167.8 196.1 182.3 205.5 249.8 379.2 244.3 247.0 232.8 292.7 171.9 262.8 254.0 209.8 165.0 155.2 182.3 118.7 260.0 55.5 172.1 175.8 182.0 −28.0 58.3 −84.0 +14.8 202.8 301.5 194.1 121.7 116.7 115.9 188.3 193.7

108.2 158.0 47.6 366.5 234.0 299.0 143.5 233.5 218.0 217.5 −56.2 301.0 294.0 278.3 247.0 262.0 146.0 211.0 192.1 98.3 324.0 247.5 +2.9 234.5 176.1 169.2 164.7 80.9 287.0 214.2 208.1 208.0 109.8 99.2 114.8 113.5 135.0 192.7 221.2 207.0 231.0 259.2 413.5 267.2 269.5 256.6 313.0 195.8 290.0 275.0 232.0 184.4 175.1 207.5 140.8 285.0 72.5 194.0 197.5 204.5 −13.8 78.5 −72.2 31.7 225.0 328.5 215.5 144.4 139.1 138.3 211.5 217.9

Temperature, °C

Formula C18H12Cl3O3 188.2 PS C3H5Cl3 −28.8 C3H5Cl3 +9.0 C2Cl3F3 −68.0 C23H48 170.0 C13H28 59.4 C13H26O2 137.8 C7H18O3Si −1.5 C12H20O3Si 71.0 C12H18 46.0 C12H18 47.9 C6H15B C15H26O6 C12H20O7 107.0 C6H14O4 114.0 C13H30Si 70.0 C14H32Si 73.7 C7H16O3 +5.5 C6H15O4P 39.6 C6H15Tl +9.3 C6H5F3Si −31.0 C12H21PO4 93.7 C11H14O 79.0 C3H9N −97.1 C9H13N 68.4 C9H12 16.8 C9H12 13.6 C9H12 9.6 C7H16 C9H14O7 106.2 C3H8O2 59.4 C11H16 43.7 C11H16 38.8 C8H18 −29.0 C8H18 −36.5 C8H18 −25.8 C8H18 −26.3 C8H16O 14.7 C3H9O4P 26.0 C11H14 48.1 C11H14 37.5 C7H10O3 53.5 C19H16 169.7 C18H15O4P 193.5 C9H20O4 96.0 C13H28O4 101.5 C12H26O4 82.4 C21H21O4P 154.6 C11H24 32.7 C11H22O2 101.4 C11H20O2 114.0 C11H24O 71.1 C5H10O2 42.2 C5H10O2 34.5 C5H8O2 37.5 C5H9N −6.0 C8H8O3 107.0 C4H6O2 −48.0 C9H10O 41.9 C9H10O 43.4 C9H10O 45.2 C2H3Cl −105.6 C3H3N −51.0 C2H3F −149.3 C2H2Cl2 −77.2 C10H12O 64.0 C12H9Cl2PO 138.2 59.0 C9H10O C8H10 −3.8 C8H10 −6.9 C8H10 −8.1 C8H11N 52.6 C8H11N 44.0

40

150.2 138.7 144.0 99.8 104.8 29.2 67.8 37.6 −9.7 131.0 108.0 −81.7 95.9 42.9 38.3 34.7 146.2 87.2 71.2 67.0 −7.1 −15.0 −3.9 −4.1 36.0 53.7 77.0 65.7 82.6 188.4 230.4 125.7 131.6 112.4 184.2 59.7 133.1 142.8 99.0 67.7 59.6 65.8 +18.1 138.4 −28.0 68.0 69.9 72.0 −90.8 −30.7 −138.0 −60.0 91.7 171.1 85.9 +20.2 +16.8 +15.5 79.8 72.6

Melting point, °C

−77.7 −14.7 −35 47.7 −6.2 41

135

−63.0

−117.1 67 −25.5 −44.1 −44.8 −25.0 78.5

−112.3 −107.3 −101.5 −109.2

93.4 49.4

−25.6 29.5 24.5 −34.5 −37.6 81.5

−153.7 −82 −160.5 −122.5 75 −25.2 −47.9 +13.3

2-80

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS UNITS CONVERSIONS

To convert cubic feet to cubic meters, multiply by 0.02832. To convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504. To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.

For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5°C + 32 To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934.

TABLE 2-11

Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl* log10 pmm = A − B/T, (T in K), which, however, agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct. Partial pressure of H2O, mmHg, °C

% HCl

A

B

0°

5°

10°

15°

20°

25°

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

60°

6 10 14 18 20

8.99156 8.99864 8.97075 8.98014 8.97877

2282 2295 2300 2323 2334

4.18 3.84 3.39 2.87 2.62

6.04 5.52 4.91 4.21 3.83

8.45 7.70 6.95 5.92 5.40

11.7 10.7 9.65 8.26 7.50

15.9 14.6 13.1 11.3 10.3

21.8 20.0 18.0 15.4 14.1

29.1 26.8 24.1 20.6 19.0

39.4 35.5 31.9 27.5 25.1

50.6 47.0 42.1 36.4 33.3

66.2 61.5 55.3 47.9 43.6

86.0 80.0 72.0 62.5 57.0

139 130 116 102 93.5

22 24 26 28 30

9.02708 8.96022 9.01511 8.97611 9.00117

2363 2356 2390 2395 2422

2.33 2.05 1.76 1.50 1.26

3.40 3.04 2.60 2.24 1.90

4.82 4.31 3.71 3.21 2.73

6.75 6.03 5.21 4.54 3.88

9.30 8.30 7.21 6.32 5.41

12.6 11.4 9.95 8.75 7.52

17.1 15.4 13.5 11.8 10.2

22.8 20.4 18.0 15.8 13.7

30.2 27.1 24.0 21.1 18.4

39.8 35.7 31.7 27.9 24.3

52.0 46.7 41.5 36.5 32.0

32 34 36 38 40 42

9.03317 9.07143 9.11815 9.20783 9.33923 9.44953

2453 2487 2526 2579 2647 2709

1.04 0.85 0.68 0.53 0.41 0.31

1.57 1.29 1.03 0.81 0.63 0.48

2.27 1.87 1.50 1.20 0.94 0.72

3.25 2.70 2.19 1.75 1.37 1.06

4.55 3.81 3.10 2.51 2.00 1.56

6.37 5.35 4.41 3.60 2.88 2.30

11.7 9.95 8.33 6.92 5.68 4.60

15.7 13.5 11.4 9.52 7.85 6.45

21.0 18.1 15.4 13.0 10.7 8.90

27.7 24.0 20.4 17.4 14.5 12.1

8.70 7.32 6.08 5.03 4.09 3.28

70°

80°

90°

100° 110°

220 204 185 162 150

333 310 273 248 230

492 463 425 374 345

715 677 625 550 510

960 892 783 729

85.6 77.0 69.0 60.7 53.5

138 124 112 99.0 87.5

211 194 173 154 136

317 290 261 234 207

467 426 387 349 310

670 611 555 499 444

46.5 40.5 34.8 29.6 25.0 21.2

76.5 66.5 57.0 49.1 42.1 35.8

120 104 90.0 77.5 67.3 57.2

184 161 140 120 105 89.2

275 243 212 182 158 135

396 355 311 266 230 195

*Uncertainty, ca. 2 percent for solutions of 15 to 30 percent HCl between 0 and 100°; for solutions of > 30 percent HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and ca. 15 percent at the higher temperatures. Below 15 percent HCl, the uncertainty is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15 to 20 percent at the lower strengths and perhaps 15 to 20 percent at the higher temperatures and lower strengths. International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 301.

TABLE 2-12

Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl*

log10 pmm = A − B/T, (T in K), which, however, agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct. mmHg, °C

% HCl

A

2 4 6 8 10

11.8037 11.6400 11.2144 11.0406 10.9311

4736 0.0000117 0.000023 0.000044 0.000084 0.000151 0.000275 0.00047 0.00083 0.00140 0.00380 0.0100 0.0245 0.058 0.132 0.280 4471 0.000018 0.000036 .000069 .000131 .00024 .00044 .00077 .00134 .0023 .00385 .0064 .0165 .0405 .095 .21 .46 .93 4202 .000066 .000125 .000234 .000425 .00076 .00131 .00225 .0038 .0062 .0102 .0163 .040 .094 .206 .44 .92 1.78 4042 .000118 .000323 .000583 .00104 .00178 .0031 .00515 .0085 .0136 .022 .0344 .081 .183 .39 .82 1.64 3.10 3908 .00042 .00075 .00134 .00232 .00395 .0067 .0111 .0178 .0282 .045 .069 .157 .35 .73 1.48 2.9 5.4

12 14 16 18 20

10.7900 10.6954 10.6261 10.4957 10.3833

3765 3636 3516 3376 3245

22 24 26 28 30

10.3172 10.2185 10.1303 10.0115 9.8763

3125 .0734 2995 .175 2870 .41 2732 1.0 2593 2.4

.119 .277 .64 1.52 3.57

.187 .43 .98 2.27 5.23

.294 .66 1.47 3.36 7.60

.45 1.00 2.17 4.90 10.6

.68 1.49 3.20 7.05 15.1

1.02 2.17 4.56 9.90 21.0

32 34 36 38 40

9.7523 9.6061 9.5262 9.4670 9.2156

2457 2316 2229 2094 1939

5.7 13.1 29.0 63.0 130

8.3 18.8 41.0 87.0 176

11.8 26.4 56.4 117 233

16.8 36.8 78 158 307

23.5 50.5 105.5 210 399

32.5 68.5 142 277 515

44.5 92 188 360 627

42 44 46

8.9925 1800 253 8.8621 1681 510 940

332 655

430 840

560

709

900

B

0°

.00099 .0024 .0056 .0135 .0316

5°

.00175 .00415 .0095 .0225 .052

10°

.00305 .0071 .016 .037 .084

15°

.0052 .0118 .0265 .060 .132

20°

.0088 .0196 .0428 .095 .205

25°

.0145 .0316 .0685 .148 .32

30°

.0234 .050 .106 .228 .48

35°

.037 .078 .163 .345 .72

40°

45°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

110°

.058 .121 .247 .515 1.06

.091 .185 .375 .77 1.55

.136 .275 .55 1.11 2.21

.305 .60 1.17 2.3 4.4

.66 1.25 2.40 4.55 8.5

1.34 2.50 4.66 8.6 15.6

2.65 4.8 8.8 15.7 28.1

5.1 9.0 16.1 28 49

9.3 16.0 28 48 83

1.50 3.14 6.50 13.8 28.6

2.18 4.5 9.2 19.1 39.4

3.14 6.4 12.7 26.4 53

4.42 8.9 17.5 35.7 71

8.6 16.9 32.5 64 124

16.3 31.0 58.5 112 208

29.3 54.5 100 188 340

52 94 169 309 542

90 157 276 493 845

146 253 436 760

60.0 122 246 465 830

81 161 322 598

107 211 416 758

141 273 535 955

238 450 860

390 720

623

970

*Uncertainty, ca. 2 percent for solutions of 15 to 30 percent HCl between 0 and 100°; for solutions of > 30 percent HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and ca. 15 percent at the higher temperatures. Below 15 percent HCl, the uncertainty is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15 to 20 percent at the lower strengths and perhaps 15 to 20 percent at the higher temperatures and lower strengths. International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 301.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS

Vapor pressures of H3PO4 aqueous: partial pressure of H2O vapor. (Courtesy of Victor Chemical Works, Stauffer Chemical Company; measurements by W. H. Woodstock.)

2-81

FIG. 2-1

TABLE 2-13 g SO2 / 100 g H2O

Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide* Partial pressures of H2O and SO2, mmHg, °C Temperature, °C 0

10

20

0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

0.02 0.38 1.15 2.10 3.17

0.04 0.66 1.91 3.44 5.13

0.07 1.07 3.03 5.37 7.93

0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00

4.34 5.57 8.17 10.9 25.8

6.93 8.84 12.8 17.0 39.5

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

FIG. 2-2 Vapor pressures of H3PO4 aqueous: weight of H2O in saturated air. (Courtesy of Victor Chemical Works, Stauffer Chemical Company; measurements by W. H. Woodstock.)

10.6 13.5 19.4 25.6 58.4

30

40

50

60

90

120

0.12 1.68 4.62 8.07 11.8

0.19 2.53 6.80 11.7 17.0

0.29 3.69 9.71 16.5 23.8

0.43 5.24 13.5 22.7 32.6

1.21 12.9 31.7 52.2 73.7

2.82 27.0 63.9 104 145

15.7 19.8 28.3 37.1 83.7

58.6 93.2 129 165 202

88.5 139 192 245 299

129 202 277 353 430

183 285 389 496 602

275 351 542 735

407 517 796

585 741

818

22.5 28.2 40.1 52.3 117

31.4 39.2 55.3 72.0 159

42.8 53.3 74.7 96.8 212

95.8 118 164 211 454

253 393 535 679 824

342 530 720

453 700

955

*Extracted with permission from J. Chem Eng. Data 8, 1963: 333–336. Copyright 1963 American Chemical Society.

186 229 316 404 856

2-82

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-14 °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions* Weight percent, H2SO4

10.0 .582E−02 .117E−01 .223E−01 .404E−01 .703E−01 .117 .189 .296 .449 .664

20.0 .534E−02 .107E−01 .205E−01 .373E−01 .649E−01 .109 .175 .275 .417 .617

30.0 .448E−02 .909E−02 .174E−01 .319E−01 .558E−01 .939E−01 .152 .239 .365 .542

40.0 .326E−02 .670E−02 .130E−01 .241E−01 .427E−01 .725E−01 .119 .188 .290 .434

50.0

60.0

.193E−02 .405E−02 .802E−02 .151E−01 .272E−01 .470E−01 .782E−01 .126 .196 .298

.836E−03 .180E−02 .367E−02 .710E−02 .131E−01 .232E−01 .395E−01 .651E−01 .104 .161

75.0

80.0

85.0

.207E−03 .467E−03 .995E−03 .201E−02 .387E−02 .715E−02 .127E−01 .217E−01 .360E−01 .578E−01

70.0

.747E−04 .175E−03 .388E−03 .811E−03 .162E−02 .309E−02 .565E−02 .997E−02 .170E−01 .281E−01

.197E−04 .490E−04 .115E−04 .253E−03 .531E−03 .106E−02 .204E−02 .376E−02 .668E−02 .115E−01

.343E−05 .952E−05 .245E−04 .589E−04 .133E−03 .286E−03 .584E−03 .114E−02 .213E−02 .383E−02

.905E−01 .138 .206 .301 .481 .605 .837 1.138 1.525 2.017

.452E−01 .708E−01 .108 .162 .236 .339 .478 .662 .902 1.212

.192E−01 .312E−01 .493E−01 .760E−01 .115 .170 .246 .350 .489 .673

.666E−02 .112E−01 .183E−01 .291E−01 .451E−01 .682E−01 .101 .147 .208 .291

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.957 1.349 1.863 2.524 3.361 4.404 5.685 7.236 9.093 11.289

.891 1.258 1.740 2.361 3.149 4.132 5.342 6.810 8.571 10.658

.786 1.113 1.544 2.101 2.810 3.697 4.793 6.127 7.731 9.640

.634 .904 1.264 1.732 2.333 3.090 4.031 5.185 6.584 8.259

.441 .638 .903 1.253 1.708 2.289 3.021 3.930 5.045 6.397

.244 .360 .519 .734 1.020 1.392 1.870 2.475 3.233 4.169

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

13.861 16.841 20.264 24.160 28.561 33.494 38.984 45.055 51.726 59.015

13.107 15.951 19.225 22.960 27.188 31.939 37.240 43.116 49.590 56.681

11.887 14.505 17.529 20.992 24.927 29.364 34.334 39.865 45.984 52.715

10.245 12.576 15.287 18.414 21.992 26.056 30.642 35.784 41.514 47.865

8.020 9.948 12.217 14.864 17.929 21.452 25.472 30.030 35.168 40.926

5.312 6.696 8.354 10.322 12.641 15.351 18.496 22.121 26.274 31.003

2.632 3.395 4.331 5.466 6.831 8.458 10.382 12.640 15.269 18.311

1.606 2.101 2.714 3.467 4.381 5.480 6.788 8.333 10.142 12.242

.913 1.220 1.609 2.096 2.699 3.435 4.326 5.395 6.663 8.155

.401 .542 .724 .952 1.237 1.587 2.012 2.525 3.136 3.857

300 66.934 310 75.495 320 84.705 330 94.567 340 105.083 350 116.251

64.407 72.781 81.816 91.518 101.894 112.946

60.081 68.100 76.792 86.172 96.252 107.043

54.868 62.553 70.947 80.077 89.969 100.646

47.346 54.470 62.337 70.988 80.463 90.802

36.360 42.395 49.164 56.721 65.123 74.426

21.808 25.804 30.343 35.473 41.240 47.692

14.665 17.438 20.591 24.153 28.154 32.622

9.897 11.912 14.227 16.867 19.855 23.217

4.701 5.680 6.806 8.093 9.551 11.193

*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-14

2-83

Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions (Concluded ) Weight percent, H2SO4

°C

90.0

92.0

94.0

96.0

97.0

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

100.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

.518E−06 .159E−05 .448E−05 .117E−04 .285E−04 .652E−04 .141E−03 .290E−03 .569E−03 .107E−02

.242E−06 .762E−06 .220E−05 .587E−05 .146E−04 .341E−04 .754E−04 .158E−03 .316E−03 .606E−03

.107E−06 .344E−06 .101E−05 .275E−05 .696E−05 .166E−04 .372E−04 .795E−04 .162E−03 .315E−03

.401E−07 .130E−06 .390E−06 .108E−05 .278E−05 .672E−05 .154E−04 .334E−04 .691E−04 .137E−03

.218E−07 .713E−07 .215E−06 .598E−06 .155E−05 .379E−05 .875E−05 .192E−04 .400E−04 .801E−04

.980E−08 .323E−07 .978E−07 .275E−06 .720E−06 .177E−05 .413E−05 .912E−05 .192E−04 .388E−04

.569E−08 .188E−07 .572E−07 .161E−06 .424E−06 .105E−05 .245E−05 .544E−05 .115E−04 .234E−04

.268E−08 .888E−08 .271E−07 .766E−07 .202E−06 .503E−06 .118E−05 .263E−05 .559E−05 .114E−04

.775E−09 .258E−08 .789E−08 .224E−07 .595E−07 .149E−06 .350E−06 .784E−06 .168E−05 .343E−05

.196E−09 .655E−09 .201E−08 .575E−08 .153E−07 .384E−07 .910E−07 .205E−06 .439E−06 .903E−06

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.194E−02 .338E−02 .571E−02 .938E−02 .150E−01 .233E−01 .354E−01 .526E−01 .766E−01 .110

.112E−02 .198E−02 .341E−02 .569E−02 .923E−02 .146E−01 .225E−01 .340E−01 .502E−01 .729E−01

.590E−03 .107E−02 .186E−02 .315E−02 .519E−02 .832E−02 .130E−01 .199E−01 .298E−01 .438E−01

.261E−03 .479E−03 .851E−03 .146E−02 .245E−02 .399E−02 .633E−02 .983E−02 .149E−01 .222E−01

.154E−03 .285E−03 .511E−03 .886E−03 .149E−02 .245E−02 .393E−02 .614E−02 .941E−02 .141E−01

.752E−04 .141E−03 .254E−03 .445E−03 .757E−03 .125E−02 .202E−02 .319E−02 .492E−02 .744E−02

.455E−04 .855E−04 .155E−03 .278E−03 .467E−03 .776E−03 .126E−02 .199E−02 .309E−02 .469E−02

.223E−04 .420E−04 .766E−04 .135E−03 .232E−03 .387E−03 .629E−03 .999E−03 .155E−02 .236E−02

.674E−05 .128E−04 .233E−04 .414E−04 .711E−04 .119E−03 .194E−03 .309E−03 .482E−03 .735E−03

.178E−05 .339E−05 .623E−05 .111E−04 .191E−04 .321E−04 .526E−04 .840E−04 .131E−03 .201E−03

.631E−01 .894E−01 .125 .171 .232 .310 .409 .534 .689 .880

.325E−01 .467E−01 .660E−01 .918E−01 .126 .170 .227 .300 .391 .505

.208E−01 .300E−01 .427E−01 .598E−01 .825E−01 .112 .151 .200 .263 .341

.110E−01 .161E−01 .230E−01 .325E−01 .451E−01 .618E−01 .835E−01 .111 .147 .192

.698E−02 .102E−01 .147E−01 .208E−01 .290E−01 .398E−01 .540E−01 .723E−01 .957E−01 .125

.352E−02 .516E−02 .743E−02 .105E−01 .147E−01 .202E−01 .274E−01 .366E−01 .485E−01 .634E−01

.110E−02 .161E−02 .232E−02 .329E−02 .460E−02 .633E−02 .858E−02 .115E−01 .152E−01 .199E−01

.300E−03 .442E−03 .638E−03 .906E−03 .127E−02 .174E−02 .237E−02 .317E−02 .420E−02 .548E−02

.248 .316 .400 .502 .624 .770

.162 .208 .264 .331 .413 .511

.820E−01 .105 .133 .167 .208 .256

.257E−01 .328E−01 .415E−01 .520E−01 .646E−01 .795E−01

.708E−02 .905E−02 .114E−01 .143E−01 .178E−01 .218E−01

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

.154 .213 .290 .389 .514 .673 .870 1.112 1.407 1.763

.104 .146 .201 .273 .366 .485 .635 .822 1.052 1.335

300 310 320 330 340 350

2.190 2.696 3.292 3.990 4.801 5.738

1.676 2.088 2.578 3.159 3.843 4.641

1.112 1.394 1.732 2.133 2.608 3.164

.646 .817 1.025 1.274 1.571 1.922

.437 .556 .701 .875 1.083 1.331

2-84

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-15

Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions* Weight percent, H2SO4

°C

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

.644E−29 .149E−27 .278E−26 .426E−25 .549E−24 .602E−23 .573E−22 .477E−21 .352E−20 .233E−19

.103E−27 .223E−26 .394E−25 .577E−24 .714E−23 .757E−22 .699E−21 .567E−20 .410E−19 .266E−18

.205E−26 .395E−25 .626E−24 .832E−23 .941E−22 .921E−21 .789E−20 .599E−19 .408E−18 .250E−17

.688E−25 .113E−23 .156E−22 .181E−21 .181E−20 .158E−19 .122E−18 .843E−18 .524E−17 .296E−16

.368E−23 .522E−22 .621E−21 .630E−20 .555E−19 .429E−18 .294E−17 .181E−16 .101E−15 .516E−15

.341E−21 .415E−20 .426E−19 .376E−18 .288E−17 .195E−16 .118E−15 .643E−15 .319E−14 .145E−13

.784E−19 .796E−18 .685E−17 .509E−16 .331E−15 .191E−14 .985E−14 .461E−13 .197E−12 .775E−12

.174E−17 .158E−16 .121E−15 .808E−15 .473E−14 .246E−13 .116E−12 .492E−12 .192E−11 .693E−11

.531E−16 .417E−15 .280E−14 .164E−13 .851E−13 .395E−12 .165E−11 .634E−11 .223E−10 .731E−10

.229E−14 .141E−13 .767E−13 .371E−12 .162E−11 .643E−11 .234E−10 .791E−10 .249E−09 .734E−09

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.139E−18 .756E−18 .377E−17 .174E−16 .743E−16 .297E−15 .111E−14 .393E−14 .131E−13 .415E−13

.157E−17 .844E−17 .418E−16 .191E−15 .815E−15 .325E−14 .122E−13 .430E−13 .144E−12 .458E−12

.140E−16 .719E−16 .340E−15 .150E−14 .615E−14 .237E−13 .862E−13 .296E−12 .967E−12 .301E−11

.153E−15 .730E−15 .323E−14 .133E−13 .517E−13 .188E−12 .649E−12 .212E−11 .622E−11 .197E−10

.242E−14 .105E−13 .424E−13 .160E−12 .569E−12 .191E−11 .608E−11 .184E−10 .532E−10 .147E−09

.606E−13 .236E−12 .858E−12 .293E−11 .943E−11 .287E−10 .833E−10 .231E−09 .610E−09 .155E−08

.283E−11 .961E−11 .307E−10 .922E−10 .262E−09 .710E−09 .183E−08 .453E−08 .107E−07 .246E−07

.232E−10 .729E−10 .215E−09 .601E−09 .159E−08 .403E−08 .974E−08 .226E−07 .505E−07 .109E−06

.223E−09 .641E−09 .174E−08 .446E−08 .109E−07 .256E−07 .575E−07 .125E−06 .260E−06 .527E−06

.204E−08 .538E−08 .135E−07 .324E−07 .745E−07 .165E−06 .351E−06 .725E−06 .145E−05 .282E−05

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

.125E−12 .362E−12 .100E−11 .265E−11 .678E−11 .167E−10 .399E−10 .920E−10 .206E−09 .449E−09

.139E−11 .404E−11 .112E−10 .301E−10 .777E−10 .193E−09 .466E−09 .109E−08 .247E−08 .545E−08

.893E−11 .254E−10 .695E−10 .183E−09 .465E−09 .114E−08 .272E−08 .628E−08 .141E−07 .308E−07

.561E−10 .154E−09 .405E−09 .103E−08 .253E−08 .602E−08 .139E−07 .312E−07 .683E−07 .145E−06

.391E−09 .100E−08 .246E−08 .587E−08 .135E−07 .303E−07 .660E−07 .140E−06 .288E−06 .580E−06

.379E−08 .894E−08 .204E−07 .450E−07 .965E−07 .201E−06 .408E−06 .807E−06 .156E−05 .295E−05

.542E−07 .116E−06 .240E−06 .482E−06 .944E−06 .180E−05 .336E−05 .612E−05 .109E−04 .191E−04

.228E−06 .462E−06 .911E−06 .175E−05 .328E−05 .600E−05 .108E−04 .189E−04 .326E−04 .553E−04

.103E−05 .198E−05 .368E−05 .668E−05 .119E−04 .206E−04 .352E−04 .590E−04 .973E−04 .158E−03

.534E−05 .986E−05 .178E−04 .314E−04 .543E−04 .923E−04 .154E−03 .253E−03 .408E−03 .649E−03

300 310 320 330 340 350

.953E−09 .197E−08 .397E−08 .782E−08 .151E−07 .285E−07

.117E−07 .245E−07 .502E−07 .100E−06 .196E−06 .376E−06

.657E−07 .136E−06 .277E−06 .551E−06 .107E−05 .204E−05

.302E−06 .614E−06 .122E−05 .237E−05 .452E−05 .846E−05

.114E−05 .220E−05 .414E−05 .766E−05 .139E−04 .246E−04

.546E−05 .990E−05 .176E−04 .308E−04 .529E−04 .893E−04

.329E−04 .556E−04 .923E−04 .151E−03 .243E−03 .387E−03

.921E−04 .151E−03 .245E−03 .391E−03 .617E−03 .963E−03

.253E−03 .398E−03 .621E−03 .956E−03 .145E−02 .219E−02

.102E−02 .158E−02 .242E−02 .367E−02 .550E−02 .815E−02

*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-15

2-85

Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions (Concluded) Weight percent, H2SO4

°C

90.0

92.0

94.0

96.0

97.0

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

.671E−13 .345E−12 .159E−11 .664E−11 .254E−10 .897E−10 .294E−09 .904E−09 .261E−08 .712E−08

.216E−12 .107E−11 .475E−11 .192E−10 .709E−10 .242E−09 .771E−09 .230E−08 .643E−08 .171E−07

.677E−12 .326E−11 .141E−10 .557E−10 .201E−09 .669E−09 .207E−08 .602E−08 .165E−07 .426E−07

.240E−11 .114E−10 .482E−10 .186E−09 .655E−09 .214E−08 .647E−08 .184E−07 .492E−07 .124E−06

.500E−11 .234E−10 .986E−10 .376E−09 .131E−08 .424E−08 .127E−07 .357E−07 .946E−07 .237E−06

.124E−10 .578E−10 .241E−09 .911E−09 .315E−08 .101E−07 .299E−07 .833E−07 .218E−06 .541E−06

.224E−10 .104E−09 .433E−09 .163E−08 .562E−08 .179E−07 .528E−07 .146E−06 .381E−06 .940E−06

.502E−10 .232E−09 .961E−09 .360E−08 .123E−07 .391E−07 .115E−06 .316E−06 .820E−06 .201E−05

.182E−09 .839E−09 .346E−08 .129E−07 .440E−07 .139E−06 .405E−06 .111E−05 .286E−05 .698E−05

.755E−09 .347E−08 .142E−07 .528E−07 .179E−06 .560E−06 .163E−05 .444E−05 .114E−04 .276E−04

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.184E−07 .456E−07 .108E−06 .244E−06 .533E−06 .112E−05 .229E−05 .453E−05 .870E−05 .163E−04

.430E−07 .103E−06 .238E−06 .526E−06 .112E−05 .230E−05 .459E−05 .886E−05 .166E−04 .304E−04

.105E−06 .247E−06 .555E−06 .120E−05 .250E−05 .504E−05 .983E−05 .186E−04 .343E−04 .615E−04

.300E−06 .689E−06 .152E−05 .321E−05 .656E−05 .129E−04 .247E−04 .459E−04 .829E−04 .146E−03

.565E−06 .128E−05 .280E−05 .586E−05 .118E−04 .231E−04 .438E−04 .806E−04 .144E−03 .252E−03

.127E−05 .287E−05 .619E−05 .128E−04 .257E−04 .497E−04 .932E−04 .170E−03 .301E−03 .520E−03

.220E−05 .494E−05 .106E−04 .219E−04 .435E−04 .837E−04 .156E−03 .283E−03 .499E−03 .859E−03

.470E−05 .105E−04 .224E−04 .459E−04 .910E−04 .174E−03 .324E−03 .586E−03 .103E−02 .177E−02

.162E−04 .359E−04 .764E−04 .156E−03 .308E−03 .588E−03 .109E−02 .196E−02 .343E−02 .587E−02

.638E−04 .141E−03 .298E−03 .606E−03 .119E−02 .226E−02 .416E−02 .746E−02 .130E−01 .222E−01

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

.297E−04 .528E−04 .919E−04 .157E−03 .261E−03 .428E−03 .690E−03 .109E−02 .170E−02 .261E−02

.543E−04 .946E−04 .161E−03 .269E−03 .441E−03 .708E−03 .112E−02 .174E−02 .266E−02 .401E−02

.108E−03 .185E−03 .309E−03 .508E−03 .819E−03 .130E−02 .202E−02 .309E−02 .466E−02 .694E−02

.251E−03 .422E−03 .694E−03 .112E−02 .178E−02 .276E−02 .423E−02 .638E−02 .948E−02 .139E−01

.429E−03 .714E−03 .117E−02 .187E−02 .293E−02 .453E−02 .688E−02 .103E−01 .152E−01 .221E−01

.878E−03 .145E−02 .235E−02 .373E−02 .582E−02 .891E−02 .134E−01 .200E−01 .293E−01 .423E−01

.144E−02 .237E−02 .383E−02 .605E−02 .939E−02 .143E−01 .215E−01 .319E−01 .465E−01 .670E−01

.296E−02 .486E−02 .781E−02 .123E−01 .191E−01 .291E−01 .437E−01 .646E−01 .943E−01 .136

.981E−02 .161E−01 .258E−01 .405E−01 .627E−01 .955E−01 .143 .212 .309 .444

.370E−01 .603E−01 .965E−01 .152 .234 .356 .532 .786 1.144 1.646

300 310 320 330 340 350

.395E−02 .589E−02 .868E−02 .126E−01 .181E−01 .258E−01

.595E−02 .873E−02 .126E−01 .181E−01 .255E−01 .357E−01

.102E−01 .148E−01 .211E−01 .299E−01 .418E−01 .578E−01

.201E−01 .287E−01 .405E−01 .565E−01 .780E−01 .107

.318E−01 .451E−01 .632E−01 .877E−01 .120 .164

.604E−01 .852E−01 .119 .164 .224 .303

.953E−01 .134 .186 .256 .348 .470

.193 .272 .378 .520 .708 .956

.632 .889 1.236 1.703 2.323 3.142

100.0

2.339 3.289 4.575 6.303 8.603 11.640

2-86

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-16

Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid* Weight percent, H2SO4

°C

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

.576E−21 .634E−20 .588E−19 .468E−18 .324E−17 .197E−16 .107E−15 .526E−15 .235E−14 .960E−14

.843E−20 .874E−19 .769E−18 .584E−17 .389E−16 .229E−15 .121E−14 .581E−14 .254E−13 .102E−12

.141E−18 .131E−17 .104E−16 .721E−16 .441E−15 .241E−14 .119E−13 .535E−13 .221E−12 .844E−12

.344E−17 .276E−16 .193E−15 .119E−14 .649E−14 .320E−13 .144E−12 .592E−12 .225E−11 .798E−11

.109E−15 .769E−15 .474E−14 .259E−13 .127E−12 .562E−12 .228E−11 .851E−11 .295E−10 .956E−10

.438E−14 .273E−13 .149E−12 .725E−12 .317E−11 .126E−10 .462E−10 .156E−09 .492E−09 .145E−08

.249E−12 .135E−11 .649E−11 .278E−10 .108E−09 .380E−09 .124E−08 .373E−08 .105E−07 .279E−07

.200E−11 .101E−10 .447E−10 .178E−09 .643E−09 .212E−08 .646E−08 .183E−07 .485E−07 .121E−06

.161E−10 .743E−10 .305E−09 .113E−08 .379E−08 .117E−07 .334E−07 .888E−07 .222E−06 .522E−06

.121E−09 .490E−09 .179E−08 .594E−08 .181E−07 .513E−07 .135E−06 .336E−06 .786E−06 .175E−05

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.353E−13 .127E−12 .418E−12 .129E−11 .375E−11 .103E−10 .272E−10 .682E−10 .164E−09 .378E−09

.381E−12 .132E−11 .432E−11 .132E−10 .385E−10 .106E−09 .279E−09 .702E−09 .170E−08 .394E−08

.300E−11 .997E−11 .312E−10 .924E−10 .259E−09 .694E−09 .178E−08 .436E−08 .103E−07 .234E−07

.264E−10 .824E−10 .243E−09 .678E−09 .181E−08 .460E−08 .112E−07 .264E−07 .599E−07 .131E−06

.291E−09 .835E−09 .227E−08 .589E−08 .146E−07 .346E−07 .789E−07 .174E−06 .369E−06 .760E−06

.402E−08 .106E−07 .264E−07 .631E−07 .144E−06 .316E−06 .670E−06 .137E−05 .271E−05 .521E−05

.698E−07 .166E−06 .375E−06 .814E−06 .169E−05 .340E−05 .659E−05 .124E−04 .225E−04 .400E−04

.287E−06 .644E−06 .138E−05 .285E−05 .565E−05 .108E−04 .200E−04 .359E−04 .627E−04 .107E−03

.117E−05 .249E−05 .508E−05 .995E−05 .188E−04 .343E−04 .608E−04 .104E−03 .175E−03 .286E−03

.371E−05 .752E−05 .147E−04 .277E−04 .503E−04 .889E−04 .152E−03 .255E−03 .416E−03 .663E−03

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

.842E−09 .181E−08 .376E−08 .758E−08 .148E−07 .283E−07 .526E−07 .954E−07 .169E−06 .294E−06

.883E−08 .191E−07 .401E−07 .817E−07 .162E−06 .312E−06 .588E−06 .108E−05 .194E−05 .342E−05

.514E−07 .109E−06 .226E−06 .455E−06 .889E−06 .170E−05 .316E−05 .577E−05 .103E−04 .180E−04

.278E−06 .573E−06 .115E−05 .224E−05 .427E−05 .793E−05 .144E−04 .257E−04 .450E−04 .771E−04

.152E−05 .295E−05 .559E−05 .103E−04 .186E−04 .329E−04 .569E−04 .965E−04 .161E−03 .263E−03

.975E−05 .178E−04 .316E−04 .549E−04 .935E−04 .156E−03 .255E−03 .411E−03 .650E−03 .101E−02

.691E−04 .117E−03 .193E−03 .311E−03 .494E−03 .770E−03 .118E−02 .178E−02 .265E−02 .389E−02

.177E−03 .288E−03 .459E−03 .717E−03 .110E−02 .166E−02 .247E−02 .362E−02 .524E−02 .750E−02

.457E−03 .715E−03 .110E−02 .166E−02 .245E−02 .358E−02 .516E−02 .733E−02 .103E−01 .143E−01

.104E−02 .159E−02 .239E−02 .354E−02 .515E−02 .740E−02 .105E−01 .147E−01 .203E−01 .278E−01

300 310 320 330 340 350

.500E−06 .834E−06 .137E−05 .220E−05 .349E−05 .544E−05

.591E−05 .100E−04 .167E−04 .273E−04 .440E−04 .698E−04

.309E−04 .522E−04 .865E−04 .141E−03 .227E−03 .360E−03

.130E−03 .215E−03 .352E−03 .565E−03 .895E−03 .140E−02

.424E−03 .672E−03 .105E−02 .162E−02 .246E−02 .369E−02

.156E−02 .236E−02 .352E−02 .519E−02 .757E−02 .109E−01

.563E−02 .805E−02 .114E−01 .159E−01 .221E−01 .303E−01

.106E−01 .148E−01 .205E−01 .281E−01 .382E−01 .516E−01

.196E−01 .266E−01 .359E−01 .480E−01 .636E−01 .836E−01

.376E−01 .504E−01 .670E−01 .883E−01 .116 .150

°C

90.0

92.0

94.0

96.0

97.0

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

100.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

.534E−09 .200E−08 .677E−08 .211E−07 .607E−07 .163E−06 .411E−06 .976E−06 .220E−05 .473E−05

.803E−09 .296E−08 .993E−08 .306E−07 .870E−07 .231E−06 .575E−06 .135E−05 .302E−05 .642E−05

.112E−08 .409E−08 .136E−07 .415E−07 .117E−06 .309E−06 .765E−06 .179E−05 .396E−05 .835E−05

.148E−08 .540E−08 .179E−07 .543E−07 .153E−06 .400E−06 .985E−06 .229E−05 .504E−05 .106E−04

.167E−08 .609E−08 .201E−07 .611E−07 .171E−06 .449E−06 .110E−05 .256E−05 .562E−05 .118E−04

.187E−08 .679E−08 .224E−07 .680E−07 .191E−06 .498E−06 .122E−05 .283E−05 .622E−05 .130E−04

.196E−08 .714E−08 .236E−07 .714E−07 .200E−06 .523E−06 .128E−05 .297E−05 .652E−05 .136E−04

.206E−08 .750E−08 .247E−07 .749E−07 .210E−06 .548E−06 .134E−05 .310E−05 .681E−05 .143E−04

.217E−08 .788E−08 .260E−07 .786E−07 .220E−06 .574E−06 .140E−05 .325E−05 .712E−05 .149E−04

.228E−08 .827E−08 .273E−07 .824E−07 .230E−06 .600E−06 .147E−05 .339E−05 .743E−05 .155E−04

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.973E−05 .192E−04 .366E−04 .672E−04 .120E−03 .207E−03 .348E−03 .572E−03 .917E−03 .144E−02

.131E−04 .256E−04 .482E−04 .879E−04 .155E−03 .266E−03 .444E−03 .723E−03 .115E−02 .179E−02

.169E−04 .328E−04 .614E−04 .111E−03 .195E−03 .332E−03 .550E−03 .889E−03 .140E−02 .217E−02

.213E−04 .412E−04 .767E−04 .138E−03 .241E−03 .408E−03 .673E−03 .108E−02 .170E−02 .262E−02

.237E−04 .457E−04 .849E−04 .153E−03 .266E−03 .449E−03 .740E−03 .119E−02 .186E−02 .286E−02

.261E−04 .503E−04 .935E−04 .168E−03 .292E−03 .493E−03 .810E−03 .130E−02 .204E−02 .312E−02

.274E−04 .527E−04 .977E−04 .175E−03 .304E−03 .514E−03 .844E−03 .135E−02 .212E−02 .325E−02

.285E−04 .549E−04 .102E−03 .182E−03 .316E−03 .534E−03 .876E−03 .140E−02 .220E−02 .336E−02

.298E−04 .572E−04 .106E−03 .190E−03 .329E−03 .554E−03 .909E−03 .145E−02 .227E−02 .348E−02

.310E−04 .595E−04 .110E−03 .197E−03 .341E−03 .574E−03 .941E−03 .150E−02 .235E−02 .359E−02

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

.221E−02 .333E−02 .494E−02 .719E−02 .103E−01 .146E−01 .203E−01 .279E−01 .380E−01 .510E−01

.273E−02 .408E−02 .601E−02 .869E−02 .124E−01 .174E−01 .240E−01 .329E−01 .444E−01 .592E−01

.329E−02 .490E−02 .715E−02 .103E−01 .146E−01 .203E−01 .279E−01 .380E−01 .510E−01 .676E−01

.395E−02 .585E−02 .850E−02 .122E−01 .171E−01 .238E−01 .326E−01 .441E−01 .589E−01 .778E−01

.431E−02 .637E−02 .924E−02 .132E−01 .186E−01 .257E−01 .352E−01 .475E−01 .633E−01 .835E−01

.470E−02 .693E−02 .100E−01 .143E−01 .201E−01 .278E−01 .380E−01 .513E−01 .683E−01 .900E−01

.488E−02 .720E−02 .104E−01 .149E−01 .209E−01 .289E−01 .394E−01 .531E−01 .706E−01 .930E−01

.505E−02 .744E−02 .108E−01 .153E−01 .215E−01 .297E−01 .405E−01 .545E−01 .725E−01 .954E−01

.522E−02 .768E−02 .111E−01 .158E−01 .221E−01 .305E−01 .416E−01 .560E−01 .744E−01 .978E−01

.538E−02 .791E−02 .114E−01 .162E−01 .227E−01 .314E−01 .427E−01 .574E−01 .762E−01 .100

300 310 320 330 340 350

.678E−01 .892E−01 .116 .150 .192 .243

.782E−01 .102 .132 .170 .216 .272

.888E−01 .115 .149 .190 .240 .301

.102 .132 .169 .214 .270 .337

.109 .141 .180 .228 .287 .358

.117 .151 .193 .245 .307 .383

.121 .156 .199 .252 .317 .394

.124 .160 .204 .258 .328 .402

.127 .164 .209 .263 .330 .410

.130 .167 .213 .269 .386 .417

Weight percent, H2SO4

*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, CA, 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-17

2-87

Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions* Weight percent, H2SO4

°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10.0 .582E−02 .117E−01 .223E−01 .404E−01 .703E−01 .117 .189 .296 .449 .664

20.0 .534E−02 .107E−01 .205E−01 .373E−01 .649E−01 .109 .175 .275 .417 .617

30.0 .448E−02 .909E−02 .174E−01 .319E−01 .558E−01 .939E−01 .152 .239 .365 .542

40.0 .326E−02 .670E−02 .130E−01 .241E−01 .427E−01 .725E−01 .119 .188 .290 .434

50.0 .193E−02 .405E−02 .802E−02 .151E−01 .272E−01 .470E−01 .782E−01 .126 .196 .298

60.0 .836E−03 .180E−02 .367E−02 .710E−02 .131E−01 .232E−01 .395E−01 .651E−01 .104 .161

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

.207E−03 .467E−03 .995E−03 .201E−02 .387E−02 .715E−02 .127E−01 .217E−01 .360E−01 .578E−01

.747E−04 .175E−03 .388E−03 .811E−03 .162E−02 .309E−02 .565E−02 .997E−01 .170E−01 .281E−01

.197E−04 .490E−04 .115E−03 .253E−03 .531E−03 .106E−02 .204E−02 .376E−02 .668E−02 .115E−01

.343E−05 .952E−05 .245E−04 .589E−04 .134E−03 .286E−03 .584E−03 .114E−02 .213E−02 .383E−02

.905E−01 .138 .206 .301 .431 .605 .837 1.138 1.525 2.017

.452E−01 .708E−01 .108 .162 .236 .339 .478 .662 .902 1.212

.192E−01 .312E−01 .493E−01 .760E−01 .115 .170 .246 .350 .489 .673

.666E−02 .112E−01 .183E−01 .291E−01 .451E−01 .683E−01 .101 .147 .209 .292

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.957 1.349 1.863 2.524 3.361 4.404 5.685 7.236 9.093 11.289

.891 1.258 1.740 2.361 3.149 4.132 5.342 6.810 8.571 10.658

.786 1.113 1.544 2.101 2.810 3.697 4.793 6.127 7.731 9.640

.634 .904 1.264 1.732 2.333 3.090 4.031 5.185 6.584 8.259

.441 .638 .903 1.253 1.708 2.289 3.021 3.930 5.045 6.397

.244 .360 .519 .734 1.020 1.392 1.870 2.475 3.233 4.169

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

13.861 16.841 20.264 24.160 28.561 33.494 38.984 45.055 51.726 59.015

13.107 15.951 19.225 22.960 27.188 31.939 37.240 43.116 49.590 56.681

11.887 14.505 17.529 20.992 24.927 29.364 34.334 39.865 45.984 52.715

10.245 12.576 15.287 18.414 21.992 26.056 30.642 35.784 41.514 47.866

8.020 9.948 12.217 14.864 17.929 21.452 25.472 30.030 35.168 40.926

5.312 6.696 8.354 10.322 12.641 15.351 18.496 22.122 26.275 31.004

2.633 3.396 4.331 5.466 6.832 8.459 10.384 12.642 15.272 18.315

1.606 2.101 2.715 3.468 4.382 5.481 6.791 8.337 10.147 12.250

.913 1.221 1.610 2.098 2.701 3.439 4.332 5.402 6.673 8.170

.402 .544 .726 .956 1.242 1.594 2.023 2.540 3.157 3.886

300 310 320 330 340 350

66.934 75.495 84.705 94.567 105.083 116.251

64.407 72.781 81.816 91.518 101.894 112.947

60.081 68.101 76.792 86.172 96.252 107.043

54.869 62.553 70.947 80.078 89.970 100.647

47.347 54.470 62.338 70.990 80.466 90.806

36.361 42.398 49.168 56.727 65.130 74.437

21.814 25.812 30.355 35.489 41.262 47.723

14.675 17.453 20.611 24.182 28.193 32.674

9.916 11.939 14.264 16.916 19.920 23.303

4.740 5.732 6.876 8.185 9.672 11.351

Weight percent, H2SO4 °C

90.0

92.0

94.0

96.0

97.0

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

100.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

.518E−06 .159E−05 .449E−05 .117E−04 .385E−04 .653E−04 .141E−03 .291E−03 .571E−03 .107E−02

.243E−06 .765E−06 .221E−05 .590E−05 .147E−04 .344E−04 .759E−04 .159E−03 .319E−03 .612E−03

.109E−06 .348E−06 .102E−05 .279E−05 .708E−05 .169E−04 .380E−04 .813E−04 .166E−03 .324E−03

.416E−07 .136E−06 .407E−06 .113E−05 .293E−05 .712E−05 .164E−04 .357E−04 .742E−04 .148E−03

.235E−07 .774E−07 .235E−06 .659E−06 .173E−05 .425E−05 .987E−05 .218E−04 .458E−04 .921E−04

.117E−07 .391E−07 .121E−06 .344E−06 .914E−06 .228E−05 .538E−05 .120E−04 .257E−04 .524E−04

.768E−08 .261E−07 .812E−07 .234E−06 .630E−06 .159E−05 .379E−05 .856E−05 .184E−04 .390E−04

.479E−08 .166E−07 .528E−07 .155E−06 .425E−06 .109E−05 .264E−05 .605E−05 .132E−04 .277E−04

.313E−08 .113E−07 .373E−07 .114E−06 .323E−06 .861E−06 .216E−05 .514E−05 .117E−04 .253E−04

.323E−08 .124E−07 .435E−07 .141E−06 .425E−06 .120E−05 .319E−05 .804E−05 .193E−04 .441E−04

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

.195E−02 .340E−02 .575E−02 .944E−02 .151E−01 .235E−01 .357E−01 .532E−01 .775E−01 .111

.113E−02 .201E−02 .346E−02 .578E−02 .939E−02 .149E−01 .230E−01 .347E−01 .514E−01 .747E−01

.607E−03 .110E−02 .192E−02 .327E−02 .539E−02 .866E−02 .136E−01 .208E−01 .312E−01 .460E−01

.283E−03 .521E−03 .929E−03 .161E−02 .270E−02 .441E−02 .703E−02 .110E−01 .167E−01 .250E−01

.178E−03 .332E−03 .598E−03 .104E−02 .177E−02 .293E−02 .471E−02 .741E−02 .114E−01 .172E−01

.103E−03 .194E−03 .354E−03 .626E−03 .107E−02 .180E−02 .293E−02 .466E−02 .726E−02 .111E−01

.751E−04 .143E−03 .263E−03 .470E−03 .815E−03 .137E−02 .226E−02 .363E−02 .571E−02 .880E−02

.555E−04 .107E−03 .201E−03 .363E−03 .639E−03 .109E−02 .183E−02 .299E−02 .478E−02 .749E−02

.527E−04 .106E−03 .206E−03 .387E−03 .708E−03 .126E−02 .219E−02 .372E−02 .619E−02 .101E−01

.966E−04 .204E−03 .414E−03 .314E−03 .155E−02 .287E−02 .516E−02 .905E−02 .155E−01 .260E−01

.665E−01 .944E−01 .132 .182 .247 .331 .439 .575 .744 .954

.367E−01 .530E−01 .752E−01 .105 .145 .197 .264 .351 .460 .597

.255E−01 .371E−01 .531E−01 .749E−01 .104 .143 .193 .258 .341 .446

.166E−01 .245E−01 .354E−01 .505E−01 .710E−01 .985E−01 .135 .153 .245 .324

.133E−01 .198E−01 .289E−01 .417E−01 .592E−01 .830E−01 .115 .157 .213 .285

.115E−01 .175E−01 .260E−01 .382E−01 .553E−01 .790E−01 .112 .156 .215 .295

.161E−01 .253E−01 .392E−01 .596E−01 .895E−01 .132 .193 .279 .398 .562

.427E−01 .687E−01 .109 .169 .258 .389 .577 .846 1.225 1.751

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

.156 .216 .295 .396 .525 .688 .881 1.141 1.447 1.817

.107 .150 .207 .282 .379 .503 .660 .856 1.099 1.398

300 310 320 330 340 350

2.261 2.791 3.417 4.153 5.011 6.006

1.761 2.199 2.723 3.347 4.084 4.949

1.211 1.524 1.901 2.353 2.889 3.523

.767 .977 1.234 1.545 1.919 2.366

.578 .742 .944 1.191 1.491 1.852

.425 .553 .713 .911 1.156 1.456

.379 .498 .649 .840 1.078 1.374

.399 .536 .714 .944 1.239 1.614

.785 1.085 1.486 2.018 2.718 3.631

2.476 3.465 4.800 6.586 8.957 12.079

*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.

2-88

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-18

Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO3* mmHg Percentages are weight % HNO3 in solution. 20%

°C

25%

HNO3

H2O

HNO3

30% H2O

HNO3

35% H2O

0 5 10 15 20

4.1 5.7 8.0 10.9 15.2

3.8 5.4 7.6 10.3 14.2

3.6 5.0 7.1 9.7 13.2

25 30 35 40 45

20.6 27.6 36.5 47.5 62

19.2 25.7 33.8 44 57.5

17.8 23.8 31.1 41 53

0.09

0.11 .17

40%

HNO3

H2O

45%

HNO3

H2O

3.3 4.6 6.5 8.9 12.0 16.2 21.7 28.3 37.7 48

0.09 .13 .20 .28

0.12 .17 .25 .36 .52

50%

HNO3

H2O

HNO3

3.0 4.2 5.8 8.0 10.8

H2O

0.10 .15

2.6 3.6 5.0 6.9 9.4

0.12 .18 .27

2.1 3.0 4.2 5.8 7.9

14.6 19.5 25.5 33.5 43

.23 .33 .48 .68 .96

12.7 16.9 22.3 29.3 38.0

.39 .56 .80 1.13 1.57

10.7 14.4 19.0 25.0 32.5

49.5 62.5 80 100 126

2.18 2.95 4.05 5.46 7.25

42.5 54 70 88 110

50 55 60 65 70

0.09 .13 .19 .27

80 100 128 162 200

.13 .18 .28 .40 .54

75 94 121 151 187

.25 .35 .51 .71 1.00

69 87 113 140 174

.42 .59 .85 1.18 1.63

63 79 102 127 159

.75 1.04 1.48 2.05 2.80

56 71 90 114 143

1.35 1.83 2.54 3.47 4.65

75 80 85 90 95

.38 .53 .74 1.01 1.37

250 307 378 458 555

.77 1.05 1.44 1.95 2.62

234 287 352 426 517

1.38 1.87 2.53 3.38 4.53

217 267 325 393 478

2.26 3.07 4.15 5.50 7.32

198 243 297 359 436

3.80 5.10 6.83 9.0 11.7

178 218 268 325 394

6.20 8.15 10.7 13.7 17.8

158 195 240 292 355

9.6 12.5 16.3 20.9 26.8

138 170 211 258 315

100 105 110 115 120

1.87 2.50

675 800

3.50 4.65

628 745

6.05 7.90

580 690

530 631 755

15.5 20.0 25.7 32.5

480 573 688 810

23.0 29.2 37.0 46

430 520 625 740

34.2 43.0 54.5 67 84

383 463 560 665 785

°C

HNO3

H2O

HNO3

H2O

HNO3

H2O

HNO3

H2O

0 5 10 15 20

0.14 .21 .31 .45

1.8 2.5 3.5 4.9 6.7

0.19 .28 .41 .59 .84

1.5 2.1 3.0 4.1 5.6

0.41 .60 .86 1.21 1.68

1.3 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.9

0.79 1.12 1.58 2.18 3.00

1.1 1.6 2.2 3.0 4.1

25 30 35 40 45

.66 .93 1.30 1.82 2.50

9.1 12.2 16.1 21.3 28.0

1.21 1.66 2.28 3.10 4.20

7.7 10.3 13.6 18.1 23.7

2.32 3.17 4.26 5.70 7.55

6.6 8.8 11.6 15.5 20.0

4.10 5.50 7.30 9.65 12.6

5.5 7.4 9.8 12.8 16.7

50 55 60 65 70

3.41 4.54 6.15 8.18 10.7

36.3 46 60 76 95

5.68 7.45 9.9 13.0 16.8

31 39 51 64 81

10.0 12.8 16.8 21.7 27.5

26.0 33.0 43.0 54.5 68

16.5 21.0 27.1 34.5 43.3

21.8 27.3 35.3 44.5 56

75 80 85 90 95

13.9 18.0 23.0 29.4 37.3

120 148 182 223 272

21.8 27.5 34.8 43.7 55.0

102 126 156 192 233

35.0 43.5 54.5 67.5 83.5

100 105 110 115 120 125

47 58.5 73 90 110

331 400 485 575 685

69.5 84.5 103 126 156 187

285 345 417 495 590 700

55%

60%

9.7 12.7 16.5

65%

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 304–305.

103 124 152 181 218 260

70%

80% HNO3

90%

100%

H2O

HNO3

H2O

HNO3

2 3 4 6 8

1.2 1.7 2.4

5.5 8 11 15 20

10.5 14 18.5 24.5 32

3.2 4 5.5 7 9.5

27 36 47 62 80

1 1.3 1.8 2.4 3

57 77 102 133 170

11 15 22 30 42

41 52 67 85 106

12 15 20 25 31

103 127 157 192 232

4 5 6.5 8 10

215 262 320 385 460 540 625 720 820

86 106 131 160 195

54.5 67.5 83 103 125

70 86 107 130 158

130 158 192 230 278

38 48 60 73 89

282 338 405 480 570

13 16 20 24 29

238 288 345 410 490 580

152 183 221 262 312 372

192 231 278 330 393 469

330 392 465 545 640

108 129 155 185 219

675 790

35 42

VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-19 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55°C* mmHg % HBr 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60

20 °C HBr

0.09 0.23 0.71 2.2 6.8 21

25 °C H2O

6.2 4.5 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.3

HBr

50 °C H2O

0.0016 0.0022 0.0033 0.0061 0.011 0.023 0.048 0.10 0.13 0.37 1.1 3.2 9.3 27

HBr

8.2 6.1 4.5 3.3 2.4 1.9

1.3 3.2 7.2 17 40 91

H2O

30.2 24.3 19.3 16.0 13.3 10.4

55 °C HBr

2.0 4.6 10.2 23.0 51 115 260

H2O

38 31 25 21 18 14 11.4

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306.

2-89

TABLE 2-22 Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH* Percentages of weight % acetic acid in the solution mmHg °C

25%

50%

75%

20 25 30 35 40

16.3 22.1 29.6 39.4 51.7

15.7 21.4 28.8 38.3 50.2

15.3 20.8 27.8 36.6 48.1

45 50 55 60 65

67.0 87.2 110 141 178

65.0 85.0 107 138 172

62.0 80.1 102 130 162

70 75 80 85 90

223 277 342 419 510

216 269 331 407 497

203 251 310 376 458

95 100

618 743

602 725

550 666

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306.

TABLE 2-20 Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI at 25°C* mmHg %HI pHI

44 0.00064

46 0.0010

48 0.0022

50 0.0050

52 0.013

54 0.035

56 0.10

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306.

TABLE 2-21 Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid For these data reference must be made to the graphs of International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 306–308.

Vapor pressure of aqueous diethylene glycol solutions. (Courtesy of Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.)

FIG. 2-3

2-90 TABLE 2-23

Partial Pressure of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)

0

5

10

15

(0)

(4.74)

(9.5)

(14.29)

32 40 50 60 70

0.089 0.122 0.178 0.256 0.363

0.083 0.115 0.168 0.242 0.343

0.077 0.106 0.156 0.225 0.320

0.071 0.097 0.143 0.207 0.294

80 90 100 110 120

0.507 0.699 0.951 1.277 1.695

0.479 0.661 0.899 1.209 1.607

0.448 0.618 0.843 1.135 1.510

130 140 150 160 170

2.226 2.893 3.723 4.747 6.000

2.112 2.748 3.540 4.519 5.717

180 190 200 210 220

7.520 9.350 11.538 14.136 17.201

230 240 250

20.796 24.986 29.844

t, °F

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

80

85

90

95

(23.94)

(28.81)

(33.71)

(38.64)

(43.59)

(48.57)

(53.58)

(58.62)

(63.69)

(68.79)

(73.91)

(79.07)

(84.26)

(89.47)

(94.72)

0.063 0.087 0.129 0.186 0.266

0.055 0.077 0.113 0.164 0.235

0.047 0.065 0.097 0.142 0.204

0.039 0.054 0.081 0.119 0.172

0.031 0.044 0.066 0.098 0.143

0.025 0.035 0.053 0.079 0.116

0.019 0.027 0.041 0.062 0.093

0.014 0.021 0.032 0.049 0.073

0.011 0.016 0.025 0.038 0.058

0.008 0.012 0.019 0.030 0.045

0.006 0.009 0.014 0.023 0.036

0.004 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.028

0.003 0.005 0.008 0.014 0.022

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.016

0.002 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.011

0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006

0.413 0.571 0.780 1.052 1.402

0.374 0.518 0.710 0.960 1.283

0.332 0.462 0.634 0.861 1.154

0.289 0.403 0.556 0.758 1.021

0.245 0.345 0.479 0.656 0.889

0.205 0.290 0.405 0.559 0.763

0.168 0.240 0.338 0.470 0.647

0.136 0.196 0.279 0.392 0.544

0.109 0.159 0.228 0.324 0.455

0.087 0.128 0.186 0.268 0.380

0.069 0.103 0.152 0.220 0.316

0.055 0.083 0.123 0.181 0.263

0.043 0.066 0.100 0.148 0.217

0.034 0.052 0.079 0.119 0.176

0.025 0.040 0.061 0.092 0.137

0.018 0.028 0.043 0.065 0.099

0.010 0.015 0.024 0.036 0.056

1.988 2.591 3.343 4.273 5.416

1.850 2.415 3.122 4.000 5.079

1.696 2.221 2.879 3.698 4.709

1.532 2.012 2.618 3.374 4.312

1.361 1.796 2.347 3.039 3.902

1.192 1.582 2.078 2.706 3.493

1.030 1.376 1.821 2.387 3.101

0.881 1.186 1.582 2.090 2.736

0.747 1.016 1.367 1.821 2.405

0.632 0.867 1.177 1.584 2.110

0.532 0.738 1.013 1.376 1.851

0.448 0.628 0.870 1.194 1.622

0.376 0.532 0.746 1.033 1.418

0.313 0.448 0.634 0.887 1.229

0.257 0.371 0.529 0.748 1.047

0.202 0.295 0.425 0.607 0.858

0.147 0.216 0.314 0.453 0.647

0.083 0.124 0.183 0.267 0.386

7.174 8.931 11.035 13.538 16.496

6.807 8.488 10.504 12.910 15.758

6.397 7.994 9.916 12.213 14.941

5.947 7.452 9.270 11.449 14.047

5.465 6.873 8.580 10.635 13.095

4.968 6.275 7.869 9.796 12.115

4.472 5.680 7.160 8.962 11.141

3.995 5.107 6.479 8.160 10.205

3.551 4.573 5.842 7.410 9.331

3.148 4.086 5.262 6.725 8.534

2.787 3.650 4.740 6.110 7.817

2.468 3.262 4.275 5.559 7.175

2.184 2.914 3.856 5.061 6.592

1.928 2.598 3.470 4.598 6.045

1.688 2.297 3.098 4.146 5.504

1.451 1.994 2.718 3.675 4.932

1.201 1.669 2.300 3.147 4.277

0.917 1.290 1.802 2.502 3.455

0.555 0.793 1.129 1.600 2.262

19.971 24.029 28.744

19.111 23.037 27.607

18.162 21.943 26.358

17.124 20.748 24.996

16.020 19.479 23.549

14.886 18.179 22.070

13.760 16.889 20.608

12.679 15.654 19.212

11.672 14.506 17.917

10.754 13.463 16.748

9.930 12.530 15.708

9.192 11.696 14.783

8.522 10.938 13.946

7.889 10.221 13.153

7.255 9.496 12.346

6.573 8.703 11.452

5.777 7.759 10.369

4.751 6.508 8.891

3.196 4.520 6.413

(19.1)

75

The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).

TABLE 2-24

Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)

0

5

10

15

t, °F

(0)

(4.74)

(9.5)

(14.29)

32 40 50 60 70

100 100 100 100 100

32.046 33.233 34.709 36.172 37.619

14.173 15.064 16.192 17.334 18.489

7.263 7.842 8.588 9.359 10.154

80 90 100 110 120

100 100 100 100 100

39.047 40.455 41.840 43.201 44.537

19.653 20.827 22.007 23.194 24.385

130 140 150 160 170

100 100 100 100 100

45.849 47.136 48.398 49.636 50.849

180 190 200 210 220

100 100 100 100 100

230 240 250

100 100 100

20 (19.1)

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

(23.94)

(28.81)

(33.71)

(38.64)

(43.59)

(48.57)

(53.58)

(58.62)

(63.69)

(68.79)

(73.91)

(79.07)

(84.26)

(89.47)

(94.72)

3.959 4.321 4.797 5.299 5.828

2.202 2.427 2.727 3.050 3.396

1.226 1.365 1.554 1.760 1.985

0.679 0.765 0.883 1.015 1.162

0.375 0.428 0.502 0.587 0.683

0.207 0.240 0.287 0.342 0.405

0.116 0.137 0.167 0.203 0.245

0.067 0.080 0.100 0.123 0.152

0.039 0.048 0.061 0.077 0.097

0.024 0.030 0.039 0.050 0.064

0.015 0.019 0.026 0.034 0.044

0.010 0.013 0.017 0.023 0.030

0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.021

0.005 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.015

0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010

0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

10.974 11.816 12.681 13.567 14.475

6.382 6.963 7.571 8.205 8.867

3.765 4.160 4.580 5.027 5.501

2.231 2.497 2.786 3.098 3.434

1.325 1.505 1.703 1.920 2.158

0.791 0.913 1.049 1.201 1.370

0.478 0.561 0.655 0.763 0.884

0.294 0.351 0.418 0.494 0.582

0.186 0.226 0.273 0.328 0.393

0.121 0.149 0.184 0.224 0.273

0.081 0.102 0.127 0.158 0.195

0.056 0.072 0.091 0.114 0.142

0.040 0.051 0.066 0.084 0.106

0.028 0.037 0.048 0.062 0.079

0.020 0.026 0.034 0.044 0.057

0.013 0.017 0.023 0.030 0.039

0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.021

25.580 26.779 27.979 29.182 30.385

15.404 16.353 17.322 18.310 19.317

9.557 10.273 11.017 11.789 12.587

6.002 6.532 7.091 7.680 8.298

3.796 4.184 4.600 5.044 5.517

2.419 2.702 3.010 3.344 3.705

1.558 1.766 1.994 2.246 2.521

1.020 1.173 1.344 1.534 1.746

0.682 0.796 0.925 1.071 1.236

0.467 0.554 0.653 0.767 0.897

0.329 0.396 0.473 0.563 0.668

0.238 0.290 0.352 0.425 0.509

0.177 0.218 0.268 0.327 0.396

0.133 0.166 0.206 0.254 0.312

0.100 0.126 0.158 0.197 0.245

0.073 0.094 0.118 0.149 0.187

0.050 0.064 0.082 0.104 0.132

0.027 0.035 0.045 0.058 0.074

52.038 53.204 54.347 55.468 56.567

31.588 32.792 33.994 35.196 36.395

20.341 21.383 22.442 23.517 24.607

13.413 14.266 15.146 16.052 16.985

8.948 9.628 10.340 11.083 11.858

6.021 6.557 7.124 7.725 8.359

4.094 4.513 4.963 5.445 5.961

2.822 3.151 3.508 3.896 4.316

1.981 2.240 2.526 2.840 3.184

1.421 1.628 1.859 2.116 2.401

1.045 1.212 1.402 1.615 1.854

0.788 0.926 1.083 1.263 1.468

0.609 0.724 0.857 1.011 1.187

0.479 0.576 0.690 0.823 0.977

0.381 0.463 0.561 0.676 0.811

0.302 0.371 0.453 0.552 0.669

0.233 0.288 0.357 0.439 0.539

0.166 0.209 0.261 0.326 0.406

0.094 0.120 0.153 0.195 0.248

57.645 58.702 59.740

37.592 38.787 39.978

25.711 26.830 27.962

17.943 18.927 19.936

12.665 13.503 14.374

9.028 9.732 10.471

6.512 7.098 7.722

4.769 5.258 5.784

3.560 3.970 4.416

2.716 3.064 3.447

2.122 2.421 2.754

1.699 1.960 2.254

1.390 1.621 1.884

1.156 1.363 1.601

0.969 1.155 1.371

0.809 0.975 1.171

0.660 0.806 0.982

0.506 0.629 0.783

0.317 0.406 0.524

The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).

2-91

2-92 TABLE 2-25

Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)

0

5

t, °F (0) (4.74)

10

15

20

25

30

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

(9.5)

(14.29)

(19.1)

(23.94)

(28.81)

(33.71)

35

(38.64)

(43.59)

(48.57)

(53.58)

(58.62)

(63.69)

(68.79)

(73.91)

(79.07)

(84.26)

(89.47)

(94.72)

(100)

21.480 25.798 32.120 39.581 48.307

43.900 48.431 51.828 57.082 63.243 69.520 76.489 83.933 91.745 100.51

52.368 61.665 75.020 90.486 108.26

55.846 65.731 79.931 96.376 115.29

59.055 69.506 84.523 101.93 121.94

62.277 73.322 89.205 107.63 128.85

32 40 50 60 70

0 0 0 0 0

0.177 0.230 0.316 0.426 0.568

0.468 0.600 0.808 1.074 1.410

0.901 1.143 1.522 2.002 2.603

1.533 1.932 2.552 3.330 4.296

2.456 3.078 4.036 5.228 6.696

3.797 4.730 6.154 7.912 10.056

5.710 7.066 9.117 11.625 14.656

8.358 10.267 13.129 16.593 20.742

11.868 14.467 18.328 22.959 28.456

16.279 19.691 24.721 30.702 37.744

27.206 32.478 40.150 49.149 59.615

33.087 39.307 48.315 58.831 71.008

38.745 45.860 56.128 68.074 81.861

80 90 100 110 120

0 0 0 0 0

0.748 0.973 1.250 1.590 2.001

1.831 2.351 2.987 3.758 4.683

3.348 4.261 5.368 6.700 8.285

5.483 6.926 8.663 10.735 13.184

8.483 10.639 13.213 16.258 19.832

12.645 15.741 19.406 23.709 28.718

18.283 22.582 27.630 33.509 40.300

25.664 31.447 38.185 45.971 54.899

34.922 42.460 51.177 61.177 72.569

45.966 58.428 71.689 55.485 70.073 85.514 66.416 83.375 101.23 78.881 98.461 118.98 92.996 115.45 138.90

84.998 100.96 119.04 139.39 162.15

97.654 115.62 135.93 158.73 184.19

109.19 128.99 151.34 176.40 204.35

119.45 140.93 165.15 192.30 222.57

128.56 151.60 177.57 206.69 239.16

136.88 161.39 189.05 220.07 254.71

144.83 170.82 200.19 233.16 270.03

153.13 180.76 212.01 247.19 286.60

130 140 150 160 170

0 0 0 0 0

2.494 5.784 3.082 7.084 3.774 8.604 4.585 10.371 5.527 12.408

10.158 12.352 14.902 17.844 21.216

16.055 19.395 23.250 27.669 32.700

23.989 28.791 34.295 40.562 47.649

34.503 41.135 48.685 57.222 66.816

48.086 65.064 85.455 56.949 76.558 99.944 66.972 89.472 116.12 78.230 103.89 134.09 90.803 119.90 153.93

180 190 200 210 220

0 0 0 0 0

6.612 7.856 9.270 10.869 12.666

25.053 29.393 34.270 39.721 45.779

38.390 44.786 51.933 59.876 68.655

55.614 77.532 64.514 89.432 74.401 102.58 85.326 117.02 97.335 132.82

230 240 250

0 0 0

14.673 31.727 16.905 36.356 19.371 41.449

14.741 17.395 20.397 23.769 27.538

52.477 78.310 110.47 59.843 88.872 124.78 67.906 100.38 140.28

150.00 168.62 188.70

108.87 126.62 146.35 168.16 192.14

134.49 155.67 179.11 204.93 233.19

161.13 185.77 212.96 242.79 275.37

187.48 215.50 246.33 280.08 316.87

212.44 243.66 277.95 315.46 356.26

235.36 269.56 307.13 348.18 392.85

256.14 293.19 333.87 378.36 426.79

275.20 314.99 358.75 406.62 458.82

293.18 335.72 382.56 433.89 489.95

311.05 356.48 406.60 461.65 521.92

330.54 379.36 433.38 492.95 558.45

587.67 659.12 736.52 820.08 909.98

630.24 708.74 794.38 887.64 989.03

104.77 120.18 137.11 155.62 175.75

137.57 156.99 178.21 201.28 226.25

175.73 199.56 225.47 253.53 283.77

218.35 246.89 277.81 311.15 346.95

263.99 297.40 333.47 372.25 413.74

310.76 349.06 390.30 434.50 481.70

356.75 399.82 446.12 495.68 548.49

400.47 448.16 499.38 554.15 612.50

441.24 493.43 549.49 609.47 673.37

479.30 535.98 596.94 662.22 731.88

515.48 576.75 642.74 713.55 789.23

550.92 616.99 688.31 765.01 847.19

197.54 221.04 246.26

253.17 282.06 312.93

316.23 350.91 387.82

385.23 425.98 469.20

457.98 504.92 554.55

531.89 585.01 641.05

604.55 663.80 726.18

674.39 739.77 808.55

741.21 812.89 888.35

805.90 884.22 966.78

869.79 955.18 1045.3

934.86 1028.0 1126.5

1006.3 1109.2 1218.3

1099.1 1218.7 1348.5

The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).

TABLE 2-26

Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)

0

5

10

t, °F

(0)

(4.74)

(9.5)

32 40 50 60 70

0.089 0.122 0.178 0.256 0.363

0.260 0.345 0.483 0.668 0.911

0.545 0.706 0.964 1.299 1.730

0.971 1.240 1.665 2.209 2.898

80 90 100 110 120

0.507 0.699 0.951 1.277 1.695

1.227 1.633 2.149 2.799 3.608

2.279 2.969 3.830 4.893 6.194

130 140 150 160 170

2.226 4.607 7.773 2.893 5.830 9.674 3.723 7.315 11.947 4.747 9.104 14.644 6.000 11.244 17.824

180 190 200 210 220

7.520 9.350 11.538 14.136 17.201

13.786 16.787 20.305 24.407 29.162

21.548 25.883 30.901 36.679 43.296

230 240 250

20.796 34.644 50.838 24.986 40.934 59.393 29.844 48.115 69.056

15

25

30

35

40

45

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

(23.94)

(28.81)

(33.71)

(38.64)

(43.59)

(48.57)

(53.58)

(58.62)

(63.69)

(68.79)

(73.91)

(79.07)

(84.26)

(89.47)

(94.72)

(100)

1.596 2.020 2.680 3.516 4.562

2.512 3.155 4.149 5.392 6.931

3.844 4.795 6.251 8.053 10.260

5.749 7.120 9.198 11.744 14.828

8.389 10.311 13.195 16.691 20.885

11.893 14.502 18.381 23.038 28.572

16.298 19.718 24.762 30.764 37.837

21.494 25.819 32.152 39.630 48.381

27.217 32.494 40.175 49.187 59.673

33.095 39.319 48.334 58.860 71.053

38.751 45.869 56.143 68.097 81.897

43.904 48.434 51.835 57.087 63.254 69.528 76.507 83.946 91.773 100.53

52.371 61.669 75.026 90.496 108.28

55.848 65.734 79.935 96.383 115.30

59.056 69.507 84.526 101.93 121.95

62.277 73.322 89.205 107.63 128.85

3.761 4.832 6.148 7.751 9.688

5.857 7.445 9.373 11.694 14.467

8.815 11.101 13.847 17.119 20.986

12.934 16.144 19.962 24.467 29.739

18.528 22.927 28.109 34.165 41.189

25.869 31.737 38.590 46.530 55.662

35.090 42.700 51.514 61.647 73.216

46.102 58.537 71.776 55.680 70.232 85.642 66.695 83.603 101.42 79.273 98.785 119.25 93.540 115.91 139.28

85.067 101.06 119.19 139.61 162.47

97.709 115.70 136.05 158.91 184.45

109.23 129.06 151.44 176.55 204.57

119.48 140.98 165.23 192.42 222.75

128.59 151.64 177.63 206.78 239.30

136.90 161.42 189.09 220.14 254.81

144.84 170.84 200.21 233.20 270.09

153.13 180.76 212.01 247.19 286.60

12.008 14.767 18.024 21.844 26.295

17.752 21.616 26.129 31.367 37.409

25.521 30.803 36.913 43.936 51.961

35.864 42.931 51.032 60.262 70.718

49.278 66.094 58.531 77.934 69.050 91.292 80.937 106.28 94.297 123.00

86.336 101.13 117.70 136.18 156.67

109.62 127.64 147.72 169.98 194.54

135.12 156.54 180.29 206.51 235.30

161.66 186.51 213.97 244.16 277.22

187.93 216.13 247.20 281.28 318.49

212.82 244.19 278.70 316.49 357.68

235.67 270.01 307.76 349.07 394.08

256.40 293.56 334.40 379.11 427.84

275.40 315.29 359.17 407.23 459.68

293.33 335.94 382.87 434.34 490.60

311.13 356.60 406.78 461.92 522.31

330.54 379.36 433.38 492.95 558.45

31.450 37.387 44.186 51.934 60.720

44.337 61.079 82.499 52.238 71.387 95.708 61.203 82.981 110.45 71.325 95.961 126.82 82.702 110.43 144.93

588.22 659.91 737.65 821.68 912.24

630.24 708.74 794.38 887.64 989.03

(14.29)

20 (19.1)

70.639 95.434 126.49 81.786 109.62 144.26 94.264 125.38 163.83

164.89 186.80 210.77

50

109.24 125.86 144.27 164.58 186.89

141.57 162.10 184.69 209.44 236.46

179.28 204.13 231.31 260.94 293.10

221.50 250.98 283.07 317.88 355.49

266.78 301.05 338.21 378.36 421.56

313.23 352.32 394.57 440.06 488.88

358.94 402.74 449.98 500.74 555.08

402.40 450.76 502.85 558.75 618.54

442.93 495.73 552.59 613.62 678.88

480.75 537.98 599.66 665.90 736.81

516.68 578.42 645.04 716.70 793.51

551.84 618.28 690.11 767.51 850.64

211.30 237.93 266.87

265.85 297.71 332.14

327.90 365.42 405.74

395.98 439.44 485.95

467.91 517.45 570.25

541.08 596.71 655.83

613.07 674.74 740.12

682.28 749.99 821.71

748.46 822.39 900.70

812.47 892.93 978.24

875.57 962.94 1055.7

939.61 1034.5 1135.4

1009.5 1113.7 1224.7

1099.1 1218.7 1348.5

The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).

2-93

2-94

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-27 Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate* mmHg %Na2CO3 t, °C

0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

4.5 9.2 17.5 31.8 55.3 92.5 149.5 239.8 355.5 526.0 760.0

4.5 9.0 17.2 31.2 54.2 90.7 146.5 235 348 516 746

8.8 16.8 30.4 53.0 88.7 143.5 230.5 342 506 731

16.3 29.6 57.6 86.5 139.9 225 334 494 715

20

28.8 50.2 84.1 136.1 219 325 482 697

25

27.8 48.4 81.2 131.6 211.5 315 467 676

30

26.4 46.1 77.5 125.7 202.5 301 447 648

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 372.

TABLE 2-28 Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol* 39.9 °C

Mole fraction CH3OH

PH2O, mmHg

PCH3OH , mmHg

0 14.99 17.85 21.07 27.31 31.06 40.1 47.0 55.8 68.9 86.0 100.0

54.7 39.2 38.5 37.2 35.8 34.9 32.8 31.5 27.3 20.7 10.1 0

0 66.1 75.5 85.2 100.6 108.8 127.7 141.6 158.4 186.6 225.2 260.7

59.4 °C

Mole fraction CH3OH

PH2O, mmHg

PCH3OH , mmHg

0 22.17 27.40 33.24 39.80 47.08 55.5 69.2 78.5 85.9 100.0

145.4 106.9 102.2 96.6 91.7 84.8 76.9 57.8 43.8 30.1 0

0 210.1 240.2 272.1 301.9 335.6 373.7 439.4 486.6 526.9 609.3

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 290.

TABLE 2-29 Conc. g NaOH/ 100 g H2O 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500 700 1000 2000 4000 8000

Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide* mmHg Temperature, °C 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

200

250

300

350

4.6 4.4 4.2 3.6 2.9 2.2

17.5 16.9 16.0 13.9 11.3 8.7 6.3 4.4 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.9

55.3 53.2 50.6 44.2 36.6 28.7 20.7 15.5 10.9 7.6 5.2 3.6 1.7

149.5 143.5 137.0 120.5 101.0 81.0 62.5 47.0 34.5 24.5 17.5 12.5 6.3 3.0 1.5

355.5 341.5 325.5 288.5 246.0 202.0 160.5 124.0 94.0 70.5 53.0 38.5 20.5 11.0 6.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.1

760.0 730.0 697.0 621.0 537.0 450.0 368.0 294.0 231.0 179.0 138.0 105.0 61.0 35.5 20.5 12.0 7.0 2.0 0.5

1,489 1,430 1,365 1,225 1,070 920 770 635 515 415 330 262 164 102 63 40 25 8 2.7 0.9

4,633 4,450 4,260 3,860 3,460 3,090 2,690 2,340 2,030 1,740 1,490 1,300 915 765 470 340 245 110 50 23 11

11,647 11,200 10,750 9,800 8,950 8,150 7,400 6,750 6,100 5,500 5,000 4,500 3,650 2,980 2,430 1,980 1,620 985 610 380 240 100

29,771 28,600 27,500 25,300 23,300 21,500 19,900 18,400 17,100 15,800 14,700 13,650 11,800 10,300 8,960 7,830 6,870 5,000 3,690 2,750 2,080 1,210 440

64,200 61,800 59,300 54,700 50,800 47,200 44,100 41,200 38,700 36,300 34,200 32,200 28,800 25,900 23,300 21,200 19,200 15,400 12,500 10,300 8,600 6,100 3,300 1,470 150

123,600 118,900 114,100 105,400 98,000 91,600 85,800 80,700 76,000 71,900 68,100 64,600 58,600 53,400 49,000 45,100 41,800 35,000 29,800 25,700 22,400 17,500 11,500 6,800 1,760 120 7

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 370.

WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES

2-95

WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES CHART FOR GASES AT HIGH PRESSURES The accompanying figure is useful in determining the water-vapor content of air at high pressure in contact with liquid water.

Water content of air, °C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄ 9. (Landsbaum, Dadds, and Stutzman. Reprinted from vol. 47, January 1955 issue of Ind. Eng. Chem. [p. 192]. Copyright 1955 by the American Chemical Society and reproduced by permission of the copyright owner.)

FIG. 2-4

2-96

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-30 Density (kg/m3) of Saturated Liquid Water from the Triple Point to the Critical Point T, K 273.160* 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 342 344 346 348 350

ρ, kg/m3

T, K

ρ, kg/m3

T, K

ρ, kg/m3

T, K

ρ, kg/m3

T, K

ρ, kg/m3

999.793 999.843 999.914 999.919 999.862 999.746 999.575 999.352 999.079 998.758 998.392 997.983 997.532 997.042 996.513 995.948 995.346 994.711 994.042 993.342 992.610 991.848 991.056 990.235 989.387 988.512 987.610 986.682 985.728 984.750 983.747 982.721 981.671 980.599 979.503 978.386 977.247 976.086 974.904 973.702

352 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 408 410 412 414 416 418 420 422 424 426 428 430

972.479 971.235 969.972 968.689 967.386 966.064 964.723 963.363 961.984 960.587 959.171 957.737 956.285 954.815 953.327 951.822 950.298 948.758 947.199 945.624 944.030 942.420 940.793 939.148 937.486 935.807 934.111 932.398 930.668 928.921 927.157 925.375 923.577 921.761 919.929 918.079 916.212 914.328 912.426 910.507

432 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 448 450 452 454 456 458 460 462 464 466 468 470 472 474 476 478 480 482 484 486 488 490 492 494 496 498 500 502 504 506 508 510

908.571 906.617 904.645 902.656 900.649 898.624 896.580 894.519 892.439 890.341 888.225 886.089 883.935 881.761 879.569 877.357 875.125 872.873 870.601 868.310 865.997 863.664 861.310 858.934 856.537 854.118 851.678 849.214 846.728 844.219 841.686 839.130 836.549 833.944 831.313 828.658 825.976 823.269 820.534 817.772

512 514 516 518 520 522 524 526 528 530 532 534 536 538 540 542 544 546 548 550 552 554 556 558 560 562 564 566 568 570 572 574 576 578 580 582 584 586 588 590

814.982 812.164 809.318 806.441 803.535 800.597 797.629 794.628 791.594 788.527 785.425 782.288 779.115 775.905 772.657 769.369 766.042 762.674 759.263 755.808 752.308 748.762 745.169 741.525 737.831 734.084 730.283 726.425 722.508 718.530 714.489 710.382 706.206 701.959 697.638 693.238 688.757 684.190 679.533 674.781

592 594 596 598 600 602 604 606 608 610 612 614 616 618 620 622 624 626 628 630 632 634 636 638 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 647.096†

669.930 664.974 659.907 654.722 649.411 643.97 638.38 632.64 626.74 620.65 614.37 607.88 601.15 594.16 586.88 579.26 571.25 562.81 553.84 544.25 533.92 522.71 510.42 496.82 481.53 473.01 463.67 453.14 440.73 425.05 402.96 357.34 322

*Triple point †Critical point From Wagner, W., and Pruss, A., “The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2):387–535, 2002.

DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-31

2-97

Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C* Density, kg /m3

t, °C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 10 20 30 40

13595.08 13570.44 13545.87 13521.36 13496.92

13592.61 13567.98 13543.41 13518.91 13494.48

13590.14 13565.52 13540.96 13516.47 13492.04

13587.68 13563.06 13538.51 13514.02 13489.60

13585.21 13560.60 13536.06 13511.58 13487.16

13582.75 13558.14 13533.61 13509.13 13484.72

13580.29 13555.69 13531.16 13506.69 13482.29

13577.82 13553.23 13528.71 13504.25 13479.85

13575.36 13550.78 13526.26 13501.80 13477.41

13572.90 13548.32 13523.81 13499.36 13474.98

50 60 70 80 90

13472.54 13448.22 13423.96 13399.75 13375.59

13470.11 13445.80 13421.54 13397.34 13373.18

13467.67 13443.37 13419.12 13394.92 13370.77

13465.24 13440.94 13416.69 13392.50 13368.36

13462.81 13438.51 13414.27 13390.08 13365.94

13460.38 13436.09 13411.85 13387.67 13363.53

13457.94 13433.66 13409.43 13385.25 13361.12

13455.51 13431.23 13407.01 13382.84 13358.71

13453.08 13428.81 13404.59 13380.42 13356.30

13450.65 13426.39 13402.17 13378.01 13353.89

100 110 120 130 140

13351.5 13327.4 13303.4 13279.4 13255.4

13349.1 13325.0 13301.0 13277.0 13253.0

13346.7 13322.6 13298.6 13274.6 13250.6

13344.3 13320.2 13296.2 13272.2 13248.2

13341.9 13317.8 13293.8 13269.8 13245.8

13339.4 13315.4 13291.4 13267.4 13243.4

13337.0 13313.0 13288.9 13265.0 13241.0

13334.6 13310.6 13286.6 13262.6 13238.7

13332.2 13308.2 13284.2 13260.2 13236.3

13329.8 13305.8 13281.8 13257.8 13233.9

150 160 170 180 190

13231.5 13207.6 13183.7 13159.8 13136.0

13229.1 13205.2 13181.3 13157.4 13133.6

13226.7 13202.8 13178.9 13155.0 13131.2

13224.3 13200.4 13176.5 13152.6 13128.3

13221.9 13198.0 13174.1 13150.3 13126.4

13219.5 13195.6 13171.7 13147.9 13124.0

13217.1 13193.2 13169.4 13145.5 13121.7

13214.7 13190.8 13167.0 13143.1 13119.3

13212.4 13188.5 13164.6 13140.7 13116.9

13210.0 13186.1 13162.2 13138.3 13114.5

200 210 220 230 240

13112.1 13088.3 13064.5 13040.6 13016.8

13109.7 13085.9 13062.1 13038.3 13014.5

13107.4 13083.5 13059.7 13035.9 13012.1

13105.0 13081.1 13057.3 13033.5 13009.7

13102.6 13078.8 13054.9 13031.1 13007.3

13100.2 13076.4 13052.6 13028.7 13004.9

13097.8 13074.0 13050.2 13026.4 13002.5

13095.4 13071.6 13047.8 13024.0 13000.2

13093.1 13069.2 13045.4 13021.6 12997.8

13090.7 13066.8 13043.0 13019.2 12995.4

250 260 270 280 290

12993.0 12969.2 12945.4 12921.5 12897.7

12990.6 12966.8 12943.0 12919.1 12895.3

12988.3 12964.4 12940.6 12916.7 12892.9

12985.9 12962.0 12938.2 12914.4 12890.5

12983.5 12959.7 12935.8 12912.0 12888.1

12981.1 12957.3 12933.4 12909.6 12885.7

12978.7 12954.9 12931.1 12907.2 12883.3

12976.3 12952.5 12928.7 12904.8 12880.9

12974.0 12950.1 12926.3 12902.4 12878.5

12971.6 12947.7 12923.9 12900.0 12876.2

300 310 320 330 340

12873.8 12849.9 12825.9 12801.9 12777.8

12871.4 12847.5 12823.5 12799.5 12775.4

12869.0 12845.1 12821.1 12797.1 12773.0

12866.6 12842.7 12818.7 12794.7 12770.6

12864.2 12840.3 12816.3 12792.3 12768.2

12861.8 12837.9 12813.9 12789.9 12765.8

12859.4 12835.5 12811.5 12787.5 12763.4

12857.0 12833.1 12809.1 12785.1 12761.0

12854.6 12830.7 12806.7 12782.7 12758.6

12852.2 12828.3 12804.3 12780.2 12756.1

350

12753.7

*From “Mercury—Density and Thermal Expansion at Atmospheric Pressure and Temperatures from 0 to 350 °C,” Tables of Standard Handbook Data, Standartov, Moscow, 1978. The density values obtainable from those cited for the specific volume of the saturated liquid in the “Thermodynamic Properties” subsection show minor differences. No attempt was made to adjust either set.

2-98

TABLE 2-32 Cmpd. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) Name

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol

Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138

C1 1.6994 1.016 1.4486 0.86852 1.2332 1.3064 2.4507 1.3261 1.2414 1.0816 2.8963 3.5383 0.77488 3.8469 0.7371 1.0259 0.83573 0.71587 0.8552 0.43743 0.59867 0.60917 0.70797 0.52257 2.1872 0.8226 1.1908 1.6762 1.187 1.2346 1.0677 0.81696 0.81856 0.98279 0.9682 1.0877 1.1591 1.1448 0.67794 0.50812 0.89458 0.89137 1.3409 1.0361 0.88443 0.87533 2.768 1.7968 2.897 0.99835 1.955 2.23 0.8711 1.3 1.0841 1.817 1.087 1.1202 0.9061

C2 0.26167 0.21845 0.25892 0.25187 0.25886 0.22597 0.27448 0.26124 0.25822 0.2293 0.26733 0.25443 0.26114 0.2881 0.25487 0.26666 0.26326 0.24812 0.26785 0.24833 0.22849 0.26925 0.25982 0.25833 0.29527 0.26632 0.25595 0.26141 0.26114 0.27216 0.27188 0.24755 0.24967 0.26830 0.26244 0.26454 0.27085 0.27154 0.2637 0.25238 0.27463 0.27365 0.27892 0.26731 0.25828 0.24331 0.26212 0.28749 0.27532 0.274 0.27884 0.27645 0.26805 0.26019 0.2581 0.25877 0.26832 0.27669 0.28268

C3 466 761 591.95 606 508.2 545.5 308.3 506 615 535 132.45 405.65 645.6 150.86 824 562.05 689 751 699.35 830 720.15 662 718 773 584.15 670.15 503.8 467 452 425 425.12 680 676 563.1 535.9 419.5 435.5 428.6 575.4 660.5 570.1 554 440 537.2 615.7 582.25 304.21 552 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.4 416.25 503.15 489 705.85

C4

Tmin, K

Density at Tmin

Tmax, K

Density at Tmax

0.2913 0.26116 0.2529 0.31172 0.2913 0.28678 0.28752 0.2489 0.30701 0.28939 0.27341 0.2888 0.28234 0.29783 0.28571 0.28394 0.30798 0.2857 0.30523 0.27555 0.23567 0.2632 0.32144 0.27026 0.3295 0.2821 0.29152 0.28402 0.3065 0.28707 0.28688 0.24535 0.22023 0.25488 0.26749 0.2843 0.28116 0.28419 0.29318 0.29373 0.28512 0.2953 0.29661 0.28397 0.248 0.28586 0.2908 0.3226 0.2813 0.287 0.28571 0.2926 0.2799 0.27155 0.2741 0.2833 0.28055 0.27646 0.2707

150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 209.63 175.43 150.35 155.97 285.39

21.499 16.936 17.492 11.643 15.683 20.628 23.692 16.822 14.693 17.265 33.279 43.141 9.668 35.491 8.938 11.422 10.074 8.894 10.011 5.950 9.905 7.065 8.862 6.425 20.109 9.909 15.833 20.640 15.123 14.058 12.620 11.734 11.872 12.035 12.471 14.264 13.894 13.080 8.337 7.026 10.585 10.761 14.901 12.589 11.087 13.047 26.828 19.064 30.180 10.843 21.211 24.242 10.385 17.016 13.702 22.347 13.328 12.855 9.612

466.00 761.00 591.95 606.00 508.20 545.50 308.30 506.00 615.00 535.00 132.45 405.65 645.60 150.86 824.00 562.05 689.00 751.00 699.35 830.00 720.15 662.00 718.00 773.00 584.15 670.15 503.80 467.00 452.00 425.00 425.12 680.00 676.00 563.10 535.90 419.50 435.50 428.60 575.40 660.50 570.10 554.00 440.00 537.20 615.70 582.25 304.21 552.00 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.40 416.25 503.15 489.00 705.85

6.4944 4.6509 5.5948 3.4483 4.7640 5.7813 8.9285 5.0762 4.8075 4.7170 10.8340 13.9070 2.9673 13.3530 2.8921 3.8472 3.1745 2.8852 3.1928 1.7615 2.6201 2.2625 2.7248 2.0229 7.4075 3.0888 4.6525 6.4121 4.5455 4.5363 3.9271 3.3002 3.2786 3.6630 3.6892 4.1117 4.2795 4.2160 2.5709 2.0133 3.2574 3.2573 4.8075 3.8760 3.4243 3.5976 10.5600 6.2500 10.5220 3.6436 7.0112 8.0666 3.2498 4.9963 4.2003 7.0217 4.0511 4.0486 3.2054

2-99

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine

C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N

95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7

108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190

1.0861 1.1503 0.58711 1.0743 1.3931 0.88998 0.8243 0.86464 0.92997 1.0897 1.1035 1.7411 0.78578 0.46802 0.41084 0.39348 0.38208 0.43981 0.44289 0.46877 5.2115 0.95523 1.0132 1.1136 0.55941 0.74495 0.74404 0.74858 1.1055 1.2591 1.3897 0.9551 0.89833 0.68184 0.85379 0.9554 0.82227 1.4345 1.173 1.9973 0.6181 0.69213 0.64619 0.89368 0.76327 1.1717 1.5436 0.7565 0.55873 0.52953 0.54405 1.1058 1.5693 0.89615 0.72352 0.47977 1.0214 1.4029 1.1096 0.50824 1.1819 0.52133 0.659

0.30624 0.31861 0.25583 0.20948 0.29255 0.27376 0.26545 0.26888 0.27056 0.28356 0.27035 0.28205 0.27882 0.27146 0.25175 0.2492 0.24645 0.25661 0.27636 0.25875 0.315 0.26364 0.26634 0.24834 0.27243 0.26147 0.26112 0.26276 0.26533 0.27698 0.25678 0.27794 0.26142 0.23796 0.25675 0.26847 0.26314 0.25774 0.22856 0.24653 0.25786 0.26974 0.26881 0.26599 0.26742 0.25895 0.27784 0.27305 0.25143 0.24358 0.25026 0.27866 0.2679 0.23478 0.28629 0.25428 0.26351 0.27991 0.25189 0.26885 0.2813 0.26218 0.26428

697.55 704.65 631 400.15 459.93 553.8 650.1 653 560.4 511.7 507 398 664 674.2 617.7 722.1 688 616.6 696 619.85 38.35 628 650.15 611 584.1 683.95 705 684.75 523 561.6 510 560 572 736.6 496.6 466.7 557.15 386.44 445 351.26 523.1 500.05 576 507.8 543 473.2 437.2 500 591.15 606.15 596.15 615 400.1 649.6 537.3 766 402 503.04 729 772 587 766.8 550

0.30587 0.30104 0.28498 0.20724 0.24913 0.28571 0.28495 0.29943 0.28943 0.25142 0.28699 0.29598 0.31067 0.26869 0.28571 0.28571 0.26125 0.29148 0.27668 0.29479 0.28571 0.29825 0.28571 0.27583 0.29932 0.31526 0.30815 0.30788 0.287 0.30492 0.2902 0.24132 0.2868 0.2062 0.27027 0.2814 0.27369 0.28178 0.28571 0.28153 0.271 0.28571 0.28036 0.28571 0.28571 0.27289 0.2572 0.27408 0.27758 0.26809 0.2658 0.31082 0.2882 0.28091 0.27121 0.30722 0.28421 0.2741 0.3311 0.2612 0.3047 0.31033 0.2766

304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 18.73 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 212.72 160.00 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67 413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15

9.575 9.449 7.939 18.520 14.074 9.380 9.469 10.090 11.160 11.906 13.470 18.658 8.905 5.383 5.393 5.181 5.261 5.733 5.005 5.895 42.945 11.799 11.704 15.358 6.607 9.121 9.166 8.518 13.549 13.462 17.974 10.862 11.526 10.390 10.575 11.487 10.470 18.006 17.424 27.399 8.054 8.067 7.680 11.029 8.843 13.767 16.964 9.031 7.342 7.578 7.626 12.413 18.950 13.954 7.874 6.233 12.898 15.556 14.111 5.538 11.838 6.265 7.993

697.55 704.65 631.00 400.15 459.93 553.80 650.10 653.00 560.40 511.70 507.00 398.00 664.00 674.20 617.70 722.10 688.00 616.60 696.00 619.85 38.35 628.00 650.15 611.00 584.10 683.95 705.00 684.75 523.00 561.60 510.00 560.00 572.00 736.60 496.60 466.70 557.15 386.44 445.00 351.26 523.10 500.05 576.00 507.80 543.00 473.20 437.20 500.00 591.15 606.15 596.15 615.00 400.10 649.60 537.30 766.00 402.00 503.04 729.00 772.00 587.00 766.80 550.00

3.5466 3.6104 2.2949 5.1284 4.7619 3.2509 3.1053 3.2157 3.4372 3.8429 4.0817 6.1730 2.8182 1.7241 1.6320 1.5790 1.5503 1.7139 1.6026 1.8117 16.5440 3.6232 3.8042 4.4842 2.0534 2.8491 2.8494 2.8489 4.1665 4.5458 5.4120 3.4364 3.4363 2.8654 3.3254 3.5587 3.1248 5.5657 5.1321 8.6070 2.3970 2.5659 2.4039 3.3598 2.8542 4.5248 5.5557 2.7706 2.2222 2.1739 2.1739 3.9683 5.8578 3.8170 2.5272 1.8868 3.8761 5.0120 4.4051 1.8904 4.2016 1.9884 2.4936

2-100

TABLE 2-32 Cmpd. no. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) (Continued) Name

Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10

112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2

170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144

0.33267 0.18166 1.9122 1.6288 0.8996 1.0936 0.70041 0.48864 0.66085 0.63566 0.61587 0.71751 2.0961 0.7842 1.315 1.3462 1.836 1.1343 0.47428 0.55729 0.8185 0.68162 1.3047 0.7405 0.7908 0.58579 4.2895 1.0146 1.6525 2.1854 1.9415 1.2486 1.938 1.1339 7.2475 0.21897 0.59006 0.61259 0.53066 0.55687 0.57114 0.59268 0.58247 0.66016 0.58622 0.67304 0.23289 0.71899 0.70824 0.62833 0.70093 0.67393 0.67816 0.67666 0.76925 0.78045 0.66372 0.84427 0.76277

C2 0.24664 0.23351 0.27937 0.27469 0.25856 0.22636 0.26162 0.23894 0.25707 0.25613 0.26477 0.26903 0.27657 0.20702 0.25125 0.23289 0.26024 0.26168 0.25028 0.2714 0.26929 0.25152 0.2694 0.25563 0.266 0.24246 0.28587 0.27277 0.27099 0.24725 0.22309 0.20352 0.24225 0.24741 0.41865 0.23642 0.25609 0.26211 0.24729 0.24725 0.25534 0.25663 0.25279 0.26657 0.2726 0.26045 0.23659 0.26531 0.26411 0.25598 0.26776 0.25948 0.25634 0.25578 0.26809 0.26065 0.27345 0.27185 0.25248

C3 658 768 305.32 514 523.3 456.15 617.15 698 655 571 609.15 569.5 282.34 593 720 537 469.15 508.4 674.6 583 489 567 499.15 546 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408 771 588 490.15 5.2 736 616.8 540.2 677.3 632.3 608.3 606.6 611.4 537.4 645 547 723 591 507.6 660.2 611.3 585.3 587.61 582.82 504 544 623 516.2 549

C4 0.28571 0.28571 0.29187 0.23178 0.278 0.25522 0.28454 0.28421 0.31103 0.27829 0.28054 0.27733 0.29147 0.20254 0.21868 0.23357 0.2696 0.2791 0.25442 0.29538 0.30621 0.3182 0.27866 0.2795 0.292 0.29509 0.28776 0.28291 0.2442 0.27558 0.28571 0.25178 0.24435 0.2612 0.24096 0.28571 0.28384 0.28141 0.28289 0.31471 0.26487 0.27766 0.29818 0.28571 0.29644 0.28388 0.28571 0.27628 0.27537 0.25304 0.24919 0.26552 0.28365 0.27746 0.28571 0.28571 0.29185 0.2771 0.31611

Tmin, K

Density at Tmin

Tmax, K

Density at Tmax

263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 195.20 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 230.94 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.60 281.45 187.55 2.20 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65

4.521 2.729 21.640 19.410 11.478 17.588 9.041 7.291 8.220 8.491 7.868 9.018 23.326 15.055 18.310 21.450 23.477 14.006 6.563 6.612 9.924 8.975 16.242 9.632 9.847 8.653 44.888 11.374 19.785 29.526 30.945 25.488 26.806 15.702 37.115 3.219 7.600 7.700 7.221 7.502 7.454 7.575 7.551 8.226 6.728 8.492 3.415 8.724 8.747 8.096 8.456 8.518 8.732 8.763 9.581 10.021 7.773 10.230 10.133

658.00 768.00 305.32 514.00 523.30 456.15 617.15 698.00 655.00 571.00 609.15 569.50 282.34 593.00 720.00 537.00 469.15 508.40 674.60 583.00 489.00 567.00 499.15 546.00 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408.00 771.00 588.00 490.15 5.20 736.00 616.80 540.20 677.30 632.30 608.30 606.60 611.40 537.40 645.00 547.00 723.00 591.00 507.60 660.20 611.30 585.30 587.61 582.82 504.00 544.00 623.00 516.20 549.00

1.3490 0.7780 6.8447 5.9296 3.4793 4.8312 2.6772 2.0450 2.5707 2.4818 2.3261 2.6670 7.5789 3.7880 5.2338 5.7804 7.0550 4.3347 1.8950 2.0534 3.0395 2.7100 4.8430 2.8968 2.9729 2.4160 15.0050 3.7196 6.0980 8.8388 8.7028 6.1350 8.0000 4.5831 17.3120 0.9262 2.3041 2.3371 2.1459 2.2523 2.2368 2.3095 2.3042 2.4765 2.1505 2.5841 0.9844 2.7100 2.6816 2.4546 2.6178 2.5972 2.6455 2.6455 2.8694 2.9942 2.4272 3.1056 3.0211

2-101

182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244

Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether

H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O

302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4

32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148

1.0516 5.414 2.832 3.342 1.3413 2.5635 2.7672 0.88575 1.2801 0.84266 0.87025 2.9214 2.3267 0.88268 1.13 1.6085 0.97286 1.39 0.53382 0.84623 0.91991 0.72762 0.80828 0.91619 0.93391 1.1157 0.8363 0.75509 0.94575 0.76983 1.0674 0.73109 0.7013 0.70973 0.72836 0.84758 0.88824 0.9109 0.97608 1.2635 0.93767 1.067 1.525 0.84005 0.71687 1.0228 0.97887 0.86567 0.78912 1.9323 0.7761 0.4416 0.72701 0.71004 1.0631 0.92128 1.1446 0.9147 0.96145 0.87496 1.3052 0.64856 0.928

0.16613 0.34893 0.2832 0.2729 0.18589 0.1766 0.27369 0.25736 0.2828 0.217 0.24383 0.28976 0.27073 0.23568 0.2593 0.26436 0.26267 0.21405 0.23274 0.24625 0.27815 0.25244 0.26783 0.26752 0.27275 0.27671 0.27514 0.27183 0.26008 0.26173 0.26257 0.26971 0.266 0.26544 0.27241 0.27037 0.26914 0.276 0.28209 0.27878 0.25035 0.27102 0.2634 0.27638 0.26453 0.20692 0.27017 0.26836 0.25915 0.28018 0.25068 0.2521 0.26754 0.26981 0.27506 0.25442 0.2724 0.2594 0.26536 0.26862 0.26757 0.25877 0.289

653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605 471.85 805 662 190.56 512.5 718 506.55 402.4 536 430.05 693 490 460.4 643 577.2 465 470 492 512.74 593 463.2 554.5 442 572.1 686 614 617 532.7 542 526 483 437.8 535.5 533 487.2 497 574.6 488 464.48 553.4 553.1 469.95 566 694 497.7 546.49 407.8 506.2 417.9 530.6 476.25 565 352.5 654 497.1

0.1898 0.2706 0.28571 0.3217 0.28206 0.3733 0.29015 0.26265 0.2972 0.28571 0.28571 0.28881 0.24713 0.27379 0.2764 0.27987 0.2508 0.2275 0.28147 0.29041 0.28667 0.28571 0.23588 0.28164 0.2578 0.30821 0.27553 0.29127 0.30807 0.26879 0.26569 0.29185 0.28571 0.26016 0.2478 0.28258 0.27874 0.26756 0.22529 0.2744 0.29964 0.29364 0.2806 0.27645 0.28918 0.28571 0.28998 0.28364 0.26512 0.28523 0.29773 0.28532 0.28268 0.29974 0.2758 0.27586 0.28172 0.2774 0.30088 0.30259 0.28799 0.31444 0.286

274.69 13.95 185.15 158.97 259.83 189.79 187.68 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 193.00 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 285.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 113.54 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55

31.934 38.487 27.985 34.854 27.202 60.203 29.130 11.420 13.561 13.533 11.834 28.180 27.915 13.012 14.475 19.031 12.203 25.378 8.220 11.994 10.764 9.992 10.254 11.332 11.216 12.581 9.758 9.006 11.519 9.764 13.626 9.017 8.209 8.293 8.263 10.491 10.980 11.014 10.789 13.995 12.663 12.671 18.811 9.738 8.862 17.666 11.933 10.460 10.352 21.564 10.176 5.938 9.204 8.445 12.574 10.556 13.507 11.678 12.043 10.689 15.791 8.010 9.710

653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605.00 471.85 805.00 662.00 190.56 512.50 718.00 506.55 402.40 536.00 430.05 693.00 490.00 460.40 643.00 577.20 465.00 470.00 492.00 512.74 593.00 463.20 554.50 442.00 572.10 686.00 614.00 617.00 532.70 542.00 526.00 483.00 437.80 535.50 533.00 487.20 497.00 574.60 488.00 464.48 553.40 553.10 469.95 566.00 694.00 497.70 546.49 407.80 506.20 417.90 530.60 476.25 565.00 352.50 654.00 497.10

6.3300 15.5160 10.0000 12.2460 7.2156 14.5160 10.1110 3.4417 4.5265 3.8832 3.5691 10.0820 8.5942 3.7452 4.3579 6.0845 3.7037 6.4938 2.2936 3.4365 3.3072 2.8823 3.0179 3.4248 3.4241 4.0320 3.0395 2.7778 3.6364 2.9413 4.0652 2.7107 2.6365 2.6738 2.6738 3.1349 3.3003 3.3004 3.4602 4.5322 3.7454 3.9370 5.7897 3.0395 2.7100 4.9430 3.6232 3.2258 3.0450 6.8966 3.0960 1.7517 2.7174 2.6316 3.8650 3.6211 4.2019 3.5262 3.6232 3.2572 4.8780 2.5063 3.2111

2-102

TABLE 2-32 Cmpd. no. 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) (Concluded) Name

Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N

107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8

58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110

1.2587 0.6348 7.3718 1.0024 3.2091 2.3736 1.3728 2.781 5.246 0.19199 0.49587 0.46321 0.41582 0.43682 0.41687 0.48661 0.47377 0.52152 0.20448 0.53636 0.5266 0.48251 0.48979 0.50726 0.50006 0.5108 0.55449 0.52577 0.58945 1.0501 3.9143 3.3592 0.25142 0.83871 0.84947 0.73455 0.81754 0.79324 0.90411 0.71811 0.89816 0.65858 0.75345 0.8491 0.92099 0.45554 1.3798 0.63163 0.5393 1.6087 1.3757 1.2457 1.1799 0.61255 1.296 1.0969 1.0224 0.73041 0.9195

0.26433 0.25838 0.3067 0.23655 0.2861 0.2817 0.23793 0.27244 0.3044 0.23337 0.26135 0.25444 0.24284 0.25161 0.24056 0.25722 0.27052 0.25918 0.23474 0.26174 0.25693 0.25196 0.24931 0.25972 0.24851 0.25386 0.25952 0.27234 0.26052 0.215 0.28772 0.29884 0.23837 0.26252 0.26726 0.25636 0.26732 0.25806 0.27207 0.24129 0.26608 0.25367 0.27047 0.2352 0.25419 0.2523 0.31598 0.23373 0.22704 0.26543 0.27453 0.27281 0.2644 0.26769 0.26439 0.25568 0.23452 0.25456 0.23878

C3 437 748.4 44.4 593 126.2 234 588.15 309.57 180.15 758 658 594.6 710.7 670.9 649.5 593.1 681 598.05 747 638.9 568.7 694.26 652.3 629.8 632.7 627.7 566.9 667.3 574 804 154.58 261 708 566.1 469.7 639.16 588.1 561 561.08 560.95 464.8 584.3 598 481.2 519 869 694.25 653 791 394 369.83 536.8 508.3 636 504.4 600.81 564.4 549.73 496.95

C4 0.25819 0.27727 0.2786 0.278 0.2966 0.29529 0.29601 0.2882 0.242 0.28571 0.30736 0.28571 0.30036 0.2498 0.2916 0.28571 0.30284 0.29177 0.28571 0.26348 0.28571 0.26842 0.27824 0.22 0.29942 0.26735 0.28571 0.30063 0.28532 0.28571 0.2924 0.28523 0.28571 0.29444 0.27789 0.25522 0.25348 0.28571 0.30669 0.27996 0.28571 0.28571 0.30583 0.353 0.31077 0.24841 0.32768 0.28571 0.248 0.29895 0.29359 0.23994 0.24653 0.28571 0.29471 0.26857 0.2804 0.27666 0.2461

Tmin, K

Density at Tmin

Tmax, K

Density at Tmax

151.15 333.15 24.56 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.60 182.30 109.50 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.35 80.15 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 195.56 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 170.00 252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36

15.691 7.755 61.796 15.556 31.063 26.555 19.632 27.928 44.487 2.889 6.017 6.043 5.759 5.850 6.031 6.372 5.453 6.537 3.042 6.664 6.705 6.311 6.574 6.563 6.648 6.628 7.216 6.099 7.483 16.271 40.770 33.361 3.642 10.534 10.474 9.587 10.061 10.147 10.398 10.102 11.521 9.073 8.858 12.532 12.240 5.985 11.244 9.647 8.222 19.479 16.583 15.206 14.663 7.476 15.929 13.935 16.027 9.794 13.764

437.00 748.40 44.40 593.00 126.20 234.00 588.15 309.57 180.15 758.00 658.00 594.60 710.70 670.90 649.50 593.10 681.00 598.05 747.00 638.90 568.70 694.26 652.30 629.80 632.70 627.70 566.90 667.30 574.00 804.00 154.58 261.00 708.00 566.10 469.70 639.16 588.10 561.00 561.08 560.95 464.80 584.30 598.00 481.20 519.00 869.00 694.25 653.00 791.00 394.00 369.83 536.80 508.30 636.00 504.40 600.81 564.40 549.73 496.95

4.7619 2.4568 24.0360 4.2376 11.2170 8.4260 5.7698 10.2080 17.2340 0.8227 1.8973 1.8210 1.7123 1.7361 1.7329 1.8918 1.7513 2.0122 0.8711 2.0492 2.0500 1.9150 1.9646 1.9531 2.0122 2.0121 2.1366 1.9306 2.2626 4.8842 13.6050 11.2410 1.0550 3.1948 3.1784 2.8653 3.0583 3.0739 3.3231 2.9761 3.3755 2.5962 2.7857 3.6101 3.6232 1.8055 4.3667 2.7024 2.3754 6.0607 5.0111 4.5662 4.4626 2.2883 4.9018 4.2901 4.3595 2.8693 3.8508

304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 344 345 346 347

Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl o-Terphenyl [use Eq. (2)] Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water [use Eq. (2)] m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

0.57233 1.4403 0.915 1.093 1.0714 1.0923 0.83228 1.1945 0.7397 0.70284 2.106 1.3587 1.4969 0.42685 0.3448 5.7136 0.27248 1.2543 0.67717 1.1628 0.58988 1.2874 0.8792 0.9062 0.29934 0.7035 1.0116 0.6531 0.60394 0.59059 0.6028 0.48195 0.37378 0.36703 0.33113 0.9591 1.2703 1.5115 0.59595 −13.851 0.68902 0.69962 0.67752

0.25171 0.26852 0.26134 0.27762 0.27214 0.26106 0.25385 0.24128 0.2603 0.22268 0.25842 0.2701 0.19013 0.181 0.25116 −0.003474 0.24007 0.28084 0.27772 0.28954 0.27201 0.28194 0.27136 0.25475 0.2433 0.27386 0.25683 0.27002 0.25956 0.27424 0.27446 0.23093 0.21379 0.24876 0.23676 0.2593 0.26041 0.2707 0.24314 0.64038 0.26086 0.26143 0.25887

638.35 364.85 538 517 536.6 626 683 259 636 806 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113 857 693 540.15 720 631.95 568 579.35 591.75 602 675 535.15 433.25 664.5 649.1 543.8 573.5 846 828 639 703.9 519.13 454 432 543.15 −0.00191 617 630.3 616.2

0.29616 0.28775 0.28 0.29781 0.29481 0.20459 0.23658 0.16693 0.3009 0.28571 0.2895 0.2921 0.4359 0.28571 0.29268 0.28571 0.2912 0.2878 0.28674 0.27341 0.30781 0.29241 0.31 0.28571 0.2872 0.2696 0.26268 0.27713 0.2847 0.2741 0.28571 0.29905 0.28571 0.2762 0.27448 0.297 0.2716 0.24856 1.8211E-06 0.27479 0.27365 0.27596

173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95 700.15 329.35 288.15 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 243.15 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 354.00 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41

7.982 18.070 11.590 12.610 12.716 14.363 10.082 15.635 9.109 10.261 25.298 12.631 24.241 8.546 4.553 4.713 3.889 13.998 7.638 12.408 5.724 13.430 10.487 11.478 4.182 8.284 13.144 7.728 7.689 6.915 7.093 7.083 6.452 4.945 4.859 12.287 15.664 18.481 8.824 55.497 8.648 8.623 8.161

638.35 364.85 538.00 517.00 536.60 626.00 683.00 259.00 636.00 806.00 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113.00 857.00 313.19 693.00 540.15 720.00 631.95 568.00 579.35 591.75 602.00 675.00 535.15 433.25 664.50 649.10 543.80 573.50 846.00 828.00 639.00 703.90 519.13 454.00 432.00 543.15 353.15 617.00 630.30 616.20

2.2738 5.3638 3.5012 3.9370 3.9369 4.1841 3.2786 4.9507 2.8417 3.1563 8.1495 5.0304 7.8730 2.3583 1.3728 4.6256 1.1350 4.4662 2.4383 4.0160 2.1686 4.5662 3.2400 3.5572 1.2300 2.5688 3.9388 2.4187 2.3268 2.1536 2.1963 2.0870 1.7484 1.4750 1.3986 3.6988 4.8781 5.5837 2.4511 54.0012 2.6413 2.6761 2.6172

Except for o-terphenyl and water, liquid density ρ is calculated by C4]


= C1/C2[1 + (1−T/C3)

where ρ is in mol/dm and T is in K. The pressure is equal to the vapor pressure for pressures greater than 1 atm and equal to 1 atm when the vapor pressure is less than 1 atm. Equation (2), used for the limited temperature ranges as noted for o-terphenyl and water, is 3


= C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3 For water over the entire temperature range of 273.16 to 647.096 K, use
= 17.863 + 58.606τ0.35 − 95.396τ2/3 + 213.89τ − 141.26τ4/3 where τ = 1 − T/647.096.

2-103

All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

2-104

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM UNITS AND UNITS CONVERSIONS Most densities are given in grams per cubic centimeter. To convert to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32. Compositions are weight percent unless otherwise stated. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES For more detailed data on densities see International Critical Tables: tabular index, vol. 3, p. 1; abrasives, vol. 2, p. 87; air, moist, vol. 1, p. 71; building stones, vol. 2, p. 52; clays, vol. 2, p. 56; coals, vol. 2, p. 135; compounds, vol. 1, pp. 106, 176, 313, 341; elements, vol. 1, pp. 102, 340; fibers, vol. 2, p. 237; gases and vapors, vol. 3, pp. 3, 345; glass, vol. 2, p. 93; liquids and vitreous solids, vol. 3, p. 22; vol. 1, pp. 102, 340; vol. 2, TABLE 2-33

pp. 456, 463; vol. 3, pp. 20, 35; liquid coolants and saturated vapors are available from WADC-TR-59-598, 1959; plastics are collected in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.; solid helium, neon, argon, fluorine, and methane data are given by Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960; temperatures of maximum solubility, vol. 3, p. 107; metals, vol. 2, p. 463; oils, fats, and waxes, vol. 2, p. 201; orthobaric, vol. 3, pp. 202, 228, 237, 244; petroleums, vol. 2, pp. 137, 144; plastics, vol. 2, p. 296; porcelains, vol. 2, pp. 68, 75; refrigerating brines, vol. 2, p. 327; rubber, vol. 2, pp. 255, 259; soaps, vol. 5, p. 447; metallic solid solutions, vol. 2, p. 358; solids, vol. 3, pp. 43, 45; vol. 2, p. 456; vol. 3, p. 21; solutions and mixtures, vol. 3, pp. 17, 51, 95, 104, 107, 111, 125, 130; woods, vol. 2, p. 1. Also see the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 86th ed., etc.

Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3]*

%

d15 4

%

d 15 4

1 2 4 8 12

1.0093 1.0195 1.0404 1.0837 1.1293

16 20 24 26

1.1770 1.2272 1.2803 1.3079

TABLE 2-38 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4]*

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 70. TABLE 2-34 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30

0 °C

5 °C

10 °C

20 °C 25 °C %

d15 4

0.9943 0.9954 0.9959 0.9958 0.9955 0.9939 0.993 32 0.889 .9906 .9915 .9919 .9917 .9913 .9895 .988 36 .877 .9834 .9840 .9842 .9837 .9832 .9811 .980 40 .865 0.970 .9701 .9701 .9695 .9686 .9677 .9651 .964 45 .849 .958 .9576 .9571 .9561 .9548 .9534 .9501 .948 50 .832 .947 .9461 .9450 .9435 .9420 .9402 .9362 .934 60 .796 .9353 .9335 .9316 .9296 .9275 .9229 70 .755 .9249 .9226 .9202 .9179 .9155 .9101 80 .711 .9150 .9122 .9094 .9067 .9040 .8980 90 .665 .9101 .9070 .9040 .9012 .8983 .8920 100 .618 *International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 59.

TABLE 2-35 Ammonium Acetate* (CH3COONH4)

TABLE 2-36 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7]*

d 4t

3.80 10.52 19.75 28.04

20 13 13.7 19.6

1.0219 1.0627 1.1189 1.1707

TABLE 2-39

Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)*

%

0 °C

10 °C

25 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

1.0043 1.0088 1.0178 1.0358 1.0539 1.0721 1.0905 1.1090 1.1277 1.1371 1.1862 1.2380

1.0039 1.0082 1.0168 1.0340 1.0515 1.0691 1.0870 1.1051 1.1234 1.1327 1.1810 1.2320

1.0011 1.0051 1.0132 1.0297 1.0464 1.0633 1.0806 1.0982 1.1161 1.1252 1.1727 1.2229

0.9961 1.0000 1.0079 1.0238 1.0400 1.0565 1.0734 1.0907 1.1082 1.1171 1.1640 1.2136

0.9870 .9908 .9985 1.0142 1.0301 1.0462 1.0627 1.0796 1.0968 1.1055 1.1515 1.2006

0.9755 .9793 .9869 1.0024 1.0181 1.0342 1.0506 1.0673 1.0844 1.0931 1.1385 1.1868

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 59.

%

d425

%

d412

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45

0.9992 1.0013 1.0055 1.0136 1.0216 1.0294 1.0368 1.0439 1.0507 1.0540 1.0618 1.0691 1.0760

1 2 4 8 12 16 20

1.0051 1.0108 1.0223 1.0463 1.0715 1.0981 1.1263

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 70.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 62. For data at 16 °C for 3(1)52 percent see Atack, Handbook of Chemical Data, p. 33, Reinhold, New York, 1957. TABLE 2-37

°C

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 70.

Ammonia (NH3)*

% −15 °C −10 °C −5 °C

%

TABLE 2-40

Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]*

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

80 °C

100 °C

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 35 40 50

1.0061 1.0124 1.0248 1.0495 1.0740 1.0980 1.1215 1.1448 1.1677 1.2072 1.2350 1.2899

1.0041 1.0101 1.0220 1.0456 1.0691 1.0924 1.1154 1.1383 1.1609 1.2800 1.2277 1.2825

0.9980 1.0039 1.0155 1.0387 1.0619 1.0849 1.1077 1.1304 1.1529 1.1919 1.2196 1.2745

0.9777 .9836 .9953 1.0187 1.0421 1.0653 1.0883 1.1111 1.1338 1.1731 1.2011 1.2568

0.9644 .9705 .9826 1.0066 1.0303 1.0539 1.0772 1.1003 1.1232 1.1629 1.1910 1.2466

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 60.

Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)*

%

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

30 °C

50 °C

80 °C

100 °C

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24

1.0033 1.0067 1.0135 1.0266 1.0391 1.0510 1.0625 1.0736

1.0029 1.0062 1.0126 1.0251 1.0370 1.0485 1.0596 1.0705

1.0013 1.0045 1.0107 1.0227 1.0344 1.0457 1.0567 1.0674

0.9987 1.0018 1.0077 1.0195 1.0310 1.0422 1.0532 1.0641

0.9910 .9940 .9999 1.0116 1.0231 1.0343 1.0454 1.0564

0.9749 .9780 .9842 .9963 1.0081 1.0198 1.0312 1.0426

0.9617 .9651 .9718 .9849 .9975 1.0096 1.0213 1.0327

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 60.

TABLE 2-41

Arsenic Acid (H3AsO4)*

%

d 15 4

%

d 15 4

1 2 6 10 16

1.0057 1.0124 1.0398 1.0681 1.1128

20 30 40 50 60 70

1.1447 1.2331 1.3370 1.4602 1.6070 1.7811

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 61.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-42

Barium Chloride (BaCl2)*

TABLE 2-48

2-105

Chromic Acid (CrO3)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

%

d15 4

%

d 15 4

2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

1.0181 1.0368 1.0760 1.1178 1.1627 1.2105

1.0159 1.0341 1.0721 1.1128 1.1564 1.2031 1.2531 1.2793

1.0096 1.0275 1.0648 1.1047 1.1478 1.1938 1.2430 1.2688

1.0004 1.0181 1.0551 1.0948 1.1373 1.1828 1.2316 1.2571

0.9890 1.0066 1.0434 1.0827 1.1249 1.1702 1.2186 1.2440

0.9755 .9931 1.0299 1.0692 1.1113 1.1563 1.2045 1.2298

1 2 6 10 16

1.006 1.014 1.045 1.076 1.127

20 26 30 40 50 60

1.163 1.220 1.260 1.371 1.505 1.663

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 75. TABLE 2-43

Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]*

TABLE 2-49

%

d 18 4

%

d 18 4

2 4 8 12 16

1.0154 1.0326 1.0683 1.1061 1.1468

20 25 30 40 50

1.1904 1.2488 1.3124 1.4590 1.6356

d 18 4

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 66.

TABLE 2-44 % −5 °C 2 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40

1.0708 1.1083 1.1471 1.1874

%

Violet

Green

Equilibrium mixture of violet and green

1 2 4 8 12 14

1.0076 1.0166 1.0349 1.0724 1.1114 1.1316

1.0071 1.0157 1.0332 1.0691 1.1065

1.0075 1.0165 1.0347 1.0722 1.1111

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.

Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)*

0 °C

Chromium Chloride (CrCl3)*

20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 60 °C 80 °C 100 °C 120 °C† 140°C

1.0171 1.0346 1.0703 1.1072 1.1454 1.1853 1.2376 1.2922

1.0148 1.0316 1.0659 1.1015 1.1386 1.1775 1.2284 1.2816 1.3373 1.3957

1.0120 1.0286 1.0626 1.0978 1.1345 1.1730 1.2236 1.2764 1.3316 1.3895

1.0084 1.0249 1.0586 1.0937 1.1301 1.1684 1.2186 1.2709 1.3255 1.3826

0.9994 1.0158 1.0492 1.0840 1.1202 1.1581 1.2079 1.2597 1.3137 1.3700

0.9881 1.0046 1.0382 1.0730 1.1092 1.1471 1.1965 1.2478 1.3013 1.3571

0.9748 0.9915 1.0257 1.0610 1.0973 1.1352 1.1846 1.2359 1.2893 1.3450

0.9596 0.9765 1.0111 1.0466 1.0835 1.1219

0.9428 0.9601 0.9954 1.0317 1.0691 1.1080

TABLE 2-50

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 72–73. †Corrected to atmospheric pressure. TABLE 2-45 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]*

Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2]*

%

d 20 4

%

d 20 4

1 2 4 8

1.007 1.015 1.032 1.069

12 16 20 25

1.107 1.147 1.189 1.248

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 67.

TABLE 2-46 Calcium Hypochlorite* (CaOCl2)

TABLE 2-51 (CuSO4)*

Copper Sulfate

TABLE 2-52 Cuprous Chloride (CuCl2)*

%

d15 4

d 425

% total salt

d 15 4

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

0.05 .10 .15

0.99979 1.00044 1.00110

0.99773 .99838 .99904

2 4 6 8 10 12

1.0169 1.0345 1.0520 1.0697 1.0876 1.1060

1 4 8 12 16 18

1.0104 1.0429 1.0887 1.1379

1.0086 1.0401 1.084 1.1308 1.180 1.206

1.0024 1.0332 1.0764 1.1222

1 4 8 12 16 20

1.0095 1.0387 1.0788 1.1208 1.1653 1.2121

1.0072 1.036 1.0754 1.1165 1.1595 1.2052

1.002 1.0305 1.0682 1.107 1.151 1.1953

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 72.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 73. CaOCl2 = 89.15% CaCl2 = 7.31% Ca(ClO3)2 = 0.26% Ca(OH)2 = 2.92% TABLE 2-47

Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]*

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 67.

TABLE 2-53

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 66.

Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)*

%

6 °C

18 °C

25 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

30 °C

2* 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 68†

1.0157 1.0316 1.0641 1.0979 1.1330 1.1694 1.2168

1.0137 1.0291 1.0608 1.0937 1.1279 1.1636 1.2106 1.260 1.311 1.365 1.422 1.747

1.0120 1.0272 1.0585 1.0911 1.1250 1.1602 1.2065

1.0105 1.0256 1.0565 1.0887 1.1224 1.1575 1.2032

1.741

1.736

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1.0086 1.0174 1.0347 1.0703 1.1088 1.1475 1.1870 1.2400 1.2970 1.3605 1.4280

1.0084 1.0168 1.0341 1.0692 1.1071 1.1449 1.1847 1.2380 1.2950 1.3580 1.4235 1.4920 1.5610

1.0068 1.0152 1.0324 1.0669 1.1040 1.1418 1.1820 1.2340 1.2910 1.3530 1.4175 1.4850 1.5510

1.0040 1.0122 1.0292 1.0636 1.1006 1.1386 1.1786 1.2290 1.2850 1.3475 1.4115

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 73–74. †Supercooled tetrahydrate (m.p. 41.4°C).

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.

2-106

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-54 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3]* 17.5

% 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 30 40 50 60

TABLE 2-55 [Fe(NO3)3]*

d4

1.0072 1.0157 1.0327 1.0670 1.1028 1.1409 1.1811 1.3073 1.4487 1.6127 1.7983

Ferric Nitrate 18

d4

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 25

1.0065 1.0144 1.0304 1.0636 1.0989 1.1359 1.1748 1.2281

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 100

1.020 1.040 1.080 1.119 1.159 1.198 1.235 1.258 1.259 1.178 1.089 1.0005

1.017 1.035 1.070 1.101 1.130 1.155

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1.0022 1.0058 1.0131 1.0204 1.0277 1.0351 1.0425 1.0499 1.0574 1.0649 1.0725 1.0802 1.0880

26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 100

1.0959 1.1040 1.1122 1.1327 1.1536 1.1749 1.1966 1.2188 1.2416 1.2897 1.3406 1.3931 1.4465

TABLE 2-57 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr)*

TABLE 2-62

18 °C

20 °C

%

d4

d4

d4

%

1.0090 1.0380 1.0790 1.1235 1.1690 1.2150

1.00068 1.00275 1.00645 1.0085 1.0375 1.0785 1.1220 1.1675 1.2135

1.0002 1.0022 1.0062 1.0082

1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 65.0

1.0073 1.0146 1.0295 1.0448 1.0604 1.0764 1.0928 1.1097 1.1272 1.1453 1.1640 1.1832 1.2030 1.2235 1.2446 1.2663 1.3877 1.5305 1.6950 1.7854

1.0068 1.0139 1.0285 1.0435 1.0589 1.0747 1.0910 1.1078 1.1251 1.1430 1.1615 1.1806 1.2003 1.2206 1.2415 1.2630 1.3838 1.5257 1.6892 1.7792

1.0041 1.0111 1.0255 1.0402 1.0552 1.0707 1.0867 1.1032 1.1202 1.1377 1.1557 1.1743 1.1935 1.2134 1.2340 1.2552 1.3736 1.5127 1.6731 1.7613

1 2 4 8 12

TABLE 2-58 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)* 15

d4

1 2 4 8 12 16 82 90 100

0.998 0.996 0.993 0.984 0.971 0.956 0.752 0.724 0.691

4

10

25

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 55.

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

%

−5 °C

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

1.0048 1.0104 1.0213 1.0321 1.0428 1.0536 1.0645 1.0754 1.0864 1.0975 1.1087 1.1200 1.1314 1.1426 1.1537 1.1648

1.0052 1.0106 1.0213 1.0319 1.0423 1.0528 1.0634 1.0741 1.0849 1.0958 1.1067 1.1177 1.1287 1.1396 1.1505 1.1613

1.0048 1.0100 1.0202 1.0303 1.0403 1.0504 1.0607 1.0711 1.0815 1.0920 1.1025 1.1131 1.1238 1.1344 1.1449 1.1553

1.0032 1.0082 1.0181 1.0279 1.0376 1.0474 1.0574 1.0675 1.0776 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1187 1.1290 1.1392 1.1493 1.1593 1.1691 1.1789 1.1885 1.1980

0.9970 1.0019 1.0116 1.0211 1.0305 1.0400 1.0497 1.0594 1.0692 1.0790 1.0888 1.0986 1.1085 1.1183 1.1280 1.1376

0.9881 0.9930 1.0026 1.0121 1.0215 1.0310 1.0406 1.0502 1.0598 1.0694 1.0790 1.0886 1.0982 1.1076 1.1169 1.1260

0.9768 0.9819 0.9919 1.0016 1.0111 1.0206 1.0302 1.0398 1.0494 1.0590 1.0685 1.0780 1.0874 1.0967 1.1058 1.1149

0.9636 0.9688 0.9791 0.9892 0.9992 1.0090 1.0188 1.0286 1.0383 1.0479 1.0574 1.0668 1.0761 1.0853 1.0942 1.1030

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.

Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6)* 17.5

d4

17.5

%

1.0080 1.0161 1.0324 1.0661 1.1011

d4

16 20 25 30 34

1.1373 1.1748 1.2235 1.2742 1.3162

*O. Söhnel and P. Novotny, Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, 1985.

TABLE 2-63

Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

2 4 8 12 16 20 25 30

1.0168 1.0338 1.0683 1.1035 1.1395 1.1764 1.2246 1.2754

1.0146 1.0311 1.0646 1.0989 1.1342 1.1706 1.2184 1.2688

1.0084 1.0248 1.0580 1.0921 1.1272 1.1635 1.2111 1.2614

0.9995 1.0159 1.0493 1.0836 1.1188 1.1552 1.2031 1.2535

0.9883 1.0050 1.0388 1.0735 1.1092 1.1460 1.1942 1.2451

0.9753 0.9923 1.0269 1.0622 1.0984 1.1359 1.1847 1.2360

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 71.

TABLE 2-64

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 61. TABLE 2-59

18

d4

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.

18

%

15 °C

%

20

d4

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.

TABLE 2-56 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4)* 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0

0

TABLE 2-61 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)*

%

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.

%

TABLE 2-60 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)*

Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

30 °C

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

80 °C

2 4 8 12 16 20 26

1.0210 1.0423 1.0858 1.1309 1.1777 1.2264 1.3032

1.0186 1.0392 1.0816 1.1256 1.1717 1.2198 1.2961

1.0158 1.0362 1.0782 1.1220 1.1679 1.2159 1.2922

1.0123 1.0326 1.0743 1.1179 1.1637 1.2117 1.2879

1.0081 1.0283 1.0700 1.1135 1.1592 1.2072 1.2836

1.0032 1.0234 1.0650 1.1083

0.9916 1.0118 1.0534 1.0968

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 72. TABLE 2-65 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2)* 18

TABLE 2-66 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2]* 20

TABLE 2-67 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4 )* 18

%

d4

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 30

1.0082 1.0179 1.0375 1.0785 1.1217 1.1674 1.2163 1.353

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 30 35

1.0065 1.0150 1.0325 1.0688 1.1070 1.1480 1.191 1.311 1.377

1 2 4 8 12 16 18

1.0091 1.0198 1.0415 1.0852 1.1325 1.1825 1.2090

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-68

2-107

Nitric Acid (HNO3)*

0 °C

5 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

1 2 3 4

1.0058 1.0117 1.0176 1.0236

1.00572 1.01149 1.01730 1.02315

1.00534 1.01099 1.01668 1.02240

1.00464 1.01018 1.01576 1.02137

1.00364 1.00909 1.01457 1.02008

1.00241 1.00778 1.01318 1.01861

1.0009 1.0061 1.0114 1.0168

0.9973 1.0025 1.0077 1.0129

0.9931 0.9982 1.0033 1.0084

0.9882 0.9932 0.9982 1.0033

0.9767 0.9816 0.9865 0.9915

0.9632 0.9681 0.9730 0.9779

5 6 7 8 9

1.0296 1.0357 1.0418 1.0480 1.0543

1.02904 1.03497 1.0410 1.0471 1.0532

1.02816 1.03397 1.0399 1.0458 1.0518

1.02702 1.03272 1.0385 1.0443 1.0502

1.02563 1.03122 1.0369 1.0427 1.0485

1.02408 1.02958 1.0352 1.0409 1.0466

1.0222 1.0277 1.0333 1.0389 1.0446

1.0182 1.0235 1.0289 1.0344 1.0399

1.0136 1.0188 1.0241 1.0295 1.0349

1.0084 1.0136 1.0188 1.0241 1.0294

0.9965 1.0015 1.0066 1.0117 1.0169

0.9829 0.9879 0.9929 0.9980 1.0032

10 11 12 13 14

1.0606 1.0669 1.0733 1.0797 1.0862

1.0594 1.0656 1.0718 1.0781 1.0845

1.0578 1.0639 1.0700 1.0762 1.0824

1.0561 1.0621 1.0681 1.0742 1.0803

1.0543 1.0602 1.0661 1.0721 1.0781

1.0523 1.0581 1.0640 1.0699 1.0758

1.0503 1.0560 1.0618 1.0676 1.0735

1.0455 1.0511 1.0567 1.0624 1.0681

1.0403 1.0458 1.0513 1.0568 1.0624

1.0347 1.0401 1.0455 1.0509 1.0564

1.0221 1.0273 1.0326 1.0379 1.0432

1.0083 1.0134 1.0186 1.0238 1.0289

15 16 17 18 19

1.0927 1.0992 1.1057 1.1123 1.1189

1.0909 1.0973 1.1038 1.1103 1.1168

1.0887 1.0950 1.1014 1.1078 1.1142

1.0865 1.0927 1.0989 1.1052 1.1115

1.0842 1.0903 1.0964 1.1026 1.1088

1.0818 1.0879 1.0940 1.1001 1.1062

1.0794 1.0854 1.0914 1.0974 1.1034

1.0739 1.0797 1.0855 1.0913 1.0972

1.0680 1.0737 1.0794 1.0851 1.0908

1.0619 1.0675 1.0731 1.0787 1.0843

1.0485 1.0538 1.0592 1.0646 1.0700

1.0341 1.0393 1.0444 1.0496 1.0547

20 21 22 23 24

1.1255 1.1322 1.1389 1.1457 1.1525

1.1234 1.1300 1.1366 1.1433 1.1501

1.1206 1.1271 1.1336 1.1402 1.1469

1.1178 1.1242 1.1306 1.1371 1.1437

1.1150 1.1213 1.1276 1.1340 1.1404

1.1123 1.1185 1.1247 1.1310 1.1374

1.1094 1.1155 1.1217 1.1280 1.1343

1.1031 1.1090 1.1150 1.1210 1.1271

1.0966 1.1024 1.1083 1.1142 1.1201

1.0899 1.0956 1.1013 1.1070 1.1127

1.0754 1.0808 1.0862 1.0917 1.0972

1.0598 1.0650 1.0701 1.0753 1.0805

25 26 27 28 29

1.1594 1.1663 1.1733 1.1803 1.1874

1.1569 1.1638 1.1707 1.1777 1.1847

1.1536 1.1603 1.1670 1.1738 1.1807

1.1503 1.1569 1.1635 1.1702 1.1770

1.1469 1.1534 1.1600 1.1666 1.1733

1.1438 1.1502 1.1566 1.1631 1.1697

1.1406 1.1469 1.1533 1.1597 1.1662

1.1332 1.1394 1.1456 1.1519 1.1582

1.1260 1.1320 1.1381 1.1442 1.1503

1.1185 1.1244 1.1303 1.1362 1.1422

1.1027 1.1083 1.1139 1.1195 1.1251

1.0857 1.0910 1.0963 1.1016 1.1069

30 31 32 33 34

1.1945 1.2016 1.2088 1.2160 1.2233

1.1917 1.1988 1.2059 1.2131 1.2203

1.1876 1.1945 1.2014 1.2084 1.2155

1.1838 1.1906 1.1974 1.2043 1.2113

1.1800 1.1867 1.1934 1.2002 1.2071

1.1763 1.1829 1.1896 1.1963 1.2030

1.1727 1.1792 1.1857 1.1922 1.1988

1.1645 1.1708 1.1772 1.1836 1.1901

1.1564 1.1625 1.1687 1.1749 1.1812

1.1482 1.1542 1.1602 1.1662 1.1723

1.1307 1.1363 1.1419 1.1476 1.1533

1.1122 1.1175 1.1228 1.1281 1.1335

35 36 37 38 39

1.2306 1.2375 1.2444 1.2513 1.2581

1.2275 1.2344 1.2412 1.2479 1.2546

1.2227 1.2294 1.2361 1.2428 1.2494

1.2183 1.2249 1.2315 1.2381 1.2446

1.2140 1.2205 1.2270 1.2335 1.2399

1.2098 1.2163 1.2227 1.2291 1.2354

1.2055 1.2119 1.2182 1.2245 1.2308

1.1966 1.2028 1.2089 1.2150 1.2210

1.1876 1.1936 1.1995 1.2054 1.2112

1.1784 1.1842 1.1899 1.1956 1.2013

1.1591 1.1645 1.1699 1.1752 1.1805

1.1390 1.1440 1.1490 1.1540 1.1589

40 41 42 43 44

1.2649 1.2717 1.2786 1.2854 1.2922

1.2613 1.2680 1.2747 1.2814 1.2880

1.2560 1.2626 1.2692 1.2758 1.2824

1.2511 1.2576 1.2641 1.2706 1.2771

1.2463 1.2527 1.2591 1.2655 1.2719

1.2417 1.2480 1.2543 1.2606 1.2669

1.2370 1.2432 1.2494 1.2556 1.2618

1.2270 1.2330 1.2390 1.2450 1.2510

1.2170 1.2229 1.2287 1.2345 1.2403

1.2069 1.2126 1.2182 1.2238 1.2294

1.1858 1.1911 1.1963 1.2015 1.2067

1.1638 1.1687 1.1735 1.1783 1.1831

45 46 47 48 49

1.2990 1.3058 1.3126 1.3194 1.3263

1.2947 1.3014 1.3080 1.3147 1.3214

1.2890 1.2955 1.3021 1.3087 1.3153

1.2836 1.2901 1.2966 1.3031 1.3096

1.2783 1.2847 1.2911 1.2975 1.3040

1.2732 1.2795 1.2858 1.2921 1.2984

1.2680 1.2742 1.2804 1.2867 1.2929

1.2570 1.2630 1.2690 1.2750 1.2811

1.2461 1.2519 1.2577 1.2635 1.2693

1.2350 1.2406 1.2462 1.2518 1.2575

1.2119 1.2171 1.2223 1.2275 1.2328

1.1879 1.1927 1.1976 1.2024 1.2073

50 51 52 53 54

1.3327 1.3391 1.3454 1.3517 1.3579

1.3277 1.3339 1.3401 1.3462 1.3523

1.3215 1.3277 1.3338 1.3399 1.3459

1.3157 1.3218 1.3278 1.3338 1.3397

1.3100 1.3160 1.3219 1.3278 1.3336

1.3043 1.3102 1.3160 1.3218 1.3275

1.2987 1.3045 1.3102 1.3159 1.3215

1.2867 1.2923 1.2978 1.3033 1.3087

1.2748 1.2802 1.2856 1.2909 1.2961

1.2628 1.2680 1.2731 1.2782 1.2833

1.2377 1.2425 1.2473 1.2521 1.2568

1.2118 1.2163 1.2208 1.2252 1.2296

55 56 57 58 59

1.3640 1.3700 1.3759 1.3818 1.3875

1.3583 1.3642 1.3700 1.3757 1.3813

1.3518 1.3576 1.3634 1.3691 1.3747

1.3455 1.3512 1.3569 1.3625 1.3680

1.3393 1.3449 1.3505 1.3560 1.3614

1.3331 1.3386 1.3441 1.3495 1.3548

1.3270 1.3324 1.3377 1.3430 1.3482

1.3141 1.3194 1.3246 1.3298 1.3348

1.3013 1.3064 1.3114 1.3164 1.3213

1.2883 1.2932 1.2981 1.3029 1.3077

1.2615 1.2661 1.2706 1.2751 1.2795

1.2339 1.2382 1.2424 1.2466 1.2507

60 61 62 63 64

1.3931 1.3986 1.4039 1.4091

1.3868 1.3922 1.3975 1.4027 1.4078

1.3801 1.3855 1.3907 1.3958 1.4007

1.3734 1.3787 1.3838 1.3888 1.3936

1.3667 1.3719 1.3769 1.3818 1.3866

1.3600 1.3651 1.3700 1.3748 1.3795

1.3533 1.3583 1.3632 1.3679 1.3725

1.3398 1.3447 1.3494 1.3540

1.3261 1.3308 1.3354 1.3398

1.3124 1.3169 1.3213 1.3255

1.2839 1.2881 1.2922 1.2962

1.2547 1.2587 1.2625 1.2661

%

2-108

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Nitric Acid (HNO3) (Concluded)

TABLE 2-68 0 °C

5 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

65 66 67 68 69

1.4128 1.4177 1.4224 1.4271 1.4317

1.4055 1.4103 1.4150 1.4196 1.4241

1.3984 1.4031 1.4077 1.4122 1.4166

1.3913 1.3959 1.4004 1.4048 1.4091

1.3841 1.3887 1.3932 1.3976 1.4019

1.3770 1.3814 1.3857 1.3900 1.3942

70 71 72 73 74

1.4362 1.4406 1.4449 1.4491 1.4532

1.4285 1.4328 1.4371 1.4413 1.4454

1.4210 1.4252 1.4294 1.4335 1.4376

1.4134 1.4176 1.4218 1.4258 1.4298

1.4061 1.4102 1.4142 1.4182 1.4221

1.3983 1.4023 1.4063 1.4103 1.4142

75 76 77 78 79

1.4573 1.4613 1.4652 1.4690 1.4727

1.4494 1.4533 1.4572 1.4610 1.4647

1.4415 1.4454 1.4492 1.4529 1.4565

1.4337 1.4375 1.4413 1.4450 1.4486

1.4259 1.4296 1.4333 1.4369 1.4404

1.4180 1.4217 1.4253 1.4288 1.4323

80 81 82 83 84

1.4764 1.4800 1.4835 1.4869 1.4903

1.4683 1.4718 1.4753 1.4787 1.4820

1.4601 1.4636 1.4670 1.4704 1.4737

1.4521 1.4555 1.4589 1.4622 1.4655

1.4439 1.4473 1.4507 1.4540 1.4572

1.4357 1.4391 1.4424 1.4456 1.4487

85 86 87 88 89

1.4936 1.4968 1.4999 1.5029 1.5058

1.4852 1.4883 1.4913 1.4942 1.4970

1.4769 1.4799 1.4829 1.4858 1.4885

1.4686 1.4716 1.4745 1.4773 1.4800

1.4603 1.4633 1.4662 1.4690 1.4716

1.4518 1.4548 1.4577 1.4605 1.4631

90 91 92 93 94

1.5085 1.5111 1.5136 1.5156 1.5177

1.4997 1.5023 1.5048 1.5068 1.5088

1.4911 1.4936 1.4960 1.4979 1.4999

1.4826 1.4850 1.4873 1.4892 1.4912

1.4741 1.4766 1.4789 1.4807 1.4826

1.4656 1.4681 1.4704 1.4722 1.4741

95 96 97 98 99 100

1.5198 1.5220 1.5244 1.5278 1.5327 1.5402

1.5109 1.5130 1.5152 1.5187 1.5235 1.5310

1.5019 1.5040 1.5062 1.5096 1.5144 1.5217

1.4932 1.4952 1.4974 1.5008 1.5056 1.5129

1.4846 1.4867 1.4889 1.4922 1.4969 1.5040

1.4761 1.4781 1.4802 1.4835 1.4881 1.4952

%

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

6%

8%

10%

1.0396

1.0534

1.0674

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 58–59.

TABLE 2-69 15

%

d4

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

1.0050 1.0109 1.0228 1.0348 1.0471 1.0597 1.0726 1.0589 1.0995 1.1135 1.1279 1.1428 1.1581 1.1738

Perchloric Acid (HClO4)* 20

d4

25

50

TABLE 2-71 15

20

50

Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)*

d4

d4

%

d4

d4

d4

°C

1%

2%

4%

1.0020 1.0070 1.0169 1.0270 1.0372 1.0475

0.9933 0.9986 0.9906 1.0205 1.0320 1.0440 1.0560 1.0680 1.0810 1.0940 1.1070 1.1205 1.1345 1.1490

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

1.1900 1.2067 1.2239 1.2418 1.2603 1.2794 1.2991 1.3521 1.4103 1.4733 1.5389 1.6059 1.6736

1.1851 1.2013 1.2183 1.2359 1.2542 1.2732 1.2927 1.3450 1.4018 1.4636 1.5298 1.5986 1.6680

1.1645 1.1800 1.1960 1.2130 1.2310 1.2490 1.2680 1.3180 1.3730 1.4320 1.4950 1.5620 1.6290

0 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100

1.0066 1.0064 1.0058 1.0049 1.0024 0.9990 0.9949 0.9901 0.9786 0.9653

1.0134 1.0132 1.0125 1.0117 1.0092 1.0058 1.0017 0.9969 0.9855 0.9722

1.0270 1.0268 1.0260 1.0252 1.0228 1.0195 1.0154 1.0106 0.9993 0.9860

1.1697

TABLE 2-72 Potassium Bromide (KBr)*

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.

TABLE 2-70

Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)*

°C

2%

6%

14%

0 10 20 30 40

1.0113 1.0109 1.0092 1.0065 1.0029

1.0339 1.0330 1.0309 1.0279 1.0241

1.0811 1.0792 1.0764 1.0728 1.0685

20%

26%

35%

50%

75%

1.1192 1.1167 1.1567 1.221 1.341 1.1134 1.1529 1.216 1.335 1.579 1.1094 1.1484 1.211 1.329 1.572 1.1048

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 61.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 90.

100%

1.870 1.862

%

d 20 4

1 2 6 12 20 30 40

1.0054 1.0127 1.0426 1.0903 1.1601 1.2593 1.3746

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 87.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-73

Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)*

TABLE 2-79

2-109

Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)*

%

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

%

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50

1.0094 1.0189 1.0381 1.0768 1.1160 1.1562 1.1977 1.2405 1.2846 1.3071 1.3646 1.4244 1.4867 1.5517

1.0089 1.0182 1.0369 1.0746 1.1131 1.1530 1.1941 1.2366 1.2804 1.3028 1.3600 1.4195 1.4815 1.5462

1.0072 1.0163 1.0345 1.0715 1.1096 1.1490 1.1898 1.2320 1.2756 1.2979 1.3548 1.4141 1.4759 1.5404

1.0010 1.0098 1.0276 1.0640 1.1013 1.1399 1.1801 1.2219 1.2652 1.2873 1.3440 1.4029 1.4644 1.5285

0.9919 1.0005 1.0180 1.0538 1.0906 1.1290 1.1690 1.2106 1.2538 1.2759 1.3324 1.3913 1.4528 1.5169

0.9803 0.9889 1.0063 1.0418 1.0786 1.1170 1.1570 1.1986 1.2418 1.2640 1.3206 1.3795 1.4408 1.5048

0.9670 0.9756 0.9951 1.0291 1.0663 1.1049 1.1451 1.1869 1.2301 1.2522 1.3089 1.3678 1.4290 1.4928

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24

1.00654 1.01326 1.02677 1.05419 1.08221

1.00615 1.01262 1.02566 1.05226 1.07963

1.00447 1.01075 1.02344 1.04940 1.07620 1.10392 1.13261 1.16233

0.99825 1.00430 1.01652 1.04152 1.06740 1.09432 1.12240 1.15175

0.9890 0.9949 1.0068 1.0313 1.0567 1.0831 1.1106 1.1391

0.9776 0.9834 0.9951 1.0192 1.0442 1.0703 1.0974 1.1256

0.9641 0.9699 0.9816 1.0056 1.0304 1.0562 1.0831 1.1110

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 90. TABLE 2-74 Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4)* 15

TABLE 2-75 (KClO3)*

18

Potassium Chlorate

%

d4

d4

°C

1%

2%

3%

4%

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30

1.0073 1.0155 1.0321 1.0659 1.1009

1.0066 1.0147 1.0311 1.0647 1.0999 1.1366 1.1748 1.2147 1.2566 1.2784

0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100

1.0061 1.0059 1.0045 1.0020 0.9986 0.9895 0.9781 0.9646

1.0124 1.0122 1.0109 1.0085 1.0051 0.9959 0.9845 0.9709

1.0189 1.0187 1.0174 1.0151 1.0116 1.0024 0.9910 0.9774

1.0256 1.0254 1.0241 1.0218 1.0183 1.0091 0.9977 0.9840

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 92. TABLE 2-76

Potassium Chloride (KCl)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

25 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0

1.00661 1.01335 1.02690 1.05431 1.08222 1.11068 1.13973

1.00462 1.01103 1.02391 1.05003 1.07679 1.10434 1.13280 1.16226

1.00342 1.00977 1.02255 1.04847 1.07506 1.10245 1.13072 1.15995

0.99847 1.00471 1.01727 1.04278 1.06897 1.09600 1.12399 1.15299 1.18304

0.9894 0.9956 1.0080 1.0333 1.0592 1.0861 1.1138 1.1425 1.1723

0.9780 0.9842 0.9966 1.0219 1.0478 1.0746 1.1024 1.1311 1.1609

0.9646 0.9708 0.9634 1.0888 1.0350 1.0619 1.0897 1.1185 1.1483

%

110 °C

120 °C

130 °C

140°C

3.79 7.45 13.62

0.9733 0.9978 1.0388

0.9663 0.9899 1.0313

0.9583 0.9827 1.0238

0.9502 0.9745 1.0159

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 87. TABLE 2-77 Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4]*

TABLE 2-80 Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)* 20

d 15 4

%

d 15 4

1 2 6 10 14 20 30 40 50

1.007 1.016 1.052 1.089 1.129 1.193 1.315 1.456 1.615

1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 51.7

1.0083 1.0175 1.0359 1.0544 1.0730 1.0918 1.1396 1.1884 1.2387 1.2905 1.3440 1.3991 1.4558 1.5143 1.5355 (sat’d. soln.)

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86.

TABLE 2-81 (K2SO4)*

Potassium Sulfate 20

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.0052 1.0122 1.0264 1.0408 1.0554 1.0703

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.0063 1.0145 1.0310 1.0477 1.0646 1.0817

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 92. TABLE 2-82 Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3)* 15

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 88. TABLE 2-83 Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2)* 20

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

1.0073 1.0155 1.0322 1.0667 1.1026 1.1402 1.1793 1.2197 1.2404

1 2 4 8 12 18 20 26 28

1.0033 1.0084 1.0186 1.0392 1.0598 1.0807 1.1021 1.1351 1.1462

*International Critical Tables, *International Critical Tables, vol. 3, vol. 3, p. 87. p. 83. TABLE 2-84 Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4)* 17

TABLE 2-85 Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7)* 15

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 8 10 12

1.0097 1.0207 1.0431 1.0892 1.1130 1.1373

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50

1.006 1.013 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.112 1.140 1.166 1.193 1.207 1.244 1.279 1.312 1.342

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 82.

TABLE 2-78 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)*

%

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 92.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 89.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86. TABLE 2-86 Sodium Bromide (NaBr)* 20

TABLE 2-87 Sodium Formate (HCOONa)* 25

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 8 10 12 20 30 40

1.0060 1.0139 1.0298 1.0631 1.0803 1.0981 1.1745 1.2841 1.4138

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40

1.003 1.009 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.155 1.184 1.199 1.236 1.274

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 80.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 83.

2-110

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-88

Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)*

TABLE 2-92

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)*

%

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

30 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

1 2 4 8 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 30

1.0109 1.0219 1.0439 1.0878 1.1319 1.1543

1.0103 1.0210 1.0423 1.0850 1.1284 1.1506

1.0086 1.0190 1.0398 1.0816 1.1244 1.1463

1.0058 1.0159 1.0363 1.0775 1.1200 1.1417 1.1636 1.1859 1.2086 1.2552 1.3031 1.3274

1.0022 1.0122 1.0323 1.0732 1.1150 1.1365

0.9929 1.0027 1.0223 1.0625 1.1039 1.1251

0.9814 0.9910 1.0105 1.0503 1.0914 1.1125

0.9683 0.9782 0.9980 1.0380 1.0787 1.0996

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 50

1.0124 1.0244 1.0482 1.0943 1.1399 1.1849 1.2296 1.2741 1.3182 1.3614 1.4030 1.4435 1.4825 1.5210 1.5400

1.01065 1.02198 1.04441 1.08887 1.13327 1.17761 1.22183 1.26582 1.3094 1.3520 1.3933 1.4334 1.4720 1.5102 1.5290

1.0095 1.0207 1.0428 1.0869 1.1309 1.1751 1.2191 1.2629 1.3064 1.3490 1.3900 1.4300 1.4685 1.5065 1.5253

1.0033 1.0139 1.0352 1.0780 1.1210 1.1645 1.2079 1.2512 1.2942 1.3362 1.3768 1.4164 1.4545 1.4922 1.5109

0.9941 1.0045 1.0254 1.0676 1.1101 1.1531 1.1960 1.2388 1.2814 1.3232 1.3634 1.4027 1.4405 1.4781 1.4967

0.9824 0.9929 1.0139 1.0560 1.0983 1.1408 1.1833 1.2259 1.2682 1.3097 1.3498 1.3889 1.4266 1.4641 1.4827

0.9693 0.9797 1.0009 1.0432 1.0855 1.1277 1.1700 1.2124 1.2546 1.2960 1.3360 1.3750 1.4127 1.4503 1.4690

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 82–83. TABLE 2-89

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 79.

Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3)* 18

18

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1.0053 1.0121 1.0258 1.0397 1.0538 1.0681 1.0827 1.0977 1.1131

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

1.1288 1.1449 1.1614 1.1782 1.1953 1.2128 1.2307 1.2491 1.2680

TABLE 2-93

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 80. TABLE 2-90

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)*

%

0 °C

10 °C

25 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

1.00747 1.01509 1.03038 1.06121 1.09244 1.12419 1.15663 1.18999 1.20709

1.00707 1.01442 1.02920 1.05907 1.08946 1.12056 1.15254 1.18557 1.20254

1.00409 1.01112 1.02530 1.05412 1.08365 1.11401 1.14533 1.17776 1.19443

0.99908 1.00593 1.01977 1.04798 1.07699 1.10688 1.13774 1.16971 1.18614

0.9900 0.9967 1.0103 1.0381 1.0667 1.0962 1.1268 1.1584 1.1747

0.9785 0.9852 0.9988 1.0264 1.0549 1.0842 1.1146 1.1463 1.1626

0.9651 0.9719 0.9855 1.0134 1.0420 1.0713 1.1017 1.1331 1.1492

Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45

1.0071 1.0144 1.0290 1.0587 1.0891 1.1203 1.1526 1.1860 1.2204 1.2380 1.2834 1.3316

1.0049 1.0117 1.0254 1.0532 1.0819 1.1118 1.1429 1.1752 1.2085 1.2256 1.2701 1.3175 1.3683

0.9986 1.0050 1.0180 1.0447 1.0724 1.1013 1.1314 1.1629 1.1955 1.2122 1.2560 1.3027 1.3528

0.9894 0.9956 1.0082 1.0340 1.0609 1.0892 1.1187 1.1496 1.1816 1.1980 1.2413 1.2875 1.3371

0.9779 0.9840 0.9964 1.0218 1.0481 1.0757 1.1048 1.1351 1.1667 1.1830 1.2258 1.2715 1.3206

0.9644 0.9704 0.9826 1.0078 1.0340 1.0614 1.0901 1.1200 1.1513 1.1674 1.2100 1.2555 1.3044

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 82.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 79. TABLE 2-91 Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4)*

TABLE 2-94 Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2)*

18

%

d4

%

d4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

1.0074 1.0164 1.0344 1.0718 1.1110 1.1518 1.1942 1.2383 1.2611

1 2 4 8 12 16 20

1.0058 1.0125 1.0260 1.0535 1.0816 1.1103 1.1394

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 82.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86. TABLE 2-95

15

Sodium Silicates* Concentration, % 1

2

4

8

10

14

Na2O/3.9SiO2 Na2O/3.36SiO2 Na2O/2.40SiO2 Na2O/2.44SiO2 Na2O/2.06SiO2 Na2O/1.69SiO2

20

24

30

36

40

45

50

1.445 1.450

1.520

1.594

20

Formula

d4 1.006 1.006 1.007

1.014 1.014 1.016

1.030 1.030 1.034

1.063 1.065 1.071

1.080 1.083 1.090

1.116 1.120 1.130

1.172 1.179

1.211 1.222

1.275 1.290

1.365

1.007 1.007

1.016 1.017

1.035 1.036

1.073 1.077

1.093 1.098

1.134 1.141

1.200 1.210

1.247 1.259

1.309 1.321 1.337

1.387 1.397 1.424

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 85.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-96

Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

30 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24

1.0094 1.0189 1.0381 1.0773 1.1174 1.1585 1.2008 1.2443

1.0073 1.0164 1.0348 1.0724 1.1109 1.1586 1.1915 1.2336

1.0046 1.0135 1.0315 1.0682 1.1062 1.1456 1.1865 1.2292

1.0010 1.0098 1.0276 1.0639 1.1015 1.1406 1.1813 1.2237

0.9919 1.0007 1.0184 1.0544 1.0915 1.1299 1.1696

0.9805 0.9892 1.0068 1.0426 1.0795 1.1176 1.1569

0.9671 0.9758 0.9934 1.0292 1.0661 1.1042

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81.

TABLE 2-97 Sodium Sulfide (Na2S)*

TABLE 2-98 Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3)*

TABLE 2-99 Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)*

%

d 18 4

%

d 19 4

%

d 20 4

1 2 4 8 12 16 18

1.0098 1.0211 1.0440 1.0907 1.1388 1.1885 1.2140

1 2 4 8 12 16 18

1.0078 1.0172 1.0363 1.0751 1.1146 1.1549 1.1755

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40

1.0065 1.0148 1.0315 1.0654 1.1003 1.1365 1.1740 1.2128 1.2532 1.2739 1.3273 1.3827

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81. TABLE 2-100 Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3⋅5H2O) %

d 19 4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 40 50

1.0052 1.0105 1.0211 1.0423 1.0639 1.0863 1.1087 1.1322 1.1558 1.1676 1.2297 1.2954

TABLE 2-101 Stannic Chloride (SnCl4)*

TABLE 2-102 Stannous Chloride (SnCl2)*

%

d 15 4

%

d 15 4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

1.007 1.015 1.031 1.064 1.099 1.135 1.173 1.212 1.255 1.278 1.337 1.403 1.475 1.555 1.644 1.742 1.851 1.971

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

1.0068 1.0146 1.0306 1.0638 1.0986 1.1353 1.1743 1.2159 1.2603 1.2837 1.3461 1.4145 1.4897 1.5729 1.6656 1.7695 1.8865

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 63.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 63.

2-111

2-112

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-103

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)*

0 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100°C

1 2 3 4

1.0074 1.0147 1.0219 1.0291

1.0068 1.0138 1.0206 1.0275

1.0060 1.0129 1.0197 1.0264

1.0051 1.0118 1.0184 1.0250

1.0038 1.0104 1.0169 1.0234

1.0022 1.0087 1.0152 1.0216

0.9986 1.0050 1.0113 1.0176

0.9944 1.0006 1.0067 1.0129

0.9895 0.9956 1.0017 1.0078

0.9779 0.9839 0.9900 0.9961

0.9645 0.9705 0.9766 0.9827

5 6 7 8 9

1.0364 1.0437 1.0511 1.0585 1.0660

1.0344 1.0414 1.0485 1.0556 1.0628

1.0332 1.0400 1.0469 1.0539 1.0610

1.0317 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591

1.0300 1.0367 1.0434 1.0502 1.0571

1.0281 1.0347 1.0414 1.0481 1.0549

1.0240 1.0305 1.0371 1.0437 1.0503

1.0192 1.0256 1.0321 1.0386 1.0451

1.0140 1.0203 1.0266 1.0330 1.0395

1.0022 1.0084 1.0146 1.0209 1.0273

0.9888 0.9950 1.0013 1.0076 1.0140

10 11 12 13 14

1.0735 1.0810 1.0886 1.0962 1.1039

1.0700 1.0773 1.0846 1.0920 1.0994

1.0681 1.0753 1.0825 1.0898 1.0971

1.0661 1.0731 1.0802 1.0874 1.0947

1.0640 1.0710 1.0780 1.0851 1.0922

1.0617 1.0686 1.0756 1.0826 1.0897

1.0570 1.0637 1.0705 1.0774 1.0844

1.0517 1.0584 1.0651 1.0719 1.0788

1.0460 1.0526 1.0593 1.0661 1.0729

1.0338 1.0403 1.0469 1.0536 1.0603

1.0204 1.0269 1.0335 1.0402 1.0469

15 16 17 18 19

1.1116 1.1194 1.1272 1.1351 1.1430

1.1069 1.1145 1.1221 1.1298 1.1375

1.1045 1.1120 1.1195 1.1271 1.1347

1.1020 1.1094 1.1168 1.1243 1.1318

1.0994 1.1067 1.1141 1.1215 1.1290

1.0968 1.1040 1.1113 1.1187 1.1261

1.0914 1.0985 1.1057 1.1129 1.1202

1.0857 1.0927 1.0998 1.1070 1.1142

1.0798 1.0868 1.0938 1.1009 1.1081

1.0671 1.0740 1.0809 1.0879 1.0950

1.0537 1.0605 1.0674 1.0744 1.0814

20 21 22 23 24

1.1510 1.1590 1.1670 1.1751 1.1832

1.1453 1.1531 1.1609 1.1688 1.1768

1.1424 1.1501 1.1579 1.1657 1.1736

1.1394 1.1471 1.1548 1.1626 1.1704

1.1365 1.1441 1.1517 1.1594 1.1672

1.1335 1.1410 1.1486 1.1563 1.1640

1.1275 1.1349 1.1424 1.1500 1.1576

1.1215 1.1288 1.1362 1.1437 1.1512

1.1153 1.1226 1.1299 1.1373 1.1448

1.1021 1.1093 1.1166 1.1239 1.1313

1.0885 1.0957 1.1029 1.1102 1.1176

25 26 27 28 29

1.1914 1.1996 1.2078 1.2160 1.2243

1.1848 1.1929 1.2010 1.2091 1.2173

1.1816 1.1896 1.1976 1.2057 1.2138

1.1783 1.1862 1.1942 1.2023 1.2104

1.1750 1.1829 1.1909 1.1989 1.2069

1.1718 1.1796 1.1875 1.1955 1.2035

1.1653 1.1730 1.1808 1.1887 1.1966

1.1588 1.1665 1.1742 1.1820 1.1898

1.1523 1.1599 1.1676 1.1753 1.1831

1.1388 1.1463 1.1539 1.1616 1.1693

1.1250 1.1325 1.1400 1.1476 1.1553

30 31 32 33 34

1.2326 1.2409 1.2493 1.2577 1.2661

1.2255 1.2338 1.2421 1.2504 1.2588

1.2220 1.2302 1.2385 1.2468 1.2552

1.2185 1.2267 1.2349 1.2432 1.2515

1.2150 1.2232 1.2314 1.2396 1.2479

1.2115 1.2196 1.2278 1.2360 1.2443

1.2046 1.2126 1.2207 1.2289 1.2371

1.1977 1.2057 1.2137 1.2218 1.2300

1.1909 1.1988 1.2068 1.2148 1.2229

1.1771 1.1849 1.1928 1.2008 1.2088

1.1630 1.1708 1.1787 1.1866 1.1946

35 36 37 38 39

1.2746 1.2831 1.2917 1.3004 1.3091

1.2672 1.2757 1.2843 1.2929 1.3016

1.2636 1.2720 1.2805 1.2891 1.2978

1.2599 1.2684 1.2769 1.2855 1.2941

1.2563 1.2647 1.2732 1.2818 1.2904

1.2526 1.2610 1.2695 1.2780 1.2866

1.2454 1.2538 1.2622 1.2707 1.2793

1.2383 1.2466 1.2550 1.2635 1.2720

1.2311 1.2394 1.2477 1.2561 1.2646

1.2169 1.2251 1.2334 1.2418 1.2503

1.2027 1.2109 1.2192 1.2276 1.2361

40 41 42 43 44

1.3179 1.3268 1.3357 1.3447 1.3538

1.3103 1.3191 1.3280 1.3370 1.3461

1.3065 1.3153 1.3242 1.3332 1.3423

1.3028 1.3116 1.3205 1.3294 1.3384

1.2991 1.3079 1.3167 1.3256 1.3346

1.2953 1.3041 1.3129 1.3218 1.3308

1.2880 1.2967 1.3055 1.3144 1.3234

1.2806 1.2893 1.2981 1.3070 1.3160

1.2732 1.2819 1.2907 1.2996 1.3086

1.2589 1.2675 1.2762 1.2850 1.2939

1.2446 1.2532 1.2619 1.2707 1.2796

45 46 47 48 49

1.3630 1.3724 1.3819 1.3915 1.4012

1.3553 1.3646 1.3740 1.3835 1.3931

1.3515 1.3608 1.3702 1.3797 1.3893

1.3476 1.3569 1.3663 1.3758 1.3854

1.3437 1.3530 1.3624 1.3719 1.3814

1.3399 1.3492 1.3586 1.3680 1.3775

1.3325 1.3417 1.3510 1.3604 1.3699

1.3251 1.3343 1.3435 1.3528 1.3623

1.3177 1.3269 1.3362 1.3455 1.3549

1.3029 1.3120 1.3212 1.3305 1.3399

1.2886 1.2976 1.3067 1.3159 1.3253

50 51 52 53 54

1.4110 1.4209 1.4310 1.4412 1.4515

1.4029 1.4128 1.4228 1.4329 1.4431

1.3990 1.4088 1.4188 1.4289 1.4391

1.3951 1.4049 1.4148 1.4248 1.4350

1.3911 1.4009 1.4109 1.4209 1.4310

1.3872 1.3970 1.4069 1.4169 1.4270

1.3795 1.3893 1.3991 1.4091 1.4191

1.3719 1.3816 1.3914 1.4013 1.4113

1.3644 1.3740 1.3837 1.3936 1.4036

1.3494 1.3590 1.3687 1.3785 1.3884

1.3348 1.3444 1.3540 1.3637 1.3735

55 56 57 58 59

1.4619 1.4724 1.4830 1.4937 1.5045

1.4535 1.4640 1.4746 1.4852 1.4959

1.4494 1.4598 1.4703 1.4809 1.4916

1.4453 1.4557 1.4662 1.4768 1.4875

1.4412 1.4516 1.4621 1.4726 1.4832

1.4372 1.4475 1.4580 1.4685 1.4791

1.4293 1.4396 1.4500 1.4604 1.4709

1.4214 1.4317 1.4420 1.4524 1.4629

1.4137 1.4239 1.4342 1.4446 1.4551

1.3984 1.4085 1.4187 1.4290 1.4393

1.3834 1.3934 1.4035 1.4137 1.4240

60 61 62 63 64

1.5154 1.5264 1.5375 1.5487 1.5600

1.5067 1.5177 1.5287 1.5398 1.5510

1.5024 1.5133 1.5243 1.5354 1.5465

1.4983 1.5091 1.5200 1.5310 1.5421

1.4940 1.5048 1.5157 1.5267 1.5378

1.4898 1.5006 1.5115 1.5225 1.5335

1.4816 1.4923 1.5031 1.5140 1.5250

1.4735 1.4842 1.4950 1.5058 1.5167

1.4656 1.4762 1.4869 1.4977 1.5086

1.4497 1.4602 1.4708 1.4815 1.4923

1.4344 1.4449 1.4554 1.4660 1.4766

%

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-103

2-113

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) (Concluded)

%

0 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

65 66 67 68 69

1.5714 1.5828 1.5943 1.6059 1.6176

1.5623 1.5736 1.5850 1.5965 1.6081

1.5578 1.5691 1.5805 1.5920 1.6035

1.5533 1.5646 1.5760 1.5874 1.5989

1.5490 1.5602 1.5715 1.5829 1.5944

1.5446 1.5558 1.5671 1.5785 1.5899

1.5361 1.5472 1.5584 1.5697 1.5811

1.5277 1.5388 1.5499 1.5611 1.5724

1.5195 1.5305 1.5416 1.5528 1.5640

1.5031 1.5140 1.5249 1.5359 1.5470

1.4873 1.4981 1.5089 1.5198 1.5307

70 71 72 73 74

1.6293 1.6411 1.6529 1.6648 1.6768

1.6198 1.6315 1.6433 1.6551 1.6670

1.6151 1.6268 1.6385 1.6503 1.6622

1.6105 1.6221 1.6338 1.6456 1.6574

1.6059 1.6175 1.6292 1.6409 1.6526

1.6014 1.6130 1.6246 1.6363 1.6480

1.5925 1.6040 1.6155 1.6271 1.6387

1.5838 1.5952 1.6067 1.6182 1.6297

1.5753 1.5867 1.5981 1.6095 1.6209

1.5582 1.5694 1.5806 1.5919 1.6031

1.5417 1.5527 1.5637 1.5747 1.5857

75 76 77 78 79

1.6888 1.7008 1.7128 1.7247 1.7365

1.6789 1.6908 1.7026 1.7144 1.7261

1.6740 1.6858 1.6976 1.7093 1.7209

1.6692 1.6810 1.6927 1.7043 1.7158

1.6644 1.6761 1.6878 1.6994 1.7108

1.6597 1.6713 1.6829 1.6944 1.7058

1.6503 1.6619 1.6734 1.6847 1.6959

1.6412 1.6526 1.6640 1.6751 1.6862

1.6322 1.6435 1.6547 1.6657 1.6766

1.6142 1.6252 1.6361 1.6469 1.6575

1.5966 1.6074 1.6181 1.6286 1.6390

80 81 82 83 84

1.7482 1.7597 1.7709 1.7815 1.7916

1.7376 1.7489 1.7599 1.7704 1.7804

1.7323 1.7435 1.7544 1.7649 1.7748

1.7272 1.7383 1.7491 1.7594 1.7693

1.7221 1.7331 1.7437 1.7540 1.7639

1.7170 1.7279 1.7385 1.7487 1.7585

1.7069 1.7177 1.7281 1.7382 1.7479

1.6971 1.7077 1.7180 1.7279 1.7375

1.6873 1.6978 1.7080 1.7179 1.7274

1.6680 1.6782 1.6882 1.6979 1.7072

1.6493 1.6594 1.6692 1.6787 1.6878

85 86 87 88 89

1.8009 1.8095 1.8173 1.8243 1.8306

1.7897 1.7983 1.8061 1.8132 1.8195

1.7841 1.7927 1.8006 1.8077 1.8141

1.7786 1.7872 1.7951 1.8022 1.8087

1.7732 1.7818 1.7897 1.7968 1.8033

1.7678 1.7763 1.7842 1.7914 1.7979

1.7571 1.7657 1.7736 1.7809 1.7874

1.7466 1.7552 1.7632 1.7705 1.7770

1.7364 1.7449 1.7529 1.7602 1.7669

1.7161 1.7245 1.7324 1.7397 1.7464

1.6966 1.7050 1.7129 1.7202 1.7269

90 91 92 93 94

1.8361 1.8410 1.8453 1.8490 1.8520

1.8252 1.8302 1.8346 1.8384 1.8415

1.8198 1.8248 1.8293 1.8331 1.8363

1.8144 1.8195 1.8240 1.8279 1.8312

1.8091 1.8142 1.8188 1.8227 1.8260

1.8038 1.8090 1.8136 1.8176 1.8210

1.7933 1.7986 1.8033 1.8074 1.8109

1.7829 1.7883 1.7932 1.7974 1.8011

1.7729 1.7783 1.7832 1.7876 1.7914

1.7525 1.7581 1.7633 1.7681

1.7331 1.7388 1.7439 1.7485

95 96 97 98 99 100

1.8544 1.8560 1.8569 1.8567 1.8551 1.8517

1.8439 1.8457 1.8466 1.8463 1.8445 1.8409

1.8388 1.8406 1.8414 1.8411 1.8393 1.8357

1.8337 1.8355 1.8364 1.8361 1.8342 1.8305

1.8286 1.8305 1.8314 1.8310 1.8292 1.8255

1.8236 1.8255 1.8264 1.8261 1.8242 1.8205

1.8137 1.8157 1.8166 1.8163 1.8145 1.8107

1.8040 1.8060 1.8071 1.8068 1.8050 1.8013

1.7944 1.7965 1.7977 1.7976 1.7958 1.7922

%

d 5.96 4

%

d 13.00 4

d 18.00 4

0.005 .01 .02 .03 .04

1.000 0140 1.000 0576 1.000 1434 1.000 2276 1.000 3104

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.999 810 1.000 185 1.000 912 1.001 623 1.002 326

0.999 028 0.999 400 1.000 119 1.000 820 1.001 512

.05 .06 .07 .08 .09

1.000 3920 1.000 4726 1.000 5523 1.000 6313 1.000 7098

0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

1.003 023 1.003 716 1.005 090 1.006 452 1.007 807

1.002 197 1.002 877 1.004 227 1.005 570 1.006 909

.10 .15 .20 .25 .30

1.000 7880 1.001 1732 1.001 5514 1.001 9254 1.002 2961

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

1.009 159 1.010 510 1.011 860 1.013 209 1.014 557

1.008 247 1.009 583 1.010 918 1.012 252 1.013 586

.35 .40 .45 .50

1.002 6639 1.003 0292 1.003 3923 1.003 7534

2.4

1.015 904

1.014 919

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 56–57.

2-114

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-104

Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

2 4 8 12 16

1.0188 1.0381 1.0777 1.1186 1.1609

1.0167 1.0354 1.0738 1.1135 1.1544

1.0102 1.0285 1.0660 1.1046 1.1445

1.0008 1.0187 1.0554 1.0932 1.1320

0.9890 1.0065 1.0422 1.0789 1.1169

0.9751 0.9921 1.0270 1.0629 1.1000

20 30 40 50 60 65

1.2043 1.3288 1.477 1.661 1.891 2.026

1.1965 1.3170 1.462 1.643 1.869 2.002

1.1855 1.3030 1.445 1.623 1.845 1.976

1.1720 1.2868 1.427 1.602 1.822 1.951

1.1560 1.2688 1.406 1.579 1.797 1.924

1.1382 1.2489 1.385 1.555 1.771 1.898

TABLE 2-106 [Zn(NO3)2]*

Zinc Nitrate

TABLE 2-107 (ZnSO4)*

Zinc Sulfate

%

18 °C

%

18 °C

%

20 °C

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1.0154 1.0322 1.0496 1.0675 1.0859 1.1048 1.1244 1.1445

18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1.1652 1.1865 1.2427 1.3029 1.3678 1.4378 1.5134 1.5944

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1.019 1.0403 1.0620 1.0842 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 65.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 65.

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 64. TABLE 2-105

Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)*

%

0 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

80 °C

100 °C

2 4 8 12 16

1.0192 1.0384 1.0769 1.1159 1.1558

1.0167 1.0350 1.0715 1.1085 1.1468

1.0099 1.0274 1.0624 1.0980 1.1350

1.0003 1.0172 1.0508 1.0853 1.1212

0.9882 1.0044 1.0369 1.0704 1.1055

0.9739 0.9894 1.0211 1.0541 1.0888

20 30 40 50 60 70

1.1970 1.3062 1.4329 1.5860

1.1866 1.2928 1.4173 1.5681 1.749 1.962

1.1736 1.2778 1.4003 1.5495

1.1590 1.2614 1.3824 1.5300

1.1428 1.2438 1.3637 1.5097

1.1255 1.2252 1.3441 1.4892

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 64.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS* UNITS AND UNITS CONVERSIONS

From International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 115–129 unless otherwise stated. All compositions are in weight percent in vacuo. All density values are d4t = g /mL in vacuo.

Unless otherwise noted, densities are given in grams per cubic centimeter. To convert to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 TABLE 2-108

*For gasoline and aircraft fuels see Hibbard, NACA Res. Mem. E56I21 (declassified 1958).

Formic Acid (HCOOH)

%

0 °C

15 °C

20 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

20 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

20 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

20 °C

30 °C

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 1.0028 1.0059 1.0090 1.0120

0.9991 1.0019 1.0045 1.0072 1.0100

0.9982 1.0019 1.0044 1.0070 1.0093

0.9957 0.9980 1.0004 1.0028 1.0053

25 26 27 28 29

1.0706 1.0733 1.0760 1.0787 1.0813

1.0627 1.0652 1.0678 1.0702 1.0726

1.0609 1.0633 1.0656 1.0681 1.0705

1.0540 1.0564 1.0587 1.0609 1.0632

50 51 52 53 54

1.1349 1.1374 1.1399 1.1424 1.1448

1.1225 1.1248 1.1271 1.1294 1.1318

1.1207 1.1223 1.1244 1.1269 1.1295

1.1098 1.1120 1.1142 1.1164 1.1186

75 76 77 78 79

1.1953 1.1976 1.1999 1.2021 1.2043

1.1794 1.1816 1.1837 1.1859 1.1881

1.1769 1.1785 1.1801 1.1818 1.1837

1.1636 1.1656 1.1676 1.1697 1.1717

5 6 7 8 9

1.0150 1.0179 1.0207 1.0237 1.0266

1.0124 1.0151 1.0177 1.0204 1.0230

1.0115 1.0141 1.0170 1.0196 1.0221

1.0075 1.0101 1.0125 1.0149 1.0173

30 31 32 33 34

1.0839 1.0866 1.0891 1.0916 1.0941

1.0750 1.0774 1.0798 1.0821 1.0844

1.0729 1.0753 1.0777 1.0800 1.0823

1.0654 1.0676 1.0699 1.0721 1.0743

55 56 57 58 59

1.1472 1.1497 1.1523 1.1548 1.1573

1.1341 1.1365 1.1388 1.1411 1.1434

1.1320 1.1342 1.1361 1.1381 1.1401

1.1208 1.1230 1.1253 1.1274 1.1295

80 81 82 83 84

1.2065 1.2088 1.2110 1.2132 1.2154

1.1902 1.1924 1.1944 1.1965 1.1985

1.1806 1.1876 1.1896 1.1914 1.1929

1.1737 1.1758 1.1778 1.1798 1.1817

10 11 12 13 14

1.0295 1.0324 1.0351 1.0379 1.0407

1.0256 1.0281 1.0306 1.0330 1.0355

1.0246 1.0271 1.0296 1.0321 1.0345

1.0197 1.0221 1.0244 1.0267 1.0290

35 36 37 38 39

1.0966 1.0993 1.1018 1.1043 1.1069

1.0867 1.0892 1.0916 1.0940 1.0964

1.0847 1.0871 1.0895 1.0919 1.0940

1.0766 1.0788 1.0810 1.0832 1.0854

60 61 62 63 64

1.1597 1.1621 1.1645 1.1669 1.1694

1.1458 1.1481 1.1504 1.1526 1.1549

1.1424 1.1448 1.1473 1.1493 1.1517

1.1317 1.1338 1.1360 1.1382 1.1403

85 86 87 88 89

1.2176 1.2196 1.2217 1.2237 1.2258

1.2005 1.2025 1.2045 1.2064 1.2084

1.1953 1.1976 1.1994 1.2012 1.2028

1.1837 1.1856 1.1875 1.1893 1.1910

15 16 17 18 19

1.0435 1.0463 1.0491 1.0518 1.0545

1.0380 1.0405 1.0430 1.0455 1.0480

1.0370 1.0393 1.0417 1.0441 1.0464

1.0313 1.0336 1.0358 1.0381 1.0404

40 41 42 43 44

1.1095 1.1122 1.1148 1.1174 1.1199

1.0988 1.1012 1.1036 1.1060 1.1084

1.0963 1.0990 1.1015 1.1038 1.1062

1.0876 1.0898 1.0920 1.0943 1.0965

65 66 67 68 69

1.1718 1.1742 1.1766 1.1790 1.1813

1.1572 1.1595 1.1618 1.1640 1.1663

1.1543 1.1565 1.1584 1.1604 1.1628

1.1425 1.1446 1.1467 1.1489 1.1510

90 91 92 93 94

1.2278 1.2297 1.2316 1.2335 1.2354

1.2102 1.2121 1.2139 1.2157 1.2174

1.2044 1.2059 1.2078 1.2099 1.2117

1.1927 1.1945 1.1961 1.1978 1.1994

20 21 22 23 24

1.0571 1.0598 1.0625 1.0652 1.0679

1.0505 1.0532 1.0556 1.0580 1.0604

1.0488 1.0512 1.0537 1.0561 1.0585

1.0427 1.0451 1.0473 1.0496 1.0518

45 46 47 48 49

1.1224 1.1249 1.1274 1.1299 1.1324

1.1109 1.1133 1.1156 1.1179 1.1202

1.1085 1.1108 1.1130 1.1157 1.1185

1.0987 1.1009 1.1031 1.1053 1.1076

70 71 72 73 74

1.1835 1.1858 1.1882 1.1906 1.1929

1.1685 1.1707 1.1729 1.1751 1.1773

1.1655 1.1677 1.1702 1.1728 1.1752

1.1531 1.1552 1.1573 1.1595 1.1615

95 96 97 98 99

1.2372 1.2390 1.2408 1.2425 1.2441

1.2191 1.2208 1.2224 1.2240 1.2257

1.2140 1.2158 1.2170 1.2183 1.2202

1.2008 1.2022 1.2036 1.2048 1.2061

100

1.2456

1.2273

1.2212

1.2073

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-109

2-115

Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)

0 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

40 °C

%

0 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

40 °C

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 1.0016 1.0033 1.0051 1.0070

0.9997 1.0013 1.0029 1.0044 1.0060

0.9991 1.0006 1.0021 1.0036 1.0051

0.9982 0.9996 1.0012 1.0025 1.0040

0.9971 0.9987 1.0000 1.0013 1.0027

0.9957 0.9971 0.9984 0.9997 1.0011

0.9922 0.9934 0.9946 0.9958 0.9970

50 51 52 53 54

1.0729 1.0738 1.0748 1.0757 1.0765

1.0654 1.0663 1.0671 1.0679 1.0687

1.0613 1.0622 1.0629 1.0637 1.0644

1.0575 1.0582 1.0590 1.0597 1.0604

1.0534 1.0542 1.0549 1.0555 1.0562

1.0492 1.0499 1.0506 1.0512 1.0518

1.0408 1.0414 1.0421 1.0427 1.0432

5 6 7 8 9

1.0088 1.0106 1.0124 1.0142 1.0159

1.0076 1.0092 1.0108 1.0124 1.0140

1.0066 1.0081 1.0096 1.0111 1.0126

1.0055 1.0069 1.0083 1.0097 1.0111

1.0041 1.0055 1.0068 1.0081 1.0094

1.0024 1.0037 1.0050 1.0063 1.0076

0.9982 0.9994 1.0006 1.0018 1.0030

55 56 57 58 59

1.0774 1.0782 1.0790 1.0798 1.0805

1.0694 1.0701 1.0708 1.0715 1.0722

1.0651 1.0658 1.0665 1.0672 1.0678

1.0611 1.0618 1.0624 1.0631 1.0637

1.0568 1.0574 1.0580 1.0586 1.0592

1.0525 1.0531 1.0536 1.0542 1.0547

1.0438 1.0443 1.0448 1.0453 1.0458

10 11 12 13 14

1.0177 1.0194 1.0211 1.0228 1.0245

1.0156 1.0171 1.0187 1.0202 1.0217

1.0141 1.0155 1.0170 1.0184 1.0199

1.0125 1.0139 1.0154 1.0168 1.0182

1.0107 1.0120 1.0133 1.0146 1.0159

1.0089 1.0102 1.0115 1.0127 1.0139

1.0042 1.0054 1.0065 1.0077 1.0088

60 61 62 63 64

1.0813 1.0820 1.0826 1.0833 1.0838

1.0728 1.0734 1.0740 1.0746 1.0752

1.0684 1.0690 1.0696 1.0701 1.0706

1.0642 1.0648 1.0653 1.0658 1.0662

1.0597 1.0602 1.0607 1.0612 1.0616

1.0552 1.0557 1.0562 1.0566 1.0571

1.0462 1.0466 1.0470 1.0473 1.0477

15 16 17 18 19

1.0262 1.0278 1.0295 1.0311 1.0327

1.0232 1.0247 1.0262 1.0276 1.0291

1.0213 1.0227 1.0241 1.0255 1.0269

1.0195 1.0209 1.0223 1.0236 1.0250

1.0172 1.0185 1.0198 1.0210 1.0223

1.0151 1.0163 1.0175 1.0187 1.0198

1.0099 1.0110 1.0121 1.0132 1.0142

65 66 67 68 69

1.0844 1.0850 1.0856 1.0860 1.0865

1.0757 1.0762 1.0767 1.0771 1.0775

1.0711 1.0716 1.0720 1.0725 1.0729

1.0666 1.0671 1.0675 1.0678 1.0682

1.0621 1.0624 1.0628 1.0631 1.0634

1.0575 1.0578 1.0582 1.0585 1.0588

1.0480 1.0483 1.0486 1.0489 1.0491

20 21 22 23 24

1.0343 1.0358 1.0374 1.0389 1.0404

1.0305 1.0319 1.0333 1.0347 1.0361

1.0283 1.0297 1.0310 1.0323 1.0336

1.0263 1.0276 1.0288 1.0301 1.0313

1.0235 1.0248 1.0260 1.0272 1.0283

1.0210 1.0222 1.0233 1.0244 1.0256

1.0153 1.0164 1.0174 1.0185 1.0195

70 71 72 73 74

1.0869 1.0874 1.0877 1.0881 1.0884

1.0779 1.0783 1.0786 1.0789 1.0792

1.0732 1.0736 1.0738 1.0741 1.0743

1.0685 1.0687 1.0690 1.0693 1.0694

1.0637 1.0640 1.0642 1.0644 1.0645

1.0590 1.0592 1.0594 1.0595 1.0596

1.0493 1.0495 1.0496 1.0497 1.0498

25 26 27 28 29

1.0419 1.0434 1.0449 1.0463 1.0477

1.0375 1.0388 1.0401 1.0414 1.0427

1.0349 1.0362 1.0374 1.0386 1.0399

1.0326 1.0338 1.0349 1.0361 1.0372

1.0295 1.0307 1.0318 1.0329 1.0340

1.0267 1.0278 1.0289 1.0299 1.0310

1.0205 1.0215 1.0225 1.0234 1.0244

75 76 77 78 79

1.0887 1.0889 1.0891 1.0893 1.0894

1.0794 1.0796 1.0797 1.0798 1.0798

1.0745 1.0746 1.0747 1.0747 1.0747

1.0696 1.0698 1.0699 1.0700 1.0700

1.0647 1.0648 1.0648 1.0648 1.0648

1.0597 1.0598 1.0598 1.0598 1.0597

1.0499 1.0499 1.0499 1.0498 1.0497

30 31 32 33 34

1.0491 1.0505 1.0519 1.0532 1.0545

1.0440 1.0453 1.0465 1.0477 1.0489

1.0411 1.0423 1.0435 1.0446 1.0458

1.0384 1.0395 1.0406 1.0417 1.0428

1.0350 1.0361 1.0372 1.0382 1.0392

1.0320 1.0330 1.0341 1.0351 1.0361

1.0253 1.0262 1.0272 1.0281 1.0289

80 81 82 83 84

1.0895 1.0895 1.0895 1.0895 1.0893

1.0798 1.0797 1.0796 1.0795 1.0793

1.0747 1.0745 1.0743 1.0741 1.0738

1.0700 1.0699 1.0698 1.0696 1.0693

1.0647 1.0646 1.0644 1.0642 1.0638

1.0596 1.0594 1.0592 1.0589 1.0585

1.0495 1.0493 1.0490 1.0487 1.0483

35 36 37 38 39

1.0558 1.0571 1.0584 1.0596 1.0608

1.0501 1.0513 1.0524 1.0535 1.0546

1.0469 1.0480 1.0491 1.0501 1.0512

1.0438 1.0449 1.0459 1.0469 1.0479

1.0402 1.0412 1.0422 1.0432 1.0441

1.0371 1.0380 1.0390 1.0399 1.0408

1.0298 1.0306 1.0314 1.0322 1.0330

85 86 87 88 89

1.0891 1.0887 1.0883 1.0877 1.0872

1.0790 1.0787 1.0783 1.0778 1.0773

1.0735 1.0731 1.0726 1.0721 1.0715

1.0689 1.0685 1.0680 1.0675 1.0668

1.0635 1.0630 1.0626 1.0620 1.0613

1.0582 1.0576 1.0571 1.0564 1.0557

1.0479 1.0473 1.0467 1.0460 1.0453

40 41 42 43 44

1.0621 1.0633 1.0644 1.0656 1.0667

1.0557 1.0568 1.0578 1.0588 1.0598

1.0522 1.0532 1.0542 1.0551 1.0561

1.0488 1.0498 1.0507 1.0516 1.0525

1.0450 1.0460 1.0469 1.0477 1.0486

1.0416 1.0425 1.0433 1.0441 1.0449

1.0338 1.0346 1.0353 1.0361 1.0368

90 91 92 93 94

1.0865 1.0857 1.0848 1.0838 1.0826

1.0766 1.0758 1.0749 1.0739 1.0727

1.0708 1.0700 1.0690 1.0680 1.0667

1.0661 1.0652 1.0643 1.0632 1.0619

1.0605 1.0597 1.0587 1.0577 1.0564

1.0549 1.0541 1.0530 1.0518 1.0506

1.0445 1.0436 1.0426 1.0414 1.0401

45 46 47 48 49

1.0679 1.0689 1.0699 1.0709 1.0720

1.0608 1.0618 1.0627 1.0636 1.0645

1.0570 1.0579 1.0588 1.0597 1.0605

1.0534 1.0542 1.0551 1.0559 1.0567

1.0495 1.0503 1.0511 1.0518 1.0526

1.0456 1.0464 1.0471 1.0479 1.0486

1.0375 1.0382 1.0389 1.0395 1.0402

95 96 97 98 99

1.0813 1.0798 1.0780 1.0759 1.0730

1.0714

1.0652 1.0632 1.0611 1.0590 1.0567

1.0605 1.0588 1.0570 1.0549 1.0524

1.0551 1.0535 1.0516 1.0495 1.0468

1.0491 1.0473 1.0454 1.0431 1.0407

1.0386 1.0368 1.0348 1.0325 1.0299

100

1.0697

1.0545

1.0498

1.0440

1.0380

1.0271

%

2-116

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-110

TABLE 2-111

Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4)

%

d 17.5 4

%

d 17.5 4

1 2 4

1.0035 1.0070 1.0140

8 10 12

1.0280 1.0350 1.0420

Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH)*

%

0 °C

10 °C

15.56 °C

20 °C

15 °C

%

0 °C

10 °C

15.56 °C

20 °C

15 °C

%

0 °C

10 °C

15.56 °C

20 °C

15 °C

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 0.9981 0.9963 0.9946 0.9930

0.9997 0.9980 0.9962 0.9945 0.9929

0.9990 0.9973 0.9955 0.9938 0.9921

0.9982 0.9965 0.9948 0.9931 0.9914

0.99913 0.99727 0.99543 0.99370 0.99198

35 36 37 38 39

0.9534 0.9520 0.9505 0.9490 0.9475

0.9484 0.9469 0.9453 0.9437 0.9420

0.9456 0.9440 0.9422 0.9405 0.9387

0.9433 0.9416 0.9398 0.9381 0.9363

0.94570 0.94404 0.94237 0.94067 0.93894

70 71 72 73 74

0.8869 0.8847 0.8824 0.8801 0.8778

0.8794 0.8770 0.8747 0.8724 0.8699

0.8748 0.8726 0.8702 0.8678 0.8653

0.8715 0.8690 0.8665 0.8641 0.8616

0.87507 0.87271 0.87033 0.86792 0.86546

5 6 7 8 9

0.9914 0.9899 0.9884 0.9870 0.9856

0.9912 0.9896 0.9881 0.9865 0.9849

0.9904 0.9889 0.9872 0.9857 0.9841

0.9896 0.9880 0.9863 0.9847 0.9831

0.99029 0.98864 0.98701 0.98547 0.98394

40 41 42 43 44

0.9459 0.9443 0.9427 0.9411 0.9395

0.9403 0.9387 0.9370 0.9352 0.9334

0.9369 0.9351 0.9333 0.9315 0.9297

0.9345 0.9327 0.9309 0.9290 0.9272

0.93720 0.93543 0.93365 0.93185 0.93001

75 76 77 78 79

0.8754 0.8729 0.8705 0.8680 0.8657

0.8676 0.8651 0.8626 0.8602 0.8577

0.8629 0.8604 0.8579 0.8554 0.8529

0.8592 0.8567 0.8542 0.8518 0.8494

0.86300 0.86051 0.85801 0.85551 0.85300

10 11 12 13 14

0.9842 0.9829 0.9816 0.9804 0.9792

0.9834 0.9820 0.9805 0.9791 0.9778

0.9826 0.9811 0.9796 0.9781 0.9766

0.9815 0.9799 0.9784 0.9768 0.9754

0.98241 0.98093 0.97945 0.97802 0.97660

45 46 47 48 49

0.9377 0.9360 0.9342 0.9324 0.9306

0.9316 0.9298 0.9279 0.9260 0.9240

0.9279 0.9261 0.9242 0.9223 0.9204

0.9252 0.9234 0.9214 0.9196 0.9176

0.92815 0.92627 0.92436 0.92242 0.92048

80 81 82 83 84

0.8634 0.8610 0.8585 0.8560 0.8535

0.8551 0.8527 0.8501 0.8475 0.8449

0.8503 0.8478 0.8452 0.8426 0.8400

0.8469 0.8446 0.8420 0.8394 0.8366

0.85048 0.84794 0.84536 0.84274 0.84009

15 16 17 18 19

0.9780 0.9769 0.9758 0.9747 0.9736

0.9764 0.9751 0.9739 0.9726 0.9713

0.9752 0.9738 0.9723 0.9709 0.9695

0.9740 0.9725 0.9710 0.9696 0.9681

0.97518 0.97377 0.97237 0.97096 0.96955

50 51 52 53 54

0.9287 0.9269 0.9250 0.9230 0.9211

0.9221 0.9202 0.9182 0.9162 0.9142

0.9185 0.9166 0.9146 0.9126 0.9106

0.9156 0.9135 0.9114 0.9094 0.9073

0.91852 0.91653 0.91451 0.91248 0.91044

85 86 87 88 89

0.8510 0.8483 0.8456 0.8428 0.8400

0.8422 0.8394 0.8367 0.8340 0.8314

0.8374 0.8347 0.8320 0.8294 0.8267

0.8340 0.8314 0.8286 0.8258 0.8230

0.83742 0.83475 0.83207 0.82937 0.82667

20 21 22 23 24

0.9725 0.9714 0.9702 0.9690 0.9678

0.9700 0.9687 0.9673 0.9660 0.9646

0.9680 0.9666 0.9652 0.9638 0.9624

0.9666 0.9651 0.9636 0.9622 0.9607

0.96814 0.96673 0.96533 0.96392 0.96251

55 56 57 58 59

0.9191 0.9172 0.9151 0.9131 0.9111

0.9122 0.9101 0.9080 0.9060 0.9039

0.9086 0.9065 0.9045 0.9024 0.9002

0.9052 0.9032 0.9010 0.8988 0.8968

0.90839 0.90631 0.90421 0.90210 0.89996

90 91 92 93 94

0.8374 0.8347 0.8320 0.8293 0.8266

0.8287 0.8261 0.8234 0.8208 0.8180

0.8239 0.8212 0.8185 0.8157 0.8129

0.8202 0.8174 0.8146 0.8118 0.8090

0.82396 0.82124 0.81849 0.81568 0.81285

25 26 27 28 29

0.9666 0.9654 0.9642 0.9629 0.9616

0.9632 0.9618 0.9604 0.9590 0.9575

0.9609 0.9595 0.9580 0.9565 0.9550

0.9592 0.9576 0.9562 0.9546 0.9531

0.96108 0.95963 0.95817 0.95668 0.95518

60 61 62 63 64

0.9090 0.9068 0.9046 0.9024 0.9002

0.9018 0.8998 0.8977 0.8955 0.8933

0.8980 0.8958 0.8936 0.8913 0.8890

0.8946 0.8924 0.8902 0.8879 0.8856

0.89781 0.89563 0.89341 0.89117 0.88890

95 96 97 98 99

0.8240 0.8212 0.8186 0.8158 0.8130

0.8152 0.8124 0.8096 0.8068 0.8040

0.8101 0.8073 0.8045 0.8016 0.7987

0.8062 0.8034 0.8005 0.7976 0.7948

0.80999 0.80713 0.80428 0.80143 0.79859

30 31 32 33 34

0.9604 0.9590 0.9576 0.9563 0.9549

0.9560 0.9546 0.9531 0.9516 0.9500

0.9535 0.9521 0.9505 0.9489 0.9473

0.9515 0.9499 0.9483 0.9466 0.9450

0.95366 0.95213 0.95056 0.94896 0.94734

65 66 67 68 69

0.8980 0.8958 0.8935 0.8913 0.8891

0.8911 0.8888 0.8865 0.8842 0.8818

0.8867 0.8844 0.8820 0.8797 0.8771

0.8834 0.8811 0.8787 0.8763 0.8738

0.88662 0.88433 0.88203 0.87971 0.87739

100

0.8102

0.8009

0.7959

0.7917

0.79577

*It should be noted that the values for 100 percent do not agree with some data available elsewhere, e.g., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957. Also, see Atack, Handbook of Chemical Data, Reinhold, New York, 1957. Also, see Tables 2-234 and 2-305 for pure component densities.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-112

2-117

Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH)*

%

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

35 °C

40 °C

%

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

35 °C

40 °C

0 1 2 3 4

0.99973 785 602 426 258

0.99913 725 542 365 195

0.99823 636 453 275 103

0.99708 520 336 157 0.98984

0.99568 379 194 014 0.98839

0.99406 217 031 0.98849 672

0.99225 034 0.98846 663 485

50 51 52 53 54

0.92126 0.91943 723 502 279

0.91776 555 333 110 0.90885

0.91384 160 0.90936 711 485

0.90985 760 534 307 079

0.90580 353 125 0.89896 667

0.90168 0.89940 710 479 248

0.89750 519 288 056 0.88823

5 6 7 8 9

098 0.98946 801 660 524

032 0.98877 729 584 442

0.98938 780 627 478 331

817 656 500 346 193

670 507 347 189 031

501 335 172 009 0.97846

311 142 0.97975 808 641

55 56 57 58 59

055 0.90831 607 381 154

659 433 207 0.89980 752

258 031 0.89803 574 344

0.89850 621 392 162 0.88931

437 206 0.88975 744 512

016 0.88784 552 319 085

589 356 122 0.87888 653

10 11 12 13 14

393 267 145 026 0.97911

304 171 041 0.97914 790

187 047 0.97910 775 643

043 0.97897 753 611 472

0.97875 723 573 424 278

685 527 371 216 063

475 312 150 0.96989 829

60 61 62 63 64

0.89927 698 468 237 006

523 293 062 0.88830 597

113 0.88882 650 417 183

699 446 233 0.87998 763

278 044 0.87809 574 337

0.87851 615 379 142 0.86905

417 180 0.86943 705 466

15 16 17 18 19

800 692 583 473 363

669 552 433 313 191

514 387 259 129 0.96997

334 199 062 0.96923 782

133 0.96990 844 697 547

0.96911 760 607 452 294

670 512 352 189 023

65 66 67 68 69

0.88774 541 308 074 0.87839

364 130 0.87895 660 424

0.87948 713 477 241 004

527 291 054 0.86817 579

100 0.86863 625 387 148

667 429 190 0.85950 710

227 0.85987 747 407 266

20 21 22 23 24

252 139 024 0.96907 787

068 0.96944 818 689 558

864 729 592 453 312

639 495 348 199 048

395 242 087 0.95929 769

134 0.95973 809 643 476

0.95856 687 516 343 168

70 71 72 73 74

602 365 127 0.86888 648

187 0.86949 710 470 229

0.86766 527 287 047 0.85806

340 100 0.85859 618 376

0.85908 667 426 184 0.84941

470 228 0.84986 743 500

025 0.84783 540 297 053

25 26 27 28 29

665 539 406 268 125

424 287 144 0.95996 844

168 020 0.95867 710 548

0.95895 738 576 410 241

607 442 272 098 0.94922

306 133 0.94955 774 590

0.94991 810 625 438 248

75 76 77 78 79

408 168 0.85927 685 442

0.85988 747 505 262 018

564 322 079 0.84835 590

134 0.84891 647 403 158

698 455 211 0.83966 720

257 013 0.83768 523 277

0.83809 564 319 074 0.82827

30 31 32 33 34

0.95977 823 665 502 334

686 524 357 186 011

382 212 038 0.94860 679

067 0.94890 709 525 337

741 557 370 180 0.93986

403 214 021 0.93825 626

055 0.93860 662 461 257

80 81 82 83 84

197 0.84950 702 453 203

0.84772 525 277 028 0.83777

344 096 0.83848 599 348

0.83911 664 415 164 0.82913

473 224 0.82974 724 473

029 0.82780 530 279 027

578 329 079 0.81828 576

35 36 37 38 39

162 0.94986 805 620 431

0.94832 650 464 273 079

494 306 114 0.93919 720

146 0.93952 756 556 353

790 591 390 186 0.92979

425 221 016 0.92808 597

051 0.92843 634 422 208

85 86 87 88 89

0.83951 697 441 181 0.82919

525 271 014 0.82754 492

095 0.82840 583 323 062

660 405 148 0.81888 626

220 0.81965 708 448 186

0.81774 519 262 003 0.80742

322 067 0.80811 552 291

40 41 42 43 44

238 042 0.93842 639 433

0.93882 682 478 271 062

518 314 107 0.92897 685

148 0.92940 729 516 301

770 558 344 128 0.91910

385 170 0.91952 733 513

0.91992 774 554 332 108

90 91 92 93 94

654 386 114 0.81839 561

227 0.81959 688 413 134

0.81797 529 257 0.80983 705

362 094 0.80823 549 272

0.80922 655 384 111 0.79835

478 211 0.79941 669 393

028 0.79761 491 220 0.78947

45 46 47 48 49

226 017 0.92806 593 379

0.92852 640 426 211 0.91995

472 257 041 0.91823 604

085 0.91868 649 429 208

692 472 250 028 0.90805

291 069 0.90845 621 396

0.90884 660 434 207 0.89979

95 96 97 98 99

278 0.80991 698 399 094

0.80852 566 274 0.79975 670

424 138 0.79846 547 243

0.79991 706 415 117 0.78814

555 271 0.78981 684 382

114 0.78831 542 247 0.77946

670 388 100 0.77806 507

100

0.79784

360

0.78934

506

075

641

203

*For data from −78° to 78°C, see p. 2-142, Table 2N-5, American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957. See Tables 2-214 and 2-305 for pure component densities.

2-118

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-113 % alcohol by weight

Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20 °C g/mL Tenths of %

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 2 3 4

0.99823 636 453 275 103

804 618 435 257 087

785 599 417 240 070

766 581 399 222 053

748 562 381 205 037

729 544 363 188 020

710 525 345 171 003

692 507 327 154 *987

5 6 7 8 9

0.98938 780 627 478 331

922 765 612 463 316

906 749 597 449 301

890 734 582 434 287

874 718 567 419 273

859 703 553 404 258

843 688 538 389 244

827 673 523 374 229

10 11 12 13 14

187 047 0.97910 775 643

172 033 896 761 630

158 019 883 748 617

144 006 869 735 604

130 *992 855 722 591

117 *978 842 709 578

103 *964 828 696 565

089 *951 815 683 552

15 16 17 18 19

514 387 259 129 0.96997

501 374 246 116 984

488 361 233 103 971

475 349 220 089 957

462 336 207 076 944

450 323 194 063 931

438 310 181 050 917

425 297 168 037 904

412 284 155 024 891

20 21 22 23 24

864 729 592 453 312

850 716 578 439 297

837 702 564 425 283

823 688 551 411 269

810 675 537 396 254

796 661 523 382 240

783 647 509 368 225

769 634 495 354 211

756 620 481 340 196

25 26 27 28 29

168 020 0.95867 710 548

153 005 851 694 532

139 *990 836 678 516

124 *975 820 662 499

109 *959 805 646 483

094 *944 789 630 466

080 *929 773 613 450

30 31 32 33 34

382 212 038 0.94860 679

365 195 020 842 660

349 178 003 824 642

332 161 *985 806 624

315 143 *967 788 605

298 126 *950 770 587

35 36 37 38 39

494 306 114 0.93919 720

475 287 095 899 700

456 268 075 879 680

438 249 056 859 660

419 230 036 840 640

40 41 42 43 44

518 314 107 0.92897 685

498 294 086 876 664

478 273 065 855 642

458 253 044 834 621

45 46 47 48 49

472 257 041 0.91823 604

450 236 019 801 582

429 214 *997 780 560

408 193 *976 758 538

Tenths of % 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

50 51 52 53 54

0.91384 160 0.90936 711 485

361 138 914 689 463

339 116 891 666 440

317 093 869 644 417

295 071 846 621 395

272 049 824 598 372

250 026 801 576 349

228 206 183 004 *981 *959 779 756 734 553 531 508 327 304 281

796 642 493 345 201

55 56 57 58 59

258 031 0.89803 574 344

236 008 780 551 321

213 *985 757 528 298

190 *962 734 505 275

167 *939 711 482 252

145 *917 688 459 229

122 *894 665 436 206

099 076 054 *871 *848 *825 643 620 597 413 390 367 183 160 137

075 061 *937 *923 801 788 670 657 539 526

60 61 62 63 64

113 0.88882 650 417 183

090 859 626 393 160

067 836 603 370 136

044 812 580 347 113

021 789 557 323 089

*998 766 533 300 066

*975 743 510 277 042

*951 *928 *905 720 696 673 487 463 440 253 230 206 019 *995 *972

400 272 142 010 877

65 66 67 68 69

0.87948 713 477 241 004

925 689 454 218 *981

901 666 430 194 *957

878 642 406 170 *933

854 619 383 147 *909

831 595 359 123 *885

807 572 336 099 *862

784 760 737 548 524 501 312 288 265 075 052 028 *838 *814 *790

742 606 467 326 182

70 71 72 73 74

0.86766 527 287 047 0.85806

742 503 263 022 781

718 479 239 *998 757

694 455 215 *974 733

671 431 191 *950 709

647 407 167 *926 685

623 383 143 *902 661

599 575 551 339 335 311 119 095 071 *878 *854 *830 636 612 588

065 *914 757 597 433

050 035 *898 *883 742 726 581 565 416 400

75 76 77 78 79

564 322 079 0.84835 590

540 297 055 811 566

515 273 031 787 541

491 249 006 762 517

467 225 *982 738 492

443 200 *958 713 467

419 176 *933 689 443

394 370 346 152 128 103 *909 *884 *860 664 640 615 418 393 369

281 108 *932 752 568

264 091 *914 734 550

247 230 074 056 *896 *878 715 697 531 512

80 81 82 83 84

344 096 0.83848 599 348

319 072 823 574 323

294 047 798 549 297

270 022 773 523 272

245 *997 748 498 247

220 *972 723 473 222

196 *947 698 448 196

171 146 121 *923 *898 *873 674 649 624 423 398 373 171 146 120

400 211 017 820 620

382 192 *997 800 599

363 172 *978 780 579

344 325 153 134 *958 *939 760 740 559 539

85 86 87 88 89

095 0.82840 583 323 062

070 815 557 297 035

044 789 531 271 009

019 763 505 245 *983

*994 738 479 219 *956

*968 712 453 193 *930

*943 686 427 167 *903

*917 *892 *866 660 635 609 401 375 349 140 114 088 *877 *850 *824

437 232 023 812 600

417 212 002 791 579

396 191 *981 770 557

376 170 *960 749 536

356 335 149 129 *939 *918 728 707 515 493

90 91 92 93 94

0.81797 529 257 0.80983 705

770 502 230 955 677

744 475 203 928 649

717 448 175 900 621

690 421 148 872 593

664 394 120 844 565

637 366 093 817 537

386 171 *954 736 516

365 150 *932 714 494

343 128 *910 692 472

322 106 *889 670 450

300 279 085 063 *867 *845 648 626 428 406

95 96 97 98 99

424 138 0.79846 547 243

395 109 816 517 213

367 080 787 487 182

338 051 757 456 151

310 022 727 426 120

281 *993 698 396 089

253 *963 668 365 059

100

0.78934

*Indicates change in the first two decimal places.

8

% alcohol by weight

9

673 655 489 471 310 292 137 120 *971 *954 811 658 508 360 215

610 339 066 789 509

8

583 312 038 761 480

9

556 285 010 733 452

224 195 166 *934 *905 *875 638 608 578 335 305 274 028 *997 *966

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-114 % alcohol by volume at 60°F

Specific Gravity {60°/60 °F [(15.56°/15.56 °C)]} of Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O

Tenths of % 0

2-119

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

% alcohol by volume at 60°F

Tenths of % 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4

1.00000 *985 0.99850 835 703 688 559 545 419 405

*970 820 674 531 391

*955 806 659 516 378

*940 791 645 502 364

*925 776 630 488 350

*910 761 616 474 336

*895 747 602 460 323

*880 732 587 446 309

865 717 573 432 296

50 51 52 53 54

0.93426 230 031 0.92830 626

407 387 368 348 328 309 289 270 250 210 190 171 151 131 111 091 071 051 011 *991 *971 *951 *931 *911 *890 *870 *850 810 789 769 749 728 708 688 667 647 605 585 564 544 523 502 482 461 440

5 6 7 8 9

282 150 022 0.98899 779

269 137 009 887 767

255 124 *997 875 755

242 111 *984 863 743

228 098 *972 851 731

215 085 *960 838 720

202 073 *947 826 708

189 060 *935 814 696

176 163 047 035 *923 *911 803 791 684 672

55 56 57 58 59

419 210 0.91999 784 565

398 189 978 762 543

377 168 956 741 521

357 147 935 719 499

336 126 914 697 477

315 105 892 675 455

294 084 871 653 433

10 11 12 13 14

661 544 430 319 210

649 532 419 308 200

637 521 408 297 190

625 509 396 286 179

614 498 385 275 168

602 487 374 264 157

590 475 363 254 147

579 464 352 243 136

567 452 341 232 125

556 441 330 221 115

60 61 62 63 64

344 120 0.90893 664 434

322 097 870 641 411

299 075 847 618 388

277 052 825 595 365

255 030 802 572 341

232 007 779 549 318

210 *984 756 526 295

15 16 17 18 19

104 0.97998 895 794 694

093 988 885 784 684

083 977 875 774 674

072 967 864 764 664

062 956 854 754 654

051 946 844 744 645

040 936 834 734 635

030 925 824 724 625

019 915 814 714 615

009 905 804 704 605

65 66 67 68 69

202 0.89967 729 489 245

179 943 705 465 220

155 920 681 441 196

132 896 657 416 171

108 872 633 392 147

085 848 609 368 122

061 825 585 343 098

038 801 561 319 073

014 *991 777 753 537 513 295 270 048 024

20 21 22 23 24

596 496 395 293 189

586 486 385 283 179

576 476 375 272 168

566 466 365 262 158

556 456 354 252 147

546 446 344 241 137

536 436 334 231 126

526 425 324 221 116

516 415 313 210 105

506 405 303 200 095

70 71 72 73 74

0.88999 751 499 244 0.87987

974 725 474 218 961

950 700 448 193 935

925 675 423 167 910

900 650 397 141 884

875 625 372 116 858

850 600 346 090 832

825 574 321 064 806

801 549 296 039 780

25 26 27 28 29

084 0.96978 870 760 648

073 967 859 749 637

063 957 848 738 625

052 946 837 727 614

042 935 826 715 603

031 924 815 704 591

020 914 804 693 580

010 903 793 682 568

*999 *988 892 881 782 771 671 659 557 546

75 76 77 78 79

728 465 199 0.86929 656

702 439 172 902 629

676 412 145 875 601

650 386 118 847 574

623 359 092 820 546

597 332 065 793 518

571 306 038 766 491

545 518 492 279 252 226 011 *984 *957 738 711 684 463 435 408

30 31 32 33 34

534 418 296 170 041

522 406 284 157 028

511 394 271 144 015

499 382 259 132 002

488 370 246 119 *988

476 358 234 106 *975

464 346 221 093 *962

453 334 209 080 *948

441 429 321 309 196 183 067 054 *935 *921

80 81 82 83 84

380 100 0.85817 531 240

352 072 789 502 211

324 044 760 473 181

296 015 732 444 152

269 *987 703 415 122

241 *959 674 386 093

213 *931 646 357 063

185 157 129 *902 *874 *846 617 588 560 328 299 270 033 004 *974

35 36 37 38 39

0.95908 770 628 482 332

894 756 614 467 317

881 742 599 452 302

867 728 585 437 286

854 714 570 423 271

840 700 556 408 256

826 685 541 393 240

812 671 526 378 225

784 643 497 347 194

85 86 87 88 89

0.84944 642 336 025 0.83707

914 612 305 *994 675

884 581 274 *962 643

854 551 243 *930 610

824 520 212 *899 578

794 490 181 *867 545

764 459 150 *835 513

734 703 673 428 398 367 119 088 056 *803 *771 *739 480 447 415

40 41 42 43 44

178 020 0.94858 693 524

162 004 842 676 507

147 *988 825 660 490

131 *972 809 643 473

115 *956 792 626 455

100 *940 776 609 438

084 *923 759 592 421

068 *907 743 575 403

052 036 *891 *875 726 710 558 541 386 369

90 91 92 93 94

382 049 0.82705 351 0.81984

349 315 282 249 216 183 150 116 083 015 *981 *947 *913 *879 *845 *810 *776 *741 670 635 600 565 529 494 458 423 387 315 279 243 206 170 133 096 059 022 947 909 871 834 796 757 719 681 642

45 46 47 48 49

351 174 0.93993 808 619

334 156 975 789 600

316 138 956 771 581

298 120 938 752 562

281 102 920 733 543

263 084 901 714 523

245 066 883 695 504

228 048 864 676 485

95 96 97 98 99

603 206 0.80792 356 0.79889

564 165 750 311 841

100

389

*Indicates change in first two decimal places.

798 657 512 362 209

210 030 845 657 465

192 011 827 638 446

525 125 707 265 792

486 084 664 219 743

446 042 620 173 693

407 001 577 127 643

367 *960 533 080 593

273 062 849 631 410

252 041 827 610 388

231 020 806 588 366

188 165 143 *962 *939 *916 733 710 687 503 480 457 272 249 225

776 524 270 013 754

327 287 247 *918 *876 *834 489 445 401 033 *985 *937 543 492 441

2-120

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-115 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) %

0 °C

15 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C

30 °C

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 0.9982 0.9967 0.9952 0.9939

0.9991 0.9974 0.9960 0.9944 0.9929

0.9957 0.9940 0.9924 0.9908 0.9893

20 21 22 23 24

0.9789 0.9776 0.9763 0.9748 0.9733

0.9723 0.9705 0.9688 0.9670 0.9651

0.9643 0.9622 0.9602 0.9583 0.9563

40 41 42 43 44

0.9430 0.9411 0.9391 0.9371 0.9352

0.9331 0.9310 0.9290 0.9269 0.9248

0.9226 0.9205 0.9184 0.9164 0.9143

60 61 62 63 64

0.9033 0.9013 0.8994 0.8974 0.8954

0.8922 0.8902 0.8882 0.8861 0.8841

0.8807 0.8786 0.8766 0.8745 0.8724

80 81 82 83 84

0.8634 0.8614 0.8594 0.8574 0.8554

0.8516 0.8496 0.8475 0.8454 0.8434

0.8394 0.8373 0.8352 0.8332 0.8311

5 6 7 8 9

0.9926 0.9914 0.9904 0.9894 0.9883

0.9915 0.9902 0.9890 0.9877 0.9864

0.9877 0.9862 0.9848 0.9834 0.9819

25 26 27 28 29

0.9717 0.9700 0.9682 0.9664 0.9646

0.9633 0.9614 0.9594 0.9576 0.9556

0.9543 0.9522 0.9501 0.9481 0.9460

45 46 47 48 49

0.9332 0.9311 0.9291 0.9272 0.9252

0.9228 0.9207 0.9186 0.9165 0.9145

0.9122 0.9100 0.9079 0.9057 0.9036

65 66 67 68 69

0.8934 0.8913 0.8894 0.8874 0.8854

0.8820 0.8800 0.8779 0.8759 0.8739

0.8703 0.8682 0.8662 0.8641 0.8620

85 86 87 88 89

0.8534 0.8513 0.8492 0.8471 0.8450

0.8413 0.8393 0.8372 0.8351 0.8330

0.8290 0.8269 0.8248 0.8227 0.8206

10 11 12 13 14

0.9874 0.9865 0.9857 0.9849 0.9841

0.9852 0.9840 0.9828 0.9817 0.9806

0.9804 0.9790 0.9775 0.9760 0.9746

30 31 32 33 34

0.9627 0.9608 0.9589 0.9570 0.9550

0.9535 0.9516 0.9495 0.9474 0.9454

0.9439 0.9418 0.9396 0.9375 0.9354

50 51 52 53 54

0.9232 0.9213 0.9192 0.9173 0.9153

0.9124 0.9104 0.9084 0.9064 0.9044

0.9015 0.8994 0.8973 0.8952 0.8931

70 71 72 73 74

0.8835 0.8815 0.8795 0.8776 0.8756

0.8719 0.8700 0.8680 0.8659 0.8639

0.8600 0.8580 0.8559 0.8539 0.8518

90 91 92 93 94

0.8429 0.8408 0.8387 0.8364 0.8342

0.8308 0.8287 0.8266 0.8244 0.8221

0.8185 0.8164 0.8142 0.8120 0.8098

15 16 17 18 19

0.9833 0.9825 0.9817 0.9808 0.9800

0.9793 0.9780 0.9768 0.9752 0.9739

0.9730 0.9714 0.9698 0.9680 0.9661

35 36 37 38 39

0.9530 0.9511 0.9491 0.9471 0.9450

0.9434 0.9413 0.9392 0.9372 0.9351

0.9333 0.9312 0.9289 0.9269 0.9247

55 56 57 58 59

0.9132 0.9112 0.9093 0.9073 0.9053

0.9023 0.9003 0.8983 0.8963 0.8942

0.8911 0.8890 0.8869 0.8849 0.8828

75 76 77 78 79

0.8736 0.8716 0.8695 0.8675 0.8655

0.8618 0.8598 0.8577 0.8556 0.8536

0.8497 0.8477 0.8456 0.8435 0.8414

95 96 97 98 99

0.8320 0.8296 0.8272 0.8248 0.8222

0.8199 0.8176 0.8153 0.8128 0.8104

0.8077 0.8054 0.8031 0.8008 0.7984

100

0.8194

0.8077

0.7958

TABLE 2-116

Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH)

%

0 °C

15 °C*

15 °C*

20 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C*

20 °C

30 °C

%

0 °C

15 °C*

15 °C*

20 °C

30 °C

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 0.9980 0.9962 0.9946 0.9930

0.9991 0.9973 0.9956 0.9938 0.9922

0.99913 0.9972 0.9954 0.9936 0.9920

0.9982 0.9962 0.9944 0.9926 0.9909

0.9957 0.9939 0.9921 0.9904 0.9887

35 36 37 38 39

0.9557 0.9536 0.9514 0.9493 0.9472

15 °C*

0.9446 0.9424 0.9401 0.9379 0.9356

0.9419 0.9399 0.9377 0.9355 0.9333

0.9338 0.9315 0.9292 0.9269 0.9246

70 71 72 73 74

0.8761 0.8738 0.8714 0.8691 0.8668

0.8639 0.8615 0.8592 0.8568 0.8545

0.86346 0.8611 0.8588 0.8564 0.8541

0.8584 0.8560 0.8537 0.8513 0.8489

0.8511 0.8487 0.8464 0.8440 0.8416

5 6 7 8 9

0.9916 0.9902 0.9890 0.9878 0.9866

0.9906 0.9892 0.9878 0.9864 0.9851

0.9904 0.9890 0.9875 0.9862 0.9849

0.9893 0.9877 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833

0.9871 0.9855 0.9839 0.9824 0.9809

40 41 42 43 44

0.9450 0.9428 0.9406 0.9384 0.9361

0.93333 0.9311 0.9288 0.9266 0.9243

0.9310 0.9287 0.9264 0.9239 0.9215

0.9224 0.9201 0.9177 0.9154 0.9130

75 76 77 78 79

0.8644 0.8621 0.8598 0.8575 0.8551

0.8521 0.8497 0.8474 0.8450 0.8426

0.8517 0.8493 0.8470 0.8446 0.8422

0.8464 0.8439 0.8415 0.8391 0.8366

0.8392 0.8368 0.8344 0.8321 0.8297

10 11 12 13 14

0.9856 0.9846 0.9838 0.9829 0.9821

0.9838 0.9826 0.9813 0.9802 0.9790

0.98362 0.9824 0.9812 0.9800 0.9788

0.9820 0.9808 0.9797 0.9876 0.9776

0.9794 0.9778 0.9764 0.9750 0.9735

45 46 47 48 49

0.9338 0.9315 0.9292 0.9270 0.9247

0.9220 0.9197 0.9174 0.9150 0.9127

0.9191 0.9165 0.9141 0.9117 0.9093

0.9106 0.9082 0.9059 0.9036 0.9013

80 81 82 83 84

0.8528 0.8503 0.8479 0.8456 0.8432

0.8403 0.8379 0.8355 0.8331 0.8307

0.83979 0.8374 0.8350 0.8326 0.8302

0.8342 0.8317 0.8292 0.8268 0.8243

0.8273 0.8248 0.8224 0.8200 0.8175

15 16 17 18 19

0.9814 0.9806 0.9799 0.9792 0.9784

0.9779 0.9768 0.9756 0.9745 0.9730

0.9777 0.9765 0.9753 0.9741 0.9728

0.9765 0.9754 0.9743 0.9731 0.9717

0.9720 0.9705 0.9690 0.9675 0.9658

50 51 52 53 54

0.9224 0.9201 0.9178 0.9155 0.9132

0.91043 0.9081 0.9058 0.9035 0.9011

0.9069 0.9044 0.9020 0.8996 0.8971

0.8990 0.8966 0.8943 0.8919 0.8895

85 86 87 88 89

0.8408 0.8384 0.8360 0.8336 0.8311

0.8282 0.8259 0.8234 0.8209 0.8184

0.8278 0.8254 0.8229 0.8205 0.8180

0.8219 0.8194 0.8169 0.8145 0.8120

0.8151 0.8127 0.8201 0.8078 0.8053

20 21 22 23 24

0.9777 0.9768 0.9759 0.9749 0.9739

0.9719 0.9704 0.9690 0.9675 0.9660

0.97158 0.9703 0.9689 0.9674 0.9659

0.9703 0.9688 0.9669 0.9651 0.9634

0.9642 0.9624 0.9606 0.9587 0.9569

55 56 57 58 59

0.9109 0.9086 0.9063 0.9040 0.9017

0.8988 0.8964 0.8940 0.8917 0.8893

0.8946 0.8921 0.8896 0.8874 0.8850

0.8871 0.8847 0.8823 0.8800 0.8777

90 91 92 93 94

0.8287 0.8262 0.8237 0.8212 0.8186

0.8161 0.8136 0.8110 0.8085 0.8060

0.81553 0.8130 0.8104 0.8079 0.8052

0.8096 0.8072 0.8047 0.8023 0.7998

0.8029 0.8004 0.7979 0.7954 0.7929

25 26 27 28 29

0.9727 0.9714 0.9699 0.9684 0.9669

0.9643 0.9626 0.9608 0.9590 0.9570

0.9642 0.9624 0.9605 0.9586 0.9568

0.9615 0.9597 0.9577 0.9558 0.9540

0.9549 0.9529 0.9509 0.9488 0.9467

60 61 62 63 64

0.8994 0.8970 0.8947 0.8924 0.8901

0.8829 0.8805 0.8781

0.88690 0.8845 0.8821 0.8798 0.8775

0.8825 0.8800 0.8776 0.8751 0.8727

0.8752 0.8728 0.8704 0.8680 0.8656

95 96 97 98 99

0.8160 0.8133 0.8106 0.8078 0.8048

0.8034 0.8008 0.7981 0.7954 0.7926

0.8026 0.7999 0.7972 0.7945 0.7918

0.7973 0.7949 0.7925 0.7901 0.7877

0.7904 0.7878 0.7852 0.7826 0.7799

30 31 32 33 34

0.9652 0.9634 0.9615 0.9596 0.9577

0.9551

0.95493 0.9530 0.9510 0.9489 0.9468

0.9520 0.9500 0.9481 0.9460 0.9440

0.9446 0.9426 0.9405 0.9383 0.9361

65 66 67 68 69

0.8878 0.8854 0.8831 0.8807 0.8784

0.8757 0.8733 0.8710 0.8686 0.8662

0.8752 0.8728 0.8705 0.8682 0.8658

0.8702 0.8679 0.8656 0.8632 0.8609

0.8631 0.8607 0.8583 0.8559 0.8535

100

0.8016

0.7896

0.78913

0.7854

0.7770

*Two different observers; see International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 120.

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-117

2-121

Glycerol*

Glycerol, % 15 °C

Density 15.5 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

Glycerol, % 15 °C

Density 15.5 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

Glycerol, % 15 °C

Density 20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

100 99 98 97 96

1.26415 1.26160 1.25900 1.25645 1.25385

1.26381 1.26125 1.25865 1.25610 1.25350

1.26108 1.25850 1.25590 1.25335 1.25080

1.15802 1.25545 1.25290 1.25030 1.24770

1.25495 1.25235 1.24975 1.24710 1.24450

65 64 63 62 61

1.17030 1.16755 1.16480 1.16200 1.15925

1.17000 1.16725 1.16445 1.16170 1.15895

1.16750 1.16475 1.16205 1.15930 1.15655

1.16475 1.16200 1.15925 1.15655 1.15380

1.16195 1.15925 1.15650 1.15375 1.15100

30 29 28 27 26

1.07455 1.07195 1.06935 1.06670 1.06410

1.07435 1.07175 1.06915 1.06655 1.06390

1.07270 1.07010 1.06755 1.06495 1.06240

1.07070 1.06815 1.06560 1.06305 1.06055

1.06855 1.06605 1.06355 1.06105 1.05855

95 94 93 92 91

1.25130 1.24865 1.24600 1.24340 1.24075

1.25095 1.24830 1.24565 1.24305 1.24040

1.24825 1.24560 1.24300 1.24035 1.23770

1.24515 1.24250 1.23985 1.23725 1.23460

1.24190 1.23930 1.23670 1.23410 1.23150

60 59 58 57 56

1.15650 1.15370 1.15095 1.14815 1.14535

1.15615 1.15340 1.15065 1.14785 1.14510

1.15380 1.15105 1.14830 1.14555 1.14280

1.15105 1.14835 1.14560 1.14285 1.14015

1.14830 1.14555 1.14285 1.14010 1.13740

25 24 23 22 21

1.06150 1.05885 1.05625 1.05365 1.05100

1.06130 1.05870 1.05610 1.05350 1.05090

1.05980 1.05720 1.05465 1.05205 1.04950

1.05800 1.05545 1.05290 1.05035 1.04780

1.05605 1.05350 1.05100 1.04850 1.04600

90 89 88 87 86

1.23810 1.23545 1.23280 1.23015 1.22750

1.23775 1.23510 1.23245 1.22980 1.22710

1.23510 1.23245 1.22975 1.22710 1.22445

1.23200 1.22935 1.22665 1.22400 1.22135

1.22890 1.22625 1.22360 1.22095 1.21830

55 54 53 52 51

1.14260 1.13980 1.13705 1.13425 1.13150

1.14230 1.13955 1.13680 1.13400 1.13125

1.14005 1.13730 1.13455 1.13180 1.12905

1.13740 1.13465 1.13195 1.12920 1.12650

1.13470 1.13195 1.12925 1.12650 1.12380

20 19 18 17 16

1.04840 1.04590 1.04335 1.04085 1.03835

1.04825 1.04575 1.04325 1.04075 1.03825

1.04690 1.04440 1.04195 1.03945 1.03695

1.04525 1.04280 1.04035 1.03790 1.03545

1.04350 1.04105 1.03860 1.03615 1.03370

85 84 83 82 81

1.22485 1.22220 1.21955 1.21690 1.21425

1.22445 1.22180 1.21915 1.21650 1.21385

1.22180 1.21915 1.21650 1.21380 1.21115

1.21870 1.21605 1.21340 1.21075 1.20810

1.21565 1.21300 1.21035 1.20770 1.20505

50 49 48 47 46

1.12870 1.12600 1.12325 1.12055 1.11780

1.12845 1.12575 1.12305 1.12030 1.11760

1.12630 1.12360 1.12090 1.11820 1.11550

1.12375 1.12110 1.11840 1.11575 1.11310

1.12110 1.11845 1.11580 1.11320 1.11055

15 14 13 12 11

1.03580 1.03330 1.03080 1.02830 1.02575

1.03570 1.03320 1.03070 1.02820 1.02565

1.03450 1.03200 1.02955 1.02705 1.02455

1.03300 1.03055 1.02805 1.02560 1.02315

1.03130 1.02885 1.02640 1.02395 1.02150

80 79 78 77 76

1.21160 1.20885 1.20610 1.20335 1.20060

1.21120 1.20845 1.20570 1.20300 1.20025

1.20850 1.20575 1.20305 1.20030 1.19760

1.20545 1.20275 1.20005 1.19735 1.19465

1.20240 1.19970 1.19705 1.19435 1.19170

45 44 43 42 41

1.11510 1.11235 1.10960 1.10690 1.10415

1.11490 1.11215 1.10945 1.10670 1.10400

1.11280 1.11010 1.10740 1.10470 1.10200

1.11040 1.10775 1.10510 1.10240 1.09975

1.10795 1.10530 1.10265 1.10005 1.09740

10 9 8 7 6

1.02325 1.02085 1.01840 1.01600 1.01360

1.02315 1.02075 1.01835 1.01590 1.01350

1.02210 1.01970 1.01730 1.01495 1.01255

1.02070 1.01835 1.01600 1.01360 1.01125

1.01905 1.01670 1.01440 1.01205 1.00970

75 74 73 72 71

1.19785 1.19510 1.19235 1.18965 1.18690

1.19750 1.19480 1.19205 1.18930 1.18655

1.19485 1.19215 1.18940 1.18670 1.18395

1.19195 1.18925 1.18650 1.18380 1.18110

1.18900 1.18635 1.18365 1.18100 1.17830

40 39 38 37 36

1.10145 1.09875 1.09605 1.09340 1.09070

1.10130 1.09860 1.09590 1.09320 1.09050

1.09930 1.09665 1.09400 1.09135 1.08865

1.09710 1.09445 1.09180 1.08915 1.08655

1.09475 1.09215 1.08955 1.08690 1.08430

5 4 3 2 1

1.01120 1.00875 1.00635 1.00395 1.00155

1.01110 1.00870 1.00630 1.00385 1.00145

1.01015 1.00780 1.00540 1.00300 1.00060

1.00890 1.00655 1.00415 1.00180 0.99945

1.00735 1.00505 1.00270 1.00035 0.99800

70 69 68 67 66

1.18415 1.18135 1.17860 1.17585 1.17305

1.18385 1.18105 1.17830 1.17555 1.17275

1.18125 1.17850 1.17575 1.17300 1.17025

1.17840 1.17565 1.17295 1.17020 1.16745

1.17565 1.17290 1.17020 1.16745 1.16470

35 34 33 32 31

1.08800 1.08530 1.08265 1.07995 1.07725

1.08780 1.08515 1.08245 1.07975 1.07705

1.08600 1.08335 1.08070 1.07800 1.07535

1.08390 1.08125 1.07860 1.07600 1.07335

1.08165 1.07905 1.07645 1.07380 1.07120

0

0.99913 0.99905 0.99823 0.99708 0.99568

*Bosart and Snoddy, Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, (1928): 1378.

TABLE 2-118

Hydrazine (N2H4)*

%

d 15 4

%

d 15 4

1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

1.0002 1.0013 1.0034 1.0077 1.0121 1.0164 1.0207 1.0248 1.0286

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1.0305 1.038 1.044 1.047 1.046 1.040 1.030 1.011

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 55.

15.5 °C

2-122

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-119

Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds*

d, dw, and ds are the density of the solution, pure water, and pure liquid solute, respectively, all in g/mL. ps is the wt % solute. 0.03255 means 2.55 × 10−4. Section A Name

Formula

t, °C

Acetaldehyde Acetamide

C2H4O C2H5NO

Acetone

C3H6O

Acetonitrile Allyl alcohol Benzenepentacarboxylic acid Butyl alcohol (n-)

C2H3N C3H6O C11H6O10 C4H10O

Butyric acid (n-)

C4H8O2

Chloral hydrate

C2H3Cl3O2

Chloroacetic acid

C2H3ClO2

Citric acid (hydrate)

C6H3O7 + H2O

Dichloroacetic acid

C2H2Cl2O2

Diethylamine hydrochloride Ethylamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN C2H8ClN

Ethylene glycol

C2H6O2

Ethyl ether tartrate Formaldehyde Formamide

C4H10O C8H14O6 CH2O CH3NO

Furfural Isoamyl alcohol

C5H4O2 C5H12O

Isobutyl alcohol

C4H10O



Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2



Isovaleric acid Lactic acid Maleic acid

C5H10O2 C3H6O C4H4O4

Malic acid

C4H6O5

Malonic acid Methyl acetate

C3H4O4 C3H6O2

glucoside (α-)

C7H14O6

Nicotine Nitrophenol (p-)

C10H14N2 C6H5NO3

Oxalic acid

C2H2O4

Phenol

C6H6O

Phenylglycolic acid Picoline (α-) (β-)

C8H8O3 C6H7N C6H7N

Propionic acid

C3H6O2

Pyridine Resorcinol Succinic acid

C5H5N C6H6O2 C4H6O4

Tartaric acid (d, l, or dl)

C4H6O6

*From International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 111–114.

 



    

 



 



18 15 0 4 15 20 25 15 0 25 20 18 25 0 15 30 20 25 18 20 25 21 21 0 15 20 25 15 15 25 20 25 20 15 20 15 18 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 20 0 30 20 15 0 15 17.5 20 25 15 80 25 25 25 18 25 25 18 25 15 17.5 20 30 40 50 60

d = d w + Aps + Bp s2 + Cp3s Range, ps

A

B

0– 30 0– 6 0–100 0–100 0–100 0–100 0–100 0– 16 0– 89 0– 0.6 0– 7.9 0– 10 0– 62 0– 70 0– 78 0– 90 0– 32 0– 86 0– 50 0– 30 0– 97 0– 36 0– 65 0–100 0– 6 0– 5 0– 4.5 0– 95 0– 40 22– 96 0– 8 0– 8 0– 2.5 0– 8 0– 8 0– 9 0– 9 0– 12 0– 5 0– 9 0– 40 0– 40 0– 40 0– 40 0– 20 26– 51 26– 51 0– 60 0– 1.5 0– 4 0– 4 0– 9 0– 4 0– 4 0– 5 0– 65 0– 11 0– 70 0– 60 0– 10 0– 40 0– 60 0– 52 0– 5.5 0– 15 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50

+0.03255 +0.03639 −0.03856 −0.027648 −0.021009 −0.021233 −0.021171 −0.021175 −0.033729 +0.025615 −0.021651 +0.03414 +0.035135 +0.024489 +0.024455 +0.024401 +0.023648 +0.023602 +0.023824 +0.024427 +0.024427 +0.0334 +0.021193 +0.021483 +0.02133 −0.02221 −0.02221 +0.022367 +0.022518 +0.021217 +0.021827 +0.021664 +0.02155 −0.02146 −0.02169 +0.0352 +0.0345 +0.0337 +0.03253 +0.02231 +0.0234 +0.023933 +0.023736 +0.02389 +0.0340 +0.023336 +0.023151 +0.03642 +0.023216 +0.025898 +0.02494 +0.02494 +0.025264 +0.025108 +0.02111 +0.03462 +0.02207 −0.04386 −0.04683 +0.0395 +0.039245 +0.03229 +0.02201 +0.02304 +0.024482 +0.024455 +0.024432 +0.024335 +0.024265 +0.024205 +0.024155

−0.0516 +0.04171 −0.05449 −0.041193 −0.059682 −0.053529 −0.05904 −0.042024 −0.041232 −0.02117 +0.04285 +0.04131 −0.04166 +0.042802 +0.042198 +0.041887 +0.05302 +0.05552 +0.041141 +0.05537 +0.05537 +0.0676 −0.05307 +0.052992 −0.05108 +0.0448 +0.0435 +0.05358 −0.05658 +0.053199 +0.05366 +0.0421 +0.043 +0.056 +0.0438

−0.04282 +0.05186 +0.0575 +0.05957 +0.04175 +0.041066 −0.0574 +0.05996 +0.05975 +0.05454 −0.0455 −0.033185 −0.058 −0.058 −0.031996 −0.031607 −0.04283 −0.0686 +0.0423 −0.051405 −0.0513 −0.04172 −0.0599 −0.05204 +0.05519 +0.04185 +0.04185 +0.041837 +0.04185 +0.04185 +0.04185 +0.04185

C

−0.07588 +0.08272 −0.08624 −0.075327 −0.0856 +0.072984

+0.0611 −0.071291 +0.074366 +0.076549 +0.0722 +0.0717 +0.077534 +0.077534 −0.0747 −0.075248

−0.076005 +0.06542 −0.072529

+0.01544 +0.08978 −0.07687 +0.0441 +0.04254 +0.04208

−0.074167 +0.07361 −0.0828 −0.0819

DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-119

Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds (Concluded) d = d w + Aps + Bp s2 + Cp3s (Cont.)

Section A Name

t, °C

Formula

Tetraethyl ammonium chloride Thiourea

C8H20ClN CH4N2S

Trichloroacetic acid

C2HCl3O2

Triethylamine hydrochloride

C6H16ClN

Trimethyl carbinol

C4H10O

Urea

CH4N2O

Urethane Valeric acid (n-)

C3H7NO2 C5H10O2

21 15 12.5 20 25 21 20 25 14.8 18 20 25 20 25

 



Section B Name

Formula

Butyl alcohol (n-) Butyric acid (n-) Ethyl ether

C4H10O C4H8O2 C4H10O

Isobutyl alcohol

C4H10O

Isobutyric acid Nicotine Picoline (α-) (β-) Pyridine Trimethyl carbinol

C4H8O2 C10H14N2 C6H7N C6H7N C5H5N C4H10O



C3H6O C4H10O

Chloral hydrate

C2H3Cl3O2

Ethyl tartrate

C7H14O6

Furfural

C5H4O2

Pyridine

C5H5N

A

B

C

0–63 0–7 0–61 10–30 0–94 0–54 0–100 0–100 0–12 0–51 0–35 0–10 0–56 0–3

+0.031884 +0.022995 +0.02499 +0.025053 +0.025051 +0.046 −0.02117 −0.021286 +0.023213 +0.022718 +0.022702 +0.022728 +0.021278 +0.0334

+0.056 +0.05374 +0.04153 +0.041387 +0.056119 +0.05558 −0.041908 −0.04176 −0.044802 +0.051552 +0.053712 −0.041817 −0.05245 −0.0427

+0.07122

t, °C

Range, p w

A

B

20 25 25 0 15 26 20 25 25 25 20

0–20 0–38 0– 1.1 0–14 0–16 0–80 0–40 0–30 0–40 0–40 0–20

+0.022103 +0.021854 +0.0234 +0.022437 +0.02224 +0.021808 +0.02199 +0.022715 +0.021925 +0.021157 +0.022287

−0.04113 −0.042314 +0.0336 −0.04285 −0.04129 −0.042358 −0.04331 −0.04393 −0.04352 −0.05536 +0.05275



+0.061038 −0.0869 +0.07957 +0.07887 +0.051216 +0.072573 −0.072285 +0.051379 −0.073437

d = ds + Apw + Bp 2w + Cp 3w

ds

C

+0.061253 +0.07315 +0.0625 −0.062

dt = do + At + Bt2

ps

do

Range, °C

A

B

76.60 80.95 2.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 25.00 4.62 5.69 6.56 9.34 21.20 29.50 40.40

0.9122 0.8614 1.0094 1.0476 1.0150 1.0270 1.0665 1.0125 1.0140 1.0155 1.0055 1.0115 1.0145 1.0182

0–45 0–43 7–80 7–80 15–80 15–80 15–80 22–74 22–74 22–74 11–73 14–73 12–72 9–74

−0.038 −0.037292 −0.042597 −0.047955 −0.032103 −0.032116 −0.03401 −0.03232 −0.03221 −0.03211 −0.03171 −0.03378 −0.03463 −0.03605

−0.0527 −0.0675 −0.054313 −0.054253 −0.052544 −0.062929 −0.0523 −0.05254 −0.05268 −0.05290 −0.053615 −0.05248 −0.05235 −0.05167

Formula

Allyl alcohol Butyl alcohol (n-)

Range, ps

0.8097 0.9534 0.7077 0.8170 0.8055 0.9425 1.0093 0.9404 0.9515 0.9776 0.7856 Section C

Name

2-123

 



2-124

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS TABLE 2-120

Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids*

Water at 4 °C and normal atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For more detailed data on any material, see the section dealing with the properties of that material.

Sp. gr.

Aver. density lb/ft 3

Sp. gr.

Aver. density lb/ft 3

2.55–2.80 7.7 8.4–8.7 7.4–8.9 8.88

165 481 534 509 554

Timber, Air-dry Apple Ash, black white Birch, sweet, yellow Cedar, white, red

0.66–0.74 0.55 0.64–0.71 0.71–0.72 0.35

44 34 42 44 22

Copper, cast-rolled ore, pyrites German silver Gold, cast-hammered coin (U.S.)

8.8–8.95 4.1–4.3 8.58 19.25–19.35 17.18–17.2

556 262 536 1205 1073

Cherry, wild red Chestnut Cypress Elm, white Fir, Douglas

0.43 0.48 0.45–0.48 0.56 0.48–0.55

27 30 29 35 32

Iridium Iron, gray cast cast, pig wrought spiegeleisen

21.78–22.42 7.03–7.13 7.2 7.6–7.9 7.5

1383 442 450 485 468

balsam Hemlock Hickory Locust Mahogany

0.40 0.45–0.50 0.74–0.80 0.67–0.77 0.56–0.85

25 29 48 45 44

ferro-silicon ore, hematite ore, limonite ore, magnetite slag

6.7–7.3 5.2 3.6–4.0 4.9–5.2 2.5–3.0

437 325 237 315 172

Maple, sugar white Oak, chestnut live red, black

0.68 0.53 0.74 0.87 0.64–0.71

43 33 46 54 42

Lead ore, galena Manganese ore, pyrolusite Mercury

11.34 7.3–7.6 7.42 3.7–4.6 13.6

710 465 475 259 849

white Pine, Norway Oregon red Southern white

0.77 0.55 0.51 0.48 0.61–0.67 0.43

48 34 32 30 38–42 27

8.97 8.9 21.5 10.4–10.6 7.83 7.80 7.70–7.73 7.2–7.5 6.4–7.0 19.22

555 537 1330 656 489 487 481 459 418 1200

Poplar Redwood, California Spruce, white, red Teak, African Indian Walnut, black Willow

0.43 0.42 0.45 0.99 0.66–0.88 0.59 0.42–0.50

27 26 28 62 48 37 28

6.9–7.2 3.9–4.2

440 253

Various Solids Cereals, oats, bulk barley, bulk corn, rye, bulk wheat, bulk Cork

49 50 75 94 112

26 39 45 48 15

0.789 0.796 1.20 1.50 1.80

0.51 0.62 0.73 0.77 0.22–0.26

Various Liquids Alcohol, ethyl (100%) methyl (100%) Acid, muriatic, 40% nitric, 91% sulfuric, 87% Chloroform Ether Lye, soda, 66% Oils, vegetable mineral, lubricants

1.500 0.736 1.70 0.91–0.94 0.88–0.94

95 46 106 58 57

Cotton, flax, hemp Fats Flour, loose pressed Glass, common

1.47–1.50 0.90–0.97 0.40–0.50 0.70–0.80 2.40–2.80

93 58 28 47 162

2.45–2.72 2.90–3.00 3.2–4.7 0.32 0.86–1.02

161 184 247 20 59

54 62.428 59.830 56 8

plate or crown crystal dint Hay and straw, bales Leather

0.861–0.867 1.0 0.9584 0.88–0.92 0.125

Paper Potatoes, piled Rubber, caoutchouc goods Salt, granulated, piled

0.70–1.15 0.67 0.92–0.96 1.0–2.0 0.77

58 44 59 94 48

Saltpeter Starch Sulfur Wool

1.07 1.53 1.93–2.07 1.32

67 96 125 82

Substance Metals, Alloys, Ores Aluminum, cast-hammered bronze Brass, cast-rolled Bronze, 7.9 to 14% Sn phosphor

Monel metal, rolled Nickel Platinum, cast-hammered Silver, cast-hammered Steel, cold-drawn machine tool Tin, cast-hammered cassiterite Tungsten Zinc, cast-rolled blende

Substance

Turpentine Water, 4°C max. density 100°C ice snow, fresh fallen sea water

1.02–1.03

64

Ashlar Masonry Bluestone Granite, syenite, gneiss Limestone Marble Sandstone

2.3–2.6 2.4–2.7 2.1–2.8 2.4–2.8 2.0–2.6

153 159 153 162 143

Rubble Masonry Bluestone Granite, syenite, gneiss Limestone Marble Sandstone

2.2–2.5 2.3–2.6 2.0–2.7 2.3–2.7 1.9–2.5

147 153 147 156 137

*From Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Sp. gr.

Aver. density lb/ft 3

Dry Rubble Masonry Granite, syenite, gneiss Limestone, marble Sandstone, bluestone

1.9–2.3 1.9–2.1 1.8–1.9

130 125 110

Brick Masonry Hard brick Medium brick Soft brick Sand-lime brick

1.8–2.3 1.6–2.0 1.4–1.9 1.4–2.2

128 112 103 112

Concrete Masonry Cement, stone, sand slag, etc. cinder, etc.

2.2–2.4 1.9–2.3 1.5–1.7

144 130 100

0.64–0.72 1.5 0.85–1.00 1.4–1.9 2.08–2.25

40–45 94 53–64 103 94–135

Portland cement Slags, bank slag bank screenings machine slag slag sand

3.1–3.2 1.1–1.2 1.5–1.9 1.5 0.8–0.9

196 67–72 98–117 96 49–55

Earth, etc., Excavated Clay, dry damp plastic and gravel, dry Earth, dry, loose dry, packed moist, loose moist, packed mud, flowing mud, packed Riprap, limestone

1.0 1.76 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.3–1.4

63 110 100 76 95 78 96 108 115 80–85

1.4 1.7 1.4–1.7 1.6–1.9 1.89–2.16

90 105 90–105 100–120 126

1.28 1.44 0.96 1.00 1.12 1.00

80 90 60 65 70 65

2.1–2.8 4.50 2.7–3.2 2.55 2.5–2.6

153 281 184 159 159

Borax Chalk Clay, marl Dolomite Feldspar, orthoclase

1.7–1.8 1.8–2.8 1.8–2.6 2.9 2.5–2.7

109 143 137 181 162

Gneiss Granite Greenstone, trap Gypsum, alabaster Hornblende Limestone Marble Magnesite Phosphate rock, apatite Porphyry

2.7–2.9 2.6–2.7 2.8–3.2 2.3–2.8 3.0 2.1–2.86 2.6–2.86 3.0 3.2 2.6–2.9

175 165 187 159 187 155 170 187 200 172

Substance

Various Building Materials Ashes, cinders Cement, Portland, loose Lime, gypsum, loose Mortar, lime, set Portland cement

Riprap, sandstone Riprap, shale Sand, gravel, dry, loose gravel, dry, packed gravel, wet Excavations in Water Clay River mud Sand or gravel and clay Soil Stone riprap Asbestos Barytes Basait Bauxite Bluestone

Minerals

SOLUBILITIES TABLE 2-120

2-125

Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids (Concluded)

Water at 4°C and normal atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For more detailed data on any material, see the section dealing with the properties of that material.

Substance

Substance

0.37–0.90 2.5–2.8 2.0–2.6 2.7–2.8 2.6–2.9

40 165 143 171 172

Bituminous Substances Asphaltum Coal, anthracite bituminous lignite peat, turf, dry

1.1–1.5 1.4–1.8 1.2–1.5 1.1–1.4 0.65–0.85

81 97 84 78 47

2.6–2.8 2.6–2.7

169 165

1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.5

96 107 95 82 92

charcoal, pine charcoal, oak coke Graphite Paraffin

0.28–0.44 0.47–0.57 1.0–1.4 1.64–2.7 0.87–0.91

23 33 75 135 56

Sp. gr.

Minerals (Cont.) Pumice, natural Quartz, flint Sandstone Serpentine Shale, slate Soapstone, talc Syenite Stone, Quarried, Piled Basalt, granite, gneiss Greenstone, hornblende Limestone, marble, quartz Sandstone Shale NOTE:

Aver. density lb/ft3

Sp. gr.

Aver. density lb/ft 3

Substance

Sp. gr.

Aver. density lb/ft3

Bituminous Substances (Cont.) Petroleum refined (kerosene) benzine gasoline Pitch Tar, bituminous

0.87 0.78–0.82 0.73–0.75 0.70–0.75 1.07–1.15 1.20

54 50 46 45 69 75

Coal and Coke, Piled Coal, anthracite bituminous, lignite peat, turf charcoal coke

0.75–0.93 0.64–0.87 0.32–0.42 0.16–0.23 0.37–0.51

47–58 40–54 20–26 10–14 23–32

To convert pounds per cubic foot to kilograms per cubic meter, multiply by 16.02. °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.

TABLE 2-121

Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature Element symbol

Temperature, K*

Al

Be†

Cr

Cu

Au

Ir

Fe

Pb

Mo

Ni

Pt

Ag

Zn†

50 100 150 200 250

2736 2732 2726 2719 2710

3650 3640 3630 3620 3610

7160 7155 7150 7145 7140

9019 9009 8992 8973 8951

19,490 19,460 19,420 19,380 19,340

22,600 22,580 22,560 22,540 22,520

7910 7900 7890 7880 7870

11,570 11,520 11,470 11,430 11,380

10,260 10,260 10,250 10,250 10,250

8960 8950 8940 8930 8910

21,570 21,550 21,530 21,500 21,470

10,620 10,600 10,575 10,550 10,520

7280 7260 7230 7200 7170

300 400 500 600 800

2701 2681 2661 2639 2591

3600 3580 3555 3530

7135 7120 7110 7080 7040

8930 8885 8837 8787 8686

19,300 19,210 19,130 19,040 18,860

22,500 22,450 22,410 22,360 22,250

7860 7830 7800 7760 7690

11,330 11,230 11,130 11,010 10,430

10,240 10,220 10,210 10,190 10,160

8900 8860 8820 8780 8690

21,450 21,380 21,330 21,270 21,140

10,490 10,430 10,360 10,300 10,160

7135 7070 7000 6935 6430

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

2365 2305 2255

7000 6945 6890 6760 6700

8568 8458 7920 7750 7600

18,660 18,440 17,230 16,950

22,140 22,030 21,920 21,790 21,660

7650 7620 7520 7420 7320

10,190 9,940

10,120 10,080 10,040 10,000 9,950

8610 8510 8410 8320 7690

21,010 20,870 20,720 20,570 20,400

10,010 9,850 9,170 8,980

6260

21,510

7030

9,900

7450

20,220

2000

7460

NOTE:

Above the horizontal line the condensed phase is solid; below the line, it is liquid. *°R = 9⁄ 5 K. †Polycrystalline form tabulated. Similar tables for an additional 45 elements appear in the Handbook of Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.

SOLUBILITIES UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32. To convert cubic centimeters to cubic feet, multiply by 3.532 × 10−5. To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934.

To convert grams per liter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 6.243 × 10−2. A database containing solubilities originally published in the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Solubility Data Series is now available at no cost online at http://srdata.nist.gov/solubility.

2-126

TABLE 2-122

Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures*

This table shows the grams of anhydrous substance that are soluble in 100 g of water at the temperature in degrees Celsius as indicated; when the name is followed by †, the value is expressed in grams of substance in 100 cm3 of saturated solution. Solid phase gives the hydrated form in equilibrium with the saturated solution. Solid phase

Substance

Formula

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Aluminum chloride sulfate Ammonium aluminum sulfate bicarbonate bromide chloride chloroplatinate chromate chromium sulfate dichromate dihydrogen phosphite hydrogen phosphate iodide magnesium phosphate manganese phosphate nitrate oxalate perchlorate† persulfate sulfate thiocyanate vanadate (meta) Antimonious fluoride sulfide Arsenic oxide Arsenious sulfide

AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Al2(SO4)4 NH4HCO3 NH4Br NH4Cl (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2(SO4)4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4H2PO3 (NH4)2HPO4 NH4I NH4MgPO4 NH4MnPO4 NH4NO3 (NH4)2C2O4 NH4ClO4† (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS NH4VO3 SbF3 Sb2S3 As2O5 As2S3

27 28 29

Barium acetate acetate carbonate

Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCO3

3H2O 1H2O

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

chlorate chloride chromate hydroxide iodide iodide nitrate nitrite oxalate

Ba(ClO3)2 BaCl2 BaCrO4 Ba(OH)2 BaI2 BaI2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 BaC2O4

1H2O 2H2O

3H2O

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

perchlorate sulfate Beryllium sulfate sulfate sulfate Boric acid Boron oxide Bromine Cadmium chloride chloride chloride cyanide hydroxide

Ba(ClO4)2 BaSO4 BeSO4 BeSO4 BeSO4 H3BO3 B2O3 Br2 CdCl2 CdCl2 CdCl2 Cd(CN)2 Cd(OH)2

52 53 54

sulfate Calcium acetate acetate

CdSO4 Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2

6H2O 18H2O 24H2O

0 °C 31.2 2.1 11.9 60.6 29.4

10 °C 33.5 4.99 15.8 68 33.3 0.7

10.7825°

24II2O 171 6H2O 7H2O 1H2O

154.2 0.023 118.3 2.2 11.56 58.2 70.6 119.8

163.2

3.1 73.0 144

384.7

8H2O 6H2O 2H2O

20 °C 69.8615° 36.4 7.74 21 75.5 37.2

59.5 5.17 × 10−5 at 18° 59

62.1 63 0.00168°

20.34 31.6 0.0002 1.67 170.2 5.0

1H2O

26.95 33.3 0.00028 2.48 185.7 7.0 0.00168°

205.8 1.15 × 10−4

2.0 × 10−4

19014.5° 13115 172.3 0.052 0 192 4.4 20.85 75.4 170 0.48 444.7 0.00017518° 65.8

4H2O 2aH2O 1H2O

2H2O 1H2O

76.48 37.4

40.4 10.94 27 83.2 41.4

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

70 °C

80 °C

90 °C

100 °C

46.1 14.88

52.2 20.10

59.2 26.70

66.1

73.0

80.8

89.0 109.796°

91.1 45.8

99.2 50.4

107.8 55.2

116.8 60.2

126 65.6

135.6 71.3

145.6 77.3 1.25

190.5 0.036 0 297.0 8.0 30.58

199.6 0.030

208.9 0.040 0 421.0

218.7 0.016 0.005 499.0

228.8 0.019 0.007 580.0

40.4 47.17 26031° 181.4 241.8 5.9 78.0 207.7 0.84 563.6

81.0

69.5

71.2

1.32

344.0 10.3

39.05

740.0

48.19

88.0 1.78

250.3 871.0 57.01

95.3

103.3

75.1

76.7

3.05 73.0

71 0.002218° 33.80 35.7 0.00037 3.89 203.1 9.2 67.5 0.002218° 289.1 2.4 × 10−4

6H2O 4H2O 2H2O 2.66 1.1 4.22 97.59 90.01

30 °C

3.57 1.5 3.4 125.1

5.04 2.2 3.20

135.1

134.5 1.715°

75 0.0024 at 24.2° 41.70 38.2 0.00046 5.59 219.6 11.6

79

77

74

74

49.61 40.7

43.6

66.81 46.4

49.4

8.22

13.12

231.9 14.2

17.1

358.7

426.3

20.94

75 84.84 52.4

104.9 58.8

101.4

247.3 20.3

261.0 27.0 205.8

271.7 34.2 300

0.0024 at 24.2° 2.85 × 10−4 52 43.78 6.60

495.2

562.3

60.67 46.74 8.72 4.0

62 11.54

14.81 6.2

16.73

84.76 23.75 9.5

83 98 30.38

100 110 40.25 15.7

3.13 132.1

76.00 36.0

76.60 34.7

135.3

136.5

140.4

147.0

2.6 × 10−4 at 25° 33.8

78.54 33.2

83.68 32.7

63.13

60.77

31.1

29.7

33.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Calcium bicarbonate chloride chloride fluoride hydroxide nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrite nitrite oxalate

Ca(HCO3)2 CaCl2 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO2)2 CaC2O4

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

sulfate Carbon dioxide, 760 mm ‡ monoxide, 760 mm ‡ Cesium chloride nitrate sulfate Chlorine, 760 mm ‡ Chromic anhydride Cuprio chloride nitrate nitrate sulfate sulfide

CaSO4 CO2 CO CsCl CsNO3 Cs2SO4 Cl2 CrO3 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuS

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Cuprous chloride Ferric chloride Ferrous chloride chloride nitrate sulfate sulfate Hydrobromic acid, 760 mm Hydrochloric acid, 760 mm Iodine Lead acetate bromide carbonate chloride chromate fluoride nitrate sulfate Magnesium bromide chloride hydroxide nitrate sulfate sulfate sulfate Manganous sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate Mercurous chloride Molybdic oxide Nickel chloride nitrate nitrate sulfate sulfate Nitric oxide, 760 mm Nitrous oxide

CuCl FeCl3 FeCl2 FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 FeSO4 HBr HCl I2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 MgBr2 MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MgSO4 MgSO4 MnSO4 MnSO4 MnSO4 MnSO4 HgCl MoO3 NiCl2 Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 NiSO4 NO N2O

6H2O 2H2O 4H2O 3H2O

16.15 59.5 0.185 102.0

65.0 0.176 115.3

16.60 74.5 0.001618° 0.165 129.3

17.05

17.50

17.95

18.40

102 0.001726° 0.153 152.6

136.8 0.141 195.9 237.5

0.128

0.116

141.7 0.106

147.0 0.094

152.7 0.085

62.07

2H2O

0.1759 0.3346 0.0044 161.4 9.33 167.1 1.46 164.9 70.7 81.8

2H2O 6H2O 3H2O 5H2O

363.6

76.68 6.7 × 10−4 at 13° 0.1928 0.2318 0.0035 174.7 14.9 173.1 0.980 73.76 95.28

14.3

17.4

74.4

81.9 64.5

4H2O

6.8 × 10−4 at 25° 0.1688 0.0028 186.5 23.0 178.7 0.716 77.0 125.1 20.7 3.3 × 10−5 at 18° 1.5225° 91.8

9.5 × 10−4 at 50° 0.2090 0.1257 0.0024 197.3 33.9 184.1 0.562 80.34

14 × 10−4 at 95° 0.2097 0.0973 0.0021 208.0 47.2 189.9 0.451 174.0 83.8

25

159.8 28.5

33.3

77.3

315.1 82.5

73.0

0.0761 0.0018 218.5 64.4 194.9 0.386 182.1 87.44

132.6

151.9

0.2047 0.0576 0.0015 229.7 83.8 199.9 0.324

0.0013 239.5 107.0 205.0 0.274

244.8

0.1966 0.0010 250.0 134.0 210.3 0.219

91.2

99.2

178.8 40

207.8 55

88.7

525.8 100

0.0006 260.1 163.0 214.9 0.125 217.5

71.02 15.65

20.51

83.8 26.5

535.7

210.3

3H2O 0.4554 0.6728

6H2O 6H2O 6H2O 7H2O 6H2O 1H2O 7H2O 5H2O 4H2O 1H2O

38.8 0.0028 91.0 52.8

0.060 48.3 0.0035 94.5 53.5

40.2

67.3 0.04 55.0425° 1.15

63.3 0.056

171.5 59.6 0.078

0.85 0.00011 0.99 7 × 10−6 0.064 56.5 0.0041 96.5 54.5 0.000918°

1.53

1.94

2.36

3.34

4.75

1.20

1.45

1.70

1.98

2.62

3.34

0.068 66 0.0049 99.2

66.55 40.8 53.23

30.9 42.2 60.01 59.5

0.00014 2H2O 6H2O 6H2O 3H2O 7H2O 6H2O

32.9

198 0.029

53.9 79.58

59.5

35.5 44.5

40.8 45.3

62.9 64.5

67.76 66.44

0.0002 0.138 64.2 96.31

48.6

0.264 68.9

75 0.0056 101.6 57.5

0.00984

32 0.00757 0.1705

43.6

130

85

95

104.1

107.5 61.0

115

0.0007 0.476 73.3 122.2

38.8

113.7 66.0

84.74 45.6

68.8

37.3

56.1

120.2 73.0 137.0

50.4

53.5

59.5

64.2 62.9

69.0

74.0 68.3

72.6 58.17

55.0

52.0

48.0

42.5

34.0

0.687 78.3

1.206 82.2

2.055 85.2

163.1 27.22

105.8

165.6 50.9

221.2 82.3

0.1619 0 0 270.5 197.0 220.3 0 206.8 107.9 75.4

105.3 6H2O 7H2O 1H2O

0.077

281.5 358.7

4H2O 2H2O

159

2.106 87.6

169.1

235.1

42.46 0.00618 0.1211

0.00517

0.00440

50.15 0.00376

54.80 0.00324

59.44 0.00267

63.17 0.00199

0.00114

76.7 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

2-127

*By N. A. Lange; abridged from “Table of Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures” in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961 (except for NaCl, which is from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, 2005). For tables of the solubility of gases in water at various temperatures, Atack (Handbook of Chemical Data, Reinhold, New York, 1957) gives values at closer temperature intervals, usually 1 or 5 °C, than are tabulated here. For materials marked by ‡, additional data are given in tables subsequent to this one. For the solubility of various hydrocarbons in water at high pressures see J. Chem. Eng. Data, 4, 212 (1959).

2-128

TABLE 2-122

Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures (Continued)

Substance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Potassium acetate acetate alum bicarbonate bisulfate bitartrate carbonate chlorate chloride chromate dichromate ferricyanide hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrite perchlorate permanganate persulfate† sulfate thiocyanate Silver cyanide nitrate sulfate Sodium acetate acetate bicarbonate carbonate carbonate chlorate chloride chromate chromate chromate dichromate dichromate dihydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen arsenate hydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate hydroxide hydroxide hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrite oxalate phosphate, tripyrophosphate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfide sulfide sulfide sulfite sulfite tetraborate tetraborate vanadate (meta)

Formula KC2H3O2 KC2H3O2 K2SO4⋅Al2(SO4)3 KHCO3 KHSO4 KHC4H4O6 K2CO3 KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K3Fe(CN)6 KOH KOH KNO3 KNO2 KClO4 KMnO4 K2S2O8† K2SO4 KCNS AgCN AgNO3 Ag2SO4 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 Na2CO3 NaClO8 NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2Cr2O7 NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2C2O4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2S Na2S Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7 NaVO8

Solid phase 1aH2O aH2O 24H2O

2H2O

2H2O 1H2O

†

3H2O 10H2O 1H2O 10H2O 4H2O

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

216.7

233.9

255.6

3.0 22.4 36.3 0.32 105.5 3.3 27.6 58.2 5 31 97

4.0 27.7

5.9 33.2 51.4 0.53 110.5 7.4 34.0 61.7 12 43 112

0.40 108 5 31.0 60.0 7 36 103

13.3 278.8 0.75 2.83 1.62 7.35 177.0

20.9

122 0.573 36.3 119 6.9 7

170 0.695 40.8 121 8.15 12.5

31.6 298.4 1.80 6.4 4.49 11.11 217.5 2.2 × 10−5 222 0.796 46.5 123.5 9.6 21.5

79 35.65 31.70

89 35.72 50.17

101 35.89 88.7

2H2O

163.0

2H2O 1H2O

57.9

1.05 4.4 2.60 9.22

30 °C 283.8 8.39 39.1 0.90 113.7 10.5 37.0 63.4 20 50 126 45.8 2.6 9.0 7.19 12.97

40 °C

50 °C

60 °C

70 °C

80 °C

90 °C

337.3 17.00

350 24.75 60.0

364.8 40.0

380.1 71.0

396.3 109.0

1.83 121.2 19.3 42.6 66.8 34

2.46 126.8 24.5 45.5 68.6 43 66

100 °C

323.3 11.70 45.4 67.3 1.32 116.9 14 40.0 65.2 26 60 63.9 334.9 4.4 12.56 9.89 14.76

140 85.5

110.0

48.3 70.4 52

138

4.6 139.8 38.5 51.1 72.1 61

169

147.5 54.0 73.9 70

202

6.5 16.89

9 22.2

11.8

14.8

18

16.50

18.17

19.75

21.4

22.8

1.22

669 1.30

300 0.888 54.5 126 11.1 38.8 50.5 113 36.09

376 0.979 65.5 129.5 12.7

455 1.08 83 134 14.45

525 1.15 139 139.5 16.4

48.5 126 36.37

140 36.69

46.4 155 37.04

88.7

95.96

104

114.6

177.8

133.1

244.8

146

153

172 37.46

45.8 189 37.93

123.0 316.7

124.8 376.2

1.36 161

38.47

121.6 6.95 155.7 57 56.7 75.6 80 82.6104 178 246 412.8 21.8 24.1 952 1.41 170 45.5 230 38.99 125.9 426.3

12H2O 12H2O 7H2O 2H2O

69.9

85.2

106.5

138.2

15.5 3.6

26.5 7.7

37 20.8

47

158.6 7.3 1.67

179.3 65

190.3

207.3 85

225.3

82.9

88.1

92.4

102.9

246.6

51.8 80.2

102.2 4H2O 3aH2O 1H2O

42 51.5 109

119

129

145

174

104 98.4

114 104.1

124

313

12H2O 10H2O 10H2O 7H2O 9H2O 5aH2O 6H2O 7H2O

73 72.1

80 78.0

1.5 3.16 5.0 19.5

4.1 3.95 9.0 30

88 84.5 3.7 11 6.23 19.4 44

15.42

18.8

22.5

20

26.9

36

13.9

96 91.6 20 9.95 40.8

31 13.50

43 17.45

55 21.83

81 30.04

347 180 163.2 6.33 108 40.26

48.8 28.5

46.7

45.3

43.7

42.5

39.82 36.4

42.69 39.1

28.2 10.5

28.8 20.3

28 10H2O 5H2O 2H2O

1.3

1.6

2.7 15.325°

3.9 30.2

68.4

148 132.6

45.73 43.31

51.40 49.14

24.4

31.5

59.23 57.28

28.3 41

52.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

TABLE 2-122

Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures (Concluded)

Substance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Sodium vanadate (meta) Stannous chloride sulfate Strontium acetate acetate chloride chloride nitrate nitrate nitrate sulfate Sulfur dioxide, 760 mm† Thallium sulfate Thorium sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate Zinc chlorate chlorate nitrate nitrate sulfate sulfate sulfate

Formula NaVO3 SnCl2 SnSO4 Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(C2H3O2)2 SrCl2 SrCl2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 SO2 Tl2SO4 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2 ZnClO3 ZnClO3 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 ZnSO4

Solid phase

0 °C

10 °C

9H2O 8H2O 6H2O 4H2O 6H2O 4H2O 6H2O 3H2O 7H2O 6H2O 1H2O

36.9 43.5

43.61 42.95 47.7

52.7 40.1 0.0113 22.83 2.70 0.74 1.0 1.50 145.0

30 °C

21.1025° 269.815° 19

83.9 4H2O aH2O 6H2O 2H2O 1H2O 4H2O

20 °C

41.6 52.9

40 °C

0.0114 11.29 4.87 1.38 1.62 1.90

60 °C

70 °C

80 °C

32.97

36.9

38.875°

36.24

36.10

85.9

90.5

90 °C

100 °C

18 39.5 58.7

65.3

64.0 70.5 16.21 3.70 0.98 1.25

50 °C

26.23

88.6 0.0114 7.81 6.16 1.995

37.35 72.4

81.8

83.8

97.2

90.1 5.41 2.998

4.5 9.21 5.22

4.04

2.54

2.45

36.4 130.4

100.8 139

93.8

96

98

100

10.92

12.74

14.61

16.53

18.45

6.64 1.63

1.09

86.6

83.7

80.8

152.5 200.3 118.3

94.78

209.2

223.2

273.1

206.9 41.9

47

54.4 70.1

76.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

2-129

2-130

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-123

Solubility as a Function of Temperature and Henry’s Constant at 25°C for Gases in Water

Name

Formula

A

Acetylene Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen Oxygen

C2H2 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 N2 O2

−156.51 −159.854 −171.764 −250.812 −153.027 −105.9768 −125.939 −338.217 −181.587 −171.2542

B 8,160.2 8,741.68 8,296.9 12,695.6 7,965.2 4,259.62 5,528.45 13,282.1 8,632.13 8,391.24

C

D

T range, K

H at 25 °C, atm

21.403 21.6694 23.3376 34.7413 20.5248 14.0094 16.8893 51.9144 24.7981 23.24323

0 −1.10261E-03 0 0 0 0 0 −0.0425831 0 0

274–343 273–353 273–353 275–323 287–346 273–348 273–345 273–523 273–350 273–333

1,330 1,635 58,000 29,400 11,726 142,900 70,800 39,200 84,600 43,400

The constants can be used to calculate solubility by the equation ln x = A + B/T + C ln T + DT, where T is in K and x is the mole fraction of the solute dissolved in water when the solute partial pressure is 1 atm. With the assumption that Henry’s law is valid up to 1 atm, H = 1/x. Values of the constants are from P. G. T. Fogg and W. Gerrard, Solubility of Gases in Liquids, Wiley, 1991, New York, and Solubility Data Series, vol. 1, Helium and Neon, IUPAC, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. For higher-temperature behavior and an up-to-date reference list, see R. Fernandez-Prini, J. L. Alvarez, and A. H. Harvey, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 32(2):903, 2003. To find H at temperatures other than 25 °C, first find the solubility and then take the reciprocal. TABLE 2-124 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25°C Compound

CAS no.

Formula

H, atm

Rating

Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Octane Nonane

74828 74840 74986 106978 109660 111659 111842

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C8H18 C9H20

36,600 26,700 37,800 51,100 70,000 274,000 329,000

4 3 3 3 3 3 3

74851 115071

C2H4 C3H6

11,700 11,700

3 4

Olefins Ethylene Propylene Aromatics Benzene Toluene o-Xylene Cumene Phenol

Compound

CAS no.

Formula

H, atm

Rating

74873 75003 108907

CH3Cl C2H5Cl C6H5Cl

556 681 204

? 10 10

67561 64175 71238 71363

CH4O C2H6O C3H8O C4H10O

0.272 0.272 0.507 0.482

4 4 3 3

107131 75183 624920 74931 75081 110861

C3H3N C2H6S C2H6S2 CH4S C2H6S C5H5N

5.54 121 68.1 177 161 0.817

3 3 3 3 3 3

Chlorine Containing

Paraffin Hydrocarbons

71432 108883 95476 98828 108952

C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C9H12 C6H6O

299 354 272 724 0.0394

10 10 10 9 7

Methyl chloride Chloroethane Chlorobenzene Alcohols Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 1-Butanol Miscellaneous Acrylonitrile Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Methyl mercaptan Ethyl mercaptan Pyridine

Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AIChE, the DIPPR Acetaldehyde 75,070 C2H4O 5.56 3 Environmental Safety Property Data and Estimations Streering Committee and Propanal 123,386 C3H6O 4.36 4 of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as T. N. Rogers, D. A. Zei, R. L. Rowley, W. V. Ketones Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, Methyl ethyl ketone 78,933 C4H8O 2.59 5 DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). Flammability limits are from B. Esters Lewis and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1987). Flash point data are from N. I. Sax, Methyl formate 107313 C2H4O2 13.6 3 Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed, New York: Van Nostrand Ethyl formate 109944 C3H6O2 13.6 3 Reinhold (1984). Autoignition data are from I. Glassman, Combustion, 3d ed, Methyl acetate 79209 C3H6O2 5.04 3 New York: Academic Press (1996). The ratings reflect DIPPR® ESP’s effort to Butyl acetate 123864 C6H12O2 13.6 3 provide a critical evaluation and quality assessment of each data point with 15 being the highest score possible. The rating is not directly correlated with the estimated experimental uncertainty. The ratings reflect DIPPR Project 911’s effort to provide a critical evaluation and quality assessment of each data point, with 10 being the highest score possible. The rating is not directly correlated with the estimated experimental uncertainty. Henry’s constant is a strong nonlinear function of temperature. A single value measured at one temperature, if used for calculation at a different temperature, can lead to serious errors. Procedures for extrapolation of single-point values over the ambient temperature range (4°C < T < 50°C) are presented in Sec. 22, p. 22–49, under “Estimating Henry’s law constants.” Estimation procedures for the larger range (4°C < T < 200°C) are presented in F. L. Smith and A. H. Harvey, “Avoid Common Pitfalls When Using Henry’s Law,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 103(9), 2007. See also Y.-L. Huang, J. D. Olson, and G. E. Keller II, “Steam Stripping for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. 2. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, pp. 1759–1768, 1992. (Also see the Supplementary Material, which contains the databank of 404 compounds of environmental interest and other useful property data.). Aldehydes

The H in Tables 2-123 to 2-134 is the proportionality constant in Henry’s law, p = Hx, where x is the mole fraction of the solute in the aqueous liquid phase; p is the partial pressure in atm of the solute in the gas phase; and H is a proportionality constant, generally referred to as Henry’s constant. Values of H often have considerable uncertainty and are strong functions of temperature. To convert values of H at 25°C from atm to atm/(mol/m3), divide by the molar density of water at 25°C, which is 55,342 mol/m3. Henry’s law is valid only for dilute solutions.

Additional values of Henry’s constant can be found in “Environmental Simulation Program”: OLI Systems, Inc., Morris Plains, N.J; “Estimated Henry’s Law Constant,” EPA Online Tools for Site Assessment Calculation (http://www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-two/onsite/ esthenry.htm); “Compilation of Henry’s Law Constants for Inorganic and Organic Species of Potential Importance in Environmental Chemistry,” Rolf Sander, Air Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; “Modeling Atmospheric Chemistry: Interactions between Gas-Phase Species and Liquid Cloud/Aerosol Particles,” Rolf Sander, Surv. Geophys. 20:1–31, 1999 (http://www.henrys-law.org).

SOLUBILITIES TABLE 2-125 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25 °C from Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients

TABLE 2-126

Compound

CAS no.

Formula

H = ∞Pvp, atm

Pentane Hexane Heptane Benzene Toluene o-Xylene Cumene Styrene Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propanal Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl n-propyl ketone Formic acid Methyl acetate Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Chloroethane 1-Chloropropane Chlorobenzene Methanol Ethanol Pyridine Diethyl ether Thiophene

109660 1100543 142825 71432 108883 95476 98,828 100425 50000 75070 123386 67641 78933 107879 64186 79209 141786 123864 75003 74986 108907 67561 64175 110861 60297 110021

C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C9H12 C8H8 CH2O C2H4O C3H6O C3H6O C4H8O C5H10O CH2O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C6H12O2 C2H5Cl C3H7Cl C6H5Cl CH4O C2H6O C5H5N C4H10O C4H4S

63700 84600 120000 309 344 267 613 145 14.3 4.54 5.45 2.13 3.11 4.60 0.0404 6.38 8.01 12.3 626 792 219 0.263 0.293 0.544 48.7 160

2-131

Air*

t, °C

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

10−4 × H†

4.32

4.88

5.49

6.07

6.64

7.20

7.71

8.23

t, °C

40

45

50

60

70

80

90

100

10−4 × H†

8.70

9.11

9.46

10.1

10.5

10.7

10.8

10.7

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 257. †H is calculated from the absorption coefficients of O2 and N2, taking into consideration the correction for constant argon content.

TABLE 2-127

Ammonia-Water at 10 and 20 °C* 10 °C

Mass fraction NH3 in liquid 0.0 0.00467 0.00495 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Henry’s constant H at 25 °C is the vapor pressure at 25 °C times the infinite dilution activity coefficient, also at 25 °C. Infinite dilution activity coefficients are from Mitchell and Jurs, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 38: 200 (1998). Henry’s constant is a strong nonlinear function of temperature. A single value measured at one temperature, if used for calculation at a different temperature, can lead to serious errors. Procedures for extrapolation of single-point values over the ambient temperature range (4°C < T < 50°C) are presented in Sec. 22, p. 22–49, under “Estimating Henry’s law constants.” Estimation procedures for the larger range (4°C < T < 200°C) are presented in F. L. Smith and A. H. Harvey, “Avoid Common Pitfalls When Using Henry’s Law,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 103(9), 2007. See also Y.-L. Huang, J. D. Olson, and G. E. Keller II, “Steam Stripping for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. 2. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, pp. 1759–1768, 1992. (Also see the Supplementary Material, which contains the databank of 404 compounds of environmental interest and other useful property data.)

20 °C

Mass fraction NH3 in vapor

P, kPa 1.23 1.37

0.0 0.1

7.07 20.07 47.37 99.84 184.44 292.15 399.03 486.44 554.33 615.05

P, kPa 2.34

0.84164 0.95438 0.98565 0.99544 0.99848 0.99943 0.99975 0.99988 0.99995 1.0

2.60 11.95 32.34 73.85 150.56 269.50 416.63 560.61 678.61 771.87 857.48

Mass fraction NH3 in vapor 0.0 0.1 0.82096 0.94541 0.98199 0.99393 0.99783 0.99913 0.99960 0.99980 0.99991 1.0

*Selected values from R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63 (1998). This reference lists solubilities for temperatures from −70 to 340°C. Densities, enthalpies, and entropies are listed for both the two-phase and single-phase regions for pressures up to 40 MPa.

TABLE 2-128 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)* Liquid mol fraction CO2 × 103 Total pressure, atm 1 2 10 20 30 36

0 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

35 °C

50 °C

75 °C

100 °C

1.445 2.89 12.71 21.23 25.79

0.985 1.946 8.81 15.38 19.80 21.45

0.802 1.587 7.32 13.13 17.49 19.42

0.692 1.374 6.44 11.84 16.22 18.30

0.608 1.207 5.74 10.75 15.05 17.29

0.473 0.943 4.54 8.64 12.80 14.80

0.342 0.683 3.30 6.34 9.10 10.63

0.248 0.495 2.41 4.65 6.78 7.90

0.187 0.373 1.841 3.62 5.35 6.35

*Values selected from G. Houghton, A. M. McLean, and P. D. Ritchie, Chem. Eng. Sci. 6:132–137, 1957.

TABLE 2-129

Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)*

t, °C

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10−3 × H

0.92

1.17

1.48

1.82

2.19

2.59

3.04

*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 261.

2-132

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-130 Partial pressure of Cl2, mmHg

Chlorine (Cl2)

TABLE 2-131 Vol % of ClO2 in gas phase

Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter 0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

30 °C

40 °C

50 °C

5 10 30 50 100

0.488 0.679 1.221 1.717 2.79

0.451 0.603 1.024 1.354 2.08

0.438 0.575 0.937 1.210 1.773

0.424 0.553 0.873 1.106 1.573

0.412 0.532 0.821 1.025 1.424

0.398 0.512 0.781 0.962 1.313

150 200 250 300 350

3.81 4.78 5.71

2.73 3.35 3.95 4.54 5.13

2.27 2.74 3.19 3.63 4.06

1.966 2.34 2.69 3.03 3.35

1.754 2.05 2.34 2.61 2.86

1.599 1.856 2.09 2.31 2.53

400 450 500 550 600

5.71 6.26 6.85 7.39 7.97

4.48 4.88 5.29 5.71 6.12

3.69 3.98 4.30 4.60 4.91

3.11 3.36 3.61 3.84 4.08

2.74 2.94 3.14 3.33 3.52

650 700 750 800 900

8.52 9.09 9.65 10.21

6.52 6.90 7.29 7.69 8.46

5.21 5.50 5.80 6.08 6.68

4.32 4.54 4.77 4.99 5.44

3.71 3.89 4.07 4.27 4.62

9.27 10.84 13.23 17.07 21.0

7.27 8.42 10.14 13.02 15.84

5.89 6.81 8.05 10.22 12.32

4.97 5.67 6.70 8.38 10.03

18.73 21.7 24.7 27.7 30.8

14.47 16.62 18.84 20.7 23.3

11.70 13.38 15.04 16.75 18.46

1000 1200 1500 2000 2500

Cl2.8H2O2 separates

3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Partial pressure of Cl2, mmHg

Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter 60 °C

70 °C

80 °C

90 °C

100 °C

110 °C

5 10 30 50 100

0.383 0.492 0.743 0.912 1.228

0.369 0.470 0.704 0.863 1.149

0.351 0.447 0.671 0.815 1.085

0.339 0.431 0.642 0.781 1.034

0.326 0.415 0.627 0.747 0.987

0.316 0.402 0.598 0.722 0.950

150 200 250 300 350

1.482 1.706 1.914 2.10 2.28

1.382 1.580 1.764 1.932 2.10

1.294 1.479 1.642 1.793 1.940

1.227 1.396 1.553 1.700 1.831

1.174 1.333 1.480 1.610 1.736

1.137 1.276 1.413 1.542 1.661

400 450 500 550 600

2.47 2.64 2.80 2.97 3.13

2.25 2.41 2.55 2.69 2.83

2.08 2.22 2.35 2.47 2.59

1.965 2.09 2.21 2.32 2.43

1.854 1.972 2.08 2.19 2.29

1.773 1.880 1.986 2.09 2.19

650 700 750 800 900

3.29 3.44 3.59 3.75 4.04

2.97 3.10 3.23 3.37 3.63

2.72 2.84 2.96 3.08 3.30

2.55 2.66 2.76 2.87 3.08

2.41 2.50 2.60 2.69 2.89

2.28 2.37 2.47 2.56 2.74

1000 1200 1500 2000 2500

4.36 4.92 5.76 7.14 8.48

3.88 4.37 5.09 6.26 7.40

3.53 3.95 4.58 5.63 6.61

3.28 3.67 4.23 5.17 6.05

3.07 3.43 3.95 4.78 5.59

2.91 3.25 3.74 4.49 5.25

3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

9.83 11.22 12.54 13.88 15.26

8.52 9.65 10.76 11.91 13.01

7.54 8.53 9.52 10.46 11.42

6.92 7.79 8.65 9.49 10.35

6.38 7.16 7.94 8.72 9.48

5.97 6.72 7.42 8.13 8.84

1 3 5 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Weight of ClO2, grams per liter of solution 0 °C

5 °C

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

30 °C

40 °C

2.00 6.00 10.0 14.0 20.0

1.50 4.7 7.8 10.9 15.5 17.0 18.6 20.3

1.25 3.85 6.30 8.95 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.6 18.0 19.2 20.3

1.00 3.20 5.25 7.35 10.5 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.9 16.0 17.0

0.90 2.70 4.30 6.15 8.80 9.70 10.55 11.5 12.3 13.2 14.2

0.60 1.95 3.20 4.40 6.30 7.00 7.50 8.20 8.80 9.50 10.1

0.46 1.30 2.25 3.20 4.50 5.00 5.45 5.85 6.35 6.80 7.20

Ishi, Chem. Eng. (Japan), 22:153 (1958).

TABLE 2-132

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

Weights of HCl per 100 weights of H2O

Partial pressure of HCl, mmHg

78.6 66.7 56.3 47.0 38.9 31.6 25.0 19.05 13.64 8.70 4.17 2.04

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

30 °C

510 130 29.0 5.7 1.0 0.175 0.0316 0.0056 0.00099 0.000118 0.000018

840 233 56.4 11.8 2.27 0.43 0.084 0.016 0.00305 0.000583 0.000069 0.0000117

399 105.5 23.5 4.90 1.00 0.205 0.0428 0.0088 0.00178 0.00024 0.000044

627 188 44.5 9.90 2.17 0.48 0.106 0.0234 0.00515 0.00077 0.000151

Weights of HCl per 100 weights of H2O

50 °C

80 °C

78.6 66.7 56.3 47.0 38.9 31.6 25.0 19.05 13.64 8.70 4.17 2.04

535 141 35.7 8.9 2.21 0.55 0.136 0.0344 0.0064 0.00140

623 188 54.5 15.6 4.66 1.34 0.39 0.095 0.0245

Partial pressure of HCl, mm Hg 110 °C

760 253 83 28 9.3 3.10 0.93 0.280

Enthalpy and phase-equilibrium data for the binary system HCl-H2O are given by Van Nuys, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 39, 663 (1943).

TABLE 2-133

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

t, °C

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

10−2 × H

2.68

3.15

3.67

4.23

4.83

5.45

6.09

6.76

t, °C

40

45

50

60

70

80

90

100

10−2 × H

7.45

8.14

8.84

10.3

11.9

13.5

14.4

14.8

International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 259.

THERMAL EXPANSION TABLE 2-134

2-133

Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over Water, mmHg Temperature, °C

g SO2 / 100 g H2O

0

10

0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

0.02 0.38 1.15 2.10 3.17

0.04 0.66 1.91 3.44 5.13

0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00

4.34 5.57 8.17 10.9 25.8

6.93 8.84 12.8 17.0 39.5

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

20 0.07 1.07 3.03 5.37 7.93 10.6 13.5 19.4 25.6 58.4

30

40

50

60

90

120

0.12 1.68 4.62 8.07 11.8

0.19 2.53 6.80 11.7 17.0

0.29 3.69 9.71 16.5 23.8

0.43 5.24 13.5 22.7 32.6

1.21 12.9 31.7 52.2 73.7

2.82 27.0 63.9 104 145

15.7 19.8 28.3 37.1 83.7

58.6 93.2 129 165 202

88.5 139 192 245 299

129 202 277 353 430

183 285 389 496 602

275 351 542 735

407 517 796

585 741

818

22.5 28.2 40.1 52.3 117

31.4 39.2 55.3 72.0 159

42.8 53.3 74.7 96.8 212

95.8 118 164 211 454

253 393 535 679 824

342 530 720

453 700

955

186 229 316 404 856

Condensed from Rabe, A. E. and Harris, J. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 8 (3), 333–336, 1963. Copyright © American Chemical Society and reproduced by permission of the copyright owner.

THERMAL EXPANSION UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversion is applicable:

2, p. 93; metals, vol. 2, p. 459; petroleums, vol. 2, p. 145; porcelains, vol. 2, pp. 70, 78; refractory materials, vol. 2, p. 83; solid insulators, vol. 2, p. 310.

°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES ADDITIONAL REFERENCES The tables given under this subject are reprinted by permission from the Smithsonian Tables. For more detailed data on thermal expansion, see International Critical Tables: tabular index, vol. 3, p. 1; abrasives, vol. 2, p. 87; alloys, vol. 2, p. 463; building stones, vol. 2, p. 54; carbons, vol. 2, p. 303; elements, vol. 1, p. 102; enamels, vol. 2, p. 115; glass, vol.

No tables of the coefficients of thermal expansion of gases are given in this edition. The coefficient at constant pressure, 1/υ(∂υ/∂T)p, for an ideal gas is merely the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. For a real gas or liquid, both it and the coefficient at constant volume, 1/p (∂p/∂T)v, should be calculated either from the equation of state or from tabulated PVT data.

2-134

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-135

Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements*

C is the true expansion coefficient at the given temperature; M is the mean coefficient between given temperatures; where one temperature is given, the true coefficient at that temperature is indicated; α and β are coefficients in formula lt = l0(1 + αt + βt2); l0 is length at 0 °C (unless otherwise indicated, when, if x is the reference temperature, lt = lx[1 + α(t − tx) + β(t − tx)2]; lt is length at t °C). Element

Temp., °C

C × 104

Aluminum Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Bismuth Cadmium Cadmium Carbon, diamond graphite Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper Gold Gold Indium Iodine Iridium Iridium Iron, soft cast wrought steel Lead (99.9)

20 300 20 20 20 0 0 50 50

0.224 0.284 0.136 0.05 0.014 0.54 0.20⊥ 0.012 0.06

20 20 200 20

0.123 0.162 0.170 0.140

40

0.417

20

0.065

40 20 20 20

0.1210 0.118 0.119 0.114

100 280 20

0.291 0.343 0.254

Magnesium Manganese

20

0.233

Molybdenum†

20

0.053

Nickel

20

0.126

Osmium Palladium

40 20

0.066 0.1173

Platinum

20 20

0.0887 0.0893

40 40 0 40 20 20

0.0850 0.0963 0.439 0.0763 0.1846 0.195

Potassium Rhodium Ruthenium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Steel, 36.4Ni Tantalum†

20

0.065

Tellurium Thallium Tin

20 40 20 20 27 20‡ 20‡ 20

0.016 0.302 0.214 0.305 0.0444 0.643 0.125⊥ 0.358

Tungsten† Zinc

Temp. range, °C

M × 104

100 500 20

0.235 0.311 0.080⊥

20 −180, −140 −180, −140

0.103⊥ 0.59 0.117⊥

20, 100

0.068

100 300 17, 100 −191, 17

0.166 0.175 0.143 0.132

−190,

0.837

17

20, 100 20, 200

0, 6,

+ 20 100 100 0 100 100 500 100

0.291 0.300 0.240 0.260 0.228 0.159 0.052 0.049 0.055 0.130

0.83 0.0876

0, 100 −3, +18 0, 100

0.660 0.0249 0.197

0.009

500

0.22

20, 20,

100 100

0.526 0.214⊥

20, 6, 0,

500 121 625

0.086 0.121 0.161

0.0064 0.0040

0,

520

0.142

0.0022

0.0636 0.0679

0.0032 0.0011

−17 260 340 0 100 20

0.622 0.031 0.055 0.059 0.0655 0.272⊥

20 100 −100 100 100

0.154⊥ 0.045 0.656 0.639 0.141⊥

0, 0, 0, 100,

750 750 750 240

0.1158 0.1170 0.1118 0.269

0.0053 0.0053 0.0053 0.011

+ 20,

500

0.2480

0.0096

20, 300 −142, 19 19, +305

0.216 0.0515 0.0501

0.0121 0.0057 0.0014

−190, + 20 + 20, +300 500, 1000

0.1308 0.1236 0.1346

0.0166 0.0066 0.0033

−190, 0, −190, 0, 0,

+100 1000 −100 + 80 1000

0.1152 0.1167 0.0875 0.0890 0.0887

0.00517 0.0022 0.00314 0.00121 0.00132

−75, −112

0.0746

−75, −67 0, 875 20, 500 0, 50 260, 500 340, 500 20, 400

0.0182 0.1827 0.1939 0.72 0.144 0.136 0.0646

8, 0, −140, +20, +20,

β × 106

0.11

50 21

−190, 20, 20, −78, 0,

α × 104

0,

0, 80 1070, 1720

0, 100

−100, 20, 0, −190, 0, 25, 25, 0,

Temp. range, °C

0.00479 0.00295

0.0009

95

0.2033

0.0263

−105, +502 + 0, 400

0.0428 0.354

0.00058 0.010

*Smithsonian Tables. For more complete tabulations see Table 142, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th ed., 1954; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp. 2239–2245. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.; Goldsmith, and Waterman, WADC-TR-58-476, 1959; Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960, etc. †Molybdenum, 300 to 2500 °C; lt = l300[1 + 5.00 × 10−6(t − 300) + 10.5 × 10−10(t − 300)2] Tantalum, 300 to 2800 °C; lt = l300[1 + 6.60 × 10−6(t − 300) + 5.2 × 10−10(t − 300)2] Tungsten, 300 to 2700 °C; lt = l300[1 + 4.44 × 10−6(t − 300) + 4.5 × 10−10(t − 300)2] Beryllium, 20 to 100 °C; 12.3 × 10−6 per °C. Columbium, 0 to 100 °C; 7.2 × 10−6 per °C. Tantalum, 20 to 100 °C; 6.6 × 10−6 per °C. ‡These values for zinc were taken from Grüneisen and Goens, Z. Physik., 29:141 (1924).

THERMAL EXPANSION TABLE 2-136

2-135

Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances*

The coefficient of cubical expansion may be taken as three times the linear coefficient. In the following table, t is the temperature or range of temperature, and C, the coefficient of expansion. t, °C

Substance Amber Bakelite, bleached Brass: Cast Wire Wire 71.5 Cu + 27.7 Zn + 0.3 Sn + 0.5 Pb 71 Cu + 29 Zn Bronze: 3 Cu + 1 Sn 3 Cu + 1 Sn 3 Cu + 1 Sn 86.3 Cu + 9.7 Sn + 4 Zn 97.6 Cu + hard 2.2 Sn + soft 0.2 P Caoutchouc Caoutchouc Celluloid Constantan Duralumin, 94Al

{

0−30 0−09 20−60

0.50 0.61 0.22

0−100 0−100 0−100

0.1875 0.1930 0.1783–0.193

40 0−100

0.1859 0.1906

16.6−100 16.6−350 16.6−957 40 0−80 0−80

0.1844 0.2116 0.1737 0.1782 0.1713 0.1708

16.7−25.3 20−70 4−29 20−100 20−300 Ebonite 25.3−35.4 Fluorspar, CaF2 0−100 German silver 0−100 Gold-platinum, 2 Au + 1 Pt 0−100 Gold-copper, 2 Au + 1 Cu 0−100 Glass: Tube 0−100 Tube 0−100 Plate 0−100 Crown (mean) 0−100 Crown (mean) 50−60 Flint 50−60 III Jena ther- 16 0−100 mometer normal

}

C × 104

0.657–0.686 0.770 1.00 0.1523 0.23 0.25 0.842 0.1950 0.1836 0.1523 0.1552 0.0833 0.0828 0.0891 0.0897 0.0954 0.0788 0.081

Substance

t, °C

C × 104

Jena thermometer 59III Jena thermometer 59III Gutta percha Ice Iceland spar: Parallel to axis Perpendicular to axis Lead tin (solder) 2 Pb + 1 Sn Limestone Magnalium Manganin Marble Monel metal

0−100 −191–+16 20 −20–−1

0.058 0.424 1.983 0.51

0−80 0−80

0.2631 0.0544

0−100 25−100 12−39 15−100 25−100 25−600 0−16 16−38 38−49

0.2508 0.09 0.238 0.181 0.117 0.14 0.16 1.0662 1.3030 4.7707

40

0.0884

Paraffin Paraffin Paraffin Platinum-iridium, 10 Pt + 1 Ir Platinum-silver, 1 Pt + 2 Ag Porcelain Porcelain Bayeux Quartz: Parallel to axis Parallel to axis Perpend. to axis Quartz glass Quartz glass Quartz glass Rock salt Rubber, hard Rubber, hard Speculum metal Steel, 0.14 C, 34.5 Ni

0−100 20−790 1000−1400

0.1523 0.0413 0.0553

0−80 −190 to + 16 0−80 −190 to + 16 16 to 500 16 to 1000 40 0 −160 0−100 25−100 25−600

0.0797 0.0521 0.1337 −0.0026 0.0057 0.0058 0.4040 0.691 0.300 0.1933 0.037 0.136

Substance

t, °C

Topas: Parallel to lesser horizontal axis 0−100 Parallel to greater horizontal axis 0−100 Parallel to vertical axis 0−100 Tourmaline: Parallel to longitudinal axis 0−100 Parallel to horizontal axis 0−100 Type metal 16.6−254 Vulcanite 0−18 Wedgwood ware 0−100 Wood: Parallel to fiber: Ash 0−100 Beech 2.34 Chestnut 2.34 Elm 2.34 Mahogany 2.34 Maple 2.34 Oak 2.34 Pine 2.34 Walnut 2.34 Across the fiber: Beech 2.34 Chestnut 2.34 Elm 2.34 Mahogany 2.34 Maple 2.34 Oak 2.34 Pine 2.34 Walnut 2.34 Wax white 10−26 Wax white 26−31 Wax white 31−43 Wax white 43−57

C × 104

0.0832 0.0836 0.0472 0.0937 0.0773 0.1952 0.6360 0.0890 0.0951 0.0257 0.0649 0.0565 0.0361 0.0638 0.0492 0.0541 0.0658 0.614 0.325 0.443 0.404 0.484 0.544 0.341 0.484 2.300 3.120 4.860 15.227

*Smithsonian Tables. For a more complete tabulation see Tables 143, 144. Smithsonian Physical Tables. 9th ed., 1954, also reprinted in American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp. 2239–2245, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. For data on many solids prior to 1926, see Gruneisen, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 10, pp. 1–52, 1926, translation available as N.A.S.A. RE 2-18-59W, 1959. For eight plastic solids below 300 K, see Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, p. 331, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1959. For 11 other materials to 300 K, see Scott, loc. cit., p. 333. For quartz and silica, see Cook, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 7, 285 (1956).

2-136

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-137

Volume Expansion of Liquids*

TABLE 2-138

If V0 is the volume at 0°, then at t° the expansion formula is Vt = V0(1 + αt + βt2 + γt3). The table gives values of α, β, and γ, and of C, the true coefficient of volume expansion at 20° for some liquids and solutions. The temperature range of the observation is ∆t. Values for the coefficient of volume expansion of liquids can be derived from the tables of specific volumes of the saturated liquid given as a function of temperature later in this section. C = (dV/dt)/V0 C × 103 at 20°

Liquid

Range

α × 103

β × 106

γ × 108

Acetic acid Acetone Alcohol: Amyl Ethyl, 30% by volume Ethyl, 50% by volume Ethyl, 99.3% by volume Ethyl, 500 atm pressure Ethyl, 3000 atm pressure Methyl Benzene Bromine Calcium chloride: 5.8% solution 40.9% solution Carbon disulfide 500 atm pressure 3000 atm pressure Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Ether Glycerin Hydrochloric acid, 33.2% solution Mercury Olive oil Pentane Potassium chloride, 24.3% solution Phenol Petroleum, 0.8467 density Sodium chloride, 20.6% solution Sodium sulfate, 24% solution Sulfuric acid: 10.9% solution 100.0% Turpentine Water

16−107 0−54

1.0630 1.3240

0.12636 3.8090

1.0876 1.071 −0.87983 1.487

−15–80 18−39 0−39

0.9001 0.2928 0.7450

0.6573 10.790 1.85

27−46

1.012

2.20

0−40

0.866

0−40 0−61 11−81 0−59

0.524 1.1342 1.17626 1.06218

18−25 17−24 −34–60 0−50 0−50 0−76 0−63 −15–38

0.07878 0.42383 1.13980 0.940 0.581 1.18384 1.10715 1.51324 0.4853

0−33 0−100 0−33

0.4460 0.18182 0.6821 1.4646

0.215 0.0078 1.1405 3.09319

−0.539 1.6084

16−25 36−157

0.2695 0.8340

2.080 0.10732

0.4446

24−120

0.8994

1.396

0.955

0−29

0.3640

1.237

0.414

11−40

0.3599

1.258

0.410

1.18458 0.902 −11.87 0.730 1.12

1.3635 1.27776 1.87714

0.8741 1.199 0.80648 1.237 −0.30854 1.132

4.2742 0.8571 1.37065

0.250 0.458 1.91225 1.218

0.89881 4.66473 2.35918 0.4895

1.35135 1.236 −1.74328 1.273 4.00512 1.656 0.505

0−30 0.2835 2.580 0−30 0.5758 −0.432 −9−106 0.9003 1.9595 0−33 −0.06427 8.5053

0.455 0.18186 0.721 1.608 0.353 1.090

0.387 0.558 −0.44998 0.973 −6.7900 0.207

*Smithsonian Tables, Table 269. For a detailed discussion of mercury data, see Cook, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 7, 285 (1956). For data on nitrogen and argon, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. Bromoform1 7.7 − 50 °C. Vt = 0.34204[1 + 0.00090411(t − 7.7) + 0.0000006766(t − 7.7)2] 0.34204 is the specific volume of bromoform at 7.7 °C. Glycerin2 −62 to 0 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 4.83 × 10−4t − 0.49 × 10−6t2) 0 − 80 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 4.83 × 10−4t + 0.49 × 10−6t2) 3 Mercury 0 − 300 °C. Vt − V0[1 + 10−8(18,153.8t + 0.7548t2 + 0.001533t2 + 0.00000536t4)] 1 Sherman and Sherman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50, 1119 (1928). (An obvious error in their equation has been corrected.) 2 Samsoen, Ann. phys., (10) 9, 91 (1928). 3 Harlow, Phil. Mag., (7) 7, 674 (1929).

Volume Expansion of Solids*

If v2 and v1 are the volumes at t2 and t1, respectively, then v2 = v1(1 + C∆t), C being the coefficient of cubical expansion and ∆t the temperature interval. Where only a single temperature is stated, C represents the true coefficient of volume expansion at that temperature. Substance

t or ∆t

C × 104

Antimony Beryl Bismuth Copper† Diamond Emerald Galena Glass, common tube hard Jena, borosilicate 59 III pure silica Gold Ice Iron Lead† Paraffin Platinum Porcelain, Berlin chloride nitrate sulfate Quartz Rock salt Rubber Silver Sodium Stearic acid Sulfur, native Tin Zinc†

0−100 0−100 0−100 0−100 40 40 0−100 0−100 0−100 20−100 0−80 0−100 −20 to −1 0−100 0−100 20 0−100 20 0−100 0−100 20 0−100 50−60 20 0−100 20 33.8−45.4 13.2−50.3 0−100 0−100

0.3167 0.0105 0.3948 0.4998 0.0354 0.0168 0.558 0.276 0.214 0.156 0.0129 0.4411 1.1250 0.3550 0.8399 5.88 0.265 0.0814 1.094 1.967 1.0754 0.3840 1.2120 4.87 0.5831 2.13 8.1 2.23 0.6889 0.8928

*Smithsonian Tables, Table 268. †See additional data below. Aluminum1 100 − 530 °C. V = V0(1 + 2.16 × 10−5t + 0.95 × 10−8t2) 1 Cadmium 130 − 270 °C. V = V0(1 + 8.04 × 10−5t + 5.9 × 10−8t2) 1 Copper 110 − 300 °C. V = V0(1 + 1.62 × 10−5t + 0.20 × 10−8t2) Colophony2 0 − 34 °C. V = V0(1 + 2.21 × 10−4t + 0.31 × 10−6t2) 34 − 150 °C. V = V34[1 + 7.40 × 10−4(t − 34) + 5.91 × 10−6(t − 34)2] 1 Lead 100 − 280 °C. V = V0(1 + 1.60 × 10−5t + 3.2 × 10−8t2) 2 Shellac 0 − 46 °C. V = V0(1 + 2.73 × 10−4t + 0.39 × 10−6t2) 46 − 100 °C. V = V46[1 + 13.10 × 10−4(t − 46) + 0.62 × 10−6(t − 46)2] Silica (vitreous)3 0 − 300 °C. Vt = V0[1 + 10−8(93.6t + 0.7776t2 − 0.003315t2 + 0.000005244t4) Sugar (cane, amorphous)2 0 − 67 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 2.34 × 10−4t + 0.14 × 10−6t2) 67 − 160 °C. Vt = V67[1 + 5.02 × 10−4(t − 67) + 0.43 × 10−6(t − 67)2] Zinc1 120 − 360 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 8.50 × 10−5t + 3.9 × 10−8t2) 1 2 3

Uffelmann, Phil. Mag., (7) 10, 633 (1930). Samsoen, Ann. phys., (10) 9, 83 (1928). Harlow, Phil. Mag., (7) 7, 674 (1929).

JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT

2-137

JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT UNITS CONVERSIONS °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32; °R = 9⁄ 5 K

Joule-Thomson coefficients for substances listed in Table 2-184 are given in tables in the Thermodynamic Properties section. For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: To convert the Joule-Thomson coefficient, µ, in degrees Celsius per atmosphere to degrees Fahrenheit per atmosphere, multiply by 1.8. TABLE 2-139

To convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504; to convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.

Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient Temp. range, °C

Pressure range, atm Gas Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Deuterium Dowtherm A Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen

200

38 24, 30

46 45 9, 10 38 24

1, 38 22, 24, 25 30 33 13

6 9, 11 33 9, 10, 13 28, 40 9, 10 26, 34, 44 43 28, 29, 42 45

33 13, 40

34 42, 47

>300

Other references 3, 4, 18 2, 3

31

46 48

13

19

29, 42, 47

29, 47

*See also 14 (generalized chart); 18 (review, to 1919); 20–22; 23 (review, to 1948); 27 (review, to 1905); 32, 36, 41, 50. REFERENCES: 1. Baehr. Z. Elektrochem., 60, 515 (1956). 2. Beattie, J. Math. Phys., 9, 11 (1930). 3. Beattie, Phys. Rev., 35, 643 (1930). 4. Bradley and Hale, Phys. Rev., 29, 258 (1909). 5. Brown and Dean, Bur. Stand. J. Res., 60, 161 (1958). 6. Budenholzer, Sage, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 658 (1937). 7. Burnett, Phys. Rev., 22, 590 (1923). 8. Burnett, Univ. Wisconsin Bull. 9(6), 1926. 9. Charnley, Ph.D. thesis. University of Manchester, 1952. 10. Charnley, Isles, et al., Proc. R. Soc. (London), A217, 133 (1953). 11. Charnley, Rowlinson, et al., Proc. R. Soc. (London), A230, 354 (1955). 12. Dalton, Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, no. 109c, 1909. 13. Deming and Deming, Phys. Rev., 48, 448 (1935). 14. Edmister, Pet. Refiner, 28, 128 (1949). 15. Eucken, Clusius, et al., Z. Tech. Phys., 13, 267 (1932). 16. Eumorfopoulos and Rai, Phil. Mag., 7, 961 (1926). 17. Huang, Lin, et al., Z. Phys., 100, 594 (1936). 18. Hoxton, Phys. Rev., 13, 438 (1919). 19. Ishkin and Kaganev, J. Tech. Phys. U.S.S.R., 26, 2323 (1956). 20. Isles, Ph.D. thesis, Leeds University. 21. Jenkin and Pye, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (London), A213, 67 (1914); A215, 353 (1915). 22. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2362 (1946). 23. Johnston, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 70, 651 (1948). 24. Johnston, Bezman, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2367 (1946). 25. Johnston, Swanson, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2373 (1946). 26. Kennedy, Sage, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 718 (1936). 27. Kester, Phys. Rev., 21, 260 (1905). 28. Keyes and Collins, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 18, 328 (1932). 29. Kleinschmidt, Mech. Eng., 45, 165 (1923); 48, 155 (1926). 30. Koeppe, Kältetechnik, 8, 275 (1956). 31. Lindsay and Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 817 (1935). 32. Noell, dissertation, Munich, 1914, Forschungsdienst, 184, p. 1, 1916. 33. Palienko, Tr. Inst. Ispol’ z. Gaza, Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, no. 4, p. 87, 1956. 34. Pattee and Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 511, (1934). 35. Roebuck, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 60, 537 (1925); 64, 287 (1930). 36. Roebuck, see 49 below, 37. Roebuck and Murrell, Phys. Rev., 55, 240 (1939). 38. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 37, 110 (1931); 43, 60 (1933). 39. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 46, 785 (1934). 40. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 48, 450 (1935). 41. Roebuck, Murrell, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64, 400 (1942). 42. Sage, unpublished data, California Institute of Technology, 1959. 43. Sage and Lacy, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 1484 (1934). 44. Sage, Kennedy, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 601 (1936). 45. Sage, Webster, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 658 (1937). 46. Ullock, Gaffert, et al., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 32, 73 (1936). 47. Yang, Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 786 (1953). 48. Zelmanov, J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 3, 43 (1940). 49. Roebuck, recalculated data. 50. Michels et al., van der Waals laboratory publications. Gunn, Cheuh, and Prausnitz, Cryogenics, 6, 324 (1966), review equations relating the inversion temperatures and pressures. The ability of various equations of state to relate these was also discussed by Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 585 (1970); and Juris and Wenzel, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 18, 684 (1972). Perhaps the most detailed review is that of Hendricks, Peller, and Baron. NASA Tech. Note D 6807, 1972. TABLE 2-140 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc)* Pr

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

4

TrL TrU

0.782 4.984

0.800 4.916

0.818 4.847

0.838 4.777

0.859 4.706

0.880 4.633

0.903 4.550

0.953 4.401

Pr

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

11.79

TrL TrU

1.01 4.23

1.08 4.06

1.16 3.88

1.25 3.68

1.35 3.45

1.50 3.18

1.73 2.86

2.24 2.24

*Calculated from the best three-constant equation recommended by Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 585 (1970). TrL refers to the lower curve, and TrU, to the upper curve.

2-138

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

CRITICAL CONSTANTS ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Other data and estimation techniques for the elements are contained in Gates and Thodos, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 6 (1960):50–54; and Ohse and von Tippelskirch, High Temperatures—High Pressures, 9 (1977):367–385. For inorganic substances see Mathews, Chem. Rev., TABLE 2-141

72 (1972):71–100; for organics see Kudchaker, Alani, and Zwolinski, Chem. Rev., 68 (1968):659–735; and for fluorocarbons see Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, App. B, Butterworth. Washington, 1963, pp. 173–175. Pages 6–49 and 6–50 of the 84th edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics provide an excellent list of references for critical properties.

Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

Cmpd.

no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Vc,

Name Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane

Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H 3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8

Acentric

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

Tc, K

Pc, MPa

m3/kmol

Zc

factor

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138 108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106

466 761 591.95 606 508.2 545.5 308.3 506 615 535 132.45 405.65 645.6 150.86 824 562.05 689 751 699.35 830 720.15 662 718 773 584.15 670.15 503.8 467 452 425 425.12 680 676 563.1 535.9 419.5 435.5 428.6 575.4 660.5 570.1 554 440 537.2 615.7 582.25 304.21 552 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.4 416.25 503.15 489 705.85 697.55 704.65 631 400.15 459.93

5.55 6.6 5.786 4 4.701 4.83 6.138 5 5.66 4.48 3.774 11.28 4.25 4.898 5.05 4.895 4.74 4.47 4.215 3.352 4.374 3.11 4.06 3.38 10.3 4.519 6.23 8 4.36 4.32 3.796 5.21 4.02 4.414 4.188 4.02 4.21 4.1 3.09 2.89 3.97 4.06 4.6 4.32 4.06 3.79 7.383 7.9 3.499 4.56 3.745 7.71 4.519 5.27 5.472 6.68 4.58 4.54 4.56 5.01 5.15 3.209 5.98 4.98

0.154 0.215 0.177 0.29 0.209 0.173 0.112 0.197 0.208 0.212 0.09147 0.07247 0.337 0.07459 0.346 0.256 0.315 0.344 0.3132 0.5677 0.382 0.442 0.367 0.497 0.135 0.324 0.215 0.156 0.22 0.221 0.255 0.303 0.305 0.273 0.27 0.241 0.234 0.238 0.389 0.497 0.307 0.307 0.208 0.258 0.293 0.278 0.094 0.16 0.0944 0.276 0.143 0.124 0.308 0.2 0.239 0.143 0.247 0.247 0.312 0.282 0.277 0.434 0.195 0.21

0.221 0.224 0.208 0.23 0.233 0.184 0.268 0.234 0.23 0.214 0.313 0.242 0.267 0.291 0.255 0.268 0.261 0.246 0.227 0.276 0.279 0.25 0.25 0.261 0.286 0.263 0.32 0.321 0.255 0.27 0.274 0.279 0.218 0.258 0.254 0.278 0.272 0.274 0.251 0.262 0.257 0.271 0.262 0.25 0.232 0.218 0.274 0.275 0.299 0.272 0.283 0.276 0.265 0.275 0.293 0.276 0.27 0.276 0.242 0.244 0.244 0.265 0.351 0.273

0.2907 0.4210 0.4665 0.4535 0.3065 0.3379 0.1912 0.3198 0.5383 0.3498 0.2526 0.3502 0.0000 0.5585 0.2103 0.2628 0.6028 0.3662 0.5019 0.3631 0.4332 0.3126 0.4029 0.1290 0.2506 0.2548 0.1922 0.1659 0.1950 0.2002 0.6305 0.7043 0.5883 0.5692 0.1845 0.2019 0.2176 0.4394 0.3941 0.2714 0.2506 0.2470 0.2774 0.6805 0.3714 0.2236 0.1107 0.0482 0.1926 0.1790 0.0688 0.2499 0.1902 0.2219 0.1531 0.2277 0.1986 0.4480 0.4339 0.5072 0.3274 0.2790 0.1847

CRITICAL CONSTANTS TABLE 2-141

Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued)

Cmpd.

no. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

2-139

V c,

Acentric

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

Tc , K

Pc, MPa

m3/kmol

Zc

factor

Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate

C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2

110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4

84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079

553.8 650.1 653 560.4 511.7 507 398 664 674.2 617.7 722.1 688 616.6 696 619.85 38.35 628 650.15 611 584.1 683.95 705 684.75 523 561.6 510 560 572 736.6 496.6 466.7 557.15 386.44 445 351.255 523.1 500.05 576 507.8 543 473.2 437.2 500 591.15 606.15 596.15 615 400.1 649.6 537.3 766 402 503.04 729 772 587 766.8 550 658 768 305.32 514 523.3 456.15 617.15 698 655 571 609.15 569.5 282.34 593 720 537 469.15 508.4

4.08 4.26 4 4.35 4.51 4.8 5.54 3.97 2.6 2.11 2.28 2.308 2.223 2.13 2.37 1.6617 6.03 5.477 7.17 2.46 4.07 4.07 4.07 5.07 5.37 6.08 4.24 4.24 4.27 3.71 3.64 3.96 4.52 4.34 5.784 3.2 2.88 3.02 3.773 3.446 4.87 5.34 3.15 2.938 2.938 2.938 5.36 5.37 4.42 2.91 2.78 3.56 5.53 5.65 2.78 5.208 3.08 3.14 1.82 1.16 4.872 6.137 3.88 5.62 3.609 3.18 3.41 2.95 3.04 3.4 5.041 6.29 8.2 6.85 7.19 4.74

0.308 0.322 0.311 0.291 0.26 0.245 0.162 0.355 0.58 0.617 0.639 0.645 0.584 0.624 0.552 0.060263 0.276 0.2616 0.223 0.487 0.351 0.351 0.351 0.24 0.22 0.185 0.291 0.291 0.349 0.301 0.28 0.318 0.179 0.195 0.123 0.418 0.386 0.416 0.297 0.35 0.221 0.18 0.361 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.252 0.17 0.26199 0.393 0.53 0.258 0.201 0.227 0.529 0.238 0.503 0.402 0.755 1.34 0.1455 0.168 0.286 0.207 0.374 0.489 0.389 0.403 0.43 0.375 0.131 0.264 0.191 0.173 0.140296 0.229

0.273 0.254 0.229 0.272 0.276 0.279 0.271 0.255 0.269 0.254 0.243 0.26 0.253 0.23 0.254 0.314 0.319 0.265 0.315 0.247 0.251 0.244 0.251 0.28 0.253 0.265 0.265 0.259 0.243 0.27 0.263 0.272 0.252 0.229 0.244 0.308 0.267 0.262 0.265 0.267 0.274 0.264 0.274 0.269 0.268 0.273 0.264 0.2744 0.214 0.256 0.231 0.275 0.266 0.212 0.229 0.254 0.243 0.276 0.251 0.243 0.279 0.241 0.255 0.307 0.263 0.268 0.244 0.25 0.258 0.269 0.281 0.337 0.262 0.265 0.25876 0.257

0.2081 0.3690 0.2990 0.2123 0.1949 0.1961 0.1278 0.2641 0.5820 0.4923 0.8126 0.6070 0.4805 0.5874 0.5178 −0.1449 0.1250 0.2067 0.2095 0.4476 0.2790 0.2192 0.2846 0.2339 0.2866 0.1986 0.2529 0.2564 0.9529 0.3039 0.2811 0.2900 0.2751 0.2224 0.2771 0.3883 0.3387 0.4044 0.3277 0.3522 0.2385 0.2999 0.2493 0.2326 0.2324 0.2379 0.2059 0.2002 0.3177 0.2964 0.6568 0.1300 0.1943 0.2806 0.6371 0.2793 0.4389 0.4497 0.5764 0.9069 0.0995 0.6436 0.3664 0.2848 0.3035 0.4771 0.6326 0.4011 0.2455 0.2701 0.0862 0.4724 0.5068 0.2007 0.1974 0.2847

2-140

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-141

Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued)

Cmpd.

no. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216

V c,

Acentric

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

Tc, K

Pc, MPa

m3/kmol

Zc

factor

2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol

C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O

149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9

144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185

674.6 583 489 567 499.15 546 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408 771 588 490.15 5.2 736 616.8 540.2 677.3 632.3 608.3 606.6 611.4 537.4 645 547 723 591 507.6 660.2 611.3 585.3 587.61 582.82 504 544 623 516.2 549 653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605 471.85 805 662 190.564 512.5 718 506.55 402.4 536 430.05 693 490 460.4 643 577.2 465 470 492 512.74 593 463.2 554.5 442 572.1 686 614 617

2.778 2.46 3.41 3.32 5.49 3.362 3.37 3.33 5.172 4.551 5.028 5.875 6.59 7.8 5.81 5.5 0.2275 1.34 3.16 2.74 3.043 3.085 3.001 2.92 2.94 2.92 2.77 3.21 1.4 3.46 3.025 3.308 3.446 3.311 3.287 3.32 3.21 3.53 3.08 3.62 3.53 14.7 1.313 8.552 8.31 5.39 6.48 8.963 3.7 4.54 5.64 4.79 4.599 8.084 4.98 4.75 5.63 4.25 7.46 3.59 3.83 3.38 3.89 3.93 3.447 3.42 4.38 3.371 3.47 4.2 3.473 4.17 3.48 4 3.79 3.79

0.528 0.487 0.329 0.369 0.207 0.345 0.339 0.414 0.066547 0.269 0.164 0.113 0.115 0.163 0.125 0.218 0.0573 1.11 0.434 0.428 0.466 0.444 0.447 0.433 0.434 0.402 0.465 0.387 1.04 0.369 0.371 0.408 0.382 0.385 0.378 0.378 0.348 0.331 0.412 0.322 0.331 0.158 0.064147 0.1 0.081 0.139 0.069 0.0985 0.292 0.221 0.258 0.28 0.0986 0.117 0.267 0.228 0.164 0.27 0.154 0.436 0.291 0.306 0.347 0.329 0.292 0.292 0.248 0.329 0.36 0.275 0.34 0.246 0.369 0.374 0.374 0.374

0.262 0.247 0.276 0.26 0.274 0.256 0.275 0.296 0.287 0.263 0.264 0.252 0.223 0.198 0.149 0.294 0.302 0.244 0.267 0.261 0.252 0.261 0.265 0.251 0.251 0.263 0.24 0.273 0.243 0.26 0.266 0.246 0.259 0.262 0.254 0.259 0.267 0.258 0.245 0.272 0.256 0.428 0.305 0.283 0.249 0.197 0.117 0.284 0.215 0.256 0.217 0.244 0.286 0.222 0.223 0.257 0.276 0.258 0.321 0.272 0.274 0.27 0.252 0.269 0.26 0.256 0.266 0.26 0.253 0.3 0.256 0.279 0.27 0.262 0.278 0.276

0.8067 0.4944 0.3056 0.3891 0.1878 0.3944 0.3473 0.2691 0.0530 0.2472 0.2200 0.1980 0.2818 0.4124 0.3173 0.2015 −0.3900 0.7697 0.4279 0.3495 0.7564 0.5621 0.5628 0.4076 0.4190 0.3432 0.4226 0.3778 0.7174 0.3872 0.3013 0.7299 0.5586 0.5574 0.3846 0.3801 0.2888 0.2183 0.3681 0.3327 0.2214 0.3143 −0.2160 0.0734 0.1315 0.4099 0.3823 0.0942 0.6141 0.2759 0.9418 0.3318 0.0115 0.5658 0.4351 0.3313 0.2115 0.3423 0.2814 0.4205 0.1874 0.2279 0.5894 0.5939 0.2341 0.2870 0.1370 0.3130 0.3229 0.3081 0.3775 0.2252 0.2361 0.2213 0.6805 0.6790

CRITICAL CONSTANTS TABLE 2-141

Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued)

Cmpd.

no. 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292

2-141

Vc,

Acentric

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

Tc, K

Pc, MPa

m3/kmol

Zc

factor

Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate

C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO

96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9

84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121

532.7 542 526 483 437.8 535.5 533 487.2 497 574.6 488 464.48 553.4 553.1 469.95 566 694 497.7 546.49 407.8 506.2 417.9 530.6 476.25 565 352.5 654 497.1 437 748.4 44.4 593 126.2 234 588.15 309.57 180.15 758 658 594.6 710.7 670.9 649.5 593.1 681 598.05 747 638.9 568.7 694.26 652.3 629.8 632.7 627.7 566.9 667.3 574 804 154.58 261 708 566.1 469.7 639.16 588.1 561 561.08 560.95 464.8 584.3 598 481.2 519 869 694.25 653

3.79 4.13 4.13 3.95 4.4 4.15 4.26 6 3.41 3.27 5.48 3.762 3.8 4.021 7.23 3.68 2.54 3.04 3.042 3.64 3.972 4 4.004 3.801 3.97 4.7 3.36 3.287 4.67 4.05 2.653 5.16 3.4 4.461 6.31 7.245 6.48 1.21 2.73 2.29 2.514 2.527 2.541 2.428 2.31 2.61 1.27 2.96 2.49 2.779 2.783 2.749 2.64 2.704 2.663 2.52 2.88 7.02 5.043 5.57 1.48 3.97 3.37 3.63 3.897 3.7 3.694 3.74 3.56 3.536 3.47 4.17 4.03 2.9 6.13 4.06

0.319 0.303 0.303 0.289 0.221 0.267 0.254 0.172 0.329 0.369 0.202 0.276 0.31 0.328 0.145 0.323 0.572 0.368 0.38 0.259 0.275 0.239 0.282 0.276 0.307 0.205 0.399 0.314 0.21 0.407 0.0417 0.236 0.08921 0.11875 0.173 0.0974 0.058 1.26 0.527 0.551 0.584 0.576 0.577 0.524 0.571 0.497 1.19 0.488 0.486 0.523 0.509 0.512 0.497 0.497 0.464 0.518 0.442 0.205 0.0734 0.089 0.969 0.313 0.313 0.35 0.326 0.326 0.301 0.336 0.293 0.385 0.359 0.277 0.276 0.554 0.229 0.37

0.273 0.278 0.286 0.284 0.267 0.249 0.244 0.255 0.272 0.253 0.273 0.269 0.256 0.28718 0.268 0.253 0.252 0.27 0.254 0.278 0.26 0.275 0.256 0.265 0.259 0.329 0.247 0.25 0.27 0.265 0.3 0.247 0.289 0.272 0.223 0.274 0.251 0.242 0.263 0.255 0.248 0.261 0.271 0.258 0.233 0.261 0.243 0.272 0.256 0.252 0.261 0.269 0.249 0.257 0.262 0.235 0.267 0.215 0.288 0.228 0.244 0.264 0.27 0.239 0.258 0.259 0.238 0.269 0.27 0.28 0.251 0.289 0.258 0.222 0.243 0.277

0.2288 0.2318 0.2296 0.2758 0.2314 0.3234 0.2091 0.2556 0.3078 0.3557 0.3007 0.2656 0.3208 0.2461 0.1582 0.2802 0.7913 0.2791 0.3442 0.1835 0.6152 0.1948 0.3466 0.2770 0.2737 0.1314 0.3230 0.2466 0.2416 0.3020 −0.0396 0.3803 0.0377 0.1200 0.3480 0.1409 0.5829 0.8522 0.5117 0.4435 0.7724 0.5841 0.5911 0.4367 0.5260 0.4710 0.8114 0.4636 0.3996 0.7706 0.5697 0.5807 0.4549 0.4406 0.3921 0.4497 0.4233 0.9176 0.0222 0.2119 0.6863 0.3472 0.2515 0.7052 0.5748 0.5549 0.3433 0.3448 0.2372 0.2685 0.3207 0.2899 0.1752 0.4707 0.4435 0.4123

2-142

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-141

Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Concluded)

Cmpd.

no. 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Vc,

Acentric

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

Tc, K

Pc, MPa

m3/kmol

Zc

factor

Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H 2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

791 394 369.83 536.8 508.3 636 504.4 600.81 564.4 549.73 496.95 638.35 364.85 538 517 536.6 626 683 259 636 806 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113 857 693 540.15 720 631.95 568 579.35 591.75 602 675 535.15 433.25 664.5 649.1 543.8 573.5 846 828 639 703.9 519.13 454 432 543.15 647.096 617 630.3 616.2

4.72 5.25 4.248 5.169 4.765 3.12 4.92 4.668 4.18 3.36 4.74 3.2 4.6 4.02 4.75 4.63 6.1 5.96 3.72 3.84 4.71 7.884 3.76 8.21 3.95 2.99 1.57 5.19 3.65 5.16 2.87 5.69 4.108 4.48 1.68 3.04 4.07 3.454 3.232 2.57 2.82 3.39 3.04 1.95 2.119 3.958 4.86 5.67 3.06 22.064 3.541 3.732 3.511

0.421 0.165 0.2 0.219 0.222 0.437 0.204 0.235 0.229 0.345 0.26 0.44 0.185 0.285 0.254 0.254 0.239 0.291 0.202 0.352 0.317 0.122 0.19852 0.127 0.424 0.731 0.897 0.224 0.408 0.249 0.461 0.219 0.316 0.281 0.826 0.39 0.254 0.414 0.43 0.468 0.455 0.479 0.572 0.685 0.715 0.27 0.205 0.179 0.408 0.0559472 0.375 0.37 0.378

0.302 0.264 0.276 0.254 0.25 0.258 0.239 0.22 0.204 0.254 0.298 0.265 0.281 0.256 0.281 0.264 0.28 0.305 0.349 0.256 0.223 0.269 0.282 0.255 0.181 0.307 0.244 0.259 0.249 0.245 0.28 0.259 0.264 0.252 0.247 0.266 0.287 0.259 0.258 0.266 0.269 0.231 0.253 0.252 0.259 0.248 0.264 0.283 0.276 0.229 0.259 0.264 0.259

0.7025 0.1041 0.1523 0.6209 0.6544 0.3420 0.2559 0.5796 0.3243 0.3889 0.2798 0.3444 0.1376 0.3088 0.2138 0.2318 1.1065 0.4945 0.3858 0.2971 0.9922 0.2454 0.2151 0.4240 1.0591 0.5513 0.6430 0.2254 0.3353 0.1996 0.2450 0.1970 0.2640 0.2591 0.6174 0.3162 0.2062 0.3666 0.3787 0.3035 0.2903 0.8623 0.8972 0.5303 0.6236 0.3513 0.1069 0.1001 0.2815 0.3449 0.3265 0.3101 0.3218

All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for the acentric factor was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

COMPRESSIBILITIES

2-143

COMPRESSIBILITIES physical Properties of Fluid Systems High Accuracy Data. Results can be pasted into a spreadsheet to facilitate calculation of the compressibility factor.

INTRODUCTION The compressibility factor Z can be calculated by using the defining equation Z = PV/(RT), where P is pressure, V is molar volume, R is the gas constant, and T is absolute temperature. Values of P, V, and T for substances listed in Table 2-184 are given in tables in the Thermodynamic Properties section. For the units used in these tables, R is 0.008314472 MPa·dm3/(mol·K). Values at temperatures and pressures other than those in the tables can be generated for many of the substances in Table 2-184 by going to http://webbook. nist.gov and selecting NIST Chemistry WebBook, then Thermo-

TABLE 2-142

UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °R = 9⁄5 K To convert bars to pounds-force per cubic inch, multiply by 14.504. To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.

Composition of Selected Refrigerant Mixtures Composition (mass percent)

Mixture R-410A R-404A R-507A R-407C (Klea 66) R-407A (Klea 60) R-407B (Klea 61)

TABLE 2-143

Tables

R-32

R-125

2-290 2-288 2-296 2-263, 2-264, 2-289 2-143, 2-261 2-144, 2-262

50

50 44 50 25 40 70

23 20 10

R-134a

R-143a

4

52 50

52 40 20

Compressibility Factors for R 407A (Klea 60) Pressure, bar

T, K 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 Zdew Tdew, K

1 0.9691 0.9737 0.9773 0.9803 0.9828 0.9848 0.9866 0.9881 0.9893 0.9904 0.9914 0.9593 234.3

5 0.0163 0.0161 0.4268 0.8932 0.9080 0.9199 0.9298 0.9380 0.9449 0.9509 0.9560 0.8809 273.3

10 0.0325 0.0321 0.0318 0.0316 0.0360 0.8253 0.8495 0.8689 0.8847 0.8980 0.9092 0.8107 295.1

15 0.0487 0.0480 0.0476 0.0473 0.0473 0.0476 0.7518 0.7889 0.8173 0.8401 0.8588 0.7502 309.6

20 0.0648 0.0640 0.0633 0.0630 0.0629 0.0632 0.0641 0.5737 0.7386 0.7752 0.8038 0.6936 320.9

25 0.0809 0.0798 0.0790 0.0785 0.0784 0.0787 0.0797 0.0816 0.6279 0.6993 0.7425 0.6381 330.1

30 0.0970 0.0957 0.0947 0.0940 0.0938 0.0942 0.0952 0.0972 0.1011 0.6016 0.6713 0.5813 337.9

Zdew

Pdew

0.9340 0.9136 0.8895 0.8614 0.8290 0.7916 0.7485 0.6983 0.6386 0.5641 0.4564

2.05 3.08 4.46 6.28 8.60 11.53 15.15 19.58 24.96 31.46 39.42

The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1).

TABLE 2-144

Compressibility Factors for R 407B (Klea 61) Pressure, bar

T, K 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 Zdew Tdew, K

1 0.9703 0.9745 0.9779 0.9808 0.9831 0.9851 0.9868 0.9883 0.9895 0.9906 0.9915 0.9587 230.6

5 0.0180 0.0178 0.8785 0.8961 0.9101 0.9215 0.9310 0.9390 0.9457 0.9515 0.9565 0.8774 269.4

10 0.0359 0.0355 0.0352 0.0351 0.5520 0.8290 0.8522 0.8709 0.8864 0.8993 0.9103 0.8036 291.3

15 0.0538 0.0532 0.0527 0.0526 0.0527 0.0533 0.7569 0.7924 0.8200 0.8422 0.8606 0.7389 305.9

20 0.0716 0.0708 0.0702 0.0699 0.0700 0.0707 0.0721 0.6949 0.7428 0.7784 0.8064 0.6776 317.1

25 0.0894 0.0883 0.0875 0.0872 0.0872 0.0879 0.0895 0.0925 0.6453 0.7042 0.7462 0.6164 326.4

30 0.1071 0.1058 0.1048 0.1043 0.1043 0.1050 0.1067 0.1098 0.1164 0.6108 0.6770 0.5518 334.3

Zdew

Pdew

0.9251 0.9024 0.8757 0.8446 0.8085 0.7666 0.7178 0.6600 0.5890 0.4916

2.40 3.56 5.10 7.10 9.64 12.81 16.71 21.45 27.18 34.12

The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1).

2-144

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-145

Compressibilities of Liquids*

At the constant temperature T, the compressibility β = (1/V 0)(dV/dP). In general as P increases, β decreases rapidly at first and then slowly; the change of β with T is large at low pressures but very small at pressures above 1000 to 2000 megabars. 1 megabar = 0.987 atm = 106 dynes/cm2 based upon the older usage, 1 bar = 1 dyne/cm2.

Substance

Temp., °C

Pressure, megabars

Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Amyl alcohol alcohol, iso. alcohol, iso. alcohol, n alcohol, n alcohol, n alcohol, n Benzene Benzene Benzene Bromine Bromine Butyl alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso Carbon bisulfide bisulfide bisulfide bisulfide tetrachloride tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform Dichloroethylsulfide Dichloroethylsulfide Ethyl acetate acetate

14 20 20 40 14 20 20 20 20 20 40 17 20 20 20 20 18 20 20 20 20 20 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 32 13 20

23 500 1,000 12,000 23 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 12,000 5 200 400 200 400 8 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 21 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 200 400 1,000 2,000 23 200

Compressibility per megabar β × 106

Substance

111 61 52 9 88 84 70 61 46 8 8 89 77 67 56 51 97 81 64 56 46 8 86 57 48 6 86 73 83 70 34 24 103 90

Ethyl acetate alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol bromide bromide bromide bromide bromide chloride chloride chloride chloride ether ether ether ether iodide iodide iodide iodide iodide Gallium Glycerol Hexane Hexane Kerosene Kerosene Kerosene Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury

Temp., °C

Pressure, megabars

Compressibility per megabar β × 106

Substance

20 14 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 22 22

400 23 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 23 500 1,000 12,000 23 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 300 5 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 300 500 1,000 12,000

75 100 63 54 8 100 82 70 54 8 151 102 66 8 188 84 61 10 81 69 64 50 8 3.97 22 117 91 55 45 8 3.95 3.97 3.91 2.37

Methyl alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol Nitric acid Oils: Almond Castor Linseed Olive Rapeseed Phosphorus trichloride trichloride trichloride trichloride Propyl alcohol (n) alcohol (n) alcohol (n?) alcohol (n?) alcohol (n?) Toluene Toluene Turpentine Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Xylene, meta meta

Temp., °C

Pressure, megabars

Compressibility per megabar β × 106

15 20 20 20 20 20 0

23 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 17

103 95 80 65 54 8 32

15 15 15 15 20 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 20 20

5 5 5 5

53 46 51 55 59 71 63 47 8 77 67 65 47 7 74 64 74 49 43 41 39 38 33 9 69 60

250 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 13 200 400 500 500 1,000 12,000 200 400

* Smithsonian Tables, Table 106. Scott (Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1959) gives data for liquid nitrogen (p. 283), oxygen (p. 276), and hydrogen (p. 303). For a convenient index to the high-pressure work of Bridgman, see American Institute of Physics Handbook, p. 2-163, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957.

TABLE 2-146

Compressibilities of Solids

Many data on the compressibility of solids obtained prior to 1926 are contained in Gruneisen, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 10, Springer, Berlin, 1926, pp. 1–52; also available as translation, NASA RE 2-18-59W, 1959. See also Tables 271, 273, 276, 278, and other material in Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th ed., 1954. For a review of high-pressure work to 1946, see Bridgman, Rev. Mod. Phys., 18, 1 (1946).

LATENT HEATS UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 To convert calories per gram-mole to British thermal units per

pound-mole, multiply by 1.799; to convert calories per gram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 1.799. To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 1.934 × 10−2.

LATENT HEATS TABLE 2-147

2-145

Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*

Unless stated otherwise, the values have been taken from the compilations by K. K. Kelley on “Heats of Fusion of Inorganic Compounds,” U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 393 (1936), and “The Free Energies of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Substances,” U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 383 (1935).

Substance Aluminum Al Al2Br6 Al2Cl6 AlF3·3NaF Al2I6 Al2O3 Antimony Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 Sb4O6 Sb4S6 Argon A Arsenic As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF5 As4O6 Barium Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4 Beryllium Be Bismuth Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 Bi2O3 Bi2S5 Boron BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2H6 B3H10 B5H9 B5H11 B10H14 B2H5Br B3N3H6 Bromine Br2 BrF5 Cadmium Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO CdSO4 Calcium Ca CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(NO3)2 CaO CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 CaO·MgO·2SiO2 CaO·SiO2 CaSO4 Carbon C (graphite) CBr4 CCl4 CF4 CH4 C2N2 CNBr CNCl

mp, °C

Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol

660.0 97.5 192.5 1000 191.0 2045

2,550 5,420 16,960 16,380 7,960 (26,000)

2057 256.4 180.2c

61,020 10,920 26,750c

385.5 3000

15,360

630.5 97 73.4 4 655 546

4,770 3,510 3,030 2,400 (27,000) 11,200

1440

46,670

219 172d 1425

10,360 11,570 17,820

−185.8

1,590

610c

31,000c

122 −52.8 457.2

7,570 4,980 14,300

−189.3 814 31 −16 −80.7 313

290 (6,620) 2,810 2,420 2,800 8,000

704 847 960 1287 595 1730 1350

(1,400)e 6,000 5,370 3,000 (5,980) 18,600 9,700

1280

2,500e

271.3

2,505

224 817 747

2,600 6,800 8,900

−128 −165.5 −119.8 −46.9

480

99.7 −104 −58

7,800

−7.2 −61.3

2,580 1,355

320.9 568 568 1110 387

1,460 (5,000) 5,300 (5,400) 3,660

1000

4,790

851 730 1282 782 1392 561 2707 1550 1392 1512 1297

2,230 4,180 (12,700) 6,100 4,100 5,120 (12,240) 29,400 (18,200) 13,400 6,700

bp at 1 atm, °C

1638

35,670

1420 461 441

18,020 17,350

91.3 12.5 −100.9 −92.4 16 58 67 f 16 50.4

7,300 5,680 4,620 3,685 6,470 7,700 8,500 11,600 6,230 7,670

58.0 40.4

7,420 7,470

765

23,870

967

29,860

796 1559c

25,400 53,820c

1487

36,580

3600 90 −24.0

11,000e 1,050 644

−182.5 −27.8 52 −5

224 1,938u

77 −127.9 −161.4 −21.1

2,240

13

*See also subsection “Thermodynamic Properties.”

Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol

7,280 3,110 2,040 5,576u 11,010c 6,300

Substance Carbon (Cont.) CNF CNI CO CO2 COS COCl2 CS2 Cerium Ce Cesium Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI CsNO3 Chlorine Cl2 ClF ClF3 Cl2O ClO2 Cl2O7 Chromium Cr CrO2Cl2 Cobalt Co CoCl2 Copper Cu Cu2Br2 Cu2Cl2 CuI Cu2(CN)2 Cu2O CuO Cu2S Fluorine F2 F2 O Gallium Ga Germanium Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 GeHCl3 GeBr4 GeCl4 Ge(CH3)4 Gold Au Helium He Hydrogen H2 HBr HCl HCN HF (HF)6 HI H2O H22O (= D2O) H2O2 HNO3 H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4 H4P2O6 H2 S H2 S 2 H2SO4 H2Se H2SeO4 H2Te Indium In

mp, °C

Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol

−205.0 −57.5 −138.8

200 1,900 1,129 k

−112.0

1,049 l

775

2,120

28.4

500

642 715

3,600 (2,450)

407

3,250

−101.0

1,531m

1550

3,930

1490 727

3,660 7,390

1083.0

3,110

430

4,890

473 1230 1447 1127

(5,400) (13,400) 2,820 5,500

−223 29.8

bp at 1 atm, °C −72.8 141 −191.5 −78.4c −50.2 8.0

5,780c 13,980c 1,444 6,030 c, r 4,423 k 5,990

690 1300 1300 1251 1280

16,320 35,990 35,690 34,330 35,930

−34.1 −101 11.3 2.0 10.9 79

5,890 6,280 7,100 8,480

2475 117

8,250

959 −165 −109 −105.6 −71 26.1 −49.5 −88

(8,300)

1063.0

3,030

−271.4 −259.2 −86.9 −114.2 −13.2 −83.0

28 575 476 2,009i 1,094

−50.8 0.0 3.8 −2 −47 17.4 74 42.4 55 −85.5 −87.6 10.5

686 1,436 1,501s 2,520c 600 2,310 3,070 2,520 8,300 568t 1,805 2,360

58 −48.9

3,450 1,670

156.4

781

4,878 m

1050

27,170

2595 1355 1490 1336

72,810 16,310 11,920 15,940

−188.2 −144.8 1,336

Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol

1,640 2,650

2071 −89.1 31.4 110.6 75g 189 84 44 2966

3,580 5,900 7,550 8,000 8,560 7,030 6,460 81,800

−268.4

22

−252.7 −66.7 −85.0 25.7 33.3 51.2

216 4,210 3,860 6,027i 7,460 5,020

100.0 101.4 158

9,729 h,q 9,945 r,q 10,270

−60.3

4,463 t

−41.3

4,880

−2.2

5,650

2-146

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-147

Substance Iodine I2 ICl(α) ICl(β) IF7 Iron Fe FeCl2 Fe2Cl6 Fe(CO)5 FeO FeS Krypton Kr Lead Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 PbMoO4 PbO PbS PbSO4 PbWO4 Lithium Li LiBO2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiOH Li2MoO4 LiNO3 Li2SiO3 Li4SiO4 Li2SO4 Li2WO4 Magnesium Mg MgBr2 MgCl2 MgF2 MgO Mg3(PO4)2 MgSiO3 MgSO4 MgZn2 Manganese Mn MnCl2 MnSiO3 MnTiO3 Mercury Hg HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 HgSO4 Molybdenum Mo MoF6 MoO3 Neon Ne Nickel Ni NiCl2 Ni(CO)4 Ni2S Ni3S2 Nitrogen N2 NF3 NH3 NH4CNS NH4NO3 N2O NO N2O4 N2O5 NOCl Osmium OsF8 OsO4 (yellow) OsO4 (white) Oxygen O2 O3

Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) mp, °C

Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol

113.0 17.2 13.9

3,650 2,660 2,270

183 4c

7,460c

1530 677 304 −21 1380 1195

3,560 7,800 20,590 3,250 (7,700) 5,000

2735 1026 319 105

84,600 30,210 12,040 9,000

−157

360e

bp at 1 atm, °C

152.9

Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol 10,390

2,310e

327.4 488 498 824 412 1065 890 1114 1087 1123

1,224 4,290 5,650 1,860 5,970 (25,800) 2,820 4,150 9,600 (15,200)

1744 914 954 1293 872

42,060 27,700 29,600 38,300 24,850

1472 1281

51,310 (50,000)

179 845 552 614 847 440 462 705

1,100 (5,570) 2,900 3,200 (2,360) (1,420) 2,480 4,200

1372

32,250

1310 1382 1681 1171

35,420 35,960 50,970 40,770

1177 1249 857 742

7,210 7,430 3,040 (6,700)

650 711 712 1221 2642 1184 1524 1127 589

2,160 8,300 8,100 5,900 18,500 (11,300) 14,700 3,500 (8,270)

1107

1220 650 1274 1404

3,450 7,340 (8,200) (7,960)

2152 1190

557 3,960 4,150 4,500 (1,440)

361 319 304 354

13,980 14,080 14,080 14,260

(6,660) 2,500 (2,500)

(4800) 36 1151

(128,000) 6,000

−38.9 241 277 250 850 2622 17 745 −248.5

1418

32,520 32,690

55,150 29,630

77

−246.0

440e

1455

4,200

2730 987c 42.5

87,300 48,360c 7,000

645 790

(2,980) 5,800 −195.8 −129.0 −33.4

1,336 3,000 5,581n

−88.5 −151.7 30 32.4 −6.4

3,950 3,307 7,040 13,800c 6,140

47.4 130

6,840 9,450

−183.0 −111

1,629 2,880

−210.0

172

−77.7 146 169.6 −90.8 −163.6 −13

1,352n (4,700) 1,460 1,563 550 5,540

56 42

4,060 2,340

−218.9

106

Substance Palladium Pd Phosphorus P4 (yellow) P4 (violet) P4 (black) PCl3 PH3 P4O6 P4O10(α) P4O10(β) POCl3 P2S3 Platinum Pt Potassium K KBO2 KBr KCl KCN KCNS K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KF KI K2MoO4 KNO3 KOH KPO3 K3PO4 K4P2O7 K2SO4 K2TiO3 K2WO4 Praseodymium Pr Radon Rn Rhenium Re Re2O7 Re2O8 Rubidium Rb RbBr RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Selenium Se2 Se6 SeF6 SeO2 SeOCl2 Silicon Si SiCl4 Si2Cl6 Si3Cl8 (SiCl3)2O SiF4 Si2F6 SiF3Cl SiF2Cl2 SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4H10 SiH3Br SiH2Br2 SiHCl3 (SiH3)3N (SiH3)2O SiO2 (quartz) SiO2 (cristobalite) Silver Ag AgBr AgCl AgCN AgI AgNO3 Ag2S Ag2SO4 Sodium Na NaBO2

mp, °C

Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol

1554

4,120

bp at 1 atm, °C

44.2

615

−133.8 23.8 569

270o 3,360 17,080

1.1

3,110

1773.5

4,700

(4400)

63.5 947 742 770 623 179 897 984 398 857 682 922 338 360 817 1340 1092 1074 810 927

574 (5,700) 5,000 6,410 (3,500) 2,250 7,800 6,920 8,770 6,500 4,100 (4,000) 2,840 (2,000) 2,110 8,900 14,000 8,100 (10,600) (4,400)

776

18,920

1383 1407

37,060 38,840

1324

34,690

1327

30,850

932

2,700

−71 (3000) 296 147

15,340 3,800

39.1 677 717 833 638 305

525 3,700 4,400 4,130 2,990 1,340

217

1,220

10

1,010

1427 −67.6 −1

9,470 1,845

−33 −18.5 −138 −144 −185 −132.5 −117 −93.5 −93.8 −70.0 −126.5 −105.6 −144 1470 1700

3,900

960.5 430 455 350 557 209 842 657

2,700 2,180 3,155 2,750 2,250 2,755 3,360 (4,300)

97.7 966

630 8,660

3,400 2,100

280 417c 453c 74.2 −87.7 174 591 358c 105.1 508

Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol

12,520 25,600c 33,100 7,280 3,489 o 10,380 20,670 8,380 (107,000)

−61.8

4,010

362.4

18,060

679 1352 1381 1408 1304 753 736 −45.8c 317c 168 2290 56.8 139 211.4 135.6 −94.8c −18.9c −70.1 −31.5 −111.6 −14.3 53.1 100 2.4 70.5 31.8 48.7 −15.4 2230

18,110 37,120 36,920 39,510 35,960 25,490 20,600 6,350c 20,900

6,860 12,340 8,820 6,130c 10,400c 4,460 5,080 2,960 5,110 6,780 8,890 5,650 6,840 6,360 6,850 5,350

2212

60,720

1564

42,520

1506

34,450

914

23,120

LATENT HEATS TABLE 2-147

2-147

Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)

Substance Sodium (Cont.) NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaCN NaCNS Na2CO3 NaF NaI Na2MoO4 NaNO3 NaOH aNa2O·aAl2O3·3SiO2 NaPO3 Na4P2O7 Na2S Na2SiO3 Na2Si2O5 Na2SO4 Na2WO4 Strontium Sr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF2 Sr3(PO4)2 Sulfur S (rhombic) S (monoclinic) S2Cl2 SF6 SO2 SO3(α) SO3(β) SO3(γ) SOBr2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 Tellurium Te TeCl4 TeF6

mp, °C

Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol

747 800 255 562 323 854 992 662 687 310 322 1107 988 970 920 1087 884 884 702

6,140 7,220 5,290 (4,400) 4,450 7,000 7,000 5,240 3,600 3,760 2,000 13,150 (5,000) (13,700) (1,200) 10,300 8,460 5,830 5,800

757 643 872 1400 1770

2,190 4,780 4,100 4,260 18,500

112.8 119.2 −75.5 17 32.4 62.2

453

1,769p 2,060 2,890 6,310

3,230

bp at 1 atm, °C

Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol

1392 1465

37,950 40,810

1500

37,280

1704

53,260

1378

1384

33,610

444.6

2,200

138 −63.5c −5.0 44.8

8,720 5,600c 5,960p 10,190

139.5 75.4 69.2

9,920 7,600 7,760

1090 392 −38.6c

16,830 6,700c

Substance Thallium Tl TlBr TlCl Tl2CO3 TlI TlNO3 Tl2S Tl2SO4 Tin Sn4 SnBr2 SnBr4 SnCl2 SnCl4 Sn(CH3)4 SnH4 SnI4 Titanium TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO2 Tungsten W WF6 Uranium UF6 Xenon Xe Zinc Zn ZnCl2 Zn(C2H5)2 ZnO ZnS Zirconium ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrI4 ZrO2

a

k

b

l

c

m

Values in parentheses are uncertain. For the freezing point or the normal boiling point unless otherwise stated. Sublimation. d Decomposes at about 75 °C; value obtained by extrapolation. e Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York (1936). f Decomposes before the normal boiling point is reached. g Decomposes at about 40 °C; value obtained by extrapolation. h See also pp. 2-304 through 2-307 on steam table. i Giauque and Ruehrwein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 (1939): 2626. j Giauque and Egan, J. Chem. Phys., 5 (1937): 45.

TABLE 2-148

mp, °C

Alloys 30.5 Pb + 69.5 Sn 36.9 Pb + 63.1 Sn 63.7 Pb + 36.3 Sn 77.8 Pb + 22.2 Sn 1 Pb + 9 Sn 24 Pb + 27.3 Sn + 48.7 Bi 25.8 Pb + 14.7 Sn + 52.4 Bi + 7 Cd Silicates Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) Orthoclase (KAlSi2O8) Microcline (KAlSi3O8) Wollastonite (CaSiO8) Malacolite (Ca8MgSi4O12) Diopside (CaMgSi2O4) Olivine (Mg2SiO4) Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) Spermaceti Wax (bees’)

bp at 1 atm, °C

Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol

302.5 460 427 273 440 207 449 632

1,030 5,990 4,260 4,400 3,125 2,290 3,000 5,500

1457 819 807

38,810 23,800 24,420

823

25,030

231.8 232 30 247 −33.2

1,720 (1,700) 3,000 3,050 2,190

2270

68,000

623 113 78.3 −52.3

20,740 8,330 7,320 4,420

−149.8 143.5

(4,300)

38.2 −23 1825

(2,060) 2,240 (11,400)

136

3390 −0.4

(8,400) 1,800

(5900) 17.3

(176,000) 6,350

55.1c

9,990c

−111.5 419.5 283 1975 1645

2715

740 1,595 (5,500)

8,350

−108.0

3,110

907 732 118

27,430 28,710 8,960

357c 311c 431c

25,800c 25,290c 29,030c

4,470 (9,000)

20,800

Kemp and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59 (1937): 79. Brown and Manov, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59 (1937): 500. Giauque and Powell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939): 1970. n Overstreet and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc 59 (1937): 254. o Stephenson and Giauque, J. Chem. Phys., 5 (1937): 149. p Giauque and Stephenson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (1938): 1389. q Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings, Bur. Standards J. Research, 23, 197 (1939): 261. r Miles and Menzies, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 1067. s Long and Kemp, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 1829. t Giauque and Blue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 831. u Ruehrwein and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 (1939): 2940.

Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials

Material

Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol

mp, °C

Heat of fusion, cal/g

183 179 177.5 176.5 236 98.8 75.5

17 15.5 11.6 9.54 28 6.85 8.4

43.9 61.8

100 100 83 100 94 100 130 85 37.0 42.3

2-148

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-149

Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds

The values for the hydrocarbons are from the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards, with some from Parks and Huffman, Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, 1138 (1931). The values for the nonhydrocarbon compounds were recalculated from data in International Critical Tables, vol. 5. Hydrocarbon compounds Paraffins Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane 2-Methylpropane n-Pentane 2-Methylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpropane n-Hexane 2-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane n-Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane n-Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylpentane 4-Methylheptane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane 3-Methyl-3-ethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane n-Nonane n-Decane n-Undecane n-Dodecane Eicosane Pentacosane Tritriacontane Aromatics Benzene Methylbenzene (Toluene) Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene n-Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-ethylbenzene

Formula

mp, °C

Heat of fusion, cal/g

CH4 C 2 H6 C3 H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C20H42 C25H52 C33H68

−182.48 −183.23 −187.65 −138.33 −159.60 −129.723 −159.890 −16.6 −95.320 −153.680 −99.73 −128.41 −90.595 −118.270 −118.593 −123.790 −119.230 −134.46 −24.96 −56.798 −109.04 −120.50 −120.955 −121.18 −91.200 −126.10 −114.960 −90.870 −112.27 −107.365 −100.70 −109.210 +100.69 −53.9 −30.0 −25.9 −9.6 +36.4 +53.3 +71.1

14.03 22.712 19.100 19.167 18.668 27.874 17.076 10.786 36.138 17.407 1.607 2.251 33.513 21.158 22.555 13.982 15.968 16.856 5.250 43.169 21.458 23.795 22.692 24.226 26.903 14.9 23.690 22.657 18.061 19.278 3.204 19.392 14.900 41.2 48.3 34.1 51.3 52.0 53.6 54.0

C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12

+5.533 −94.991 −94.950 −25.187 −47.872 +13.263 −99.500 −96.028 −80.833

30.100 17.171 20.629 30.614 26.045 38.526 16.97 19.22 21.13 Heat of fusion, cal/g

Formula

mp, °C

Acetic acid Acetone Acrylic acid Allo-cinnamic acid Aminobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Amyl alcohol Anethole Aniline Anthraquinone Apiol Azobenzene Azoxybenzene

C2H4O2 C3H6O C3H4O2 C9H8O2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C5H12O C10H12O C6H5NH2 C14H8O2 C12H14O4 C12H10N2 C12H10N2O

16.7 −95.5 12.3 68 145 179.5 188.5 −78.9 22.5 −6.3 284.8 29.5 67.1 36

46.68 23.42 37.03 27.35 35.48 38.03 36.46 26.65 25.80 27.09 37.48 25.80 28.91 21.62

Benzil Benzoic acid Benzophenone Benzylaniline Bromocamphor Bromochlorbenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromoiodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromol hydrate Bromophenol (p-) Bromotoluene (p-)

C14H10O2 C7H8O2 C13H10O C13H13N C10H15BrO C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C2H3Br3O2 C6H5BrO C7H7Br

95.2 122.45 47.85 32.37 78 −12.6 −21.2 64.6 21 9.3 90.1 46 63.5 28

22.15 33.90 23.53 21.86 41.57 15.41 15.29 23.41 12.18 10.27 16.60 16.90 20.50 20.86

Nonhydrocarbon compounds

Hydrocarbon compounds Aromatics—(Cont.) 1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Naphthalene Camphene Durene Isodurene Prehnitene p-Cymene n-Butyl benzene tert-Butyl benzene β-Methyl naphthalene Diphenyl Hexamethyl benzene Diphenyl methane Anthracene Phenanthrene Tolane Stilbene Dibenzil Triphenyl methane Alkyl cyclohexanes Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Alkyl cyclopentanes Cyclopentane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane Monoolefins Ethene (Ethylene) Propene (Propylene) 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 2-Methylpropene (isobutene) 1-Pentene cis-2-pentene trans-2-pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Acetylenes Acetylene 2-Butyne (dimethylacetylene) Nonhydrocarbon compounds

mp, °C

Heat of fusion, cal/g

C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C10H8 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C11H10 C12H10 C12H18 C13H12 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H14 C19H16

−95.55 −62.350 −25.375 −43.80 −44.720 +80.0 +51 +79.3 −24.0 −7.7 −68.9 −88.5 −58.1 +34.1 +68.6 +165.5 +25.2 +216.5 +96.3 +60 +124 +51.4 +92.1

15.14 25.29 16.64 24.54 18.97 36.0 57 37.4 23.0 20.0 17.1 19.5 14.9 20.1 28.8 30.4 26.4 38.7 25.0 28.7 40.0 30.7 21.1

C6H12 C7H14

+6.67 −126.58

7.569 16.429

C5H10 C6H12 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

−93.80 −142.445 −138.435 −69.73 −53.85 −117.57 −133.680

2.068 19.68 11.10 3.36 3.87 15.68 17.93

C2H4 C 3 H6 C4 H 8 C 4 H8 C4H8 C4H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10

−169.15 −185.25 −185.35 −138.91 −105.55 −140.35 −165.27 −151.363 −140.235 −137.560 −168.500 −133.780

28.547 17.054 16.393 31.135 41.564 25.265 16.82 24.239 26.536 26.879 18.009 25.738

C2 H2 C4H6

−81.5 −132.23

23.04 40.808

Formula

Formula

mp, °C

Heat of fusion, cal/g

Butyl alcohol (n-) (t-) Butyric acid (n-)

C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O2

−89.2 25.4 −5.7

29.93 21.88 30.04

Capric acid (n-) Caprylic acid (n-) Carbazole Carbon tetrachloride Carvoxime (d-) (l-) (dl-) Cetyl alcohol Chloracetic acid (α-) (β-) Chloral alcoholate hydrate Chloroaniline (p-) Chlorobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Chloronitrobenzene (m-) (p-) Cinnamic acid anhydride Cresol ( p-) Crotonic acid (α-) (cis-) Cyanamide Cyclohexanol

C10H20O2 C8H16O2 C12H9N CCl4 C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H15NO C16H34O C2H3ClO2 C2H3ClO2 C4H7Cl3O2 C2H3Cl3O2 C6H6ClN C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C9H8O2 C18H14O3 C7H8O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 CH2N2 C6H12O

31.99 16.3 243 −22.8 71.5 71 91 49.27 61.2 56 9 47.4 71 140.2 154.25 239.7 44.4 83.5 133 48 34.6 72 71.2 44 25.46

38.87 35.40 42.05 41.57 23.29 23.41 24.61 33.80 31.06 35.12 24.03 33.18 37.15 39.30 36.41 49.21 29.38 31.51 36.50 28.14 26.28 25.32 34.90 49.81 4.19

LATENT HEATS TABLE 2-149

2-149

Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds (Concluded) Heat of fusion, cal/g

Formula

mp, °C

Dibromobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dibromophenol (2, 4-) Dichloroacetic acid Dichlorobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dihydroxybenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Di-iodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dimethyl tartrate (dl-) (d-) pyrone Dinitrobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-) Dioxane Diphenyl amine

C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2O C2H2Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H10O6 C6H10O6 C7H8O2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C4H8O2 C12H11N

1.8 −6.9 86 12 −4(?) −16.7 −24.8 53.13 104.3 109.65 172.3 23.4 34.2 129 87 49 132 116.93 89.7 173.5 70.14 11.0 52.98

12.78 13.38 20.55 13.97 14.21 21.02 20.55 29.67 49.40 46.20 58.77 10.15 11.54 16.20 35.12 21.50 56.14 32.25 24.70 39.99 26.40 34.85 25.23

Elaidic acid Ethyl acetate alcohol Ethylene dibromide Ethyl ether

C18H34O2 C4H8O2 C2H6O C2H4Br2 C4H10O

44.4 83.8 −114.4 10.012 −116.3

52.08 28.43 25.76 13.52 23.54

Formic acid

CH2O2

Glutaric acid Glycerol Glycol, ethylene

Nonhydrocarbon compounds

8.40

58.89

C6H8O4 C3H8O3 C2H6O2

97.5 18.07 −11.5

37.39 47.49 43.26

Hydrazo benzene Hydrocinnamic acid Hydroxyacetanilide

C12H12N2 C9H10O2 C8H9NO2

134 48 91.3

22.89 28.14 33.59

Iodotoluene (p-) Isopropyl alcohol ether

C7H7I C3H8O C6H14O

34 −88.5 −86.8

18.75 21.08 25.79

Lauric acid (n-) Levulinic acid

C12H24O2 C5H8O3

43.22 33

43.72 18.97

Menthol (l-) (α) Methyl alcohol Myristic acid Methyl cinnamate fumarate oxalate phenylpropiolate succinate

C10H20O CH4O C14H28O2 C10H10O2 C6H8O4 C4H6O4 C10H8O2 C6H10O4

43.5 −97.8 53.86 36 102 54.35 18 19.5

18.63 23.7 47.49 26.53 57.93 42.64 22.86 35.72

Formula

mp, °C

Heat of fusion, cal/g

Naphthol (α-) (β-) Naphthylamine (α-) Nitroaniline (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitronaphthalene Nitrophenol (o-)

C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C10H7NO2 C6H5NO3

95.0 120.6 50 71.2 114.0 147.3 5.85 145.8 141.1 239.2 56.7 45.13

38.94 31.30 22.34 27.88 40.97 36.46 22.52 40.06 27.59 52.80 25.44 26.76

Palmitic acid Paraldehyde Pelargic acid (n-) (β-) Pelargonic acid (n-) (α-) Phenol Phenylacetic acid Phenylhydrazine Propyl ether (n)

C16H32O2 C6H12O3 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C6H6O C8H8O2 C6H8N2 C6H14O

61.82 10.5 12.35 40.92 76.7 19.6 −126.1

39.18 25.02 39.04 30.63 29.03 25.44 36.31 20.66

Quinone

C6H4O2

115.7

40.85

Stearic acid Succinic anhydride Succinonitrile

C18H30O2 C4H4O3 C4H4N2

68.82 119 54.5

47.54 48.74 11.71

Tetrachloroxylene (o-) (p-) Thiophene Thiosinamine Thymol Toluic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Toluidine (p-) Tribromophenol (2, 4, 6-) Trichloroacetic acid Trinitroglycerol Trinitrotoluene (2, 4, 6-) Tristearin

C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C4H4S C4H8N2S C10H14O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C7H9N C6H3Br3O C2HCl3O2 C3H5N3O9 C7H5N3O6 C57H110O6

86 95 −39.4 77 51.5 103.7 108.75 179.6 43.3 93 57.5 12.3 80.83 70.8, 54.5

21.02 22.10 14.11 33.45 27.47 35.40 27.59 39.90 39.90 13.38 8.60 23.02 22.34 45.63

Undecylic acid (α-) (n-) (β-) (n-) Urethane

C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C3H7NO2

28.25 48.7

32.20 42.91 40.85

Veratrol

C8H10O2

22.5

27.45

Xylene dibromide (o-) (m-) dichloride (o-) (m-) (p-)

C8H8Br2 C8H8Br2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2

Nonhydrocarbon compounds

95 77 55 34 100

24.25 21.45 29.03 26.64 32.73

2-150

TABLE 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) Cmpd. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Name Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1 × 1E-07

C2

C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138

3.8366 8.107 4.0179 6.352 4.215 4.3511 2.3214 3.8736 4.3756 4.155 0.8474 3.1523 5.8662 0.87308 8.7809 4.5346 6.225 10.19 6.8077 10.523 8.4762 6.228 6.9642 7.635 4 5.552 3.9004 3.169 3.522 3.2632 3.6238 8.9754 9.2247 7.1274 7.9227 3.3774 3.4358 3.3191 5.8276 6.3487 4.9702 4.6432 3.6972 4.6403 6.1947 5.22 2.173 3.496 0.8585 4.3252 1.9311 3.068 5.148 3.524 4.186 2.9745 3.989 3.8871 8.0082

0.40081 0.42 2.6037 0.3986 0.3397 0.34765 0.35938 0.29335 2.2571 0.2733 0.3822 0.3914 0.37127 0.3526 0.1933 0.39053 0.4412 0.478 0.63344 0.87091 0.35251 0.3411 0.44354 0.39182 0.351 0.37694 0.38012 0.3015 0.395 0.3701 0.8337 0.45316 0.42442 0.0483 0.58361 0.5107 0.38004 0.36968 0.38854 0.38222 0.41199 0.399 0.39168 0.3849 1.6524 0.165 0.382 0.2986 0.4921 0.37688 0.94983 0.8458 0.36614 0.3652 0.3584 0.353 0.37956 0.38043 0.45314

C3

C4

−5.0031

2.7069

−4.5116

2.5738

−0.2289

0.2309

0.30877

−0.14162

−0.27365 −0.45568 0.43853

−0.3026

−0.82274

0.39613

0.8966 0.02016 −0.17304

−0.5116 −0.08654 0.05181

−2.8505 0.6692 −0.4339

1.6285 −0.539 0.42213

−0.326

0.2231

−1.0615 −0.9001

0.51894 0.453

Tmin, K

Hv at Tmin × 1E-07

Tmax, K

Hv at Tmax

150.15 353.15 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 250.00 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.13 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 209.63 175.43 150.35 155.97 285.39

3.2828 6.2386 2.3412 5.4139 3.6390 3.5996 1.6333 3.3881 2.7965 3.6866 0.6759 2.5298 4.9560 0.6561 7.1286 3.4705 5.0597 7.1277 5.3147 7.4895 6.8800 5.1829 5.7930 6.0719 3.2323 4.6875 3.3933 2.7379 3.0540 2.7235 2.8684 7.5185 7.9759 6.3643 6.4607 3.0197 2.9867 2.7630 4.9384 5.5979 4.3505 4.1614 3.1511 3.9797 4.1619 4.7223 1.5202 3.1537 0.6517 3.4528 1.4215 2.2878 4.3707 3.1052 3.5047 2.4520 3.4862 3.3586 6.3326

466.00 761.00 591.95 606.00 508.20 545.50 308.30 506.00 615.00 535.00 132.45 405.65 645.60 150.86 824.00 562.05 689.00 751.00 699.35 830.00 720.15 662.00 718.00 773.00 584.15 670.15 503.80 467.00 452.00 425.00 425.12 680.00 676.00 563.10 535.90 419.50 435.50 428.60 575.40 660.50 570.10 554.00 440.00 537.20 615.70 582.25 304.21 552.00 132.50 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.40 416.25 503.15 489.00 705.85

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 915,280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2-151

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine

C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N

95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7

108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190

7.1979 8.4942 5.766 3.384 3.334 4.4902 9.1791 5.6772 4.4405 3.8911 3.8107 2.7672 5.6067 7.9073 6.6126 13.107 7.9041 6.6985 8.0617 6.9461 0.1657 5.712 5.37 4.82 5.9616 5.6899 6.2117 5.9765 4.2117 4.5507 4.186 4.774 4.675 10.154 4.6133 4.06 4.7659 3.2312 3.4552 2.8081 5.007 4.6117 5.0256 4.3872 4.7999 3.856 4.09 4.1509 5.0402 5.2852 5.1194 4.9825 2.994 5.9217 4.6533 8.1578 2.8365 3.9022 6.629 7.236 5.051 6.8243 5.428

0.40317 0.50234 0.38939 0.3707 0.3395 0.39881 0.6382 0.37431 0.37479 0.36111 0.3543 0.35588 0.38729 0.4129 0.39797 1.0674 −1.36 0.76944 0.41045 0.42109 0.352 0.5255 0.416 0.3771 0.38833 0.35765 0.42845 0.38559 0.36927 0.34444 0.4092 0.39204 0.36529 0.3403 0.42628 0.3868 0.37987 0.37653 0.3499 0.3364 0.4362 0.4 0.29611 0.56226 0.30724 0.3737 0.42005 0.38383 0.4036 0.41607 0.405 0.3958 0.3505 0.37996 0.37577 0.29346 0.35393 0.37731 0.4084 0.2424 0.3791 0.30877 0.3665

−0.97372 4.0854 −0.79975

−0.60662 −0.024545

0.40491 −2.3871 0.42379

0.4202 0.091361

304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 18.73 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 212.72 160.00 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67 413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15

5.7135 6.3649 5.0717 2.3803 2.8083 3.3920 6.2221 4.7739 3.8791 3.3299 3.4046 2.3532 4.9220 6.4201 5.4168 8.7931 8.2959 5.3524 6.7308 5.7192 0.1309 4.6111 4.2346 4.0709 5.1902 4.8419 5.1191 4.6573 3.6189 3.7657 3.5116 4.0147 4.0997 8.4908 3.5761 3.4651 4.1537 2.6659 2.7427 2.3781 4.1823 3.8207 4.4125 3.7528 4.0557 2.9557 3.2678 3.6388 4.0862 4.3662 4.4043 4.3108 2.6032 5.0931 4.0745 7.1632 2.4928 3.3213 5.3804 6.0070 3.9263 5.8546 4.5500

697.55 704.65 631.00 400.15 459.93 553.80 650.10 653.00 560.40 511.70 507.00 398.00 664.00 674.20 617.70 722.10 688.00 616.60 696.00 619.85 38.35 628.00 650.15 611.00 584.10 683.95 705.00 684.75 523.00 561.60 510.00 560.00 572.00 736.60 496.60 466.70 557.15 386.44 445.00 351.26 523.10 500.05 576.00 507.80 543.00 473.20 437.20 500.00 591.15 606.15 596.15 615.00 400.10 649.60 537.30 766.00 402.00 503.04 729.00 772.00 587.00 766.80 550.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2-152

TABLE 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) (Continued) Cmpd. no. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

Name Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1 × 1E-07

C2

C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10

112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2

170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144

7.7337 12.86 2.1091 5.5789 4.933 4.275 5.4805 6.7093 7.898 5.6419 5.3832 4.8287 1.8844 5.7521 8.3518 4.94 3.6652 4.5909 11.184 6.2786 4.258 5.2207 3.844 5.3325 5.438 4.9482 0.88757 4.582 2.7617 2.4708 3.076 7.358 2.3195 4.005 0.012504 10.473 5.956 5.0014 11.274 7.0236 9.6433 6.3357 6.1425 4.9437 6.5473 4.8222 10.156 5.6661 4.4544 9.0746 7.035 11.55 5.6231 5.6232 4.1429 4.808 5.8422 4.574 4.911

0.40681 0.50351 0.60646 0.31245 0.3847 0.5857 0.39524 0.33273 0.39445 0.37985 0.41763 0.37804 0.36485 0.34513 0.42625 0.466 0.37878 0.4123 0.86189 0.39513 0.37221 0.34893 0.37534 0.401 0.60624 0.39871 0.34072 0.3717 0.32162 0.37014 0.2954 0.3564 1.9091 0.3995 1.3038 0.4374 0.36474 0.38795 0.86047 −1.3652 0.783 0.42167 0.39802 0.35428 0.40968 0.33858 0.45726 0.38533 0.39002 0.8926 −0.9575 2.2877 0.38207 0.39972 0.49118 0.436 0.38704 0.3698 0.4392

C3

C4

0.32986 −0.55492

−0.42184 0.32799

−0.332

0.169

−0.47845

0.048646

−5.0003

3.2641

−2.6954

1.7098

−0.40661 3.987 −0.27273

−0.012644 −2.2545 0.038495

0.22149

−0.2353

−0.75172 3.1431 −3.6724

0.34378 −1.8066 2.1326

−0.44821

0.32105

Tmin, K

Hv at Tmin × 1E-07

Tmax, K

Hv at Tmax

263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 195.20 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 230.94 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.70 250.00 196.29 2.20 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65

6.2802 9.5933 1.7879 4.9694 4.1490 3.2955 4.7900 5.8382 6.4816 4.9090 4.7318 4.3603 1.5936 4.5918 6.8989 4.0022 3.1271 3.7679 8.2832 5.4262 3.7556 4.4677 3.4489 4.4449 4.4140 4.2942 0.7578 3.7605 2.4089 2.0276 2.5863 6.2844 1.8865 3.2647 0.0097 8.3699 5.0248 4.2619 7.9579 7.6498 6.9638 5.1579 5.0471 4.3208 5.4656 4.1647 8.0225 4.7495 3.7647 6.4783 7.1509 6.5014 4.7135 4.6655 3.6691 4.0831 5.0630 4.0640 4.1067

658.00 768.00 305.32 514.00 523.30 456.15 617.15 698.00 655.00 571.00 609.15 569.50 282.34 593.00 720.00 537.00 469.15 508.40 674.60 583.00 489.00 567.00 499.15 546.00 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408.00 771.00 588.00 490.15 5.20 736.00 616.80 540.20 677.30 632.30 608.30 606.60 611.40 537.40 645.00 547.00 723.00 591.00 507.60 660.20 611.30 585.30 587.61 582.82 504.00 544.00 623.00 516.20 549.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2-153

182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244

Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether

H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O

302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4

32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148

5.9794 0.10127 2.485 2.2093 3.349 13.451 2.5676 4.0385 4.4041 11.767 4.6095 1.0194 5.0451 7.3402 4.492 3.1889 4.68 3.858 6.8504 4.1233 3.7593 7.48 10.178 3.9091 3.9248 3.648 4.5302 5.3416 3.792 5.3781 3.2835 4.7528 6.477 7.8011 7.8995 4.3595 4.3541 4.209 3.6756 3.53 4.622 4.4842 4.103 4.2678 5.4687 4.2967 3.8501 4.7075 4.5052 3.4448 5.468 10.53 4.2522 5.0002 3.188 7.7646 3.2614 5.008 4.2719 4.8253 2.2656 5.8071 3.872

0.9424 0.698 0.39 0.3466 0.2053 13.36 0.37358 0.82698 0.43325 0.37877 0.23331 0.26087 0.33594 0.38974 0.3685 0.37881 0.349 0.404 0.38852 0.426 0.39173 0.3933 1.3211 0.39866 0.36173 0.3863 0.37779 0.3835 0.3565 0.39523 0.33116 0.39437 0.4853 0.4172 0.42479 0.38507 0.36805 0.36779 0.31266 0.376 0.355 0.41151 0.3825 0.37995 0.40583 0.37922 0.36453 0.33601 0.36493 0.37427 0.4472 0.7454 0.3807 0.3781 0.39006 0.56757 0.38073 0.3959 0.43175 0.38087 0.30269 0.37009 0.044

−1.398 −1.817

−23.383

0.8862 1.447

10.785

−2.033

1.4769

−0.14694

0.22154

−1.2234

0.44836

−0.39297

0.047214

0.448

−0.112

274.69 13.95 185.15 158.97 259.83 277.56 187.68 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 193.00 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 113.54 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55

4.5238 0.0913 1.8817 1.7498 2.8176 0.7104 1.9782 3.5534 3.5874 9.0033 4.0342 0.8724 4.3825 5.9384 3.8418 2.5882 3.9913 3.1006 5.7026 3.4864 3.3657 6.5004 7.3738 3.4072 3.4558 3.1332 3.9438 4.6699 3.1681 4.5694 2.8974 4.2291 4.9050 6.0500 6.1926 3.9115 3.8769 3.8439 3.1686 2.9751 3.9704 3.8406 3.4644 3.7232 4.6507 3.2402 3.4235 4.1240 3.9340 2.9825 4.3596 8.1106 3.8300 4.3168 2.8070 4.6771 2.8195 4.2231 3.7041 4.2499 2.0069 4.8591 3.6017

653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605.00 471.85 805.00 662.00 190.56 512.50 718.00 506.55 402.40 536.00 430.05 693.00 490.00 460.40 643.00 577.20 465.00 470.00 492.00 512.74 593.00 463.20 554.50 442.00 572.10 686.00 614.00 617.00 532.70 542.00 526.00 483.00 437.80 535.50 533.00 487.20 497.00 574.60 488.00 464.48 553.40 553.10 469.95 566.00 694.00 497.70 546.49 407.80 506.20 417.90 530.60 476.25 565.00 352.50 654.00 497.10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2-154

TABLE 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) (Concluded) Cmpd. no. 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302

Name Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1 × 1E-07

C2

C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N 2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2

107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4

58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132

3.587 7.0911 0.2389 5.1459 0.74905 1.6402 4.7417 2.3215 2.131 11.674 7.3363 6.037 12.38 7.5429 7.9797 5.9054 7.5239 6.3337 10.969 6.7735 5.518 12.23 7.2468 7.6376 6.5363 6.6142 5.4859 6.8907 5.4046 11.473 0.9008 1.8587 9.6741 5.1478 3.9109 7.3197 7.39 11.111 5.174 5.2359 3.5027 5.0573 5.4315 3.954 4.4158 8.3482 7.306 5.5769 6.916 2.9535 2.9209 6.8988 7.2542 5.8866 4.1492 4 4.9348 5.4327

0.3769 0.46468 0.3494 0.33017 0.40406 0.36494 0.3062 0.384 0.4056 0.45865 0.41735 0.38522 0.69869 −1.5966 −1.0341 0.61039 0.3991 0.3975 0.44327 0.40607 0.38467 0.69294 −1.2464 −0.7612 0.38718 0.58562 0.26207 0.40017 0.35299 0.37238 0.4542 0.30416 0.45399 0.37541 0.38681 1.2093 -0.1464 1.8011 0.39422 0.40465 0.3481 0.45827 0.3972 0.3512 0.44347 0.33172 0.4246 0.30346 0.1755 0.41367 0.78237 0.6458 0.79137 0.38533 0.36751 1.3936 0.41873 0.407

C3

−0.317

C4

0.27343

0.097854 4.6489 3.553 −0.54533

−0.35082 −2.7229 −2.1149 0.30683

0.12287 3.6797 2.7875

−0.36132 −2.0665 −1.6033

−0.40512 0.50642

0.22144 −0.43873

−0.4096

0.3183

−1.9114 1.4751 −2.1801

1.1591 −0.9208 1.0641

−0.19672 −0.22568

0.22394 0.16393

−0.77319 −0.5384 −0.66092

0.39246 0.3317 0.34223

−2.9465

1.794

Tmin, K

Hv at Tmin × 1E-07

Tmax, K

151.15 353.43 24.56 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.60 182.30 109.50 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.36 80.15 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 195.56 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 170.00 252.45 180.26 178.15

3.0567 5.2691 0.1803 4.5533 0.6024 1.4519 4.0220 1.6502 1.4578 9.2185 5.9779 5.0545 8.7232 8.2411 8.0370 4.9218 6.2506 5.2606 8.7246 5.5600 4.5898 8.4658 7.6793 7.3759 5.3646 5.2076 4.7927 5.8506 4.6743 8.3393 0.7742 1.6625 7.6728 4.4502 3.3968 5.3813 6.7005 6.6655 4.3663 4.2075 3.2232 4.4343 4.6322 3.4025 3.7321 6.9340 5.6577 4.8418 6.1001 2.4755 2.4787 5.8356 5.5370 5.0941 3.5675 3.0922 4.2005 4.6322

437.00 748.40 44.40 593.00 126.20 234.00 588.15 309.57 180.15 758.00 658.00 594.60 710.70 670.90 649.50 593.10 681.00 598.05 747.00 638.90 568.70 694.26 652.30 629.80 632.70 627.70 566.90 667.30 574.00 804.00 154.58 261.00 708.00 566.10 469.70 639.16 588.10 561.00 561.08 560.95 464.80 584.30 598.00 481.20 519.00 869.00 694.25 653.00 791.00 394.00 369.83 536.80 508.30 636.00 504.40 600.81 564.40 549.73

Hv at Tmax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

4.4488 5.8887 2.5216 4.9687 4.2191 4.4782 8.07 6.49 2.4105 5.726 12.018 3.676 2.571 7.337 8.824 8.7165 9.0539 4.3021 6.8086 5.0642 4.9055 4.5854 4.9507 5.0929 8.4339 4.664 3.305 5.9996 5.9254 4.7711 4.991 10.687 10.686 7.2284 8.7274 4.77 3.649 3.4125 4.5659 5.2053 5.4626 5.5395 5.3819

0.39494 0.38534 0.33721 0.4025 0.41161 0.41073 0.295 0.3112 0.37988 0.4055 0.37149 0.4 0.383 0.5647 0.3224 0.44467 0.36972 0.43054 0.38904 0.40678 0.38756 0.37742 0.38013 0.4257 0.3663 0.354 0.35578 0.35709 0.37949 0.383 0.38 0.40074 0.40607 −1.5834 0.3765 0.4 0.4513 0.36278 0.3199 0.37289 0.37788 0.36695

−0.18399

5.0913

0.22377

−3.2171

0.043 −0.212

0.25795

188.36 173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95 298.15 329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 354.00 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41

3.6857 5.2110 2.3177 4.2162 3.6942 3.8723 7.1374 4.9933 1.4873 4.7128 8.7719 2.8753 1.6208 4.4303 8.8240 7.4548 7.2002 3.7610 5.7314 4.4565 3.1691 3.7484 4.3246 4.2130 6.8015 4.1011 2.8216 5.0818 5.0713 4.1561 4.3530 8.3906 8.5455 5.9240 8.9007 4.0619 2.9876 2.9491 3.9520 4.4733 4.6112 4.5859 4.2787

496.95 638.35 364.85 538.00 517.00 536.60 626.00 683.00 259.00 636.00 806.00 430.75 318.69 490.85 298.15 857.00 693.00 540.15 720.00 631.95 568.00 579.35 591.75 602.00 675.00 535.15 433.25 664.50 649.10 543.80 573.50 846.00 828.00 639.00 703.90 519.13 454.00 432.00 543.15 647.10 617.00 630.30 616.20

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88,240,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The heat of vaporization Hv is calculated by Hv = C1(1 − Tr) C2+ C3T + C4T + C5T r

2 r

3 r

where Tr = T/Tc, Tc is the critical temperature from Table 2-141, Hv is in J/kmol, and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

2-155

2-156

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS UNITS CONVERSIONS

To convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-degree Rankine, multiply by 0.2388.

For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 °R = 1.8 K

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

To convert calories per gram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-degree Rankine, multiply by 1.0; to convert calories per mole-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-mole-degree Rankine, multiply by 1.0. TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds* Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

c l c l c l c c c c l c l c c, sillimanite c, disthene c, andalusite c, mullite c c c

4.80 + 0.00322T 7.00 18.74 + 0.01866T 29.5 13.25 + 0.02800T 31.2 76 19.3 50.5 38.63 + 0.04760T − 449200/T 2 142 16.88 + 0.02266T 28.8 22.08 + 0.008971T − 522500/T 2 40.79 + 0.004763T − 992800/T 2 41.81 + 0.005283T − 1211000/T 2 43.96 + 0.001923T − 1086000/T 2 59.65 + 0.0670T 113.2 + 0.0652T 63.5 235

273–931 931–1273 273–370 370–407 273–465 465–504 288–327 288–326 288–326 273–1273 1273–1373 273–464 464–480 273–1973 273–1573 273–1673 273–1573 273–576 273–575 273–373 288–325

1 5 3 5 3 3 ? ? ? 2 ? 3 5 3 3 2 3 5 3 ? ?

c l c c c c c

5.51 + 0.00178T 7.15 17.2 + 0.0293T 10.3 + 0.0511T 19.1 + 0.0171T 22.6 + 0.0162T 24.2 + 0.0132T

273–903 903–1273 273–370 273–346 273–929 273–1198 273–821

2 5 ? ? ? ? ?

g

4.97

c l c c

5.17 + 0.00234T 31.9 8.37 + 0.0486T 25.8

273–1168 286–371 273–548 293–373

5 ? ? ?

c c c c c, α c, β c c c

17.0 + 0.00334T 28.2 37.3 51 17.26 + 0.0131T 30.0 34 39.8 21.35 + 0.0141T

273–1198 273–307 273–307 289–320 273–1083 1083–1255 273–297 285–371 273–1323

? ? ? ? 5 15 ? ? 5

c c c c

4.698 + 0.001555T − 121000/T 2 8.69 + 0.00365T − 313000/T 2 25.4 20.8

273–1173 273–1175 273–373 273–373

1 5 ? ?

Substance Aluminum1 Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlCl3·6H2O AlF3 AlF3·3aH2O AlF3·3NaF AlI3 Al2O3 Al2O3·SiO2 3Al2O3·2SiO2 4Al2O3·3SiO2 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·18H2O Antimony Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 Sb2O3 Sb2O4 Sb2S3 Argon2 A Arsenic As AsCl3 As2O3 As2S3 Barium BaCl2 BaCl2·H2O BaCl2·2H2O Ba(ClO3)2·H2O BaCO3 BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 Beryllium3,4 Be BeO BeO·Al2O3 BeSO4

Additional data are contained in the subsection “Thermodynamic Properties.” Data on water are also contained in that subsection. Additional tables for water are found in Eng. Sci. Data Item 68008, 251 Regent Street, London, England, which contains about 5000 values from 1 to 1000 bar, 0 to 1500 °C.

State†

All

0

*From Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 371, 1934. For a revision see Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 477, 1948. Data for many elements and compounds are given by Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960, for cryogenic temperatures. Tabulated data for gases can be obtained from many of the references cited in the “Thermodynamic Properties” subsection and other tables in this section. Thinh, Duran, et al., Hydrocarbon Process., 50, 98 (January 1971), review previous equation fits and give newer fits for 408 hydrocarbons and related compounds. Later publications include Duran, Thinh, et al., Hydrocarbon Process., 55, 153 (August 1976); Thompson, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 22(4), 431 (1977); and Passut and Danner, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 11, 543 (1972); 13, 193 (1974). † The symbols in this column have the following meaning; c, crystal; l, liquid; g, gas; gls, glass.

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Substance Bismuth4 Bi Bi2O3 Bi2S3 Boron B B2O3 BN Bromine Br2 Cadmium Cd CdO CdS CdSO4·8/3H2O Calcium Ca CaCl2 CaCO3 CaF2 CaMg(CO3)2 CaMoO4 CaO Ca(OH)2 CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 CaO·MgO·2SiO2 CaO·SiO2 CaP2O6 CaSO4 CaSO4·2H2O CaWO4 Carbon5 C CH4 CO6 CO2 CS2 Cerium Ce CeO2 Ce2(MoO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3·5H2O Cesium Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI Chlorine Cl2 Chromium4 Cr CrCl3 Cr2O3 CrSb CrSb2 Cr2(SO4)3 Cobalt4 Co CoAs2·CoS2 CoSb Co2Sn CoS CoSO4·7H2O

State†

Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

c l c c

5.38 + 0.00260T 7.60 23.27 + 0.01105T 30.4

273–544 544–1273 273–777 284–372

3 3 2 ?

c gls gls c

1.54 + 0.00440T 5.14 + 0.0320T 30.4 1.61 + 0.00400T

273–1174 273–513 513–623 273–1173

5 3 3 5

g

9.00

300–2000

5

c l c c c

5.46 + 0.002466T 7.13 9.65 + 0.00208T 12.9 + 0.00090T 51.3

273–594 594–973 273–2086 273–1273 293

1 5 ? ? ?

c c c c c c c c c c, anorthite gls c, diopside gls c, wollastonite c, pseudowollastonite gls c c c c

5.31 + 0.00333T 6.29 + 0.00140T 16.9 + 0.00386T 19.68 + 0.01189T − 307600/T 2 14.7 + 0.00380T 40.1 33 10.00 + 0.00484T − 108000/T 2 21.4 63.13 + 0.01500T − 1537000/T 2 67.41 + 0.01048T − 1874000/T 2 54.46 + 0.005746T − 1500000/T 2 51.68 + 0.009724T − 1308000/T 2 27.95 + 0.002056T − 745600/T 2 25.48 + 0.004132T − 488100/T 2 23.16 + 0.009672T − 487100/T 2 39.5 18.52 + 0.02197T − 156800/T 2 46.8 27.9

273–673 673–873 273–1055 273–1033 273–1651 299–372 273–297 273–1173 276–373 273–1673 273–973 273–1573 273–973 273–1573 273–1673 273–973 287–371 273–1373 282–373 292–322

2 2 ? 3 ? ? ? 2 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? 5 ? ?

c, graphite c, diamond g g g l

2.673 + 0.002617T − 116900/T 2 2.162 + 0.003059T − 130300/T 2 5.34 + 0.0115T 6.60 + 0.00120T 10.34 + 0.00274T − 195500/T 2 18.4

273–1373 273–1313 273–1200 273–2500 273–1200 293

2 3 2 1a 1a ?

c c c c c

5.88 + 0.00123T 15.1 96 66.4 131.6

273–908 273–373 273–297 273–373 273–319

? ? ? ? ?

c l g c c c c

1.96 + 0.0182T 8.00 4.97 12.6 + 0.00259T 11.7 + 0.00309T 11.3 + 0.00285T 11.6 + 0.00268T

273–301 302 All 273–909 273–752 273–957 273–894

3 3 0 ? ? ? ?

g

8.28 + 0.00056T

273–2000

1a

c l c c c c c

4.84 + 0.00295T 9.70 23 26.0 + 0.00400T 12.3 + 0.00120T 19.2 + 0.00184T 67.4

273–1823 1823–1923 286–319 273–2263 273–1383 273–949 273–373

5 10 ? ? ? ? ?

c l c c c c c

5.12 + 0.00333T 8.40 32.9 11.7 + 0.00156T 15.83 + 0.00950T 10.6 + 0.00251T 96

273–1763 1763–1873 283–373 273–1464 273–903 273–1373 286–303

5 5 ? ? 2 ? ?

2-157

2-158

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Substance Copper7 Cu CuAl CuAl2 Cu3Al CuI CuI2 CuO CuO·SiO2·H2O CuS Cu2S CuS·FeS Cu2Sb Cu2Sb Cu2Se Cu3Si CuSO4 CuSO4·H2O CuSO4·3H2O CuSO4·5H2O Fluorine8 F2 Gallium Ga2O3 Ga2(SO4)3 Germanium4 Ge Gold Au AuSb2 Helium9 He Hydrogen10 H H2 HBr HCl HI H 2O H 2S H2S2O7 Indium In Iodine I2 Iridium Ir Iron4 Fe

FeAs2 Fe3C FeCO3 FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Fe2O3·3H2O FeS FeS2 FeSi Fe2SiO4 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 FeSO4·4H2O FeSO4·7H2O Krypton Kr

State†

Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

273–1357 1357–1573 273–733 273–773 273–775 273–675 274–328 273–810 293–323 273–1273 273–376 376–1173 292–321 273–573 273–693 273–383 383–488 273–1135 282 282 282 282

1 3 2 2 2 ? ? 2 ? ? 3 2 ? 2 2 5 5 ? ? ? ? ?

c l c c c c c c c c c, α c, β c c c c, α c, β c c c c c

5.44 + 0.001462T 7.50 9.88 + 0.00500T 16.78 + 0.00366T 19.61 + 0.01054T 12.1 + 0.00286T 20.1 10.87 + 0.003576T − 150600/T 2 29 10.6 + 0.00264T 9.38 + 0.0312T 20.9 24 13.73 + 0.01350T 21.79 + 0.00900T 20.85 20.35 20.3 + 0.00587T 24.1 31.3 49.0 67.2

g

6.50 + 0.00100T

300–3000

5

c c

18.2 + 0.0252T 62.4

273–923 273–373

? ?

273–1336 1336–1573 273–628 628–713

2 5 1 ?

c c l c, α c, βγ

5.61 + 0.00144T 7.00 17.12 + 0.00465T 11.47 + 0.01756T

g

4.97

g g g g g l g g c l

4.97 6.62 + 0.00081T 6.80 + 0.00084T 6.70 + 0.00084T 6.93 + 0.00083T See Tables 2-153 and 2-305 8.22 + 0.00015T + 0.00000134T 2 7.20 + 0.00360T 27 58

All 273–2500 273–2000 273–2000 273–2000

0 2 2 1a 2

300–2500 300–600 281 308

? 8 ? ?

g

9.00

300–2000

5

c

5.50 + 0.00148T

273–1873

1

c, α c, β c, γ c, δ l c c c c c c c c, α c, β c c c c c c c

4.13 + 0.00638T 6.12 + 0.00336T 8.40 10.0 8.15 17.8 25.17 + 0.00223T 22.7 12.62 + 0.001492T − 76200/T 2 24.72 + 0.01604T − 423400/T 2 41.17 + 0.01882T − 979500/T 2 47.8 2.03 + 0.0390T 12.05 + 0.00273T 10.7 + 0.01336T 10.54 + 0.00458T 33.57 + 0.01907T − 879700/T 2 22 66.2 63.6 96

273–1041 1041–1179 1179–1674 1674–1803 1803–1873 283–373 273–1173 293–368 273–1173 273–1097 273–1065 286–373 273–411 411–1468 273–773 273–903 273–1161 293–373 273–373 282 291–319

3 3 5 5 5 ? 10 ? 2 2 2 ? 5 3 ? 2 2 ? ? ? ?

g

4.97

All

0

c

All

0

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Substance Lanthanum La La2O3 La2(MoO4)3 La2(SO4)3 La2(SO4)3·9H2O Lead4 Pb Pb3(AsO4)2 PbB2O4 PbB4O7 PbBr2 PbCl2 2PbCl2·NH4Cl PbCO3 PbCrO4 PbF2 PbI2 PbMoO4 Pb(NO3)2 PbO PbO2 Pb2P2O7 PbS PbSO4 PbS2O3 PbWO4 Lithium Li LiBr LiBr·H2O LiCl LiCl·H2O LiF LiI LiI·H2O LiI·2H2O LiI·3H2O LiNO3 Magnesium4 Mg MgAg Mg4Al3 MgAu Mg2Au Mg3Au MgCl2 MgCl2·6H2O MgCO3 MgCu2 Mg2Cu MgNi2 MgO MgO·Al2O3 MgO·SiO2 6MgO·MgCl2·8B2O3 Mg(OH)2 Mg3Sb2 Mg2Si MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O MgSO4·6H2O MgSO4·7H2O

State†

Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

c c c c c

5.91 + 0.00100T 22.6 + 0.00544T 86 66.9 152

273–1009 273–2273 273–307 273–373 273–319

? ? ? ? ?

c l c c c c l c l c c c c c l c c c c c c c c c

5.77 + 0.00202T 6.8 65.5 26.5 41.4 18.13 + 0.00310T 27.4 15.88 + 0.00835T 27.2 53.1 21.1 29.1 16.5 + 0.00412T 18.66 + 0.00293T 32.3 30.4 36.4 10.33 + 0.00318T 12.7 + 0.00780T 48.3 10.63 + 0.00401T 26.4 29 35

273–600 600–1273 286–370 288–371 289–371 273–761 761–860 273–771 771–851 293 286–320 292–323 273–1091 273–648 648–776 292–322 286–320 273–544 273–? 284–371 273–873 293–372 293–373 273–297

2 5 ? ? ? 2 10 2 10 ? ? ? ? 2 20 ? ? 2 ? ? 3 ? ? ?

c g c c c c c c c c c c l

0.68 + 0.0180T 4.97 11.5 + 0.00302T 22.6 11.0 + 0.00339T 23.6 8.20 + 0.00520T 12.5 + 0.00208T 23.6 32.9 43.2 9.17 + 0.0360T 26.8

273–459 All 273–825 278–318 273–887 279–360 273–1117 273–723 277–359 277–345 277–347 273–523 523–575

10 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5

c l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c, amphibole c, pyroxene gls c, α c, β c c c c c c c

6.20 + 0.00133T − 67800/T 2 7.4 10.58 + 0.00412T 34.4 + 0.0198T 11.3 + 0.00189T 16.2 + 0.00451T 21.2 + 0.00614T 17.3 + 0.00377T 77.1 16.9 14.96 + 0.00776T 15.5 + 0.00652T 15.87 + 0.00692T 10.86 + 0.001197T − 208700/T 2 28 25.60 + 0.004380T − 674200/T 2 23.35 + 0.008062T − 558800/T 2 23.30 + 0.007734T − 542000/T 2 58.7 + 0.408T 107.2 + 0.2876T 18.2 28.2 + 0.00560T 15.4 + 0.00415T 26.7 33 80 89

273–923 923–1048 273–905 273–736 273–1433 273–1073 273–1103 273–991 292–342 290 273–903 273–843 273–903 273–2073 288–319 273–1373 273–773 273–973 273–538 538–623 292–323 273–1234 273–1343 296–372 282 282 291–319

1 10 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3 ? 2 2 ? 1 1 1 5 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

2-159

2-160

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

c, α c, β c, γ l c c c c c c c c c c

3.76 + 0.00747T 5.06 + 0.00395T 4.80 + 0.00422T 11.0 16.2 + 0.00520T 7.79 + 0.0421T + 0.0000090T 2 7.43 + 0.01038T − 0.00000362T 2 10.33 + 0.0530T − 0.0000257T 2 19.25 + 0.0538T − 0.0000209T 2 1.92 + 0.0471T − 0.0000297T 2 31 10.21 + 0.00656T − 0.00000242T 2 27.5 78

273–1108 1108–1317 1317–1493 1493–1673 273–923 273–773 273–1923 273–1173 273–1773 273–773 291–322 273–1883 293–373 290–319

5 5 5 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

l g g c c c c c, α c, β c c c

6.61 4.97 9.00 11.05 + 0.00370T 15.3 + 0.0103T 25 11.4 + 0.00461T 17.4 + 0.004001T 20.2 11.5 10.9 + 0.00365T 31.0

273–630 All 300–2000 273–798 273–553 285–319 273–563 273–403 403–523 278–371 273–853 273–307

1 0 5 ? ? ? ? 3 3 ? ? ?

c c c

5.69 + 0.00188T − 50300/T 2 15.1 + 0.0121T 19.7 + 0.00315T

273–1773 273–1068 273–729

5 ? ?

g

4.97

c, α c, β l c c c c c c c c

4.26 + 0.00640T 6.99 + 0.000905T 8.55 11.3 + 0.00215T 9.25 + 0.00640T 15.8 + 0.00329T 10.0 + 0.00312T 20.78 + 0.0102T 33.4 82 11.00 + 0.00433T

g g c c, α c, β c c c g

6.50 + 0.00100T 6.70 + 0.00630T 22.8 9.80 + 0.0368T 5.0 + 0.0340T 17.8 31.8 51.6 8.05 + 0.000233T − 156300/T 2

300–3000 300–800 274–328 273–457 457–523 273–328 273–293 275–328 300–5000

3 1a ? 5 5 ? ? ? 2

c

5.686 + 0.000875T

273–1877

1

g

8.27 + 0.000258T − 187700/T

300–5000

1

Substance Manganese Mn

MnCl2 MnCO3 MnO Mn2O3 Mn3O4 MnO2 Mn2O3·H2O MnS MnSO4 MnSO4·5H2O Mercury11 Hg Hg2 HgCl HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 HgI HgI2 HgO HgS Hg2SO4 Molybdenum Mo MoO3 MoS2 Neon12 Ne Nickel4 Ni NiO NiS Ni2Si NiSi Ni3Sn NiSO4 NiSO4·6H2O NiTe Nitrogen13 N2 NH3 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NO Osmium Os Oxygen14 O2 Palladium Pd Phosphorus P PCl3 P4O10 Platinum4 Pt Potassium K

State†

All 273–626 626–1725 1725–1903 273–1273 273–597 273–1582 273–1273 273–904 293–373 291–325 273–700

2

0 2 5 10 ? 3 ? ? 2 ? ? 2

c

5.41 + 0.00184T

273–1822

2

c, yellow c, red l l c g

5.50 0.21 + 0.0180T 6.6 28.7 15.72 + 0.1092T 73.6

273–317 273–472 317–373 284–371 273–631 631–1371

5 10 10 ? 2 3

c

5.92 + 0.00116T

273–1873

1

c l

5.24 + 0.00555T 7.7

273–336 336–373

5 5

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Substance Potassium—(Cont.) K K2 KAsO3 KBO2 K2B4O7 KBr KCl KClO3 KClO4 2KCl·CuCl2.2H2O 2KCl·PtCl4 2KCl·SnCl4 2KCl·ZnCl2 2KCN·Zn(CN)2 K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KF K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 KHSO4 KMnO4 KNO3 K2O·Al2O3·3SiO2

K4P2O7 K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O K2SO4·Cr2(SO4)3·24H2O K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O K2SO4·NiSO4·6H2O K2SO4·ZnSO4·6H2O Prometheum Pr Radon Rn Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb RbBr RbCl Rb 2CO3 RbF RbI Scandium Sc2O3 Sc2(SO4)3 Selenium Se Silicon Si SiC SiCl4 SiO2

Silver4 Ag

State† g g c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c l c c c c c c c c c l c, orthoclase gls, orthoclase c, microcline gls, microcline c c c c c c c c

Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK) 4.97 9.00 25.3 12.6 + 0.0126T 51.3 11.49 + 0.00360T 10.93 + 0.00376T 25.7 26.3 63 55 54.5 43.4 57.4 29.9 35.9 42.80 + 0.0410T 96.9 10.8 + 0.00284T 80.1 114.5 32 28.3 30 28 6.42 + 0.0530T 28.8 29.5 69.26 + 0.00821T − 2331000/T 2 69.81 + 0.01053 − 2403000/T 2 65.65 + 0.01102T − 1748000/T 2 64.83 + 0.01438T − 1641000/T 2 63.1 33.1 37 352 324 106 107 120

Range of temperature, K All 300–2000 290–372 273–1220 290–372 273–543 273–1043 289–371 287–318 292–323 286–319 292–323 279–319 277–319 296–372 289–371 273–671 671–757 273–1129 273–319 273–310 289–319 290–320 292–324 287–318 273–401 401–611 611–683 273–1373 273–1373 273–1373 273–1373 290–371 287–371 293–373 292–322 292–324 292–323 289–319 293–317

Uncertainty, % 0 5 ? ? ? 2 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10 5 10 1a 1a 1a 1a ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

c g

4.97

c

6.30 + 0.00053T

273–2273

All

?

c

5.40 + 0.00219T

273–1877

2

c l c c c c c

3.27 + 0.0131T 7.85 11.6 + 0.00255T 11.5 + 0.00249T 28.4 11.3 + 0.00256T 11.6 + 0.00263T

273–312 312–373 273–954 273–987 291–320 273–1048 273–913

2 5 ? ? ? ? ?

c c

21.1 62.0

273–373 273–373

? ?

c l

4.53 + 0.00550T 8.35

273–490 490–570

2 3

c c l c, quartz, α c, quartz, β c, cristobalite, α c, cristobalite, β gls

5.74 + 0.000617T − 101000/T 2 8.89 + 0.00291T − 284000/T 2 32.4 10.87 + 0.008712T − 241200/T 2 10.95 + 0.00550T 3.65 + 0.0240T 17.09 + 0.000454T − 897200/T 2 12.80 + 0.00447T − 302000/T 2

273–1174 273–1629 293–373 273–848 848–1873 273–523 523–1973 273–1973

2 2 ? 1 3a 2a 2 3a

c l

5.60 + 0.00150T 8.2

273–1234 1234–1573

0

1 3

2-161

2-162

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)

Substance Silver—(Cont.) Ag3Al Ag2Al AgAl12 AgBr AgCl AgCNO AgI AgNO3 Ag3PO4 Ag2S Ag3Sb Ag2Se Sodium15 Na NaBO2 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7·10H2O NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaCNO Na2CO3 NaF Na2HPO4·7H2O Na2HPO4·12H2O NaI NaNO3 Na2O·Al2O3·3SiO2 NaPO3 Na4P2O7 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3·5H2O Sodium-potassium alloys15 Strontium SrBr2 SrBr2·H2O SrBr2·6H2O SrCl2 SrCl2·H2O SrCl2·2H2O SrCO3 SrI2 SrI2·H2O SrI2·2H2O SrI2·6H2O SrMoO4 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 Sulfur16 S S2 S2Cl2 SO2 Tantalum Ta Tellurium Te Thallium Tl

State†

Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

273–902 273–903 273–768 273–703 703–836 273–728 728–806 273–353 273–423 273–433 433–482 482–541 293–325 273–448 448–597 273–694 273–406 406–460

2 2 5 6 5 2 5 ? 6 2 5 5 ? 5 5 5 5 5

273–371 371–451 All 273–1239 289–371 292–323 273–543 273–1074 1073–1205 273–528 528–572 273–353 288–371 273–1261 275–307 275–307 273–936 273–583 583–703 273–1373 273–1173 290–319 290–371 289–371 273–307 273–307

1a 2 0 ? ? ? 2 2 3 3 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 10 1 1 ? ? ? ? ?

c c c c l c l c c, α c, α c, β l c c, α c, β c c, α c, β

22.56 + 0.00570T 16.85 + 0.00450T 58.62 + 0.0575T 8.58 + 0.0141T 14.9 9.60 + 0.00929T 14.05 18.7 8.58 + 0.0141T 18.83 + 0.0160T 25.7 30.2 37.5 18.8 21.8 19.53 + 0.0160T 20.2 20.4

c l g c c c c c l c l c c c c c c c l c, albite gls c c c c c l

5.01 + 0.00536T 7.50 4.97 10.4 + 0.0199T 47.9 147 11.74 + 0.00233T 10.79 + 0.00420T 15.9 9.48 + 0.0468T 31.8 13.1 28.9 10.4 + 0.00289T 86.6 133.4 12.5 + 0.00162T 4.56 + 0.0580T 37.2 63.78 + 0.01171T − 1678000/T 2 61.25 + 0.01768T − 1545000/T 2 22.1 60.7 32.8 34.9 86.2

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

18.1 + 0.00311T 28.9 82.1 18.2 + 0.00244T 28.7 38.3 21.8 18.6 + 0.00304T 28.5 39.1 84.9 37 38.3 26.2

273–923 277–370 276–327 273–1143 276–365 277–366 281–371 273–783 276–363 275–336 275–333 273–297 290–320 293–369

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

c, rhombic c, monoclinic g l g

3.63 + 0.00640T 4.38 + 0.00440T 8.58 + 0.00030T 27.5 7.70 + 0.00530T − 0.00000083T 2

273–368 368–392 300–2500 273–332 300–2500

3 3 5 ? 2a

c

5.91 + 0.00099T

273–1173

2

c

5.19 + 0.00250T

273–600

3

c, α c, β

5.32 + 0.00385T 8.12

273–500 500–576

1 1

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151

Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)

Substance Thallium—(Cont.) Tl TlBr TlCl Thorium Th ThO 2 Th(SO4)2 Tin4 Sn SnAu SnCl2 SnCl4 SnO SnO2 SnPt SnS SnS2 Titanium Ti TiCl4 TiO2 Tungsten W WO3 Uranium U U3O8 Vanadium V Xenon Xe Zinc4 Zn ZnCl2 ZnO ZnS ZnSb ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·6H2O ZnSO4·7H2O Zirconium ZrO2 ZrO2·SiO2 1

State†

Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)

Range of temperature, K

Uncertainty, %

l c l c l

7.12 12.53 + 0.00100T 16.0 12.56 + 0.00088T 14.2

576–773 273–733 733–800 273–700 700–803

3 10 10 5 10

c c c

6.40 14.6 + 0.00507T 41.2

273–373 273–1273 273–373

? ? ?

c l c c l c c c c c

5.05 + 0.00480T 6.6 11.79 + 0.00233T 16.2 + 0.00926T 38.4 9.40 + 0.00362T 13.94 + 0.00565T − 252000/T 2 11.49 + 0.00190T 12.1 + 0.00165T 20.5 + 0.00400T

273–504 504–1273 273–581 273–520 286–371 273–1273 273–1373 273–1318 273–1153 273–873

2 10 1 ? ? ? ? 1 ? ?

c l c

8.91 + 0.00114T − 433000/T 2 35.7 11.81 + 0.00754T − 41900/T 2

273–713 285–372 273–713

3 ? 3

c c

5.65 + 0.00866 16.0 + 0.00774T

273–2073 273–1550

1 ?

c c

6.64 59.8

273–372 276–314

? ?

c

5.57 + 0.00097T

273–1993

?

g

4.97

c l c c c c c c c c

5.25 + 0.00270T 7.59 + 0.00055T 15.9 + 0.00800T 11.40 + 0.00145T − 182400/T 2 12.81 + 0.00095T − 194600/T 2 11.5 + 0.00313T 28 34.7 80.8 100.2

273–692 692–1122 273–638 273–1573 273–1173 273–810 293–373 282 282 273–307

1 3 ? 1 5 ? ? ? ? ?

c c

11.62 + 0.01046T − 177700/T 2 26.7

273–1673 297–372

5 ?

All

0

See also Table 2-152. Data to 298 K are also given by Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1959. For liquid and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1957 (Fig. 5), gives data from 400 to 2600°R. 4 See also Table 2-152. 5 For data from 400 to 5500 °R see Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1975 (Fig. 4). 6 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 7 For data from 400 to 2350 °R see Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1957. 8 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 9 For liquid and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 10 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 11 See also Table 2-152; Douglas, Ball, et al., Bur. Stand. J. Res., 46 (1951): 334; Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75 (1953): 806; Sheldon, ASME Pap. 49-A-30, 1949. 12 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. 13 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. 14 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. Ozone: For liquid see Brabets and Waterman, J. Chem. Phys., 28 (1958): 1212. 15 For data on liquid Na-K alloys to 1500 °F and for liquid Na to 1460 °F, see Lubarsky and Kaufman, NACA Rep. 1270, 1956. 16 See also Evans and Wagman, Bur. Stand. J. Res. 49 (1952): 141; Gratch, OTS PB 124957, 1950; Guthrie, Scott et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76 (1954): 1488. 2 3

2-163

2-164

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-152

Specific Heat [kJ/(kg·K)] of Selected Elements Temperature, K

Symbol

4

6

8

10

20

40

60

80

100

200

250

300

400

600

800

Al Be Bi Cr Co

0.00026 0.00008 0.00054 0.00016 0.00036

0.00050

0.00088

0.214

0.357

0.00541 0.00050 0.00085

0.0089 0.0014 0.0340 0.0021 0.0048

0.0775

0.00220 0.00029 0.00059

0.00140 0.00028 0.01040 0.00081 0.00121

0.0729 0.0107 0.0404

0.092 0.059 0.110

0.102 0.127 0.184

0.481 0.195 0.109 0.190 0.234

0.797 1.109 0.120 0.382 0.376

0.859 1.537 0.121 0.424 0.406

0.902 1.840 0.122 0.450 0.426

0.949 2.191 0.123 0.501 0.451

1.042 2.605 0.142 0.565 0.509

1.134 2.823 0.136 0.611 0.543

Cu Ge Au Ir Fe

0.00011

0.00024

0.00018

0.00047

0.00048 0.00037 0.00126

0.137 0.108 0.084

0.203 0.153 0.100

0.00061

0.00090

0.0076 0.0129 0.0163 0.0021 0.0039

0.059 0.0619 0.0569

0.00038

0.00086 0.00081 0.00255 0.00032 0.00127

0.0276

0.086

0.154

0.254 0.192 0.109 0.090 0.216

0.357 0.286 0.124 0.122 0.384

0.377 0.305 0.127 0.128 0.422

0.386 0.323 0.129 0.131 0.450

0.396 0.343 0.131 0.133 0.491

0.431 0.364 0.136 0.140 0.555

0.448 0.377 0.141 0.146 0.692

Pb Mg Hg Mo Ni

0.00075 0.00034 0.00417 0.00011 0.00054

0.00242 0.00080 0.01420 0.00019 0.00086

0.00747 0.00155 0.01820 0.00032 0.00121

0.01350 0.00172 0.02250 0.00050 0.00178

0.0531 0.0148 0.0515 0.0029 0.0058

0.0944 0.138 0.0895 0.0236 0.0380

0.108 0.336 0.107 0.061 0.103

0.114 0.513 0.116 0.105 0.173

0.118 0.648 0.121 0.140 0.232

0.125 0.929 0.136 0.223 0.383

0.127 0.985 0.141 0.241 0.416

1.129 1.005 0.139 0.248 0.444

0.132 1.082 0.136 0.261 0.490

0.142 1.177 0.135 0.280 0.590

1.263 0.104 0.292 0.530

Pt Ag Sn Zn

0.00019 0.00016 0.00024 0.00011

0.00028 0.00035 0.00127 0.00029

0.00067 0.00093 0.00423 0.00096

0.00112 0.00186 0.00776 0.00250

0.0077 0.0159 0.0400 0.0269

0.0382 0.0778 0.108 0.123

0.069 0.133 0.149 0.205

0.088 0.166 0.173 0.258

0.101 0.187 0.189 0.295

0.127 0.225 0.214 0.366

0.132 0.232 0.220 0.380

0.134 0.236 0.222 0.389

0.136 0.240 0.245 0.404

0.140 0.251 0.257 0.435

0.146 0.264 0.257 0.479

TABLE 2-153

Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmol
K)]

2-165

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia [use Eq. (2)] Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol [use Eq. (2)] 1,3-Butanediol [use Eq. (2)] 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide [use Eq. (2)] Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541

115,100 102,300 139,640 36,600 135,600 97,582 −122,020 103,090 55,300 109,900 −214,460 61.289 150,940 134,390 161,440 129,440 162,940 119,780 −5,480 93,383 156,130 −334,997 87,500 100,320 121,770 179,400 121,600 94,364 129,730 135,150 128,860 191,030 55.136 42.152 191,200 426,790 182,050 126,680 112,760 111,850 182,470 232,190 197,890 136,340 65,682 237,700 104,000 −8,304,300 85,600 65.429 −752,700 104,600 63,936 −1,307,500 127,900 124,850 96,910 132,280 69,362

−433 128.7 −320.8 511 −177 −122.2 3,082.7 −247.8 300 −109.75 9,185.1 80,925 93.455 −1,989.4 260.66 −169.5 −344.94 180.34 647.12 242.61 454.49 3,644.21 480 346.89 429.3 −667.11 −9.45 −109.12 −596.54 −311.14 −323.1 −1,675 314,200 324,580 −730.4 −3,694.6 −1,611 −65.47 −104.7 384.52 −13.912 −804.35 −491.54 −300.4 1,329.1 −746.4 174 104,370 −122 28,723 8,966.1 −500.6 46.35 15,338 −345.15 −166.34 −207.9 −153.27 215.01

1.425

C4

C5

0.8985 0.2837 0.34085 −15.895 1.0343 0.35441 −106.12 799.4 0.23602 11.043

0.000689 0.027732

0.41616 −2,651

0.64781 0.85562

−7.77514

1.0701 0.358 0.44032 2.16 0.97007 1.015 12.5 280.19 517.35 2.2998 13.828 11.963 −0.64 0.5214 0.72897 2.7063 1.7219 1.0216 −7.1579 1.829 −433.33 0.5605 −847.39 −30.394 2.2851 −0.1623 −53.974 0.915 0.43209 0.37456 0.50836

0.00591102

−0.0024234 −0.0001523 0.000032 −0.03874 1,413.9 1,449.5 −0.0135 −0.037454 0.002912

4.6121E-05

4.5027E-05

−0.0023017 −0.0012499 0.012755 0.60052 −0.001452 1,959.6 0.034455 0.063483 0.000488

2.008E-06

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

150.15 354.15 289.81 250.00 178.45 229.32 192.40 253.00 286.15 189.63 75.00 203.15 298.15 83.78 403.00 278.68 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.90 293.15 160.00 184.45 136.95 165.00 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 298.15 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 220.00 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 233.15 175.43 150.35 200.00

0.8221 1.4788 1.2213 1.6435 1.1696 0.8748 0.8021 1.0660 1.4114 1.0183 0.5307 0.7575 1.9978 0.4523 2.6649 1.3251 1.3326 1.6636 2.5042 1.5656 3.0218 1.8905 2.1981 1.8494 2.6868 0.7768 1.4960 0.8818 0.7798 1.1034 1.0333 1.1272 1.5590 0.6251 1.3465 1.3485 1.1015 1.1340 1.0986 2.2649 2.0492 1.6365 1.6003 1.1426 1.4741 1.6902 1.3206 0.7827 0.7577 0.5912 1.2763 0.7810 0.6711 1.3617 0.9800 1.0956 0.7460 1.2073 1.1236

294.00 571.00 391.05 350.00 329.44 354.75 250.00 379.50 375.00 400.00 115.00 401.15 484.20 135.00 563.15 353.24 500.00 442.29 450.00 464.15 640.00 478.60 458.15 472.03 533.37 331.90 495.08 320.00 276.71 290.00 350.00 400.00 670.00 670.00 391.90 372.90 380.00 350.00 274.03 399.26 400.00 390.00 370.00 298.15 300.00 436.42 390.75 290.00 552.00 132.00 388.71 145.10 239.12 360.00 340.00 366.48 373.15 319.67 308.85

1.1097 1.7579 1.5159 2.1545 1.3271 0.9713 0.8853 1.5801 1.6780 1.2271 0.7132 4.1847 2.5153 0.6708 3.0823 1.5040 2.0437 1.9954 2.8572 2.0599 4.4700 2.7617 3.0741 2.6406 3.5075 0.7587 2.0467 1.0453 0.7870 1.2279 1.4148 2.2237 5.2045 5.2437 2.5817 2.7190 1.8103 1.5022 1.2322 2.6537 2.9354 1.9359 1.8844 1.3759 1.6459 2.6031 1.7199 1.6603 1.3125 6.4799 1.6374 0.8007 0.6574 1.8101 1.1632 1.2192 0.9684 1.3523 1.3577

2-166

TABLE 2-153

Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmol
K)] (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane [use Eq. (2)] 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si

108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6

Mol. wt.

C1

108.138 −246,700 108.138 −185,150 108.138 259,980 120.192 61,723 52.035 65,516 56.106 101,920 84.159 −220,600 100.159 −40,000 98.143 6,110.4 82.144 105,850 70.133 122,530 68.117 125,380 42.080 89,952 116.224 177,560 156.265 150,460 142.282 278,620 172.265 219,840 158.281 4,988,500 140.266 417,440 174.347 314,570 138.250 276,900 4.032 187.861 149,400 187.861 200,560 173.835 202,580 130.228 270,720 147.002 114,880 147.002 93,093 147.002 133,950 98.959 126,340 98.959 179,170 84.933 98,968 112.986 144,560 112.986 111,560 105.136 184,200 73.137 101,330 74.122 44,400 90.187 238,520 66.050 67.155 66.050 82,577 52.023 263,980 101.190 98,434 102.175 163,000 114.185 179,270 90.121 187,790 104.148 199,930 54.090 88,153 45.084 −214,870 86.175 129,450 112.213 134,500 112.213 150,130 112.213 155,560 94.199 171,580 46.068 110,100 73.094 147,900 100.202 146,420 194.184 206,560 60.170 131,810

C2 3,256.8 3,148 −1,112.3 494.81 144.7 −215.81 3,118.3 853 600.94 −60 −403.8 −349.7 −196.63 −179.12 586.63 −197.91 140.41 −52,898 −1,616.5 −160.93 −371.23 −231.8 −491.44 −726.3 −259.83 187.25 183.97 −24.84 −94.63 −444.74 −62.941 −53.605 149.44 286 243.18 1,301 −1,038.4 105,580 109.85 −1,791.1 429.04 −4.5 28.37 −313.41 −191.5 124.16 3,787.2 18.5 8.765 −62.38 −145.26 −256.67 −157.47 −106 59.2 325.75

C3 −7.4202 −8.0367 4.9427 0.063229 0.8103 −9.4216 0.68 1.7344 1.143 0.65237 0.76723 1.0737 0.9968 216.35 5.3948 0.95561 1.5774

C4 0.0060467 0.007254 −0.0054367

0.010687

−0.0010975

−0.37538 −0.004348

0.5946 0.9187 1.3377 0.95427 0.2314 0.48191 0.32 0.93009 0.23265 0.30617

−5.5 4.0587 310.21

0.008763 −0.0044691 −490.54

4.3666 0.62 0.5375 1.1023 0.87664 −13.781 0.608 0.81151 0.8851 1.0932 0.5727 0.51853 0.384 0.604

C5

0.016924

0.00023674

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

285.39 304.20 307.93 177.14 200.08 190.00 279.69 296.60 290.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 150.00 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.75 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15

2.1895 2.3297 2.2740 1.4937 0.9700 0.9017 1.4836 2.1300 1.8038 1.1525 0.9956 0.9888 0.7514 1.7118 3.0718 2.9409 3.5521 3.5373 2.7541 3.3330 2.7466

400.00 400.00 400.00 425.56 300.08 298.15 400.00 434.00 489.75 356.12 322.40 317.38 298.15 431.95 488.15 460.00 543.15 503.00 443.75 512.35 447.15

2.5578 2.5243 2.5794 2.7229 1.1463 1.0961 2.0323 3.3020 3.0042 1.7072 1.3584 1.2953 0.8932 2.4334 4.3682 4.1478 5.9017 5.0169 3.8250 4.8297 4.2629

210.15 282.85 240.00 175.30 248.39 273.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 180.00 180.00 275.00 301.15 223.35 156.92 181.95 154.56 215.00 200.00 275.00 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 273.82 90.00 274.16 298.15

1.2695 1.3506 1.0532 2.5450 1.6139 1.6061 1.7711 1.1960 1.2601 0.9518 1.4483 1.5266 2.7033 1.5564 1.4698 1.5703 0.9915 1.0619 0.8042 2.1642 1.8399 2.0763 1.6586 2.0145 1.1806 1.1947 1.4495 1.8321 1.8029 1.6610 1.4355 0.9836 1.4767 1.5664 2.9587 1.3181

381.15 410.00 370.10 450.00 400.00 528.75 513.56 330.45 356.59 320.00 361.25 369.52 541.54 328.60 460.00 322.08 359.98 283.65 250.00 357.05 341.45 410.00 337.45 366.15 300.13 298.15 331.13 392.70 402.94 396.58 360.00 250.00 466.44 380.00 360.00 298.15

1.4743 1.5350 1.1701 3.4704 1.8978 2.5506 2.4829 1.3001 1.3885 1.0265 1.6515 1.6678 3.3908 1.8124 3.3202 1.7579 1.6874 1.1374 0.8912 2.5162 2.3375 2.8126 2.0755 2.4734 1.2542 1.3779 2.0224 2.6309 2.6870 2.6989 1.5340 1.0314 1.8200 2.5613 3.2383 1.3181

2-167

117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177

Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane [use Eq. (2)] Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane [use Eq. (2)] Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene

C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12

75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6

62.134 146,950 78.133 240,300 194.184 190,020 88.105 956,860 170.207 134,160 101.190 49,120 170.335 508,210 282.547 352,720 30.069 44.009 46.068 102,640 88.105 226,230 45.084 121,700 106.165 154,040 150.175 124,500 116.158 56,359 116.158 82,434 112.213 132,360 98.186 178,520 28.053 247,390 60.098 184,440 62.068 35,540 43.068 46,848 44.053 144,710 74.079 80,000 144.211 207,670 130.228 146,040 88.148 106,250 100.159 229,250 62.134 134,670 102.132 76,330 88.148 103,680 163.506 105,150 37.997 −94,585 37.997 1724,400 96.102 −991,200 48.060 85,663 34.033 74,746 30.026 61,900 45.041 63,400 46.026 78,060 68.074 114,370 4.003 387,220 4.003 410,430 240.468 376,970 114.185 222,360 100.202 61.26 130.185 194,570 116.201 2,416,800 116.201 283,127 114.185 270,730 114.185 265,040 98.186 267,950 132.267 236,870 96.170 46,798 226.441 370,350 100.159 117,700 86.175 172,120 116.158 161,980 102.175 1,638,600 102.175 267,628 100.159 208,250 100.159 235,960 84.159 164,640

−380.06 −595 431.04 −5,559.9 447.67 562.24 −1,368.7 807.32 89,718 −139.63 −624.8 38.993 −142.29 370.6 603.02 422.45 72.74 −518.35 −4,428 −150.2 436.78 205.35 −758.87 223.6 −17.907 458.22 292.15 −404.54 −234.39 400.1 726.3 85.318 7,529.9 −59,924 11,734 −118.56 −132.32 28.3 150.6 71.54 −215.69 −465,570 −464,890 347.82 −105.17 314,410 −23.206 −26,105 −1,037.63 −399.89 −375.68 −1,315.9 −158.01 761.13 231.47 329.52 −183.78 44.116 −17,261 −1,033.06 −107.47 −345.94 −200.37

1.2035 1.013

−0.00084787

9.6124 3.1015 0.2122 918.77 −0.030341 1.472

−1,886 0.0020386

0.80539 0.20992 0.64738 2.3255 40.936 0.37044 −0.18486

−0.0016818 −0.1697

2.8261

−0.003064

0.00026816

1.0493 1.1382 0.59656 −2.6047 0.46693 −139.6 537.85 −40.669 0.55459 0.53772

0.72691 211,800 135,100 0.57895 0.65074 1,824.6 0.88395 110.03 3.44064 1.0601 1.0024 6.5242 0.78982 −0.62882 0.68632 0.88734 0.709 71.721 3.35185 0.2062 0.94278 0.8784

0.0040957 1.1301

−0.0033241

0.047333

−42,494

3212.9

−2,547.9 −0.19172

0.00011968

−0.011994

9.3808E-06

−0.12026

0.000071087

0.00070293

174.88 291.67 423.40 284.95 300.03 277.90 263.57 309.58 92.00 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 285.50 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 250.00 160.65 254.20 235.00 298.15 298.15 204.15 125.26 298.15 145.65 167.55 58.00 53.48 239.99 140.00 140.00 204.00 292.00 281.45 187.55 2.20 1.80 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 200.00 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39

1.1276 1.5293 3.7252 1.5306 2.6847 2.0537 3.6292 6.2299 0.6855 0.8787 1.6068 1.2919 1.5426 2.1287 2.1203 2.2015 1.6109 1.4678 0.7012 1.7168 1.3666 0.9819 0.8303 1.3684 2.6141 2.8266 1.9335 1.9410 1.1467 1.9562 1.6686 1.3255 0.5541 0.5798 1.3675 0.7994 0.6676 0.6767 1.0738 0.9820 0.9949 0.1087 0.1135 5.3005 2.3256 1.9989 2.5087 2.3590 2.2649 2.3522 2.3242 1.8150 2.4229 1.7387 4.9602 1.8926 1.6750 2.2526 1.9821 2.0394 2.0185 2.0532 1.5354

310.48 422.15 466.35 374.47 570.00 407.90 330.00 616.93 290.00 390.00 350.21 289.73 409.35 486.55 466.95 428.25 404.95 301.82 252.70 390.41 493.15 329.00 283.85 374.20 510.10 417.15 326.15 386.55 315.25 410.00 320.00 371.05 98.00 56.00 319.99 240.00 220.00 234.00 493.00 380.00 304.50 4.60 2.10 575.30 381.25 520.00 496.15 448.60 432.90 480.00 490.00 366.79 460.00 372.93 560.01 401.45 460.00 478.85 460.00 585.30 460.00 460.00 336.63

1.1959 1.6965 3.9104 2.2277 3.8933 2.7846 3.9429 9.3154 1.2444 1.6450 1.8796 1.3300 2.3075 3.0482 3.3794 3.0185 2.6798 1.8767 0.9758 1.8226 2.0598 1.1441 0.8693 1.6367 4.7157 3.3719 2.0153 2.4295 1.2007 2.4037 2.0358 2.0109 0.5966 0.5535 1.5018 0.8915 0.7166 0.6852 1.3765 1.0525 1.1609 0.2965 0.2995 7.6869 2.7685 4.0657 4.0065 3.8766 4.7873 3.2303 3.2163 2.4096 3.3131 2.4319 7.1521 2.4999 2.7534 3.4568 3.5197 8.1124 2.7087 2.7632 1.9673

2-168

TABLE 2-153

Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmol
K)] (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236

3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen [use Eq. (2)] Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide [use Eq. (2)] Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane [use Eq. (2)] Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane

C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10

928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5

82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122

C1 82,795 303,320 93,000 94,860 79,815 66.653 57,720 47,300 95,398 62,520 64.666 127,540 −32,469 157,850 146,290 65.708 105,800 62,600 61,260 79,791 275,500 92,520 125,630 135,370 108,300 74,200 247,870 149,510 151,600 81,919 177,850 198,390 105,200 102,930 47,726 131,340 50,578 118,600 118,170 155,920 53,271 46,457 27,030 85,383 132,300 161,240 130,200 92,919 183,650 149,770 143,440 191,170 211,170 115,300 255,100 226,650 142,220 251,890 172,370

C2 283.4 −1,009 326 254.15 50.929 6,765.9 9.9 90 −197.52 −223.02 49,354 −65.35 1,977.1 −41.619 −58.59 38,883 −362.23 243.4 270.9 89.49 −1,147 37.45 279.75 −133.34 146 417.4 −1,145 −247.63 −266.72 181.01 −171.57 −220.35 191.1 129.1 338.4 −63.1 508.59 447.07 447.99 −490 327.92 346.93 413 199.08 200.87 −288.61 −396 324.43 −79.862 −529.82 −154.07 −331.04 −661.97 −263.23 −938.4 15.421 −47.83 −468.32 −1,783.9

C3 3.3885 0.043379 −123.63 0.3883 0.6297 22.493 0.82867 −7.0145 0.42817 0.3582 −257.95 0.9379

C4

C5

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

0.00005805

300.00 192.62 200.00 300.00 274.69 13.95 185.15 165.00 259.83 189.79 187.68 270.00 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 359.00 253.40 200.00 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 321.50 155.95 135.58 139.39 298.15 157.48 175.30 200.00 277.25 250.00 146.58 300.00 300.00 300.00 130.73 200.00 200.00 250.00 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 298.15 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 113.54

1.6781 2.1495 1.5820 1.7110 0.9708 0.1262 0.5955 0.6215 0.7029 0.4288 0.6733 1.7031 1.4621 2.1213 1.5915 0.5361 0.7112 1.4998 1.2991 0.9769 1.4930 0.9925 1.9857 1.3035 1.2328 2.0839 1.5254 1.3282 1.3207 1.3589 1.6928 1.8315 1.4342 1.8678 1.3233 1.3955 2.0315 2.5272 2.5257 1.2492 1.1885 1.1584 1.3028 1.1566 1.4905 1.3484 0.9793 1.8965 1.9029 1.0263 1.3560 1.6348 1.5808 0.8939 1.6611 2.9128 1.4706 2.0728 0.9961

354.35 430.00 344.48 357.67 653.15 32.00 206.45 185.00 298.85 292.67 370.00 427.65 320.00 603.75 434.15 190.00 400.00 538.50 373.40 249.94 353.35 266.82 472.65 314.56 310.00 481.50 404.15 304.31 311.71 305.40 343.31 510.00 299.49 415.87 325.00 320.00 441.15 438.15 440.15 366.48 348.64 338.05 350.00 280.50 373.15 339.80 304.90 350.00 389.15 366.00 310.00 440.00 357.91 298.15 373.45 518.15 333.41 372.00 380.00

1.8322 2.7639 2.0530 1.8576 1.3158 1.3122 0.5976 0.6395 0.7105 0.5119 4.9183 2.5114 1.6671 2.8880 1.8837 14.9780 1.1097 1.9367 1.6241 1.0216 1.9084 1.0251 2.5785 1.5662 1.7048 2.7518 3.4411 1.5921 1.5673 1.3720 2.0661 2.8394 1.6243 2.6474 1.5771 1.9435 2.7494 3.1448 3.1535 1.8682 1.6760 1.6374 1.7158 1.3638 1.7511 1.5344 1.2195 2.0647 2.4460 1.3668 1.6540 2.3610 1.8641 0.9052 2.4118 5.1864 2.0842 2.4663 2.0725

−0.002762

478.27

−1,623 0.0086913 614.07

2.568 0.63868 −0.292

0.00151

3.4223 0.91849 0.90847 0.74379 0.76096 0.62516 0.8125

2.1383

−0.0015585

−0.061547 −0.9597 0.78179 1.21

0.0019533

0.60769 1.3499 0.7255 0.98445 2.4216 0.60412 2.413 1.0578 0.739 1.2209 14.759

−0.0021383

−0.047909

2-169

237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299

2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane [use Eq. (2)] 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde

C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N 2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O

75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6

74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079

−925,460 87,680 71,140 144,110 179,850 113,470 76,822 134,300 73,600 29,800 1,034,100 187,740 281,970 101,400 116,270 67,556 −2,979,600 342,570 136,820 383,080 224,336 10,483,000 329,641 254,490 265,350 253,580 399,430 130,650 224,830 205,260 571,370 319,198 300,400 289,980 509,420 240,040 42,642 175,510 175,430 60,046 346,910 112,050 159,080 145,050 201,200 251,596 194,590 193,020 156,100 188,200 213,760 86,200 68,671 103,370 101,720 60,834 145,400 66,230 62.983 158,760 471,710 201,400 99,306

7,894.9 217.1 335.5 −102.09 −264.1 421.6 94.356 184.7 527.5 −138,770 −497.6 −12,281 −682.11 −135.3 54.373 76,602 762.08 531.29 −1,139.8 49.726 −115,220 −1,046.78 −298.06 −46.22 −366.3 374.64 463.61 −186.63 44.392 −4,849 −1,042.21 −426.2 −417.27 −4,279.1 −33.198 886.67 −381.36 −6,152.3 281.16 219.54 257.78 −270.5 28.344 −651.3 −1,028.49 −263.86 −176.43 −456.94 −140.84 −324.4 256.6 246.66 527.03 317.61 215.89 252.4 98.275 113,630 −635 −4,172.1 −450.6 115.73

−17.661 −0.9153

0.013617 0.002266

0.58113 0.79202 −0.0032 7,154 1.0691 248 3.8912 0.345 −652.59 0.20481 2.7101 0.9813 476.87 3.61823 1.1707 0.79154 1.4881 0.58156 0.95891 0.8956 19.725 3.52943 1.1172 1.2218 21.477 0.67889 −0.69315 0.64623 113.92

0.0009795 −162.55 −2.2182

1.3841 0.0074902

1.8879

−0.85381

0.00056246

−0.021532

−0.044462

3.5028E-05

−0.92382

0.0027963

−0.003163

0.00000238

0.65632 0.99537 0.6372 2.275 3.26306 0.76808 0.5669 2.255 0.63581 0.9472

0.29552 633.21 1.969 14.745 1.7053

−873.46 −0.0144

298.96 132.81 300.00 133.97 160.17 298.15 249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 24.56 183.63 63.15 117.00 244.60 182.30 109.50 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 310.00 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 250.00 241.55 252.86 255.55 171.45 240.00 200.00 462.65 54.36 90.00 283.07 200.00 143.42 239.15 200.14 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 200.00 200.00 372.39 314.06 243.15 404.15 200.00 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 200.00

2.2016 1.0568 1.7179 1.4086 1.5787 1.1347 1.8220 1.5410 1.0152 2.1623 0.3666 1.3242 0.5593 0.7486 1.0382 0.7747 0.6229 5.9409 2.7238 2.6348 3.1855 3.5059 2.8555 2.4041 3.0434 2.4594 5.6511 2.4470 2.2934 2.9326 2.5550 2.7338 2.6406 2.6314 2.1327 2.7118 1.9225 1.3740 0.5365 0.8535 4.6165 1.6361 1.4076 1.8827 1.6198 1.7642 1.7239 1.8279 1.2939 1.8199 1.8664 1.3752 1.1800 2.9963 2.0147 1.3080 2.4741 0.8589 0.8488 1.0797 1.1329 1.7926 1.2245

460.00 343.15 390.00 312.20 368.69 298.15 438.65 328.18 278.65 491.14 40.00 387.22 112.00 175.50 473.15 200.00 150.00 603.05 468.15 325.00 528.75 460.00 649.50 420.02 492.95 423.85 589.86 447.15 460.00 512.85 467.10 452.90 500.00 440.65 394.41 472.19 399.35 603.00 142.00 150.00 543.84 376.15 390.00 458.95 389.15 561.00 375.46 375.14 350.00 385.15 399.79 313.33 329.27 500.00 425.00 489.75 557.65 238.65 360.00 400.00 355.30 431.65 328.75

2.9455 1.4596 2.0198 1.6888 1.9014 1.1347 2.6176 1.9954 1.2507 2.8888 0.6980 1.5536 0.7960 1.0154 1.2949 0.7843 1.9909 8.7663 3.8554 2.9890 5.2498 4.6494 11.7608 3.3583 4.3491 3.6566 8.2276 3.3795 3.4189 4.6358 4.1566 5.7113 3.6660 3.4335 2.8235 3.7573 2.8619 1.8052 0.9066 1.0222 6.6042 2.0901 2.0498 2.9228 2.9227 7.0158 2.0380 2.0661 1.7251 2.2827 2.3546 1.6660 1.4989 3.6688 2.3670 2.3745 2.8615 0.8968 2.6079 2.1980 2.0487 3.2463 1.3735

TABLE 2-153

Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmol
K)] (Concluded)

2-170

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H2S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

213,660 118,190 83,400 139,530 174,380 114,140 75,700 138,390 167,330 58,080 45,810 829,380 113,340 244,770 85,743 119,500 258,090

−702.7 −120.98 384.1 78 −101.8 −343.72 326.1 −117.11 −319.1 445.2 368.33 −7,331.5 290.2 −236.96 5.7443

1.6605 0.42075

182,900 353,140 171,730 81,760 123,300 43,326 84,864 140,140 103,350 350,180 111,480 136,050 119,450 178,800 95,275 388,620 40,364 133,530 293,980 129,450 136,300 68,720 −10,320 49,516 276,370 133,860 36,500 −35,500

635.09 29.13 −800.47 455.38 −130.1 630.73 91.725 −152.3 159.3 −104.7 368.13 −288 324.54 −128.47 696.7 −1,439.5 664.46 514.64 −114.98 −3,039.5 −106.17 135 322.8 420.35 −2,090.1 7.8754 1,017.5 1,287.2

C4

C5

0.79 1.0905 0.47059 0.8127 19.203 −0.6051 0.63148

0.0013567

0.86116 2.8934

−0.0025015

0.6229 0.13243 0.695 1.0022 0.9913 0.83741 −1.3765 3.2187 0.96936 27.927 0.75175

8.125 0.52265 −2.63 −2.599

0.0021734

−0.061847

4.3042E-05

−0.014116

9.3701E-06

0.00302 0.002426

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

252.45 180.26 274.70 188.36 173.55 87.89 298.15 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 230.15 303.15

1.4209 1.1005 1.8891 1.5422 1.8051 0.9235 1.7293 1.3126 1.3708 1.5297 1.8904 1.3000 1.6749 2.6961 0.8688 1.1950 2.5809

414.32 370.50 404.70 340.00 432.39 225.45 398.15 350.00 340.87 460.75 683.00 253.15 418.31 604.50 350.00 230.15 303.15

2.0756 1.3112 2.3885 1.6605 2.7806 0.9208 2.0554 1.5505 1.5299 2.6321 2.9738 2.0403 2.2816 3.3228 0.8775 1.1950 2.5809

329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.98 375.41 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 200.00 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 280.00 398.40 354.00 247.57 289.05 259.56 200.00 200.00 178.35 273.16 217.00 247.98 286.41

3.9207 4.2831 1.0721 1.8986 1.1979 2.8011 1.1372 1.3507 1.4102 3.9400 1.8511 1.1525 1.9987 1.9338 1.8285 2.3791 3.0508 3.1571 3.2493 3.9103 1.5939 0.9572 0.5424 1.2449 0.7615 1.6018 1.7314 1.7697

609.15 526.73 339.12 480.77 394.27 426.00 357.31 500.00 300.00 508.62 361.92 276.02 449.27 350.00 520.00 320.00 475.47 475.00 433.42 520.30 389.35 278.25 400.00 363.85 533.15 540.15 417.58 600.00

5.6977 6.0741 1.3546 3.0069 1.6883 3.1202 1.3455 2.3774 1.5114 5.5619 2.4471 1.3208 2.6526 2.3642 3.9095 2.5757 3.5629 3.7798 4.2624 5.5127 2.0892 1.0628 1.1880 2.0246 0.8939 2.9060 2.2269 3.2520

For the 11 substances, ammonia, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, carbon monoxide, 1,1-difluoroethane, ethane, heptane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and propane, the liquid heat capacity CpL is calculated with Eq. (2) below. For all other compounds, Eq. (1) is used. For benzene, fluorine, and helium, two sets of constants are given for Eq. (1) that cover different temperature ranges, as shown in the table. (1) CpL = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3 + C4T 4 C12 C32t3 C3C4t4 C42t5 (2) CpL =  + C2 − 2C1C3t − C1C4t2 −  −  −  t 3 2 5 where t = 1 − Tr, Tr = T/Tc, Tc is the critical temperature from Table 2-141, CpL is in J/(kmolK) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. For temperatures less than the normal boiling point, the pressure is 1 atm. Above the normal boiling point, the pressure is the vapor pressure. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-154

Specific Heats of Organic Solids Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105

Compound

Formula

Acetic acid Acetone Aminobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Aniline Anthracene

C2H4O2 C3H6O C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C6H7N C14H10

Anthraquinone Apiol Azobenzene

C14H8O2 C12H14O4 C12H10N2

Benzene

C6H6

Benzoic acid Benzophenone

C7H6O2 C13H10O

Betol

C17H12O3

Bromoiodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromonaphthalene (β-) Bromophenol

C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C10H7Br C6H5BrO

Camphene Capric acid Caprylic acid Carbon tetrachloride

C10H16 C10H20O2 C8H16O2 CCl4

Cerotic acid Chloral alcoholate hydrate Chloroacetic acid Chlorobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Chlorobromobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Crotonic acid Cyamelide Cyanamide Cyanuric acid

C27H54O2 C4H7Cl3O2 C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C4H6O2 C3H3N3O3 CH2N2 C3H3N3O3

Dextrin Dextrose

(C6H10O5)x C6H12O6

Dibenzyl Dibromobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dichloroacetic acid Dichlorobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dicyandiamide

C14H14 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C2H2Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4N4

Temperature, °C −200 to +25 −210 to −80 85 to mp 120 to mp 128 to mp

sp ht, cal/(g°C)

50 100 150 0 to 270 10 28

0.330 + 0.00080t 0.540 + 0.0156t 0.254 + 0.00136t 0.253 + 0.00122t 0.287 + 0.00088t 0.741 0.308 0.350 0.382 0.258 + 0.00069t 0.299 0.330

−250 −225 −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 to mp −150 −100 −50 0 +20 −150 −100 0 +50 −50 to 0 −75 to −15 −40 to 50 41 32

0.0399 0.0908 0.124 0.170 0.227 0.299 0.375 0.287 + 0.00050t 0.115 0.172 0.220 0.275 0.303 0.129 0.167 0.248 0.308 0.143 + 0.00025t 0.143 0.116 + 0.00032t 0.260 0.263

35 8 −2 −240 −200 −160 −120 −80 −40 15 78 32 60 80 to mp 94 to mp 180 to mp −34 −52 −40 38 to 70 40 20 40

0.380 0.695 0.628 0.013 0.081 0.131 0.162 0.182 0.201 0.387 0.509 0.213 0.363 0.228 + 0.00084t 0.232 + 0.00073t 0.242 + 0.00055t 0.192 0.150 0.150 0.520 + 0.00020t 0.263 0.547 0.318

0 to 90 −250 −200 −100 0 20 28 −36 −25 −50 to +50

0.291 + 0.00096t 0.016 0.077 0.160 0.277 0.300 0.363 0.248 0.134 0.139 + 0.00038t 0.406 0.185 0.186 0.219 + 0.0021t 0.456

−48.5 −52 −50 to +53 0 to 204

2-171

2-172

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-154

Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Continued) Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105

Compound

Formula

Dihydroxybenzene (o-) (m-) (p-)

C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2

Di-iodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dimethyl oxalate Dimethylpyrene Dinitrobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Diphenyl Diphenylamine Dulcitol

C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C4H6O4 C7H8O2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C12H10 C12H11N C6H14O6

Erythritol Ethyl alcohol

C4H10O4 C2H6O (crystalline)

(vitreous)

Temperature, °C

sp. ht., cal/(g°C)

−163 to mp −160 to mp −250 −240 −220 −200 −150 to mp −50 to +15 −52 to −42 −50 to +80 10 to 50 50 −160 to mp −160 to mp 119 to mp 40 26 20

0.278 + 0.00098t 0.269 + 0.00118t 0.025 0.038 0.061 0.081 0.268 + 0.00093t 0.109 + 0.00026t 0.100 + 0.00026t 0.101 + 0.00026t 0.212 + 0.0044t 0.368 0.252 + 0.00083t 0.248 + 0.00077t 0.259 + 0.00057t 0.385 0.337 0.282

60 −190 −180 −160 −140 −130 −190 −180 −175 −170 −190 to −40

0.351 0.232 0.248 0.282 0.318 0.376 0.260 0.296 0.380 0.399 0.366 + 0.00110t

Ethylene glycol

C2H6O2

Formic acid

CH2O2

−22 0

0.387 0.430

Glutaric acid Glycerol

C5H8O4 C3H8O3

20 −265 −260 −250 −220 −200 −100 0

0.299 0.009 0.022 0.047 0.085 0.115 0.217 0.330

Hexachloroethane Hexadecane Hydroxyacetanilide

C2Cl6 C16H34 C8H9NO2

Iodobenzene Isopropyl alcohol

C6H5I C3H8O

Lactose Lauric acid Levoglucosane Levulose

C12H22O11 C12H22O11·H2O C12H24O2 C6H10O5 C6H12O6

Malonic acid Maltose Mannitol Melamine Myristic acid Naphthalene Naphthol (α-) (β-) Naphthylamine (α-) Nitroaniline (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitrobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitronaphthalene

25 41 to mp

0.174 0.495 0.249 + 0.00154t

40 −200 to −160

0.191 0.051 + 0.00165t

20 20 −30 to +40 40 20

0.287 0.299 0.430 + 0.000027t 0.607 0.275

C3H4O4 C12H22O11 C6H14O6 C3H6N6 C14H28O2

20 20 0 to 100 40 0 to 35

0.275 0.320 0.313 + 0.00025t 0.351 0.381 + 0.00545t

C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C10H7NO2

−130 to mp 50 to mp 61 to mp 0 to 50 −160 to mp −160 to mp −160 to mp −163 to mp 66 to mp −160 to mp 0 to 55

0.281 + 0.00111t 0.240 + 0.00147t 0.252 + 0.00128t 0.270 + 0.0031t 0.269 + 0.000920t 0.275 + 0.000946t 0.276 + 0.001000t 0.256 + 0.00085t 0.258 + 0.00091t 0.247 + 0.00077t 0.236 + 0.00215t

SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-154

Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Concluded) Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105 Temperature, °C

sp ht, cal/(g°C)

Oxalic acid

C2H2O4 C2H2O4.2H2O

−200 to +50 −200 −100 0 +50 100

0.259 + 0.00076t 0.117 0.239 0.338 0.385 0.416

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2

Phenol Phthalic acid Picric acid

C6H6O C8H6O4 C6H3N3O7

Propionic acid Propyl alcohol (n-)

C3H6O2 C3H8O

Pyrotartaric acid

C6H8O4

−180 −140 −100 −50 0 +20 14 to 26 20 −100 0 +50 100 120 −33 −200 −175 −150 −130 20

0.167 0.208 0.251 0.306 0.382 0.430 0.561 0.232 0.165 0.240 0.263 0.297 0.332 0.726 0.170 0.363 0.471 0.497 0.301

Quinhydrone

C12H10O4

Quinone

C6H4O2

−250 −225 −200 −100 0 −250 −225 −200 −150 to mp

0.017 0.061 0.098 0.191 0.256 0.031 0.082 0.113 0.282 + 0.00083t

Salol Stearic acid Succinic acid Sucrose Sugar (cane)

C13H10O3 C18H36O2 C4H6O4 C12H22O11 C12H22O11

32 15 0 to 160 20 22 to 51

0.289 0.399 0.248 + 0.00153t 0.299 0.301

Tartaric acid Tartaric acid

C4H6O6 C4H6O6·H2O

Tetrachloroethylene Tetryl

C2Cl4 C7H5N5O8

1 Tetryl + 1 picric acid 1 Tetryl + 2 TNT

C13H8N8O15 C21H15N11O20

Thymol Toluic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Toluidine (p-)

C10H14O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C7H9N

Trichloroacetic acid Trimethyl carbinol Trinitrotoluene

C2HCl3O2 C4H10O C7H5N3O6

Trinitroxylene

C8H7N3O6

Triphenylmethane

C19H16

36 −150 −100 −50 0 +50 −40 to 0 −100 −50 0 +100 −100 to +100 −100 0 +50 0 to 49 54 to mp 54 to mp 130 to mp 0 20 40 solid −4 −100 −50 0 +100 −185 to +23 20 to 50 0 to 91

0.287 0.112 0.170 0.231 0.308 0.366 0.198 + 0.00018t 0.182 0.199 0.212 0.236 0.253 + 0.00072t 0.172 0.280 0.325 0.315 + 0.0031t 0.277 + 0.00120t 0.239 + 0.00195t 0.271 + 0.00106t 0.337 0.387 0.440 0.459 0.559 0.170 0.253 0.311 0.385 0.241 0.423 0.189 + 0.0027t

Urea

CH4N2O

Compound

Formula

20

0.320

2-173

2-174 TABLE 2-155 Cmpd. no. 1 7 8 14 16 27 29 31 34 37 38 43 59 60 61 64 67 81 88 95 97 98 99 112 120 125 126 134 145 151 156 157 182 183 190 194 197 217 221 231 236

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to a Polynomial Cp [J/(kmol⭈K)] Name

Acetaldehyde Acetylene Acrolein Argon Benzene Bromoethane 1,2-Butadiene Butane 1-Butanol cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Butyne m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclobutane Cyclohexanone 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane Diethyl ether 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Dimethyl ether 1,4-Dioxane Ethane Ethanol Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl mercaptan Fluoroethane Furan Helium-4 Hydrazine Hydrogen Isopropyl amine Methanol Methyl acetylene Methylcyclopentane Methylethyl ether Methyl mercaptan 2-Methylpropane

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

C2H4O C2H2 C3H4O Ar C6H6 C2H5Br C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H6 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C4H8 C6H10O C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C4H10O C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H6 C2H6O C7H14 C2H6S C2H5F C4H4O He H4N2 H2 C3H9N CH4O C3H4 C6H12 C3H8O CH4S C4H10

75-07-0 74-86-2 107-02-8 7440-37-1 71-43-2 74-96-4 590-19-2 106-97-8 71-36-3 590-18-1 624-64-6 107-00-6 108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 287-23-0 108-94-1 557-91-5 75-34-3 60-29-7 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 115-10-6 123-91-1 74-84-0 64-17-5 1640-89-7 75-08-1 353-36-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 302-01-2 1333-74-0 75-31-0 67-56-1 74-99-7 96-37-7 540-67-0 74-93-1 75-28-5

44.053 26.037 56.063 39.948 78.112 108.965 54.090 58.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 54.090 108.138 108.138 108.138 56.106 98.143 187.861 98.959 74.122 66.050 66.050 52.023 46.068 88.105 30.069 46.068 98.186 62.134 48.060 68.074 4.003 32.045 2.016 59.110 32.042 40.064 84.159 60.095 48.107 58.122

29,705 30,800 30,702 20,786 35,978 27,112 27,400 17,330 25,300 39,760 20,908 25,300 29,002 16,192 29,090 31,863 32,182 20,560 19,560 26,040 29,736 27,581 33,851 25,940 28,345 31,742 32,585 34,710 23,014 30,358 40,860 20,786 32,998 64,979 23,590 30,270 30,810 35,465 23,337 31,520 21,380

127.43 −53.08 80.95 0 −101.69 117.99 177.6 458.16 371.2 108.8 324.73 183.2 158.79 469.81 166 37.226 116.87 285.2 249.01 388 72.364 169.88 −20.966 178.46 88.3 26.567 87.4 304.96 271.36 62.839 −160.3 0 −5.2147 −788.17 310.42 84.64 35.8 147.38 309.03 60.1 271.2

−0.21793 0.384 0.191 0 0.939 0 0 −0.816 −0.461 0 −0.411 0 0.635 −0.479 0.616 0.23616 0.547 −0.332 −0.22187 −0.268 0.228 −0.1581 0.17584 −0.186 0.446 0.12927 0.05 −0.084 −0.4427 0.1067 0.87 0 0.21379 5.8287 −0.274 −0.188 0.27 0.242 −0.285 0 −0.092

C4 × 1E 05

−1845.9

C5 × 1E 10

216400

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

50 50 50 100 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

0.3553 0.2911 0.3523 0.2079 0.3324 0.3891 0.3628 0.3820 0.4271 0.4520 0.3612 0.3446 0.3853 0.3849 0.3893 0.3432 0.3939 0.4576 0.4224 0.4477 0.3392 0.3568 0.3324 0.3440 0.3388 0.3339 0.3708 0.4975 0.3548 0.3377 0.3353 0.2079 0.3327 0.3797 0.3843 0.3403 0.3328 0.4344 0.3808 0.3453 0.3471

200 200 200 1,500 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 1,500 200 250 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

0.4647 0.3554 0.5453 0.2079 0.5320 0.5071 0.6292 0.7632 0.8110 0.6152 0.6941 0.6194 0.8616 0.9099 0.8693 0.4876 0.7744 0.6432 0.6049 0.9292 0.5333 0.5523 0.3669 0.5419 0.6385 0.4223 0.5207 0.9234 0.5958 0.4719 0.4360 0.2079 0.4051 0.2834 0.7471 0.3968 0.4877 0.7462 0.7374 0.4354 0.7194

237 238 243 246 247 248 251 253 289 290 294 295 296 304 310 320 321 322 324 331

2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene alpha-Methyl styrene Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitromethane Nitric oxide 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol Propylbenzene Quinone Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

C4H10O C4H8 C9H10 C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 NO C5H8 C14H10 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C9H12 C6H4O2 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C4H4S C9H12

75-65-0 115-11-7 98-83-9 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 75-52-5 10102-43-9 627-21-4 85-01-8 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 103-65-1 106-51-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 110-02-1 95-63-6

74.122 56.106 118.176 128.171 20.180 75.067 61.040 30.006 68.117 178.229 40.064 44.096 60.095 120.192 108.095 72.106 132.202 88.171 84.140 120.192

17,080 24,970 37,735 29,120 20,786 33,055 38,782 34,980 24,330 27,700 31,690 26,675 28,800 22,880 29,668 36,970 28,560 41,195 36,765 35,652

381.7 211.8 112.94 82.88 0 89.54 −48.39 −35.32 335.7 210 17.1 147.04 257 538.46 129.07 −12.28 225.1 −88.3 −112.82 323.89

−0.199 0 0.846 0.964 0 0.238 0.413 0.07729 −0.37 1.24 0.282 0 -0.35 -0.546 0.53105 0.444 0.616 0.942 0.862 0.305

−5.7357

0.0014526

50 50 50 50 100 50 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

0.3567 0.3556 0.4550 0.3567 0.2079 0.3813 0.3740 0.3217 0.4019 0.4130 0.3325 0.3403 0.4078 0.4844 0.3745 0.3747 0.4136 0.3914 0.3328 0.5261

200 200 200 200 1,500 200 200 1,500 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

0.8546 0.6733 0.9416 0.8426 0.2079 0.6048 0.4562 0.3586 0.7667 1.1930 0.4639 0.5608 0.6620 1.0873 0.7672 0.5227 0.9822 0.6122 0.4868 1.1263

Constants in this table can be used in the following equation to calculate the ideal gas heat capacity C0p. C0p = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + C4T3 + C5T4 where C0p is in J/(kmol·K) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

2-175

2-176

TABLE 2-156 Cmpd. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol
K)] Name

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol o-Cresol

Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C9H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1 × 1E-05

C2 × 1E-05

C3 × 1E-03

C4 × 1E-05

C5

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4 95-48-7

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138 108.138

0.4451 0.342 0.402 0.713 0.5704 0.41914 0.3199 0.48449 0.6059 0.4678 0.28958 0.33427 0.7637 1.9581 0.44767 0.6895 0.77594 0.7186 1.0099 0.84115 0.9521 0.99192 1.0759 0.30113 0.721 0.47191 0.3377 0.575 0.5095 0.7134 1.0478 1.066 0.7454 0.90878 0.64257 0.5765 0.6592 1.1684 1.138 0.92478 0.92367 0.5587 0.89657 1.488 0.6906 0.2937 0.301 0.29108 0.37582 0.92004 0.29142 0.8011 0.4568 0.3942 0.3409 0.621 0.61809 0.7515 0.7988

1.0687 1.294 1.3675 2.222 1.632 0.8876 0.5424 1.2546 1.3703 1.0366 0.0939 0.4898 2.9377 1.7019 2.3085 2.3275 2.6455 2.27 4.4898 3.1428 2.8868 2.9633 4.2105 0.08009 2.064 1.2787 0.715 1.6476 1.705 2.43 2.549 2.575 2.5907 2.5508 2.0618 2.115 2.07 3.769 4.454 2.7795 2.5166 1.6694 2.3731 1.3522 1.9996 0.3454 0.3338 0.08773 0.7054 0.16446 0.09176 2.31 1.2967 0.6573 0.7246 1.843 1.8023 2.09 2.853

1.6141 1.075 1.262 1.6203 1.607 1.5818 1.594 1.3979 1.6475 1.3998 3.012 2.036 1.6051 1.3257 1.4792 1.512 1.7925 1.4669 1.311 1.9539 0.70207 1.5583 1.9041 0.7514 1.6504 1.5957 1.578 1.527 1.5324 1.63 1.8776 1.967 1.6073 1.893 1.6768 1.6299 1.6733 1.956 1.5507 1.6837 1.6109 1.5328 1.9754 1.146 1.5494 1.428 0.896 3.0851 0.5121 1.0764 0.949 2.157 1.5992 0.928 1.723 1.629 1.5438 0.6666 1.4765

0.6135 0.64 0.7003 1.676 0.968 0.5032 0.4325 0.87243 1.0446 0.6536 0.0758 0.2256 2.17 −37.417 1.6836 1.7516 2.2382 1.693 2.8395 2.5743 1.6385 2.2116 4.1785 0.1078 1.687 0.85166 0.4175 0.99 1.337 1.5033 1.875 1.951 1.732 1.852 1.3324 1.2872 1.251 2.818 3.0497 1.5974 1.5641 1.07 1.5866 −678 1.3146 0.264 0.2893 0.084553 0.485 −5083.8 0.1003 2.046 0.859 0.493 0.448 1.2337 1.1893 1.212 2.042

737.8 502 569.7 746.5 731.5 699.8 607.1 633.26 751.49 629.35 1484 882 751.2 41.232 677.66 697.9 835.9 680.77 627.4 850.06 2002.6 719.16 828.81 314.6 765.3 703.87 691.4 677.3 685.6 730.42 833 860.5 712.4 832.13 757.06 739.1 742.2 811.2 708.86 758.68 739.2 656 904.13 6.98 675 588 374.7 1538.2 236.1 2.3486 425 897.6 708.8 399.6 780.5 724 685.93 2214 664.7

200 100 50 200 200 100 200 200 250 200 50 100 300 298.15 200 200 200 200 300 298.15 300 300 200 100 200 200 100 200 200 200 298.15 298.15 200 298.15 250 200 200 300 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 200 50 100 60 100 298 50 200 100 100 150 200 200 200 200

0.4660 0.3448 0.4020 0.7665 0.6049 0.4192 0.3566 0.5467 0.6984 0.5156 0.2896 0.3343 1.1302 1.2745 0.5358 0.7689 0.8126 0.8053 1.8001 1.1198 1.5501 1.4156 1.1481 0.3090 0.7679 0.5089 0.3378 0.6269 0.5756 0.7673 1.2667 1.2679 0.8162 1.1257 0.7571 0.6199 0.7004 1.5358 1.2659 0.9714 0.9763 0.6238 0.9119 1.1533 0.7607 0.2937 0.3100 0.2911 0.4730 0.6106 0.2914 0.8219 0.4569 0.4048 0.3424 0.6674 0.6768 0.8701 0.9158

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500.1 1500.15 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 5000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

1.2994 1.4997 1.5756 2.5675 1.8820 1.1285 0.7575 1.5620 1.7424 1.3464 0.3496 0.6647 3.0226 3.2501 2.4157 2.6739 2.9712 2.6706 4.9311 3.2880 4.3445 3.2957 4.5557 0.3794 2.4628 1.5121 0.9107 1.9202 1.9555 2.6602 3.0289 3.0311 2.8509 2.8730 2.2898 2.2715 2.2904 3.6724 4.8435 3.1008 2.9615 1.9209 2.6775 2.5905 2.3273 0.6335 0.6148 0.3521 1.0662 1.0465 0.3793 2.5327 1.5112 1.0063 0.9097 2.1126 2.1023 3.2075 3.2163

2-177

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane

C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26

106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3

108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335

0.7384 1.081 0.3545 0.44004 0.432 0.9043 0.67384 0.58171 0.416 0.48074 0.338 0.54305 1.9641 1.672 0.24457 1.6984 1.7101 1.931 1.5045 0.3029 0.5927 0.74906 0.391 1.6122 0.7 0.6948 0.6978 0.5521 0.65271 0.3628 0.7145 0.78658 1.208 0.9102 0.8621 0.91273 0.49653 0.51889 0.35489 1.1384 1.093 1.0869 1.1556 1.0113 0.6534 0.5565 0.7772 1.0776 1.1039 1.0991 0.7843 0.5148 0.722 0.85438 1.396 0.61453 0.6037 0.6949 1.174 0.56184 1.0985 1.2114 2.1295

2.908 3.7932 0.5015 2.3074 3.735 2.5771 3.2598 3.1717 3.014 2.5159 1.6894 3.9962 5.1412 5.353 6.546 5.392 5.2089 5.4815 4.3794 0.0975 1.158 1.2725 0.648 4.4777 2.0746 2.0804 2.078 1.205 1.1254 0.6804 1.7344 1.7429 3.066 2.674 2.551 2.41 1.2546 1.2431 0.71002 2.5747 3.683 4.054 1.8305 3.2393 1.6179 1.6384 4.032 4.6718 4.6445 4.6401 1.4364 1.442 1.783 4.5772 4.78 1.7438 1.3747 1.524 5.32 2.7034 4.3412 2.6127 6.633

1.4559 1.7505 1.057 1.6283 1.192 0.7882 1.3955 1.5435 1.4617 1.5803 1.6135 1.3575 1.8989 1.6141 1.0899 1.568 1.7265 1.6085 1.3291 2.515 1.4931 1.981 1.194 1.6831 1.3664 1.3632 1.3635 1.502 1.7376 1.256 1.524 1.7157 2.089 1.719 1.5413 1.6686 1.5394 1.5048 1.5936 0.7384 1.6057 1.7802 0.95919 1.5611 1.7837 1.7341 1.544 1.654 1.6943 1.6679 1.5836 1.6034 1.532 1.5181 2.19 1.3418 1.641 1.6514 2.105 1.5171 1.6222 0.78956 1.7155

2.091 3.0027 0.452 1.5571 1.635 1.3068 2.0209 2.1273 1.8095 1.7454 1.1768 2.5623 4.1278 3.782 4.8642 3.938 3.5935 3.74 2.5557 −0.0275 0.8428 0.9437 0.42 2.918 1.5983 1.594 1.5965 0.8719 0.878 0.4275 1.223 1.2627 2.343 1.7926 1.437 1.652 0.87561 0.76269 0.4622 1.62 2.342 2.9786 0.99605 2.1501 1.0242 1.0899 2.508 3.3397 3.3949 3.3736 0.871 0.7747 1.31 2.974 3.9705 1.0102 0.7988 1.0658 4.1 1.7658 3.6455 1.6903 4.5161

650.42 794.8 396 744.9 530.1 1952.2 677.33 701.62 668.8 718.37 722.8 618.54 862.51 742 424 720.5 782.92 754.75 632.01 368 655.5 845.2 501 781.6 620.16 619.2 619.37 653.5 795.45 548 674.2 765.1 891 794.94 688.9 771.08 694.17 697.51 762 2143 699 791.6 2826.3 689.3 821.4 793.04 649.95 792.5 798.35 781.97 730.65 725.4 762 641.01 900.6 592.09 743.5 722.2 818 700.76 743.62 2394.4 777.5

200 200 100 200 100 200 200 150 100 150 100 300 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 200 298 100 200 200 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 100 150 200 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 298.15 300 298.15 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 200 200 200 298.15 200 300 300 200

0.8707 1.1480 0.3648 0.4903 0.4366 0.9648 0.7802 0.5978 0.4165 0.4918 0.3381 1.2644 2.0192 1.7967 2.5232 1.8502 2.2304 2.0434 2.1938 0.3020 0.6442 0.7635 0.3929 1.6841 0.8245 0.8198 0.8228 0.6061 0.6722 0.3637 0.7268 0.8217 1.4197 0.9502 0.9316 0.9567 0.5373 0.5536 0.3681 1.5995 1.5669 1.5102 1.2777 1.4638 0.6721 0.5812 0.9363 1.1535 1.1777 1.1820 0.8155 0.5436 0.7594 1.0550 1.7481 0.7095 0.6298 0.7355 1.6816 0.6403 1.7298 1.5900 2.2442

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500.1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1000.15 1500 1200 1500 1500

3.2102 4.1808 0.8100 2.3234 3.6516 3.8251 3.4743 3.2132 2.9298 2.5619 1.7213 3.7236 6.0539 6.0932 6.1099 6.2186 5.8745 6.4613 5.2794 0.3425 1.5673 1.7041 0.9599 5.2145 2.5161 2.5161 2.5175 1.5615 1.5743 0.9543 2.1609 2.1894 3.4674 3.0519 2.9244 2.8724 1.5424 1.5510 0.9419 4.1941 4.0535 4.3093 3.0678 3.6669 1.9148 1.8585 4.0353 4.9543 4.9243 4.9275 1.9523 1.6581 2.2596 4.5983 4.4740 2.0944 1.6949 1.9255 4.1139 2.8174 4.5143 4.2484 7.4325

2-178

TABLE 2-156 Cmpd. no. 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol
K)] (Continued ) Name

Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1 × 1E-05

C2 × 1E-05

C3 × 1E-03

C4 × 1E-05

C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2

112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0

282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016

3.2481 0.40326 0.492 0.9981 0.594 0.7844 1.0944 1.0455 1.115 1.1059 0.82052 0.3338 0.7286 0.63012 0.343 0.3346 0.537 1.5777 1.634 1.0953 1.24 0.5576 0.937 1.132 0.85105 0.29122 0.62653 0.44373 0.33289 0.3327 0.3822 0.3381 0.3727 2.7878 1.404 1.2015 1.3135 1.2215 1.4569 1.2768 1.2507 1.1851 1.442 1.0712 2.6283 1.232 1.044 1.1622 1.0625 1.2615 1.094 1.1237 1.0434 0.9376 1.2662 0.9129 1.036 0.38711 0.27617

11.09 1.3422 1.4577 2.0931 1.618 3.399 4.1794 2.3148 3.391 4.6306 4.0342 0.9479 1.8436 1.4584 1.427 1.2116 1.886 4.4017 4.5119 3.0032 3.2 1.3617 2.829 2.94 1.0378 0.10132 2.1646 1.3119 0.73989 0.49542 0.93 0.7593 1.6606 9.5247 2.5907 4.001 2.3317 3.991 2.8252 3.381 2.148 3.6362 4.1603 3.0258 8.9733 2.2146 3.523 2.0708 3.521 3.5964 1.807 2.936 3.0749 3.015 3.7294 2.5577 3.009 0.8576 0.0956

1.636 1.6555 1.6628 2.0226 1.812 1.559 0.88375 0.71 1.6705 1.6628 1.567 1.596 1.688 1.673 1.638 1.6084 1.207 1.7494 1.7532 1.7988 1.967 1.5221 1.648 1.827 0.59737 1.453 1.564 1.6422 1.8639 1.8666 1.845 1.1925 1.5112 1.6935 0.8315 1.6766 0.67567 1.58 0.81695 1.3831 0.6912 1.7359 1.6603 1.5273 1.6912 0.84 1.6946 0.68661 1.5835 1.8445 0.689 1.401 1.7459 1.9057 1.6574 1.529 2.116 1.7228 2.466

7.45 0.73223 0.939 1.803 1.078 2.426 −1.609 1.471 2.518 3.299 2.6697 0.551 1.199 0.97296 1.037 0.8241 0.864 3.2378 3.1032 2.1311 2.346 0.8073 2.155 2.055 0.94745 0.094101 1.7278 0.85441 0.46079 0.28075 0.69 0.318 1.3145 6.6651 1.312 2.74 1.824 2.835 1.766 1.888 1.619 2.5048 2.6572 2.0975 6.264 1.219 2.369 1.5355 2.462 2.594 1.474 1.601 2.0728 1.986 2.308 1.737 2.106 0.56635 0.0376

C5 726.27 752.87 744.7 928.05 820 702 1183.1 2061.6 733.6 781.1 715.52 740.8 767.3 773.65 744.7 737.3 496 792.34 809.75 817.35 896 687.5 724.7 852 2122.7 662.91 724.29 738.77 891.16 934.9 850 550 686 744.57 2201 756.4 1846 717.7 2537.2 650.3 1759.3 785.73 759.39 689.62 744.41 2205 761.6 1932.5 715.75 819.17 1772 650.5 793.53 817 757.8 683 902.4 733.53 567.6

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 298 200 200 60 300 300 150 50 100 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 200 300 298.15 167 50 200 200 50 50 150 50 200 200 200 200 300 200 298.15 200 150 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 200 150 298 300 200 200 300 200 250

3.5235 0.4256 0.5224 1.0126 0.6139 0.8912 1.4598 1.5102 1.5583 1.1875 0.9272 0.3338 0.9178 0.7800 0.3480 0.3346 0.5412 2.0279 2.0360 1.3620 1.4479 0.5970 1.3377 1.3538 0.8926 0.2912 0.6914 0.4726 0.3329 0.3327 0.3833 0.3381 0.4376 3.0034 1.4479 1.2828 1.8497 1.3330 1.8136 1.3968 1.2688 1.5434 1.5191 1.1721 2.8312 1.2672 1.1117 1.6107 1.1607 1.5829 1.1815 1.1443 1.3301 1.1909 1.3340 1.0004 1.2215 0.4070 0.2843

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200.15 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1200 1200 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

12.2110 1.4562 1.6576 2.6594 1.8528 3.6147 4.2540 3.6330 3.6213 4.9184 4.1472 1.0987 2.2016 1.8095 1.5178 1.3297 2.1485 5.1201 4.8744 3.2289 3.4234 1.6729 3.0569 3.4535 2.2349 0.3812 2.4736 1.5008 0.9024 0.7113 1.1203 0.9933 1.7940 10.4160 4.2863 4.4283 4.2941 4.5346 4.6604 4.1386 3.8446 4.0836 4.7831 3.5985 9.8182 3.7314 3.8620 3.7636 3.9726 4.0672 3.3207 3.5874 3.4819 3.1889 4.2483 3.0371 3.1894 1.0571 0.3225

2-179

184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246

Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene

HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C2H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8

10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3

80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171

0.2912 0.29157 0.30125 0.29134 0.33288 0.74694 0.68545 0.49522 0.7251 0.33298 0.39252 0.6116 0.555 0.4478 0.1206 0.41 0.9396 0.671 0.746 1.8458 0.92165 0.87026 0.81924 0.7906 0.82051 1.0785 0.8274 0.894 0.59895 0.9227 0.7959 0.92279 0.92279 0.66456 0.69411 0.6422 0.7283 0.68681 0.784 0.75083 0.506 0.7284 1.227 0.474 0.89232 1.5914 0.99247 0.4146 0.864 1.7483 0.903 0.94326 0.6549 0.7704 0.6125 0.7765 0.92151 0.93775 0.46149 0.78548 0.9779 0.60865 0.6805

0.0953 0.09048 0.3171 0.093252 0.26086 2.4356 2.1876 1.8718 2.089 0.79933 0.879 2.029 1.782 1.0917 2.3766 1.0578 2.559 2.222 3.265 1.743 3.3371 2.5556 2.6038 1.656 3.0869 2.7388 2.1377 2.91 1.1636 4.115 2.596 2.6709 2.6709 3.507 3.0209 3.0711 1.0307 1.9959 2.1032 1.9577 1.219 3.1713 2.195 1.226 2.4765 1.764 2.7275 0.8307 1.811 4.9288 3.801 3.5965 2.4776 2.539 2.066 2.442 2.3943 2.6178 1.2781 3.5969 3.091 1.5965 3.5494

2.142 2.0938 1.6102 2.905 0.9134 1.715 1.5831 1.2958 1.8516 2.0869 1.9165 1.7683 1.26 1.5508 1.0543 1.708 0.825 1.421 1.545 1.22 1.8365 1.7757 1.7593 1.6926 1.3864 1.5885 1.755 1.57 1.565 1.6504 0.6213 0.68784 0.68784 1.5892 1.6903 1.6387 1.5429 1.5534 1.5488 1.6424 1.637 1.352 0.842 2.188 1.696 1.2076 2.003 1.589 0.7543 1.7384 1.602 1.3533 1.587 1.5502 1.545 1.714 1.6936 1.7291 1.4565 1.4342 1.643 1.619 1.4262

0.0157 −0.00107 0.2179 1.95E−03 −0.17979 1.8484 1.3855 1.4852 1.6483 0.41602 0.53654 1.3302 0.853 0.675 1.8186 0.6836 1.36 1.194 1.923 −56.11 2.4645 1.7636 1.7195 1.2167 1.7886 1.9067 1.5149 2.073 0.81581 2.9006 2.288 1.9847 1.9847 2.3526 2.1209 2.1298 0.7811 1.1168 1.1855 1.1949 0.894 1.8948 1.191 0.85983 1.5598 −407.4 1.8974 0.4612 0.8 3.5897 2.453 2.0569 1.575 1.669 1.2057 1.818 1.4896 1.6236 0.79115 2.5336 2.099 0.93783 2.5984

1400 120 626 1.33E+03 949.4 757.75 691.76 569.96 798.43 991.96 896.7 835.5 562 658.2 418.8 735 3000 614.7 666.7 31.2 757.99 807.82 800.93 788.4 613.87 749.6 782 678.3 690.39 779.48 1698.6 1732.4 1732.4 727.13 781.56 750.25 668.94 692.04 693 749.19 743 585.14 2460 1008.2 791.4 10.503 849.64 716.7 2160 788.01 691.6 599.92 706.99 679.3 676 716 797.79 783.23 643.23 651.69 731.191 739.55 650.1

50 50 100 50 100 298.15 200 300 298.15 50 200 300 298 200 298.15 150 300 150 200 300 298.15 200 200 298.15 300 273.15 200 298 200 200 300 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 273.16 250 300 298.15 298.15 200 300 273 200 298.15 298.15 200 300 200 200 200 300 298 298.15 200 200 298 300 200

0.2912 0.2914 0.3014 0.2913 0.3329 1.0427 0.7510 0.9790 0.9475 0.3330 0.3980 0.7698 0.8489 0.4882 0.9908 0.4136 1.2586 0.6931 0.8546 1.2793 1.3135 0.9060 0.8559 0.9632 1.3300 1.3173 0.8646 1.3461 0.6380 0.9953 1.5302 1.5099 1.5099 0.7510 0.7464 0.7083 0.7717 0.7396 0.8397 0.9004 0.5888 1.3200 1.4755 0.5195 0.9280 1.1291 1.1377 0.4329 1.1621 2.2567 1.0192 1.5600 0.7218 0.8567 0.6763 1.1242 1.1251 1.1728 0.5141 0.9445 1.3522 0.7748 0.8454

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1200 1200.1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200.1 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500.15 1200 1200 1500 1200 1500 1500 1200 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500.15 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

0.3479 0.3406 0.5522 0.3224 0.5143 2.5383 2.4540 2.0517 2.2057 0.8890 1.0533 2.2209 2.0754 1.3293 2.1663 1.2388 3.3569 2.5028 3.3792 3.2262 3.4856 2.8923 2.8709 2.1502 3.1994 3.1687 2.5255 3.0766 1.5593 4.3180 4.1359 4.1467 4.1467 3.5495 3.1496 3.1549 1.5893 2.2931 2.4816 2.3178 1.5109 3.1987 3.6532 1.3595 2.8696 2.9991 2.9952 1.0781 2.8637 5.7177 3.9617 3.7409 2.6656 2.8508 2.2814 2.5276 2.6391 2.9904 1.5253 3.8592 3.4779 1.8871 3.7359

2-180 TABLE 2-156 Cmpd. no. 248 249 250 251 252 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol
K)] (Concluded) Name

Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1 × 1E-05

C2 × 1E-05

C3 × 1E-03

C4 × 1E-05

C5

Tmin, K

Cp at Tmin × 1E-05

Tmax, K

Cp at Tmax × 1E-05

C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N

79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8

75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110

0.54619 0.29105 0.33284 0.42267 0.29338 3.1062 1.7347 1.5175 0.1266 1.54 1.8197 1.5352 1.7646 1.6289 2.9502 1.6088 1.3554 1.4082 1.3805 1.6383 1.3901 1.4952 1.3599 1.5981 1.2307 0.25751 0.29103 0.33483 2.4679 1.0743 0.8805 2.836 0.906 1.0853 0.90053 0.96896 0.82523 1.1327 1.0974 0.753 0.70737 0.9374 0.434 0.59683 0.7364 0.426 0.5192 0.619 0.73145 1.0563 0.7174 0.6959 0.5357 1.7994 0.76078

1.6492 0.086149 0.49837 1.0842 0.3236 10.575 4.5115 4.915 6.011 4.936 3.5542 4.6844 5.044 3.9708 10.034 4.218 4.431 4.3436 4.459 3.1897 3.806 4.4103 4.1605 4.6063 3.4942 1.1734 0.1004 0.29577 8.4212 2.8363 3.011 1.08 3.062 3.0747 2.7085 2.4907 2.5943 2.947 3.2959 2.0905 2.2229 4.758 2.445 2.5533 2.544 1.1194 1.9245 2.0213 2.0313 4.3397 1.914 1.7778 1.4617 1.753 2.1049

1.4803 1.7016 0.7093 1.4885 1.1238 0.76791 1.712 1.6448 1.0815 1.578 0.81514 1.7288 1.6182 1.8928 0.77107 1.9126 1.6356 1.4662 1.5751 0.81595 1.3717 0.80211 1.7317 1.6295 1.528 2.7969 2.5265 1.5217 1.6865 1.9549 1.6502 2.107 1.6054 1.8672 1.6592 1.4177 1.7291 1.7418 1.6761 1.5307 1.557 1.382 1.152 1.2397 1.0852 1.5772 1.6265 1.6293 1.9375 1.6098 2.0144 1.7098 1.553 1.196 1.7256

1.0635 0.0010347 0.23264 0.68603 0.2177 −4.5661 3.3256 3.47 4.5946 3.588 2.1974 3.2304 3.3857 3.2136 -4.3012 3.278 3.054 2.7687 3.2016 1.9814 2.2573 −2.0958 2.8675 3.0301 2.4617 0.65788 0.09356 0.27151 5.8537 2.0146 1.892 −3.56 2.115 2.2271 1.8012 1.301 1.768 2.0987 1.9486 1.378 1.3125 3.485 1.512 1.5519 0.808 0.7546 1.168 1.2956 1.4815 3.181 1.1708 1.2654 0.91197 −4.12 1.3936

666.94 909.79 372.91 683.57 479.4 912.03 810.96 749.6 418.2 721.11 2508.8 783.67 755.48 855.52 916.73 869 746.4 659.38 718.8 2521.3 660.96 981.95 784.47 756.28 694.81 878.91 1153.8 680.35 743.6 890.44 747.6 283 717.97 825.4 743.96 646.7 778.7 795.78 757.67 672.8 690.78 627.4 507 576.78 573 680.8 723.6 727.4 843.37 729.66 930.6 763.78 678.2 108.2 789.03

200 50 100 200 100 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 298.15 200 298.15 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 150 200 298.15 200 200 298.15 50 100 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 200 200 298.15 298 200 200 200 200 100 298.15 298.15 200 200 200 298.15 300 200 298.15 200 298.15 200

0.6062 0.2911 0.3404 0.4571 0.2948 3.3533 1.8005 1.6257 2.2953 1.6777 2.2720 2.0014 1.8658 1.9693 3.1800 1.6504 1.4529 2.0652 1.5055 2.0428 1.4162 1.5775 1.7723 1.6881 1.3448 0.3201 0.2910 0.3349 2.6586 1.0960 0.9404 1.3824 0.9890 1.3539 0.9591 1.0536 1.0856 1.4202 1.1547 0.8276 0.7700 1.1959 0.4401 1.1054 1.0745 0.4646 0.5632 0.6665 0.8966 1.6392 0.7266 0.8938 0.5832 1.3594 0.7933

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000.1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000.15 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

1.9237 0.3484 0.8092 1.3280 0.5828 11.6130 5.4439 5.5407 5.5267 5.6606 5.8526 5.2776 5.9082 4.7924 11.0160 4.9286 4.9764 5.0411 5.0965 5.2565 4.6547 4.9067 4.6807 5.3549 4.1604 0.6502 0.3653 0.5928 9.2209 3.2404 3.2927 3.2952 3.4133 3.4701 3.0797 3.0358 2.8897 3.4994 3.6956 2.4754 2.5052 5.0645 2.6045 2.8390 2.6737 1.3376 2.0556 2.2458 2.2760 4.6527 2.1149 2.1248 1.7235 3.2024 2.4353

304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

0.96885 0.43852 0.871 0.73815 0.7474 2.0114 0.6487 0.3681 0.893 0.71806 0.33375 0.35256 0.33408 0.945 2.0719 2.3082 0.46905 0.8145 0.51848 1.1352 0.40399 0.5814 0.66554 2.1496 1.2766 0.7107 1.052 1.0106 1.139 0.982 2.0367 2.154 1.9529 1.859 0.536 0.55978 0.42364 0.84894 0.33363 0.7568 0.8521 0.7512

3.7954 1.506 2.447 1.9529 1.9523 0.8082 2.1227 0.71245 2.1503 2.2669 0.25864 1.227 0.49677 2.526 6.2668 7.8678 2.5314 4.395 2.4535 5.6331 1.627 2.863 1.1257 7.3045 2.5559 1.5051 3.79 3.8314 5.286 5.402 1.8181 2.4432 6.0998 5.869 2.119 1.2141 0.8735 1.1471 0.2679 3.3924 3.2954 3.397

1.5168 1.3988 1.9254 1.5954 1.631 1.8656 1.3491 0.65201 0.772 1.2739 0.9328 0.67938 0.87322 0.829 2.4044 1.6823 1.5998 1.471 1.5018 1.6211 1.4562 1.4406 1.5454 1.6695 0.80937 0.79662 1.4814 1.501 1.594 1.531 1.2089 1.1126 1.7087 1.5718 1.198 1.6102 1.6492 1.38 2.6105 1.496 1.4944 1.4928

2.6618 0.74754 1.888 1.2356 1.2112 −2.4404 1.514 0.46721 0.999 1.7342 0.1088 0.78407 0.28563 0.5 6.345 5.4486 1.7051 3.065 1.6871 3.3829 1.322 1.898 0.97196 4.9998 1.4829 0.84537 2.331 2.395 3.351 3.493 0.79777 0.58651 4.1302 4.326 1.147 0.89079 0.6556 0.9 0.08896 2.247 2.115 2.247

694.3 616.46 821.3 730.5 750.92 279.98 614.8 286.03 2442 537.65 423.7 351.27 393.74 2010 967.71 743.1 740.64 666.4 665.31 681.9 648.81 650.43 717.04 741.02 2231.7 2187.6 667.3 678.3 677.94 639.9 1060.8 950.59 775.4 722.7 510 710.4 739.07 644.61 1169 675.9 675.8 675.1

200 130 298.15 200 200 298.15 200 100 100 300 100 100 100 298.15 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 298.15 200 200 100 200 200 298.15 100 200 200 200

1.0927 0.4436 1.1022 0.7825 0.7848 1.0218 0.7711 0.4182 0.8931 1.3370 0.3354 0.3872 0.3408 1.2478 2.4763 2.4864 0.5259 0.9881 0.6147 1.3069 0.4886 0.7016 0.8496 2.3156 1.3278 0.7439 1.1832 1.1354 1.3139 1.2194 2.1054 2.2726 2.0594 2.0232 0.5404 0.5967 0.4457 1.0788 0.3336 0.8759 0.9643 0.8710

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000.15 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 2273.15 1500 1500 1500

4.1613 1.6817 2.7484 2.3287 2.3216 2.1175 2.4969 1.0537 3.2416 2.5823 0.5695 1.5397 0.7967 3.4444 6.6947 8.6225 2.5538 4.5348 2.5679 5.5784 1.8098 3.0029 1.6433 8.0251 4.2046 2.4322 4.1983 4.1854 5.3769 5.3754 3.7585 4.3560 6.8342 6.7834 2.3750 1.5590 1.1423 1.8595 0.5276 3.5920 3.5965 3.5923

Constants in this table can be used in the following equation to calculate the ideal gas heat capacity C0p.









2 2 C3/T C5/T C0p = C1 + C2  + C4  sinh(C3/T) cosh(C5/T) where C0p is in J/(kmol·K) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

2-181

2-182

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-157

Cp/Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1 atm Pressure*

Compound Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetylene

Formula C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H2

Air

Temperature, °C

Ratio of specific heats, (γ) = Cp /Cv

30 136 15 −71 925 17 −78 −118 15 15 −180 0–100

1.14 1.15 1.26 1.31 1.36 1.403 1.408 1.415 1.320 1.670 1.715 1.67

Ammonia Argon

NH3 Ar

Benzene Bromine

C6H6 Br2

90 20–350

1.10 1.32

Carbon dioxide

CO2

disulfide monoxide

CS2 CO

1.299 1.37 1.21 1.402 1.433 1.355 1.15 1.256 1.315

Chlorine Chloroform Cyanogen Cyclohexane

Cl2 CHCl3 (CN)2 C6H12

15 −75 100 15 −180 15 100 15 80

Dichlorodifluormethane

CCl2F2

25

1.139

Ethane

C2H6

100 15 −82 90 35 80 100 15 −91

1.157 1.200 1.28 1.13 1.08 1.086 1.201 1.253 1.345

−180 80 15 −76 −181 20 15 100 65 140 210

1.667 1.066 1.407 1.441 1.607 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.31 1.28 1.24

Ethyl alcohol ether

C2H6O C4H10O

Ethylene

C2H4

Helium Hexane (n-) Hydrogen

He C6H14 H2

bromide chloride

HBr HCl

cyanide

HCN

Compound

Formula

Hydrogen (Cont.) iodide sulfide

HI H2S

Iodine Isobutane

I2 C4H10

Krypton

Kr

Mercury Methane

Hg CH4

Methyl acetate alcohol ether Methylal

C3H6O2 CH4O C2H6O C3H8O2

Neon Nitric oxide

Ne NO

Nitrogen

N2

Nitrous oxide

N2O

Oxygen

O2

Pentane (n-) Phosphorus Potassium

C5H12 P K

Sodium Sulfur dioxide

Na SO2

Xenon

Xe

Temperature, °C

Ratio of specific heats, (γ) = Cp /Cv

20–100 15 −45 −57

1.40 1.332 1.350 1.356

185 15

1.30 1.110

19

1.672

360 600 300 15 −80 −115 15 77 6–30 13 40

1.67 1.113 1.196 1.310 1.339 1.347 1.14 1.237 1.11 1.06 1.09

19 15 −45 −80 15 −181 100 15 −30 −70

1.667 1.400 1.39 1.38 1.402 1.433 1.28 1.303 1.31 1.34

15 −76 −181

1.398 1.405 1.439

86 300 850

1.071 1.17 1.77

750–920 15

1.68 1.290

19

1.678

*For compounds that appear in Table 2-184, values are from E. W. Lemmon, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. (http://webbook.nist.gov). Values for other compounds are from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 80–82.

SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

2-183

SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS UNITS CONVERSIONS

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32 To convert calories per gram-degree Celsius to British thermal units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.0.

Most of the tables below are from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 115–116, 122–125.

TABLE 2-158

TABLE 2-165

Acetic Acid (at 38 °C)

Mole % acetic acid Cal/(g⋅°C)

TABLE 2-159

0 1.0

6.98 0.911

30.9 0.73

54.5 0.631

100 0.535

Ammonia Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)

Mole % NH3

2.4 °C

20.6 °C

41 °C

61 °C

0 10.5 20.9 31.2 41.4

1.01 0.98 0.96 0.956 0.985

1.0 0.995 0.99 1.0

0.995 1.06 1.03

1.0 1.02

TABLE 2-160

TABLE 2-161

100 0.497

5 °C

20 °C

40 °C

5.88 12.3 27.3 45.8 69.6 100

1.02 0.975 0.877 0.776 0.681 0.576

1.0 0.982 0.917 0.811 0.708 0.60

0.995 0.98 0.92 0.83 0.726 0.617

TABLE 2-166

95 0.52

90.5 0.53

82.3 0.56

75.2 0.581

Copper Sulfate

Composition CuSO4 + 50H2O CuSO4 + 200H2O CuSO4 + 400H2O TABLE 2-162

Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C) Mole % CH3OH

Aniline (at 20 °C)

Mol % aniline Cal/(g⋅°C)

Methyl Alcohol

Temperature

Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)

12 to 15 °C 12 to 14 °C 13 to 17 °C

0.848 0.951 0.975

Nitric Acid

% HNO3 by Weight

Specific heat at 20 °C, cal/(g⋅°C)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1.000 0.900 0.810 0.730 0.675 0.650 0.640 0.615 0.575 0.515

Ethyl Alcohol Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)

Mole % C2H5OH 4.16 11.5 37.0 61.0 100.0 TABLE 2-163

3 °C

23 °C

41 °C

1.05 1.02 0.805 0.67 0.54

1.02 1.03 0.86 0.727 0.577

1.02 1.03 0.875 0.748 0.621

Glycerol Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)

Mole % C3H5(OH)3

15 °C

32 °C

2.12 4.66 11.5 22.7 43.9 100.0

0.961 0.929 0.851 0.765 0.67 0.555

0.960 0.924 0.841 0.758 0.672 0.576

TABLE 2-164

Hydrochloric Acid Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)

Mole % HCl 0.0 9.09 16.7 20.0 25.9

0 °C

10 °C

20 °C

40 °C

60 °C

1.00 0.72 0.61 0.58 0.55

0.72 0.605 0.575

0.74 0.631 0.591

0.75 0.645 0.615

0.78 0.67 0.638 0.61

TABLE 2-167

Phosphoric Acid*

%H2PO4

Cp at 21.3 °C cal/(g⋅°C)

%H3PO4

Cp at 21.3 °C cal/(g⋅°C)

2.50 3.80 5.33 8.81 10.27 14.39 16.23 19.99 22.10 24.56 25.98 28.15 29.96 32.09 33.95 36.26 38.10 40.10 42.08 44.11 46.22 48.16 49.79

0.9903 0.9970 0.9669 0.9389 0.9293 0.8958 0.8796 0.8489 0.8300 0.8125 0.8004 0.7856 0.7735 0.7590 0.7432 0.7270 0.7160 0.7024 0.6877 0.6748 0.6607 0.6475 0.6370

50.00 52.19 53.72 56.04 58.06 60.23 62.10 64.14 66.13 68.14 69.97 69.50 71.88 73.71 75.79 77.69 79.54 80.00 82.00 84.00 85.98 88.01 89.72

0.6350 0.6220 0.6113 0.5972 0.5831 0.5704 0.5603 0.5460 0.5349 0.5242 0.5157 0.5160 0.5046 0.4940 0.4847 0.4786 0.4680 0.4686 0.4593 0.4500 0.4419 0.4359 0.4206

*Z. Physik. Chem., A167, 42 (1933).

2-184

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-168

Potassium Chloride

TABLE 2-172

Sodium Chloride

Specific heat, cal/(g°C)

Specific heat, cal/(g°C)

Mole % KCl

6 °C

20 °C

33 °C

40 °C

Mole % NaCl

0.99 3.85 5.66 7.41

0.945 0.828 0.77

0.947 0.831 0.775 0.727

0.947 0.835 0.778

0.947 0.837 0.775

0.249 0.99 2.44 9.09

TABLE 2-169

Potassium Hydroxide (at 19 °C)

Mole % KOH Cal/(g°C)

TABLE 2-170

0 1.0

0.497 0.975

1.64 0.93

TABLE 2-173 4.76 0.814

9.09 0.75

Normal Propyl Alcohol

Mole % NaOH Cal/(g . °C)

TABLE 2-174

5 °C

20 °C

40 °C

1.55 5.03 11.4 23.1 41.2 73.0 100.0

1.03 1.07 1.035 0.877 0.75 0.612 0.534

1.02 1.06 1.032 0.90 0.78 0.645 0.57

1.01 1.03 0.99 0.91 0.815 0.708 0.621

TABLE 2-171 % Na2CO3 by weight 0.000 1.498 2.000 2.901 4.000 5.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 13.790 13.840 20.000 25.000

Sodium Carbonate* Temperature, °C 17.6

30.0

76.6

98.0

0.9992 0.9807

0.9986

1.0098

1.0084

0.9786 0.9597

33 °C

57 °C

0.96 0.91 0.805

0.99 0.97 0.915 0.81

0.97 0.915 0.81

0.923 0.82

0 1.0

0.5 0.985

1.0 0.97

9.09 0.835

16.7 0.80

28.6 0.784

37.5 0.782

Sulfuric Acid*

%H2SO4

Cp at 20 °C, cal/(g°C)

%H2SO4

Cp at 20 °C, cal/(g°C)

0.34 0.68 1.34 2.65 3.50 5.16 9.82 15.36 21.40 22.27 23.22 24.25 25.39 26.63 28.00 29.52 30.34 31.20 33.11

0.9968 0.9937 0.9877 0.9762 0.9688 0.9549 0.9177 0.8767 0.8339 0.8275 0.8205 0.8127 0.8041 0.7945 0.7837 0.7717 0.7647 0.7579 0.7422

35.25 37.69 40.49 43.75 47.57 52.13 57.65 64.47 73.13 77.91 81.33 82.49 84.48 85.48 89.36 91.81 94.82 97.44 100.00

0.7238 .7023 .6770 .6476 .6153 .5801 .5420 .5012 .4628 .4518 .4481 .4467 .4408 .4346 .4016 .3787 .3554 .3404 .3352

*Vinal and Craig, Bur. Standards J. Research, 24, 475 (1940).

0.9594 0.9428

20 °C

Sodium Hydroxide (at 20 °C)

Specific heat, cal/(g°C) Mole % C3H7OH

6 °C

0.9761 0.9392

0.9183 0.9086 0.8924

*J. Chem. Soc. 3062–3079 (1931).

0.9452 0.8881 0.8631

0.8936 0.8615

TABLE 2-175 0.8911

Zinc Sulfate

Composition

Temperature

ZnSO4 + 50H2O ZnSO4 + 200H2O

20 to 52 °C 20 to 52 °C

Specific heat, cal/(g°C) 0.842 0.952

HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION

2-185

SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS TABLE 2-176 and Solids

Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids

Material

Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C) 0.2 (100 °C); 0.274 (1500 °C) 0.186 (100 °C) 0.25 0.22 0.3 to 0.4 About 0.2 0.168 (26 to 76 °C) 0.314 (40 to 892 °C) 0.387 (56 to 1450 °C) 0.204

Alumina Alundum Asbestos Asphalt Bakelite Brickwork Carbon (gas retort) (see under Graphite) Cellulose Cement, Portland Clinker Charcoal (wood) Chrome brick Clay Coal tar oils Coal tars Coke Concrete Cryolite Diamond Fireclay brick Fluorspar Gasoline Glass (crown) (flint) (pyrex) (silicate) wool Granite Graphite Gypsum Kerosene Limestone Litharge Magnesia Magnesite brick Marble Porcelain, fired Berlin Porcelain, green Berlin Porcelain, fired earthenware Porcelain, green earthenware

0.32 0.186 0.242 0.17 0.224 0.26 to 0.37 0.34 (15 to 90 °C) 0.35 (40 °C); 0.45 (200 °C) 0.265 (21 to 400 °C) 0.359 (21 to 800 °C) 0.403 (21 to 1300 °C) 0.156 (70 to 312 °F); 0.219 (72 to 1472 °F) 0.253 (16 to 55 °C) 0.147 0.198 (100 °C); 0.298 (1500 °C) 0.21 (30 °C) 0.53 0.16 to 0.20 0.117 0.20 0.188 to 0.204 (0 to 100 °C) 0.24 to 0.26 (0 to 700 °C) 0.157 0.20 (20 to 100 °C) 0.165 (26 to 76 °C); 0.390 (56 to 1450 °C) 0.259 (16 to 46 °C) 0.47 0.217 0.055 0.234 (100 °C); 0.188 (1500 °C) 0.222 (100 °C); 0.195 (1500 °C) 0.21 (18 °C) 0.189 (60 °C) 0.185 (60 °C) 0.186 (60 °C) 0.181 (60 °C)

TABLE 2-176 Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids (Concluded) Material

Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)

Pyrex glass Pyrites (copper) Pyrites (iron) Pyroxylin plastics Quartz Rubber (vulcanized) Sand Silica Silica brick Silicon carbide brick Silk Steel Stone Stoneware (common) Turpentine Wood (Oak) Woods, miscellaneous Wool Zirconium oxide

TABLE 2-177

0.20 0.131 (30 °C) 0.136 (30 °C) 0.34 to 0.38 0.17 (0 °C); 0.28 (350 °C) 0.415 0.191 0.316 0.202 (100 °C); 0.195 (1500 °C) 0.202 (100 °C) 0.33 0.12 about 0.2 0.188 (60 °C) 0.42 (18 °C) 0.570 0.45 to 0.65 0.325 0.11 (100 °C); 0.179 (1500 °C)

Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) 15  Cp[cal/(g⋅°C)] = A/d 4 + B(t − 15)

where d = density, g/cm3. °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; to convert calories per gram-degree Celsius to British thermal units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.0; to convert grams per cubic centimeter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. Oils

A

Castor Citron Fatty drying nondrying semidrying oils (except castor) Naphthene base Olive Paraffin base Petroleum oils

0.500

PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS UNITS CONVERSIONS °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; to convert kilocalories per gram-mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 × 10−3.

B

0.0007 (0.438 at 54 °C) 0.440 0.0007 0.450 0.0007 0.445 0.0007 0.450 0.0007 0.405 0.0009 (0.47 at 7 °C) 0.425 0.0009 0.415 0.0009

2-186

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds

The values given in the following table for the heats and free energies of formation of inorganic compounds are derived from (a) Bichowsky and Rossini, “Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances,” Reinhold, New York, 1936; (b) Latimer, “Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution,” PrenticeHall, New York, 1938; (c) the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards; and (d) the tables of Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is referred to the preceding books and tables for additional details as to methods of calculation, standard states, and so on.

Compound Aluminum Al AlBr3 Al4C3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 AlN Al(NH4)(SO4)2 Al(NH4)(SO4)2·12H2O Al(NO3)3·6H2O Al(NO3)3·9H2O Al2O3 Al(OH)3 Al2O3·SiO2 Al2O3·SiO2 Al2O3·SiO2 3Al2O3·2SiO2 Al2S3 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·6H2O Al2(SO4)3·18H2O Antimony Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2O4 Sb2O5 Sb2S3 Arsenic As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 AsI3 As2O3 As2O5 As2S3 Barium Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Ba(CN)2 Ba(CNO)2 BaCN2 BaCO3 BaCrO4

State† c c aq c c aq, 600 c aq c aq c c c c c c, corundum c c, sillimanite c, disthene c, andalusite c, mullite c c aq c c c c c l c c c, I, orthorhombic c, II, octahedral c c c, black

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −123.4 −209.5 −30.8 −163.8 −243.9 −329 −360.8 −72.8 −163.4 −57.7 −561.19 −1419.36 −680.89 −897.59 −399.09 −304.8 −648.7 −642.4 −642.0 −1874 −121.6 −820.99 −893.9 −1268.15 −2120 0.00 −59.9 −91.3 −104.8 −216.6 −22.8 −165.4 −166.6 −213.0 −230.0 −38.2

c c l l g c c c c amorphous

0.00 −45.9 −80.2 −223.76 43.6 −13.6 −154.1 −217.9 −20 −34.76

c c aq, 400 c aq, 300 c aq, 1600 c aq, 800 c c aq c c, witherite c

0.00 −180.38 −185.67 −205.25 −207.92 −176.6 −170.0 −210.2

*For footnotes see end of table.

−48 −212.1 −63.6 −284.2 −342.2

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −189.2 −29.0 −209.5 −312.6 −152.5 −50.4 −486.17 −1179.26 −526.32 −376.87 −272.9

−739.53 −759.3 −1103.39

Compound Barium (Cont.) BaF2 BaH2 Ba(HCO3)2 BaI2 Ba(IO3)2 BaMoO4 Ba3N2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 BaO Ba(OH)2 BaO·SiO2 Ba3(PO4)2 BaPtCl6 BaS BaSO3 BaSO4 BaWO4 Beryllium Be BeBr2

0.00 −77.8

−146.0 −186.6 −196.1 −36.9 0.00 −70.5 −212.27 37.7 −134.8 −183.9 −20 0.00 −183.0 −196.5 −134.4 −155.3 −180.7 −271.4

BeCl2 BeI2 Be3N2 BeO Be(OH)2 BeS BeSO4 Bismuth Bi BiCl3 BiI3 BiO Bi2O3 Bi(OH)3 Bi2S3 Bi2(SO4)3 Boron B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2H6 BN B2O3 B(OH)3 B2S3 Bromine Br2 BrCl

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

c aq, 1600 c aq c aq, 400 c aq c c c aq c aq, 600 c c aq, 400 c c c c c c c

−287.9 −284.6 −40.8 −459 −144.6 −155.17 −264.5 −237.50 −370 −90.7 −184.5 −179.05 −236.99 −227.74 −133.0 −225.9 −237.76 −363 −992 −284.9 −111.2 −282.5 −340.2 −402

c c aq c aq c aq c c c c c aq

0.00 −79.4 −142 −112.6 −163.9 −39.4 −112 −134.5 −145.3 −215.6 −56.1 −281

c c aq c aq c c c c c

0.00 −90.5 −101.6 −24 −27 −49.5 −137.1 −171.1 −43.9 −607.1

c l g g g g c c gls c c

0.00 −52.7 −44.6 −94.5 −265.2 7.5 −32.1 −302.0 −297.6 −260.0 −56.6

l g g

0.00 7.47 3.06

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −265.3 −31.5 −414.4 −158.52 −198.35

−150.75 −189.94

−209.02

−313.4 0.00 −127.9 −141.4 −103.4 −122.4 −138.3

−254.8 0.00 −76.4

−43.2 −117.9 −39.1 0.00 −50.9 −90.8 −261.0 19.9 −27.2 −282.9 −280.3 −229.4 0.00 0.931 −0.63

HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

Compound Cadmium Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 Cd(CN)2 CdCO3 CdI2 Cd3N2 Cd(NO3)2 CdO Cd(OH)2 CdS CdSO4 Calcium Ca CaBr2 CaC2 CaCl2 CaCN2 Ca(CN)2 CaCO3 CaCO3·MgCO3 CaC2O4 Ca(C2H3O2)2 CaF2 CaH2 CaI2 Ca3N2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2·2H2O Ca(NO3)2·3H2O Ca(NO3)2·4H2O CaO Ca(OH)2 CaO·SiO2 CaS CaSO4 CaSO4·aH2O CaSO4·2H2O CaWO4 Carbon C CO CO2 Cerium Ce CeN Cesium Cs CsBr CsCl

2-187

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

c c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c c c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c c c c aq, 400

0.00 −75.8 −76.6 −92.149 −96.44 36.2 −178.2 −48.40 −47.46 39.8 −115.67 −62.35 −135.0 −34.5 −222.23 −232.635

c c aq, 400 c c aq c c aq c, calcite c, aragonite c c c aq c aq c c aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c c c c c aq, 800 c, II, wollastonite c, I, pseudowollastonite c c, insoluble form c, soluble form α c, soluble form β c c c

0.00 −162.20 −187.19 −14.8 −190.6 −209.15 −85 −43.3 −289.5 −289.54 −558.8 −332.2 −356.3 −364.1 −290.2 −286.5 −46 −128.49 −156.63 −103.2 −224.05 −228.29 −367.95 −439.05 −509.43 −151.7 −235.58 −239.2 −377.9 −376.6 −114.3 −338.73 −336.58 −335.52 −376.13 −479.33 −387

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −70.7 −67.6 −81.889 −81.2 −163.2 −43.22 −71.05 −55.28 −113.7 −33.6 −194.65 0.00 −181.86 −16.0 −179.8 −195.36 −54.0 −270.8 −270.57

−311.3 −264.1 −35.7 −157.37 −88.2 −177.38 −293.57 −351.58 −409.32 −144.3 −213.9 −207.9 −357.5 −356.6 −113.1 −311.9 −309.8 −308.8 −425.47

c, graphite c, diamond g g

0.00 0.453 −26.416 −94.052

0.00 0.685 −32.808 −94.260

c c

0.00 −78.2

0.00 −70.8

0.00 −97.64 −91.39 −106.31 −102.01

0.00

c c aq, 500 c aq, 400

−94.86 −101.61

Compound Cesium (Cont.) Cs2CO3 CsF CsH CsHCO3 CsI CsNH2 CsNO3 Cs2O CsOH Cs2S Cs2SO4 Chlorine Cl2 ClF ClO ClO2 ClO3 Cl2O Cl2O7 Chromium Cr CrBr3 Cr3C2 Cr4C CrCl2 CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrO3 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cobalt Co CoBr2 Co3C CoCl2 CoCO3 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CoO Co3O4 Co(OH)2 Co(OH)3 CoS Co2S3 CoSO4 Columbium Cb Cb2O5 Copper Cu CuBr CuBr2 CuCl CuCl2

State† c c aq, 400 c c aq, 2000 c aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c c aq, 200 c c aq g g g g g g g c aq c c c aq c c c aq c c aq

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −271.88 −131.67 −140.48 −12 −230.6 −226.6 −83.91 −75.74 −28.2 −121.14 −111.54 −82.1 −100.2 −117.0 −87 −344.86 −340.12 0.00 −25.7 33 24.7 37 18.20 63 0.00 −21.008 −16.378 −103.1 −152 −231 −63.7 −139.3 −268.8

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

−135.98 −7.30 −210.56 −82.61 −96.53 −107.87 −316.66 0.00 29.5 22.40 0.00 −122.7 −21.20 −16.74 −93.8 −102.1

−64.1 −249.3 −626.3

c c aq c c aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq c c c c c c c aq, 400

0.00 −55.0 −73.61 9.49 −76.9 −95.58 −172.39 −172.98 −24.2 −43.15 −102.8 −114.9 −57.5 −196.5 −131.5 −177.0 −22.3 −40.0 −216.6

c c

0.00 −462.96

0.00

0.00 −26.7 −34.0 −42.4 −31.4 −48.83 −64.7

0.00 −23.8

c c c aq c c aq, 400

0.00 −61.96 7.08 −66.6 −75.46 −155.36 −144.2 −37.4 −65.3 −108.9 −142.0 −19.8 −188.9

−33.25 −24.13

2-188

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

Compound Copper (Cont.) CuClO4 Cu(ClO3)2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuI CuI2 Cu3N Cu(NO3)2 CuO Cu2O Cu(OH)2 CuS Cu2S CuSO4 Cu2SO4 Erbium Er Er(OH)3 Fluorine F2 F2O Gallium Ga GaBr3 GaCl3 GaN Ga2O Ga2O3 Germanium Ge Ge3N4 GeO2 Gold Au AuBr AuBr3 AuCl AuCl3 AuI Au2O3 Au(OH)3 Hafnium Hf HfO2 Hydrogen H3AsO3 H3AsO4 HBr HBrO HBrO3 HCl HCN HClO HClO3 HClO4 HC2H3O2 H2C2O4 HCOOH

State† aq aq, 400 aq c c aq c c aq, 200 c c c c c c aq, 800 c aq

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −28.3 −17.8 −4.8 −11.9 17.78 −73.1 −83.6 −38.5 −43.00 −108.9 −11.6 −18.97 −184.7 −200.78 −179.6

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 1.34 15.4 −5.5 −16.66 −8.76 −36.6 −31.9 −38.13 −85.5 −11.69 −20.56 −158.3 −160.19 −152.0

c c

0.00 −326.8

0.00

g g

0.00 5.5

0.00 9.7

Compound Hydrogen (Cont.) H2CO3 HF HI HIO HIO3 HN3 HNO3 HNO3·H2O HNO3·3H2O H2O H2O2 H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4 H2S

c c c c c c

0.00 −92.4 −125.4 −26.2 −84.3 −259.9

0.00

c c c

0.00 −15.7 −128.6

0.00

c c c aq c c aq c c c

0.00 −3.4 −14.5 −11.0 −8.3 −28.3 −32.96 0.2 11.0 −100.6

0.00

H2S2 H2SO3 H2SO4 H2Se H2SeO3 H2SeO4

24.47

H2SiO3 H4SiO4 H2Te H2TeO3

4.21 −0.76 18.71

H2TeO4 Indium In InBr3 InCl3

c c

0.00 −271.1

0.00 −258.2

aq c aq g aq, 400 aq aq g aq, 400 g aq, 100 aq, 400 aq aq, 660 l aq, 400 c aq, 300 l aq, 200

−175.6 −214.9 −214.8 −8.66 −28.80 −25.4 −11.51 −22.063 −39.85 31.1 24.2 −28.18 −23.4 −31.4 −116.2 −116.74 −196.7 −194.6 −97.8 −98.0

−153.04 −183.93 −12.72 −24.58 −19.90 5.00 −22.778 −31.330 27.94 26.55 −19.11 −0.25 −10.70 −93.56 −96.8 −165.64 −82.7 −85.1

InI3 InN In2O3 Iodine I2 IBr ICl ICl3 I2O5 Iridium Ir IrCl IrCl2 IrCl3 IrF6 IrO2 Iron Fe FeBr2

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

aq g aq, 200 g aq, 400 aq c aq g g l aq, 400 l l g l l aq, 200 c aq c aq c aq, 400 g aq, 2000 l aq, 200 l aq, 400 g aq c aq c aq, 400 c c g c aq aq

−167.19 −64.2 −75.75 6.27 −13.47 −38 −56.77 −54.8 70.3 −31.99 −41.35 −49.210 −112.91 −252.15 −57.7979 −68.3174 −45.16 −45.80 −145.5 −145.6 −232.2 −232.2 −306.2 −309.32 −4.77 −9.38 −3.6 −146.88 −193.69 −212.03 20.5 18.1 −126.5 −122.4 −130.23 −143.4 −267.8 −340.6 36.9 −145.0 −145.0 −165.6

c c aq c aq c aq c c

0.00 −97.2 −112.9 −128.5 −145.6 −56.5 −67.2 −4.8 −222.47

c g g g c c

0.00 14.88 10.05 4.20 −21.8 −42.5

0.00 4.63 1.24 −1.32 −6.05

c c c c l c

0.00 −20.5 −40.6 −60.5 −130 −40.14

0.00 −16.9 −32.0 −46.5

0.00 −57.15 −78.7

0.00

c, α c aq, 540

−149.0 −64.7 0.365 −12.35 −23.33 −32.25 78.50 −17.57 −19.05 −78.36 −193.70 −54.6351 −56.6899 −28.23 −31.47 −120.0 −204.0 −270.0 −7.85 −128.54 17.0 18.4 −101.36 −247.9 33.1 −115.7

0.00 −97.2 −117.5 −60.5

−69.47

HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

Compound Iron (Cont.) FeBr3 Fe3C Fe(CO)5 FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl3 FeF2 FeI2 FeI3 Fe4N Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FeO·SiO2 Fe2P FeSi FeS FeS2 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 FeTiO3 Lanthanum La LaCl3 La3H8 LaN La2O3 LaS2 La2S3 La2(SO4)3 Lead Pb PbBr2 PbCO3 Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbC2O4 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO PbO2 Pb3O4 Pb(OH)2 PbS PbSO4 Lithium Li LiBr LiBrO3 Li2C2 LiCN LiCNO

2-189

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

aq c l c, siderite c aq c aq, 2000 aq, 1200 c aq aq c aq aq, 800 c c c c c c c c c c, pyrites c, marcasite c aq, 400 aq, 400 c, ilmenite

−95.5 5.69 −187.6 −172.4 −81.9 −100.0 −96.4 −128.5 −177.2 −24.2 −47.7 −49.7 −2.55 −118.9 −156.5 −64.62 −198.5 −266.9 −135.9 −197.3 −273.5 −13 −19.0 −22.64 −38.62 −33.0 −221.3 −236.2 −653.3 −295.51

c c aq c c c c c aq

0.00 −253.1 −284.7 −160 −72.0 −539 −148.3 −351.4 −972

c c aq c, cerussite c aq, 400 c c aq c c c aq, 400 c, red c, yellow c c c c c

0.00 −66.24 −56.4 −167.6 −232.6 −234.2 −205.3 −85.68 −82.5 −159.5 −41.77 −106.88 −99.46 −51.72 −50.86 −65.0 −172.4 −123.0 −22.38 −218.5

c c aq, 400 aq c aq aq

0.00 −83.75 −95.40 −77.9 −13.0 −31.4 −101.2

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −76.26 4.24 −154.8 −72.6 −83.0 −96.5 −151.7 −45 −39.5 0.862 −72.8 −81.3 −59.38 −179.1 −242.3 −115.7 −166.3

−23.23 −35.93 −195.5 −196.4 −533.4 −277.06 0.00

Compound Lithium (Cont.) LiC2H3O2 Li2CO3 LiCl LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH LiHCO3 LiI LiIO3 Li3N LiNO3 Li2O Li2O2 LiOH LiOH·H2O Li2O·SiO2 Li2Se Li2SO4 Li2SO4·H2O Magnesium Mg Mg(AsO4)2 MgBr2

−64.6

0.00 −62.06 −54.97 −150.0 −184.40 −75.04 −68.47 −148.1 −41.47 −58.3 −45.53 −43.88 −52.0 −142.2 −102.2 −21.98 −192.9 0.00 −95.28 −65.70 −31.35 −94.12

Mg(CN)2 MgCN2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2·H2O MgCl2·2H2O MgCl2·4H2O MgCl2·6H2O MgF2 MgI2 MgMoO4 Mg3N2 Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2·2H2O Mg(NO3)2·6H2O MgO MgO·SiO2 Mg(OH)2 MgS MgSO4 MgTe MgWO4 Manganese Mn MnBr2 Mn3C

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

aq c aq, 1900 c aq, 278 aq aq c aq, 400 c aq, 2000 c aq, 400 aq c c aq, 400 c c aq c aq, 400 c gls c aq c aq, 400 c

−183.9 −289.7 −293.1 −97.63 −106.45 −87.5 −106.3 −145.57 −144.85 −22.9 −231.1 −65.07 −80.09 −121.3 −47.45 −115.350 −115.88 −142.3 −151.9 −159 −116.58 −121.47 −188.92 −374 −84.9 −95.5 −340.23 −347.02 −411.57

c c aq c aq, 400 aq c aq c c aq, 400 c c c c c c aq, 400 c c c aq, 400 c c c c c, ppt. c, brucite c aq c aq, 400 c c

0.00 −731.3 −749 −123.9 −167.33 −39.7 −61 −344.6 −261.7 −153.220 −189.76 −230.970 −305.810 −453.820 −597.240 −263.8 −86.8 −136.79 −329.9 −115.2 −188.770 −209.927 −336.625 −624.48 −143.84 −347.5 −221.90 −223.9 −84.2 −108 −304.94 −325.4 −25 −345.2

c, α c aq c

0.00 −91 −106 1.1

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −160.00 −269.8 −267.58 −102.03 −70.95 −81.4 −136.40 −210.98 −83.03 −102.95 −37.33 −96.95 −138.0 −106.44 −108.29

−105.64 −314.66 −375.07 0.00 −630.14 −156.94 −29.08 −286.38 −241.7 −143.77 −205.93 −267.20 −387.98 −505.45 −132.45 −100.8 −140.66 −160.28 −496.03 −136.17 −326.7 −200.17 −193.3 −277.7 −283.88

0.00 −97.8 1.26

2-190

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

Compound Manganese (Cont.) Mn(C2H3O2)2 MnCO3 MnC2O4 MnCl2 MnF2 MnI2 Mn5N2 Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2.6H2O MnO MnO2 Mn2O3 Mn3O4 MnO.SiO2 Mn(OH)2 Mn(OH)3 Mn3(PO4)2 MnSe MnS MnSO4 Mn2(SO4)3 Mercury Hg HgBr HgBr2 Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgCl2 HgCl Hg2Cl2 Hg(CN)2 HgC2O4 HgH HgI2 HgI Hg2I2 Hg(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2 HgO Hg2O HgS HgSO4 Hg2SO4 Molybdenum Mo Mo2C Mo2N MoO2 MoO3 MoS2 MoS3 Nickel Ni NiBr2 Ni3C Ni(C2H3O2)2 Ni(CN)2 NiCl2

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

c aq c c c aq, 400 aq, 1200 c aq c c aq, 400 c c c c c c c c c c c, green c aq, 400 c aq

−270.3 −282.7 −211 −240.9 −112.0 −128.9 −206.1 −49.8 −76.2 −57.77 −134.9 −148.0 −557.07 −92.04 −124.58 −229.5 −331.65 −301.3 −163.4 −221 −736 −26.3 −47.0 −254.18 −265.2 −635 −657

l g c aq c aq c aq g c c aq, 1110 c g c, red g c aq aq c, red c, yellow ppt. c c, black c c

0.00 23 −40.68 −38.4 −196.3 −192.5 −53.4 −50.3 19 −63.13 62.8 66.25 −159.3 57.1 −25.3 33 −28.88 −56.8 −58.5 −21.6 −20.8 −21.6 −10.7 −166.6 −177.34

c c c c c c c

0.00 4.36 −8.3 −130 −180.39 −56.27 −61.48

c c aq c aq aq c

0.00 −53.4 −72.6 9.2 −249.6 230.9 −75.0

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Compound

State†

Nickel (Cont.) −227.2 −192.5 −102.2 −180.0 −73.3 −46.49 −101.1 −441.2 −86.77 −111.49 −209.9 −306.22 −282.1 −143.1 −190 −27.5 −48.0 −228.41

NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiO Ni(OH)2 Ni(OH)3 NiS NiSO4 Nitrogen N2 NF3 NH3 NH4Br NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN NH4CNS (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2C2O4

0.00 18 −38.8 −9.74 −139.2 −42.2 −23.25 14

NH4Cl NH4ClO4 (NH4)2CrO4 NH4F NH4I NH4NO3

52.25 −24.0 23 −26.53 −13.09 −15.65 −13.94 −12.80 −8.80 −149.12 0.00 2.91 −118.0 −162.01 −54.19 −57.38 0.00 −60.7 8.88 −190.1 66.3

NH4OH (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO4 N2H4 N2H4·H2O N2H4·H2SO4 N2O NO NO2 N2O4 N2O5 NOBr NOCl Osmium Os OsO4 Oxygen O2 O3 Palladium Pd PdO Phosphorus P P

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq, 200 c c c c c aq, 200

−94.34 −157.5 −171.6 −22.4 −42.0 −101.5 −113.5 −58.4 −129.8 −163.2 −20.4 −216 −231.3

g g g aq, 200 c aq c aq, 400 c aq c aq aq c aq c aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq c aq c aq, 500 aq aq, 400 c aq, 400 l l c g g g g c l g

0.00 −27 −10.96 −19.27 −64.57 −60.27 −148.1 −148.58 −0.7 3.6 −17.8 −12.3 −223.4 −266.3 −260.6 −75.23 −71.20 −69.4 −63.2 −276.9 −271.3 −111.6 −110.2 −48.43 −44.97 −87.40 −80.89 −87.59 −55.21 −281.74 −279.33 12.06 −57.96 −232.2 19.55 21.600 7.96 2.23 −10.0 11.6 12.8

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −74.19 −142.9 −36.2 −64.0 −51.7 −105.6

−187.6 0.00 −3.903 −43.54 −108.26 20.4 4.4 −164.1 −196.2 −48.59 −21.1 −209.3 −84.7 −31.3

−14.50 −215.06 −214.02

24.82 20.719 12.26 23.41 19.26 16.1

c c g

0.00 −93.6 −80.1

0.00 −70.9 −68.1

g g

0.00 33.88

0.00 38.86

c c

0.00 −20.40

0.00

c, white (“yellow”) c, red (“violet”) g

0.00 −4.22 150.35

0.00 −1.80 141.88

HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

Compound Phosphorus (Cont.) P2 P4 PBr3 PBr5 PCl3 PCl5 PH3 PI3 P2O5 POCl3 Platinum Pt PtBr4 PtCl2 PtCl4 PtI4 Pt(OH)2 PtS PtS2 Potassium K K3AsO3 K3AsO4 KH2AsO4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KCN KCNO KCNS K2CO3 K2C2O4 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KF K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KH KHCO3 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 K2MoO4

2-191

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

g g l c g l g g c c g

33.82 13.2 −45 −60.6 −70.0 −76.8 −91.0 2.21 −10.9 −360.0 −138.4

c c aq c c aq c c c c

0.00 −40.6 −50.7 −34 −62.6 −82.3 −18 −87.5 −20.18 −26.64

c aq aq c c aq, 400 c aq, 1667 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 180 c aq c aq c c aq, 2000 c aq, 500 c aq, 400 aq c aq, 400 aq, 880

0.00 −323.0 −390.3 −271.2 −94.06 −89.19 −81.58 −71.68 −173.80 −177.38 −104.348 −100.164 −93.5 −81.34 −103.8 −101.14 −28.1 −25.3 −99.6 −94.5 −47.0 −41.07 −274.01 −280.90 −319.9 −315.5 −333.4 −328.2 −488.5 −472.1 −134.50 −138.36 −48.4 −34.5 −131.8 −119.9 −10 −229.8 −224.85 −78.88 −73.95 −121.69 −115.18 −98.1 −192.9 −182.5 −364.2

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 24.60 5.89 −65.2 −63.3 −73.2 −1.45 −127.2 0.00

Compound Potassium (Cont.) KNH2 KNO2 KNO3 K2O K2O·Al2O3·SiO2 K2O·Al2O3·SiO2 KOH K3PO3 K3PO4 KH2PO4 K2PtCl4 K2PtCl6

−67.9 −18.55 −24.28

K2Se K2SeO4 K2S

0.00 −355.7 −236.7 −90.8 −92.0 −60.30 −156.73 −97.76 −98.76 −69.30 −72.86 −28.08 −90.85 −44.08

K2SO3 K2SO4 K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3 K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3· 24H2O K2S2O6 Rhenium Re ReF6 Rhodium Rh RhO Rh2O Rh2O3 Rubidium Rb RbBr

−264.04

RbCN Rb2CO3

−293.1

RbCl

−306.3 −440.9 −133.13

−5.3 −207.71 −77.37 −79.76 −101.87 −99.68 −169.1 −168.0 −342.9

RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbNH2 RbNO3 Rb2O Rb2O2 RbOH Ruthenium Ru RuS2 Selenium Se

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

c aq c aq, 400 c c, leucite gls c, adularia c, microcline gls c aq, 400 aq aq c c aq c aq, 9400 c aq aq c aq, 400 c aq c aq, 400 c

−28.25 −86.0 −118.08 −109.79 −86.2 −1379.6 −1368.2 −1784.5 −1784.5 −1747 −102.02 −114.96 −397.5 −478.7 −362.7 −254.7 −242.6 −299.5 −286.1 −74.4 −83.4 −267.1 −121.5 −110.75 −267.7 −269.7 −342.65 −336.48 −1178.38

c c

−2895.44 −418.62

−2455.68

c g

0.00 −274

0.00

c c c c

0.00 −21.7 −22.7 −68.3

0.00

0.00 −95.82 −45.0 −90.54 −25.9 −273.22 −282.61 −105.06 −53.6 −101.06 −133.23 −139.31 −230.01 −225.59 −81.04 −31.2 −74.57 −27.74 −119.22 −110.52 −82.9 −107 −101.3 −115.8

0.00

c c g aq, 500 aq c aq, 220 c g aq, ∞ c aq, 400 c aq, 2000 c g aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c c c aq, 200 c c c, I, hexagonal

−75.9 −94.29 −93.68

−105.0 −443.3 −326.1 −226.5 −263.6 −99.10 −240.0 −111.44 −251.3 −314.62 −310.96 −1068.48

−52.50 −93.38 −263.78 −98.48 −57.9 −100.13 −134.5 −209.07 −40.5 −81.13 −95.05

−106.39

0.00 −46.99

0.00 −44.11

0.00

0.00

2-192

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-178

Compound

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Se2Cl2 SeF6 SeO2 Silicon Si SiBr4 SiC SiCl4 SiF4 SiH4 SiI4 Si3N4 SiO2

Silver Ag AgBr Ag2C2 AgC2H3O2 AgCN Ag2CO3 Ag2C2O4 AgCl AgF AgI AgIO3 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2O Ag2S Ag2SO4 Sodium Na Na3AsO3 Na3AsO4 NaBr NaBrO NaBrO3 NaC2H3O2 NaCN NaCNO NaCNS Na2CO3 NaCO2NH2 Na2C2O4 NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4

Compound

State†

Sodium (Cont.)

Selenium (Cont.) c, II, red, monoclinic l g c

0.2 −22.06 −246 −56.33

−13.73 −222

0.00 −93.0 −28 −150.0 −142.5 −370 −14.8 −29.8 −179.25 −202.62

0.00

c l c l g g g c c c, cristobalite, 1600° form c, cristobalite, 1100° form c, quartz c, tridymite

−203.35 −203.23

c c c c aq c c c c c aq, 400 c c c aq c aq, 6500 c c c aq

0.00 −23.90 84.5 −95.9 −91.7 33.8 −119.5 −158.7 −30.11 −48.7 −53.1 −15.14 −42.02 −11.6 −2.9 −29.4 −24.02 −6.95 −5.5 −170.1 −165.8

c aq, 500 c aq, 500 c aq, 400 aq aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 200 c aq c aq, 400 c aq, 1000 c c aq, 600 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c

0.00 −314.61 −366 −381.97 −86.72 −86.33 −78.9 −68.89 −170.45 −175.450 −22.47 −22.29 −96.3 −91.7 −39.94 −38.23 −269.46 −275.13 −142.17 −313.8 −309.92 −98.321 −97.324 −83.59 −78.42 −101.12

Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 NaF NaH NaHCO3

−27.4 −133.9 −133.0 −360 −9.4

NaIO3 Na2MoO4

−154.74

NaNO2

NaI

NaNO3

−202.46 −190.4 0.00 −23.02 −70.86 38.70 −103.0 −25.98 −47.26 −16.17 −24.08 3.76 9.99 −7.66 −7.81 −2.23 −7.6 −146.8 −139.22 0.00 −341.17 −87.17 −57.59 −152.31 −23.24 −86.00 −39.24 −249.55 −251.36 −283.42 −91.894 −93.92 −62.84

Na2O Na2O2 Na2O·SiO2 Na2O·Al2O3·3SiO2 Na2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 NaOH Na3PO3 Na3PO4 Na2PtCl4 Na2PtCl6 Na2Se Na2SeO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O Na2WO4 Strontium Sr SrBr2 Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(CN)2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrF2 Sr(HCO3)2 SrI2 Sr3N2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrO·SiO2 SrO2 Sr2O Sr(OH)2 Sr3(PO4)2 SrS

aq, 476 c aq, 800 aq, 1200 c aq, 400 c c aq c aq, ∞ aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq, 400 c c c c, natrolite c c aq, 400 aq, 1000 c aq, 400 aq c aq c aq, 440 c aq, 800 c aq, 400 c aq, 800 c aq, 1100 c c aq c c aq, 400 c aq aq c c aq, 400 c aq c aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c gls c c c aq, 800 c aq c

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

−97.66 −319.8 −323.0 −465.9 −135.94 −135.711 −14 −226.0 −222.1 −69.28 −71.10 −112.300 −364 −358.7 −86.6 −83.1 −111.71 −106.880 −99.45 −119.2 −383.91 −1180 −1366 −101.96 −112.193 −389.1 −457 −471.9 −237.2 −272.1 −280.9 −59.1 −78.1 −254 −261.5 −89.8 −105.17 −261.2 −264.1 −330.50 −330.82 −1033.85 −391 −381.5

−73.29

0.00 −171.0 −187.24 −358.0 −364.4 −59.5 −290.9 −197.84 −209.20 −289.0 −459.1 −136.1 −156.70 −91.4 −233.2 −228.73 −140.8 −364 −153.3 −153.6 −228.7 −239.4 −980 −985 −113.1

−296.58 −431.18 −129.0 −128.29 −9.30 −202.66 −202.87 −74.92 −94.84 −333.18 −71.04 −87.62 −88.84 −90.06 −105.0 −361.49 −90.60 −100.18 −428.74 −216.78

−89.42 −230.30 −101.76 −240.14 −241.58 −302.38 −301.28 −870.52 −345.18 0.00 −182.36 −311.80 −54.50 −271.9 −195.86 −413.76 −157.87 −76.5 −185.70 −133.7 −139.0 −208.27 −881.54

HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )

Compound

State†

Strontium (Cont.) SrSO4 SrWO4 Sulfur S

S2 S6 S8 S2Br2 SCl4 S2Cl2 S2Cl4 SF6 SO SO2 SO3

SO2Cl2 Tantalum Ta TaN Ta2O5 Tellurium Te TeBr4 TeCl4 TeF6 TeO2 Thallium Tl TlBr TlCl TlCl3 TlF TlI TlNO3 Tl2O Tl2O3 TlOH Tl2S Tl2SO4 Thorium Th ThBr4 ThC2 ThCl4 ThI4 Th3N4 ThO2 Th(OH)4 Th(SO4)2

2-193

aq c aq, 400 c

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −120.4 −345.3 −345.0 −393 0.00 −0.071 0.257

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −109.78 −309.30 0.00 0.023 0.072 0.071 43.57 19.36 13.97 12.770

53.25 31.02 27.78 27.090 −4 −13.7 −14.2 −24.1 −262 19.02 −70.94 −94.39 −103.03 −105.09 −105.92 −109.34 −82.04 −89.80

−237 12.75 −71.68 −88.59 −88.28 −88.22 −88.34 −88.98 −74.06 −75.06

c c c

0.00 −51.2 −486.0

0.00 −45.11 −453.7

c c c g c

0.00 −49.3 −77.4 −315 −77.56

0.00

c c aq c aq c aq aq c aq c aq c c c aq c c aq, 800

0.00 −41.5 −28.0 −49.37 −38.4 −82.4 −91.0 −77.6 −31.1 −12.7 −58.2 −48.4 −43.18 −120 −57.44 −53.9 −22 −222.8 −214.1

c c aq c c aq aq c c c, “soluble” c aq

0.00 −281.5 −352.0 −45.1 −335 −392 −292.0 −309.0 −291.6 −336.1 −632 −668.1

−5.90

−57.4 −292 −64.66 0.00 −39.43 −32.34 −44.46 −39.09 −44.25 −73.46 −31.3 −20.09 −36.32 −34.01 −45.54 −45.35 −197.79 −191.62 0.00

SnBr2

SnCl2 SnCl4 SnI2 SnO SnO2 Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)4 SnS Titanium Ti TiC TiCl4 TiN TiO2 Tungsten W WO2 WO3 WS2 Uranium U UC2 UCl3 UCl4 U3N4 UO2 UO2(NO3)2·6H2O UO3 U3O8 Vanadium V VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 VN V2O2 V2O3 V2O4 V2O5 Zinc Zn ZnSb ZnBr2 Zn(C2H3O2)2 Zn(CN)2 ZnCO3 ZnCl2

−295.31

ZnF2 ZnI2

−322.32 −246.33 −282.3 −280.1

Zn(NO3)2 ZnO ZnO·SiO2 Zn(OH)2 ZnS ZnSO4

−549.2

c, II, tetragonal c, III, “gray,” cubic c aq c aq c aq l aq c aq c c c c c

0.00 0.6 −61.4 −60.0 −94.8 −110.6 −83.6 −81.7 −127.3 −157.6 −38.9 −33.3 −67.7 −138.1 −136.2 −268.9 −18.61

−68.94 −110.4 −124.67

c c l c c, III, rutil amorphous

0.00 −110 −181.4 −80.0 −225.0 −214.1

0.00 −109.2 −165.5 −73.17 −211.9 −201.4

c c c c

0.00 −130.5 −195.7 −84

0.00 −118.3 −177.3

c c c c c c c c c

0.00 −29 −213 −251 −274 −256.6 −756.8 −291.6 −845.1

0.00

c c l l c c c c c

0.00 −147 −187 −165 −41.43 −195 −296 −342 −373

c c c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c c c aq, 400 aq c aq aq, 400 c, hexagonal c c, rhombic c, wurtzite c aq, 400

0.00 −3.6 −77.0 −93.6 −259.4 −269.4 17.06 −192.9 −99.9 −115.44 −192.9 −50.50 −61.6 −134.9 −83.36 −282.6 −153.66 −45.3 −233.4 −252.12

Compound Tin Sn

SnBr4

c, rhombic c, monoclinic l, λ l, λµ equilibrium g g g g l l l l g g g g l c, α c, β c, γ g l

State†

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 1.1 −55.43 −97.66

−30.95 −60.75 −123.6 −115.95 −226.00

−249.6 −242.2 −617.8

0.00

−35.08 −277 −316 −342 0.00 −3.88 −72.9 −214.4 −173.5 −88.8 −166.6 −49.93 −87.7 −76.19 −44.2 −211.28

2-194

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-178

Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)

Compound Zirconium Zr ZrC ZrCl4 ZrN

State† c c c c

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −29.8 −268.9 −82.5

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −34.6 −75.9

Compound Zirconium (Cont.) ZrO2 Zr(OH)4 ZrO(OH)2

State† c, monoclinic c c

Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −258.5 −411.0 −337

Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −244.6 −307.6

† The physical state is indicated as follows: c, crystal (solid); l, liquid; g, gas; gls, glass or solid supercooled liquid; aq, in aqueous solution. A number following the symbol aq applies only to the values of the heats of formation (not to those of free energies of formation); and indicates the number of moles of water per mole of solute; when no number is given, the solution is understood to be dilute. For the free energy of formation of a substance in aqueous solution, the concentration is always that of the hypothetical solution of unit molality. ‡ The increment in heat content, ∆H, is the reaction of forming the given substance from its elements in their standard states. When ∆H is negative, heat is evolved in the process, and, when positive, heat is absorbed. § The heat of solution in water of a given solid, liquid, or gaseous compound is given by the difference in the value for the heat of formation of the given compound in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state and its heat of formation in aqueous solution. The following two examples serve as an illustration of the procedure: (1) For NaCl(c) and NaCl(aq, 400H2O), the values of ∆H(formation) are, respectively, −98.321 and −97.324 kcal/mol. Subtraction of the first value from the second gives ∆H = 0.998 kcal/mol for the reaction of dissolving crystalline sodium chloride in 400 mol of water. When this process occurs at a constant pressure of 1 atm, 0.998 kgcal of energy are absorbed. (2) For HCl(g) and HCl(aq, 400H2O), the values for ∆H(formation) are, respectively, −22.06 and −39.85 kcal/mol. Subtraction of the first from the second gives ∆H = −17.79 kcal/mol for the reaction of dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in 400 mol of water. At a constant pressure of 1 atm, 17.79 kcal of energy are evolved in this process.  The increment in the free energy, ∆F, is the reaction of forming the given substance in its standard state from its elements in their standard states. The standard states are: for a gas, fugacity (approximately equal to the pressure) of 1 atm; for a pure liquid or solid, the substance at a pressure of 1 atm; for a substance in aqueous solution, the hypothetical solution of unit molality, which has all the properties of the infinitely dilute solution except the property of concentration. ¶ The free energy of solution of a given substance from its normal standard state as a solid, liquid, or gas to the hypothetical one molal state in aqueous solution may be calculated in a manner similar to that described in footnote § for calculating the heat of solution.

TABLE 2-179

Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K

2-195

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6

Mol. wt.

Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05

Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541

−16.64 −23.83 −46.11 −57.25 −21.57 7.404 22.82 −8.18 −35.591 18.37 0 −4.5898 −6.79 0 −10.09 8.288 11.15 −29.41 21.57 5.68 −9.025 −11.5 9.33 17.849 3.091 10.5018 −6.36 −3.77 16.23 10.924 −12.579 −44.58 −43.32 −27.51 −29.29 −0.05 −0.74 −1.1 −48.56 −1.314 −8.78 −9.66 16.52 −20.7 −47.58 3.40578 −39.351 11.69 −11.053 −9.581 −92.21 0 5.109 −11.226 −10.29 −8.196 −13.318 −14.477

−13.33 −15.96 −40.3 −47.34 −15.13 9.1868 21.068 −5.68 −30.6 19.37 0 −1.64 2.27 0 −0.211 12.96 14.76 −21.42 25.78 17.3 −0.254 3.37 16.3 27.63 0.314 13.8532 −2.582 −2.819 19.86 14.972 −1.67 −30.44 −29.18 −15.07 −16.7 7.041 6.536 6.32 −31.26 14.54 1.139 0.512 20.225 −11.63 −36 10.8658 −39.437 6.68 −13.715 −5.354 −87.76 0 9.829 −6.0499 −7.01 −5.844 −5.261 −6.136

2.642 2.722 2.825 3.899 2.954 2.4329 2.0081 2.97 3.15 2.753 1.99 1.9266 3.61 1.54737 3.641 2.693 3.369 3.69 3.21 4.4 3.713 4.39 3.607 3.9367 2.4535 3.24386 2.873 2.458 2.93 2.7889 3.0991 4.065 4.065 3.618 3.566 3.074 3.012 2.965 4.425 4.3949 3.752 3.667 2.9039 3.4365 3.601 3.25432 2.13677 2.379 1.97556 3.0991 2.62 2.22972 3.1403 2.7578 2.956 2.3418 3.1547 3.0594

−1.1045 −1.0741 −0.7866 −1.675 −1.659 −1.19043 −1.257 −1.5468 −1.32717 −1.69 0 −0.31683 −3.6072 0 −3.39877 −3.136 −3.4474 −3.0951 −3.5238 −6.2876 −3.56 −4.83 −4.06 −6.248 −3.01917 −1.285 −0.70542 −2.4617 −2.409 −2.65732 −2.2678 −2.2824 −2.454 −2.446 −2.5408 −2.5339 −2.53 −3.28 −5.5644 −2.9554 −2.949 −2.4647 −2.3035 −2.008 −2.4148 −1.0769 −0.283 −0.2653 0.5286 −2.976 −1.2849 −0.38 −0.67538 −1.867 −1.863

2-196

TABLE 2-179

Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si

108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6

108.138 108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170

Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

−13.23 −12.857 −12.535 0.4 30.9072 2.85 −12.33 −28.62 −22.61 −0.46 −7.703 3.23 5.33 −9.602 −33.17 −24.946 −59.43 −39.85 −12.21 −21.09 4.1 0 −4.08 −3.89

−4.019 −3.543 −3.166 13.79 29.7598 11.22 3.191 −10.95 −9.028 10.77 3.885 11.05 10.44 4.886 −6.739 3.318 −30.5 −10.02 12.27 6.165 25.16 0 −1.181 −1.054

−33.34 2.57 3.02 2.25 −12.941 −12.979 −9.552 −15.08 −16.28 −40.847 −7.142 −25.21 −8.356 −49.7 −44.77 −45.23 −14.38 −31.92 −31.14 −38.97 −38.42 14.57 −1.845 −17.68 −18.1 −17.2172 −17.9996 −2.42 −18.41 −19.17 −19.41 −60.5 −9.47

−8.827 7.79 8.29 7.67 −7.259 −7.3945 −6.896 −6.52 −8.018 −22.574 7.308 −12.21 1.774 −43.9485 −39.19 −42.4747 6.42 −12.48 −12.37 −23.8 −20.11 18.49 6.839 −0.3125 3.52293 4.12124 3.44761 1.516 −11.28 −8.84 0.5717 −46.7749 −1.925

Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05

Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09

3.5604 3.5259 3.5075 3.86 2.41463 2.64396 2.97276 3.277 3.3426 3.10518 2.929 2.91267 2.37378 3.646 5.7912 5.457 5.99 5.971 5.433 6.116 5.263 1.4486 3.276 3.297 2.92964 5.014 3.4353 3.4185 3.3674 3.0501 3.0828 2.7018 3.448 3.548 4.29 3.522 3.423 3.681 2.824 2.88194 2.4658 4.12 3.989 4.27 3.726 4.038 2.833 2.7296 3.6592 3.65012 3.7451 3.70912 3.35291 2.667 3.26 4.1455 6.6 2.9953

−3.52783 −3.528 −3.52256 −4.951 −1.0961 −2.5678 −3.656 −3.4639 −3.299 −3.532 −3.0709 −2.9393 −1.9593 −3.968 −5.959 −6.29422 −5.72 −6.116 −6.1809 −6.6161 −6.1037 −0.24625 −1.16 −1.1769 −4.94691 −2.825 −2.826 −2.802 −1.1104 −1.105 −0.51388 −1.72 −1.707 −2.4105 −2.8003 −2.5035 −2.9607 −0.773662 −0.823 −0.183031 −3.99 −3.70261 −4.095 −2.394 −2.996 −2.4189 −1.6146 −3.84761 −4.8639 −4.87084 −4.86436 −2.0441 −1.3284 −1.78871 −4.46075 −4.4662 −2.569

2-197

117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179

Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan

C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S

75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9

62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240

−3.724 −15.046 −64.4 −31.58 5.2 −11.6 −29.072 −45.646 −8.382 −23.495 −44.45 −4.715 2.992 −32.6 −53.78 −48.55 −17.15 −12.69 5.251 −1.73 −39.22 12.3428 −5.263 −38.83 −55.95 −33.37 −28.58 −28.61 −4.63 −46.36 −27.22 −59.54 0 −11.6566 −26.44 −23.43 −10.86 −19.22 −40.55 −3.48 0 −39.445 −26.94 −18.765 −53.62 −33.68 −35.54 −30.1 −30.0453 −6.289 −14.95 10.3 −37.417 −24.86 −16.694 −51.19 −31.62 −33.46 −27.9826 −27.76 −4.167 10.6 −12.92

0.7302 −8.1441 −47.4 −18.16 17.5 8.68 4.981 11.57 −3.192 −16.785 −32.8 3.616 13.073 −19.05 −35.9 −31.22 3.955 4.48 6.844 10.3 −30.18 17.7987 −1.323 −30.31 −32.5 −9.042 −12.64 −13.3 −0.4814 −31.93 −11.52 −51.01 0 −6.9036 −21.23 −21.04 −10.26 −14.71 −37.78 0.08225 0 9.083 −9.191 0.8165 −33.4 −12.55 −14.25 −12.25 −11.96 9.482 3.622 22.7 8.216 −10.005 −0.006634 −33.8 −13.39 −15.06 −13.0081 −12.6 8.7 19.9 2.759

2.8585 3.0627 5.5 3.0012 4.13 4.29 6.2415 9.3787 2.2912 2.8064 3.597 2.848 3.6063 4.55 4.23 4.417 3.826 3.783 2.192 3.21833 3.04891 2.5062 2.4299 3.282 5.1 5.076 3.8 4.069 2.961 4.025 3.881 4.07 2.02682 3.02629 2.644 2.22734 2.1866 2.4857 2.487 2.6714 1.26044 8.2023 4.6138 4.2798 4.8 4.795 4.74 4.58 4.486 4.252 4.939 4.085 7.8102 4.2214 3.8874 4.41 4.402 4.349 4.17856 4.092 3.863 3.76 4.546

−1.7443 −1.6054 −4.4115 −2.1863 −5.8939 −4.0189 −7.51368 −12.3908 −1.42864 −1.235 −2.061 −1.5874 −4.3448 −4.41 −3.21203 −3.284 −4.87051 −4.2839 −1.323 −1.691 −1.0527 −1.481 −1.218 −1.50696 −4.448 −4.943 −3.103 −3.4863 −1.7366 −2.674 −3.12 −1.671 −2.81451 −1.127 −0.5219 −0.5268 −0.5021 −0.2115 −1.9959 0 −10.5618 −4.136 −4.46473 −3.839 −4.285 −4.282 −4.098 −4.09952 −4.3499 −4.7865 −4.2717 −9.95145 −3.52 −3.8551 −3.23 −3.675 −3.67 −3.49 −3.492 −3.7397 −3.64 −4.1762

2-198

TABLE 2-179

Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237

1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol

C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O

693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0

Mol. wt.

Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05

Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09

82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122

12.37 10.5 9.5353 0 −3.629 −9.231 13.5143 −27.33 −2.063 −48.41 −8.38 −76.68 −36.8 −7.452 −20.094 −24 −41.19 18.49 −33.3 −2.297 −28.79 12.908 −15.37 −49.8 −30.3 −3.53 −4.18 26 −25.81 −10.2 13.8 −45.07 −21.5 −15.48 −33.2 −32.7 −35.26 −10.62 −0.38 0.74 −40.2 −21.64 −23.9 −5.96 −35.24 −26.6 −28.64 −6.24 −25.2 −26.26 −8.96 −2.29 −36 −57.95 −17.455 −27.8 −13.499 −31.24

21.85 19.9 15.917 0 −5.334 −9.53 12.4725 −27.54 −3.344 −36.21 3.192 −67 −28.8 −5.049 −16.232 −13.5 −32.42 19.384 −25.7 3.207 −18.1 19.75 −1.405 −34.99 −14.1 6.668 6.045 30.25 −10.17 2.691 20.72 −30.53 −16.61 2.733 −12.9 −12.68 −15.24 3.63 10.38 11.38 −34.83 −11.71 −14.7 1.147 −29.5 −10.7 −13.51 0.0244 −12.18 −13.93 1.4509 −0.98 −25.4 −31.8 −0.5338 −9.35 −2.144 −17.76

3.694 3.72 2.3861 1.30571 1.98591 1.86786 2.01719 1.7367 2.056 3.412 3.124 3.7 3.5 1.8627 2.3988 3.2 3.198 2.4836 3.66 2.433 4.14 3.2151 3.4374 3.9 3.869 3.395 3.386 2.78 3.901 4.118 3.189 3.988 2.98277 3.433 3.75 3.853 3.853 3.399 3.264 3.305 3.287 3.0881 3.394 3.332 2.852 3.81 4.129 1.955 3.416 3.699 3.59 2.55 4.01 5.533 3.8089 4.32 2.955 3.263

−3.661 −3.64 −0.5342 −0.24182 −0.06904 −0.0286 −0.62329 0.1524 −0.518 −2.0004 −2.1566 −0.7732 −1.93 −0.80262 −0.6382 −1.71 −1.461 −1.8487 −1.9303 −0.97508 −3.772 −3.032 −3.23954 −2.622 −3.062 −3.1159 −3.1088 −2.93 −3.12818 −3.5723 −3.046 −2.686 −1.693 −4.25714 −4.058 −4.0574 −4.0318 −3.6741 −3.534 −3.5464 −1.357 −1.9314 −2.268 −2.354 −0.8924 −3.122 −3.4762 −1.06 −2.5311 −2.877 −2.957 −1.1517 −2.54 −5.056 −3.84915 −3.739 −2.64895 −2.4239

2-199

238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300

2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid

C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2

115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4

56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079

−1.71 −42.75 −23.82 −8.23 −2.91 11.83 −28.32 −10.8 15.058 0 −10.21 0 −13.2089 −7.47 8.205 9.025 −43.579 −31.09 −22.874 −57.73 −37.79 −39.71 −10.35 −19.08 6.17 −41.512 −29.02 −20.875 −55.6 −35.73 −37.62 −32.16 −33.9 −8.194 −17.01 8.23 −72.37 0 14.2671 −35.311 −22.78 −14.676 −49.13 −29.57 −31.37 −25.92 −25.79 −2.162 −11.3 −10.84 14.44 12.89 20.12 −9.6399 −1.454 −37.14 19.05 −10.468 −25.46 −27.21 4.677 −18.63 −47.99

5.808 −31.1 −11.1 1.793 1.853 21.73 −11.7 −4.73 22.408 0 −0.6125 0 −9.06 −0.6934 10.416 8.657 10.74 −7.553 2.498 −31.7 −10.86 −12.61 11.23 5.28 24.34 9.91 −8.377 1.6 −32.5 −11.7 −13.43 −11.38 −12.81 10.57 4.457 23.5 −66.14 0 16.3164 7.426 −10.71 −0.8813 −34.7 −14.23 −15.88 −13.83 −13.44 7.837 1.814 1.94408 21.03 19.45 30.219 −3.2637 4.87212 −30.7001 20.08 −2.439 −15.99 −17.52 20.85 −12.46 −38.5

2.9309 3.596 3.52 3.717 2.565 3.725 3.578 3.08 3.3315 1.46219 3.168 1.915 2.6062 2.751 2.1985 2.106 8.9866 5.3988 5.064 5.59 5.579 5.523 5.041 5.724 4.8699 8.5945 5.0063 4.6723 5.2 5.187 5.132 4.962 4.879 4.637 5.331 4.478 3.433 2.05043 2.38823 7.4181 3.8289 3.4945 4.02 4.01 3.958 3.786 3.7 3.462 4.05 4.154 3.298 3.3084 3.945 3.1481 3.527 3.995 2.439 2.702 3.226 3.175 4.233 3.044 2.949

−2.5242 −2.078 −2.51739 −2.962 −1.999 −4.8214 −3.105 −1.77431 −4.9809 0 −1.25 −0.6432 −0.0820482 −0.0902489 −11.7812 −5.35 −5.68455 −5.061 −5.506 −5.506 −5.5716 −6.006 −5.493 −11.1715 −4.74 −5.07415 −4.448 −4.895 −4.894 −4.6984 −4.711 −4.961 −5.3962 −4.88145 −0.1989 0 −0.142671 −9.34237 −2.91 −3.24494 −2.617 −3.064 −3.058 −2.87956 −2.8804 −3.13037 −3.564 −3.5641 −3.051 −3.0291 −6.8282 −2.921 −3.298 −3.1715 −1.8563 −2.04311 −1.844 −1.834 −5.232 −1.6857 −1.395

2-200 TABLE 2-179

Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K (Concluded)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H 2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

Mol. wt.

Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07

Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05

Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09

55.079 102.132 59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

5.18 −46.48 −7.05 0.79 2.023 −40.76 −7.59 −6.75 −42.15 −12.29 −161.494 14.74 −82.29 −29.684 −122.047 −39.572 −71.79 27.66 −33.244 −18.418 2.661 −3.376 −22.56 11.544 5.017 −14.2 −31.177 −9.58 −2.431 −0.95 −1.38 −22.401 −21.845 6.24 4.34 −27.043 −41.9 −31.49 30.46 2.845 −48.116 −24.1814 1.732 1.908 1.803

9.74949 −32.04 4.17 13.76 6.264 −29.36 −0.218 0.2583 −30.4 −6.92 −157.27 21.39 −69.73 −30.012 −111.653 −37.095 −59.9 42.3 6.599 −7.969 16.71 4.59 2.239 12.67 12.22 −8.097 5.771 11.41 9.899 12.61 11.71 1.394 1.828 26.79 28.44 4.116 −9.177 −22.79 30.6 4.195 −42.5514 −22.859 11.876 12.2 12.14

2.8614 4.023 3.242 4.0014 2.67 3.678 3.243 3.365 3.52 3.205 2.82651 3.451 4.034 2.481 2.91625 2.5651 4.48 5.263 7.0259 2.9729 3.6964 3.1 3.893 2.784 3.2099 3.371 6.6337 4.054 2.87 3.805 3.961 4.2296 4.2702 4.435 4.607 5.8493 6.363 3.28 2.794 2.7354 3.73966 1.88724 3.5854 3.5383 3.52165

−1.8007 −2.672 −2.165 −4.95415 −1.9262 −2.041 −2.3398 −2.3458 −1.6476 −2.658 0.7055 −4.219 −1.3591 0.924 0.1422 −3.0576 −9.053 −8.73282 −2.325 −5.3575 −2.76549 −5.0639 −2.4352 −3.734 −0.9685 −8.1229 −4.0405 −2.2449 −4.934 −4.9307 −5.06528 −5.06876 −2.6867 −3.2959 −6.9036 −6.726 −1.95 −2.362 −1.178 −1.544 −4.3318 −4.333 −4.333

The compounds are considered to be formed from the elements in their standard states at 298.15 K and 101,325 Pa. These include C (graphite) and S (rhombic). Enthalpy of combustion is the net value for the compound in its standard state at 298.15 K and 101,325 Pa. Products of combustion are taken to be CO2 (gas), H2O (gas), Cl2 (gas), Br2 (gas), I2 (gas), SO2 (gas), N2 (gas), P4O10 (crystalline), SiO2 (crystobalite), and Al2O3 (crystal, alpha).

Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007).

PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS TABLE 2-180

2-201

Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT - h298 (kJ/kmol), of Combustion Products

Temperature, K

CO

CO2

H

OH

H2

N

NO

NO2

N2

N2O

O

O2

SO2

H2O

200 240 260 280 298.15

−2858 −1692 −1110 −529 0

−3414 −2079 −1383 −665 0

−2040 −1209 −793 −377 0

−2976 −1756 −1150 −546 0

−2774 −1656 −1091 −522 0

−2040 −1209 −793 −378 0

−2951 −1743 −1142 −543 0

−3495 −2104 −1392 −672 0

−2857 −1692 −1110 −528 0

−3553 −2164 −1438 −692 0

−2186 −1285 −840 −398 0

−2868 −1703 −1118 −533 0

−3736 −2258 −1496 −718 0

−3282 −1948 −1279 −609 0

300 320 340 360 380

54 638 1221 1805 2389

69 823 1594 2382 3184

38 454 870 1285 1701

55 654 1251 1847 2442

53 630 1209 1791 2373

38 454 870 1286 1701

55 652 1248 1845 2442

68 816 1571 2347 3130

54 636 1219 1802 2386

72 854 1654 2470 3302

41 478 913 1346 1777

54 643 1234 1828 2425

74 881 1702 2538 3387

62 735 1410 2088 2769

400 420 440 460 480

2975 3563 4153 4643 5335

4003 4835 5683 6544 7416

2117 2532 2948 3364 3779

3035 3627 4219 4810 5401

2959 3544 4131 4715 5298

2117 2533 2949 3364 3780

3040 3638 4240 4844 5450

3927 4735 5557 6392 7239

2971 3557 4143 4731 5320

4149 5010 5884 6771 7670

2207 2635 3063 3490 3918

3025 3629 4236 4847 5463

4250 5126 6015 6917 7831

3452 4139 4829 5523 6222

500 550 600 650 700

5931 7428 8942 10477 12023

8305 10572 12907 15303 17754

4196 5235 6274 7314 8353

5992 7385 8943 10423 11902

5882 6760 8811 10278 11749

4196 5235 6274 7314 8353

6059 7592 9144 10716 12307

8099 10340 12555 14882 17250

5911 7395 8894 10407 11937

8580 10897 13295 15744 18243

4343 5402 6462 7515 8570

6084 7653 9244 10859 12499

8758 11123 13544 16022 18548

6925 8699 10501 12321 14192

750 800 850 900 950

13592 15177 16781 18401 20031

20260 22806 25398 28030 30689

9392 10431 11471 12510 13550

13391 14880 16384 17888 19412

13223 14702 16186 17676 19175

9329 10431 11471 12510 13550

13919 15548 17195 18858 20537

19671 22136 24641 27179 29749

13481 15046 16624 18223 19834

20791 23383 26014 28681 31381

9620 10671 11718 12767 13812

14158 15835 17531 19241 20965

21117 23721 26369 29023 31714

16082 18002 19954 21938 23954

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

21690 25035 28430 31868 35343

33397 38884 44473 50148 55896

14589 16667 18746 20824 22903

20935 24024 27160 30342 33569

20680 23719 26797 29918 33082

14589 16667 18746 20824 22903

22229 25653 29120 32626 36164

32344 37605 42946 48351 53808

21463 24760 28109 31503 34936

34110 39647 45274 50976 56740

14860 16950 19039 21126 23212

22703 26212 29761 33344 36957

34428 39914 45464 51069 56718

26000 30191 34506 38942 43493

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

38850 42385 45945 49526 53126

61705 67569 73480 79431 85419

24982 27060 29139 31217 33296

36839 40151 43502 46889 50310

36290 39541 42835 46169 49541

24982 27060 29139 31218 33296

39729 43319 46929 50557 54201

59309 64846 70414 76007 81624

38405 41904 45429 48978 52548

62557 68420 74320 80254 86216

25296 27381 29464 31547 33630

40599 44266 47958 51673 55413

62404 68123 73870 79642 85436

48151 52908 57758 62693 67706

2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

56744 60376 64021 67683 71324

91439 97488 103562 109660 115779

35375 37453 39532 41610 43689

53762 57243 60752 64285 67841

52951 56397 59876 63387 66928

35375 37454 39534 41614 43695

57859 61530 65212 68904 72606

87259 92911 98577 104257 109947

56137 59742 63361 66995 70640

92203 98212 104240 110284 116344

35713 37796 39878 41962 44045

59175 62961 66769 70600 74453

91250 97081 102929 108792 114669

72790 77941 83153 88421 93741

2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

74985 78673 82369 86074 89786

121917 128073 134246 140433 146636

45768 47846 49925 52004 54082

71419 75017 78633 82267 85918

70498 74096 77720 81369 85043

45777 47860 49945 52033 54124

76316 80034 83759 87491 91229

115648 121357 127075 132799 138530

74296 77963 81639 85323 89015

122417 128501 134596 140701 146814

46130 48216 50303 52391 54481

78328 82224 86141 90079 94036

120559 126462 132376 138302 144238

99108 104520 109973 115464 120990

3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

93504 112185 130989 149895 168890

152852 184109 215622 247354 279283

56161 66554 75947 87340 97733

89584 108119 126939 145991 165246

88740 107555 126874 146660 166876

56218 66769 77532 88614 100111

94973 113768 132671 151662 170730

144267 173020 201859 230756 259692

92715 111306 130027 148850 167763

152935 183636 214453 245348 276299

56574 67079 77675 88386 99222

98013 118165 188705 159572 180749

150184 180057 210145 240427 270893

126549 154768 183552 212764 242313

Converted and usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 (1141 pp.).

2-202

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-181 Temperature, K

Ideal Gas Entropies s°, kJ/(kmol
K), of Combustion Products CO

CO2

H

OH

H2

N

NO

NO2

N2

N2O

O

O2

SO2

H2O

200 240 260 280 298.15

186.0 191.3 193.7 195.3 197.7

200.0 206.0 208.8 211.5 213.8

106.4 110.1 111.8 113.3 114.7

171.6 177.1 179.5 181.8 183.7

119.4 124.5 126.8 129.2 130.7

145.0 148.7 150.4 151.9 153.3

198.7 204.1 206.6 208.8 210.8

225.9 232.2 235.0 237.7 240.0

180.0 185.2 187.6 189.8 191.6

205.6 211.9 214.8 217.5 220.0

152.2 156.2 158.0 159.7 161.1

193.5 198.7 201.1 203.3 205.1

233.0 239.9 242.8 245.8 248.2

175.5 181.4 184.1 186.6 188.8

300 320 340 360 380

197.8 199.7 201.5 203.2 204.7

214.0 216.5 218.8 221.0 223.2

114.8 116.2 117.4 118.6 119.7

183.9 185.9 187.7 189.4 191.0

130.9 132.8 134.5 136.2 137.7

153.4 154.8 156.0 157.2 158.3

210.9 212.9 214.7 216.4 218.0

240.3 242.7 245.0 247.2 249.3

191.8 193.7 195.5 197.2 198.7

220.2 222.7 225.2 227.5 229.7

161.2 162.6 163.9 165.2 166.3

205.3 207.2 209.0 210.7 212.5

248.5 251.1 253.6 256.0 258.2

189.0 191.2 193.3 195.2 197.1

400 420 440 460 480

206.2 207.7 209.0 210.4 211.6

225.3 227.3 229.3 231.2 233.1

120.8 121.8 122.8 123.7 124.6

192.5 194.0 195.3 196.6 197.9

139.2 140.6 141.9 143.2 144.5

159.4 160.4 161.4 162.3 163.1

219.5 221.0 222.3 223.7 225.0

251.3 253.2 255.1 257.0 258.8

200.2 201.5 202.9 204.2 205.5

231.9 234.0 236.0 238.0 239.9

167.4 168.4 169.4 170.4 171.3

213.8 215.3 216.7 218.0 219.4

260.4 262.5 264.6 266.6 268.5

198.8 200.5 202.0 203.6 205.1

500 550 600 650 700

212.8 215.7 218.3 220.8 223.1

234.9 239.2 243.3 247.1 250.8

125.5 127.5 129.3 131.0 132.5

199.1 201.8 204.4 206.8 209.0

145.7 148.6 151.1 153.4 155.6

164.0 166.0 167.8 169.4 171.0

226.3 229.1 231.9 234.4 236.8

260.6 264.7 268.8 272.6 276.0

206.7 209.4 212.2 214.6 216.9

241.8 246.2 250.4 254.3 258.0

172.2 174.2 176.1 177.7 179.3

220.7 223.7 226.5 229.1 231.5

270.5 274.9 279.2 283.1 286.9

206.5 210.5 213.1 215.9 218.7

750 800 850 900 950

225.2 227.3 229.2 231.1 232.8

255.4 257.5 260.6 263.6 266.5

133.9 135.2 136.4 137.7 138.8

211.1 213.0 214.8 216.5 218.1

157.6 159.5 161.4 163.1 164.7

172.5 173.8 175.1 176.3 177.4

239.0 241.1 243.0 245.0 246.8

279.3 282.5 285.5 288.4 291.3

219.0 221.0 223.0 224.8 226.5

261.5 264.8 268.0 271.1 274.0

180.7 182.1 183.4 184.6 185.7

233.7 235.9 237.9 239.9 241.8

290.4 293.8 297.0 300.1 303.0

221.3 223.8 226.2 228.5 230.6

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

234.5 237.7 240.7 243.4 246.0

269.3 274.5 279.4 283.9 288.2

139.9 141.9 143.7 145.3 146.9

219.7 222.7 225.4 228.0 230.3

166.2 169.1 171.8 174.3 176.6

178.5 180.4 182.2 183.9 185.4

248.4 251.8 254.8 257.6 260.2

293.9 298.9 303.6 307.9 311.9

228.2 231.3 234.2 236.9 239.5

276.8 282.1 287.0 291.5 295.8

186.8 188.8 190.6 192.3 193.8

243.6 246.9 250.0 252.9 255.6

305.8 311.0 315.8 320.3 324.5

232.7 236.7 240.5 244.0 247.4

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

248.4 250.7 252.9 254.9 256.8

292.2 296.0 299.6 303.0 306.2

148.3 149.6 150.9 152.1 153.2

232.6 234.7 236.8 238.7 240.6

178.8 180.9 182.9 184.8 186.7

186.9 188.2 189.5 190.7 191.8

262.7 265.0 267.2 269.3 271.3

315.7 319.3 322.7 325.9 328.9

241.9 244.1 246.3 248.3 250.2

299.8 303.6 307.2 310.6 313.8

195.3 196.6 197.9 199.1 200.2

258.1 260.4 262.7 264.8 266.8

328.4 332.1 335.6 338.9 342.0

250.6 253.7 256.6 259.5 262.2

2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

258.7 260.5 262.2 263.8 265.4

309.3 312.2 315.1 317.8 320.4

154.3 155.3 156.3 157.2 158.1

242.3 244.0 245.7 247.2 248.7

188.4 190.1 191.7 193.3 194.8

192.9 193.9 194.8 195.8 196.7

273.1 274.9 276.6 278.3 279.8

331.8 334.5 337.2 339.7 342.1

252.1 253.8 255.5 257.1 258.7

316.9 319.8 322.6 325.3 327.9

201.3 202.3 203.2 204.2 205.0

268.7 270.6 272.4 274.1 275.7

345.0 347.9 350.6 353.2 355.7

264.8 267.3 269.7 272.0 274.3

2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

266.9 268.3 269.7 271.0 272.3

322.9 325.3 327.6 329.9 332.1

158.9 159.7 160.5 161.3 162.0

250.2 251.6 253.0 254.3 255.6

196.2 197.7 199.0 200.3 201.6

197.5 198.3 199.1 199.9 200.6

281.4 282.8 284.2 285.6 286.9

344.5 346.7 348.9 350.9 352.9

260.2 261.6 263.0 264.3 265.6

330.4 332.7 335.0 337.3 339.4

205.9 206.7 207.5 208.3 209.0

277.3 278.8 280.3 281.7 283.1

358.1 360.4 362.6 364.8 366.9

276.5 278.6 380.7 282.7 284.6

3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

273.6 279.4 284.4 288.8 292.8

334.2 343.8 352.2 359.7 366.4

162.7 165.9 168.7 171.1 173.3

256.8 262.5 267.6 272.1 276.1

202.9 208.7 213.8 218.5 222.8

201.3 204.6 207.4 210.1 212.5

288.2 294.0 299.0 303.5 307.5

354.9 363.8 371.5 378.3 384.4

266.9 272.6 277.6 282.1 286.0

341.5 350.9 359.2 366.5 373.0

209.7 212.9 215.8 218.3 220.6

284.4 290.7 296.2 301.1 305.5

368.9 378.1 386.1 393.3 399.7

286.5 295.2 302.9 309.8 316.0

Usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 (1141 pp.). Equilibrium constants can be calculated by combining ∆h°f values from Table 2-179, hT − h298 from Table 2-180, and s° values from the above, using the formula ln kp = −∆G/(RT), where ∆G = ∆h°f + (hT − h298) − T °. s

HEATS OF SOLUTION

2-203

HEATS OF SOLUTION TABLE 2-182

Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water

Heat evolved, in kilocalories per gram formula weight, on solution in water at 18 °C. Computed from data in Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York, 1936. Substance

Dilution*

Formula

Heat, kcal/mol

Aluminum bromide chloride

aq 600 600 aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq ∞ aq 600 aq ∞ aq ∞ 800 aq aq aq aq aq

AlBr3 AlCl3 AlCl3·6H2O AlF3 AlF3·aH2O AlF3·3aH2O AlI3 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·6H2O Al2(SO4)3·18H2O NH4Br NH4Cl (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4I NH4NO3 NH4BO3·H2O (NH4)2SO4 NH4HSO4 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO3·H2O SbF3 SbI3 H3AsO4

+85.3 +77.9 +13.2 +31 +19.0 −1.7 +89.0 +126 +56.2 +6.7 −4.45 −3.82 −5.82 −12.9 −3.56 −6.47 −9.0 −2.75 +0.56 −1.2 −4.13 −1.7 −0.8 −0.4

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq aq aq ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq

Ba(BrO3)2·H2O BaBr2 BaBr2·H2O BaBr2·2H2O Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2·H2O BaCl2 BaCl2·H2O BaCl2.2H2O Ba(CN)2 Ba(CN)2·H2O Ba(CN)2·2H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2·H2O BaI2 BaI2·H2O BaI2·2H2O BaI2·2aH2O BaI2·7H2O Ba(NO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2·3H2O BaS BeBr2 BeCl2 BeI2 BeSO4 BeSO4·H2O BeSO4·2H2O BeSO4·4H2O BiI3 H3BO3

−15.9 +5.3 −0.8 −3.87 −6.7 −10.6 +2.4 −2.17 −4.5 +1.5 −2.4 −4.9 −9.1 −11.3 +10.5 +2.7 +0.14 −0.58 −6.61 −10.2 −2.8 −10.5 +7.2 +62.6 +51.1 +72.6 +18.1 +13.5 +7.9 +1.1 +3 −5.4

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 ∞ ∞

CdBr2 CdBr2·4H2O CdCl2 CdCl2·H2O CdCl2·2aH2O Cd(NO3)2·H2O Cd(NO3)2·4H2O CdSO4 CdSO4·H2O CdSO4·2wH2O Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2·H2O

+0.4 −7.3 +3.1 +0.6 −3.00 +4.17 −5.08 +10.69 +6.05 +2.51 +7.6 +6.5

fluoride iodide sulfate Ammonium bromide chloride chromate dichromate iodide nitrate perborate sulfate sulfate, acid sulfite Antimony fluoride iodide Arsenic acid Barium bromate bromide chlorate chloride cyanide iodate iodide

nitrate perchlorate sulfide Beryllium bromide chloride iodide sulfate

Bismuth iodide Boric acid Cadmium bromide chloride nitrate sulfate Calcium acetate

Substance Calcium—(Cont.) bromide

Dilution*

Formula

Heat, kcal/mol

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 400 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq aq ∞ ∞ ∞ aq

+24.86 −0.9 +4.9 +12.3 +12.5 +2.4 −4.11 +0.7 +28.0 +1.8 +4.1 +0.7 −3.2 −4.2 −7.99 −0.6 −1 +5.1 +3.6 −0.18 +18.6 +5.3 +2.0 +5.7 +18.4 −1.25 +18.5 +9.8 −2.9 +18.8 +15.0 −1.4 −3.6 +2.4 +0.5 +10.3 −2.6 −10.7 +15.9 +9.3 +3.65 −2.85 +11.6

Cuprous sulfate

aq

CaBr2 CaBr2·6H2O CaCl2 CaCl2·H2O CaCl2·2H2O CaCl2·4H2O CaCl2·6H2O Ca(CHO2)2 CaI2 CaI2·8H2O Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2·H2O Ca(NO3)2·2H2O Ca(NO3)2·3H2O Ca(NO3)2·4H2O Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O CaHPO4·2H2O CaSO4 CaSO4·aH2O CaSO4·2H2O CrCl2 CrCl2·3H2O CrCl2·4H2O CrI2 CoBr2 CoBr2·6H2O CoCl2 CoCl2·2H2O CoCl2·6H2O CoI2 CoSO4 CoSO4·6H2O CoSO4·7H2O Cu(C2H3O2)2 Cu(CHO2)2 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2·3H2O Cu(NO3)2·6H2O CuSO4 CuSO4·H2O CuSO4·3H2O CuSO4·5H2O Cu2SO4

Ferric chloride

1000 1000 1000 800 aq 400 400 400 aq 400 400 400 400

FeCl3 FeCl3·2aH2O FeCl3·6H2O Fe(NO3)3·9H2O FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl2·2H2O FeCl2·4H2O FeI2 FeSO4 FeSO4·H2O FeSO4·4H2O FeSO4·7H2O

+31.7 +21.0 +5.6 −9.1 +18.0 +17.9 +8.7 +2.7 +23.3 +14.7 +7.35 +1.4 −4.4

400 400 aq aq aq 400 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(CHO2)2 Pb(NO3)2 LiBr LiBr·H2O LiBr·2H2O LiBr·3H2O LiCl

+1.4 −5.9 −10.1 −3.4 −6.9 −7.61 +11.54 +5.30 +2.05 −1.59 +8.66

chloride

formate iodide nitrate

phosphate, monodibasic sulfate Chromous chloride iodide Cobaltous bromide chloride iodide sulfate Cupric acetate formate nitrate sulfate

nitrate Ferrous bromide chloride iodide sulfate

Lead acetate bromide chloride formate nitrate Lithium bromide

chloride

aq aq aq 400 400 400 aq 400 400 400 aq aq 200 200 200 800

*The numbers represent moles of water used to dissolve 1 g formula weight of substance; ∞ means “infinite dilution”; and aq means “aqueous solution of unspecified dilution.”

2-204

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-182

Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Continued)

Substance Lithium—(Cont.)

fluoride hydroxide iodide

nitrate sulfate Magnesium bromide chloride

iodide nitrate phosphate sulfate

sulfide Manganic nitrate sulfate Manganous acetate bromide chloride formate iodide

sulfate Mercuric acetate bromide chloride nitrate Mercurous nitrate Nickel bromide Nickel chloride

iodide nitrate sulfate

Dilution*

Formula

Heat, kcal/mol

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

LiCl·H2O LiCl·2H2O LiCl·3H2O LiF LiOH LiOH·fH2O LiOH·H2O LiI LiI·aH2O LiI·H2O LiI·2H2O LiI·3H2O LiNO3 LiNO3·3H2O Li2SO4 Li2SO4·H2O

+4.45 +1.07 −1.98 −0.74 +4.74 +4.39 +9.6 +14.92 +10.08 +6.93 +3.43 −0.17 +0.466 −7.87 +6.71 +3.77

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq 400 400 400 aq aq aq aq aq aq 400 400 400 aq aq aq aq aq aq aq 400 400 400 aq aq aq aq aq

MgBr2 MgBr2·H2O MgBr2·6H2O MgCl2 MgCl2·2H2O MgCl2·4H2O MgCl2·6H2O MgI2 Mg(NO3)2·6H2O Mg3(PO4)2 MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O MgSO4·2H2O MgSO4·4H2O MgSO4·6H2O MgSO4·7H2O MgS Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2·3H2O Mn(NO3)2·6H2O Mn2(SO4)3 Mn(C2H3O2)2 Mn(C2H3O2)2·4H2O MnBr2 MnBr2·H2O MnBr2·4H2O MnCl2 MnCl2·2H2O MnCl2·4H2O Mn(CHO2)2 Mn(CHO2)2·2H2O MnI2 MnI2·H2O MnI2·2H2O MnI2·4H2O MnI2·6H2O MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O MnSO4·7H2O Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgBr2 HgCl2 Hg(NO3)2·aH2O Hg2(NO3)2·2H2O

+43.7 +35.9 +19.8 +36.3 +20.8 +10.5 +3.4 +50.2 −3.7 +10.2 +21.1 +14.0 +11.7 +4.9 +0.55 −3.18 +25.8 +12.9 −3.9 −6.2 +22 +12.2 +1.6 +15 +14.4 +16.1 +16.0 +8.2 +1.5 +4.3 −2.9 +26.2 +24.1 +22.7 +19.9 +21.2 +13.8 +11.9 −1.7 −4.0 −2.4 −3.3 −0.7 −11.5

aq aq 800 800 800 800 aq 200 200 200 200

NiBr2 NiBr2·3H2O NiCl2 NiCl2·2H2O NiCl2·4H2O NiCl2·6H2O NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2·6H2O NiSO4 NiSO4·7H2O

+19.0 +0.2 +19.23 +10.4 +4.2 −1.15 +19.4 +11.8 −7.5 +15.1 −4.2

Substance

Dilution*

Phosphoric acid, orthopyroPotassium acetate aluminum sulfate

∞ 400 aq aq aq ∞ 800 ∞ aq aq ∞ aq ∞

+2.79 −0.1 +25.9 +4.65 +3.55 +48.5 +26.6 −10.1 −5.1 −10.13 −5.13 +6.58 +4.25 −0.43 −10.31 −4.404 −4.9 +55 +42 +33 +7 −9.5 −3.0 −17.8 +3.96 −1.85 −6.05 +0.86 +1.21 +12.91 +4.27 +3.48 +0.86 −6.93 −5.23 −8.633 −4.6 −7.5 −12.94 −10.4 +4.7 −11.0 −10.22 −6.32 −3.10 −11.0 +1.8 +1.37 −6.08 −13.0 −4.5

aq 200 ∞ ∞ 500 500 1800 900 900 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 800 800 800 200 200

AgC2H3O2 AgNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2·3H2O Na3AsO4 Na3AsO4·12H2O NaHCO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7·10H2O NaBr NaBr·2H2O Na2CO3 Na2CO3·H2O Na2CO3·7H2O Na2CO3·10H2O NaClO3 NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4·4H2O Na2CrO4·10H2O NaCN NaCN·aH2O

−5.4 −4.4 +4.085 −4.665 +15.6 −12.61 −4.1 +10.0 −16.8 −0.58 −4.57 +5.57 +2.19 −10.81 −16.22 −5.37 −1.164 +2.50 −7.52 −16.0 −0.37 −0.92

2000 ∞ ∞ ∞

chlorate chloride chromate chrome sulfate

∞ ∞ 2185 600

cyanide dichromate fluoride

200 1600 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 400

hydroxide

iodate iodide nitrate oxalate perchlorate permanganate phosphate, dihydrogen pyrosulfite sulfate sulfate, acid sulfide sulfite thiocyanate thionate, dithiosulfate Silver acetate nitrate Sodium acetate arsenate bicarbonate borate, tetrabromide carbonate

chlorate chloride chromate cyanide

Heat, kcal/mol

H3PO4 H3PO4·aH2O H4P2O7 H4P2O7·1aH2O KC2H3O2 KAl(SO4)2 KAl(SO4)2·3H2O KAl(SO4)2·12H2O KHCO3 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 K2CO3·aH2O K2CO3·1aH2O KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCr(SO4)2 KCr(SO4)2·H2O KCr(SO4)2·2H2O KCr(SO4)2·6H2O KCr(SO4)2·12H2O KCN K2Cr2O7 KF KF·2H2O KF·4H2O KHS KHS·dH2O KOH KOH·eH2O KOH·H2O KOH·7H2O KIO3 KI KNO3 K2C2O4 K2C2O4·H2O KClO4 KMnO4 KH2PO4 K2S2O5 K2S2O5·aH2O K2SO4 KHSO4 K2S K2SO3 K2SO3·H2O KCNS K2S2O6 K2S2O3

400 400 aq aq ∞ 600 600

bicarbonate bromate bromide carbonate

hydrosulfide

Formula

HEATS OF SOLUTION TABLE 2-182

Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Concluded)

Substance

Dilution*

Formula

Heat, kcal/mol

200 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 600 ∞ aq ∞ 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 600 600 800 800 1600 1600 1200 1200 ∞ ∞ 800 800 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

NaCN·2H2O NaF NaHS NaHS·2H2O NaOH NaOH·aH2O NaOH·wH2O NaOH·eH2O NaOH·H2O NaI NaI·2H2O NaPO3 NaNO3 NaNO2 NaClO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4 Na3PO4·12H2O Na2HPO4·2H2O Na2HPO4·7H2O Na2HPO4·12H2O NaH2PO3 NaH2PO3·2aH2O Na2HPO3 Na2HPO3·5H2O Na4P2O7 Na4P2O7·10H2O Na2H2P2O7 Na2H2P2O7·6H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O NaHSO4 NaHSO4·H2O Na2S Na2S·4aH2O Na2S·5H2O Na2S·9H2O Na2SO3 Na2SO3·7H2O NaCNS

−4.41 −0.27 +4.62 −1.49 +10.18 +8.17 +7.08 +6.48 +5.17 +1.57 −3.89 +3.97 −5.05 −3.6 −4.15 +5.21 +13 −15.3 −0.82 −12.04 −23.18 +0.90 −5.29 +9.30 −4.54 +11.9 −11.7 −2.2 −14.0 +0.28 −18.74 +1.74 +0.15 +15.2 +0.09 −6.54 −16.65 +2.8 −11.1 −1.83

Sodium—(Cont.) fluoride hydrosulfide Sodium hydroxide

iodide metaphosphate nitrate nitrite perchlorate phosphate di triphosphate di diphosphite, monodipyrophosphate disulfate sulfate, acid sulfide

sulfite thiocyanate NOTE:

2-205

Substance Sodium—(Cont.) thionate, diSodium thiosulfate Stannic bromide Stannous bromide iodide Strontium acetate bromide

chloride

iodide

nitrate sulfate Sulfuric acid, pyroZinc acetate bromide chloride iodide nitrate sulfate

To convert kilocalories per mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 × 10−3.

Dilution*

Formula

Heat, kcal/mol

aq aq aq aq aq aq aq ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

Na2S2O6 Na2S2O6·2H2O Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3·5H2O SnBr4 SnBr2 SnI2 Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(C2H3O2)2·aH2O SrBr2 SrBr2·H2O SrBr2·2H2O SrBr2·4H2O SrBr2·6H2O SrCl2 SrCl2·H2O SrCl2·2H2O SrCl2·6H2O SrI2 SrI2·H2O SrI2·2H2O SrI2·6H2O Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2·4H2O SrSO4 H2S2O7

−5.80 −11.86 +2.0 −11.30 +15.5 −1.6 −5.8 +6.2 +5.9 +16.4 +9.25 +6.5 +0.4 −6.1 +11.54 +6.4 +2.95 −7.1 +20.7 +12.65 +10.4 −4.5 −4.8 −12.4 +0.5 −18.08

400 400 400 400 400 aq 400 400 400 400 400 400

Zn(C2H3O2)2 Zn(C2H3O2)2·H2O Zn(C2H3O2)2·2H2O ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 Zn(NO3)2·3H2O Zn(NO3)2·6H2O ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·6H2O ZnSO4·7H2O

+9.8 +7.0 +3.9 +15.0 +15.72 +11.6 −5 −6.0 +18.5 +10.0 −0.8 −4.3

2-206

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-183 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature) Recalculated and rearranged from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 148–150. cal/mol = Btu/(lb⋅mol) × 1.799.

Solute Acetic acid (solid), C2H4O2 Acetylacetone, C5H8O2 Acetylurea, C3H6N2O2 Aconitic acid, C6H6O6 Ammonium benzoate, C7H9NO2 picrate succinate (n-) Aniline, hydrochloride, C6H8ClN Barium picrate Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 Camphoric acid, C10H16O4 Citric acid, C6H8O7 Dextrin, C12H20O10 Fumaric acid, C4H4O4 Hexamethylenetetramine, C6H12N4 Hydroxybenzamide (m-), C7H7NO2 (m-), (HCl) (o-), C7H7NO2 (p-) Hydroxybenzoic acid (o-), C7H6O3 (p-), C7H6O3 Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (o-), C7H8O2 Inulin, C36H62O31 Isosuccinic acid, C4H6O4 Itaconic acid, C5H6O4 Lactose, C12H22O11·H2O Lead picrate (2H2O) Magnesium picrate (8H2O) Maleic acid, C4H4O4 Malic acid, C4H6O5 Malonic acid, C3H4O4 Mandelic acid, C8H2O3 Mannitol, C6H14O6 Menthol, C10H20O Nicotine dihydrochloride, C10H16Cl2N2 Nitrobenzoic acid (m-), C7H5NO4 (o-), C7H5NO4 (p-), C7H5NO4 Nitrophenol (m-), C6H5NO3 (o-), C6H5NO3 (p-), C6H5NO3

Heat of solution, cal/mol solute* −2,251 −641 −6,812 −4,206 −2,700 −8,700 −3,489 −2,732 −4,708 −6,501 −502 −5,401 268 −5,903 4,780 −4,161 −7,003 −4,340 −5,392 −6,350 −5,781 −3,203 −96 −3,420 −5,922 −3,705 −7,098 −13,193 14,699 −15,894 −4,441 −3,150 −4,493 −3,090 −5,260 0 6,561 −5,593 −5,306 −8,891 −5,210 −6,310 −4,493

Solute Oxalic acid, C2H2O4 (2H2O) Phenol (solid), C6H6O Phthalic acid, C8H6O4 Picric acid, C6H3N3O7 Piperic acid, C12H10O4 Piperonylic acid, C8H6O4 Potassium benzoate citrate tartrate (n-) (0.5 H2O) Pyrogallol, C6H6O3 Pyrotartaric acid Quinone Raffinose, C18H32O16 (5H2O) Resorcinol, C6H6O2 Silver malonate (n-) Sodium citrate (tri-) picrate potassium tartrate (4H2O) succinate (n-) (6H2O) tartrate (n-) (2H2O) Strontium picrate (6H2O) Succinic acid, C4H6O4 Succinimide, C4H5NO2 Sucrose, C12H22O11 Tartaric acid (d-) Thiourea, CH4N2S Urea, CH4N2O acetate formate nitrate oxalate Vanillic acid Vanillin Zinc picrate (8H2O)

Heat of solution, cal/mol solute* −2,290 −8,485 −2,605 −4,871 −7,098 −10,492 −9,106 −1,506 2,820 −5,562 −3,705 −5,019 −3,991 −9,703 −3,960 −9,799 5,270 −6,441 −1,817 −12,342 2,390 −10,994 −1,121 −5,882 7,887 −14,412 −6,405 −4,302 −1,319 −3,451 −5,330 −3,609 −8,795 −7,194 −10,803 −17,806 −5,160 −5,210 −11,496 −15,894

*+ denotes heat evolved, and − denotes heat absorbed. The data in the International Critical Tables were calculated by E. Anderson.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2-207

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES EXPLANATION OF TABLES The following subsection presents information on the thermodynamic properties of a number of fluids. In some cases transport properties are also included. Properties for the compounds listed in Table 2-184 were generated by using the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). Megan Friend’s help in generating these tables is acknowledged and gratefully appreciated. The number of digits provided in these tables was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format. Properties for many of these compounds can also be generated by going to http://webbook.nist.gov and selecting NIST Chemistry WebBook, then Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems High Accuracy Data. This site allows the user to generate tables of thermodynamic properties. The user can select the units as well as the temperatures and/or pressure increments for which properties are to be generated. The resulting table can be copied into a spreadsheet. Because of this capability, properties for the compounds listed in Table 2-184 are not tabulated at as many temperatures and pressures as might otherwise be the case. Notation cp = isobaric specific heat cv = isochoric specific heat e = specific internal energy h = enthalpy k = thermal conductivity p = pressure s = specific entropy t = temperature T = absolute temperature u = specific internal energy µ = viscosity v = specific volume f = subscript denoting saturated liquid g = subscript denoting saturated vapor UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: cp, specific heat: To convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.23885. e, internal energy: To convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992. g, gravity acceleration: To convert meters per second squared to feet per second squared, multiply by 3.2808.

h, enthalpy: To convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992. k, thermal conductivity: To convert watts per meter-kelvin to British thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.57779. p, pressure: To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102; to convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504; and to convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934. s, entropy: to convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound–degree Rankine, multiply by 0.23885. t, temperature: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32. T, absolute temperature: °R = 9⁄ 5 K. u, internal energy: to convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992. µ, viscosity: to convert pascal-seconds to pound-force–seconds per square foot, multiply by 0.020885; to convert pascal-seconds to cp, multiply by 1000. v, specific volume: to convert cubic meters per kilogram to cubic feet per pound, multiply by 16.018. ρ, density: to convert kilograms per cubic meter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 0.062428.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Bretsznajder, Prediction of Transport and Other Physical Properties of Fluids, Pergamon, New York, 1971. D’Ans and Lax, Handbook for Chemists and Physicists (in German), 3 vols., Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Engineering Data Book, Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, Okla. Ganic, Hartnett, and Rohsenow, Handbook of Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. Gray, American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Kay and Laby, Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Longman, London, various editions and dates. Landolt-Börnstein Tables, many volumes and dates, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Lange, Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, various editions and dates. Partington, Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, 5 vols., Longman, London, 1950. Raznjevic, Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables and Charts, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976 and other editions. Reynolds, Thermodynamic Properties in SI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 1979. Stephan and Lucas, Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum, New York and London, 1979. Selected Values of Properties of Chemical Compounds and Selected Values of the Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds, Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST, Boulder, Colo., looseleaf, periodic publication. Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1975. Vargaftik, Filippov, Tarzimanov, and Totskiy, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases (in Russian), Standartov, Moscow, 1978. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Co., Boca Raton, FL, annually.

2-208

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-184 List of Substances for Which Thermodynamic Property Tables Were Generated from NIST Standard Reference Database 23 Table no.

Name

2-185 2-187 2-189 2-190 2-193 2-195 2-196 2-197 2-198 2-199 2-200 2-203 2-207 2-208 2-209 2-210 2-212 2-213 2-214 2-215 2-216 2-219 2-220 2-221 2-223 2-224 2-226 2-227 2-228 2-229 2-233 2-234 2-235 2-236 2-238 2-239 2-241 2-242 2-243 2-244 2-245 2-246 2-248 2-249 2-250 2-251 2-252 2-255 2-256 2-257 2-258 2-271 2-272 2-274 2-275 2-276 2-277 2-278 2-279 2-280 2-281 2-282 2-284 2-285 2-288 2-289 2-290 2-296 2-300 2-301 2-303 2-305 2-307

Acetone Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Butane 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-butene Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl sulfide Cyclohexane Decane Deuterium oxide 2,2-Dimethylpropane Dodecane Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Fluorine Helium Heptane Hexane Normal hydrogen para-Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Isobutane Isobutene Krypton Methane Methanol 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylpentane Neon Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrous oxide Nonane Octane Oxygen Pentane Propane Propylene R-11 R-12 R-13 R-22 R-23 R-32 R-41 R-113 R-114 R-116 R-123 R-124 R-125 R-134a R-141b R-142b R-143a R-152a R-218 R227ea R-404A R-407C R-410A R-507A Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Toluene Water Xenon

Chemical formula

Alternate name

C3H6O NH3 Ar C6H6 C4H10 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 CO2 CO COS C6H12 C10H22 D2O C5H14 C12H26 C2H6 C2H6O C2H4 F2 He C7H16 C6H14 H2 H2 H2S C4H10 C4H8 Kr CH4 CH4O C5H12 C6H14 Ne N2 NF3 N2O C9H20 C8H18 O2 C5H12 C3H8 C3H6 CCl3F CCl2F2 CClF3 CHClF2 CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2F6 C2HF5 C2HClF4 C2HF5 C2H2F4 C2H3Cl2F C2H3ClF2 C2H3F3 C2H4F2 C3F8 C3HF7

SO2 SF6 C7H8 H2O Xe

Heavy water Neopentane

2-methyl propene

Isopentane Isohexane

Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Difluoromethane Fluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Octafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-185

2-209

Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

178.50 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 508.10

2.3265E-06 2.8743E-06 1.9454E-05 9.6588E-05 0.00037556 0.0012008 0.0032765 0.0078514 0.016899 0.033259 0.060720 0.10404 0.16891 0.26188 0.39033 0.56235 0.78681 1.0733 1.4324 1.8759 2.4172 3.0725 3.8632 4.6924

178.50 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 508.10

2.3265E-06 2.8743E-06 1.9454E-05 9.6588E-05 0.00037556 0.0012008 0.0032765 0.0078514 0.016899 0.033259 0.060720 0.10404 0.16891 0.26188 0.39033 0.56235 0.78681 1.0733 1.4324 1.8759 2.4172 3.0725 3.8632 4.6924

200.00 250.00 300.00 328.84

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

328.84 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 416.48

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

416.48 450.00 500.00 550.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

0.063601 0.063715 0.064868 0.066048 0.067264 0.068525 0.069840 0.071218 0.072673 0.074217 0.075867 0.077643 0.079569 0.081677 0.084008 0.086616 0.089578 0.093001 0.097051 0.10200 0.10832 0.11706 0.13145 0.21277

0.47366 0.64687 2.3835 4.1282 5.8823 7.6487 9.4311 11.234 13.060 14.915 16.802 18.725 20.687 22.693 24.746 26.852 29.015 31.243 33.546 35.938 38.445 41.117 44.096 49.249

0.47366 0.64687 2.3835 4.1282 5.8823 7.6488 9.4314 11.234 13.062 14.918 16.807 18.733 20.701 22.714 24.779 26.900 29.085 31.343 33.685 36.130 38.707 41.476 44.604 50.247

637,900. 520,660. 83,324. 18,065. 4,973.1 1,656.0 642.89 282.74 137.74 72.996 41.482 24.979 15.782 10.377 7.0503 4.9192 3.5050 2.5368 1.8547 1.3611 0.99393 0.71168 0.48154 0.21277

36.689 36.764 37.528 38.314 39.121 39.947 40.790 41.649 42.522 43.406 44.302 45.207 46.119 47.033 47.946 48.849 49.733 50.582 51.376 52.083 52.648 52.968 52.771 49.249

38.173 38.260 39.149 40.059 40.989 41.936 42.897 43.869 44.849 45.834 46.821 47.806 48.784 49.751 50.698 51.615 52.490 53.305 54.033 54.636 55.050 55.154 54.631 50.247

0.065254 0.069389 0.074210 0.077500

2.9626 8.8328 14.913 18.575

2.9691 8.8397 14.921 18.583

45.137 46.843 50.998 55.474 60.316 65.522

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(mol⋅K)

Cv kJ/(mol⋅K)

Cp kJ/(mol⋅K)

Sound speed m/s

0.0080825 0.0090488 0.018316 0.026935 0.035003 0.042602 0.049806 0.056674 0.063259 0.069601 0.075739 0.081702 0.087517 0.093209 0.098798 0.10431 0.10975 0.11516 0.12056 0.12599 0.13150 0.13720 0.14341 0.15437

0.082500 0.082598 0.083407 0.084076 0.084758 0.085541 0.086468 0.087553 0.088794 0.090180 0.091697 0.093329 0.095063 0.096886 0.098794 0.10078 0.10286 0.10504 0.10736 0.10986 0.11265 0.11600 0.12077

0.11544 0.11550 0.11604 0.11660 0.11731 0.11825 0.11946 0.12094 0.12270 0.12474 0.12704 0.12962 0.13249 0.13568 0.13924 0.14328 0.14794 0.15350 0.16042 0.16967 0.18350 0.20893 0.28551

1765.7 1757.0 1672.3 1591.8 1514.4 1439.4 1366.3 1294.8 1224.5 1155.2 1086.7 1018.8 951.24 883.84 816.36 748.57 680.21 610.99 540.51 468.19 392.99 312.66 221.66 0

0.21928 0.21801 0.20686 0.19803 0.19103 0.18546 0.18104 0.17754 0.17479 0.17266 0.17102 0.16980 0.16892 0.16831 0.16791 0.16768 0.16754 0.16745 0.16734 0.16711 0.16664 0.16569 0.16367 0.15437

0.050120 0.050280 0.051928 0.053740 0.055800 0.058169 0.060883 0.063945 0.067329 0.070988 0.074863 0.078895 0.083030 0.087227 0.091459 0.095718 0.10001 0.10438 0.10887 0.11357 0.11865 0.12436 0.13126

0.058440 0.058600 0.060265 0.062119 0.064267 0.066795 0.069763 0.073198 0.077094 0.081429 0.086172 0.091302 0.096822 0.10277 0.10927 0.11649 0.12481 0.13483 0.14772 0.16583 0.19480 0.25197 0.42947

172.60 173.29 179.95 186.29 192.29 197.94 203.19 207.99 212.26 215.93 218.90 221.08 222.35 222.60 221.70 219.53 215.94 210.76 203.80 194.82 183.50 169.39 151.36 0

0.021248 0.047436 0.069594 0.081247

0.083638 0.086143 0.090180 0.093199

0.11621 0.11902 0.12473 0.12941

47.730 49.643 54.255 59.166 64.436 70.066

0.16988 0.17552 0.18783 0.19939 0.21049 0.22122

0.078579 0.079533 0.085418 0.092823 0.10033 0.10753

0.090892 0.090386 0.094849 0.10175 0.10903 0.11612

220.94 229.44 246.85 262.23 276.40 289.72

2.9486 8.8130 14.885 21.312 28.263 30.714

3.0138 8.8824 14.959 21.392 28.351 30.806

0.021178 0.047357 0.069499 0.089316 0.10788 0.11389

0.083649 0.086152 0.090182 0.095644 0.10213 0.10452

0.11619 0.11896 0.12460 0.13326 0.14605 0.15210

1649.7 1396.0 1162.0 936.35 707.25 627.32

50.387 54.081 59.388 64.832

53.120 57.281 63.156 69.107

0.16747 0.17709 0.18947 0.20081

0.10335 0.10087 0.10402 0.10950

0.13228 0.11921 0.11743 0.12100

212.13 233.76 256.99 275.55

JouleThomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 15.723 15.695 15.416 15.141 14.867 14.593 14.319 14.041 13.760 13.474 13.181 12.880 12.568 12.243 11.904 11.545 11.163 10.753 10.304 9.8043 9.2319 8.5423 7.6072 4.7000 1.5677E-06 1.9207E-06 1.2001E-05 5.5355E-05 0.00020108 0.00060385 0.0015555 0.0035368 0.0072603 0.013699 0.024107 0.040034 0.063362 0.096367 0.14184 0.20329 0.28530 0.39420 0.53918 0.73472 1.0061 1.4051 2.0767 4.7000

−0.43351 −0.43308 −0.42849 −0.42274 −0.41520 −0.40545 −0.39322 −0.37827 −0.36033 −0.33907 −0.31399 −0.28437 −0.24915 −0.20678 −0.15495 −0.090162 −0.0069455 0.10371 0.25760 0.48516 0.85357 1.5474 3.3240 14.310 3845.4 3637.4 2139.7 1312.0 834.10 547.82 370.79 258.27 184.97 136.14 102.93 79.878 63.590 51.884 43.343 37.032 32.325 28.797 26.154 24.184 22.717 21.551 20.240 14.310

Single-Phase Properties 15.325 14.411 13.475 12.903 0.038565 0.035712 0.030709 0.027083 0.024272 0.022008 15.333 14.423 13.491 12.483 11.308 10.852 0.36582 0.31254 0.26538 0.23391

25.930 28.002 32.563 36.923 41.200 45.437 0.065220 0.069336 0.074123 0.080107 0.088431 0.092149 2.7336 3.1996 3.7681 4.2751

1645.6 1391.1 1155.7 1024.0

−0.42678 −0.39768 −0.33922 −0.28685 81.384 58.339 30.192 18.173 12.201 8.8355 −0.42708 −0.39848 −0.34115 −0.24033 −0.042437 0.074613 29.536 20.211 12.984 9.1542

2-210

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-185 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone (Concluded ) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Cv kJ/(mol⋅K)

Cp kJ/(mol⋅K)

Sound speed m/s

JouleThomson K/MPa

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

15.367 14.471 13.560 12.588 11.490 10.123 7.8139 1.7344

0.065073 0.069106 0.073747 0.079439 0.087035 0.098782 0.12798 0.57657

2.8871 8.7271 14.762 21.128 27.958 35.450 44.435 60.563

3.2125 9.0726 15.130 21.525 28.393 35.944 45.075 63.446

0.020868 0.047011 0.069085 0.088784 0.10711 0.12488 0.14406 0.17943

0.083704 0.086197 0.090197 0.095584 0.10186 0.10898 0.11961 0.12191

0.11609 0.11871 0.12408 0.13214 0.14320 0.16059 0.23343 0.17820

1667.9 1417.7 1189.0 972.15 759.27 538.79 262.33 205.69

−0.42837 −0.40187 −0.34909 −0.25988 −0.10136 0.26123 2.3418 10.650

15.410 14.528 13.641 12.709 11.683 10.491 8.9733 6.6600

0.064894 0.068831 0.073307 0.078687 0.085592 0.095320 0.11144 0.15015

2.8125 8.6237 14.616 20.916 27.629 34.864 42.815 52.079

3.4614 9.3120 15.349 21.703 28.485 35.818 43.930 53.581

0.020488 0.046589 0.068589 0.088163 0.10626 0.12352 0.14060 0.15896

0.083781 0.086264 0.090234 0.095554 0.10166 0.10827 0.11552 0.12442

0.11598 0.11843 0.12351 0.13100 0.14066 0.15332 0.17314 0.22174

1689.9 1443.6 1220.9 1013.1 815.03 622.74 433.48 255.34

−0.42983 −0.40569 −0.35775 −0.27983 −0.15336 0.080235 0.63674 2.7218

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(mol⋅K)

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

15.320 14.657 14.023 13.409 12.813 12.234 11.674

0.065276 0.068228 0.071312 0.074574 0.078044 0.081739 0.085664

7.2620 12.852 18.631 24.654 30.941 37.489 44.286

13.790 19.675 25.763 32.112 38.745 45.663 52.852

0.040421 0.061873 0.080632 0.097579 0.11320 0.12777 0.14147

0.088285 0.092127 0.097243 0.10299 0.10892 0.11478 0.12045

0.11631 0.11946 0.12424 0.12980 0.13553 0.14112 0.14639

1791.8 1616.6 1466.4 1337.4 1226.9 1133.0 1053.8

−0.43634 −0.42000 −0.39555 −0.36734 −0.33807 −0.30922 −0.28171

450.00 500.00 550.00

500.00 500.00 500.00

15.616 15.306 15.012

0.064037 0.065335 0.066615

27.237 33.413 39.856

59.256 66.081 73.163

0.097266 0.11164 0.12514

0.11562 0.12123 0.12669

0.13393 0.13909 0.14416

2201.1 2129.8 2067.5

−0.39010 −0.37710 −0.36510

The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.1% in the saturated liquid density between 280 and 310 K, 0.5% in density in the liquid phase below 380 K, and 1% in density elsewhere, including all states at pressures above 100 MPa. The uncertainties in vapor pressure are 0.5% above 270 K (0.25% between 290 and 390 K), and the uncertainties in heat capacities and speeds of sound are 1%. These uncertainties (in caloric properties and sound speeds) may be higher at pressures above the saturation pressure and at temperatures above 320 K in the liquid phase and at supercritical conditions. TABLE 2-186

Saturated Acetylene*

Temperature, K

Pressure, bar

162.0 169.3 173.9 180.0 184.3

vcond, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hcond, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

scond, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

0.101 0.203 0.304 0.507 0.709

5.081 2.644 1.805 1.116 0.810

158 173 182 194 203

983 994 999 1007 1011

2.967 3.039 3.095 3.161 3.216

8.062 7.889 7.797 7.672 7.596

189.1 192.4t

1.013 1.283

0.5780 0.4617

214 221

1015 1018

3.272 3.312

7.511 7.455

192.4t 200.9 209.4

1.283 2.027 3.040

0.00164 0.00165 0.00169

0.4617 0.3011 0.2074

378 411 445

1018 1027 1035

4.127 4.296 4.461

7.455 7.362 7.280

221.5 230.4 240.7 253.2 263.0

5.066 7.093 10.13 15.20 20.27

0.00174 0.00179 0.00186 0.00195 0.00204

0.1264 0.0907 0.0635 0.0420 0.0309

493 528 565 602 628

1046 1052 1058 1061 1061

4.684 4.837 4.990 5.133 5.231

7.180 7.111 7.037 6.947 6.878

271.6 278.9 284.9 290.4 300.0

25.33 30.40 35.46 40.53 50.66

0.00213 0.00223 0.00232 0.00242 0.00270

0.0240 0.0193 0.0159 0.0133 0.0093

654 680 704 727 778

1060 1057 1051 1041 1017

5.326 5.414 5.494 5.576 5.737

6.822 6.767 6.716 6.658 6.534

307.8 308.7c

60.80 62.47

0.00335 0.00434

0.0061 0.0043

850 908

968 908

5.965 6.158

6.351 6.158

*Values recalculated into SI units from those of Din. Thermodynamic Functions of Gases, vol. 2, Butterworth, London, 1956. Above the solid line the condensed phase is solid; below the line it is liquid. t = triple point; c = critical point.

TABLE 2-187

Thermodynamic Properties of Air

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

59.75 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114

0.005265 0.005546 0.006797 0.008270 0.009994 0.012000 0.014320 0.016988 0.020042 0.023520 0.027461 0.031908 0.036905 0.042498 0.048733 0.055659 0.063326 0.071786 0.081091 0.091294 0.10245 0.11462 0.12785 0.14221 0.15775 0.17453 0.19262 0.21207 0.23295 0.25531 0.27922 0.30475 0.33196 0.36091 0.39166 0.42429 0.45886 0.49543 0.53408 0.57486 0.61786 0.66313 0.71074 0.76077 0.81329 0.86836 0.92606 0.98645 1.0496 1.1156 1.1845 1.2564 1.3314 1.4095 1.4908 1.5753

33.067 33.031 32.888 32.745 32.601 32.457 32.312 32.166 32.020 31.873 31.725 31.576 31.427 31.277 31.126 30.974 30.821 30.668 30.513 30.357 30.200 30.042 29.883 29.722 29.560 29.397 29.232 29.066 28.898 28.729 28.558 28.385 28.210 28.033 27.854 27.673 27.489 27.304 27.115 26.924 26.730 26.533 26.333 26.130 25.923 25.713 25.499 25.281 25.058 24.831 24.598 24.361 24.118 23.868 23.613 23.350

0.030242 0.030275 0.030406 0.030539 0.030674 0.030810 0.030949 0.031089 0.031231 0.031375 0.031521 0.031669 0.031820 0.031972 0.032127 0.032285 0.032445 0.032608 0.032773 0.032941 0.033112 0.033287 0.033464 0.033645 0.033829 0.034017 0.034209 0.034404 0.034604 0.034808 0.035017 0.035230 0.035449 0.035672 0.035901 0.036137 0.036378 0.036625 0.036880 0.037142 0.037411 0.037688 0.037975 0.038270 0.038575 0.038891 0.039217 0.039556 0.039908 0.040273 0.040653 0.041050 0.041464 0.041896 0.042350 0.042826

−1.0619 −1.0481 −0.99308 −0.93803 −0.88298 −0.82792 −0.77286 −0.71777 −0.66267 −0.60755 −0.55239 −0.49720 −0.44196 −0.38669 −0.33135 −0.27597 −0.22051 −0.16499 −0.10939 −0.05371 0.002063 0.057934 0.11391 0.17000 0.22621 0.28255 0.33903 0.39566 0.45245 0.50940 0.56653 0.62386 0.68138 0.73912 0.79709 0.85529 0.91375 0.97248 1.0315 1.0908 1.1505 1.2104 1.2708 1.3315 1.3926 1.4542 1.5162 1.5787 1.6417 1.7053 1.7695 1.8343 1.8997 1.9659 2.0329 2.1007

−1.0617 −1.0480 −0.99287 −0.93778 −0.88267 −0.82755 −0.77241 −0.71725 −0.66205 −0.60681 −0.55152 −0.49619 −0.44079 −0.38533 −0.32979 −0.27417 −0.21846 −0.16265 −0.10673 −0.05070 0.005456 0.061749 0.11819 0.17478 0.23155 0.28849 0.34562 0.40296 0.46051 0.51829 0.57631 0.63459 0.69315 0.75199 0.81115 0.87062 0.93044 0.99063 1.0512 1.1122 1.1736 1.2354 1.2978 1.3606 1.4240 1.4880 1.5525 1.6177 1.6836 1.7502 1.8176 1.8858 1.9549 2.0250 2.0960 2.1682

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

JouleThomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.034011 0.033955 0.033731 0.033512 0.033298 0.033089 0.032884 0.032683 0.032486 0.032294 0.032105 0.031920 0.031739 0.031562 0.031388 0.031217 0.031050 0.030886 0.030725 0.030568 0.030413 0.030262 0.030113 0.029968 0.029826 0.029686 0.029550 0.029417 0.029286 0.029158 0.029033 0.028911 0.028792 0.028676 0.028563 0.028453 0.028346 0.028241 0.028140 0.028042 0.027948 0.027856 0.027768 0.027684 0.027603 0.027525 0.027452 0.027383 0.027317 0.027256 0.027200 0.027149 0.027103 0.027062 0.027028 0.027000

0.055064 0.055062 0.055060 0.055062 0.055069 0.055081 0.055098 0.055120 0.055148 0.055181 0.055220 0.055266 0.055317 0.055376 0.055441 0.055514 0.055594 0.055682 0.055779 0.055884 0.055998 0.056122 0.056256 0.056400 0.056556 0.056723 0.056902 0.057094 0.057300 0.057521 0.057757 0.058009 0.058278 0.058566 0.058874 0.059202 0.059553 0.059928 0.060329 0.060757 0.061216 0.061707 0.062232 0.062796 0.063401 0.064052 0.064753 0.065508 0.066323 0.067206 0.068163 0.069205 0.070341 0.071585 0.072951 0.074459

1030.3 1028.3 1020.3 1012.2 1004.0 995.77 987.48 979.13 970.72 962.24 953.70 945.10 936.43 927.70 918.90 910.04 901.11 892.11 883.05 873.91 864.71 855.44 846.09 836.67 827.18 817.61 807.96 798.24 788.44 778.56 768.59 758.55 748.42 738.20 727.90 717.51 707.03 696.46 685.80 675.05 664.20 653.26 642.22 631.08 619.84 608.50 597.06 585.51 573.85 562.09 550.21 538.21 526.10 513.86 501.48 488.97

−0.40785 −0.40743 −0.40565 −0.40375 −0.40173 −0.39958 −0.39729 −0.39485 −0.39227 −0.38952 −0.38660 −0.38352 −0.38024 −0.37677 −0.37310 −0.36922 −0.36511 −0.36076 −0.35616 −0.35130 −0.34616 −0.34074 −0.33500 −0.32894 −0.32254 −0.31577 −0.30862 −0.30107 −0.29308 −0.28464 −0.27572 −0.26628 −0.25629 −0.24573 −0.23455 −0.22270 −0.21016 −0.19686 −0.18275 −0.16779 −0.15189 −0.13501 −0.11705 −0.09794 −0.07758 −0.05588 −0.03271 −0.00795 0.018543 0.046927 0.077386 0.11012 0.14538 0.18342 0.22456 0.26917

171.43 171.02 169.40 167.78 166.16 164.53 162.91 161.28 159.65 158.01 156.37 154.73 153.09 151.44 149.79 148.14 146.49 144.83 143.16 141.50 139.83 138.15 136.48 134.80 133.11 131.42 129.78 128.11 126.44 124.76 123.07 121.38 119.69 118.00 116.30 114.61 112.91 111.21 109.51 107.81 106.11 104.41 102.71 101.01 99.316 97.623 95.933 94.247 92.565 90.888 89.216 87.551 85.893 84.242 82.599 80.965

376.64 371.92 353.83 336.91 321.09 306.27 292.39 279.38 267.17 255.71 244.94 234.81 225.28 216.31 207.85 199.88 192.35 185.23 178.51 172.14 166.11 160.39 154.96 149.80 144.90 140.23 135.78 131.54 127.50 123.63 119.93 116.38 112.98 109.72 106.59 103.58 100.68 97.879 95.179 92.571 90.048 87.605 85.236 82.937 80.703 78.529 76.412 74.347 72.331 70.361 68.432 66.542 64.688 62.867 61.075 59.311

Saturated Properties

2-211

−0.01536 −0.01513 −0.01422 −0.01333 −0.01245 −0.01158 −0.01073 −0.00989 −0.00906 −0.00824 −0.00744 −0.00664 −0.00586 −0.00508 −0.00432 −0.00357 −0.00282 −0.00209 −0.00136 −0.00064 6.86E-05 0.000772 0.001467 0.002156 0.002838 0.003513 0.004181 0.004844 0.005501 0.006153 0.006799 0.007440 0.008077 0.008708 0.009336 0.009960 0.010579 0.011195 0.011808 0.012418 0.013025 0.013630 0.014232 0.014833 0.015431 0.016029 0.016625 0.017221 0.017816 0.018411 0.019006 0.019602 0.020200 0.020799 0.021400 0.022004

2-212

TABLE 2-187 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Air (Continued ) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

2.1695 2.2392 2.3100 2.3821 2.4554 2.5303 2.6069 2.6854 2.7662 2.8496 2.9363 3.0269 3.1227 3.2253 3.3379 3.4661 3.6243 3.8680 4.4004

2.2415 2.3161 2.3922 2.4697 2.5490 2.6302 2.7135 2.7992 2.8878 2.9796 3.0753 3.1759 3.2827 3.3976 3.5243 3.6695 3.8497 4.1302 4.7627

4.8774 4.8825 4.9025 4.9225 4.9424 4.9621 4.9817 5.0012 5.0205 5.0397 5.0587 5.0774 5.0960 5.1144 5.1326 5.1505 5.1682 5.1856 5.2028 5.2196 5.2362 5.2525 5.2684 5.2841 5.2994 5.3143 5.3289 5.3431 5.3569 5.3703 5.3832 5.3958 5.4079 5.4195 5.4307 5.4413 5.4514 5.4610

5.3730 5.3800 5.4081 5.4361 5.4639 5.4915 5.5189 5.5461 5.5731 5.5998 5.6263 5.6525 5.6784 5.7040 5.7292 5.7541 5.7786 5.8027 5.8264 5.8497 5.8726 5.8949 5.9169 5.9383 5.9591 5.9795 5.9993 6.0185 6.0372 6.0552 6.0726 6.0893 6.1054 6.1207 6.1354 6.1492 6.1624 6.1747

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

JouleThomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.076131 0.077996 0.080090 0.082459 0.085163 0.088280 0.091919 0.096227 0.10142 0.10781 0.11589 0.12645 0.14089 0.16186 0.19519 0.25624 0.40151 1.0148

476.31 463.48 450.49 437.29 423.88 410.23 396.30 382.04 367.40 352.31 336.67 320.36 303.21 285.00 265.37 243.75 219.07 189.12 0

0.31767 0.37057 0.42848 0.49214 0.56243 0.64047 0.72765 0.82574 0.93703 1.0646 1.2125 1.3865 1.5951 1.8510 2.1752 2.6058 3.2246 4.2808 6.3978

79.340 77.724 76.119 74.523 72.938 71.363 69.798 68.243 66.700 65.170 63.658 62.176 60.751 59.445 58.409 58.054 59.591 67.802

57.571 55.852 54.152 52.467 50.794 49.130 47.469 45.809 44.141 42.460 40.755 39.013 37.215 35.332 33.316 31.072 28.384 24.467

0.029217 0.029225 0.029261 0.029302 0.029348 0.029399 0.029455 0.029518 0.029587 0.029663 0.029746 0.029836 0.029934 0.030040 0.030155 0.030278 0.030410 0.030552 0.030703 0.030865 0.031037 0.031220 0.031415 0.031621 0.031840 0.032072 0.032317 0.032577 0.032851 0.033141 0.033447 0.033770 0.034111 0.034472 0.034853 0.035256 0.035681 0.036132

154.83 155.14 156.38 157.60 158.81 159.99 161.16 162.30 163.42 164.53 165.60 166.66 167.69 168.70 169.69 170.65 171.58 172.49 173.37 174.23 175.05 175.85 176.62 177.36 178.07 178.75 179.40 180.02 180.61 181.17 181.69 182.19 182.65 183.08 183.47 183.84 184.17 184.46

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

0.022611 0.023223 0.023840 0.024462 0.025092 0.025731 0.026380 0.027041 0.027717 0.028412 0.029131 0.029880 0.030668 0.031512 0.032436 0.033492 0.034804 0.036863 0.041603

0.026979 0.026965 0.026961 0.026966 0.026982 0.027010 0.027053 0.027113 0.027194 0.027300 0.027438 0.027618 0.027855 0.028171 0.028607 0.029242 0.030266 0.032343

0.096708 0.096323 0.094825 0.093392 0.092020 0.090705 0.089445 0.088235 0.087074 0.085959 0.084887 0.083855 0.082862 0.081906 0.080983 0.080094 0.079235 0.078406 0.077604 0.076828 0.076076 0.075348 0.074643 0.073957 0.073292 0.072645 0.072016 0.071403 0.070806 0.070224 0.069655 0.069099 0.068556 0.068024 0.067503 0.066991 0.066489 0.065995

0.020805 0.020809 0.020825 0.020843 0.020864 0.020886 0.020911 0.020938 0.020968 0.021000 0.021035 0.021072 0.021113 0.021156 0.021201 0.021250 0.021302 0.021356 0.021414 0.021474 0.021538 0.021605 0.021674 0.021747 0.021822 0.021901 0.021983 0.022068 0.022155 0.022246 0.022340 0.022436 0.022536 0.022638 0.022744 0.022852 0.022964 0.023078

Saturated Properties 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132.63 59.75 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

1.6633 1.7546 1.8495 1.9479 2.0499 2.1557 2.2653 2.3787 2.4960 2.6173 2.7427 2.8721 3.0055 3.1431 3.2845 3.4295 3.5770 3.7228 3.7858 0.002432 0.002584 0.003274 0.004111 0.005120 0.006325 0.007756 0.009442 0.011416 0.013713 0.016372 0.019431 0.022933 0.026921 0.031443 0.036547 0.042282 0.048702 0.055859 0.063810 0.072611 0.082321 0.093001 0.10471 0.11751 0.13147 0.14665 0.16312 0.18094 0.20018 0.22091 0.24320 0.26712 0.29273 0.32011 0.34934 0.38047 0.41359

23.080 22.801 22.514 22.217 21.908 21.588 21.253 20.903 20.534 20.144 19.727 19.278 18.788 18.242 17.616 16.863 15.869 14.198 10.448 0.004907 0.005192 0.006475 0.008005 0.009817 0.011948 0.014438 0.017326 0.020659 0.024481 0.028841 0.033789 0.039379 0.045664 0.052702 0.060550 0.069268 0.078918 0.089564 0.10127 0.11410 0.12813 0.14343 0.16006 0.17811 0.19765 0.21875 0.24150 0.26598 0.29228 0.32048 0.35068 0.38298 0.41747 0.45426 0.49345 0.53517 0.57953

0.043328 0.043857 0.044417 0.045011 0.045645 0.046323 0.047052 0.047841 0.048700 0.049643 0.050691 0.051871 0.053225 0.054818 0.056765 0.059300 0.063015 0.070432 0.095715 203.80 192.59 154.45 124.93 101.86 83.693 69.263 57.715 48.406 40.849 34.673 29.595 25.394 21.899 18.975 16.515 14.437 12.671 11.165 9.8746 8.7639 7.8043 6.9721 6.2475 5.6145 5.0595 4.5715 4.1408 3.7597 3.4214 3.1203 2.8516 2.6111 2.3954 2.2014 2.0265 1.8686 1.7255

58.283 57.634 55.151 52.832 50.666 48.640 46.742 44.963 43.293 41.724 40.248 38.858 37.548 36.313 35.146 34.043 32.999 32.010 31.072 30.183 29.337 28.534 27.769 27.041 26.346 25.684 25.051 24.447 23.869 23.316 22.786 22.278 21.791 21.324 20.876 20.445 20.031 19.632

5.2938 5.3199 5.4244 5.5291 5.6340 5.7391 5.8444 5.9500 6.0559 6.1621 6.2688 6.3759 6.4835 6.5917 6.7005 6.8099 6.9202 7.0312 7.1431 7.2560 7.3700 7.4851 7.6014 7.7192 7.8384 7.9591 8.0817 8.2060 8.3324 8.4610 8.5919 8.7254 8.8616 9.0008 9.1433 9.2893 9.4390 9.5929

4.2197 4.2382 4.3119 4.3855 4.4590 4.5324 4.6057 4.6788 4.7519 4.8248 4.8976 4.9703 5.0429 5.1154 5.1878 5.2602 5.3325 5.4048 5.4771 5.5494 5.6217 5.6940 5.7664 5.8389 5.9116 5.9844 6.0574 6.1307 6.2043 6.2781 6.3524 6.4272 6.5024 6.5782 6.6547 6.7318 6.8098 6.8887

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132.63

0.44878 0.48609 0.52562 0.56742 0.61159 0.65820 0.70732 0.75903 0.81341 0.87055 0.93052 0.9934 1.0593 1.1282 1.2004 1.2757 1.3545 1.4366 1.5223 1.6115 1.7045 1.8013 1.9020 2.0067 2.1156 2.2287 2.3462 2.4682 2.5949 2.7266 2.8633 3.0055 3.1536 3.3084 3.4712 3.6462 3.7858

0.62667 0.67671 0.72980 0.78609 0.84575 0.90895 0.97587 1.0467 1.1217 1.2011 1.2852 1.3742 1.4684 1.5682 1.6740 1.7862 1.9053 2.0318 2.1664 2.3097 2.4625 2.6259 2.8009 2.9889 3.1913 3.4103 3.6481 3.9078 4.1934 4.5101 4.8653 5.2697 5.7405 6.3074 7.0343 8.1273 10.448

1.5957 1.4777 1.3702 1.2721 1.1824 1.1002 1.0247 0.95535 0.89147 0.83254 0.77810 0.72772 0.68102 0.63767 0.59737 0.55985 0.52486 0.49217 0.46160 0.43296 0.40608 0.38082 0.35702 0.33457 0.31335 0.29323 0.27412 0.25590 0.23847 0.22173 0.20554 0.18976 0.17420 0.15854 0.14216 0.12304 0.095715

5.4701 5.4785 5.4864 5.4936 5.5002 5.5060 5.5112 5.5156 5.5193 5.5221 5.5240 5.5250 5.5251 5.5241 5.5221 5.5188 5.5143 5.5085 5.5012 5.4924 5.4819 5.4695 5.4550 5.4383 5.4190 5.3969 5.3715 5.3424 5.3089 5.2701 5.2248 5.1713 5.1069 5.0268 4.9209 4.7566 4.4004

6.1862 6.1968 6.2066 6.2154 6.2233 6.2302 6.2360 6.2408 6.2444 6.2469 6.2481 6.2480 6.2465 6.2436 6.2391 6.2330 6.2252 6.2156 6.2039 6.1901 6.1740 6.1554 6.1341 6.1097 6.0819 6.0504 6.0147 5.9740 5.9277 5.8746 5.8133 5.7417 5.6563 5.5513 5.4143 5.2053 4.7627

5.6800 9.8544 14.072 18.500 23.201 28.145 33.282 38.568 43.966 49.453

6.4941 12.348 18.231 24.323 30.686 37.293 44.094 51.042 58.104 65.253

1.2007 1.5924

0.065510 0.065031 0.064560 0.064094 0.063633 0.063177 0.062726 0.062277 0.061832 0.061389 0.060947 0.060506 0.060065 0.059623 0.059180 0.058735 0.058286 0.057833 0.057375 0.056910 0.056437 0.055955 0.055461 0.054954 0.054432 0.053890 0.053326 0.052735 0.052112 0.051448 0.050732 0.049950 0.049076 0.048067 0.046830 0.045064 0.041603

0.023196 0.023317 0.023441 0.023568 0.023698 0.023833 0.023970 0.024112 0.024258 0.024408 0.024563 0.024722 0.024887 0.025058 0.025234 0.025418 0.025608 0.025807 0.026015 0.026232 0.026461 0.026701 0.026956 0.027226 0.027514 0.027823 0.028155 0.028516 0.028910 0.029344 0.029827 0.030371 0.030994 0.031726 0.032619 0.033814

0.036610 0.037116 0.037654 0.038225 0.038834 0.039483 0.040176 0.040918 0.041714 0.042570 0.043492 0.044490 0.045573 0.046751 0.048038 0.049450 0.051005 0.052727 0.054644 0.056790 0.059209 0.061956 0.065102 0.068738 0.072988 0.078015 0.084052 0.091426 0.10063 0.11241 0.12801 0.14959 0.18134 0.23261 0.32992 0.59804

184.72 184.95 185.14 185.30 185.42 185.51 185.55 185.57 185.54 185.48 185.38 185.24 185.07 184.85 184.60 184.30 183.97 183.59 183.17 182.71 182.21 181.66 181.08 180.45 179.78 179.06 178.31 177.51 176.68 175.81 174.91 173.96 172.98 171.93 170.79 169.40 0

19.249 18.879 18.523 18.180 17.848 17.528 17.218 16.918 16.628 16.346 16.072 15.805 15.546 15.292 15.044 14.800 14.561 14.324 14.090 13.856 13.623 13.388 13.151 12.909 12.661 12.405 12.137 11.854 11.553 11.229 10.874 10.480 10.033 9.5119 8.8740 7.9854 6.3978

9.7513 9.9145 10.083 10.257 10.438 10.626 10.821 11.024 11.237 11.459 11.693 11.939 12.198 12.473 12.764 13.074 13.406 13.762 14.145 14.559 15.008 15.499 16.039 16.635 17.298 18.042 18.884 19.849 20.968 22.288 23.877 25.841 28.367 31.807 37.001 46.996

6.9686 7.0495 7.1317 7.2153 7.3003 7.3870 7.4755 7.5659 7.6586 7.7537 7.8514 7.9521 8.0560 8.1634 8.2749 8.3907 8.5114 8.6375 8.7696 8.9086 9.0552 9.2104 9.3755 9.5518 9.7412 9.9456 10.168 10.411 10.681 10.982 11.324 11.720 12.191 12.775 13.553 14.798

0.080463 0.11269 0.12770 0.13794 0.14593 0.15255 0.15823 0.16320 0.16762 0.17160

0.021087 0.020796 0.021504 0.022817 0.024150 0.025246 0.026091 0.026734 0.027229 0.027619

0.030116 0.029149 0.029830 0.031137 0.032467 0.033562 0.034406 0.035049 0.035544 0.035934

198.24 347.36 446.40 523.89 589.60 648.15 701.76 751.59 798.38 842.62

17.423 2.2510 0.50305 −0.12430 −0.41124 −0.56194 −0.64963 −0.70457 −0.74078 −0.76547

9.4692 26.384 39.944 51.755 62.543 72.680 82.381 91.781 100.97 110.01

7.1068 18.537 27.090 34.176 40.394 46.051 51.325 56.325 61.127 65.783

1.2383 1.6321

0.013532 0.017351

0.027868 0.027368

0.061355 0.065680

658.25 582.97

−0.14308 −0.00232

104.97 93.879

88.326 73.903

5.5251 9.8022 14.046 18.485 23.190 28.138 33.278 38.565 43.964 49.451

6.2479 12.289 18.218 24.326 30.698 37.311 44.114 51.065 58.128 65.278

0.060461 0.093372 0.10851 0.11877 0.12677 0.13340 0.13908 0.14405 0.14847 0.15245

0.024739 0.020859 0.021526 0.022830 0.024159 0.025253 0.026096 0.026738 0.027233 0.027622

0.044597 0.029563 0.029954 0.031194 0.032498 0.033582 0.034419 0.035057 0.035550 0.035939

185.23 348.45 448.46 525.96 591.54 649.96 703.44 753.17 799.86 844.02

15.779 2.1789 0.47425 −0.13809 −0.41899 −0.56686 −0.65304 −0.70711 −0.74278 −0.76711

11.965 26.684 40.110 51.868 62.628 72.748 82.438 91.830 101.01 110.05

7.9625 18.672 27.179 34.242 40.446 46.094 51.361 56.357 61.155 65.808

1.0983 9.5710

1.2820 12.042

0.012483 0.079244

0.028034 0.021131

0.058181 0.031423

710.56 355.63

−0.21837 1.8817

111.13 28.389

96.436 19.420

Single-Phase Properties 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 100 106.22

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1

2-213

108.1 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

100 300

5 5

0.12283 0.040103 0.024046 0.017175 0.013359 0.010931 0.009249 0.008016 0.007073 0.006329 26.593 25.232 1.3836 0.40205 0.23974 0.17119 0.13319 0.10902 0.092279 0.079999 0.070604 0.063185 27.222 2.0232

8.1414 24.936 41.586 58.223 74.855 91.486 108.12 124.75 141.38 158.00 0.037604 0.039632 0.72278 2.4873 4.1711 5.8415 7.5079 9.1727 10.837 12.500 14.163 15.827 0.036735 0.49426

TABLE 2-187 2-214

Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Air (Concluded) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

JouleThomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

Single Phase Properties 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

1.1814 0.84321 0.65711 0.53874 0.45667 0.39636 0.35015 0.31361

0.84642 1.1859 1.5218 1.8562 2.1898 2.5229 2.8559 3.1887

13.935 18.417 23.146 28.107 33.256 38.550 43.954 49.445

18.167 24.347 30.755 37.388 44.205 51.165 58.234 65.389

0.094907 0.10529 0.11334 0.11999 0.12568 0.13066 0.13509 0.13907

0.021621 0.022885 0.024197 0.025282 0.026119 0.026757 0.027249 0.027636

0.030478 0.031434 0.032632 0.033664 0.034473 0.035095 0.035577 0.035958

458.30 535.45 600.34 658.10 711.01 760.23 806.49 850.28

0.36370 −0.19118 −0.44905 −0.58606 −0.66646 −0.71716 −0.75073 −0.77366

40.969 52.433 63.045 73.076 82.707 92.057 101.21 110.22

27.606 34.545 40.682 46.287 51.523 56.497 61.278 65.917

100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

27.863 4.0370 2.3157 1.6542 1.2922 1.0618 0.90165 0.78374 0.69321 0.62149

0.035889 0.24771 0.43183 0.60452 0.77388 0.94184 1.1091 1.2759 1.4426 1.6090

0.99444 9.2885 13.802 18.336 23.092 28.070 33.231 38.532 43.943 49.438

1.3533 11.766 18.120 24.382 30.831 37.489 44.321 51.292 58.368 65.528

0.011382 0.072612 0.088894 0.099422 0.10752 0.11420 0.11990 0.12489 0.12932 0.13330

0.028284 0.021441 0.021733 0.022952 0.024243 0.025317 0.026146 0.026780 0.027268 0.027653

0.055716 0.033664 0.031078 0.031710 0.032786 0.033760 0.034537 0.035139 0.035608 0.035981

763.47 369.50 471.81 547.83 611.64 668.47 720.60 769.17 814.87 858.18

−0.27969 1.5212 0.25100 −0.24405 −0.47890 −0.60517 −0.67990 −0.72730 −0.75881 −0.78039

117.77 31.116 42.260 53.257 63.641 73.538 83.082 92.372 101.48 110.45

105.78 20.637 28.194 34.944 40.985 46.531 51.728 56.673 61.432 66.054

100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

33.161 21.138 15.089 11.803 9.7481 8.3307 7.2877 6.4847 5.8456 5.3239

0.030156 0.047309 0.066273 0.084722 0.10258 0.12004 0.13722 0.15421 0.17107 0.18783

0.24746 7.0356 12.371 17.367 22.408 27.580 32.880 38.287 43.779 49.340

3.2631 11.767 18.999 25.840 32.667 39.584 46.602 53.708 60.886 68.123

0.001378 0.049067 0.067619 0.079134 0.087711 0.09465 0.10051 0.10559 0.11009 0.11411

0.031980 0.023981 0.023117 0.023855 0.024903 0.025831 0.026565 0.027131 0.027569 0.027915

0.048218 0.038366 0.034686 0.034011 0.034331 0.034845 0.035323 0.035723 0.036049 0.036317

1192.4 818.47 772.41 790.14 821.78 857.40 894.00 930.40 966.13 1001.0

−0.47290 −0.49747 −0.55640 −0.62591 −0.67702 −0.71435 −0.74281 −0.76506 −0.78264 −0.79653

179.20 86.312 71.549 73.572 79.057 85.797 93.151 100.84 108.75 116.78

252.46 53.642 42.159 43.339 46.948 51.158 55.511 59.875 64.208 68.504

300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

34.106 29.826 26.714 24.283 22.305 20.651 19.243 18.027 16.963

0.029320 0.033528 0.037433 0.041180 0.044833 0.048423 0.051966 0.055473 0.058952

6.2145 11.583 16.768 22.008 27.358 32.814 38.354 43.961 49.623

20.875 28.348 35.484 42.598 49.775 57.025 64.337 71.698 79.098

0.033155 0.052311 0.064323 0.073261 0.080460 0.086515 0.091746 0.096353 0.10047

0.028875 0.026614 0.026496 0.026991 0.027539 0.028000 0.02836 0.02864 0.02886

0.039265 0.036111 0.035494 0.035702 0.036073 0.036415 0.036693 0.036911 0.037085

1678.8 1573.6 1514.8 1482.8 1468.3 1465.1 1469.3 1478.5 1491.1

−0.57656 −0.65015 −0.67879 −0.68796 −0.69130 −0.69354 −0.69594 −0.69875 −0.70188

208.23 178.50 161.67 151.95 146.88 144.95 145.84 148.48 152.39

181.12 120.62 97.470 86.531 81.387 79.411 79.312 80.393 82.251

300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

40.130 36.567 33.895 31.736 29.916 28.338 26.946 25.701 24.577

0.024919 0.027347 0.029503 0.031510 0.033427 0.035288 0.037111 0.038909 0.040688

6.8286 12.271 17.554 22.890 28.327 33.857 39.461 45.123 50.830

31.747 39.618 47.057 54.399 61.754 69.145 76.573 84.032 91.519

0.024761 0.044944 0.057468 0.066695 0.074073 0.080246 0.085561 0.090229 0.094392

0.032271 0.029334 0.028754 0.028917 0.029215 0.029476 0.029675 0.029821 0.029928

0.041510 0.037843 0.036801 0.036702 0.036858 0.037051 0.037224 0.037369 0.037491

2208.5 2104.7 2033.9 1984.7 1951.3 1929.3 1915.7 1908.3 1905.8

−0.50493 −0.57316 −0.60504 −0.61882 −0.62560 −0.62968 −0.63251 −0.63465 −0.63632

274.96 247.30 230.60 219.72 212.46 207.70 204.81 203.41 203.25

337.76 219.41 174.51 149.43 133.76 123.58 116.94 112.74 110.27

This table was generated for a standard three-component dry air containing mole fractions 0.7812 nitrogen, 0.2096 oxygen, and 0.0092 argon. The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T, Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(3):331–385, 2000. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the freezing point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. In the range from the solidification point to 873 K at pressures to 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated speed of sound values is 0.2% and that for calculated heat capacities is 1%. At temperatures above 873 K and 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of calculated density values is 0.5%, increasing to 1.0% at 2000 K and 2000 MPa. For viscosity, the uncertainty is 1% in the dilute gas. The uncertainty is around 2% between 270 and 300 K and increases to 5% outside of this region. There are very few measurements between 130 and 270 K for air to validate this claim, and the uncertainties may be even higher in this supercritical region. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple points. The uncertainties range from 3% between 140 and 300 K to 5% at the triple point and at high temperatures. The uncertainties above 100 MPa are not known due to a lack of experimental data.

−100

0

10. 8.

60

(R-729) reference state: h = 0.0 kJ/kg, s = 0.00 kJ/(kg·K) for ideal gas at 0 K

0.

0.

0.

Air

100

200 0.

300

.

400

150.

200

30

40

50

−200 20.

500

3

100.

g/m ρ = 80. k

700.

10. 8.

40.

6.

30.

c.p.

110

100

90

70

60.

4.

20.

T = 80 K

2.

800.

900.

6. 4.

600 20.

15.

120

2.

10.

120

500

480

440

420

400

380

360

340

320

300

280

260

240

220

200

160

140

6.

80

0 6.6

0 6.4

0

)

g·K

/(k

00

J 0k

3.0

0.4

0.2

20

7.

7.

s=

7.4

300

400

0.1 0.08

0.40

0.06 0.04

0.20 0.15 0 7.8

200

0.60

0.30 0

100

0.6

1.0

7.6

0

4.0

1.5

0.02

−100

1. 0.8

2.0

70

0.01 −200

6.0

0.80

6.2

or

100

saturated vap

0.9

0.8

0.7

2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00

0.04

0.5

80

0.1 0.08 0.06

0.6

0.3 x = 0.4

0.2

0.1

ted li

0.2

quid

90

180

0.4

T = 460 K

8.0

T = 100 K

0.6

satura

Pressure (MPa)

110

1. 0.8

0.02

0.10

500

0.01 600

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

2-215

FIG. 2-5 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for dry air. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29:331–385, 2000.

2-216

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-188

Air

Other tables include Stewart, R. B., S. G. Penoncello, et al., University of Idaho CATS report, 85-5, 1985 (0.1–700 bar, 85–750 K), and Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29(3): 331–385, 2000. Tables including reactions with hydrocarbons include Gordon, S., NASA Techn. Paper 1907, 4 vols., 1982. See also Gupta, R. N., K-P. Lee, et al., NASA RP 1232, 1990 (89 pp.) and RP 1260, 1991 (75 pp.). Analytic expressions for high temperatures were given by Matsuzaki, R., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 21, 7 (1982): 1009–1013 and Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory report NAL TR 671, 1981 (45 pp.). Functions from 1500 to 15,000 K were tabulated by Hilsenrath, J. and M. Klein, AEDC-TR-65-58 = AD 612 301, 1965 (333 pp.). Tables from 10000 to 10,000,000 K were authored by Gilmore, F. R., Lockheed rept. 3-27-67-1, vol 1., 1967 (340 pp.), also published as Radiative Properties of Air, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1969 (648 pp.). Saturation and superheat tables and a chart to 7000 psia, 660°R appear in Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Ga, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993. AIR, MOIST An ASHRAE publication, Thermodynamic Properties of Dry Air and Water and S. I. Psychrometric Charts, 1983 (360 pp.), extensively reviews moist air properties. Gandiduson, P., Chem. Eng., Oct. 29, 1984 gives on page 118 a nomograph from 50 to 120°F, while equations in SI units were given by Nelson, B., Chem. Eng. Progr. 76, 5 (May 1980): 83–85. Liley, P. E., 2000 Solved Problems in M.E. Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989, gives four simple equations with which most calculations can be made. Devres, Y.O., Appl. Energy 48 (1994): 1–18 gives equations with which three known properties can be used to determine four others. Klappert, M. T. and G. F. Schilling, Rand RM-4244-PR = AD 604 856, 1984 (40 pp.) gives tables from 100 to 270 K, while programs from −60 to 2°F are given by Sando, F. A., ASHRAE Trans., 96, 2 (1990): 299–308. Viscosity references include Kestin, J. and J. H. Whitelaw, Int. J. Ht. Mass Transf. 7, 11 (1964): 1245–1255; Studnokov, E. L., Inz.-Fiz. Zhur. 19, 2 (1970): 338–340; Hochramer, D. and F. Munczak, Setzb. Ost. Acad. Wiss II 175, 10 (1966): 540–550. For thermal conductivity see, for instance, Mason, E. A. and L. Monchick, Humidity and Moisture Control in Science and Industry, Reinhold, New York, 1965 (257–272).

TABLE 2-189

Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

195.50 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 405.40

0.0060912 0.0086509 0.017739 0.033790 0.060407 0.10223 0.16494 0.25531 0.38107 0.55092 0.77436 1.0617 1.4240 1.8728 2.4205 3.0802 3.8660 4.7929 5.8778 7.1402 8.6045 10.305 11.339

43.035 42.754 42.111 41.442 40.748 40.032 39.293 38.533 37.748 36.939 36.101 35.230 34.320 33.363 32.350 31.264 30.087 28.788 27.321 25.606 23.465 20.232 13.212

195.50 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 405.40

0.0060912 0.0086509 0.017739 0.033790 0.060407 0.10223 0.16494 0.25531 0.38107 0.55092 0.77436 1.0617 1.4240 1.8728 2.4205 3.0802 3.8660 4.7929 5.8778 7.1402 8.6045 10.305 11.339

0.0037635 0.0052305 0.010249 0.018721 0.032214 0.052667 0.082417 0.12421 0.18126 0.25729 0.35664 0.48448 0.64702 0.85202 1.1094 1.4325 1.8399 2.3598 3.0375 3.9558 5.2979 7.6973 13.212

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.00000 0.32333 1.0480 1.7825 2.5265 3.2793 4.0403 4.8093 5.5862 6.3712 7.1651 7.9691 8.7850 9.6153 10.463 11.333 12.232 13.169 14.158 15.224 16.424 17.969 20.640

0.00014154 0.32353 1.0484 1.7833 2.5279 3.2818 4.0445 4.8160 5.5963 6.3861 7.1866 7.9993 8.8265 9.6714 10.538 11.432 12.361 13.335 14.373 15.503 16.790 18.478 21.499

23.661 23.770 24.006 24.233 24.450 24.655 24.846 25.021 25.179 25.317 25.435 25.528 25.595 25.632 25.634 25.595 25.505 25.350 25.107 24.734 24.144 23.047 20.640

25.279 25.424 25.737 26.038 26.325 26.596 26.847 27.077 27.281 27.459 27.606 27.720 27.796 27.830 27.816 27.746 27.606 27.381 27.042 26.539 25.768 24.386 21.499

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

0.00000 0.0016351 0.0051707 0.0085874 0.011894 0.015098 0.018205 0.021222 0.024154 0.027010 0.029797 0.032525 0.035203 0.037843 0.040458 0.043065 0.045682 0.048339 0.051075 0.053961 0.057149 0.061223 0.068559

0.049972 0.049837 0.049521 0.049207 0.048906 0.048613 0.048327 0.048047 0.047774 0.047511 0.047266 0.047044 0.046856 0.046715 0.046636 0.046642 0.046767 0.047064 0.047619 0.048589 0.050319 0.054109

0.071565 0.071988 0.072971 0.073950 0.074883 0.075764 0.076608 0.077448 0.078328 0.079296 0.080412 0.081747 0.083390 0.085465 0.088145 0.091701 0.096576 0.10357 0.11435 0.13314 0.17550 0.38707

2124.2 2080.2 1992.7 1913.7 1839.2 1766.9 1695.6 1624.5 1553.1 1481.0 1407.8 1333.2 1256.7 1177.9 1096.5 1011.8 923.38 830.62 732.78 628.75 515.88 384.58 0

0.12931 0.12714 0.12273 0.11884 0.11536 0.11224 0.10942 0.10684 0.10447 0.10227 0.10021 0.098259 0.096395 0.094589 0.092817 0.091046 0.089242 0.087355 0.085316 0.083003 0.080169 0.075992 0.068559

0.026510 0.026650 0.027053 0.027583 0.028245 0.029043 0.029978 0.031050 0.032253 0.033581 0.035028 0.036584 0.038244 0.040004 0.041868 0.043844 0.045954 0.048233 0.050744 0.053589 0.056957 0.061281

0.035130 0.035345 0.035961 0.036783 0.037836 0.039142 0.040728 0.042623 0.044859 0.047476 0.050530 0.054099 0.058302 0.063320 0.069443 0.077150 0.087280 0.10141 0.12286 0.16000 0.24170 0.59477

354.12 357.91 365.94 373.38 380.19 386.30 391.66 396.20 399.86 402.59 404.30 404.95 404.45 402.70 399.61 395.05 388.86 380.83 370.69 357.96 341.67 318.22 0

Therm. Joule-Thomson cond. K/MPa mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

Saturated Properties 0.023237 0.023389 0.023747 0.024130 0.024541 0.024980 0.025450 0.025952 0.026491 0.027072 0.027700 0.028385 0.029138 0.029973 0.030912 0.031986 0.033237 0.034737 0.036602 0.039054 0.042616 0.049426 0.075690 265.71 191.19 97.573 53.415 31.043 18.987 12.133 8.0506 5.5168 3.8867 2.8040 2.0641 1.5455 1.1737 0.90139 0.69810 0.54350 0.42377 0.32922 0.25279 0.18875 0.12992 0.075690

−0.23362 −0.22917 −0.21883 −0.20813 −0.19712 −0.18561 −0.17327 −0.15963 −0.14414 −0.12612 −0.10470 −0.078790 −0.046923 −0.0070718 0.043673 0.10967 0.19774 0.31928 0.49497 0.76738 1.2455 2.3557 5.0513 171.13 152.55 120.01 96.215 78.430 64.852 54.280 45.905 39.175 33.701 29.207 25.489 22.391 19.794 17.599 15.728 14.112 12.690 11.400 10.172 8.9038 7.3513 5.0513

818.99 803.14 768.02 733.17 698.80 665.09 632.16 600.07 568.85 538.50 508.99 480.25 452.23 424.83 397.96 371.51 345.32 319.25 293.07 266.57 239.65 216.00

559.57 507.28 414.98 346.68 294.94 254.85 223.08 197.34 176.06 158.12 142.74 129.33 117.49 106.91 97.325 88.555 80.430 72.796 65.493 58.315 50.877 41.802

19.636 19.684 19.860 20.132 20.503 20.978 21.560 22.258 23.079 24.034 25.138 26.408 27.872 29.568 31.559 33.945 36.900 40.752 46.149 54.556 70.114 113.54

6.8396 6.9515 7.2115 7.4846 7.7679 8.0587 8.3552 8.6558 8.9595 9.2664 9.5771 9.8938 10.220 10.561 10.927 11.330 11.792 12.346 13.053 14.025 15.527 18.529

2-217

2-218

TABLE 2-189

Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

200.00 239.56 239.56 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 200.00 298.05 298.05 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 200.00 300.00 362.03 362.03 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 200.00 300.00 398.32 398.32 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0

42.756 40.064 0.051595 0.040502 0.030171 0.024091 0.020060 0.017188 42.774 35.403 0.45697 0.45215 0.31157 0.24426 0.20197 0.17248 42.852 35.450 28.505 2.4828 1.8706 1.3046 1.0412 0.87563 42.947 35.714 20.945 7.1390 6.5455 2.8656 2.1650 1.7835 38.995 33.105 27.067 21.518 17.303 45.670 42.416 39.515 36.909 34.550 49.944 47.551 45.362 43.378 41.556

0.023388 0.024960 19.382 24.690 33.144 41.509 49.849 58.179 0.023379 0.028246 2.1883 2.2117 3.2095 4.0940 4.9513 5.7977 0.023336 0.028209 0.035081 0.40277 0.53459 0.76650 0.96040 1.1420 0.023284 0.028000 0.047744 0.14008 0.15278 0.34897 0.46190 0.56069 0.025644 0.030207 0.036945 0.046473 0.057794 0.021896 0.023576 0.025307 0.027094 0.028943 0.020022 0.021030 0.022045 0.023053 0.024064

0.32270 3.2461 24.646 26.378 29.297 32.514 36.096 40.068 0.31651 7.8111 25.512 25.592 29.019 32.359 35.994 39.994 0.28942 7.8852 13.365 25.309 27.540 31.630 35.527 39.662 0.25644 7.7848 17.655 23.303 23.801 30.616 34.920 39.241 6.5830 13.432 20.212 26.825 33.074 4.7114 10.633 16.367 22.007 27.680 4.1818 9.8612 15.432 20.911 26.418

0.32504 3.2486 26.584 28.847 32.612 36.665 41.081 45.885 0.33989 7.8393 27.700 27.804 32.229 36.453 40.945 45.792 0.40611 8.0263 13.540 27.323 30.213 35.462 40.329 45.373 0.48928 8.0648 18.132 24.704 25.329 34.106 39.539 44.848 9.1474 16.453 23.907 31.472 38.854 15.660 22.421 29.021 35.554 42.152 24.204 30.891 37.477 43.964 50.481

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.071983 0.075726 0.039079 0.036849 0.038883 0.042280 0.046083 0.050015 0.071938 0.081465 0.053356 0.052493 0.041627 0.043338 0.046628 0.050341 0.071739 0.080899 0.10538 0.10501 0.061581 0.048779 0.049210 0.051836 0.071495 0.079960 0.30653 0.46915 0.30552 0.057806 0.052806 0.053796 0.072740 0.073557 0.075495 0.075193 0.072317 0.067831 0.066802 0.065418 0.065476 0.066615 0.065784 0.066677 0.065150 0.064819 0.065697

2080.3 1770.0 386.05 434.39 497.93 550.96 597.69 640.16 2081.5 1347.9 404.91 407.16 488.94 546.79 595.60 639.15 2086.8 1361.2 811.17 378.95 441.81 528.14 586.79 635.17 2093.5 1394.2 409.04 323.12 336.28 505.64 577.38 631.50 1774.7 1378.2 1081.8 918.11 861.52 2597.1 2353.2 2176.9 2044.6 1943.8 3230.2 2997.6 2842.8 2728.6 2639.0

−0.22921 −0.18613 65.377 27.493 10.681 5.5276 3.2702 2.0841 −0.22959 −0.084271 26.163 25.620 10.494 5.4884 3.2544 2.0746 −0.23126 −0.089577 0.34968 12.419 9.6373 5.2830 3.1693 2.0254 −0.23328 −0.10159 2.0704 7.6606 7.7633 4.9335 3.0278 1.9491 −0.19551 −0.11309 0.049919 0.23722 0.32753 −0.25055 −0.25064 −0.25260 −0.24722 −0.23682 −0.25989 −0.25431 −0.26084 −0.26235 −0.25820

803.24 666.56 20.955 25.100 37.215 53.119 68.607 78.312 804.23 485.81 26.145 26.308 38.087 53.750 69.123 78.751 808.60 487.57 313.94 41.693 45.730 57.294 71.791 80.941 814.02 496.50 218.73 101.04 95.455 63.922 76.053 84.235 622.86 431.98 305.65 234.79 196.04 989.00 804.05 674.00 582.63 511.57 1324.0 1138.9 996.49 887.73 797.25

507.47 256.42 8.0459 10.161 13.971 17.863 21.682 25.391 509.28 131.82 9.8313 9.9115 13.927 17.877 21.717 25.434 517.30 132.49 71.291 12.475 14.036 18.073 21.941 25.662 527.29 136.36 43.632 17.793 17.230 18.722 22.393 26.035 193.71 96.237 60.386 46.188 41.237 376.31 188.46 120.77 91.251 77.538 554.62 274.91 174.11 129.02 107.14

Single-Phase Properties 0.0016320 0.014960 0.11237 0.12080 0.13162 0.14065 0.14869 0.15609 0.0016010 0.031996 0.098633 0.098979 0.11177 0.12119 0.12937 0.13684 0.0014649 0.032243 0.048887 0.086956 0.094581 0.10634 0.11521 0.12298 0.0012980 0.031903 0.060394 0.076892 0.078458 0.098525 0.10844 0.11663 0.027511 0.048523 0.065147 0.078942 0.090326 0.018023 0.037482 0.052215 0.064127 0.074295 0.011750 0.030984 0.045686 0.057514 0.067559

0.049842 0.048626 0.029005 0.028021 0.030417 0.033897 0.037731 0.041678 0.049890 0.047085 0.036271 0.035866 0.031641 0.034312 0.037928 0.041791 0.050097 0.047090 0.047152 0.048722 0.038466 0.036193 0.038798 0.042289 0.050342 0.047164 0.053149 0.060447 0.057611 0.038603 0.039862 0.042896 0.048894 0.046636 0.045999 0.046723 0.048331 0.052877 0.051527 0.050431 0.050614 0.051816 0.055176 0.054864 0.053323 0.052940 0.053649

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tillner-Roth, R., Harms-Watzenberg, F., and Baehr, H. D.,“Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fuer Ammoniak,” DKV-Tagungsbericht, 20:167–181, 1993. The source for viscosity is Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., Vesovic, V., Watson, J. T. R., Millat, J., and Vogel, E., “The Viscosity of Ammonia,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24:1649–1667, 1995. The source for thermal conductivity is Tufeu, R., Ivanov, D. Y., Garrabos, Y., and Le Neindre, B., “Thermal Conductivity of Ammonia in a Large Temperature and Pressure Range Including the Critical Region,” Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88:422–427, 1984. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.2% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 2% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%. The uncertainty varies from 0.5% for the viscosity of the dilute gas phase at moderate temperatures to about 5% for the viscosity at high pressures and temperatures. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.

1200

0.

0.

1400

0.

0.

1600

.

1800

2000

2200 3

0. k ρ = 10 80.

150

20.

60. c.p.

40.

20

15.

80

10. 8.0

2.

4.0 T = 20 °C

20

300

280

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

saturated

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

x=

sat

0.2

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

ura

ted

0.1

liqu

id

vapor

0

260

0.6 0.4

1. 0.8

2.0

0.6

1.5

0.4

1.0 0.80 0.60

60

00

/(k

40

60

0.02

K)

g·

8.

7.

0 7.2

0 6.8

0

0 6.4

6.0

0

0 5.6

5.2

4.80

4.40

4.00

3.60

3.20

2.80

2.40

2.00

1.60

1.20

0.80

0.40

0.06

s

=

kJ

0.1 0.08

0.20

0.06

80

8.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0.15 0.10 0.080

8.

0.2

0.30 40

0.04

2.

3.0

0.40

0.1 0.08

4.

6.0

40

0.01 −200

6.

20.

60

Pressure (MPa)

10. 8.

30.

100

1. 0.8

2400 40.

g/m

.

200

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.

0.

. 550

600

1000

120

0

40

60

6. 4.

800

650.

700.

10. 8.

40

(R-717) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

T = 20 °C

20.

.

Ammonia

600

120

400

100

200

80

0

60

−200 40.

0.060

2200

0.04

0.02

0.01 2400

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-219

FIG. 2-6 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for ammonia. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Tillner-Roth, R., Harms-Watzenberg, F., and Baehr, H. D., “Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung für Ammoniak, DKV-Tagungsbericht 20(II):167–181, 1993.

FIG. 2-7 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous ammonia. From Thermodynamic and Physical Properties NH3 –H2O, Int. Inst. Refrigeration, Paris, France, 1994 (88 pp.). Reproduced by permission. In order to determine equilibrium compositions, draw a vertical from any liquid composition on any boiling line (the lowest plots) to intersect the appropriate auxiliary curve (the intermediate curves). A horizontal then drawn from this point to the appropriate dew line (the upper curves) will establish the vapor composition. The Int. Inst. Refrigeration publication also gives extensive P-v-x tables from −50 to 316°C. Other sources include Park, Y. M. and Sonntag, R. E., ASHRAE Trans., 96, 1 (1990): 150–159 (x, h, s, tables, 360 to 640 K); Ibrahim, O. M. and S. A. Klein, ASHRAE Trans., 99, 1 (1993): 1495–1502 (Eqs., 0.2 to 110 bar, 293 to 413 K); Smolen, T. M., D. B. Manley, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 36 (1991): 202–208 (p-x correlation, 0.9 to 450 psia, 293–413 K); Ruiter, J. P., Int. J. Refrig., 13 (1990): 223–236 gives ten subroutines for computer calculations.

TABLE 2-190

Thermodynamic Properties of Argon

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

83.806 85.000 87.000 89.000 91.000 93.000 95.000 97.000 99.000 101.00 103.00 105.00 107.00 109.00 111.00 113.00 115.00 117.00 119.00 121.00 123.00 125.00 127.00 129.00 131.00 133.00 135.00 137.00 139.00 141.00 143.00 145.00 147.00 149.00 150.69

0.068891 0.078897 0.098131 0.12078 0.14723 0.17785 0.21305 0.25323 0.29882 0.35023 0.40789 0.47224 0.54371 0.62276 0.70982 0.80535 0.90981 1.0237 1.1473 1.2814 1.4262 1.5823 1.7503 1.9305 2.1237 2.3303 2.5509 2.7862 3.0369 3.3037 3.5876 3.8896 4.2111 4.5541 4.8630

35.465 35.284 34.977 34.667 34.353 34.035 33.713 33.386 33.054 32.715 32.371 32.020 31.662 31.296 30.921 30.538 30.144 29.739 29.322 28.891 28.446 27.983 27.502 26.999 26.471 25.913 25.320 24.683 23.993 23.233 22.379 21.385 20.163 18.446 13.407

0.028197 0.028342 0.028590 0.028846 0.029109 0.029381 0.029662 0.029953 0.030254 0.030567 0.030892 0.031230 0.031584 0.031953 0.032340 0.032747 0.033174 0.033626 0.034104 0.034613 0.035155 0.035735 0.036361 0.037039 0.037778 0.038591 0.039495 0.040513 0.041678 0.043041 0.044686 0.046762 0.049597 0.054213 0.074586

−4.8531 −4.8000 −4.7110 −4.6220 −4.5328 −4.4433 −4.3534 −4.2632 −4.1725 −4.0812 −3.9893 −3.8968 −3.8034 −3.7092 −3.6141 −3.5180 −3.4207 −3.3222 −3.2223 −3.1208 −3.0175 −2.9123 −2.8049 −2.6949 −2.5820 −2.4655 −2.3449 −2.2192 −2.0871 −1.9468 −1.7953 −1.6277 −1.4335 −1.1822 −0.53575

−4.8512 −4.7977 −4.7082 −4.6185 −4.5285 −4.4380 −4.3471 −4.2556 −4.1634 −4.0705 −3.9767 −3.8820 −3.7862 −3.6893 −3.5912 −3.4916 −3.3905 −3.2878 −3.1831 −3.0764 −2.9674 −2.8558 −2.7413 −2.6234 −2.5018 −2.3756 −2.2442 −2.1063 −1.9605 −1.8046 −1.6350 −1.4458 −1.2247 −0.93533 −0.17304

0.053110 0.053740 0.054774 0.055787 0.056778 0.057752 0.058708 0.059649 0.060575 0.061489 0.062391 0.063283 0.064165 0.065039 0.065906 0.066767 0.067623 0.068477 0.069328 0.070179 0.071031 0.071886 0.072747 0.073616 0.074496 0.075392 0.076309 0.077253 0.078235 0.079268 0.080375 0.081593 0.083001 0.084835 0.089789

83.806 85.000 87.000 89.000 91.000 93.000 95.000 97.000 99.000 101.00 103.00 105.00 107.00 109.00 111.00 113.00 115.00 117.00 119.00 121.00 123.00 125.00

0.068891 0.078897 0.098131 0.12078 0.14723 0.17785 0.21305 0.25323 0.29882 0.35023 0.40789 0.47224 0.54371 0.62276 0.70982 0.80535 0.90981 1.0237 1.1473 1.2814 1.4262 1.5823

9.8526 8.7019 7.1253 5.8895 4.9104 4.1266 3.4935 2.9774 2.5533 2.2021 1.9092 1.6632 1.4553 1.2786 1.1274 0.99752 0.88525 0.78776 0.70269 0.62813 0.56248 0.50443

1.0103 1.0212 1.0388 1.0554 1.0710 1.0855 1.0988 1.1108 1.1216 1.1309 1.1387 1.1449 1.1494 1.1521 1.1528 1.1515 1.1480 1.1421 1.1336 1.1223 1.1079 1.0901

1.6891 1.7078 1.7380 1.7668 1.7939 1.8194 1.8431 1.8648 1.8845 1.9021 1.9174 1.9303 1.9406 1.9483 1.9531 1.9549 1.9534 1.9485 1.9398 1.9271 1.9101 1.8883

0.13115 0.13028 0.12887 0.12753 0.12626 0.12504 0.12387 0.12275 0.12167 0.12062 0.11962 0.11864 0.11769 0.11676 0.11585 0.11497 0.11409 0.11323 0.11238 0.11153 0.11069 0.10984

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.021956 0.021764 0.021461 0.021178 0.020912 0.020662 0.020424 0.020198 0.019982 0.019777 0.019580 0.019393 0.019214 0.019044 0.018883 0.018731 0.018589 0.018458 0.018337 0.018229 0.018134 0.018056 0.017995 0.017955 0.017941 0.017957 0.018011 0.018109 0.018264 0.018501 0.018882 0.019546 0.020842 0.023975

0.044570 0.044571 0.044620 0.044720 0.044869 0.045063 0.045301 0.045583 0.045909 0.046282 0.046705 0.047181 0.047715 0.048313 0.048984 0.049737 0.050584 0.051541 0.052626 0.053865 0.055288 0.056938 0.058870 0.061161 0.063916 0.067291 0.071519 0.076964 0.084237 0.094443 0.10982 0.13580 0.18993 0.37941

862.43 854.24 840.43 826.48 812.39 798.14 783.72 769.14 754.37 739.40 724.21 708.81 693.16 677.26 661.08 644.60 627.79 610.64 593.11 575.16 556.75 537.83 518.34 498.21 477.36 455.69 433.10 409.47 384.62 358.17 329.41 297.06 258.79 209.33 0

−0.40500 −0.40120 −0.39386 −0.38530 −0.37551 −0.36447 −0.35214 −0.33847 −0.32336 −0.30671 −0.28840 −0.26827 −0.24614 −0.22181 −0.19503 −0.16549 −0.13284 −0.096667 −0.056465 −0.011619 0.038624 0.095199 0.15928 0.23236 0.31637 0.41386 0.52823 0.66427 0.82889 1.0326 1.2928 1.6405 2.1416 2.9836 5.2503

133.63 131.86 128.91 125.97 123.06 120.16 117.28 114.44 111.63 108.82 106.03 103.26 100.50 97.768 95.055 92.363 89.695 87.049 84.428 81.832 79.260 76.711 74.185 71.679 69.190 66.713 64.243 61.773 59.297 56.816 54.352 52.009 50.224 51.152

290.17 279.46 262.70 247.29 233.09 219.98 207.87 196.65 186.24 176.58 167.58 159.18 151.32 143.96 137.04 130.52 124.35 118.50 112.93 107.61 102.49 97.565 92.791 88.143 83.595 79.119 74.689 70.276 65.850 61.374 56.802 52.060 46.982 41.002

0.012972 0.013015 0.013092 0.013176 0.013267 0.013364 0.013469 0.013580 0.013700 0.013828 0.013964 0.014108 0.014263 0.014427 0.014602 0.014789 0.014989 0.015203 0.015432 0.015679 0.015945 0.016234

0.022172 0.022310 0.022563 0.022845 0.023159 0.023506 0.023892 0.024318 0.024789 0.025310 0.025887 0.026526 0.027235 0.028024 0.028904 0.029890 0.030998 0.032251 0.033674 0.035305 0.037186 0.039377

168.12 169.08 170.64 172.12 173.52 174.85 176.11 177.29 178.39 179.41 180.36 181.22 182.01 182.71 183.33 183.87 184.33 184.70 184.98 185.17 185.27 185.28

35.712 34.706 33.127 31.668 30.315 29.056 27.883 26.785 25.755 24.786 23.873 23.009 22.189 21.410 20.667 19.955 19.272 18.615 17.979 17.361 16.758 16.167

Saturated Properties

2-221

0.10150 0.11492 0.14035 0.16979 0.20365 0.24233 0.28625 0.33587 0.39165 0.45412 0.52379 0.60126 0.68714 0.78213 0.88696 1.0025 1.1296 1.2694 1.4231 1.5920 1.7778 1.9824

5.3590 5.4485 5.6006 5.7559 5.9147 6.0776 6.2452 6.4180 6.5969 6.7825 6.9760 7.1783 7.3908 7.6149 7.8524 8.1054 8.3764 8.6685 8.9853 9.3315 9.7128 10.136

6.8558 6.9622 7.1414 7.3219 7.5039 7.6877 7.8736 8.0617 8.2524 8.4461 8.6432 8.8440 9.0492 9.2592 9.4749 9.6969 9.9262 10.164 10.411 10.670 10.942 11.228

2-222 TABLE 2-190

Thermodynamic Properties of Argon (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

127.00 129.00 131.00 133.00 135.00 137.00 139.00 141.00 143.00 145.00 147.00 149.00 150.69

1.7503 1.9305 2.1237 2.3303 2.5509 2.7862 3.0369 3.3037 3.5876 3.8896 4.2111 4.5541 4.8630

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 116.60

1.0000 1.0000

116.60 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

0.45288 0.40690 0.36570 0.32861 0.29505 0.26451 0.23652 0.21066 0.18647 0.16342 0.14073 0.11646 0.074586

1.0685 1.0428 1.0122 0.97615 0.93360 0.88331 0.82353 0.75170 0.66386 0.55308 0.40516 0.17894 −0.53575

1.8612 1.8283 1.7888 1.7419 1.6862 1.6203 1.5418 1.4476 1.3328 1.1887 0.99779 0.70930 −0.17304

1.2122 2.4833 3.7351 4.9842 6.2324 7.4803 8.7279

2.0249 4.1414 6.2279 8.3099 10.390 12.470 14.550

0.13179 0.14649 0.15495 0.16094 0.16559 0.16938 0.17258

0.030345 0.033533

−4.1375 −3.3421

−4.1072 −3.3086

1.2403 0.61937 0.40331 0.30073 0.24013 0.19997 0.17137

0.80628 1.6145 2.4795 3.3252 4.1644 5.0007 5.8354

1.1435 2.3849 3.6807 4.9476 6.2054 7.4592 8.7110

33.343 3.5342 2.0596 1.5022 1.1914 0.98986 0.84774

0.029992 0.28295 0.48554 0.66567 0.83938 1.0102 1.1796

33.779 8.4545 4.1955 2.9896 2.3554 1.9532 1.6722

0.029604 0.11828 0.23835 0.33449 0.42455 0.51198 0.59801

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

0.041958 0.045036 0.048764 0.053370 0.059209 0.066854 0.077279 0.092257 0.11542 0.15563 0.24158 0.54500

185.18 184.98 184.68 184.27 183.74 183.03 182.09 180.81 179.05 176.57 172.74 165.39 133.87

0.012807 0.012497 0.012479 0.012475 0.012474 0.012473 0.012473

0.021852 0.020918 0.020834 0.020810 0.020801 0.020796 0.020793

0.060927 0.068305

0.019909 0.018483

1.9497 3.9995 6.1603 8.2728 10.370 12.460 14.546

0.11340 0.12686 0.13563 0.14171 0.14639 0.15020 0.15342

−4.1962 1.8892 3.4362 4.7860 6.0868 7.3671 8.6370

−4.0463 3.3039 5.8640 8.1144 10.284 12.418 14.535

−4.2615 1.1163 3.1284 4.5884 5.9428 7.2556 8.5473

−3.9654 2.2991 5.5119 7.9333 10.188 12.375 14.527

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

15.585 15.007 14.430 13.851 13.262 12.655 12.019 11.341 10.606 9.7892 8.8407 7.6233 0

10.611 11.150 11.768 12.487 13.337 14.363 15.633 17.255 19.424 22.530 27.572 38.688

11.533 11.860 12.212 12.596 13.018 13.489 14.022 14.638 15.370 16.274 17.475 19.366

184.16 263.21 322.67 372.65 416.64 456.40 492.95

25.048 7.4099 3.6153 1.9970 1.1105 0.55603 0.17948

6.4504 12.539 17.837 22.516 26.726 30.573 34.134

8.2341 15.998 22.741 28.704 34.077 38.997 43.556

0.045870 0.051339

751.59 614.12

−0.32095 −0.10424

0.015159 0.012725 0.012545 0.012507 0.012493 0.012487 0.012483

0.031986 0.022195 0.021266 0.021025 0.020928 0.020879 0.020851

184.63 261.59 323.44 374.06 418.25 458.06 494.61

18.745 7.2269 3.5287 1.9489 1.0808 0.53628 0.16568

0.060330 0.11098 0.12145 0.12793 0.13277 0.13667 0.13993

0.020096 0.013847 0.012825 0.012643 0.012578 0.012547 0.012530

0.044750 0.030481 0.023284 0.021972 0.021480 0.021239 0.021104

777.34 257.20 328.37 381.06 425.81 465.68 502.09

−0.35058 6.1700 3.1276 1.7370 0.95180 0.45113 0.10636

114.41 16.132 19.721 23.882 27.811 31.477 34.910

193.32 18.205 23.850 29.440 34.619 39.420 43.899

0.059648 0.10142 0.11472 0.12170 0.12674 0.13073 0.13404

0.020331 0.015240 0.013145 0.012803 0.012681 0.012621 0.012587

0.043670 0.048544 0.025892 0.023107 0.022129 0.021662 0.021400

805.91 267.70 338.42 391.51 436.14 475.69 511.73

−0.37991 4.1966 2.6066 1.4795 0.79870 0.35092 0.036761

118.60 23.573 22.192 25.505 29.044 32.479 35.757

205.82 23.429 25.583 30.479 35.348 39.971 44.338

Saturated Properties 2.2081 2.4576 2.7345 3.0431 3.3893 3.7806 4.2280 4.7471 5.3629 6.1190 7.1057 8.5869 13.407

0.10899 0.10813 0.10725 0.10635 0.10542 0.10445 0.10343 0.10233 0.10113 0.099762 0.098120 0.095873 0.089789

0.016549 0.016892 0.017269 0.017684 0.018152 0.018697 0.019352 0.020167 0.021213 0.022619 0.024694 0.028532

Single-Phase Properties

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

0.12304 0.060310 0.040115 0.030069 0.024050 0.020041 0.017177 32.955 29.821

8.1275 16.581 24.928 33.257 41.580 49.899 58.217

110.85 87.579 8.6079 12.995 18.142 22.749 26.915 30.733 34.272

183.08 119.65 10.115 16.256 22.901 28.817 34.163 39.065 43.612

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

30.368 24.152 19.710 16.607 14.372 12.695

0.032930 0.041404 0.050736 0.060216 0.069578 0.078769

−1.9234 0.48428 2.5103 4.2850 5.9046 7.4268

1.3696 4.6247 7.5839 10.307 12.862 15.304

0.077319 0.090561 0.099092 0.10518 0.10984 0.11361

0.017598 0.015534 0.014579 0.014048 0.013716 0.013492

0.034137 0.031005 0.028287 0.026288 0.024915 0.023969

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00

41.639 38.382 35.672 33.368 31.379 29.643

0.024016 0.026054 0.028033 0.029969 0.031868 0.033734

−2.6867 −0.59281 1.3125 3.0950 4.7903 6.4198

9.3214 12.434 15.329 18.079 20.724 23.287

0.063085 0.075743 0.084083 0.090226 0.095050 0.099002

0.022923 0.019980 0.018316 0.017262 0.016535 0.016000

0.032604 0.029872 0.028142 0.026929 0.026007 0.025273

1519.6 1443.8 1393.0 1358.5 1334.9 1318.8

−0.60932 −0.67083 −0.71809 −0.75700 −0.79113 −0.82207

218.05 184.82 161.66 145.02 132.94 124.11

504.85 259.42 183.29 151.69 135.48 125.84

44.836 42.715 40.856 39.201 37.711

0.022304 0.023411 0.024476 0.025510 0.026518

−0.13952 1.7386 3.5106 5.2086 6.8515

22.164 25.150 27.987 30.718 33.369

0.068356 0.076958 0.083293 0.088276 0.092364

0.022820 0.020840 0.019528 0.018596 0.017896

0.030815 0.029020 0.027790 0.026881 0.026165

1866.0 1823.7 1791.9 1767.8 1749.3

−0.61332 −0.65733 −0.69220 −0.72129 −0.74683

267.67 243.17 223.98 208.59 196.06

666.74 410.53 297.24 239.91 207.86

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0

854.48 733.39 690.42 683.08 690.94 705.52

−0.51219 −0.45856 −0.45296 −0.49513 −0.55858 −0.62622

99.994 70.273 59.077 54.952 53.635 53.660

120.12 75.589 61.649 57.655 57.185 58.260

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tegeler, Ch., Span, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Argon Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 700 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28(3):779–850, 1999. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty in density is less than 0.02% for pressures up to 12 MPa and temperatures up to 340 K with the exception of the critical region and less than 0.03% for pressures up to 30 MPa and temperatures between 235 and 520 K. Elsewhere, the uncertainty in density is generally within 0.2%. In the region with densities up to one-half the critical density and for temperatures between 90 and 450 K, the estimated uncertainty of calculated speeds of sound is in general less than 0.02%. In the liquid and supercritical regions, the uncertainty is less than 1%. The uncertainty in heat capacities is within 0.3% for the vapor and 2% for the liquid. The formulation gives reasonable extrapolation behavior up to very high pressures (50 GPa) and temperatures (17,000 K). For viscosity, the uncertainty is 0.5% in the dilute gas. Away from the dilute gas (pressures greater than 1 MPa and in the liquid), the uncertainties are as low as 1% between 270 and 300 K at pressures less than 100 MPa, and increase outside that range. The uncertainties are around 2% at temperatures of 180 K and higher. Below this and away from the critical region, the uncertainties steadily increase to around 5% at the triple points of the fluids. The uncertainties in the critical region are higher. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple point. For the nondilute gas, the uncertainty is 2% for temperatures greater than 170 K. The uncertainty is 3% at temperatures less than the critical point and 5% in the critical region, except for states very near the critical point.

2-223

2-224

TABLE 2-191

Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-Nitrogen-Oxygen System

Liquid mole fraction N2/(N2 +O2)

Ar

N2

Vapor mole fraction O2

Ar

N2

O2

p0 (kPa)

Relative volatility Temperature K

N2/Ar

N2/O2

Ar/O2

Ar

Activity coefficent

Enthalpy kJ/kmol

Isobaric specific heat, kJ/(kmolK)

N2

O2

Ar

N2

O2

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

Pressure, 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10

0.00000 0.01590 0.03151 0.04684 0.06189 0.07667 0.10548 0.14692 0.27211 0.48104 0.65969 0.82774 0.91247

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1.0000 0.9841 0.9685 0.9532 0.9381 0.9233 0.8945 0.8531 0.7279 0.5190 0.3403 0.1723 0.0875

90.188 90.128 90.070 90.013 89.956 89.901 89.794 89.640 89.183 88.470 87.948 87.566 87.420

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

1.606 1.600 1.594 1.589 1.583 1.578 1.567 1.550 1.495 1.390 1.292 1.201 1.158

136.010 135.210 134.430 133.680 132.930 132.200 130.810 128.810 123.040 114.430 108.420 104.180 102.590

366.29 364.42 362.62 360.86 359.10 357.41 354.14 349.47 335.88 315.46 301.10 290.90 287.07

101.33 100.69 100.08 99.49 98.89 98.32 97.22 95.65 91.10 84.35 79.66 76.35 75.12

1.196 1.192 1.188 1.183 1.179 1.175 1.167 1.156 1.120 1.065 1.028 1.006 1.001

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.004 1.012 1.039 1.082 1.143 1.181

−4268 −4271 −4275 −4278 −4282 −4285 −4292 −4302 −4336 −4409 −4491 −4586 −4638

2550 2536 2523 2510 2497 2484 2460 2425 2320 2147 2004 1873 1808

54.378 54.269 54.160 54.052 53.944 53.837 53.622 53.302 52.253 50.224 48.281 46.417 45.515

31.061 30.929 30.801 30.674 30.550 30.429 30.192 29.851 28.822 27.089 25.578 24.123 23.378

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01

0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09

0.0000 0.0122 0.0242 0.0361 0.0479 0.0596 0.0826 0.1164 0.2230 0.4179 0.6027 0.7916 0.8923

0.3150 0.3108 0.3066 0.3025 0.2985 0.2945 0.2866 0.2751 0.2390 0.1749 0.1167 0.0598 0.0306

0.6850 0.6771 0.6692 0.6614 0.6536 0.6459 0.6308 0.6086 0.5380 0.4072 0.2807 0.1486 0.0771

87.546 87.529 87.512 87.495 87.479 87.463 87.432 87.389 87.270 87.121 87.077 87.132 87.201

2.573 2.579 2.584 2.589 2.595 2.600 2.611 2.627 2.680 2.790 2.904 3.023 3.085

4.138 4.131 4.124 4.117 4.110 4.103 4.089 4.068 3.999 3.866 3.742 3.625 3.569

1.608 1.602 1.596 1.590 1.584 1.578 1.566 1.549 1.492 1.386 1.288 1.199 1.157

103.960 103.780 103.590 103.410 103.230 103.060 102.720 102.260 100.980 99.401 98.938 99.517 100.250

290.37 289.93 289.48 289.03 288.61 288.19 287.38 286.26 283.17 279.34 278.22 279.63 281.40

76.18 76.04 75.89 75.75 75.61 75.48 75.22 74.86 73.87 72.64 72.28 72.73 73.30

1.193 1.188 1.184 1.180 1.176 1.172 1.164 1.153 1.119 1.065 1.029 1.008 1.002

1.099 1.097 1.095 1.093 1.092 1.090 1.086 1.082 1.069 1.057 1.062 1.084 1.101

1.012 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.014 1.014 1.015 1.017 1.025 1.052 1.093 1.150 1.185

−4235 −4238 −4241 −4244 −4248 −4251 −4257 −4266 −4300 −4378 −4469 −4575 −4633

2471 2461 2452 2443 2434 2425 2408 2382 2302 2157 2023 1889 1818

54.388 54.281 54.175 54.068 53.962 53.856 53.645 53.330 52.291 50.269 48.319 46.440 45.527

30.764 30.669 30.576 30.484 30.392 30.302 30.123 29.861 29.029 27.486 25.986 24.404 23.542

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02

0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08

0.0000 0.0098 0.0195 0.0292 0.0388 0.0484 0.0674 0.0957 0.1879 0.3685 0.5541 0.7583 0.8729

0.5104 0.5050 0.4995 0.4941 0.4888 0.4835 0.4729 0.4573 0.4069 0.3108 0.2158 0.1150 0.0599

0.4896 0.4853 0.4810 0.4767 0.4724 0.4682 0.4597 0.4470 0.4052 0.3206 0.2302 0.1267 0.0671

85.511 85.519 85.526 85.534 85.542 85.551 85.568 85.594 85.695 85.947 86.280 86.717 86.987

2.606 2.611 2.616 2.621 2.626 2.631 2.641 2.656 2.707 2.812 2.921 3.033 3.090

4.170 4.162 4.154 4.146 4.139 4.131 4.115 4.092 4.017 3.878 3.750 3.630 3.572

1.600 1.594 1.588 1.582 1.576 1.570 1.558 1.541 1.484 1.379 1.284 1.197 1.156

83.506 83.580 83.645 83.719 83.793 83.876 84.033 84.274 85.216 87.602 90.832 95.211 97.996

240.35 240.53 240.69 240.88 241.06 241.27 241.66 242.25 244.59 250.48 258.43 269.15 275.93

60.37 60.42 60.47 60.53 60.59 60.65 60.77 60.96 61.68 63.52 66.01 69.39 71.55

1.188 1.184 1.180 1.176 1.172 1.169 1.161 1.150 1.117 1.066 1.030 1.009 1.003

1.076 1.074 1.073 1.071 1.070 1.069 1.066 1.063 1.054 1.048 1.057 1.082 1.101

1.027 1.027 1.028 1.028 1.029 1.029 1.030 1.032 1.040 1.066 1.104 1.157 1.188

−4176 −4179 −4183 −4186 −4190 −4193 −4200 −4211 −4250 −4340 −4444 −4563 −4628

2409 2403 2396 2389 2383 2376 2363 2344 2282 2161 2038 1903 1827

54.481 54.374 54.267 54.161 54.054 53.948 53.736 53.420 52.376 50.337 48.366 46.464 45.539

30.819 30.742 30.665 30.588 30.512 30.436 30.285 30.061 29.328 27.881 26.371 24.673 23.701

0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04

0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06

0.0000 0.0070 0.0139 0.0209 0.0279 0.0349 0.0490 0.0702 0.1424 0.2971 0.4762 0.6988 0.8364

0.7339 0.7285 0.7230 0.7176 0.7121 0.7067 0.6957 0.6792 0.6237 0.5066 0.3743 0.2133 0.1153

0.2661 0.2646 0.2630 0.2615 0.2600 0.2585 0.2553 0.2506 0.2340 0.1963 0.1496 0.0880 0.0483

82.557 82.590 82.623 82.656 82.689 82.722 82.789 82.890 83.238 83.994 84.870 85.936 86.573

2.639 2.644 2.649 2.654 2.659 2.664 2.673 2.688 2.738 2.842 2.947 3.052 3.101

4.138 4.131 4.123 4.116 4.108 4.101 4.087 4.066 3.998 3.871 3.753 3.637 3.577

1.568 1.562 1.557 1.551 1.545 1.540 1.529 1.513 1.460 1.362 1.273 1.192 1.153

— — — — — — — — — 70.40 77.76 87.50 93.75

179.50 180.11 180.72 181.33 181.95 182.56 183.81 185.71 192.37 207.45 226.01 250.22 265.58

42.12 42.29 42.47 42.65 42.82 43.00 43.37 43.92 45.87 50.35 55.96 63.43 68.26

— — — — — — — — — 1.069 1.034 1.012 1.004

1.036 1.035 1.034 1.033 1.033 1.032 1.031 1.029 1.027 1.031 1.049 1.079 1.100

1.067 1.067 1.067 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.069 1.071 1.077 1.097 1.129 1.171 1.196

−4012 −4017 −4022 −4028 −4033 −4038 −4049 −4066 −4123 −4250 −4389 −4538 −4616

2320 2316 2313 2309 2305 2301 2294 2282 2243 2158 2056 1926 1844

54.860 54.749 54.637 54.526 54.415 54.304 54.083 53.752 52.662 50.537 48.489 46.520 45.566

31.014 30.957 30.899 30.841 30.783 30.724 30.607 30.431 29.830 28.539 27.042 25.171 24.005

0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58

0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39

0.0000 0.0054 0.0108 0.0163

0.8586 0.8538 0.8489 0.8441

0.1414 0.1408 0.1402 0.1396

80.441 80.485 80.530 80.574

2.657 2.661 2.666 2.671

4.047 4.041 4.036 4.030

1.523 1.519 1.514 1.509

— — — —

143.61 144.30 145.00 145.69

31.97 32.16 32.35 32.54

— — — —

1.010 1.009 1.009 1.009

1.121 1.121 1.120 1.121

−3821 −3828 −3836 −3843

2256 2254 2252 2249

55.455 55.334 55.214 55.093

31.192 31.145 31.097 31.050

2-225

0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06

0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04

0.0218 0.0273 0.0384 0.0554 0.1145 0.2487 0.4170 0.6475 0.8025

0.8392 0.8343 0.8244 0.8094 0.7573 0.6402 0.4949 0.2979 0.1665

0.1390 0.1384 0.1372 0.1352 0.1282 0.1112 0.0881 0.0546 0.0310

80.619 80.664 80.755 80.893 81.368 82.415 83.658 85.216 86.175

2.676 2.681 2.690 2.705 2.756 2.860 2.967 3.068 3.111

4.024 4.018 4.007 3.991 3.938 3.839 3.743 3.640 3.581

1.504 1.499 1.489 1.475 1.429 1.342 1.262 1.186 1.151

— — — — — — — 80.82 89.80

146.40 147.12 148.56 150.78 158.60 176.90 200.64 233.67 255.91

32.74 32.94 33.34 33.95 36.14 41.36 48.32 58.30 65.21

— — — — — — — 1.015 1.006

1.008 1.008 1.008 1.007 1.008 1.019 1.041 1.077 1.099

1.121 1.121 1.121 1.121 1.123 1.135 1.155 1.186 1.204

−3851 −3859 −3874 −3898 −3978 −4148 −4327 −4512 −4604

2247 2245 2240 2233 2207 2147 2066 1945 1858

54.973 54.853 54.614 54.257 53.083 50.811 48.644 46.584 45.595

31.002 30.954 30.857 30.709 30.196 29.035 27.586 25.615 24.292

0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02

0.0000 0.0044 0.0089 0.0133 0.0179 0.0224 0.0317 0.0458 0.0958 0.2139 0.3708 0.6029 0.7712

0.9404 0.9362 0.9319 0.9276 0.9233 0.9190 0.9102 0.8967 0.8492 0.7375 0.5897 0.3716 0.2139

0.0596 0.0594 0.0592 0.0590 0.0588 0.0586 0.0581 0.0575 0.0550 0.0486 0.0396 0.0255 0.0149

78.768 78.820 78.871 78.923 78.974 79.027 79.132 79.292 79.848 81.090 82.596 84.549 85.793

2.673 2.677 2.682 2.687 2.691 2.696 2.705 2.720 2.769 2.874 2.982 3.082 3.121

3.942 3.938 3.934 3.930 3.926 3.921 3.913 3.901 3.863 3.793 3.723 3.639 3.584

1.475 1.471 1.467 1.463 1.459 1.455 1.447 1.434 1.395 1.320 1.249 1.181 1.148

— — — — — — — — — — — 74.99 86.14

119.30 120.01 120.70 121.41 122.12 122.85 124.31 126.55 134.60 153.99 180.22 219.07 246.87

25.42 25.60 25.79 25.97 26.16 26.35 26.74 27.34 29.51 34.85 42.32 53.85 62.39

— — — — — — — — — — — 1.018 1.008

0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.999 1.011 1.036 1.074 1.098

1.189 1.188 1.187 1.187 1.186 1.186 1.185 1.183 1.179 1.178 1.185 1.201 1.212

−3620 −3630 −3640 −3650 −3660 −3670 −3691 −3721 −3825 −4039 −4261 −4483 −4591

2205 2204 2202 2201 2200 2198 2195 2191 2175 2133 2069 1960 1872

56.237 56.103 55.970 55.836 55.704 55.571 55.307 54.914 53.625 51.154 48.829 46.656 45.625

31.347 31.306 31.266 31.225 31.183 31.142 31.058 30.929 30.476 29.417 28.030 26.011 24.563

0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01

0.0000 0.0040 0.0081 0.0122 0.0164 0.0206 0.0291 0.0421 0.0886 0.1999 0.3513 0.5828 0.7563

0.9722 0.9683 0.9643 0.9603 0.9562 0.9521 0.9438 0.9310 0.8857 0.7772 0.6299 0.4049 0.2364

0.0278 0.0277 0.0276 0.0275 0.0274 0.0273 0.0271 0.0268 0.0257 0.0229 0.0189 0.0124 0.0073

78.036 78.090 78.144 78.199 78.254 78.309 78.420 78.589 79.177 80.497 82.110 84.233 85.608

2.683 2.687 2.692 2.696 2.701 2.705 2.714 2.728 2.776 2.880 2.988 3.088 3.125

3.891 3.888 3.884 3.881 3.877 3.874 3.867 3.857 3.825 3.768 3.711 3.638 3.585

1.450 1.447 1.443 1.439 1.436 1.432 1.425 1.414 1.378 1.308 1.242 1.178 1.147

— — — — — — — — — — — 72.35 84.404

109.71 110.4 111.09 111.79 112.5 113.22 114.67 116.9 124.93 144.49 171.42 212.4 242.58

22.91 23.088 23.267 23.45 23.634 23.82 24.198 24.783 26.908 32.209 39.784 51.833 61.055

— — — — — — — — — — — 1.020 1.009

0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.996 0.998 1.009 1.034 1.073 1.097

1.228 1.227 1.226 1.225 1.224 1.223 1.221 1.219 1.211 1.202 1.201 1.209 1.216

−3519.2 −3530.4 −3541.6 −3552.8 −3564.1 −3575.3 −3598 −3632.1 −3747.3 −3983.9 −4226.4 −4468.2 −4584.8

2182.4 2181.5 2180.5 2179.5 2178.5 2177.5 2175.3 2172 2159.4 2124.8 2068.5 1965.6 1877.8

56.7 56.6 56.4 56.3 56.1 56.0 55.7 55.3 53.9 51.3 48.9 46.7 45.6

31.418 31.380 31.342 31.303 31.264 31.225 31.146 31.024 30.594 29.578 28.223 26.192 24.692

0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.78 0.58 0.39 0.19 0.10

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.0000 0.0038 0.0077 0.0116 0.0155 0.0195 0.0275 0.0399 0.0842 0.1912 0.3389 0.5694 0.7462

0.9921 0.9883 0.9844 0.9806 0.9767 0.9727 0.9647 0.9524 0.9084 0.8022 0.6557 0.4270 0.2516

0.0080 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0078 0.0078 0.0077 0.0074 0.0066 0.0055 0.0036 0.0022

77.555 77.610 77.666 77.722 77.779 77.836 77.950 78.125 78.734 80.104 81.786 84.018 85.481

2.691 2.695 2.700 2.704 2.708 2.712 2.721 2.735 2.781 2.884 2.992 3.092 3.128

3.857 3.854 3.851 3.848 3.844 3.841 3.835 3.826 3.798 3.750 3.702 3.636 3.585

1.433 1.430 1.426 1.423 1.420 1.416 1.409 1.399 1.366 1.300 1.237 1.176 1.146

— — — — — — — — — — — 70.593 83.23

103.74 104.41 105.09 105.78 106.49 107.2 108.62 110.85 118.85 138.44 165.73 207.94 239.66

21.375 21.546 21.722 21.898 22.079 22.261 22.629 23.204 25.294 30.551 38.159 50.496 60.153

— — — — — — — — — — — 1.022 1.009

0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 1.009 1.033 1.072 1.097

1.257 1.256 1.254 1.253 1.252 1.251 1.249 1.245 1.235 1.219 1.212 1.215 1.219

−3448.5 2167.6 −3460.5 2166.9 −3472.5 2166.1 −3484.6 2165.3 −3496.6 2164.5 −3508.7 2163.7 −3533 2162.1 −3569.5 2159.4 −3692.7 2149.1 −3944.8 2119.2 −4202.1 2068.1 −4457.7 1969.5 −4580.2 1881.9

57.0 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.5 56.3 56.0 55.6 54.2 51.5 49.0 46.7 45.7

31.465 31.429 31.392 31.355 31.318 31.280 31.203 31.086 30.670 29.681 28.347 26.313 24.780

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.0000 0.0037 0.0075 0.0113 0.0151 0.0190 0.0269 0.0390 0.0824 0.1877 0.3338 0.5639 0.7420

1.0000 0.9963 0.9925 0.9887 0.9849 0.9810 0.9731 0.9610 0.9176 0.8123 0.6662 0.4361 0.2580

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

77.355 77.411 77.468 77.525 77.582 77.640 77.756 77.933 78.550 79.941 81.650 83.928 85.426

2.695 2.699 2.703 2.708 2.712 2.716 2.725 2.738 2.784 2.885 2.994 3.094 3.130

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

— — — — — — — — — — — 69.867 82.725

101.33 102 102.68 103.37 104.06 104.77 106.2 108.41 116.38 135.99 163.38 206.1 238.41

20.762 20.932 21.106 21.282 21.459 21.64 22.006 22.574 24.647 29.883 37.493 49.945 59.766

— — — — — — — — — — — 1.022 1.010

1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.999 1.009 1.033 1.072 1.097

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

−3418.2 2161.5 −3430.5 2160.8 −3442.9 2160.1 −3455.3 2159.4 −3467.7 2158.7 −3480.2 2158 −3505.1 2156.5 −3542.7 2154.1 −3669.3 2144.7 −3927.9 2116.8 −4191.7 2067.7 −4453.2 1971 −4578.2 1883.6

57.2 57.0 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.4 56.2 55.7 54.3 51.6 49.0 46.7 45.7

31.485 31.449 31.413 31.377 31.340 31.303 31.227 31.112 30.701 29.723 28.398 26.364 24.817

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.01

0.00 0.00

1.00 0.99

0.0000 0.0138

0.0000 0.0000

1.0000 0.9862

105.910 105.850

— —

1.120 1.117

— —

1.000 1.001

−3392.4 −3397.5

56.8 56.7

33.744 33.638

Pressure, 405.3 kPa (4 atm) — —

1.392 1.388

503.85 501.72

1146.8 1142.6

405.33 403.52

2857 2843.2

2-226

TABLE 2-191

Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-Nitrogen-Oxygen System (Concluded)

Liquid mole fraction N2/(N2 +O2)

Ar

N2

Vapor mole fraction O2

Ar

N2

O2

p0 (kPa)

Relative volatility Temperature K

N2/Ar

N2/O2

Ar/O2

Ar

Activity coefficent

Enthalpy kJ/kmol

Isobaric specific heat, kJ/(kmolK)

N2

O2

Ar

N2

O2

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

Pressure, 405.3 kPa (4 atm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10

0.0275 0.0410 0.0543 0.0675 0.0933 0.1310 0.2484 0.4556 0.6412 0.8190 0.9084

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.9725 0.9590 0.9457 0.9326 0.9067 0.8690 0.7516 0.5445 0.3588 0.1810 0.0916

105.790 105.740 105.680 105.630 105.520 105.370 104.900 104.150 103.590 103.190 103.030

— — — — — — — — — — —

— — — — — — — — — — —

1.385 1.381 1.378 1.374 1.367 1.357 1.322 1.255 1.191 1.131 1.102

499.6 497.83 495.72 493.96 490.12 484.91 468.86 444.04 426.16 413.71 408.8

1138.3 1134.8 1130.5 1127 1119.3 1108.8 1076.5 1026.3 989.9 964.49 954.46

401.72 400.22 398.43 396.94 393.68 389.27 375.67 354.7 339.63 329.15 325.03

1.115 1.112 1.110 1.107 1.102 1.095 1.074 1.040 1.016 1.003 1.001

— — — — — — — — — — —

1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.004 1.005 1.014 1.037 1.071 1.115 1.142

−3402.6 −3407.8 −3412.9 −3418 −3428.3 −3443.6 −3495.1 −3601.7 −3716.7 −3842.6 −3910.1

2829.5 2816.1 2802.8 2789.7 2764 2726.7 2611.3 2411.9 2238.3 2076.7 1997.2

56.5 56.4 56.3 56.2 56.0 55.7 54.6 52.5 50.5 48.6 47.6

33.534 33.431 33.329 33.229 33.031 32.744 31.846 30.249 28.788 27.354 26.620

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01

0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09

0.0000 0.0117 0.0233 0.0348 0.0462 0.0575 0.0799 0.1129 0.2186 0.4159 0.6047 0.7958 0.8955

0.2399 0.2369 0.2339 0.2309 0.2280 0.2251 0.2193 0.2109 0.1841 0.1352 0.0899 0.0456 0.0232

0.7601 0.7515 0.7429 0.7343 0.7259 0.7174 0.7008 0.6762 0.5973 0.4489 0.3054 0.1586 0.0813

103.430 103.400 103.380 103.360 103.340 103.320 103.280 103.220 103.060 102.840 102.740 102.760 102.820

2.045 2.048 2.051 2.054 2.057 2.060 2.066 2.075 2.105 2.166 2.229 2.294 2.328

2.840 2.837 2.833 2.830 2.827 2.823 2.817 2.807 2.774 2.709 2.648 2.591 2.563

1.389 1.385 1.381 1.378 1.374 1.370 1.363 1.352 1.317 1.251 1.188 1.129 1.101

421.14 420.21 419.59 418.97 418.34 417.72 416.49 414.63 409.72 403.04 400.02 400.62 402.43

979.68 977.77 976.5 975.23 973.97 972.7 970.17 966.38 956.33 942.64 936.47 937.7 941.41

335.41 334.62 334.1 333.57 333.05 332.53 331.49 329.93 325.8 320.19 317.66 318.16 319.68

1.129 1.127 1.124 1.121 1.118 1.116 1.111 1.104 1.081 1.046 1.021 1.006 1.002

0.992 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.983 0.975 0.968 0.972 0.986 0.997

1.021 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.026 1.032 1.052 1.082 1.122 1.146

−3351.1 −3356.1 −3361.1 −3366.1 −3371.1 −3376.2 −3386.3 −3401.7 −3454.5 −3568 −3693.2 −3830.8 −3904.2

2779.8 2769.2 2758.7 2748.2 2737.9 2727.6 2707.4 2677.6 2583 2409.5 2247.1 2086.1 2003.1

56.8 56.7 56.5 56.4 56.3 56.2 56.0 55.7 54.6 52.6 50.6 48.6 47.6

33.931 33.841 33.752 33.663 33.575 33.488 33.315 33.059 32.238 30.684 29.163 27.585 26.748

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02

0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08

0.0000 0.0101 0.0201 0.0301 0.0400 0.0499 0.0696 0.0989 0.1948 0.3822 0.5719 0.7738 0.8829

0.4159 0.4114 0.4069 0.4025 0.3981 0.3937 0.3849 0.3720 0.3300 0.2496 0.1706 0.0889 0.0457

0.5841 0.5785 0.5730 0.5674 0.5619 0.5564 0.5455 0.5291 0.4753 0.3682 0.2575 0.1373 0.0713

101.340 101.340 101.340 101.350 101.350 101.350 101.360 101.380 101.440 101.640 101.940 102.350 102.610

2.061 2.064 2.067 2.070 2.072 2.075 2.081 2.089 2.118 2.176 2.237 2.299 2.330

2.848 2.845 2.841 2.837 2.834 2.830 2.823 2.812 2.777 2.711 2.649 2.592 2.564

1.382 1.378 1.375 1.371 1.367 1.364 1.356 1.346 1.311 1.246 1.185 1.127 1.100

359.58 359.58 359.58 359.85 359.85 359.85 360.13 360.69 362.36 367.98 376.52 388.44 396.13

853.02 853.02 853.02 853.59 853.59 853.59 854.17 855.32 858.79 870.43 888.1 912.66 928.48

283.81 283.81 283.81 284.04 284.04 284.04 284.27 284.74 286.13 290.82 297.97 307.94 314.4

1.138 1.135 1.132 1.129 1.127 1.124 1.119 1.111 1.089 1.052 1.026 1.009 1.004

0.988 0.987 0.986 0.985 0.984 0.984 0.982 0.979 0.973 0.968 0.973 0.987 0.998

1.043 1.043 1.044 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.045 1.046 1.052 1.069 1.095 1.129 1.150

−3293.1 −3298.4 −3303.7 −3309.1 −3314.5 −3319.9 −3330.8 −3347.5 −3405.2 −3530.2 −3668.1 −3818.6 −3898.3

2714.9 2706.6 2698.3 2690.1 2681.9 2673.7 2657.6 2633.6 2555.4 2404.5 2253.6 2094.6 2008.8

56.9 56.8 56.6 56.5 56.4 56.3 56.1 55.8 54.7 52.6 50.6 48.6 47.6

34.186 34.106 34.026 33.946 33.867 33.787 33.630 33.395 32.622 31.093 29.517 27.809 26.873

0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04

0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06

0.0000 0.0079 0.0157 0.0236 0.0315 0.0394 0.0552 0.0790 0.1595 0.3285 0.5155 0.7330 0.8588

0.6538 0.6484 0.6429 0.6375 0.6321 0.6267 0.6159 0.5996 0.5449 0.4320 0.3092 0.1691 0.0891

0.3462 0.3438 0.3414 0.3389 0.3364 0.3340 0.3290 0.3214 0.2956 0.2396 0.1752 0.0979 0.0521

97.997 98.032 98.067 98.101 98.136 98.172 98.242 98.350 98.721 99.531 100.460 101.570 102.200

2.082 2.084 2.087 2.090 2.092 2.095 2.100 2.108 2.136 2.192 2.249 2.307 2.335

2.832 2.829 2.825 2.822 2.818 2.815 2.808 2.798 2.765 2.704 2.647 2.592 2.564

1.360 1.357 1.354 1.350 1.347 1.344 1.337 1.327 1.295 1.234 1.177 1.124 1.098

275.25 276.05 276.85 277.63 278.43 279.26 280.88 283.38 292.12 311.88 335.75 366.00 384.05

675.50 677.21 678.92 680.58 682.30 684.07 687.51 692.86 711.44 753.27 803.38 866.34 903.62

213.91 214.57 215.23 215.87 216.53 217.21 218.54 220.61 227.81 244.15 263.96 289.17 304.26

1.156 1.153 1.150 1.148 1.145 1.142 1.137 1.130 1.106 1.067 1.037 1.015 1.007

0.981 0.980 0.979 0.978 0.978 0.977 0.976 0.974 0.970 0.968 0.975 0.989 0.999

1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.094 1.096 1.105 1.121 1.143 1.157

−3143.7 −3150.5 −3157.4 −3164.4 −3171.3 −3178.3 −3192.4 −3213.9 −3287.5 −3444.6 −3613.8 −3793.2 −3886.1

2610.3 2605.1 2599.8 2594.5 2589.2 2584.0 2573.4 2557.4 2503.3 2389.2 2261.2 2109.2 2019.4

57.346 57.232 57.118 57.004 56.891 56.778 56.551 56.212 55.091 52.889 50.745 48.673 47.668

34.697 34.629 34.560 34.492 34.423 34.354 34.217 34.009 33.304 31.817 30.162 28.233 27.117

0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57

0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38

0.0000 0.0064 0.0129 0.0194 0.0259 0.0325

0.8073 0.8019 0.7966 0.7912 0.7857 0.7803

0.1927 0.1916 0.1906 0.1895 0.1883 0.1872

95.398 95.451 95.503 95.556 95.610 95.663

2.095 2.097 2.100 2.102 2.105 2.108

2.793 2.790 2.787 2.784 2.781 2.778

1.333 1.330 1.327 1.324 1.321 1.318

220.63 221.66 222.67 223.70 224.76 225.80

557.21 559.46 561.68 563.94 566.25 568.53

169.24 170.08 170.90 171.74 172.59 173.44

1.180 1.177 1.174 1.172 1.169 1.166

0.979 0.978 0.978 0.977 0.976 0.976

1.154 1.153 1.153 1.152 1.152 1.151

−2969.3 −2978.2 −2987.2 −2996.2 −3005.3 −3014.3

2527.7 2524.3 2520.9 2517.5 2514.0 2510.5

58.120 57.994 57.869 57.743 57.618 57.493

35.181 35.120 35.057 34.995 34.932 34.869

0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06

0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04

0.0457 0.0657 0.1350 0.2878 0.4690 0.6962 0.8358

0.7694 0.7528 0.6957 0.5707 0.4239 0.2417 0.1303

0.1850 0.1815 0.1694 0.1415 0.1070 0.0622 0.0339

95.771 95.934 96.496 97.721 99.133 100.820 101.810

2.113 2.121 2.148 2.203 2.260 2.314 2.339

2.773 2.765 2.738 2.688 2.641 2.592 2.565

1.312 1.304 1.275 1.220 1.169 1.120 1.096

227.93 231.17 242.61 269.02 302.05 345.35 372.80

573.19 580.27 605.18 662.15 732.50 823.43 880.41

175.17 177.81 187.15 208.79 236.01 271.95 294.86

1.160 1.152 1.127 1.084 1.049 1.021 1.010

0.975 0.974 0.971 0.970 0.977 0.991 1.000

1.150 1.149 1.146 1.145 1.149 1.158 1.164

−3032.6 −3060.2 −3154.0 −3349.9 −3554.9 −3766.5 −3873.6

2503.5 2492.8 2455.3 2369.9 2263.2 2121.1 2029.2

57.243 56.870 55.639 53.238 50.933 48.741 47.694

34.742 34.550 33.887 32.433 30.730 28.628 27.351

0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02

0.0000 0.0055 0.0110 0.0165 0.0221 0.0277 0.0390 0.0563 0.1171 0.2562 0.4302 0.6627 0.8139

0.9165 0.9114 0.9063 0.9012 0.8961 0.8909 0.8804 0.8643 0.8082 0.6801 0.5204 0.3076 0.1696

0.0835 0.0831 0.0827 0.0823 0.0819 0.0815 0.0806 0.0793 0.0747 0.0637 0.0494 0.0297 0.0165

93.251 93.315 93.380 93.445 93.510 93.576 93.708 93.910 94.605 96.135 97.925 100.110 101.420

2.106 2.108 2.111 2.113 2.116 2.118 2.123 2.131 2.157 2.212 2.268 2.321 2.343

2.744 2.742 2.740 2.738 2.736 2.734 2.729 2.723 2.704 2.667 2.631 2.590 2.565

1.303 1.301 1.298 1.296 1.293 1.291 1.286 1.278 1.254 1.206 1.160 1.116 1.095

182.01 183.08 184.17 185.27 186.37 187.50 189.76 193.27 205.71 235.21 273.62 326.60 361.80

471.46 473.86 476.32 478.78 481.25 483.77 488.84 496.68 524.32 589.09 672.00 784.23 857.63

138.01 138.88 139.75 140.64 141.53 142.43 144.26 147.09 157.14 181.11 212.57 256.36 285.67

1.212 1.209 1.205 1.202 1.199 1.196 1.190 1.181 1.153 1.104 1.062 1.028 1.013

0.985 0.984 0.984 0.983 0.983 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.976 0.975 0.981 0.994 1.002

1.226 1.225 1.224 1.223 1.221 1.220 1.218 1.215 1.205 1.189 1.178 1.174 1.172

−2783.0 −2794.3 −2805.5 −2816.8 −2828.1 −2839.4 −2862.1 −2896.3 −3011.9 −3249.2 −3492.7 −3738.8 −3860.8

2458.2 2456.1 2454.0 2451.8 2449.7 2447.5 2443.0 2436.0 2410.8 2348.3 2261.3 2130.7 2038.1

59.157 59.014 58.871 58.729 58.586 58.444 58.161 57.739 56.353 53.683 51.165 48.820 47.724

35.652 35.593 35.533 35.474 35.414 35.354 35.232 35.047 34.405 32.970 31.234 28.996 27.577

0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01

0.0000 0.0051 0.0102 0.0153 0.0205 0.0258 0.0364 0.0526 0.1099 0.2429 0.4131 0.6471 0.8034

0.9607 0.9558 0.9509 0.9459 0.9409 0.9359 0.9256 0.9100 0.8548 0.7267 0.5631 0.3384 0.1884

0.0393 0.0391 0.0389 0.0387 0.0385 0.0384 0.0380 0.0374 0.0354 0.0304 0.0238 0.0145 0.0082

92.292 92.361 92.431 92.501 92.571 92.642 92.784 93.001 93.751 95.408 97.360 99.771 101.230

2.111 2.114 2.116 2.119 2.121 2.123 2.128 2.136 2.161 2.216 2.272 2.324 2.346

2.719 2.717 2.716 2.714 2.712 2.710 2.707 2.702 2.686 2.655 2.625 2.589 2.565

1.288 1.286 1.283 1.281 1.279 1.276 1.272 1.265 1.242 1.198 1.156 1.114 1.094

166.50 167.59 168.69 169.79 170.91 172.04 174.33 177.86 190.51 220.83 261.03 317.92 356.53

436.43 438.89 441.39 443.90 446.42 448.99 454.16 462.14 490.50 557.64 644.98 765.99 846.69

125.58 126.45 127.33 128.22 129.11 130.02 131.85 134.69 144.86 169.40 202.23 249.16 281.27

1.231 1.227 1.224 1.221 1.218 1.214 1.208 1.199 1.169 1.115 1.069 1.031 1.015

0.991 0.991 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.981 0.978 0.983 0.995 1.002

1.267 1.265 1.264 1.262 1.261 1.259 1.256 1.251 1.237 1.212 1.194 1.181 1.176

−2687.7 −2700.1 −2712.5 −2724.9 −2737.3 −2749.8 −2774.7 −2812.4 −2939.0 −3197.3 −3460.7 −3724.5 −3854.3

2426.8 2425.2 2423.6 2422.0 2420.3 2418.6 2415.2 2409.7 2389.6 2337.1 2259.1 2134.7 2042.2

59.774 59.619 59.466 59.312 59.159 59.007 58.703 58.250 56.769 53.939 51.297 48.865 47.740

35.885 35.827 35.768 35.709 35.650 35.590 35.469 35.286 34.648 33.216 31.467 29.170 27.687

0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.78 0.58 0.39 0.19 0.10

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.0000 0.0048 0.0097 0.0146 0.0196 0.0246 0.0347 0.0503 0.1053 0.2344 0.4019 0.6366 0.7962

0.9887 0.9839 0.9791 0.9742 0.9693 0.9643 0.9543 0.9389 0.8845 0.7567 0.5911 0.3591 0.2014

0.0113 0.0113 0.0112 0.0112 0.0111 0.0111 0.0110 0.0108 0.0102 0.0088 0.0070 0.0043 0.0024

91.656 91.728 91.801 91.874 91.948 92.022 92.171 92.397 93.182 94.921 96.979 99.538 101.100

2.116 2.118 2.120 2.123 2.125 2.128 2.132 2.140 2.165 2.219 2.274 2.326 2.347

2.702 2.700 2.699 2.697 2.696 2.694 2.691 2.687 2.673 2.647 2.621 2.588 2.565

1.277 1.275 1.273 1.271 1.268 1.266 1.262 1.256 1.235 1.193 1.152 1.112 1.093

156.79 157.87 158.97 160.07 161.20 162.33 164.62 168.15 180.86 211.56 252.78 312.06 352.96

414.28 416.75 419.26 421.78 424.35 426.93 432.16 440.17 468.87 537.25 627.20 753.64 839.27

117.83 118.68 119.56 120.44 121.34 122.24 124.08 126.90 137.09 161.88 195.47 244.29 278.29

1.245 1.242 1.238 1.235 1.231 1.228 1.221 1.212 1.180 1.123 1.074 1.034 1.016

0.997 0.996 0.996 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.984 0.995 1.003

1.298 1.296 1.294 1.292 1.290 1.288 1.284 1.279 1.261 1.230 1.205 1.187 1.179

−2620.4 −2633.6 −2646.8 −2660.0 −2673.3 −2686.5 −2713.1 −2753.1 −2887.4 −3160.7 −3437.9 −3714.4 −3849.7

2405.9 2404.6 2403.3 2402.0 2400.6 2399.3 2396.5 2392.0 2375.1 2329.1 2257.3 2137.3 2045.0

60.245 60.082 59.920 59.758 59.596 59.436 59.115 58.639 57.084 54.131 51.395 48.897 47.752

36.049 35.990 35.932 35.873 35.813 35.754 35.634 35.450 34.814 33.381 31.622 29.289 27.763

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90

1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.0000 0.0047 0.0095 0.0143 0.0192 0.0241 0.0341 0.0493 0.1035 0.2310 0.3973 0.6322 0.7931

1.0000 0.9953 0.9905 0.9857 0.9808 0.9759 0.9659 0.9507 0.8965 0.7690 0.6027 0.3678 0.2069

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

91.391 91.465 91.539 91.613 91.688 91.763 91.915 92.146 92.945 94.718 96.818 99.439 101.040

2.118 2.120 2.122 2.125 2.127 2.129 2.134 2.141 2.166 2.220 2.275 2.327 2.347

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

152.87 153.96 155.05 156.15 157.27 158.39 160.69 164.24 176.95 207.79 249.36 309.59 351.32

405.30 407.79 410.30 412.81 415.38 417.95 423.20 431.27 460.07 528.92 619.80 748.43 835.85

114.70 115.57 116.44 117.31 118.21 119.10 120.94 123.77 133.95 158.82 192.67 242.25 276.92

1.252 1.248 1.245 1.241 1.238 1.234 1.228 1.217 1.185 1.126 1.076 1.035 1.017

1.000 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.995 0.993 0.987 0.982 0.985 0.996 1.003

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

−2591.4 −2605.0 −2618.5 −2632.1 −2645.7 −2659.3 −2686.6 −2727.6 −2865.3 −3144.8 −3428.1 −3710.1 −3847.7

2397.1 2396.0 2394.8 2393.6 2392.4 2391.2 2388.6 2384.6 2369.0 2325.6 2256.4 2138.3 2046.2

60.458 60.291 60.124 59.959 59.793 59.629 59.301 58.814 57.225 54.217 51.438 48.912 47.757

36.119 36.060 36.002 35.943 35.883 35.824 35.704 35.520 34.883 33.450 31.687 29.339 27.795

2-227

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source is Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(3):331–385, 2000. p° is the vapor pressure.

2-228

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-192

Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere* T, K

P, bar

ρ, kg/m3

g, m/s2

M

a, m/s

µ, Pa⋅s

k, W/(m⋅K)

λ, m

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

288.15 281.65 275.15 268.66 262.17

1.01325 0.89876 0.79501 0.70121 0.61660

1.2250 1.1117 1.0066 0.90925 0.81935

9.80665 9.8036 9.8005 9.7974 9.7943

28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964

340.29 336.43 332.53 328.58 324.59

1.79.−5 1.76.−5 1.73.−5 1.69.−5 1.66.−5

2.54.−5 2.49.−5 2.43.−5 2.38.−5 2.33.−5

6.63.−8 7.31.−8 8.07.−8 8.94.−8 9.92.−8

0 1,000 2,999 2,999 3,997

5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

255.68 249.19 242.70 236.22 229.73

0.54048 0.47217 0.41105 0.35651 0.30800

0.73643 0.66011 0.59002 0.52579 0.46706

9.7912 9.7882 9.7851 9.7820 9.7789

28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964

320.55 316.45 312.31 308.11 303.85

1.63.−5 1.59.−5 1.56.−5 1.53.−5 1.49.−5

2.28.−5 2.22.−5 2.17.−5 2.12.−5 2.06.−5

1.10.−7 1.23.−7 1.38.−7 1.55.−7 1.74.−7

4,996 5,994 6,992 7,990 8,987

10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

223.25 216.65 216.65 221.55 226.51

0.26499 0.12111 0.05529 0.02549 0.01197

0.41351 0.19476 0.08891 0.04008 0.01841

9.7759 9.7605 9.7452 9.7300 9.7147

28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964

299.53 295.07 295.07 298.39 301.71

1.46.−5 1.42.−5 1.42.−5 1.45.−5 1.48.−5

2.01.−5 1.95.−5 1.95.−5 1.99.−5 2.04.−5

1.97.−7 4.17.−7 9.14.−7 2.03.−6 4.42.−6

9,984 14,965 19,937 24,902 29,859

40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

250.35 270.65 247.02 219.59 198.64

2.87.−3 8.00.−4 2.20.−4 5.22.−5 1.05.−5

4.00.−3 1.03.−3 3.10.−4 8.28.−5 1.85.−5

9.6844 9.6542 9.6241 9.5942 9.5644

28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964

317.19 329.80 315.07 297.06 282.54

1.60.−5 1.70.−5 1.58.−5 1.44.−5 1.32.−5

2.23.−5 2.40.−5 2.21.−5 1.98.−5 1.80.−5

2.03.−5 7.91.−5 2.62.−4 9.81.−4 4.40.−3

39,750 49,610 59,439 69,238 79,006

90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

186.87 195.08 634.39 854.56 941.33

1.84.−6 3.20.−7 4.54.−9 8.47.−10 2.48.−10

3.43.−6 5.60.−7 2.08.−9 2.54.−10 6.07.−11

9.5348 9.5052 9.3597 9.2175 9.0785

28.95 28.40 24.10 21.30 19.19

2.37.−2 0.142 33 240 890

88,744 98,451 146,542 193,899 240,540

300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 800,000

976.01 995.83 999.24 999.85 999.99

8.77.−11 1.45.−11 3.02.−12 8.21.−13 1.70.−13

1.92.−11 2.80.−12 5.22.−13 1.14.−13 1.14.−14

8.9427 8.6799 8.4286 8.1880 7.7368

17.73 15.98 14.33 11.51 5.54

2600 1.6.+4 7.7.+4 2.8.+5 1.4.+6

286,480 376,320 463,540 548,252 710,574

1,000,000

1000.00

7.51.−14

3.56.−15

7.3218

3.94

3.1.+6

864,071

Z, m

H, m

*Extracted from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S. Air Force, Washington, 1976. Z = geometric altitude, T = temperature, P = pressure, g = acceleration of gravity, M = molecular weight, a = velocity of sound, µ = viscosity, k = thermal conductivity, λ = mean free path, ρ = density, and H = geopotential altitude. The notation 1.79.−5 signifies 1.79 × 10−5.

TABLE 2-193

Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

278.7 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 460 475 490 505 520 535 550 562.05

0.0047988 0.0051472 0.010954 0.021374 0.038777 0.066128 0.10696 0.16531 0.24565 0.35284 0.49204 0.66869 0.88851 1.1575 1.4820 1.8689 2.3256 2.8608 3.4853 4.2145 4.9012

278.7 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 460 475 490 505 520 535 550 562.05

0.0047988 0.0051472 0.010954 0.021374 0.038777 0.066128 0.10696 0.16531 0.24565 0.35284 0.49204 0.66869 0.88851 1.1575 1.4820 1.8689 2.3256 2.8608 3.4853 4.2145 4.9012

300.00 350.00 352.81

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

352.81 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.03257 −0.03196 −0.02506 −0.01842 −0.01194 −0.00556 0.000737 0.006950 0.013084 0.019144 0.025138 0.031076 0.036970 0.042839 0.048703 0.054589 0.060537 0.066611 0.072938 0.079902 0.090526

0.095741 0.095210 0.092757 0.094410 0.097865 0.10197 0.10619 0.11029 0.11418 0.11788 0.12142 0.12487 0.12827 0.13170 0.13524 0.13896 0.14300 0.14755 0.15298 0.16038

0.13301 0.13274 0.13249 0.13531 0.13934 0.14373 0.14815 0.15251 0.15684 0.16124 0.16581 0.17070 0.17609 0.18223 0.18948 0.19847 0.21044 0.22839 0.26197 0.37221

1369.2 1366.0 1316.2 1251.1 1180.0 1108.1 1037.7 969.46 903.49 839.45 776.89 715.33 654.26 593.15 531.41 468.41 403.32 335.01 261.60 179.15 0

−0.45084 −0.45037 −0.43580 −0.41192 −0.38479 −0.35639 −0.32675 −0.29499 −0.25976 −0.21937 −0.17166 −0.11372 −0.04137 0.05173 0.17604 0.35018 0.61096 1.0427 1.8878 4.2186 15.682

0.092630 0.092396 0.090149 0.088632 0.087716 0.087296 0.087285 0.087613 0.088218 0.089048 0.090056 0.091203 0.092449 0.093754 0.095076 0.096364 0.097548 0.098514 0.099038 0.098452 0.090526

0.067199 0.067633 0.072601 0.077506 0.082363 0.087187 0.091992 0.096792 0.10160 0.10643 0.11129 0.11620 0.12117 0.12624 0.13144 0.13684 0.14252 0.14867 0.15562 0.16433

0.075641 0.076082 0.081164 0.086243 0.091352 0.096528 0.10181 0.10724 0.11287 0.11877 0.12502 0.13176 0.13918 0.14759 0.15753 0.17002 0.18715 0.21415 0.26827 0.45840

182.14 182.47 186.19 189.61 192.67 195.28 197.37 198.86 199.67 199.73 198.94 197.20 194.42 190.45 185.11 178.19 169.36 158.20 144.00 125.56 0

−0.022832 −0.0013533 −0.00017807

0.092996 0.10479 0.10558

0.13320 0.14668 0.14751

0.087264 0.10072 0.11482 0.12870 0.14233 0.15567

0.091290 0.10432 0.11715 0.12898 0.13981 0.14967

0.10103 0.11349 0.12601 0.13766 0.14838 0.15817

Saturated Properties 11.441 11.424 11.227 11.024 10.816 10.605 10.389 10.170 9.9444 9.7123 9.4716 9.2204 8.9560 8.6747 8.3719 8.0406 7.6701 7.2419 6.7170 5.9774 3.9561 0.0020778 0.0022187 0.0044939 0.0083797 0.014587 0.023968 0.037514 0.056356 0.081780 0.11526 0.15852 0.21364 0.28321 0.37058 0.48038 0.61931 0.79794 1.0349 1.3697 1.9242 3.9561

0.087404 0.087532 0.089073 0.090715 0.092455 0.094297 0.096251 0.098331 0.10056 0.10296 0.10558 0.10845 0.11166 0.11528 0.11945 0.12437 0.13038 0.13809 0.14888 0.16730 0.25278 481.28 450.72 222.52 119.34 68.556 41.723 26.657 17.744 12.228 8.6760 6.3082 4.6807 3.5310 2.6984 2.0817 1.6147 1.2532 0.96626 0.73008 0.51970 0.25278

−10.278 −10.105 −8.1218 −6.1160 −4.0576 −1.9360 0.25114 2.5029 4.8180 7.1959 9.6372 12.144 14.721 17.372 20.108 22.940 25.887 28.980 32.284 35.991 41.513

−10.278 −10.105 −8.1208 −6.1140 −4.0540 −1.9297 0.26143 2.5192 4.8427 7.2322 9.6892 12.217 14.820 17.506 20.285 23.172 26.190 29.375 32.802 36.696 42.752

22.307 22.394 23.427 24.522 25.676 26.881 28.135 29.431 30.765 32.132 33.526 34.942 36.370 37.803 39.228 40.625 41.966 43.200 44.221 44.709 41.513

24.617 24.714 25.864 27.073 28.334 29.640 30.986 32.365 33.769 35.194 36.630 38.072 39.508 40.927 42.313 43.642 44.880 45.965 46.766 46.899 42.752

69.790 68.760 58.188 49.702 42.885 37.396 32.960 29.366 26.447 24.076 22.158 20.623 19.421 18.522 17.915 17.610 17.642 18.090 19.073 20.568 15.682

Single-Phase Properties 11.161 10.462 10.421

2-229

0.035232 0.030711 0.027110 0.024299 0.022032 0.020161

0.089602 0.095585 0.095958 28.383 32.562 36.887 41.154 45.388 49.600

−7.4606 −0.48554 −0.072586

−7.4516 −0.47598 −0.062991

27.949 32.595 38.153 44.322 51.054 58.300

30.787 35.851 41.842 48.437 55.592 63.260

1296.2 1061.0 1047.8 197.10 210.66 223.76 235.93 247.41 258.31

−0.42861 −0.33684 −0.33119 33.552 20.922 13.727 9.5972 7.0666 5.4319

2-230 TABLE 2-193

Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 451.58

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

11.170 10.476 9.7282 8.8655 8.8350

0.089523 0.095456 0.10279 0.11280 0.11319

−7.4897 −0.52680 7.1526 15.593 15.873

−7.4002 −0.43135 7.2554 15.706 15.987

451.58 500.00 550.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

3.1340 3.7002 4.2144 4.6952

36.999 43.395 50.362 57.755

40.133 47.096 54.577 62.450

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

11.213 10.537 9.8210 9.0240 8.0418 6.4075 1.5540

0.089185 0.094904 0.10182 0.11082 0.12435 0.15607 0.64348

−7.6160 −0.70378 6.8987 15.189 24.331 35.199 53.945

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.022929 −0.0014714 0.019036 0.038922 0.039545

0.092978 0.10480 0.11785 0.12940 0.12977

0.13308 0.14651 0.16097 0.17801 0.17867

1301.8 1068.0 846.37 634.37 627.51

−0.43004 −0.33971 −0.22423 −0.013693 −0.0036091

0.093016 0.10766 0.12192 0.13561

0.12338 0.13222 0.14175 0.15089

0.14272 0.14607 0.15344 0.16150

192.83 214.43 231.44 245.85

−7.1700 −0.22926 7.4078 15.743 24.953 35.979 57.162

−0.023353 −0.0019818 0.018394 0.038012 0.057399 0.078369 0.11554

0.092913 0.10485 0.11775 0.12877 0.13990 0.15609 0.16178

0.13259 0.14581 0.15956 0.17438 0.19602 0.27120 0.21373

1325.8 1097.9 886.30 692.84 496.64 246.43 176.29

−0.43605 −0.35136 −0.25035 −0.088322 0.27193 2.1959 9.3898

Single-Phase Properties

0.31908 0.27026 0.23728 0.21298

18.991 11.641 7.9458 5.8511

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

11.263 10.608 9.9256 9.1886 8.3418 7.2764 5.7109

0.088783 0.094266 0.10075 0.10883 0.11988 0.13743 0.17510

−7.7671 −0.91178 6.6097 14.760 23.600 33.351 44.567

−6.8793 0.030879 7.6172 15.848 24.799 34.726 46.318

−0.023867 −0.0025897 0.017651 0.037025 0.055872 0.074776 0.094920

0.092869 0.10497 0.11774 0.12832 0.13831 0.14918 0.16240

0.13203 0.14508 0.15816 0.17132 0.18753 0.21149 0.25868

1354.1 1132.3 930.56 752.83 586.00 420.33 257.52

−0.44280 −0.36378 −0.27601 −0.15003 0.073722 0.56941 2.1761

350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

11.061 10.527 10.001 9.4723 8.9322 8.3797

0.090412 0.094991 0.099985 0.10557 0.11196 0.11934

−2.2210 4.9365 12.570 20.624 29.094 37.984

2.2996 9.6861 17.570 25.902 34.691 43.951

−0.0066440 0.013066 0.031627 0.049177 0.065924 0.082032

0.10685 0.11931 0.12871 0.13669 0.14419 0.15154

0.14195 0.15301 0.16219 0.17116 0.18047 0.18989

1337.7 1173.3 1041.8 932.63 839.96 761.25

−0.41928 −0.37184 −0.32474 −0.26918 −0.20274 −0.12687

350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00

75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000

11.280 10.798 10.331 9.8716 9.4118 8.9496

0.088652 0.092613 0.096793 0.10130 0.10625 0.11174

−2.8344 4.2071 11.699 19.570 27.813 36.435

3.8145 11.153 18.958 27.167 35.782 44.815

−0.0087087 0.010874 0.029250 0.046542 0.062956 0.078670

0.10831 0.12070 0.12977 0.13730 0.14435 0.15124

0.14116 0.15181 0.16021 0.16819 0.17644 0.18489

1431.4 1277.8 1157.1 1058.5 975.53 905.02

−0.43585 −0.39637 −0.36122 −0.32227 −0.27775 −0.22901

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Polt, A., Platzer, B., and Maurer, G., “Parameter der thermischen Zustandsgleichung von Bender fuer 14 mehratomige reine Stoffe,” Chem. Tech. (Leipzig), 44(6):216–224, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density for benzene are 1% in the vapor phase, 0.3% in the liquid phase up to 400 K (with lower uncertainties at lower temperatures), 1% in the liquid phase between 400 and 500 K, and 2% and rising at temperatures above 500 K. Near the saturation line at temperatures below 350 K, the liquid-phase uncertainty decreases to 0.05%. The uncertainties in vapor pressures are 0.15% at temperatures below 380 K, and 0.5% at higher temperatures. The uncertainties in heat capacities and sound speeds are 2% in the vapor phase and 5% in the liquid phase.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-194

2-231

Saturated Bromine* vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

260 280 300 320 340

0.042 0.124 0.310 0.680 1.330

3.106.−4 3.168.−4 3.232.−4 3.311.−4 3.385.−4

3.195 1.169 0.5002 0.2425 0.1309

−147.2 −138.9 −131.6 −124.2 −112.3

51.8 56.2 60.6 64.8 71.1

0.903 0.933 0.956 0.978 1.004

1.669 1.629 1.597 1.570 1.539

0.486 0.479 0.475 0.473 0.471

13.4 11.5 9.3 7.8 6.7

0.131 0.127 0.122 0.118 0.114

360 380 400 420 440

2.384 4.010 6.390 9.730 14.25

3.464.−4 3.550.−4 3.647.−4 3.752.−4 3.885.−4

0.0767 0.0477 0.0311 0.0211 0.0148

−108.6 −100.6 −93.4 −85.8 −77.7

73.1 76.9 80.6 84.0 87.1

1.026 1.048 1.063 1.084 1.103

1.531 1.515 1.501 1.488 1.477

0.470 0.471 0.475 0.480 0.489

5.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.7

0.109 0.104 0.099 0.094 0.089

460 480 500 520 540

20.17 27.75 37.21 48.81 62.80

4.023.−4 4.179.−4 4.378.−4 4.623.−4 4.938.−4

0.0107 0.00786 0.00589 0.00445 0.00337

−69.0 −59.7 −49.3 −37.7 −24.0

89.9 92.2 94.0 95.0 94.8

1.122 1.142 1.161 1.183 1.207

1.467 1.457 1.448 1.438 1.428

0.503 0.527 0.595 0.710 0.860

3.3 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.5

0.084 0.079 0.073 0.066 0.059

79.41 98.90 103.4

5.368.−4 6.250.−4 8.475.−4

0.00251 0.00167 0.00085

−7.1 18.8 64.8

92.5 82.5 64.8

1.237 1.280 1.356

1.414 1.390 1.356

1.063 2.31 ∞

2.3 2.2 2.1

0.050 0.035 ∞

T, K

560 580 584.2c

P, bar

*Reproduced or converted from a tabulation by Seshadri, Viswanath, and Kuloor, Ind. J. Technol., 6 (1970): 191–198. c = critical point.

TABLE 2-195

Thermodynamic Properties of Butane

2-232

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

134.9 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 320 335 350 365 380 395 410 425.13

6.6566E-07 1.6922E-06 0.00001767 0.00011616 0.00054113 0.0019390 0.0056671 0.014106 0.030885 0.060978 0.11065 0.18734 0.29946 0.45624 0.66761 0.94418 1.2974 1.7399 2.2868 2.9578 3.796

134.9 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 320 335 350 365 380 395 410 425.13

6.6566E-07 1.6922E-06 0.00001767 0.00011616 0.00054113 0.0019390 0.0056671 0.014106 0.030885 0.060978 0.11065 0.18734 0.29946 0.45624 0.66761 0.94418 1.2974 1.7399 2.2868 2.9578 3.796

150.00 200.00 250.00 272.31

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

272.31 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 200.00

1.0000 1.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−5.2207 −4.6347 −2.9051 −1.1617 0.59963 2.3840 4.1972 6.0455 7.9351 9.8722 11.863 13.914 16.031 18.222 20.494 22.858 25.328 27.928 30.703 33.782 39.364

−5.2207 −4.6347 −2.9051 −1.1617 0.59967 2.3842 4.1977 6.0467 7.9379 9.8780 11.874 13.933 16.062 18.271 20.568 22.967 25.485 28.150 31.018 34.237 40.331

−0.57143 −0.56883 −0.55989 −0.54850 −0.53413 −0.51637 −0.49482 −0.46909 −0.43868 −0.40288 −0.36055 −0.30993 −0.24825 −0.17103 −0.07074 0.066051 0.26565 0.58704 1.1936 2.7451 15.851

176.56 174.84 169.24 163.00 156.32 149.36 142.26 135.13 128.09 121.19 114.50 108.06 101.92 96.103 90.627 85.498 80.706 76.219 71.976 67.979

2304.3 1887.3 1195.3 844.68 634.79 496.50 399.50 328.38 274.41 232.32 198.71 171.28 148.46 129.09 112.34 97.559 84.220 71.859 59.958 47.596

22.482 22.771 23.648 24.567 25.525 26.519 27.550 28.614 29.709 30.834 31.984 33.156 34.343 35.541 36.739 37.923 39.073 40.147 41.076 41.673 39.364

23.604 23.935 24.937 25.980 27.062 28.179 29.328 30.507 31.711 32.934 34.170 35.414 36.657 37.890 39.100 40.270 41.370 42.353 43.130 43.475 40.331

−3.4846 2.3816 8.5729 11.502

-3.4765 2.3902 8.5822 11.512

−0.014834 0.018891 0.046489 0.057711

0.083837 0.085632 0.091432 0.095158

0.11544 0.11985 0.12863 0.13415

31.776 34.241 39.149 44.681 50.834 57.578 64.875

33.948 36.663 42.009 47.970 54.548 61.714 69.432

0.14010 0.14959 0.16605 0.18195 0.19743 0.21252 0.22723

0.085131 0.091498 0.10399 0.11669 0.12893 0.14043 0.15112

0.095267 0.10103 0.11299 0.12545 0.13755 0.14897 0.15960

−3.4986 2.3598

−3.4180 2.4460

−0.014927 0.018782

0.083887 0.085677

0.11540 0.11977

Saturated Properties 12.645 12.563 12.323 12.082 11.840 11.596 11.349 11.097 10.840 10.575 10.301 10.016 9.7171 9.4002 9.0607 8.6916 8.2822 7.8141 7.2504 6.4885 3.9228 5.935E-07 1.4538E-06 1.3712E-05 8.2203E-05 0.00035209 0.0011686 0.0031862 0.0074503 0.015434 0.029042 0.050611 0.082943 0.12941 0.19420 0.28270 0.40241 0.56471 0.78888 1.1133 1.6409 3.9228

0.079082 0.079598 0.081151 0.082767 0.084458 0.086236 0.088115 0.090113 0.092253 0.094562 0.097075 0.099837 0.10291 0.10638 0.11037 0.11505 0.12074 0.12797 0.13792 0.15412 0.25492 1684900 687860 72930 12165 2840.2 855.70 313.85 134.22 64.792 34.433 19.759 12.056 7.7271 5.1494 3.5374 2.4850 1.7708 1.2676 0.89820 0.60943 0.25492

−0.02703 −0.02277 −0.01103 −0.00030 0.009630 0.018903 0.027645 0.035954 0.043912 0.051585 0.059030 0.066292 0.073412 0.080426 0.087371 0.094284 0.10121 0.10822 0.11543 0.12318 0.13735

0.083783 0.083802 0.083864 0.084118 0.084688 0.085627 0.086949 0.088641 0.090679 0.093026 0.095645 0.098497 0.10155 0.10478 0.10817 0.11173 0.11552 0.11966 0.12445 0.13061

0.11467 0.11492 0.11573 0.11677 0.11813 0.11986 0.12199 0.12455 0.12755 0.13098 0.13488 0.13925 0.14418 0.14976 0.15620 0.16389 0.17360 0.18719 0.21028 0.27186

1826.8 1793.1 1699.3 1610.1 1523.4 1438.2 1354.1 1270.8 1188.2 1106.4 1025.2 944.51 864.09 783.62 702.63 620.37 535.75 447.13 352.08 246.50 0

0.18665 0.18130 0.16859 0.15936 0.15267 0.14788 0.14453 0.14230 0.14094 0.14026 0.14011 0.14037 0.14094 0.14174 0.14269 0.14372 0.14473 0.14559 0.14609 0.14572 0.13735

0.055993 0.057048 0.059941 0.062670 0.065393 0.068227 0.071254 0.074521 0.078047 0.081835 0.085872 0.090138 0.094611 0.099274 0.10412 0.10910 0.11417 0.11962 0.12600 0.13401

0.064308 0.065363 0.068258 0.070995 0.073744 0.076640 0.079787 0.083261 0.087120 0.091404 0.096154 0.10142 0.10730 0.11394 0.12161 0.13080 0.14259 0.16009 0.19220 0.28133

148.87 151.48 158.89 165.94 172.61 178.87 184.64 189.81 194.27 197.86 200.46 201.90 202.04 200.69 197.62 192.54 185.07 174.66 160.51 141.36 0

361.89 315.59 218.48 157.83 117.96 90.683 71.432 57.513 47.254 39.578 33.766 29.330 25.936 23.353 21.423 20.061 19.268 19.058 19.446 20.469 15.851

4.8545 5.0913 5.8353 6.6513 7.5389 8.4974 9.5258 10.624 11.792 13.034 14.357 15.775 17.311 18.999 20.889 23.058 25.626 28.813 33.129 40.394

3.3208 3.4522 3.8372 4.2205 4.6014 4.9792 5.3531 5.7226 6.0877 6.4502 6.8133 7.1826 7.5668 7.9782 8.4346 8.9610 9.5964 10.407 11.532 13.373

Single-Phase Properties 12.404 11.597 10.753 10.351 0.046045 0.041289 0.034963 0.030400 0.026924 0.024176 0.021945 12.411 11.608

0.080622 0.086227 0.092993 0.096608 21.718 24.220 28.601 32.894 37.142 41.363 45.569 0.080576 0.086150

1730.2 1438.8 1161.4 1039.7 200.07 211.28 229.21 245.29 260.14 274.06 287.25 1733.9 1443.9

−0.56316 −0.51649 −0.42760 −0.36868 34.694 24.802 14.912 9.8194 6.9019 5.0916 3.8945 −0.56354 −0.51758

171.22 149.40 125.81 115.68 14.113 16.747 22.115 28.275 35.230 42.982 51.533 171.48 149.79

1370.9 496.90 259.42 204.22 6.7480 7.4522 8.6907 9.8987 11.083 12.248 13.395 1381.3 500.58

250.00 300.00 350.00 352.62 352.62 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

10.770 9.8412 8.6953 8.6234 0.42728 0.34181 0.28958 0.25369 0.22679

0.092855 0.10161 0.11500 0.11596 2.3404 2.9256 3.4533 3.9418 4.4094

8.5389 15.271 22.851 23.281 38.127 43.808 50.185 57.063 64.449

8.6318 15.373 22.966 23.397 40.468 46.734 53.638 61.005 68.858

0.046353 0.070896 0.094264 0.095491 0.14390 0.16057 0.17683 0.19234 0.20730

0.091477 0.10054 0.11173 0.11237 0.10997 0.11928 0.13036 0.14132 0.15171

0.12845 0.14209 0.16378 0.16540 0.13262 0.13410 0.14250 0.15221 0.16189

1168.5 899.57 621.53 605.80 191.42 221.49 244.24 262.94 279.30

−0.43053 −0.27749 0.063603 0.095319 19.881 11.545 7.5723 5.3868 4.0325

126.34 104.51 85.560 84.637 23.473 29.230 36.235 44.067 52.702

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

12.442 11.653 10.838 9.9548

0.080374 0.085815 0.092266 0.10045

−3.5595 2.2656 8.3942 15.037

−3.1577 2.6947 8.8555 15.539

−0.015338 0.018306 0.045767 0.070104

0.084107 0.085873 0.091674 0.10072

0.11525 0.11943 0.12773 0.14034

1749.9 1466.4 1199.3 943.54

−0.56513 −0.52214 −0.44237 −0.31083

172.63 151.52 128.64 107.50

350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

8.9238 7.5216 3.1209 1.7051 1.3443

0.11206 0.13295 0.32042 0.58647 0.74389

22.411 30.873 44.259 54.030 62.232

22.971 31.537 45.861 56.962 65.951

0.092982 0.11581 0.14921 0.17272 0.18986

0.11170 0.12435 0.14234 0.14611 0.15448

0.15798 0.18921 0.35080 0.18483 0.17804

694.05 430.26 147.05 208.77 244.93

−0.067667 0.64313 11.475 6.6929 4.4692

89.620 75.035 55.862 51.142 57.838

106.76 65.426 19.322 14.775 14.928

261.81 157.29 97.696 95.139 9.0627 10.156 11.323 12.475 13.611 1428.2 516.90 272.30 165.96

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

12.480 11.707 10.919 10.082 9.1484 8.0346 6.5680 4.6089 3.2339

0.080129 0.085415 0.091586 0.099189 0.10931 0.12446 0.15225 0.21697 0.30923

−3.6330 2.1534 8.2254 14.776 21.971 29.964 38.976 49.153 58.940

−2.8317 3.0075 9.1412 15.768 23.064 31.209 40.499 51.323 62.032

−0.015840 0.017730 0.045071 0.069202 0.091668 0.11339 0.13524 0.15803 0.17846

0.084373 0.086111 0.091916 0.10096 0.11182 0.12357 0.13606 0.14784 0.15662

0.11508 0.11906 0.12697 0.13868 0.15374 0.17293 0.20093 0.22343 0.20486

1769.4 1493.4 1235.4 993.02 766.31 554.16 360.83 243.50 242.94

−0.56694 −0.52718 −0.45489 −0.34276 −0.16435 0.17567 1.0509 2.9827 3.2916

174.03 153.61 131.40 110.99 94.017 81.081 71.907 65.910 65.615

1488.3 537.30 285.19 176.33 116.79 77.782 48.326 27.075 19.386

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

12.622 11.905 11.197 10.483 9.7548 9.0036 8.2322 7.4563 6.7039

0.079224 0.083996 0.089313 0.095388 0.10251 0.11107 0.12147 0.13411 0.14917

−3.9002 1.7557 7.6534 13.956 20.772 28.147 36.070 44.490 53.337

−1.5235 4.2756 10.333 16.817 23.848 31.479 39.714 48.514 57.812

−0.017740 0.015602 0.042606 0.066223 0.087875 0.10824 0.12762 0.14616 0.16387

0.085345 0.086999 0.092823 0.10187 0.11265 0.12399 0.13519 0.14590 0.15594

0.11453 0.11796 0.12491 0.13486 0.14654 0.15873 0.17053 0.18124 0.19043

1842.9 1591.7 1361.4 1153.4 971.05 816.42 691.11 595.43 527.27

−0.57242 −0.54200 −0.48867 −0.41613 −0.32840 −0.22551 −0.10687 0.023732 0.15444

179.28 161.37 141.44 123.09 108.07 97.051 90.031 86.541 85.903

1748.0 619.22 335.06 214.53 150.45 110.91 83.811 64.099 49.561

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000

12.844 12.196 11.576 10.979 10.399 9.8373 9.2935 8.7710 8.2737

0.077859 0.081993 0.086384 0.091087 0.096160 0.10165 0.10760 0.11401 0.12087

−4.2847 1.2046 6.9077 12.978 19.516 26.564 34.118 42.152 50.632

0.77614 6.5342 12.523 18.898 25.767 33.172 41.112 49.563 58.488

−0.020732 0.012378 0.039078 0.062302 0.083456 0.10322 0.12191 0.13971 0.15671

0.086776 0.088354 0.094214 0.10329 0.11406 0.12536 0.13648 0.14709 0.15706

0.11392 0.11690 0.12318 0.13220 0.14267 0.15351 0.16402 0.17389 0.18299

1957.6 1737.3 1537.0 1359.9 1208.7 1082.5 979.42 896.76 831.73

−0.57756 −0.55581 −0.51712 −0.46758 −0.41511 −0.36425 −0.31694 −0.27399 −0.23593

187.43 173.22 156.34 140.34 126.97 116.89 110.18 106.55 105.59

2300.4 766.46 419.12 275.14 199.77 154.25 123.77 101.78 85.075

2-233

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, NIST Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “Reference Equations of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Fluid Phase n-Butane and Isobutane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35(2): 929–1019, 2006. The source for viscosity is Vogel, E., Kuechenmeister, C., and Bich, E., “Viscosity for n-Butane in the Fluid Region,” High Temp.—High Pressures 31(2):173–186, 1999. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R. A, Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., and Cusco, L., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Butane from 135 K to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(5):1263–1271, 2002. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single–phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.02% at temperatures below 340 K and pressures below 12 MPa (both liquid and vapor states), 0.1% at temperatures below 270 K and pressures above 12 MPa, 0.2% between 340 and 515 K at pressures less than 0.6 MPa, and 0.4% elsewhere. In the critical region, deviations in pressure are 0.5%. At temperatures above 500 K, the uncertainties in density increase up to 1%. Uncertainties in heat capacities are typically 1%, rising to 5% in the critical region and at pressures above 30 MPa. Uncertainties in the speed of sound are typically 0.5%, rising to 1% at temperatures below 200 K and to 4% in a large area around the critical point. The uncertainty in viscosity varies from 0.4% in the dilute gas between room temperature and 600 K, to 3.0% over the rest of the fluid surface. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the critical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.

2-234 TABLE 2-196

Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

87.800 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 419.29

5.95E-13 1.2730E-05 9.3335E-05 0.00046966 0.0017787 0.0054125 0.013876 0.031052 0.062301 0.11440 0.19537 0.31425 0.48093 0.70602 1.0009 1.3777 1.8505 2.4356 3.1556 4.0057

87.800 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 419.29

5.95E-13 1.2730E-05 9.3335E-05 0.00046966 0.0017787 0.0054125 0.013876 0.031052 0.062301 0.11440 0.19537 0.31425 0.48093 0.70602 1.0009 1.3777 1.8505 2.4356 3.1556 4.0057

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

0.068578 0.074746 0.076351 0.078017 0.079756 0.081585 0.083519 0.085582 0.087798 0.090204 0.092841 0.095769 0.099067 0.10285 0.10730 0.11269 0.11956 0.12901 0.14444 0.23585

−19.753 −13.108 −11.509 −9.8961 −8.2633 −6.6054 −4.9174 −3.1944 −1.4319 0.37503 2.2316 4.1435 6.1173 8.1613 10.286 12.507 14.848 17.357 20.167 25.194 10.763 13.339 14.060 14.822 15.621 16.456 17.323 18.219 19.139 20.081 21.039 22.009 22.985 23.957 24.912 25.827 26.665 27.351 27.680 25.194

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−19.753 −13.108 −11.509 −9.8961 −8.2632 −6.6050 −4.9162 −3.1918 −1.4264 0.38535 2.2497 4.1736 6.1650 8.2339 10.393 12.662 15.069 17.672 20.622 26.139

−0.12145 −0.064173 −0.054011 −0.044655 −0.035943 −0.027753 −0.019990 −0.012577 −0.0054542 0.0014312 0.0081238 0.014663 0.021087 0.027432 0.033738 0.040056 0.046456 0.053070 0.060243 0.073219

0.080229 0.071962 0.072351 0.073193 0.074385 0.075854 0.077551 0.079443 0.081507 0.083732 0.086107 0.088628 0.091289 0.094094 0.097052 0.10019 0.10358 0.10741 0.11236

0.10913 0.10631 0.10701 0.10813 0.10964 0.11149 0.11367 0.11619 0.11904 0.12227 0.12593 0.13010 0.13492 0.14061 0.14758 0.15666 0.16976 0.19258 0.25490

2086.5 1744.9 1649.6 1555.6 1463.4 1373.4 1285.6 1199.6 1115.4 1032.5 950.65 869.48 788.58 707.49 625.58 541.98 455.28 362.75 258.01 0

−0.55371 −0.55469 −0.54558 −0.53276 −0.51623 −0.49587 −0.47138 −0.44220 −0.40748 −0.36587 −0.31542 −0.25308 −0.17406 −0.070421 0.071832 0.27973 0.61278 1.2326 2.7886 14.832

11.493 14.586 15.432 16.317 17.238 18.192 19.174 20.177 21.195 22.223 23.253 24.279 25.290 26.274 27.212 28.078 28.823 29.354 29.425 26.139

0.23442 0.12046 0.10927 0.10097 0.094833 0.090329 0.087076 0.084791 0.083257 0.082311 0.081820 0.081681 0.081801 0.082098 0.082489 0.082878 0.083133 0.083025 0.081979 0.073219

0.035901 0.046819 0.049589 0.052497 0.055552 0.058761 0.062133 0.065668 0.069362 0.073208 0.077198 0.081324 0.085583 0.089980 0.094533 0.099287 0.10434 0.10992 0.11666

0.044215 0.055138 0.057921 0.060867 0.064008 0.067378 0.071013 0.074946 0.079208 0.083840 0.088901 0.094492 0.10078 0.10808 0.11696 0.12863 0.14599 0.17800 0.27163

126.59 161.79 168.95 175.70 182.01 187.84 193.09 197.63 201.32 204.02 205.56 205.77 204.47 201.43 196.37 188.91 178.55 164.58 145.93 0

Saturated Properties 14.582 13.379 13.097 12.818 12.538 12.257 11.973 11.685 11.390 11.086 10.771 10.442 10.094 9.7227 9.3197 8.8735 8.3641 7.7513 6.9234 4.2400 8.1441E-13 1.0208E-05 6.8053E-05 0.00031411 0.0010999 0.0031172 0.0074985 0.015861 0.030305 0.053404 0.088232 0.13847 0.20868 0.30478 0.43505 0.61215 0.85778 1.2160 1.8085 4.2400

1.2279E+12 97966. 14694. 3183.5 909.21 320.80 133.36 63.049 32.998 18.725 11.334 7.2216 4.7920 3.2811 2.2986 1.6336 1.1658 0.82239 0.55294 0.23585

6453.8 519.37 334.05 224.29 156.42 112.91 84.169 64.687 51.184 41.642 34.789 29.808 26.172 23.538 21.690 20.504 19.927 19.957 20.477 14.832

Single-Phase Properties 100.00 200.00 266.51

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

266.51 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 200.00 300.00 344.96

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

344.96 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

14.342 12.446 11.158 0.047098 0.041199 0.030377 0.024172 14.347 12.457 10.465 9.3208 0.43467 0.33780 0.25311

0.069727 0.080347 0.089625 21.232 24.273 32.920 41.370 0.069701 0.080273 0.095554 0.10729 2.3006 2.9603 3.9508

−18.432 −7.7161 −0.050006

−18.425 −7.7081 −0.041044

−0.10737 −0.033172 −0.00015346

0.076348 0.074849 0.083200

0.10761 0.11021 0.12149

2041.3 1433.8 1051.7

−0.55898 −0.51000 −0.37627

19.860 22.407 31.321 42.371

21.983 24.834 34.613 46.508

0.082486 0.092558 0.12055 0.14700

0.072300 0.078346 0.099614 0.12081

0.082725 0.087850 0.10831 0.12931

203.49 217.19 251.29 280.25

43.586 27.387 10.192 5.2895

−18.441 −7.7377 4.1009 10.280

−18.371 −7.6574 4.1965 10.388

−0.10745 −0.033280 0.014521 0.033722

0.076343 0.074873 0.088626 0.097044

0.10760 0.11013 0.12974 0.14756

2045.4 1439.7 878.06 625.79

24.909 30.561 41.920

27.210 33.521 45.871

0.082488 0.099463 0.12695

0.094521 0.10210 0.12152

0.11694 0.11588 0.13206

196.39 229.62 269.53

21.694 11.604 5.5503

−0.55906 −0.51117 −0.26069 0.071399

14.371 12.507 10.593 7.7924 1.6432

0.069585 0.079955 0.094404 0.12833 0.60858

−18.478 −7.8313 3.8689 18.376 39.334

−18.131 −7.4315 4.3409 19.018 42.377

−0.10783 −0.033753 0.013736 0.055643 0.10830

0.076326 0.074982 0.088648 0.10867 0.12539

0.10752 0.10983 0.12795 0.17944 0.15726

2063.2 1464.8 924.82 398.89 221.46

−0.55939 −0.51602 −0.29848 0.92138 6.5598

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

14.400 12.566 10.734 8.4254 4.4457

0.069444 0.079577 0.093162 0.11869 0.22494

−18.524 −7.9428 3.6108 17.389 35.004

−17.830 −7.1471 4.5424 18.576 37.254

−0.10830 −0.034325 0.012845 0.053002 0.094450

0.076316 0.075127 0.088724 0.10763 0.12805

0.10743 0.10949 0.12625 0.15809 0.20133

2084.7 1494.9 976.91 531.56 235.89

−0.55976 −0.52136 −0.33426 0.27589 3.6822

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

14.511 12.781 11.176 9.5263 7.8006

0.068913 0.078241 0.089478 0.10497 0.12820

−18.695 −8.3397 2.8019 15.547 30.094

−16.628 −5.9925 5.4862 18.696 33.940

−0.11011 −0.036441 0.0099119 0.047777 0.081710

0.076383 0.075766 0.089276 0.10751 0.12649

0.10716 0.10853 0.12244 0.14231 0.16189

2164.7 1602.5 1142.6 802.89 578.80

−0.56070 −0.53694 −0.41541 −0.21113 0.077488

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

70.000 70.000 70.000 70.000

13.133 11.778 10.537 9.3918

0.076142 0.084903 0.094902 0.10648

−8.9642 1.7245 13.811 27.536

−3.6342 7.6677 20.454 34.989

−0.040078 0.0055841 0.042252 0.074613

0.077144 0.090645 0.10876 0.12760

0.10763 0.11961 0.13655 0.15389

1777.6 1376.9 1099.3 914.99

−0.55246 −0.47674 −0.37969 −0.28997

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of densities calculated by the equation of state (based on a coverage factor of 2) are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% in density at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.25% above 200 K. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 350 K.

2-235

2-236 TABLE 2-197

Thermodynamic Properties of cis-2-Butene

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

134.30 140.00 155.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 435.75

2.6365E-07 8.0149E-07 9.6316E-06 7.0502E-05 0.00035720 0.0013683 0.0042205 0.010977 0.024918 0.050686 0.094280 0.16294 0.26496 0.40952 0.60651 0.86653 1.2009 1.6221 2.1441 2.7840 3.5654 4.2360

134.30 140.00 155.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 435.75

2.6365E-07 8.0149E-07 9.6316E-06 7.0502E-05 0.00035720 0.0013683 0.0042205 0.010977 0.024918 0.050686 0.094280 0.16294 0.26496 0.40952 0.60651 0.86653 1.2009 1.6221 2.1441 2.7840 3.5654 4.2360

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. Energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 14.084 13.976 13.696 13.419 13.143 12.868 12.591 12.312 12.030 11.742 11.446 11.140 10.822 10.488 10.134 9.7540 9.3387 8.8746 8.3381 7.6790 6.7389 4.2440 2.3611E-07 6.8856E-07 7.4740E-06 4.9890E-05 0.00023239 0.00082449 0.0023717 0.0057914 0.012427 0.024061 0.042902 0.071600 0.11331 0.17184 0.25199 0.36018 0.50560 0.70265 0.97689 1.3825 2.0863 4.2440

0.071002 0.071549 0.073014 0.074523 0.076087 0.077715 0.079421 0.081218 0.083127 0.085168 0.087369 0.089765 0.092403 0.095344 0.098675 0.10252 0.10708 0.11268 0.11993 0.13023 0.14839 0.23563 4235300. 1452300. 133800. 20044. 4303.0 1212.9 421.65 172.67 80.467 41.562 23.309 13.966 8.8256 5.8195 3.9684 2.7764 1.9779 1.4232 1.0237 0.72331 0.47931 0.23563

−16.205 −15.556 −13.866 −12.194 −10.529 −8.8626 −7.1860 −5.4919 −3.7731 −2.0229 −0.23513 1.5965 3.4781 5.4164 7.4188 9.4943 11.655 13.918 16.313 18.901 21.868 26.307

−16.205 −15.556 −13.866 −12.194 −10.529 −8.8625 −7.1857 −5.4910 −3.7710 −2.0186 −0.22689 1.6111 3.5026 5.4554 7.4786 9.5831 11.783 14.101 16.570 19.263 22.397 27.305

−0.081920 −0.077189 −0.065723 −0.055424 −0.046038 −0.037376 −0.029294 −0.021677 −0.014438 −0.0075050 −0.00082003 0.0056653 0.011993 0.018199 0.024318 0.030386 0.036443 0.042540 0.048756 0.055246 0.062490 0.073584

0.079059 0.078138 0.076346 0.075319 0.074926 0.075072 0.075681 0.076690 0.078045 0.079699 0.081613 0.083753 0.086090 0.088602 0.091273 0.094094 0.097073 0.10024 0.10367 0.10763 0.11310

0.11421 0.11344 0.11195 0.11114 0.11096 0.11135 0.11228 0.11371 0.11560 0.11795 0.12075 0.12400 0.12777 0.13211 0.13720 0.14328 0.15087 0.16100 0.17620 0.20480 0.30217

1931.8 1897.3 1805.9 1714.3 1623.4 1533.6 1445.0 1357.7 1271.7 1186.9 1103.2 1020.4 938.24 856.41 774.55 692.22 608.84 523.58 435.01 340.18 231.16 0

13.340 13.603 14.312 15.048 15.811 16.601 17.417 18.259 19.124 20.011 20.917 21.839 22.775 23.718 24.662 25.597 26.506 27.364 28.124 28.692 28.785 26.307

14.457 14.767 15.601 16.461 17.348 18.261 19.197 20.154 21.129 22.117 23.114 24.115 25.113 26.101 27.069 28.003 28.882 29.673 30.319 30.706 30.494 27.305

0.14638 0.13940 0.12439 0.11314 0.10465 0.098239 0.093417 0.089825 0.087196 0.085325 0.084057 0.083264 0.082846 0.082717 0.082798 0.083015 0.083288 0.083518 0.083563 0.083155 0.081542 0.073584

0.045782 0.046445 0.048209 0.050082 0.052140 0.054433 0.056990 0.059826 0.062937 0.066305 0.069907 0.073716 0.077706 0.081857 0.086156 0.090605 0.095223 0.10007 0.10526 0.11109 0.11843

0.054097 0.054760 0.056526 0.058410 0.060499 0.062862 0.065554 0.068614 0.072067 0.075928 0.080211 0.084945 0.090186 0.096045 0.10272 0.11059 0.12039 0.13368 0.15445 0.19596 0.34488

153.35 156.40 164.10 171.37 178.22 184.64 190.57 195.95 200.67 204.61 207.65 209.64 210.44 209.88 207.78 203.91 197.97 189.62 178.35 163.51 144.08 0

−0.50947 −0.51181 −0.51506 −0.51402 −0.50857 −0.49860 −0.48403 −0.46470 −0.44035 −0.41046 −0.37418 −0.33016 −0.27626 −0.20906 −0.12307 −0.0089736 0.14999 0.38688 0.77697 1.5369 3.6646 14.802 1022.9 846.64 534.19 352.76 241.97 171.51 125.19 93.915 72.325 57.138 46.280 38.405 32.629 28.363 25.214 22.923 21.324 20.319 19.863 19.920 20.169 14.802

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 250.00 276.53

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

276.53 350.00 450.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 250.00 350.00 356.43

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

356.43 450.00

1.0000 1.0000

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

13.790 11.936 11.415 0.045328 0.034963 0.026927 13.797 11.951 9.7615 9.5810 0.41725 0.28985

0.072517 0.083783 0.087603 22.062 28.602 37.137 0.072480 0.083676 0.10244 0.10437 2.3967 3.4501

−14.429 −3.1958 −0.050523

−14.421 −3.1874 −0.041763

−0.069410 −0.012105 −0.00015051

0.076853 0.078567 0.081821

0.11236 0.11633 0.12106

1836.9 1243.8 1094.7

−0.51448 −0.43122 −0.37008

21.010 26.707 36.211

23.216 29.567 39.925

0.083956 0.10426 0.13019

0.070286 0.084207 0.10536

0.080672 0.093226 0.11396

207.90 235.49 266.57

45.358 18.349 8.0313

−14.442 −3.2258 9.4809 10.409

−14.369 −3.1421 9.5833 10.513

−0.069498 −0.012226 0.030348 0.032980

0.076879 0.078590 0.094087 0.095350

0.11234 0.11619 0.14310 0.14630

1840.9 1250.7 694.58 656.67

25.991 35.598

28.388 39.048

0.083130 0.10966

0.092560 0.10690

0.11449 0.11882

201.64 250.49

22.160 8.7484

−0.51475 −0.43363 −0.013023 0.052242

13.827 12.016 9.9638 3.4526

0.072321 0.083219 0.10036 0.28964

−14.500 −3.3549 9.1178 29.287

−14.138 −2.9388 9.6196 30.736

−0.069886 −0.012747 0.029293 0.080884

0.076995 0.078700 0.093949 0.12364

0.11223 0.11561 0.13889 0.49664

1858.7 1280.3 758.54 144.63

−0.51590 −0.44345 −0.10935 13.395

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

13.864 12.094 10.171 7.3847

0.072127 0.082686 0.098318 0.13542

−14.569 −3.5069 8.7400 23.767

−13.848 −2.6800 9.7232 25.121

−0.070362 −0.013371 0.028171 0.066644

0.077144 0.078849 0.093912 0.11375

0.11212 0.11500 0.13550 0.17964

1880.2 1315.2 825.19 387.53

−0.51720 −0.45403 −0.18764 1.0233

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

13.936 12.236 10.498 8.4814

0.071757 0.081725 0.095255 0.11791

−14.703 −3.7846 8.1362 22.018

−13.268 −2.1501 10.041 24.376

−0.071287 −0.014539 0.026317 0.062213

0.077453 0.079171 0.094047 0.11264

0.11192 0.11403 0.13149 0.15577

1921.2 1379.1 932.72 586.98

−0.51938 −0.47093 −0.28055 0.13495

250.00 350.00 450.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

12.592 11.161 9.7684

0.079414 0.089596 0.10237

−4.4655 6.9055 19.807

−0.017580 0.022259 0.056195

0.080215 0.094937 0.11311

0.11231 0.12655 0.14428

1538.7 1160.5 893.45

−0.50151 −0.39521 −0.26115

−0.49483 11.385 24.926

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in densities calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in the vapor phase may be higher than 0.5% in some regions. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2% between 220 and 310 K and 0.5% above 310 K, and the uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 300 K.

2-237

2-238 TABLE 2-198

Thermodynamic Properties of trans-2-Butene

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

167.60 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 428.61

0.000074817 0.000098940 0.00047141 0.0017229 0.0051236 0.012948 0.028726 0.057367 0.10513 0.17951 0.28905 0.44317 0.65207 0.92670 1.2790 1.7221 2.2718 2.9483 3.7851 4.0191

167.60 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 428.61

0.000074817 0.000098940 0.00047141 0.0017229 0.0051236 0.012948 0.028726 0.057367 0.10513 0.17951 0.28905 0.44317 0.65207 0.92670 1.2790 1.7221 2.2718 2.9483 3.7851 4.0191

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.53710 −0.53489 −0.52040 −0.50389 −0.48446 −0.46138 −0.43391 −0.40117 −0.36199 −0.31463 −0.25645 −0.18323 −0.088064 0.041045 0.22658 0.51577 1.0273 2.1709 7.0491 14.836

Saturated Properties 13.141 13.097 12.827 12.556 12.284 12.008 11.728 11.441 11.146 10.840 10.520 10.183 9.8227 9.4330 9.0030 8.5154 7.9376 7.1898 5.8610 4.2130 0.000053703 0.000070020 0.00030677 0.0010387 0.0028818 0.0068419 0.014361 0.027327 0.048069 0.079385 0.12463 0.18794 0.27462 0.39199 0.55094 0.76954 1.0825 1.5757 2.6760 4.2130

0.076099 0.076351 0.077960 0.079642 0.081408 0.083277 0.085267 0.087404 0.089718 0.092251 0.095056 0.098206 0.10181 0.10601 0.11107 0.11743 0.12598 0.13909 0.17062 0.23736 18,621. 14,282. 3259.8 962.76 347.00 146.16 69.632 36.594 20.803 12.597 8.0236 5.3209 3.6414 2.5511 1.8151 1.2995 0.92378 0.63463 0.37369 0.23736

−12.322 −12.060 −10.409 −8.7337 −7.0328 −5.3024 −3.5381 −1.7351 0.11181 2.0081 3.9596 5.9728 8.0553 10.217 12.471 14.840 17.363 20.137 23.657 26.217

−12.322 −12.060 −10.409 −8.7336 −7.0324 −5.3013 −3.5357 −1.7301 0.12124 2.0247 3.9871 6.0163 8.1216 10.315 12.613 15.042 17.650 20.547 24.303 27.171

−0.056582 −0.055030 −0.045722 −0.037018 −0.028818 −0.021038 −0.013608 −0.0064657 0.00044042 0.0071551 0.013718 0.020164 0.026529 0.032849 0.039171 0.045556 0.052111 0.059086 0.067765 0.074373

0.075471 0.075651 0.076779 0.077989 0.079349 0.080901 0.082660 0.084626 0.086786 0.089124 0.091618 0.094251 0.097011 0.099897 0.10292 0.10614 0.10969 0.11399 0.12174

0.10906 0.10931 0.11086 0.11250 0.11434 0.11646 0.11890 0.12171 0.12491 0.12854 0.13267 0.13740 0.14294 0.14962 0.15815 0.17004 0.18946 0.23383 0.63363

1653.9 1639.3 1549.4 1461.5 1375.6 1291.2 1208.2 1126.4 1045.4 965.18 885.29 805.47 725.30 644.30 561.78 476.68 387.01 288.25 165.30 0

13.917 14.051 14.913 15.805 16.724 17.667 18.632 19.616 20.617 21.632 22.656 23.685 24.709 25.716 26.685 27.583 28.347 28.822 28.287 26.217

15.310 15.465 16.450 17.464 18.502 19.560 20.632 21.716 22.804 23.893 24.976 26.043 27.083 28.080 29.006 29.821 30.445 30.693 29.702 27.171

0.10829 0.10688 0.099458 0.093969 0.089946 0.087053 0.085037 0.083710 0.082924 0.082564 0.082533 0.082747 0.083130 0.083605 0.084083 0.084447 0.084505 0.083831 0.080468 0.074373

0.056121 0.056517 0.058961 0.061448 0.064084 0.066934 0.070029 0.073369 0.076939 0.080711 0.084658 0.088756 0.092992 0.097368 0.10191 0.10670 0.11191 0.11800 0.12690

0.064451 0.064850 0.067333 0.069906 0.072698 0.075804 0.079283 0.083170 0.087492 0.092287 0.097621 0.10363 0.11056 0.11889 0.12962 0.14503 0.17158 0.23687 0.83276

168.85 169.97 176.77 183.16 189.08 194.41 199.05 202.86 205.70 207.43 207.89 206.90 204.25 199.66 192.81 183.21 170.22 152.90 129.63 0

333.88 313.10 214.55 152.47 111.85 84.452 65.512 52.156 42.578 35.618 30.512 26.754 24.009 22.059 20.773 20.089 19.999 20.460 20.057 14.836

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 273.69

0.10000 0.10000

273.69 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 300.00 353.43

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

353.43 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

−0.037029 −0.00015647

0.077991 0.086590

0.11249 0.12461

22.709 25.044 35.016 46.932

0.082975 0.091118 0.11968 0.14618

0.076618 0.080917 0.10071 0.12004

0.087096 0.090604 0.10946 0.12856

205.49 216.41 251.03 280.24

−8.7565 3.2597 10.724

−8.6769 3.3536 10.831

−0.037132 0.011401 0.034294

0.078010 0.090766 0.10058

0.11242 0.13089 0.15138

1467.8 920.75 625.59

2.3574 2.9288 3.9367

25.942 30.880 42.308

28.299 33.808 46.245

0.083718 0.098365 0.12606

0.098392 0.10374 0.12089

0.12109 0.11833 0.13164

198.31 227.44 268.79

21.710 12.735 6.0235

12.615 10.766 8.1724 1.7031

0.079271 0.092881 0.12236 0.58716

−8.8455 3.0452 17.547 39.420

−8.4492 3.5096 18.158 42.355

−0.037581 0.010676 0.052539 0.10676

0.078096 0.090769 0.10973 0.12565

0.11215 0.12936 0.17328 0.16251

1492.3 964.95 451.39 215.66

−0.50911 −0.31451 0.61704 7.3063

12.557 11.172 0.045873 0.041314 0.030400 0.024180 12.568 10.652 9.3386 0.42419 0.34144 0.25402

−8.7360 −0.051921

−8.7280 −0.042970

20.529 22.623 31.727 42.796

0.079566 0.093883 0.10708

0.079634 0.089507 21.799 24.205 32.895 41.357

1462.2 1052.5

−0.50400 −0.36572 43.299 30.137 11.036 5.7119 −0.50499 −0.28393 0.077370

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

12.671 10.895 8.6867 4.7944

0.078919 0.091783 0.11512 0.20858

−8.9520 2.8039 16.708 34.462

−8.1628 3.7218 17.859 36.547

−0.038127 0.0098449 0.050312 0.091756

0.078213 0.090820 0.10892 0.12831

0.11184 0.12787 0.15802 0.21038

1521.6 1014.7 568.97 241.07

−0.51368 −0.34416 0.18397 3.5123

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000

12.827 11.215 9.5005 7.5935

0.077961 0.089166 0.10526 0.13169

−9.2436 2.2040 15.305 30.258

−7.2946 4.4332 17.937 33.551

−0.039668 0.0076959 0.046401 0.081157

0.078610 0.091136 0.10862 0.12604

0.11112 0.12501 0.14563 0.16587

1602.1 1139.2 778.83 531.13

−0.52436 −0.40118 −0.17082 0.22774

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

13.054 11.620 10.240 8.9015

0.076608 0.086061 0.097652 0.11234

−9.6567 1.4532 13.991 28.100

−5.8263 5.7562 18.873 33.717

−0.041984 0.0048127 0.042428 0.075482

0.079350 0.091871 0.10919 0.12638

0.11038 0.12263 0.13997 0.15648

1718.0 1299.8 994.88 788.67

−0.53554 −0.44882 −0.32579 −0.19336

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in densities calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in the vapor phase may be higher than 0.5% in some regions. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.3% above 200 K, and the uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 250 K.

2-239

2-240 TABLE 2-199 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

180.63 176.15 169.67 163.28 156.98 150.75 144.58 138.47 132.40 126.35 120.31 114.25 108.17 102.03 95.810 89.546 83.558 80.593

256.70 242.01 222.19 204.23 187.88 172.96 159.30 146.74 135.14 124.40 114.40 105.02 96.174 87.731 79.548 71.409 62.936 53.107

11.014 11.301 11.745 12.221 12.736 13.297 13.917 14.610 15.396 16.306 17.381 18.687 20.325 22.468 25.424 29.821 37.215 53.689

10.951 11.135 11.409 11.689 11.976 12.272 12.579 12.902 13.245 13.614 14.017 14.469 14.987 15.601 16.361 17.357 18.792 21.306

Saturated Properties 216.59 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 304.13

0.51796 0.59913 0.73509 0.89291 1.0747 1.2825 1.5185 1.7850 2.0843 2.4188 2.7909 3.2033 3.6589 4.1607 4.7123 5.3177 5.9822 6.7131 7.3773

26.777 26.497 26.078 25.646 25.201 24.742 24.264 23.767 23.246 22.697 22.114 21.491 20.817 20.077 19.247 18.284 17.100 15.434 10.625

0.037345 0.037740 0.038347 0.038992 0.039680 0.040418 0.041213 0.042075 0.043018 0.044059 0.045219 0.046531 0.048037 0.049808 0.051957 0.054693 0.058480 0.064793 0.094118

3.5030 3.7943 4.2235 4.6554 5.0908 5.5303 5.9749 6.4256 6.8836 7.3505 7.8282 8.3190 8.8266 9.3560 9.9154 10.519 11.197 12.036 13.928

3.5223 3.8169 4.2517 4.6902 5.1334 5.5821 6.0375 6.5007 6.9733 7.4571 7.9544 8.4681 9.0024 9.5633 10.160 10.810 11.547 12.471 14.622

0.022943 0.024279 0.026209 0.028110 0.029986 0.031840 0.033678 0.035505 0.037326 0.039148 0.040979 0.042829 0.044711 0.046643 0.048657 0.050805 0.053196 0.056151 0.063094

0.042895 0.042682 0.042383 0.042103 0.041843 0.041605 0.041393 0.041212 0.041079 0.041029 0.041109 0.041351 0.041750 0.042270 0.042900 0.043734 0.045175 0.049288

0.085960 0.086338 0.087024 0.087886 0.088954 0.090263 0.091866 0.093831 0.096251 0.099258 0.10306 0.10798 0.11457 0.12385 0.13790 0.16176 0.21098 0.38279

975.85 951.21 915.16 879.09 842.88 806.38 769.44 731.78 693.01 652.58 610.07 565.46 519.14 471.54 422.75 371.95 315.91 245.67 0

−0.14430 −0.13180 −0.11104 −0.086994 −0.059053 −0.026454 0.011808 0.057087 0.11121 0.17663 0.25672 0.35639 0.48324 0.64959 0.87650 1.2037 1.7218 2.7258 5.8665

216.59 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 304.13

0.51796 0.59913 0.73509 0.89291 1.0747 1.2825 1.5185 1.7850 2.0843 2.4188 2.7909 3.2033 3.6589 4.1607 4.7123 5.3177 5.9822 6.7131 7.3773

0.31268 0.35941 0.43766 0.52878 0.63442 0.75654 0.89743 1.0599 1.2472 1.4637 1.7149 2.0080 2.3535 2.7663 3.2702 3.9074 4.7654 6.1028 10.625

3.1982 2.7824 2.2849 1.8912 1.5762 1.3218 1.1143 0.94353 0.80180 0.68320 0.58314 0.49800 0.42490 0.36150 0.30579 0.25593 0.20985 0.16386 0.094118

17.286 17.329 17.387 17.438 17.481 17.515 17.538 17.550 17.549 17.532 17.498 17.441 17.359 17.241 17.078 16.848 16.509 15.935 13.928

18.943 18.996 19.067 19.127 19.175 19.210 19.230 19.234 19.220 19.185 19.125 19.037 18.913 18.746 18.519 18.209 17.764 17.035 14.622

0.094138 0.093276 0.092055 0.090878 0.089736 0.088622 0.087526 0.086439 0.085352 0.084254 0.083133 0.081972 0.080750 0.079437 0.077987 0.076319 0.074270 0.071364 0.063094

0.027691 0.028120 0.028782 0.029488 0.030241 0.031042 0.031899 0.032827 0.033844 0.034955 0.036164 0.037482 0.038949 0.040628 0.042629 0.045155 0.048677 0.054908

0.039992 0.040943 0.042489 0.044244 0.046248 0.048555 0.051242 0.054421 0.058244 0.062912 0.068721 0.076168 0.086123 0.10020 0.12177 0.15906 0.23904 0.52463

222.78 223.15 223.49 223.57 223.40 222.96 222.24 221.22 219.87 218.19 216.15 213.75 210.96 207.72 203.94 199.45 193.84 185.33 0

26.174 25.084 23.617 22.288 21.077 19.969 18.950 18.005 17.117 16.277 15.476 14.704 13.947 13.185 12.387 11.509 10.459 9.0093 5.8665

Single-Phase Properties 250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.048542 0.026758 0.018506 0.014148 0.011452

250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.53250 0.27038 0.18527 0.14131 0.11430

250.00 287.43

5.0000 5.0000

287.43 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

18.448 24.664 32.199 40.636 49.704

20.509 28.401 37.602 47.705 58.436

0.11415 0.13712 0.15397 0.16750 0.17883

0.026766 0.034775 0.040192 0.043944 0.046573

0.035428 0.043148 0.048529 0.052271 0.054895

247.79 324.41 385.01 437.11 483.65

17.399 4.0212 1.6551 0.78058 0.34646

12.950 29.346 45.466 60.295 73.843

12.565 21.901 29.873 36.707 42.692

1.8779 3.6985 5.3976 7.0767 8.7487

18.023 24.546 32.133 40.591 49.671

19.901 28.244 37.530 47.668 58.419

0.093263 0.11771 0.13473 0.14830 0.15965

0.029361 0.034954 0.040239 0.043965 0.046585

0.042504 0.043866 0.048779 0.052397 0.054970

235.08 322.89 385.36 438.06 484.84

17.606 3.9880 1.6311 0.76632 0.33777

13.584 29.620 45.651 60.435 73.956

12.691 21.954 29.907 36.732 42.712

0.041563 0.053196

6.2824 10.202

6.4902 10.468

0.034925 0.049681

0.041321 0.043268

0.090937 0.14775

762.21 398.39

142.22 92.760

153.15 75.598

0.28090 0.70647 1.0755 1.4237 1.7650

16.977 24.000 31.842 40.395 49.524

18.381 27.533 37.219 47.513 58.349

0.077209 0.10313 0.12091 0.13469 0.14613

0.043774 0.035769 0.040445 0.044055 0.046637

0.13705 0.047478 0.049898 0.052945 0.055297

201.86 317.50 387.59 442.64 490.31

11.974 3.8034 1.5263 0.70611 0.30129

27.323 31.164 46.589 61.117 74.494

16.808 22.429 30.157 36.899 42.836

24.459 2.9910 1.8632 1.3930 1.1205

0.040885 0.33433 0.53671 0.71790 0.89248

6.0862 23.276 31.482 40.155 49.347

6.4950 26.619 36.849 47.334 58.271

0.034120 0.095787 0.11461 0.12866 0.14021

0.041488 0.036785 0.040693 0.044164 0.046701

0.087624 0.052935 0.051293 0.053603 0.055685

804.05 314.60 391.91 449.04 497.48

−0.034849 3.4705 1.3965 0.63635 0.25964

147.52 33.917 48.005 62.093 75.242

162.47 23.679 30.687 37.224 43.066

24.060 18.798 3.5600 1.4155 0.92982 0.70241 0.56658

20.601 37.372 54.037 70.683 87.321

0.015208 1.0195

250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

28.075 19.246 13.677 10.636 8.7929

0.035619 0.051959 0.073117 0.094022 0.11373

4.3002 16.560 27.132 37.076 46.995

7.8621 21.756 34.444 46.478 58.368

0.026023 0.067062 0.090445 0.10660 0.11916

0.043569 0.040841 0.043108 0.045620 0.047676

0.073521 0.066107 0.061252 0.059534 0.059512

1227.6 753.30 646.36 646.61 668.90

−0.27302 −0.11128 −0.054084 −0.13292 −0.21482

206.28 106.65 86.093 87.259 94.022

287.05 83.996 58.868 54.445 55.058

450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0

500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00

28.922 25.661 23.144 21.126

0.034576 0.038969 0.043208 0.047334

13.014 23.302 33.551 43.903

30.302 42.786 55.155 67.570

0.050604 0.073576 0.090166 0.10328

0.047702 0.048419 0.049676 0.050818

0.063434 0.061885 0.061912 0.062247

1576.4 1404.7 1320.1 1278.7

−0.38514 −0.40369 −0.41098 −0.41674

239.59 197.25 177.31 168.50

303.64 191.14 145.07 123.33

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(6):1509–1596, 1996. The source for viscosity is Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., “The Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:31–44, 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Vesovic, V., Wakeham, W. A., Olchowy, G. A., Sengers, J. V., Watson, J. T. R., and Millat, J., “The Transport Properties of Carbon Dioxide,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19:763–808, 1990. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. At pressures up to 30 MPa and temperatures up to 523 K, the estimated uncertainty ranges from 0.03% to 0.05% in density, 0.03% (in the vapor) to 1% in the speed of sound (0.5% in the liquid), and 0.15% (in the vapor) to 1.5% (in the liquid) in heat capacity. Special interest has been focused on the description of the critical region and the extrapolation behavior of the formulation (to the limits of chemical stability). The uncertainty in viscosity ranges from 0.3% in the dilute gas near room temperature to 5% at the highest pressures. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is less than 5%.

2-241

2-242

TABLE 2-200 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Monoxide Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

0.032971 0.033262 0.033588 0.033924 0.034270 0.034628 0.034999 0.035383 0.035782 0.036197 0.036630 0.037082 0.037556 0.038052 0.038574 0.039125 0.039708 0.040326 0.040985 0.041689 0.042446 0.043263 0.044151 0.045124 0.046197 0.047395 0.048749 0.050307 0.052141 0.054377 0.057259 0.061393 0.092166

−0.81158 −0.70065 −0.58046 −0.46058 −0.34088 −0.22127 −0.10165 0.018099 0.13806 0.25835 0.37906 0.50030 0.62218 0.74482 0.86835 0.99289 1.1186 1.2457 1.3742 1.5045 1.6368 1.7713 1.9085 2.0487 2.1925 2.3405 2.4938 2.6536 2.8221 3.0024 3.2010 3.4328 4.2912

−0.81106 −0.69995 −0.57950 −0.45927 −0.33915 −0.21900 −0.098716 0.021834 0.14277 0.26421 0.38629 0.50915 0.63291 0.75773 0.88377 1.0112 1.1402 1.2710 1.4039 1.5390 1.6768 1.8175 1.9616 2.1097 2.2624 2.4205 2.5853 2.7583 2.9420 3.1403 3.3608 3.6210 4.6137

−0.010820 −0.0092140 −0.0075210 −0.0058785 −0.0042823 −0.0027285 −0.0012138 0.00026503 0.0017110 0.0031269 0.0045153 0.0058787 0.0072195 0.0085399 0.0098422 0.011129 0.012402 0.013663 0.014916 0.016162 0.017404 0.018646 0.019891 0.021142 0.022406 0.023688 0.024996 0.026343 0.027744 0.029230 0.030854 0.032745 0.040039

5.1252 5.1600 5.1971 5.2334 5.2688 5.3031 5.3363 5.3682 5.3988 5.4280 5.4556 5.4816 5.5058 5.5280 5.5482 5.5661 5.5816 5.5945 5.6044 5.6112 5.6145 5.6138 5.6088

5.6859 5.7343 5.7859 5.8361 5.8849 5.9320 5.9775 6.0210 6.0625 6.1019 6.1388 6.1733 6.2050 6.2338 6.2595 6.2819 6.3007 6.3157 6.3265 6.3327 6.3339 6.3295 6.3191

0.084499 0.082704 0.080887 0.079194 0.077613 0.076131 0.074739 0.073426 0.072185 0.071007 0.069885 0.068813 0.067785 0.066796 0.065840 0.064912 0.064007 0.063120 0.062248 0.061385 0.060526 0.059665 0.058797

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.035351 0.034805 0.034248 0.033724 0.033232 0.032768 0.032329 0.031915 0.031522 0.031150 0.030798 0.030463 0.030146 0.029846 0.029562 0.029294 0.029043 0.028809 0.028592 0.028395 0.028218 0.028066 0.027941 0.027850 0.027800 0.027803 0.027874 0.028038 0.028333 0.028826 0.029646 0.031097

0.060430 0.060226 0.060064 0.059961 0.059917 0.059930 0.060002 0.060132 0.060324 0.060578 0.060899 0.061291 0.061760 0.062314 0.062962 0.063716 0.064590 0.065604 0.066781 0.068153 0.069759 0.071656 0.073916 0.076648 0.080005 0.084225 0.089692 0.097070 0.10762 0.12411 0.15392 0.22603

998.20 980.50 961.22 941.89 922.49 903.01 883.44 863.76 843.95 824.00 803.89 783.60 763.12 742.41 721.45 700.22 678.68 656.78 634.50 611.77 588.54 564.73 540.25 515.01 488.86 461.63 433.11 403.00 370.88 336.15 297.82 254.03 0

−0.36906 −0.36553 −0.36074 −0.35489 −0.34794 −0.33981 −0.33041 −0.31966 −0.30742 −0.29356 −0.27794 −0.26034 −0.24056 −0.21834 −0.19335 −0.16523 −0.13353 −0.097704 −0.057078 −0.010824 0.042104 0.10304 0.17371 0.25641 0.35427 0.47167 0.61495 0.79382 1.0239 1.3325 1.7728 2.4703 6.1475

180.28 175.49 170.45 165.55 160.76 156.06 151.45 146.89 142.40 137.96 133.57 129.23 124.94 120.69 116.51 112.38 108.31 104.30 100.36 96.482 92.679 88.948 85.290 81.702 78.180 74.716 71.296 67.896 64.476 60.972 57.261 53.107

274.18 252.15 232.14 215.32 201.01 188.69 177.96 168.52 160.13 152.60 145.77 139.52 133.75 128.38 123.34 118.57 114.02 109.66 105.45 101.35 97.342 93.404 89.510 85.641 81.774 77.888 73.954 69.940 65.797 61.448 56.748 51.348

0.021089 0.021155 0.021238 0.021333 0.021441 0.021563 0.021699 0.021850 0.022017 0.022199 0.022397 0.022611 0.022842 0.023089 0.023352 0.023633 0.023931 0.024248 0.024586 0.024945 0.025329 0.025741 0.026186

0.029785 0.029947 0.030153 0.030394 0.030672 0.030993 0.031360 0.031777 0.032250 0.032783 0.033383 0.034057 0.034813 0.035661 0.036615 0.037690 0.038906 0.040288 0.041869 0.043694 0.045820 0.048326 0.051322

167.25 169.22 171.27 173.22 175.07 176.80 178.42 179.92 181.29 182.54 183.66 184.65 185.51 186.22 186.80 187.23 187.52 187.67 187.66 187.51 187.20 186.73 186.11

40.804 38.426 36.126 34.080 32.250 30.604 29.116 27.763 26.527 25.392 24.345 23.377 22.477 21.638 20.853 20.118 19.426 18.773 18.154 17.565 17.001 16.458 15.930

Saturated Properties 68.160 70.000 72.000 74.000 76.000 78.000 80.000 82.000 84.000 86.000 88.000 90.000 92.000 94.000 96.000 98.000 100.00 102.00 104.00 106.00 108.00 110.00 112.00 114.00 116.00 118.00 120.00 122.00 124.00 126.00 128.00 130.00 132.86

0.015537 0.021053 0.028718 0.038447 0.050599 0.065559 0.083738 0.10556 0.13148 0.16196 0.19748 0.23852 0.28559 0.33919 0.39983 0.46805 0.54438 0.62934 0.72348 0.82736 0.94154 1.0666 1.2031 1.3517 1.5130 1.6877 1.8765 2.0802 2.2997 2.5360 2.7904 3.0647 3.4982

68.160 70.000 72.000 74.000 76.000 78.000 80.000 82.000 84.000 86.000 88.000 90.000 92.000 94.000 96.000 98.000 100.00 102.00 104.00 106.00 108.00 110.00 112.00

0.015537 0.021053 0.028718 0.038447 0.050599 0.065559 0.083738 0.10556 0.13148 0.16196 0.19748 0.23852 0.28559 0.33919 0.39983 0.46805 0.54438 0.62934 0.72348 0.82736 0.94154 1.0666 1.2031

30.330 30.064 29.773 29.478 29.180 28.878 28.573 28.262 27.947 27.626 27.300 26.967 26.627 26.280 25.924 25.559 25.184 24.798 24.399 23.987 23.560 23.114 22.649 22.161 21.646 21.099 20.513 19.878 19.179 18.390 17.464 16.288 10.850 0.027707 0.036656 0.048780 0.063796 0.082130 0.10424 0.13059 0.16171 0.19810 0.24036 0.28906 0.34486 0.40845 0.48058 0.56209 0.65388 0.75700 0.87260 1.0020 1.1468 1.3088 1.4903 1.6938

36.091 27.281 20.500 15.675 12.176 9.5935 7.6573 6.1841 5.0478 4.1605 3.4595 2.8997 2.4483 2.0808 1.7791 1.5293 1.3210 1.1460 0.99799 0.87198 0.76404 0.67102 0.59039

6.6865 6.8845 7.1009 7.3188 7.5382 7.7592 7.9820 8.2067 8.4335 8.6627 8.8944 9.1291 9.3672 9.6091 9.8555 10.107 10.366 10.632 10.909 11.198 11.502 11.828 12.181

4.6366 4.7768 4.9329 5.0934 5.2589 5.4300 5.6076 5.7922 5.9847 6.1860 6.3968 6.6182 6.8512 7.0969 7.3566 7.6317 7.9239 8.2350 8.5675 8.9238 9.3073 9.7221 10.173

114.00 116.00 118.00 120.00 122.00 124.00 126.00 128.00 130.00 132.86

1.3517 1.5130 1.6877 1.8765 2.0802 2.2997 2.5360 2.7904 3.0647 3.4982

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 108.96

1.0000 1.0000

108.96 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

1.9228 2.1815 2.4754 2.8123 3.2027 3.6629 4.2194 4.9212 5.8832 10.850

0.52008 0.45841 0.40397 0.35558 0.31224 0.27301 0.23700 0.20320 0.16998 0.092166

5.5986 5.5827 5.5598 5.5286 5.4872 5.4324 5.3595 5.2594 5.1113 4.2912

6.3016 6.2762 6.2416 6.1959 6.1367 6.0602 5.9605 5.8264 5.6322 4.6137

0.057914 0.057008 0.056070 0.055084 0.054034 0.052892 0.051613 0.050117 0.048216 0.040039

5.7653 7.8674 9.9522 12.045 14.169

6.5785 9.5259 12.446 15.371 18.328

0.080014 0.10048 0.11231 0.12073 0.12733

0.039586 0.042829

1.1047 1.7009

1.1443 1.7437

0.71782 1.6200 2.4867 3.3334 4.1732

5.6147 7.7647 9.8936 12.005 14.140

25.864 3.4130 2.0232 1.4824 1.1786

0.038663 0.29299 0.49426 0.67458 0.84845

0.026671 0.027203 0.027794 0.028462 0.029229 0.030133 0.031233 0.032636 0.034579

0.054966 0.059493 0.065263 0.072864 0.083320 0.098585 0.12291 0.16759 0.27599

185.33 184.38 183.27 181.99 180.52 178.84 176.93 174.68 171.86 0

15.411 14.894 14.372 13.833 13.265 12.648 11.956 11.140 10.100 6.1475

12.569 13.005 13.507 14.101 14.826 15.747 16.981 18.777 21.845

10.667 11.213 11.821 12.509 13.301 14.234 15.373 16.840 18.936

0.021118 0.020812 0.020833 0.021028 0.021479

0.030153 0.029239 0.029191 0.029364 0.029807

201.29 288.05 353.12 407.29 454.00

17.820 5.3111 2.5186 1.2653 0.56244

10.075 19.227 26.605 33.106 39.272

6.9147 12.897 17.731 21.870 25.540

0.012262 0.017998

0.029062 0.028142

0.064114 0.070627

685.44 577.22

−0.14414 0.070176

112.87 90.884

6.3325 9.3847 12.380 15.338 18.313

0.060114 0.080819 0.092976 0.10149 0.10812

0.025522 0.020996 0.020895 0.021064 0.021505

0.046966 0.030510 0.029646 0.029598 0.029948

186.99 286.20 354.42 409.43 456.39

16.739 5.1924 2.4256 1.2088 0.52786

11.655 19.474 26.760 33.222 39.364

0.99666 7.2656 9.6364 11.834 14.015

1.1900 8.7305 12.108 15.207 18.258

0.011154 0.064994 0.078767 0.087691 0.094498

0.029263 0.021878 0.021174 0.021224 0.021618

0.060925 0.038000 0.031673 0.030585 0.030535

737.92 285.27 362.95 420.15 467.56

−0.21740 4.3757 2.0288 0.98413 0.39254

152.30 22.190 27.812 33.871 39.837

112.19 15.094 18.716 22.588 26.139

Single-Phase Properties 0.12298 0.060293 0.040104 0.030062 0.024045 25.261 23.349 1.3931 0.61727 0.40214 0.29999 0.23962

8.1315 16.586 24.935 33.265 41.588

113.83 95.450 9.5017 13.192 17.918 22.024 25.676

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

26.482 7.4298 4.0263 2.9079 2.3052

0.037761 0.13459 0.24837 0.34389 0.43381

0.88669 6.5960 9.3290 11.634 13.870

1.2643 7.9419 11.813 15.073 18.208

0.0099878 0.056188 0.072068 0.081462 0.088461

0.029539 0.022832 0.021511 0.021420 0.021755

0.058409 0.048831 0.034036 0.031689 0.031188

792.04 307.84 379.01 435.68 482.48

−0.27800 2.8854 1.5731 0.74980 0.25486

200.46 34.772 30.972 35.414 40.797

110.33 19.114 19.862 23.298 26.682

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

29.422 20.591 14.766 11.439 9.3865

0.033988 0.048566 0.067725 0.087418 0.10654

0.39153 4.5424 7.7949 10.518 13.024

2.0910 6.9707 11.181 14.889 18.350

0.0040257 0.038097 0.055259 0.065951 0.073681

0.031398 0.025036 0.023212 0.022620 0.022659

0.052094 0.045541 0.039083 0.035519 0.033937

1066.8 706.01 609.73 604.51 622.30

−0.43831 −0.28689 −0.21242 −0.27153 −0.36911

567.46 256.88 139.18 94.476 76.899

99.463 50.929 34.086 31.319 32.167

31.474 24.888 20.200 16.970 14.662

0.031772 0.040181 0.049505 0.058928 0.068206

0.095937 3.9022 7.0625 9.8487 12.449

3.2732 7.9203 12.013 15.741 19.269

−0.00053857 0.031951 0.048608 0.059353 0.067230

0.033037 0.026437 0.024358 0.023555 0.023434

0.050530 0.043352 0.038799 0.036051 0.034683

1282.4 987.69 866.60 822.33 808.91

−0.47725 −0.50923 −0.54516 −0.59581 −0.64123

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

1005.7 536.84 331.69 229.18 173.58

90.560 73.380 54.648 45.748 42.504

2-243

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850,2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Version 9.08 of the NIST14 database. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The equation of state is valid from the triple point to 500 K with pressures to 100 MPa. At higher pressures, the deviations from the equation increase rapidly, and it is not recommended to use the equation above 100 MPa. The uncertainties in the equation are 0.3% in density (approaching 1% near the critical point), 0.2% in vapor pressure, and 2% in heat capacities. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%.

2-244

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Temperature-entropy diagram for carbon monoxide. Pressure P, in atmospheres; density ρ, in grams per cubic centimeter; enthalpy H, in joules per gram. (From Hust and Stewart, NBS Tech. Note 202, 1963.)

FIG. 2-8

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-201

2-245

Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon Tetrachloride hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf , 10−6 Pa·s

kf , W/(m⋅K)

Pr

280 290 300 310 320

0.064 0.105 0.165 0.251 0.370

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

619 625 633 641 649

2.414 1.495 0.971 0.669 0.463

205.5 212.9 220.9 228.8 236.9

420.7 425.7 430.9 436.1 441.3

1.018 1.042 1.068 1.095 1.121

1.787 1.775 1.768 1.764 1.760

0.835 0.844 0.853 0.863 0.874

1042 892 774 679 603

0.1043 0.1020 0.0998 0.0975 0.0952

8.34 7.38 6.62 6.01 5.54

330 340 350 360 370

0.531 0.743 1.017 1.361 1.795

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

657 666 674 684 694

0.3306 0.2407 0.1802 0.1370 0.1053

246.0 254.5 263.1 271.8 280.8

446.4 451.5 456.6 461.7 466.6

1.149 1.174 1.199 1.224 1.248

1.756 1.754 1.752 1.751 1.751

0.885 0.897 0.910 0.924 0.939

539 486 441 402 368

0.0930 0.0907 0.0884 0.0861 0.0839

5.13 4.81 4.54 4.31 4.12

380 390 400 410 420

2.327 2.970 3.735 4.642 5.700

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

704 715 727 739 753

0.0820 0.0651 0.0525 0.0426 0.0350

289.7 298.1 307.9 317.1 326.0

471.5 475.8 481.2 485.8 490.4

1.272 1.295 1.319 1.341 1.363

1.750 1.751 1.752 1.753 1.754

0.954 0.970 0.987 1.010 1.034

338 311 287 265 246

0.0816 0.0794 0.0771 0.0749 0.0726

3.95 3.80 3.67 3.57 3.50

430 440 450 460 470

6.927 8.342 9.958 11.792 13.869

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

766 780 796 801 834

0.02899 0.02413 0.02020 0.01692 0.01425

335.2 344.3 353.6 363.1 372.8

494.9 499.2 503.4 507.3 511.1

1.384 1.405 1.426 1.446 1.467

1.756 1.757 1.759 1.760 1.761

1.060 1.094 1.141 1.207 1.240

227 211 195 180 167

0.0704 0.0682 0.0660 0.0638 0.0666

3.42 3.38 3.37 3.36 3.36

480 490 500 510 520

16.21 18.83 21.77 25.02 28.68

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

856 880 858 945 987

0.01205 0.01011 0.00858 0.00722 0.00607

382.6 392.0 402.5 412.9 424.3

514.6 517.5 520.2 522.6 524.2

1.487 1.507 1.526 1.546 1.568

1.762 1.763 1.762 1.761 1.760

1.278 1.320 1.375 1.44 1.52

156 145 133

0.0594 0.0511 0.0549

3.36 3.35 3.35

530 540 550 556.4c

32.71 37.18 44.12 45.60

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

041 121 248 792

0.00500 0.00400 0.00309 0.00179

436.4 448.3 463.4 494.4

524.5 522.7 518.2 494.4

1.590 1.614 1.638 1.692

1.756 1.749 1.738 1.692

T, K

vf, m3/kg

P, bar

vg, m3/kg

c = critical point. Base points: hf = 200 at 273.15 K = 0°C = hA − 300 kJ/kg; sf = 1.000 at 273.15 K = 0°C = sA − 4.000 kJ/(kg⋅K). Values mostly rounded and converted from Altunin, V. V., V. Z. Geller, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Freons, vol. 9, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1987 (243 pp.). Some irregularities exist in these data.

TABLE 2-202

Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14)* µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

0.887 0.887 0.890 0.896 0.904

3.56

0.136 0.128 0.119 0.111 0.104

6.696 6.662 6.629 6.607 6.583

0.922 0.975 1.031 1.104 1.203

3.28 3.03 2.80 2.59 2.39

0.097 0.089 0.081 0.072 0.064

6.558 6.536 6.490 6.371

1.334 1.506 1.73 ∞

2.19 2.01 1.85

0.057 0.049 0.042 ∞

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

100 110 120 130 140

0.0089 0.0286 0.0924 0.2986 0.6901

5.370.−4 5.515.−4 5.668.−4 5.834.−4 6.018.−4

10.77 3.648 1.228 0.4051 0.1855

495.8 502.7 510.4 518.8 527.7

648.4 652.9 657.1 661.1 664.8

5.487 5.556 5.624 5.691 5.757

7.003 6.919 6.847 6.786 6.736

150 160 170 180 190

1.4074 2.598 4.426 7.067 10.702

6.225.−4 6.460.−4 6.733.−4 7.055.−4 7.449.−4

0.0951 0.0532 0.0318 0.0200 0.0131

537.2 549.4 557.6 568.2 579.3

668.3 671.4 674.0 676.1 677.4

5.822 5.885 5.947 6.007 6.066

200 210 220 227.5c

15.531 21.794 29.269 37.45

7.957.−4 8.674.−4 9.931.−4 1.598.−3

0.0087 0.0058 0.0036 0.0016

591.0 603.5 618.5 646.9

677.8 676.4 671.4 646.9

6.124 6.182 6.233 6.371

T, K

*P, v, h, and s values interpolated, extrapolated, and converted from Oguchi, Reito, 52 (1977): 869–889. c = critical point. The notation 5.370.−4 signifies 5.370 × 10−4. Equations and constants approximated to ASHRAE tables are given by Mecaryk, K. and M. Masaryk, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 11, 2–3 (1991). The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (S.I. ed.) contains a saturation table from −140 to −45.65 °C and an enthalpy–log-pressure diagram from 0.1 to 300 bar, −140 to 300 °C. For properties to 1000 bar from 90 to 420 K, see Rublo, R. G., J. A. Zollweg, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 36 (1991): 171–184. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Chari, Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 1960, presents saturation-temperature tables in fps units for 1°F increments from −270 to −51°F. Thermodynamic and transport properties, equations, and computer code and tables at constant entropy from 89 to 845 K are given by Hunt, J. L. and Boney, L. R., NASA TN D-7181, 1973 (105 pp.), largely based upon the Chari data.

2-246 TABLE 2-203

Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

134.30 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 378.77

0.000064435 0.00014316 0.00049244 0.0014232 0.0035714 0.0079826 0.016210 0.030380 0.053219 0.088035 0.13868 0.20947 0.30513 0.43069 0.59148 0.79300 1.0409 1.3412 1.6998 2.1232 2.6180 3.1915 3.8523 4.6109 5.4827 6.3688

134.30 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 378.77

0.000064435 0.00014316 0.00049244 0.0014232 0.0035714 0.0079826 0.016210 0.030380 0.053219 0.088035 0.13868 0.20947 0.30513 0.43069 0.59148 0.79300 1.0409 1.3412 1.6998 2.1232 2.6180 3.1915 3.8523 4.6109 5.4827 6.3688

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.036049 −0.032962 −0.027934 −0.023315 −0.019029 −0.015019 −0.011239 −0.0076537 −0.0042337 −0.00095536 0.0022014 0.0052538 0.0082168 0.011104 0.013927 0.016699 0.019432 0.022138 0.024832 0.027531 0.030256 0.033041 0.035938 0.039054 0.042698 0.050522

0.050295 0.049071 0.047317 0.045963 0.044919 0.044118 0.043507 0.043047 0.042708 0.042464 0.042299 0.042198 0.042150 0.042147 0.042186 0.042262 0.042376 0.042533 0.042738 0.043007 0.043365 0.043857 0.044569 0.045699 0.047851

0.074835 0.073691 0.072140 0.071067 0.070377 0.070000 0.069885 0.069996 0.070307 0.070804 0.071479 0.072335 0.073381 0.074640 0.076145 0.077949 0.080132 0.082812 0.086180 0.090546 0.096471 0.10507 0.11899 0.14652 0.23509

1449.7 1423.0 1376.1 1329.2 1282.3 1235.4 1188.5 1141.6 1094.7 1047.8 1000.8 953.72 906.38 858.76 810.74 762.21 713.03 663.05 612.06 559.82 505.95 449.91 390.71 326.44 252.51 0

−0.47647 −0.48236 −0.48929 −0.49217 −0.49125 −0.48674 −0.47875 −0.46727 −0.45221 −0.43335 −0.41029 −0.38249 −0.34913 −0.30911 −0.26092 −0.20244 −0.13069 −0.041371 0.071920 0.21913 0.41667 0.69379 1.1092 1.8033 3.2373 8.9233

0.12786 0.12252 0.11442 0.10767 0.10200 0.097198 0.093108 0.089601 0.086575 0.083945 0.081643 0.079610 0.077800 0.076171 0.074687 0.073316 0.072030 0.070799 0.069593 0.068379 0.067117 0.065750 0.064185 0.062245 0.059425 0.050522

0.022770 0.023105 0.023740 0.024427 0.025159 0.025933 0.026745 0.027592 0.028471 0.029382 0.030323 0.031293 0.032292 0.033320 0.034376 0.035463 0.036585 0.037748 0.038964 0.040251 0.041639 0.043181 0.044969 0.047203 0.050441

0.031089 0.031429 0.032079 0.032795 0.033580 0.034438 0.035375 0.036399 0.037521 0.038751 0.040105 0.041602 0.043268 0.045137 0.047258 0.049700 0.052570 0.056029 0.060340 0.065951 0.073691 0.085260 0.10478 0.14532 0.28170

159.29 162.31 167.40 172.22 176.77 181.06 185.07 188.78 192.15 195.15 197.76 199.92 201.62 202.81 203.46 203.53 202.98 201.77 199.84 197.14 193.61 189.17 183.76 177.26 169.47 0

Saturated Properties 22.518 22.330 22.002 21.674 21.346 21.016 20.683 20.345 20.002 19.653 19.295 18.927 18.548 18.155 17.747 17.320 16.870 16.394 15.885 15.335 14.733 14.060 13.287 12.352 11.072 7.4100 0.000057710 0.00012301 0.00039506 0.0010711 0.0025330 0.0053579 0.010340 0.018492 0.031038 0.049400 0.075184 0.11018 0.15639 0.21605 0.29173 0.38642 0.50374 0.64823 0.82581 1.0446 1.3165 1.6600 2.1078 2.7278 3.7183 7.4100

0.044409 0.044783 0.045451 0.046138 0.046847 0.047583 0.048349 0.049151 0.049994 0.050884 0.051827 0.052834 0.053914 0.055080 0.056348 0.057737 0.059276 0.060998 0.062953 0.065210 0.067877 0.071123 0.075261 0.080962 0.090320 0.13495 17,328. 8,129.4 2,531.3 933.62 394.79 186.64 96.715 54.078 32.218 20.243 13.301 9.0759 6.3942 4.6285 3.4278 2.5879 1.9852 1.5427 1.2109 0.95730 0.75961 0.60241 0.47442 0.36660 0.26894 0.13495

−6.2965 −5.8733 −5.1446 −4.4289 −3.7220 −3.0204 −2.3213 −1.6224 −0.92144 −0.21676 0.49332 1.2104 1.9359 2.6716 3.4192 4.1805 4.9579 5.7542 6.5728 7.4185 8.2981 9.2217 10.207 11.289 12.572 15.239

−6.2965 −5.8733 −5.1446 −4.4289 −3.7219 −3.0201 −2.3206 −1.6209 −0.91878 −0.21228 0.50050 1.2214 1.9524 2.6954 3.4525 4.2263 5.0196 5.8360 6.6798 7.5570 8.4758 9.4487 10.497 11.662 13.067 16.099

14.600 14.730 14.963 15.201 15.443 15.689 15.938 16.187 16.436 16.684 16.927 17.166 17.397 17.619 17.830 18.027 18.207 18.365 18.497 18.596 18.651 18.647 18.555 18.321 17.782 15.239

15.716 15.894 16.209 16.529 16.853 17.179 17.505 17.830 18.151 18.466 18.772 19.067 19.348 19.613 19.858 20.079 20.273 20.434 20.556 20.629 20.640 20.570 20.383 20.011 19.256 16.099

230.42 199.85 158.07 127.26 104.13 86.482 72.846 62.184 53.756 47.024 41.595 37.175 33.545 30.541 28.040 25.945 24.185 22.698 21.437 20.357 19.412 18.546 17.674 16.625 14.934 8.9233

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 200.00 222.70

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

222.70 250.00 300.00 350.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 200.00 250.00 288.48

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

288.48 300.00 350.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

−5.1456 −1.6235 −0.025288

−5.1411 −1.6186 −0.020175

16.750 17.590 19.215 20.954

18.550 19.628 21.683 23.845

0.045423 0.049103 0.053843 0.059031

−5.1547 −1.6382 1.9164 4.8385

2.0650 2.1944 2.7038

22.068 20.446 18.707 16.644 13.583

22.003 20.347 19.557 0.055571 0.049051 0.040528 0.034596 22.015 20.365 18.572 16.940 0.48426 0.45571 0.36985

0.045448 0.049148 0.051133

−0.027941 −0.0076594 −0.000090227

0.072138 0.069990 0.070969

0.083293 0.087860 0.095346 0.10201

0.029634 0.030973 0.033493 0.035716

0.039104 0.040014 0.042188 0.044263

195.90 207.32 226.21 243.37

−5.1093 −1.5891 1.9703 4.8975

−0.028002 −0.0077331 0.0081385 0.019018

0.047344 0.043071 0.042163 0.042357

0.072112 0.069917 0.073223 0.079771

1379.4 1145.9 910.91 720.56

18.180 18.640 20.566

20.245 20.834 23.270

0.072221 0.074222 0.081735

0.036412 0.036112 0.036823

0.052100 0.050249 0.048032

203.11 209.62 233.01

0.045315 0.048909 0.053456 0.060080 0.073622

−5.1945 −1.7019 1.8087 5.5592 10.000

−4.9679 −1.4574 2.0760 5.8596 10.369

−0.028269 −0.0080546 0.0077029 0.021479 0.035328

0.047452 0.043169 0.042245 0.042516 0.044139

0.072006 0.069609 0.072395 0.080087 0.10909

1392.3 1163.4 935.94 701.33 422.84

−0.49145 −0.47508 −0.37256 −0.11429 0.86866

17.995 20.387 24.674 28.905

1376.4 1141.9 1035.1

−0.48934 −0.46739 −0.42755

0.047320 0.043049 0.042413

45.441 32.301 19.802 13.574 −0.48974 −0.46887 −0.35287 −0.14261 24.434 21.627 14.214

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

22.132 20.543 18.864 16.938 14.430

0.045183 0.048678 0.053012 0.059038 0.069300

−5.2426 −1.7780 1.6837 5.3293 9.3887

−4.7907 −1.2912 2.2138 5.9197 10.082

−0.028596 −0.0084436 0.0071898 0.020687 0.033492

0.047587 0.043292 0.042351 0.042551 0.043442

0.071886 0.069265 0.071522 0.077434 0.091456

1408.1 1184.3 965.13 746.52 517.30

−0.49341 −0.48206 −0.39347 −0.18740 0.36632

150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

22.256 20.726 19.146 17.418 15.414

0.044932 0.048249 0.052230 0.057411 0.064877

−5.3340 −1.9196 1.4600 4.9523 8.6515

−4.4353 −0.95458 2.5046 6.1005 9.9491

−0.029231 −0.0091833 0.0062486 0.019350 0.031203

0.047854 0.043536 0.042574 0.042705 0.043268

0.071679 0.068683 0.070163 0.074036 0.080401

1438.4 1223.7 1018.0 821.57 634.40

−0.49677 −0.49387 −0.42634 −0.28388 −0.00046299

200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

21.201 19.828 18.430 16.985

0.047167 0.050433 0.054259 0.058876

−2.2782 0.93091 4.1637 7.4493

0.080117 3.4526 6.8767 10.393

−0.011163 0.0038870 0.016368 0.027205

0.044246 0.043245 0.043321 0.043748

0.067514 0.067745 0.069343 0.071325

1327.4 1148.2 986.75 844.44

−0.51767 −0.48534 −0.42082 −0.32515

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The resulting equation has uncertainties of 0.1% in density in the liquid below 450 K, 1% in density at temperatures between 450 and 500 K, 3% in density at temperatures above 500 K, 0.5% in density in the vapor phase and at supercritical conditions below 10 MPa and 450 K, 0.5% in vapor pressure, and 2% in isobaric heat capacity.

2-247

2-248

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-204 T, K 301.6m 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1500

Saturated Cesium* P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

2.66.−9 3.83.−6 3.11.−4 5.65.−3 0.0440

5.444.−4 5.615.−4 5.800.−4 5.999.−4 6.215.−4

7.01.+7 6.54.+4 1001 65.63 9.671

74.6 98.5 122.0 144.9 167.0

637.6 651.9 666.1 678.4 688.9

0.696 0.765 0.817 0.859 0.893

2.563 2.148 1.905 1.748 1.638

0.245 0.240 0.232 0.224 0.219

188.7 210.6 233.2 281.1 358.8

698.3 707.3 716.4 736.1 772.2

0.922 0.975 0.972 1.015 1.072

1.559 1.500 1.455 1.394 1.345

0.217 0.222 0.231 0.248 0.275

0.2029 0.6620 1.693 6.790 27.6

6.443.−4 6.689.−4 6.954.−4 7.628.−4 8.84.−4

2.353 0.796 0.335 0.097 0.029

*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972, and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 2.66.−9 signifies 2.66 × 10−9. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 30 bar, 1550 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 327 psia, 1300−2700 °R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994): 385–497.

TABLE 2-205

Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine

T, °C

P, bar

vf , m3/kg

vg , m3/kg

hf , kJ/kg

hg , kJ/kg

sf , kJ/(kg·K)

sg , kJ/(kg·K)

cpf , kJ/(kg·K)

cpg , kJ/(kg·K)

µf , 10−6 Pa·s

µg , 10−6 Pa·s

kf ,W/(m· K)

kg,W/(m· K)

Prf

Prg

−50 −40 −30 −20 −10

0.475 0.773 1.203 1.802 2.608

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

623 634 645 656 668

0.5448 0.3481 0.2314 0.1593 0.1134

221.5 231.0 240.6 250.3 260.0

518.2 522.2 526.1 529.9 533.9

1.7650 1.8074 1.8480 1.8869 1.9243

3.0946 3.0562 3.0223 2.9921 2.9649

0.9454 0.9474 0.9496 0.9520 0.9547

0.476 0.484 0.497 0.513 0.532

565 520 483 452 422

10.3 10.8 11.4 11.9 12.4

0.1684 0.1650 0.1613 0.1573 0.1527

0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0074 0.0078

3.17 2.99 2.85 2.74 2.64

0.809 0.815 0.820 0.826 0.841

0 10 20 30 40

3.664 5.014 6.702 8.774 11.27

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

681 695 710 726 744

0.0829 0.0619 0.0471 0.0364 0.0286

269.7 279.4 289.2 299.0 308.8

537.4 540.5 543.3 545.7 548.0

1.9604 1.9953 2.0291 2.0622 2.0946

2.9402 2.9177 2.8924 2.8777 2.8593

0.9579 0.9618 0.9667 0.9728 0.9816

0.554 0.579 0.607 0.638 0.674

393 368 348 333 318

13.0 13.5 14.1 14.7 15.2

0.1478 0.1427 0.1378 0.1327 0.1282

0.0083 0.0088 0.0093 0.0099 0.0104

2.55 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.43

0.864 0.888 0.918 0.950 0.985

50 60 70 80 90

14.25 17.76 21.85 26.65 32.17

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

763 784 808 834 865

0.02276 0.01827 0.01481 0.01202 0.00972

318.6 329.1 340.0 351.4 364.1

549.8 551.2 552.1 552.5 552.4

2.1264 2.1578 2.1892 2.2207 2.2528

2.8417 2.8245 2.8074 2.7900 2.7714

0.9968 1.022 1.054 1.124 1.253

0.720 0.786 0.885 1.017 1.205

304 290 278 267 256

15.8 16.4 17.1 17.9 18.7

0.1230 0.1171 0.1122 0.1050 0.0986

0.0110 0.0117 0.0126 0.0137 0.0149

2.46 2.53 2.61 2.85 3.26

1.034 1.107 1.201 1.331 1.510

100 110 120 130 140

38.44 45.54 53.57 62.68 72.84

0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001

901 956 016 121 335

0.00789 0.00639 0.00508 0.00392 0.00282

377.8 391.3 407.1 426.1 451.1

551.0 548.8 543.7 535.0 517.3

2.2860 2.3207 2.3590 2.4032 2.4595

2.7502 2.7317 2.7064 2.6733 2.6198

1.418 1.632 1.891

1.434 1.696 1.960

247 238 230

19.5 20.6 22.2

0.0916 0.0850 0.0775

0.0163 0.0178 0.0195

3.82 4.57 5.61

1.700 1.96 2.23

144c

77.10

0.001 77

0.00177

483.1

483.1

2.5365

2.5365

c = critical point. Values interpolated and converted from Martin, J. J., 1977 (private communication), and from Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, vol. 5, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1983. Values of Ziegler, Chem.-Ing.Tech., 22 (1950): 229, apparently were also used in Landolt-Bornstein, IVa, (1967): 238–239, and in Ullmans Enzyklopädie der technische Chemie, 9, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1975 (317–372).

2-249

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 10 Chlorine

8 6

200°C 180

4

2.

6

160

140 2. 7

2 120

100°C 2.

8

10 8 80 6

•

9

/kg kJ 0 . 3 60

2.

vap or

4

Satu rate d

Pressure, bar

2-250

2

K

0

3. tro En

py

40

20

1

3.

1 2

3.

0.8 0°C 0.6

3.3

–20 0.4

–40 3.4

0.2 –60

0.1

FIG. 2-9

500 Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for chlorine.

3.5

550 Enthalpy, kJ/kg

600

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-206 T, K

P, bar

2-251

Saturated Chloroform (R20) vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg·K)

sg, kJ/(kg·K)

280 300 320 340 360

0.115 0.293 0.620 1.224 2.255

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

660 678 695 715 739

1.689 0.714 0.358 0.190 0.107

−46.0 −32.6 −13.4 5.2 23.3

219.5 230.6 241.1 252.1 263.0

−0.165 −0.105 −0.041 0.015 0.065

0.798 0.773 0.754 0.741 0.731

380 400 420 440 460

3.830 6.039 9.058 13.39 18.80

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

765 795 822 871 921

0.0653 0.0425 0.0288 0.0195 0.0137

41.7 61.4 82.8 106.1 131.6

273.7 284.2 294.2 303.6 311.2

0.114 0.165 0.217 0.270 0.325

480 500 520 530 536.6c

26.00 34.66 44.68 50.44 54.72

0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002

980 059 193 328 00

0.00962 0.00673 0.00467 0.00359 0.00200

157.4 186.2 219.6 242.7 284.1

316.5 320.8 321.3 315.7 284.1

0.380 0.436 0.499 0.540 0.602

cpf, kJ/(kg·K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

kf, W/(m·K)

Prf

1.03

748 587 468 381 319

0.120 0.114 0.109 0.103 0.095

3.35

0.725 0.722 0.721 0.719 0.716

1.07 1.11 1.15 1.21 1.32

273 237 206 177 155

0.0921 0.0863 0.0808 0.0750 0.0694

3.17 3.04 2.93 2.86 2.95

0.711 0.706 0.694 0.678 0.602

1.43 1.59

129.6 105.5 81.2 67.7

0.0641 0.0584 0.0518 0.0461

2.89 2.87

c = critical point. hf = sf = 0 at n.b.p., 334.5 K. P, v, h, and s interpolated from Altunin, V. V., V. Z. Geller, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Freons, U.S.S.R. N.S.R.D.S. series, vol. 9., Hemisphere, 1987.

2-252

TABLE 2-207

Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

279.47 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 490.00 500.00 510.00 520.00 530.00 540.00 550.00 553.64

0.0052538 0.0089097 0.014139 0.021670 0.032188 0.046481 0.065433 0.090023 0.12131 0.16044 0.20862 0.26711 0.33727 0.42046 0.51814 0.63180 0.76300 0.91333 1.0845 1.2781 1.4961 1.7402 2.0124 2.3150 2.6505 3.0222 3.4352 3.8928 4.0750

9.4045 9.2862 9.1736 9.0604 8.9462 8.8309 8.7142 8.5958 8.4756 8.3533 8.2285 8.1009 7.9701 7.8357 7.6970 7.5533 7.4037 7.2473 7.0828 6.9085 6.7225 6.5223 6.3048 6.0655 5.7961 5.4765 5.0307 4.1555 3.2438

279.47 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 490.00 500.00 510.00 520.00 530.00 540.00 550.00 553.64

0.0052538 0.0089097 0.014139 0.021670 0.032188 0.046481 0.065433 0.090023 0.12131 0.16044 0.20862 0.26711 0.33727 0.42046 0.51814 0.63180 0.76300 0.91333 1.0845 1.2781 1.4961 1.7402 2.0124 2.3150 2.6505 3.0222 3.4352 3.8928 4.0750

0.0022692 0.0037161 0.0057156 0.0085063 0.012293 0.017306 0.023800 0.032056 0.042386 0.055130 0.070668 0.089425 0.11188 0.13860 0.17021 0.20749 0.25135 0.30293 0.36362 0.43522 0.52006 0.62133 0.74350 0.89342 1.0826 1.3338 1.7017 2.3597 3.2438

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

1403.6 1314.7 1245.3 1185.7 1132.8 1084.4 1039.4 996.64 955.45 915.28 875.71 836.40 797.11 757.60 717.72 677.33 636.33 594.66 552.32 509.35 465.88 422.08 378.12 333.83 287.99 236.86 171.37 108.39 0

−0.50892 −0.47482 −0.44719 −0.42239 −0.39928 −0.37708 −0.35516 −0.33304 −0.31028 −0.28642 −0.26103 −0.23356 −0.20340 −0.16978 −0.13174 −0.087993 −0.036876 0.023882 0.097405 0.18807 0.30221 0.44929 0.64479 0.91793 1.3377 2.1175 4.2415 10.542 19.224

Saturated Properties 0.10633 0.10769 0.10901 0.11037 0.11178 0.11324 0.11476 0.11634 0.11799 0.11971 0.12153 0.12344 0.12547 0.12762 0.12992 0.13239 0.13507 0.13798 0.14119 0.14475 0.14875 0.15332 0.15861 0.16487 0.17253 0.18260 0.19878 0.24065 0.30828 440.68 269.10 174.96 117.56 81.348 57.785 42.017 31.195 23.593 18.139 14.151 11.183 8.9379 7.2152 5.8751 4.8195 3.9785 3.3011 2.7501 2.2977 1.9228 1.6095 1.3450 1.1193 0.92368 0.74972 0.58765 0.42378 0.30828

−12.076 −10.567 −9.0626 −7.4959 −5.8733 −4.1995 −2.4777 −0.71047 1.1006 2.9544 4.8503 6.7880 8.7677 10.790 12.855 14.964 17.119 19.321 21.572 23.876 26.236 28.655 31.140 33.699 36.350 39.135 42.215 46.176 48.978

−12.075 −10.566 −9.0611 −7.4935 −5.8697 −4.1942 −2.4702 −0.70000 1.1149 2.9736 4.8756 6.8210 8.8100 10.843 12.922 15.048 17.222 19.447 21.726 24.061 26.458 28.922 31.459 34.081 36.807 39.687 42.898 47.113 50.235

−0.038084 −0.032787 −0.027686 −0.022550 −0.017398 −0.012248 −0.0071081 −0.0019852 0.0031169 0.0081966 0.013253 0.018287 0.023301 0.028296 0.033275 0.038241 0.043199 0.048153 0.053108 0.058071 0.063050 0.068054 0.073094 0.078189 0.083372 0.088731 0.094586 0.10213 0.10770

0.094354 0.10358 0.11089 0.11715 0.12261 0.12749 0.13193 0.13604 0.13992 0.14362 0.14720 0.15069 0.15412 0.15751 0.16088 0.16425 0.16762 0.17101 0.17442 0.17788 0.18140 0.18499 0.18868 0.19249 0.19650 0.20083 0.20611 0.21549

0.13918 0.14714 0.15372 0.15959 0.16495 0.16991 0.17461 0.17911 0.18349 0.18781 0.19210 0.19642 0.20079 0.20528 0.20990 0.21472 0.21980 0.22522 0.23106 0.23747 0.24464 0.25284 0.26259 0.27496 0.29284 0.32631 0.43566 0.97375

19.476 20.430 21.380 22.370 23.397 24.459 25.555 26.684 27.842 29.029 30.242 31.480 32.739 34.019 35.315 36.625 37.945 39.270 40.597 41.918 43.228 44.519 45.779 46.995 48.145 49.186 50.020 50.334 48.978

21.791 22.828 23.854 24.917 26.015 27.145 28.305 29.492 30.704 31.939 33.194 34.467 35.754 37.053 38.359 39.670 40.980 42.285 43.579 44.855 46.105 47.319 48.486 49.586 50.593 51.452 52.039 51.984 50.235

0.083095 0.082366 0.082030 0.082001 0.082241 0.082719 0.083406 0.084277 0.085309 0.086481 0.087775 0.089174 0.090660 0.092220 0.093839 0.095502 0.097195 0.098905 0.10062 0.10231 0.10398 0.10560 0.10715 0.10859 0.10988 0.11093 0.11151 0.11099 0.10770

0.088889 0.093915 0.098579 0.10318 0.10775 0.11233 0.11692 0.12155 0.12623 0.13097 0.13577 0.14063 0.14557 0.15059 0.15569 0.16088 0.16615 0.17153 0.17701 0.18259 0.18828 0.19406 0.19990 0.20573 0.21142 0.21669 0.22086 0.22221

0.097282 0.10238 0.10715 0.11190 0.11667 0.12149 0.12641 0.13145 0.13663 0.14199 0.14756 0.15338 0.15949 0.16596 0.17286 0.18030 0.18840 0.19737 0.20746 0.21903 0.23261 0.24895 0.26922 0.29534 0.33088 0.38411 0.48310 0.96007

173.20 175.72 177.99 180.09 182.00 183.70 185.14 186.30 187.14 187.65 187.78 187.51 186.80 185.62 183.94 181.73 178.96 175.58 171.56 166.87 161.44 155.22 148.10 139.91 130.29 118.65 104.10 87.229 0

37.820 39.495 39.306 38.189 36.613 34.853 33.070 31.353 29.750 28.282 26.956 25.772 24.723 23.803 23.004 22.319 21.739 21.259 20.872 20.572 20.351 20.204 20.128 20.128 20.237 20.538 21.201 22.656 19.224

Single-Phase Properties −9.0661 −0.090837

−9.0552 −0.079147

−0.027698 −0.00022335

0.11091 0.13740

0.15371 0.18063

1245.8 982.29

−0.44737 −0.32529

27.080 33.301 49.598 69.610 92.840

29.907 36.546 53.708 74.568 98.639

0.084616 0.10224 0.14037 0.17831 0.21535

0.12316 0.14262 0.18205 0.21697 0.24653

0.13322 0.15196 0.19081 0.22554 0.25502

186.62 200.08 224.91 246.67 266.50

30.786 18.560 8.2156 4.7321 3.1661

0.10888 0.12522 0.13962

−9.1021 8.7122 20.490

−8.9932 8.8374 20.630

−0.027818 0.023162 0.050740

0.11106 0.15416 0.17279

0.15360 0.20043 0.22821

1250.6 803.90 572.63

0.33339 0.27733 0.21435 0.17821

2.9995 3.6058 4.6653 5.6112

39.963 48.369 68.879 92.287

42.963 51.975 73.544 97.898

0.099799 0.11868 0.15793 0.19542

0.17438 0.18654 0.21804 0.24682

0.20248 0.20332 0.22955 0.25703

173.56 198.76 233.28 258.70

21.046 11.678 5.2822 3.2649

9.2252 8.0768 6.5774 1.8230 1.0620

0.10840 0.12381 0.15204 0.54855 0.94165

−9.2570 8.3977 30.362 63.154 89.416

−8.7150 9.0168 31.122 65.897 94.125

−0.028339 0.022365 0.071493 0.13428 0.17787

0.11167 0.15438 0.18830 0.23018 0.24921

0.15315 0.19856 0.24756 0.32421 0.27380

1272.4 843.04 459.37 141.27 220.29

−0.45730 −0.23916 0.29542 9.9456 3.9618

300.00 353.45

0.10000 0.10000

9.1745 8.5546

353.45 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.035368 0.030817 0.024334 0.020172 0.017244

300.00 400.00 455.22

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

9.1840 7.9861 7.1625

455.22 500.00 600.00 700.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

0.10900 0.11690 28.274 32.450 41.095 49.575 57.992

−0.44930 −0.20919 0.060445

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

9.2742 8.1782 6.8741 4.9059 2.6733

0.10783 0.12228 0.14547 0.20384 0.37407

−9.4403 8.0451 29.472 55.388 84.812

−8.3620 9.2679 30.927 57.426 88.552

−0.028964 0.021455 0.069619 0.11776 0.16576

0.11229 0.15456 0.18805 0.22275 0.25026

0.15264 0.19678 0.23749 0.30052 0.30095

1300.3 888.19 554.89 265.77 217.61

−0.46622 −0.26775 0.059727 1.5290 2.8239

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000

9.4073 8.4285 7.3968 6.2973 5.1531

0.10630 0.11864 0.13519 0.15880 0.19406

−9.9312 7.1716 27.819 51.613 78.272

−7.2736 10.138 31.199 55.583 83.123

−0.030689 0.019116 0.065971 0.11034 0.15273

0.11356 0.15480 0.18805 0.21982 0.24808

0.15139 0.19342 0.22750 0.25993 0.28977

1386.2 1006.6 739.78 540.01 414.69

−0.48739 −0.32157 −0.16655 0.046982 0.35809

400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000

8.9762 8.2410 7.5637 6.9477

0.11141 0.12134 0.13221 0.14393

5.2440 25.023 47.767 73.174

13.599 34.124 57.683 83.969

0.013443 0.059111 0.10198 0.14245

0.15529 0.18956 0.22144 0.24950

0.18906 0.22091 0.24976 0.27541

1308.3 1084.3 931.19 824.46

−0.39015 −0.31328 −0.25806 −0.21348

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Penoncello, S. G., Goodwin, A. R. H., and Jacobsen, R. T., “A Thermodynamic Property Formulation for Cyclohexane,” Int. J. Thermophys. 16(2):519–531, 1995. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region.

2-253

2-254 TABLE 2-208 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Decane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.18497 0.18621 0.19012 0.19417 0.19838 0.20279 0.20744 0.21239 0.21770 0.22343 0.22968 0.23659 0.24434 0.25317 0.26349 0.27594 0.29166 0.31306 0.34638 0.42098 0.60976

−69.252 −67.383 −61.516 −55.461 −49.202 −42.725 −36.021 −29.084 −21.908 −14.493 -6.8339 1.0694 9.2198 17.622 26.283 35.219 44.457 54.055 64.149 75.300 82.386

−69.252 −67.383 −61.516 −55.461 −49.202 −42.725 −36.020 −29.082 −21.905 −14.485 −6.8192 1.0950 9.2624 17.690 26.388 35.375 44.687 54.391 64.646 76.096 83.668

1,441,800. 724,920. 112,280. 23,769. 6,439.4 2,124.2 821.18 361.00 176.20 93.649 53.355 32.164 20.290 13.268 8.9134 6.0979 4.2045 2.8784 1.8993 1.0853 0.60976

−15.410 −14.150 −10.121 −5.8536 −1.3417 3.4167 8.4178 13.654 19.113 24.781 30.642 36.677 42.864 49.176 55.580 62.026 68.438 74.676 80.422 84.493 82.386

−13.386 −12.071 −7.8760 −3.4432 1.2331 6.1533 11.312 16.697 22.295 28.087 34.053 40.168 46.408 52.738 59.118 65.490 71.762 77.770 83.148 86.546 83.668

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.20307 −0.19549 −0.17292 −0.15129 −0.13043 −0.11018 −0.090462 −0.071189 −0.052306 −0.033764 −0.015527 0.0024370 0.020158 0.037667 0.054997 0.072193 0.089321 0.10649 0.12397 0.14276 0.15491

0.22393 0.22704 0.23712 0.24780 0.25893 0.27034 0.28191 0.29354 0.30512 0.31659 0.32790 0.33901 0.34991 0.36059 0.37108 0.38143 0.39176 0.40231 0.41372 0.42875

0.28635 0.28898 0.29787 0.30773 0.31832 0.32946 0.34100 0.35282 0.36483 0.37700 0.38931 0.40181 0.41460 0.42793 0.44218 0.45818 0.47770 0.50540 0.55950 0.87382

1468.5 1438.4 1349.4 1265.6 1186.0 1109.9 1036.6 965.68 896.48 828.54 761.40 694.57 627.57 559.85 490.80 419.70 345.68 267.65 184.05 91.074 0

−0.48339 −0.47764 −0.45826 −0.43680 −0.41360 −0.38881 −0.36228 −0.33365 −0.30225 −0.26699 −0.22626 −0.17752 −0.11677 −0.037250 0.073195 0.23865 0.51353 1.0476 2.4223 9.9501 34.686

144.08 142.30 136.88 131.57 126.38 121.32 116.40 111.63 107.04 102.62 98.409 94.401 90.612 87.051 83.726 80.640 77.794 75.192 72.934 73.097

2433.6 2066.6 1350.0 957.69 718.75 561.90 452.88 373.57 313.65 266.90 229.40 198.56 172.63 150.36 130.83 113.31 97.183 81.781 66.154 47.430

0.026360 0.025751 0.025744 0.028079 0.032268 0.037934 0.044772 0.052538 0.061027 0.070070 0.079524 0.089267 0.099191 0.10919 0.11917 0.12901 0.13855 0.14751 0.15533 0.15989 0.15491

0.19210 0.19573 0.20739 0.21963 0.23228 0.24518 0.25823 0.27134 0.28446 0.29754 0.31053 0.32343 0.33621 0.34890 0.36154 0.37421 0.38707 0.40046 0.41513 0.43359

0.20042 0.20405 0.21571 0.22797 0.24065 0.25363 0.26684 0.28022 0.29376 0.30748 0.32142 0.33567 0.35042 0.36600 0.38308 0.40300 0.42896 0.47018 0.56612 1.2127

121.84 123.41 128.09 132.58 136.85 140.87 144.56 147.82 150.52 152.52 153.66 153.78 152.66 150.07 145.68 139.04 129.53 116.14 97.344 71.032 0

Saturated Properties 243.50 250.00 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 617.70

1.4042E-06 2.8673E-06 1.9993E-05 0.00010141 0.00039985 0.0012883 0.0035240 0.0084305 0.018060 0.035300 0.063919 0.10855 0.17465 0.26846 0.39696 0.56801 0.79054 1.0751 1.4353 1.8918 2.1014

5.4064 5.3702 5.2597 5.1502 5.0409 4.9312 4.8206 4.7082 4.5936 4.4757 4.3538 4.2266 4.0927 3.9499 3.7952 3.6240 3.4286 3.1943 2.8870 2.3754 1.6400

243.50 250.00 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 617.70

1.4042E-06 2.8673E-06 1.9993E-05 0.00010141 0.00039985 0.0012883 0.0035240 0.0084305 0.018060 0.035300 0.063919 0.10855 0.17465 0.26846 0.39696 0.56801 0.79054 1.0751 1.4353 1.8918 2.1014

6.9358E-07 1.3795E-06 8.9067E-06 4.2071E-05 0.00015529 0.00047076 0.0012178 0.0027701 0.0056755 0.010678 0.018742 0.031091 0.049284 0.075371 0.11219 0.16399 0.23784 0.34741 0.52650 0.92143 1.6400

320.14 287.01 208.26 154.49 116.99 90.369 71.168 57.142 46.790 39.094 33.355 29.089 25.969 23.781 22.413 21.855 22.255 24.065 28.492 37.614 34.686

6.4788 6.7500 7.6856 8.7681 9.9889 11.339 12.808 14.385 16.056 17.808 19.629 21.506 23.438 25.431 27.522 29.799 32.477 36.104 42.347 59.648

4.3408 4.4520 4.7935 5.1337 5.4722 5.8086 6.1419 6.4713 6.7963 7.1172 7.4356 7.7555 8.0842 8.4344 8.8280 9.3033 9.9327 10.874 12.566 17.240

Single-Phase Properties −67.388 −36.029 −0.23039

−67.369 −36.008 −0.20685

−0.19551 −0.090485 −0.00046204

0.22705 0.28192 0.33722

0.28898 0.34098 0.39976

1438.9 1037.4 705.42

−0.47770 −0.36251 −0.18612

142.33 116.44 95.037

35.686 36.739 71.828 111.67

39.166 40.251 76.277 117.00

0.087670 0.090090 0.16222 0.23014

0.32134 0.32313 0.37514 0.41928

0.33333 0.33498 0.38484 0.42830

153.83 154.68 176.60 194.21

29.697 28.767 12.764 7.0015

21.198 21.529 32.572 44.613

0.18606 0.20711 0.23575 0.29042 0.30715

−67.431 −36.104 0.92464 44.348 51.697

−67.245 −35.897 1.1604 44.638 52.004

−0.19569 −0.090699 0.0021144 0.089120 0.10233

0.22712 0.28198 0.33902 0.39165 0.39972

0.28892 0.34075 0.40097 0.47560 0.49744

1443.8 1044.7 706.99 353.85 286.94

−0.47822 −0.36461 −0.18764 0.47267 0.87812

142.62 116.88 95.062 78.107 75.797

2093.8 458.58 201.71 98.236 85.478

0.31644 0.21839

3.1602 4.5790

73.196 109.33

76.356 113.91

0.14542 0.20734

0.39714 0.42517

0.45776 0.44558

119.81 167.63

23.453 8.8875

35.085 44.104

10.603 11.626

5.3914 4.8586 4.3034 3.6402 2.6391

0.18548 0.20582 0.23237 0.27471 0.37891

−67.618 −36.424 0.32894 42.808 91.156

−66.691 −35.395 1.4908 44.181 93.050

−0.19644 −0.091624 0.00076852 0.086242 0.16772

0.22744 0.28223 0.33912 0.39052 0.43712

0.28869 0.33985 0.39795 0.45616 0.52513

1465.1 1075.7 757.95 467.92 213.89

−0.48040 −0.37303 −0.22390 0.098466 1.6230

143.89 118.77 97.851 82.872 75.400

2204.8 481.47 215.38 114.20 55.304

4.8938 4.3700 3.7932 3.1242

0.20434 0.22883 0.26363 0.32009

−36.797 −0.32038 41.527 88.002

−34.754 1.9680 44.163 91.203

−0.092723 −0.00073280 0.083766 0.16225

0.28255 0.33929 0.39008 0.43362

0.33892 0.39532 0.44754 0.49145

1112.2 813.41 562.29 369.51

−0.38180 −0.25552 −0.060225 0.31317

121.04 101.03 87.304 81.597

510.17 231.67 129.37 76.394

250.00 350.00 446.75

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

5.3706 4.8213 4.2477

446.75 450.00 550.00 650.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.028735 0.028470 0.022477 0.018766

250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00 565.17

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

5.3745 4.8284 4.2417 3.4433 3.2558

565.17 650.00

1.0000 1.0000

250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00 650.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

350.00 450.00 550.00 650.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

0.18620 0.20741 0.23542 34.801 35.125 44.491 53.287

2069.3 453.43 203.20 7.7032 7.7604 9.4815 11.158

350.00 450.00 550.00 650.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

5.3085 4.9747 4.6758 4.4066

0.18838 0.20102 0.21387 0.22693

−41.033 −6.2415 33.447 77.332

−22.195 13.860 54.834 100.03

−0.10704 −0.016697 0.065371 0.14078

0.28785 0.34377 0.39337 0.43497

0.33463 0.38610 0.43213 0.47043

1562.8 1360.6 1216.3 1111.9

−0.43121 −0.37226 −0.32986 −0.30079

152.54 139.48 130.26 124.76

1088.0 498.37 308.65 219.90

550.00 650.00

300.00 300.00

5.3265 5.1406

0.18774 0.19453

28.160 71.521

84.482 129.88

0.047128 0.12288

0.40016 0.44112

0.43412 0.47265

1858.1 1766.6

−0.34462 −0.32003

192.00 188.95

698.31 480.95

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W,. and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Xiang, H. W, “Viscosity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 224:263–270, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., and Perkins, R. A., “Thermal Conductivity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 227:47–55, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.05% in the saturated liquid density between 290 and 320 K, 0.2% in the liquid phase at temperatures to 400 K (with somewhat higher uncertainties above 100 MPa, up to 0.5%), 1% in the liquid phase up to 500 MPa, and 2% at higher temperatures as well as in the vapor phase. Vapor pressures have an uncertainty of 0.2%, and the uncertainties in liquid heat capacities and liquid sound speeds are 1%. The uncertainty in heat capacities may be higher at pressures above 10 MPa. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 1% along the saturated liquid line, 2% in compressed liquid to 200 MPa, 5% in vapor and supercritical regions. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.

2-255

2-256 TABLE 2-209

Thermodynamic Properties of Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

276.97 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 600.00 620.00 640.00 643.89

0.00066103 0.00082243 0.0030641 0.0094511 0.025012 0.058391 0.12292 0.23743 0.42676 0.72190 1.1598 1.7833 2.6406 3.7850 5.2758 7.1787 9.5679 12.530 16.171 20.654 21.660

55.198 55.214 55.126 54.780 54.254 53.593 52.817 51.937 50.957 49.875 48.687 47.386 45.961 44.390 42.641 40.660 38.357 35.563 31.867 24.976 17.875

276.97 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 600.00 620.00 640.00 643.89

0.00066103 0.00082242 0.0030641 0.0094511 0.025012 0.058391 0.12292 0.23743 0.42676 0.72190 1.1598 1.7833 2.6406 3.7850 5.2758 7.1787 9.5679 12.530 16.171 20.654 21.660

0.00028721 0.00035350 0.0012303 0.0035636 0.0089021 0.019720 0.039608 0.073418 0.12741 0.20947 0.32939 0.49953 0.73576 1.0594 1.5008 2.1062 2.9537 4.1942 6.2033 11.096 17.875

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−8.2294 −7.9735 −6.2759 −4.5798 −2.8930 −1.2168 0.45077 2.1139 3.7786 5.4521 7.1417 8.8551 10.601 12.390 14.236 16.162 18.203 20.425 22.980 26.745 29.926

−8.2294 −7.9735 −6.2758 −4.5796 −2.8926 −1.2157 0.45310 2.1185 3.7870 5.4666 7.1655 8.8927 10.658 12.475 14.360 16.339 18.453 20.777 23.487 27.572 31.137

36.006 36.083 36.589 37.091 37.585 38.064 38.521 38.946 39.329 39.660 39.925 40.116 40.219 40.219 40.096 39.815 39.318 38.492 37.081 33.747 29.926

38.307 38.409 39.079 39.743 40.394 41.025 41.624 42.180 42.679 43.106 43.447 43.686 43.808 43.792 43.612 43.224 42.557 41.479 39.688 35.608 31.137

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.025460 −0.024541 −0.018685 −0.013212 −0.0080990 −0.0033082 0.0011999 0.0054654 0.0095268 0.013420 0.017176 0.020824 0.024390 0.027902 0.031394 0.034909 0.038511 0.042313 0.046577 0.052801 0.058280

0.084185 0.084523 0.084432 0.082466 0.079894 0.077173 0.074503 0.071990 0.069689 0.067622 0.065790 0.064181 0.062780 0.061580 0.060585 0.059829 0.059403 0.059524 0.060792 0.066781

0.084334 0.084574 0.084957 0.084598 0.084075 0.083580 0.083248 0.083196 0.083502 0.084212 0.085360 0.087004 0.089266 0.092393 0.096848 0.10351 0.11428 0.13431 0.18616 0.82671

1324.3 1332.9 1394.9 1436.7 1455.5 1455.6 1440.4 1413.3 1376.7 1331.9 1279.7 1219.9 1152.3 1076.5 991.90 897.91 793.19 674.99 537.16 359.72 0

−0.22218 −0.21843 −0.19991 −0.18770 −0.17806 −0.16908 −0.15944 −0.14815 −0.13444 −0.11766 −0.097022 −0.071339 −0.038642 0.0043364 0.063056 0.14707 0.27477 0.48803 0.91327 2.2860 3.7063

564.56 569.58 596.96 615.88 628.04 634.49 635.99 633.11 626.31 616.01 602.53 586.08 566.82 544.81 520.11 492.75 462.70 430.22 396.40 420.92

2085.6 1868.6 1046.6 688.90 497.65 381.94 306.06 253.36 215.11 186.33 164.01 146.23 131.71 119.53 109.01 99.548 90.597 81.477 70.992 53.746

0.14256 0.14111 0.13250 0.12530 0.11922 0.11403 0.10955 0.10562 0.10213 0.098964 0.096048 0.093309 0.090688 0.088127 0.085564 0.082917 0.080069 0.076817 0.072707 0.065358 0.058280

0.025895 0.025952 0.026375 0.026887 0.027487 0.028182 0.029002 0.030006 0.031275 0.032903 0.034981 0.037576 0.040723 0.044416 0.048619 0.053289 0.058406 0.064014 0.070293 0.077762

0.034265 0.034329 0.034822 0.035451 0.036239 0.037225 0.038484 0.040139 0.042357 0.045350 0.049371 0.054720 0.061780 0.071116 0.083703 0.10149 0.12892 0.17822 0.29956 1.5264

389.85 391.88 404.89 417.19 428.74 439.47 449.26 457.95 465.33 471.15 475.13 476.97 476.36 472.96 466.44 456.44 442.43 423.35 395.96 343.38 0

Saturated Properties 0.018117 0.018111 0.018140 0.018255 0.018432 0.018659 0.018933 0.019254 0.019624 0.020050 0.020539 0.021103 0.021758 0.022528 0.023452 0.024594 0.026071 0.028119 0.031381 0.040039 0.055943 3481.8 2828.9 812.82 280.61 112.33 50.709 25.247 13.621 7.8485 4.7740 3.0359 2.0019 1.3591 0.94392 0.66632 0.47479 0.33856 0.23842 0.16120 0.090120 0.055943

394.78 363.66 220.57 143.76 100.20 74.063 57.443 46.206 38.108 31.903 26.904 22.747 19.244 16.294 13.819 11.743 9.9759 8.4154 6.9363 5.1241 3.7063

16.529 16.753 18.277 19.890 21.616 23.487 25.539 27.812 30.356 33.231 36.529 40.398 45.081 50.974 58.649 68.218 79.570 98.667 133.97 285.74

9.6017 9.6779 10.228 10.840 11.492 12.169 12.856 13.544 14.226 14.897 15.558 16.213 16.871 17.547 18.267 19.071 20.029 21.290 23.259 28.595

Single-Phase Properties −6.2760 −0.032221

−6.2742 −0.030336

38.391 39.139 42.023 45.017 48.166 51.481

41.454 42.427 46.162 49.996 53.980 58.128

0.018132 0.019246 0.020374

−6.2770 2.1086 6.5927

0.28575 0.25193 0.20474 0.17382 0.15139 55.254 52.073 46.085 42.947

3.4996 3.9693 4.8843 5.7529 6.6052 0.018098 0.019204 0.021699 0.023284

1.4172 1.1342 0.91389 0.77903

300.00 374.20

0.10000 0.10000

374.20 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

300.00 400.00 453.53

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

55.152 51.959 49.083

453.53 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 536.66

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

536.66 600.00 700.00 800.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00 583.19

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

583.19 600.00 700.00 800.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

300.00 700.00 800.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

55.129 53.053

−0.018686 −0.000080962

0.084951 0.083320

0.11078 0.11330 0.12163 0.12861 0.13475 0.14029

0.028748 0.028403 0.029147 0.030636 0.032285 0.033959

0.038084 0.037410 0.037685 0.039048 0.040652 0.042306

−6.2589 2.1279 6.6131

−0.018689 0.0054522 0.015974

0.084361 0.071968 0.066357

0.084894 0.083157 0.084938

1397.1 1415.4 1297.4

−0.19988 −0.14835 −0.10418

597.49 633.54 607.22

1046.3 253.63 170.66

39.847 41.482 44.748 48.001 51.363 −6.2816 2.0813 10.558 13.923

43.347 45.451 49.632 53.754 57.969 −6.1911 2.1773 10.667 14.039

0.096969 0.10139 0.10902 0.11537 0.12100 −0.018705 0.0053836 0.024304 0.030810

0.034254 0.032240 0.031708 0.032710 0.034141 0.084079 0.071858 0.062722 0.060736

0.047940 0.043385 0.041087 0.041565 0.042787 0.084647 0.082958 0.088880 0.095981

474.06 503.79 556.10 600.64 640.67 1405.7 1426.2 1163.3 1006.7

28.417 19.634 10.106 6.1060 4.1567 −0.19974 −0.14937 −0.042258 0.051819

35.408 38.239 48.345 60.651 74.254 599.61 635.76 568.91 524.42

15.345 17.445 21.886 26.233 30.468 1045.2 255.02 132.48 110.68

0.70563 0.88170 1.0942 1.2836

40.127 43.329 47.210 50.818

43.655 47.738 52.681 57.237

0.085995 0.093213 0.10085 0.10693

0.047884 0.038071 0.034830 0.034981

0.081310 0.054713 0.046443 0.045153

467.76 524.33 584.32 631.66

57.219 53.862 63.474 76.389

18.142 21.508 26.310 30.769

0.018057 0.019152 0.021579 0.026351

−6.2874 2.0479 10.471 18.544

−6.1068 2.2394 10.687 18.807

−0.018725 0.0052992 0.024128 0.039101

0.083735 0.071726 0.062611 0.059377

0.084346 0.082718 0.088119 0.11663

1415.9 1439.3 1185.7 775.32

−0.19956 −0.15059 −0.049352 0.30140

0.32053 0.36059 0.50864 0.61793

39.212 40.719 46.072 50.085

42.417 44.325 51.158 56.265

0.079584 0.082812 0.093421 0.10025

0.059266 0.051641 0.038049 0.036102

0.13479 0.097980 0.054970 0.048671

439.77 468.72 562.64 621.09

9.7157 9.0626 5.9486 4.1215

56.338 53.254 48.076 40.498 26.703 12.014

0.017750 0.018778 0.020801 0.024693 0.037449 0.083233

−6.3323 1.8073 9.8899 18.559 29.678 42.333

−5.4448 2.7462 10.930 19.794 31.551 46.495

−0.018905 0.0046700 0.022920 0.039048 0.057059 0.077124

0.081303 0.070872 0.062103 0.057208 0.055751 0.045204

0.082295 0.081058 0.083801 0.096053 0.15684 0.10482

1484.2 1527.2 1327.9 997.60 588.37 569.23

−0.19786 −0.15849 −0.088396 0.10313 1.0407 2.4839

622.24 659.16 603.54 493.46 331.10 169.04

1038.3 269.56 145.01 98.391 62.248 40.739

57.439 35.855 26.322

0.017410 0.027890 0.037991

−6.3859 25.888 34.906

−4.6449 28.677 38.706

−0.019168 0.050728 0.064110

0.078994 0.052858 0.045160

0.080433 0.095839 0.10162

1546.7 944.96 785.38

−0.19571 0.21724 0.69848

645.56 435.02 323.29

1041.5 84.790 66.016

55.380 52.214 46.341 37.950 3.1198 2.7732 1.9660 1.6183

30.631 32.883 41.395 49.784 58.134 66.469

1395.1 1446.2

−0.19991 −0.16237

0.084425 0.075265

0.032646 0.030411 0.024157 0.020087 0.017202 0.015045

0.018139 0.018849

446.53 462.35 515.85 562.30 604.21 642.79

61.573 46.430 19.445 10.077 6.0901 4.1486

14.202 9.9010 6.1037 4.1656

597.01 636.03 24.923 27.024 36.485 47.629 60.182 73.869

602.23 638.50 573.22 457.66 81.935 72.595 69.164 80.100

1046.5 325.15 12.656 13.658 17.747 21.980 26.224 30.405

1043.9 256.74 134.06 89.173 20.204 21.210 26.519 31.206

2-257

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Hill, P. G., MacMillan, R. D. C., and Lee, V., “A Fundamental Equation of State for Heavy Water,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11(1):1–14, 1982. The source for viscosity is International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance,” Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, Orlando, Fla., Sept. 11–16, 1994, A107-A138. The source for thermal conductivity is International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance,” Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, Orlando, Fla., Sept. 11–16, 1994, A107-A138. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. For a discussion of the uncertainties associated with the equation of state and thermal conductivity entries of this table, please see the source references given above. The uncertainty in viscosity is 1% in the liquid below 474 K, 2% in the liquid at higher temperatures and in the vapor, and 5% between 623 and 723 K at pressures between 16 and 50 MPa. The uncertainty in viscosity is 2% in the liquid below 623 K and in the vapor below 573 K, 5% elsewhere in the liquid and vapor, and 10% in the critical region (623 to 723 K and 21.66 to 50 MPa).

2-258 TABLE 2-210 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of 2,2-Dimethylpropane (Neopentane) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.11492 0.11554 0.11745 0.11946 0.12160 0.12389 0.12636 0.12903 0.13194 0.13515 0.13872 0.14273 0.14733 0.15270 0.15913 0.16712 0.17764 0.19306 0.22442 0.30581

−4.0448 −3.5333 −2.0036 −0.43520 1.1729 2.8218 4.5127 6.2470 8.0264 9.8530 11.729 13.659 15.647 17.699 19.824 22.038 24.368 26.878 29.850 32.506

−4.0407 −3.5286 −1.9963 −0.42422 1.1889 2.8444 4.5439 6.2892 8.0826 9.9266 11.825 13.781 15.802 17.894 20.069 22.345 24.755 27.373 30.525 33.484

18.019 18.336 19.288 20.267 21.271 22.298 23.346 24.411 25.490 26.580 27.676 28.773 29.862 30.932 31.969 32.946 33.817 34.476 34.498 32.506

20.107 20.447 21.461 22.498 23.554 24.625 25.710 26.803 27.901 28.999 30.091 31.170 32.226 33.246 34.211 35.088 35.822 36.287 35.972 33.484

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.014961 −0.012981 −0.0072081 −0.0015039 0.0041396 0.0097305 0.015276 0.020784 0.026263 0.031720 0.037165 0.042610 0.048067 0.053555 0.059099 0.064738 0.070543 0.076679 0.083875 0.090610

0.11106 0.11212 0.11525 0.11839 0.12153 0.12467 0.12781 0.13096 0.13411 0.13728 0.14047 0.14369 0.14696 0.15032 0.15380 0.15752 0.16164 0.16662 0.17440

0.14987 0.15116 0.15504 0.15903 0.16315 0.16742 0.17188 0.17655 0.18151 0.18683 0.19263 0.19910 0.20651 0.21536 0.22655 0.24199 0.26680 0.32099 0.65083

1061.0 1043.4 992.29 941.76 891.68 841.93 792.35 742.82 693.20 643.34 593.09 542.29 490.74 438.21 384.34 328.55 269.76 205.53 129.02 0

−0.45488 −0.44532 −0.41587 −0.38403 −0.34919 −0.31054 −0.26700 −0.21713 −0.15892 −0.089543 −0.0048767 0.10132 0.23893 0.42456 0.68847 1.0924 1.7855 3.2489 8.3551 19.128

0.079147 0.079232 0.079672 0.080361 0.081260 0.082334 0.083553 0.084890 0.086318 0.087815 0.089355 0.090912 0.092458 0.093957 0.095360 0.096596 0.097537 0.097901 0.096542 0.090610

0.097392 0.098838 0.10307 0.10727 0.11146 0.11562 0.11978 0.12394 0.12810 0.13228 0.13648 0.14073 0.14505 0.14948 0.15407 0.15892 0.16422 0.17039 0.17895

0.10663 0.10818 0.11278 0.11744 0.12220 0.12709 0.13214 0.13741 0.14299 0.14898 0.15554 0.16293 0.17158 0.18223 0.19633 0.21707 0.25302 0.33783 0.86890

176.08 176.77 178.55 179.94 180.88 181.34 181.26 180.58 179.24 177.18 174.30 170.51 165.68 159.65 152.23 143.15 132.06 118.40 100.88 0

Saturated Properties 256.60 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 433.74

0.035401 0.041178 0.062611 0.091973 0.13106 0.18184 0.24636 0.32680 0.42545 0.54466 0.68688 0.85466 1.0507 1.2778 1.5390 1.8380 2.1788 2.5668 3.0111 3.1963

8.7017 8.6547 8.5146 8.3711 8.2236 8.0715 7.9140 7.7503 7.5792 7.3993 7.2090 7.0060 6.7873 6.5488 6.2842 5.9837 5.6295 5.1798 4.4559 3.2700

256.60 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 433.74

0.035401 0.041178 0.062611 0.091973 0.13106 0.18184 0.24636 0.32680 0.42545 0.54466 0.68688 0.85466 1.0507 1.2778 1.5390 1.8380 2.1788 2.5668 3.0111 3.1963

0.016951 0.019508 0.028804 0.041222 0.057423 0.078145 0.10423 0.13664 0.17651 0.22521 0.28448 0.35651 0.44433 0.55219 0.68654 0.85798 1.0863 1.4175 2.0429 3.2700

58.993 51.262 34.717 24.259 17.415 12.797 9.5944 7.3187 5.6655 4.4402 3.5152 2.8049 2.2506 1.8110 1.4566 1.1655 0.92056 0.70547 0.48949 0.30581

42.543 40.673 35.912 32.069 28.950 26.412 24.346 22.672 21.330 20.277 19.485 18.940 18.642 18.607 18.876 19.520 20.655 22.431 24.389 19.128

Single-Phase Properties 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.041573 0.035109 0.030488 0.026981 0.024215 0.021973

300.00 350.00 367.56

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

8.0927 7.2257 6.8424

367.56 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

24.054 28.482 32.800 37.063 41.296 45.510

22.482 28.668 35.683 43.493 52.060 61.352

24.888 31.516 38.963 47.199 56.190 65.903

0.087934 0.10834 0.12820 0.14758 0.16652 0.18502

0.11446 0.13169 0.14811 0.16371 0.17858 0.19273

0.12428 0.14083 0.15694 0.17238 0.18715 0.20124

186.71 203.23 217.95 231.47 244.10 256.02

24.744 14.420 9.4234 6.6348 4.9220 3.7932

0.12357 0.13839 0.14615

2.7638 11.687 15.155

2.8874 11.825 15.301

0.0095365 0.037043 0.046731

0.12470 0.14045 0.14616

0.16698 0.19204 0.20459

852.01 599.54 503.42

−0.31857 −0.017539 0.20165

0.42120 0.35635 0.29713 0.25832 0.22988

2.3741 2.8062 3.3655 3.8712 4.3501

29.597 34.611 42.712 51.444 60.842

31.971 37.418 46.077 55.315 65.192

0.092083 0.10628 0.12667 0.14613 0.16494

0.14399 0.15145 0.16541 0.17958 0.19337

0.16932 0.16863 0.17859 0.19109 0.20397

166.96 188.60 211.98 230.27 245.89

18.691 12.099 7.6415 5.3700 4.0038

8.1890 7.4104 6.4044 4.6105 1.9914 1.4527

0.12211 0.13495 0.15614 0.21690 0.50215 0.68839

2.4999 11.213 21.099 33.057 47.248 57.986

3.1104 11.887 21.879 34.142 49.759 61.428

0.0086423 0.035660 0.062302 0.091100 0.12411 0.14637

0.12485 0.14039 0.15611 0.17461 0.18590 0.19664

0.16516 0.18654 0.21533 0.30156 0.24909 0.22704

897.98 671.51 444.29 198.33 166.16 205.52

−0.35167 −0.13585 0.37314 3.5214 7.2775 4.5988

8.2958 7.5920 6.7750 5.7764 4.5715 3.4249

0.12054 0.13172 0.14760 0.17312 0.21875 0.29198

2.2072 10.739 20.216 30.691 42.114 53.968

3.4126 12.056 21.692 32.422 44.301 56.887

0.0076277 0.034237 0.059940 0.085190 0.11020 0.13419

0.12506 0.14048 0.15568 0.17074 0.18530 0.19832

0.16345 0.18250 0.20328 0.22624 0.24770 0.25208

949.31 743.85 555.11 391.52 276.41 234.55

−0.38267 −0.22237 0.041740 0.55851 1.5460 2.4058

400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

8.5990 8.2554 7.9290 7.6203

0.11629 0.12113 0.12612 0.13123

15.633 24.735 34.489 44.867

27.262 36.848 47.101 57.990

0.045388 0.067954 0.089546 0.11029

0.15862 0.17287 0.18665 0.19993

0.18487 0.19848 0.21152 0.22395

1257.1 1172.6 1103.1 1046.3

−0.42302 −0.38739 −0.35738 −0.33233

550.00

200.00

8.6161

0.11606

42.742

65.955

0.10250

0.20230

0.22337

1444.9

−0.36818

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density in the equation of state range from 0.2% in the liquid phase at pressures less than 10 MPa to 1% in the liquid phase at higher pressures (up to 200 MPa) and at temperatures above the critical point (up to 550 K). The uncertainty in density in the vapor phase is 0.5%. Uncertainties in other properties are 0.1% for the vapor pressure, 2% in liquid-phase heat capacities, 0.5% in vapor-phase heat capacities, 1% for liquid-phase sound speeds, and 0.02% for vapor-phase sound speeds.

2-259

2-260

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-211

Saturated Diphenyl* hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

0.0 13.0 30.0 47.2 65.0

444.2 444.2 446.7 449.7 454.5

0.000 0.036 0.084 0.130 0.178

1.298 1.266 1.236 1.213 1.200

1.760 1.782 1.813 1.844 1.875

15.0 13.5 11.7 10.3 9.1

0.139 0.138 0.136 0.135 0.133

82.7 99.3 139.9 180.3 222.7

462.7 461.2 499.0 532.4 569.7

0.224 0.273 0.358 0.451 0.545

1.194 1.202 1.228 1.267 1.378

1.906 1.936 1.998 2.060 2.122

8.1 7.3 6.0 5.0 4.3

0.132 0.130 0.127 0.125 0.122

0.9594 0.4452 0.3652 0.2261 0.1447

267.6 314.9 361.5 404.5 457.2

611.6 651.8 687.8 723.8 762.7

0.652 0.746 0.824 0.915 1.032

1.367 1.424 1.477 1.529 1.582

2.184 2.246 2.308 2.370 2.432

3.7 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.2

0.119 0.116 0.113 0.110 0.107

1.258.−3 1.291.−3 1.326.−3 1.366.−3 1.412.−3

0.0977 0.0685 0.0504 0.0381 0.0301

522.3 563.7 630.4 689.1 745.9

801.7 842.4 886.4 930.9 977.1

1.125 1.223 1.316 1.375 1.457

1.635 1.688 1.740 1.748 1.791

2.494 2.556 2.618 2.680 2.741

1.90 1.71 1.54 1.39 1.24

0.105 0.102 0.099 0.096 0.093

2.803 2.865 2.93 3.00

1.10 0.97

0.090 0.087

T, K

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

343 350 360 370 380

0.0010 0.0016 0.0029 0.0049 0.0064

1.010.−3 1.014.−3 1.021.−3 1.030.−3 1.037.−3

252.5 156.1 85.0 49.9 29.9

390 400 420 440 460

0.0129 0.0200 0.0432 0.0879 0.1694

1.046.−3 1.054.−3 1.072.−3 1.092.−3 1.112.−3

480 500 520 540 560

0.3112 0.5218 0.8375 1.290 1.941

1.132.−3 1.154.−3 1.177.−3 1.204.−3 1.230.−3

580 600 620 640 660

2.818 3.926 5.408 7.328 9.572

18.3 11.7 5.84 3.021 1.652

hf, kJ/kg

680 700 720 740 760

12.05 15.21 19.14 23.93 28.71

1.465.−3 1.529.−3 1.56.−3 1.70.−3 1.95.−3

0.0236 0.0186 0.0147 0.0113 0.0085

802.8 860.1 917.5 975.2 1033.1

1024.9 1073.1 1116.7 1152.8 1182.5

1.585 1.663 1.746 1.822 1.901

1.856 1.951 2.003 2.058 2.099

780 800

34.83 42.46

2.16.−3 3.18.−3

0.0058 0.0032

1091.2 1148.4

1163.0 1148.4

1.977 2.047

2.107 2.047

*Interpolated by P. E. Liley from the Landolt-Börnstein band IVa, p. 557, 1967 tables based on Technical Data on Fuel, British National Committee, World Energy Conference, London.

TABLE 2-212

Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

263.60 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 630.00 650.00 658.10

6.2621E-07 1.2617E-06 8.8545E-06 4.5799E-05 0.00018556 0.00061679 0.0017432 0.0043088 0.0095271 0.019190 0.035739 0.062299 0.10268 0.16136 0.24347 0.35486 0.50211 0.69279 0.93585 1.2426 1.6298 1.8176

4.5291 4.5008 4.4131 4.3261 4.2393 4.1522 4.0641 3.9747 3.8833 3.7893 3.6920 3.5907 3.4842 3.3713 3.2503 3.1189 2.9736 2.8091 2.6161 2.3747 2.0078 1.3300

263.60 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 630.00 650.00 658.10

6.2621E-07 1.2617E-06 8.8545E-06 4.5799E-05 0.00018556 0.00061679 0.0017432 0.0043088 0.0095271 0.019190 0.035739 0.062299 0.10268 0.16136 0.24347 0.35486 0.50211 0.69279 0.93585 1.2426 1.6298 1.8176

2.8572E-07 5.6205E-07 3.6724E-06 1.7772E-05 6.7670E-05 0.00021228 0.00056862 0.0013382 0.0028309 0.0054855 0.0098881 0.016797 0.027184 0.042311 0.063865 0.094219 0.13692 0.19777 0.28746 0.43012 0.71569 1.3300

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−96.621 −94.309 −86.960 −79.402 −71.612 −63.574 −55.276 −46.712 −37.875 −28.762 −19.371 −9.6999 0.25270 10.490 21.016 31.839 42.975 54.448 66.310 78.676 92.046 101.36

−96.621 −94.309 −86.960 −79.402 −71.612 −63.574 −55.276 −46.711 −37.872 −28.757 −19.361 −9.6825 0.28217 10.538 21.091 31.953 43.144 54.695 66.667 79.199 92.858 102.72

−33.699 −32.120 −26.993 −21.566 −15.834 −9.7983 −3.4632 3.1615 10.063 17.224 24.628 32.254 40.078 48.075 56.215 64.460 72.758 81.036 89.170 96.902 103.34 101.36

−31.507 −29.875 −24.582 −18.989 −13.092 −6.8927 −0.39757 6.3814 13.428 20.723 28.242 35.962 43.855 51.889 60.027 68.226 76.425 84.539 92.425 99.791 105.62 102.72

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.26003 −0.25136 −0.22511 −0.19991 −0.17556 −0.15192 −0.12887 −0.10633 −0.084231 −0.062532 −0.041187 −0.020162 0.00057539 0.021053 0.041300 0.061352 0.081249 0.10105 0.12086 0.14087 0.16193 0.17683

0.28923 0.29275 0.30440 0.31679 0.32968 0.34285 0.35616 0.36947 0.38269 0.39574 0.40859 0.42118 0.43351 0.44557 0.45738 0.46897 0.48040 0.49179 0.50334 0.51558 0.53081

0.35985 0.36265 0.37246 0.38355 0.39559 0.40831 0.42150 0.43503 0.44878 0.46268 0.47672 0.49091 0.50530 0.52003 0.53534 0.55164 0.56974 0.59128 0.62041 0.67253 0.91317

1427.2 1398.7 1313.5 1233.4 1157.5 1085.1 1015.6 948.42 883.07 819.18 756.37 694.32 632.70 571.20 509.51 447.33 384.30 320.04 253.82 183.58 100.02 0

−0.45503 −0.45038 −0.43398 −0.41526 −0.39464 −0.37230 −0.34817 −0.32197 −0.29316 −0.26089 −0.22391 −0.18039 −0.12755 −0.061022 0.026306 0.14688 0.32430 0.60884 1.1288 2.3418 8.0937 40.219

143.93 142.27 137.24 132.45 127.86 123.43 119.12 114.92 110.81 106.77 102.79 98.863 94.976 91.129 87.324 83.568 79.876 76.283 72.856 69.764 68.073

2892.5 2447.1 1578.5 1112.9 832.98 650.53 524.02 431.83 361.82 306.78 262.21 225.20 193.79 166.63 142.76 121.46 102.19 84.516 68.050 52.302 35.652

−0.013011 −0.012718 −0.010011 −0.0050291 0.0017708 0.010028 0.019454 0.029808 0.040891 0.052536 0.064598 0.076955 0.089500 0.10213 0.11477 0.12730 0.13964 0.15163 0.16308 0.17355 0.18156 0.17683

0.24443 0.24903 0.26382 0.27906 0.29454 0.31008 0.32559 0.34098 0.35619 0.37119 0.38596 0.40048 0.41475 0.42878 0.44259 0.45625 0.46984 0.48353 0.49764 0.51290 0.53205

0.25274 0.25734 0.27214 0.28739 0.30288 0.31848 0.33408 0.34965 0.36515 0.38060 0.39603 0.41151 0.42715 0.44316 0.45987 0.47792 0.49854 0.52443 0.56276 0.64061 1.0334

Saturated Properties 0.22079 0.22218 0.22660 0.23115 0.23589 0.24084 0.24605 0.25159 0.25751 0.26390 0.27085 0.27850 0.28701 0.29662 0.30766 0.32063 0.33629 0.35598 0.38225 0.42111 0.49805 0.75188 3,499,900. 1,779,200. 272,300. 56,267. 14,778. 4,710.8 1,758.6 747.29 353.24 182.30 101.13 59.534 36.786 23.635 15.658 10.614 7.3034 5.0563 3.4787 2.3249 1.3973 0.75188

115.35 116.70 120.83 124.81 128.63 132.26 135.66 138.74 141.40 143.51 144.95 145.55 145.16 143.58 140.61 135.98 129.36 120.31 108.12 91.557 67.007 49.653

330.02 296.37 215.32 160.20 121.85 94.623 74.946 60.510 49.785 41.738 35.662 31.061 27.591 25.017 23.184 22.013 21.503 21.771 23.181 26.817 37.545 0

6.7106 7.0413 8.1425 9.3434 10.640 12.030 13.512 15.090 16.769 18.561 20.479 22.543 24.775 27.206 29.871 32.819 36.118 39.870 44.272 49.828 60.081

3.8271 3.9297 4.2511 4.5733 4.8958 5.2183 5.5399 5.8599 6.1775 6.4920 6.8034 7.1122 7.4202 7.7302 8.0477 8.3808 8.7440 9.1635 9.6956 10.493 12.293

2-261

2-262 TABLE 2-212 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane (Concluded) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.22883 0.25445 0.28651

−83.216 −42.339 −0.30755

−83.193 −42.313 −0.27889

39.638 44.299 89.425 139.71

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

Single-Phase Properties −0.21241 −0.095254 −0.00056937

0.31053 0.37610 0.43283

0.37786 0.44184 0.50449

1273.5 916.43 636.11

−0.42497 −0.30827 −0.13079

134.86 112.91 95.191

43.413 48.185 94.254 145.42

0.088800 0.098451 0.18229 0.26108

0.41397 0.42081 0.47769 0.52517

0.42628 0.43268 0.48757 0.53435

145.21 147.79 167.29 183.12

27.759 25.222 12.534 7.4958

24.647 25.670 35.525 46.039

−83.277 −42.444 5.1293 60.165 69.090

−83.048 −42.190 5.4196 60.531 69.480

−0.21262 −0.095518 0.010431 0.11067 0.12541

0.31061 0.37615 0.43951 0.49726 0.50605

0.37775 0.44147 0.51125 0.60093 0.62919

1279.2 924.90 616.23 296.10 238.23

−0.42580 −0.31138 −0.11178 0.75711 1.3130

135.18 113.40 93.839 74.943 72.109

3.1841 4.7249

90.990 136.66

94.175 141.39

0.16559 0.23754

0.50099 0.53113

0.57515 0.55438

104.78 152.31

23.748 9.1496

45.410 51.144

4.3910 3.9683 3.5099 2.9472 2.1498

0.22774 0.25200 0.28491 0.33930 0.46517

−83.541 −42.890 4.2808 57.896 117.69

−82.402 −41.630 5.7054 59.593 120.02

−0.21351 −0.096648 0.0087025 0.10677 0.19979

0.31099 0.37639 0.43938 0.49475 0.54281

0.37733 0.44002 0.50646 0.57114 0.63863

1303.7 960.72 674.60 420.49 215.10

−0.42924 −0.32355 −0.16525 0.19333 1.5765

136.59 115.50 97.177 81.179 70.846

1398.2 423.55 201.12 99.888 42.370

4.4115 4.0039 3.5776 3.0995 2.5593

0.22668 0.24976 0.27952 0.32263 0.39074

−83.856 −43.403 3.3852 56.144 113.82

−81.590 −40.906 6.1804 59.370 117.72

−0.21459 −0.097972 0.0068314 0.10365 0.19351

0.31147 0.37674 0.43944 0.49390 0.53945

0.37689 0.43856 0.50252 0.55974 0.60482

1333.1 1001.9 735.90 517.52 359.64

−0.43298 −0.33581 −0.20845 −0.0053841 0.33979

138.29 117.98 100.85 86.682 77.506

1484.7 452.04 221.12 119.96 65.788

300.00 400.00 488.89

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

4.3700 3.9300 3.4902

488.89 500.00 600.00 700.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.026496 0.025735 0.020711 0.017494

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 614.58

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

4.3739 3.9374 3.4447 2.7332 2.5662

0.22863 0.25398 0.29030 0.36588 0.38968

614.58 700.00

1.0000 1.0000

0.31406 0.21164

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

37.741 38.857 48.284 57.163

1315.3 395.13 195.41 7.4030 7.5935 9.2766 10.929 1330.4 400.40 183.76 77.601 64.404 9.8451 11.188

400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

4.3951 4.1426 3.9126 3.7019

0.22753 0.24140 0.25559 0.27013

−48.840 −4.0985 46.019 100.67

−26.088 20.041 71.578 127.69

−0.11422 −0.011523 0.082301 0.16871

0.38400 0.44564 0.49884 0.54304

0.43214 0.48959 0.53969 0.58105

1472.8 1297.7 1169.1 1073.9

−0.39899 −0.35002 −0.31375 −0.28792

149.79 140.67 134.18 129.56

967.99 510.30 334.45 242.80

600.00 700.00

300.00 300.00

4.4838 4.3441

0.22302 0.23020

40.123 94.208

107.03 163.27

0.062648 0.14926

0.50752 0.55080

0.54106 0.58241

1807.8 1725.5

−0.33126 −0.31036

190.55 190.65

737.48 531.88

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E.W., and Huber, M.L., “Thermodynamic Properties of n-Dodecane,” Energy & Fuels, 18:960–967, 2004. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Perkins, R. A., “Transport Properties of n-Dodecane,” Energy & Fuels 18: 968–975, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties (where the uncertainties can be considered as estimates of a combined expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor of 2) of density values calculated using the equation of state in the liquid phase (including at saturation) are 0.2% for pressures less than 200 MPa and 0.5% for higher pressures. The uncertainty for heat capacities is 1%, and that for sound speeds is 0.5%. The estimated uncertainties of vapor pressures calculated using the Maxwell criterion are 0.2% for temperatures above 350 K and approach 5% as the temperature decreases to the triple point temperature. These estimated uncertainties for calculated properties are consistent with the experimental accuracies of the various available experimental data. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 0.5% along the saturated-liquid line, 2% in compressed liquid to 200 MPa, 5% in vapor and supercritical regions. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.

TABLE 2-213

Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

90.368 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 305.32

1.1421E-06 1.1081E-05 7.4287E-05 0.0003523 0.0012839 0.0038136 0.009638 0.021405 0.042819 0.078638 0.13459 0.21723 0.33380 0.49205 0.70018 0.96679 1.3008 1.7118 2.2100 2.8067 3.5159 4.3573 4.8722

90.368 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 305.32

1.1421E-06 1.1081E-05 7.4287E-05 0.0003523 0.0012839 0.0038136 0.0096380 0.021405 0.042819 0.078638 0.13459 0.21723 0.33380 0.49205 0.70018 0.96679 1.3008 1.7118 2.2100 2.8067 3.5159 4.3573 4.8722

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−6.5907 −5.9245 −5.2401 −4.5559 −3.8686 −3.1764 −2.4784 −1.7736 −1.0608 −0.3389 0.3938 1.1391 1.8991 2.6766 3.4747 4.2973 5.1501 6.0406 6.9809 7.9919 9.1194 10.525 12.490

−6.5907 −5.9245 −5.2401 −4.5559 −3.8685 −3.1762 −2.4779 −1.7724 −1.0585 −0.33459 0.40133 1.1515 1.9188 2.7064 3.5184 4.3598 5.2374 6.1606 7.1438 8.2124 9.4204 10.957 13.200

10.542 10.803 11.080 11.362 11.648 11.938 12.231 12.525 12.817 13.104 13.384 13.654 13.914 14.160 14.389 14.597 14.776 14.915 14.999 14.998 14.846 14.314 12.490

11.293 11.634 11.994 12.359 12.728 13.099 13.471 13.841 14.205 14.559 14.898 15.221 15.523 15.801 16.050 16.264 16.434 16.545 16.578 16.495 16.215 15.458 13.200

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.55899 −0.56656 −0.56429 −0.55668 −0.54585 −0.53246 −0.51640 −0.49723 −0.47424 −0.44655 −0.41304 −0.37225 −0.32220 −0.26011 −0.18185 −0.08101 0.05295 0.23862 0.51141 0.94945 1.7713 3.9421 9.6957

255.62 247.83 239.12 229.91 220.35 210.57 200.71 190.84 181.03 171.34 161.84 152.56 143.47 134.60 125.95 117.51 109.29 101.24 93.309 85.434 77.574 71.489

1280.8 873.22 633.38 485.78 388.17 319.79 269.55 231.16 200.83 176.18 155.68 138.27 123.23 110.05 98.339 87.799 78.190 69.305 60.936 52.839 44.603 34.970

Saturated Properties 21.668 21.316 20.951 20.584 20.214 19.840 19.461 19.074 18.680 18.275 17.858 17.426 16.976 16.504 16.006 15.475 14.901 14.270 13.559 12.728 11.684 10.094 6.8569 1.5201E-06 1.3327E-05 8.1234E-05 0.00035326 0.0011893 0.0032857 0.0077732 0.016263 0.030843 0.054053 0.088865 0.13870 0.20749 0.29989 0.42157 0.57983 0.78456 1.0502 1.3998 1.8748 2.5679 3.8079 6.8569

0.046151 0.046913 0.04773 0.048581 0.049469 0.050402 0.051385 0.052426 0.053534 0.054720 0.055998 0.057386 0.058907 0.060590 0.062476 0.064622 0.067112 0.070079 0.073750 0.078565 0.085590 0.099071 0.14584 657,870 75,033 12,310 2,830.8 840.82 304.35 128.65 61.489 32.422 18.500 11.253 7.2100 4.8195 3.3346 2.3721 1.7246 1.2746 0.9522 0.71441 0.53338 0.38943 0.26261 0.14584

−0.04975 −0.04275 −0.03623 −0.03027 −0.02477 −0.01964 −0.01483 −0.01028 −0.00596 −0.00183 0.002133 0.005957 0.009667 0.013287 0.016839 0.020347 0.023839 0.027349 0.030924 0.034644 0.038677 0.043620 0.050820

0.048264 0.046324 0.045172 0.044453 0.043962 0.043607 0.043351 0.043183 0.043100 0.043108 0.043210 0.043411 0.043717 0.044131 0.044661 0.045314 0.046109 0.047076 0.048269 0.049743 0.051927 0.057488

0.069935 0.068639 0.068351 0.068544 0.068959 0.069499 0.070139 0.070888 0.071768 0.072812 0.074056 0.075548 0.077345 0.079529 0.082221 0.085612 0.090024 0.096059 0.10496 0.11989 0.15219 0.30137

2008.7 1938.4 1866.4 1794.4 1722.0 1649.1 1575.5 1501.3 1426.3 1350.5 1273.7 1196.0 1117.3 1037.3 956.09 873.25 788.33 700.52 608.92 512.38 405.70 274.91 0

0.14815 0.13284 0.12045 0.11069 0.10289 0.096610 0.091501 0.087308 0.083831 0.080912 0.078433 0.076302 0.074447 0.072806 0.071324 0.069948 0.068624 0.067290 0.065865 0.064224 0.062107 0.058625 0.050820

0.026809 0.027384 0.027997 0.028651 0.029380 0.030154 0.030876 0.031513 0.032173 0.033015 0.034120 0.035457 0.036937 0.038486 0.040077 0.041742 0.043548 0.045586 0.047971 0.050986 0.055181 0.062820

0.035124 0.035699 0.036318 0.036992 0.037770 0.038623 0.039449 0.040235 0.041138 0.042375 0.044070 0.046220 0.048771 0.051718 0.055176 0.059419 0.064956 0.072712 0.084634 0.10591 0.15523 0.39989

180.93 189.86 198.61 206.89 214.69 222.01 228.84 235.12 240.73 245.54 249.41 252.26 254.02 254.65 254.05 252.14 248.79 243.81 237.02 228.10 216.50 200.51 0

249.88 199.02 177.19 158.49 129.38 96.433 70.230 54.075 45.339 40.255 36.410 32.914 29.687 26.853 24.485 22.563 21.017 19.757 18.700 17.721 16.582 14.497 9.6957

2.9082 3.4563 4.0447 4.6568 5.2959 5.9661 6.6725 7.4216 8.2209 9.0790 10.005 11.011 12.109 13.318 14.662 16.179 17.930 20.023 22.667 26.327 32.319 47.465

3.0427 3.3157 3.6034 3.8961 4.1937 4.4956 4.8011 5.1100 5.4223 5.7388 6.0609 6.3908 6.7319 7.0889 7.4687 7.8814 8.3424 8.8764 9.5257 10.373 11.617 14.023

2-263

2-264

TABLE 2-213

Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

21.317 0.061716 0.040388 0.030155 0.024084 0.020056

100.00 200.00 241.10

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

21.329 17.457 15.414

241.10 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

0.046910 16.203 24.760 33.162 41.521 49.861

−5.9253 13.768 17.702 22.785 29.137 36.675

−5.9206 15.388 20.178 26.102 33.289 41.661

−0.042756 0.083336 0.10263 0.11958 0.13557 0.15080

0.046885 0.057283 0.064876

−5.9325 1.1164 4.3894

−5.8856 1.1737 4.4543

1.6672 2.3012 3.2290 4.1060 4.9639

14.618 17.331 22.568 28.986 36.562

21.381 17.610 10.907 1.7653 1.2769 1.0245

0.046771 0.056786 0.091680 0.56647 0.78316 0.97605

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.046328 0.034553 0.044475 0.057153 0.069620 0.080870

0.068636 0.043810 0.053048 0.065586 0.078001 0.089227

1938.8 257.90 312.23 355.24 393.08 427.63

−0.56660 30.845 10.722 5.0759 2.7932 1.6883

247.88 10.723 21.218 35.965 53.769 73.338

873.92 6.3683 9.4081 12.213 14.778 17.135

−0.042828 0.0058431 0.020731

0.046362 0.043441 0.045394

0.068612 0.075331 0.086038

1942.4 1204.0 864.04

−0.56691 −0.37737 −0.068172

248.30 153.30 116.60

880.24 139.33 86.702

16.285 19.632 25.797 33.092 41.526

0.069802 0.082230 0.099896 0.11613 0.13147

0.041932 0.045482 0.057476 0.069783 0.080969

0.059951 0.057061 0.067069 0.078784 0.089708

251.85 296.92 348.76 390.24 426.64

22.377 11.381 5.1250 2.7821 1.6715

16.358 22.177 36.459 54.084 73.562

−5.9638 1.0063 10.087 21.484 28.293 36.055

−5.7300 1.2902 10.546 24.316 32.209 40.936

−0.043144 0.0052852 0.042046 0.083790 0.10138 0.11726

0.046517 0.043595 0.053743 0.059017 0.070476 0.081384

0.068510 0.074345 0.17141 0.076481 0.082676 0.091919

1957.7 1242.5 359.63 322.27 380.40 424.37

−0.56823 −0.40076 2.3430 5.2035 2.6757 1.5738

250.17 156.99 73.067 39.974 55.976 74.801

909.15 144.70 39.648 13.905 15.995 18.124

Single-Phase Properties

0.59982 0.43455 0.30970 0.24355 0.20145

7.9293 9.6518 12.417 14.954 17.289

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

21.444 17.786 12.680 4.1977 2.6794 2.0757

0.046634 0.056225 0.078863 0.23822 0.37322 0.48177

−6.0016 0.88047 9.0258 19.826 27.390 35.421

−5.5352 1.4427 9.8145 22.208 31.122 40.239

−0.043532 0.0046352 0.038217 0.073976 0.093896 0.11050

0.046712 0.043786 0.050799 0.060880 0.071226 0.081836

0.068393 0.073343 0.10280 0.096368 0.088180 0.094716

1976.2 1286.7 579.32 310.38 377.77 427.41

−0.56975 −0.42471 0.58968 4.4129 2.3866 1.4041

252.48 161.36 86.388 48.699 59.523 76.885

947.29 151.27 52.867 17.942 17.954 19.504

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

21.682 18.371 14.784 10.812 7.6781 5.8933

0.046121 0.054434 0.067640 0.092490 0.13024 0.16968

−6.1384 0.46960 7.6392 15.788 24.381 33.201

−4.7548 2.1026 9.6684 18.563 28.288 38.291

−0.045002 0.0024068 0.032933 0.058427 0.080115 0.098343

0.047466 0.044528 0.050618 0.061395 0.072527 0.082911

0.068003 0.070795 0.081850 0.094994 0.098504 0.10204

2044.8 1433.6 909.38 585.71 497.87 505.75

−0.57447 −0.48623 −0.18133 0.40872 0.71195 0.59060

261.51 177.27 112.64 81.974 78.720 88.635

1127.3 177.04 77.610 42.216 30.510 27.539

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

70.000 70.000 70.000 70.000 70.000

19.230 16.537 14.033 11.869 10.144

0.052001 0.060469 0.071259 0.084254 0.098582

0.098974 6.4673 13.756 21.871 30.754

3.5411 10.700 18.744 27.769 37.654

0.0010269 0.027905 0.050977 0.071077 0.089078

0.045892 0.051766 0.062135 0.073299 0.083730

0.068554 0.075512 0.085472 0.094785 0.10274

1648.3 1238.5 970.70 827.80 764.56

−0.54018 −0.42067 −0.27243 −0.15903 −0.10326

204.45 145.70 115.84 107.39 111.32

230.70 113.52 71.766 53.331 44.741

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 675 K and Pressures up to 900 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 35(1):205–206, 2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Friend, D.G., Ingham, H., and Ely, J.F., “Thermophysical Properties of Ethane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 35(1):205–266, 2006. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.02% to 0.04% in density from the melting line up to temperatures of 520 K and pressures of 30 MPa. The uncertainties increase to 0.3% at higher temperatures and to 1% at higher pressures. The uncertainty in speed of sound ranges from 0.02% in the gaseous phase to 0.15% in the liquid phase. Above 450 K, the uncertainties increase to 0.3% at lower pressures and to 1% at higher pressures. At pressures above 40 MPa at all temperatures, the uncertainties are 1% up to 100 MPa, and 5% at higher pressures. The uncertainties in heat capacities range from 2% in the vapor and liquid regions below 450 K and 30 MPa to 5% at high pressures. The uncertainties in vapor pressure are 0.01% above 170 K and 10 MPa below 170 K. The uncertainty in viscosity is 2%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.

TABLE 2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol Temperature K

Pressure MPa

250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 490.00 505.00 513.90

0.00027007 0.00089527 0.0025823 0.0066146 0.015298 0.032394 0.063544 0.11663 0.20205 0.33279 0.52446 0.79509 1.1649 1.6559 2.2916 3.0963 4.0954 5.3159 6.1480

250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 490.00 505.00 513.90

0.00027007 0.00089527 0.0025823 0.0066146 0.015298 0.032394 0.063544 0.11663 0.20205 0.33279 0.52446 0.79509 1.1649 1.6559 2.2916 3.0963 4.0954 5.3159 6.1480

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

6.9274 8.3792 9.9424 11.630 13.445 15.385 17.444 19.615 21.892 24.268 26.740 29.307 31.970 34.737 37.629 40.684 44.002 47.926 53.880

6.9275 8.3793 9.9426 11.631 13.446 15.387 17.448 19.622 21.905 24.290 26.775 29.362 32.054 34.862 37.810 40.943 44.374 48.480 54.906

0.037330 0.042968 0.048704 0.054574 0.060574 0.066684 0.072875 0.079123 0.085403 0.091699 0.098000 0.10430 0.11061 0.11695 0.12335 0.12991 0.13684 0.14485 0.15723

49.039 49.932 50.851 51.792 52.749 53.717 54.684 55.640 56.573 57.469 58.312 59.087 59.774 60.348 60.777 61.004 60.916 60.144 53.880

51.116 52.134 53.174 54.234 55.307 56.383 57.450 58.494 59.500 60.451 61.329 62.115 62.785 63.312 63.654 63.747 63.453 62.328 54.906

0.21409 0.20808 0.20310 0.19899 0.19561 0.19282 0.19053 0.18862 0.18701 0.18562 0.18438 0.18322 0.18208 0.18088 0.17954 0.17792 0.17578 0.17228 0.15723

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.076657 0.083798 0.091653 0.099433 0.10670 0.11322 0.11893 0.12381 0.12792 0.13130 0.13405 0.13625 0.13798 0.13934 0.14041 0.14134 0.14234 0.14382

0.093612 0.10028 0.10829 0.11678 0.12524 0.13340 0.14115 0.14847 0.15543 0.16215 0.16883 0.17576 0.18341 0.19262 0.20504 0.22469 0.26508 0.41790

1325.0 1260.8 1202.8 1149.2 1098.1 1048.0 997.94 947.31 895.56 842.31 787.16 729.67 669.25 605.07 535.80 459.19 371.03 264.74 0

−0.44553 −0.41423 −0.37872 −0.34323 −0.30910 −0.27615 −0.24356 −0.21011 −0.17428 −0.13410 −0.086812 −0.028333 0.047976 0.15384 0.31228 0.57597 1.0976 2.5369 8.6373

178.12 173.58 169.56 165.87 162.38 159.01 155.69 152.39 149.09 145.78 142.47 139.18 135.93 132.78 129.85 127.41 126.33 129.43

3140.9 2182.0 1564.4 1152.5 869.40 669.49 524.87 417.88 337.04 274.76 225.91 186.93 155.35 129.37 107.62 88.972 72.213 55.104

0.058885 0.060795 0.062753 0.064753 0.066816 0.068988 0.071336 0.073932 0.076838 0.080106 0.083774 0.087876 0.092450 0.097544 0.10323 0.10966 0.11709 0.12644

0.067215 0.069146 0.071149 0.073238 0.075464 0.077921 0.080736 0.084059 0.088058 0.092930 0.098936 0.10646 0.11610 0.12898 0.14727 0.17612 0.23200 0.42053

226.86 233.03 238.89 244.41 249.49 254.02 257.88 260.92 263.02 264.03 263.82 262.27 259.21 254.44 247.61 238.10 224.59 203.70 0

Saturated Properties 17.911 17.642 17.376 17.106 16.828 16.537 16.231 15.905 15.557 15.181 14.774 14.331 13.843 13.298 12.676 11.941 11.007 9.5842 5.9910 0.00012998 0.00040670 0.0011115 0.0027080 0.0059814 0.012150 0.022975 0.040873 0.069039 0.11160 0.17385 0.26261 0.38683 0.55876 0.79629 1.1286 1.6143 2.4339 5.9910

0.055831 0.056681 0.057551 0.058460 0.059426 0.060469 0.061610 0.062872 0.064281 0.065871 0.067684 0.069779 0.072241 0.075202 0.078889 0.083745 0.090848 0.10434 0.16692 7693.7 2458.8 899.69 369.28 167.18 82.305 43.525 24.466 14.485 8.9606 5.7521 3.8080 2.5851 1.7897 1.2558 0.88602 0.61945 0.41086 0.16692

149.30 111.11 87.283 71.858 61.180 53.164 46.697 41.226 36.486 32.353 28.756 25.644 22.967 20.681 18.747 17.136 15.831 14.728 8.6373

14.936 15.737 16.612 17.566 18.602 19.731 20.969 22.341 23.886 25.659 27.741 30.251 33.369 37.377 42.735 50.248 61.578 82.512

7.2715 7.7433 8.2114 8.6756 9.1353 9.5902 10.040 10.486 10.929 11.372 11.820 12.283 12.774 13.318 13.961 14.786 15.982 18.148

2-265

2-266 TABLE 2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol (Concluded) Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

164.74 153.26

1047.2 443.11

Single-Phase Properties 300.00 351.05

0.10000 0.10000

351.05 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

300.00 400.00 423.85

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

423.85 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00 501.39

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

501.39 600.00

5.0000 5.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

12.219 19.033

12.225 19.040

0.056554 0.077475

0.10193 0.12261

0.11962 0.14658

1132.5 960.72

−0.33179 −0.21908

55.390 59.207 67.925 77.796

58.222 62.477 72.058 82.775

0.18909 0.20043 0.22176 0.24127

0.073221 0.080640 0.092910 0.10403

0.083127 0.089997 0.10162 0.11252

260.21 279.09 312.39 341.55

42.587 28.685 11.830 5.6356

0.058707 0.067589 0.071181

12.202 26.715 30.866

12.261 26.783 30.938

0.056497 0.097937 0.10802

0.10191 0.13400 0.13732

0.11954 0.16857 0.18015

1137.9 791.85 694.41

3.0216 3.9114 4.8846

59.504 67.014 77.311

62.526 70.925 82.195

0.18255 0.20078 0.22131

0.090516 0.096953 0.10581

0.11184 0.11008 0.11605

260.65 300.64 337.33

24.014 12.007 5.6301

0.058443 0.066842 0.097846 0.099875

12.129 26.516 46.419 46.876

12.421 26.851 46.908 47.375

0.056249 0.097435 0.14179 0.14272

0.10185 0.13359 0.14311 0.14340

0.11922 0.16658 0.32410 0.35152

1161.4 829.44 308.88 292.31

−0.33665 −0.11211 1.7596 2.0063

2.1809 1.1372

0.45852 0.87939

60.445 74.966

62.737 79.363

0.17336 0.20395

0.12389 0.11419

0.34099 0.13659

209.80 314.06

15.000 5.6703

75.676 61.725

17.454 18.972

17.203 15.147 11.521 2.8001

0.058131 0.066020 0.086800 0.35713

12.041 26.293 44.752 71.266

12.623 26.953 45.620 74.837

0.055950 0.096860 0.13830 0.19172

0.10179 0.13313 0.14031 0.12599

0.11885 0.16456 0.22204 0.18744

1189.5 872.36 464.50 273.66

−0.34096 −0.13414 0.60618 5.6926

170.07 149.80 130.15 84.190

1111.8 252.40 80.680 23.411

17.016 15.993 0.035314 0.030577 0.024191 0.020086 17.034 14.795 14.049 0.33095 0.25567 0.20473 17.111 14.961 10.220 10.013

0.058768 0.062527 28.317 32.704 41.338 49.786

−0.33273 −0.089821 0.013963

21.965 26.374 37.865 52.622 165.24 142.87 137.25 32.003 39.539 53.583 167.43 146.07 127.42 128.00

10.369 11.853 14.768 17.543 1053.2 227.32 167.52 12.568 14.859 17.678 1079.6 238.82 61.882 59.510

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

18.389 17.030 15.408 13.601

0.054380 0.058722 0.064899 0.073523

10.984 24.075 39.356 55.055

16.422 29.947 45.846 62.407

0.051802 0.090466 0.12589 0.15608

0.10149 0.12901 0.13221 0.12575

0.11571 0.15081 0.16433 0.16553

1558.1 1348.2 1166.1 1015.1

−0.37198 −0.25352 −0.17199 −0.082822

207.54 195.29 188.35 187.31

1611.3 435.09 192.15 109.49

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00

19.244 18.138 16.878 15.505

0.051963 0.055134 0.059250 0.064494

10.349 22.905 37.295 51.902

20.742 33.931 49.145 64.801

0.048505 0.086238 0.12014 0.14869

0.10196 0.12678 0.12868 0.12066

0.11495 0.14539 0.15623 0.15566

1830.4 1660.3 1525.6 1422.7

−0.37578 −0.28090 −0.22946 −0.19099

238.67 228.57 224.49 226.40

2085.4 591.02 269.30 148.43

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Dillon, H.E., and Penoncello, S.G., “A Fundamental Equation for Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol,” Int. J. Thermophys., 25(2):321–335, 2004. The source for viscosity is Kiselev, S. B., Ely, J. F., Abdulagatov, I. M., and Huber, M. L.,”Generalized SAFT-DFT/DMT Model for the Thermodynamic, Interfacial, and Transport Properties of Associating Fluids: Application for n-Alkanols,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44:6916–6927, 2005. The source for thermal conductivity is unpublished, 2004; however, the fit uses functional form found in Marsh, K., Perkins, R., and Ramires, M.L.V., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Propane from 86 to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47(4):932–940, 2002. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density, 3% in heat capacities, 1% in speed of sound, and 0.5% in vapor pressure and saturation densities. The estimated uncertainty in the liquid phase along the saturation boundary is approximately 3%, increasing to 10% at pressures to 100 MPa, and is estimated at 10% in the vapor phase. The estimated uncertainty in the liquid phase is approximately 5% and is estimated as 10% in the vapor phase.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous ethyl alcohol. Reference states: Enthalpies of liquid water and ethyl alcohol at 0 °C are zero. NOTE: In order to interpolate equilibrium compositions, a vertical may be erected from any liquid composition on the boiling line and its intersection with the auxiliary line determined. A horizontal from this intersection will establish the equilibrium vapor composition on the dew line. (Bosnjakovic, Technische Thermodynamik, T. Steinkopff, Leipzig, 1935.)

FIG. 2-10

2-267

2-268 TABLE 2-215 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−4.4352 −4.3661 −3.6839 −3.0030 −2.3250 −1.6496 −0.97554 −0.30104 0.37612 1.0585 1.7492 2.4516 3.1699 3.9095 4.6774 5.4842 6.3476 7.3042 8.4637 10.545

−4.4352 −4.3661 −3.6838 −3.0029 −2.3247 −1.6488 −0.97364 −0.29724 0.38311 1.0706 1.7688 2.4820 3.2155 3.9758 4.7715 5.6157 6.5297 7.5568 8.8262 11.206

10.621 10.647 10.895 11.142 11.385 11.624 11.855 12.078 12.289 12.486 12.667 12.829 12.966 13.074 13.144 13.162 13.105 12.923 12.460 10.545

11.486 11.520 11.850 12.179 12.502 12.818 13.122 13.412 13.683 13.933 14.155 14.346 14.501 14.610 14.664 14.645 14.522 14.232 13.587 11.206

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

−0.033074 −0.032412 −0.026206 −0.020529 −0.015311 −0.010484 −0.0059884 −0.0017710 0.0022141 0.0060075 0.0096456 0.013162 0.016589 0.019960 0.023314 0.026699 0.030191 0.033937 0.038375 0.046609

0.045503 0.045394 0.044202 0.042929 0.041693 0.040562 0.039568 0.038729 0.038051 0.037536 0.037184 0.036995 0.036970 0.037115 0.037446 0.037996 0.038851 0.040322 0.043922

0.068155 0.068183 0.068194 0.067951 0.067669 0.067475 0.067448 0.067649 0.068127 0.068937 0.070151 0.071867 0.074242 0.077537 0.082229 0.089292 0.10110 0.12549 0.21287

1766.6 1760.2 1694.4 1626.0 1556.2 1485.3 1413.2 1339.9 1265.0 1188.5 1110.0 1029.3 946.13 860.08 770.62 676.97 577.38 467.22 334.73 0

−0.50257 −0.50171 −0.49455 −0.48779 −0.47928 −0.46747 −0.45105 −0.42866 −0.39877 −0.35944 −0.30804 −0.24081 −0.15205 −0.032706 0.13270 0.37286 0.74844 1.4173 2.9732 8.7988

270.65 269.25 255.56 242.07 228.83 215.95 203.50 191.54 180.09 169.21 158.78 148.78 139.15 129.81 120.64 111.48 102.11 92.171 81.576

0.12003 0.11888 0.10888 0.10093 0.094519 0.089286 0.084954 0.081316 0.078216 0.075532 0.073165 0.071037 0.069079 0.067225 0.065409 0.063551 0.061532 0.059128 0.055687 0.046609

0.024972 0.024975 0.025028 0.025131 0.025307 0.025577 0.025956 0.026454 0.027081 0.027844 0.028751 0.029816 0.031060 0.032511 0.034212 0.036243 0.038789 0.042250 0.048136

0.033295 0.033300 0.033376 0.033533 0.033814 0.034263 0.034922 0.035833 0.037045 0.038617 0.040637 0.043243 0.046651 0.051237 0.057696 0.067503 0.084393 0.12086 0.26071

202.67 203.65 213.03 221.86 230.09 237.62 244.36 250.18 254.99 258.69 261.18 262.38 262.18 260.50 257.19 252.09 244.94 235.28 221.57 0

Viscosity µPa s

Saturated Properties 103.99 105.00 115.00 125.00 135.00 145.00 155.00 165.00 175.00 185.00 195.00 205.00 215.00 225.00 235.00 245.00 255.00 265.00 275.00 282.35

0.00012196 0.00014568 0.00069745 0.0025267 0.0073921 0.018309 0.039755 0.077693 0.13944 0.23344 0.36901 0.55614 0.80534 1.1276 1.5342 2.0376 2.6509 3.3898 4.2752 5.0417

103.99 105.00 115.00 125.00 135.00 145.00 155.00 165.00 175.00 185.00 195.00 205.00 215.00 225.00 235.00 245.00 255.00 265.00 275.00 282.35

0.00012196 0.00014568 0.00069745 0.0025267 0.0073921 0.018309 0.039755 0.077693 0.13944 0.23344 0.36901 0.55614 0.80534 1.1276 1.5342 2.0376 2.6509 3.3898 4.2752 5.0417

23.334 23.288 22.834 22.375 21.909 21.435 20.952 20.456 19.945 19.417 18.865 18.286 17.671 17.011 16.291 15.488 14.560 13.419 11.793 7.6368 0.00014109 0.00016690 0.00073000 0.0024363 0.0066178 0.015333 0.031379 0.058231 0.099997 0.16142 0.24802 0.36638 0.52471 0.73386 1.0092 1.3747 1.8719 2.5886 3.7947 7.6368

0.042856 0.042940 0.043793 0.044692 0.045643 0.046652 0.047729 0.048885 0.050137 0.051502 0.053008 0.054687 0.056589 0.058784 0.061382 0.064566 0.068682 0.074519 0.084795 0.13095 7087.6 5991.6 1369.9 410.46 151.11 65.217 31.869 17.173 10.000 6.1950 4.0319 2.7294 1.9058 1.3627 0.99086 0.72745 0.53422 0.38631 0.26352 0.13095

154.90 150.43 114.92 90.667 73.502 60.977 51.588 44.379 38.733 34.236 30.602 27.626 25.155 23.074 21.287 19.706 18.213 16.604 14.315 8.7988

6.8012 6.7393 6.6223 7.0116 7.5850 8.2013 8.8125 9.4170 10.036 10.700 11.446 12.313 13.346 14.607 16.186 18.250 21.166 26.045 39.168

685.73 662.48 488.07 378.67 305.49 253.84 215.68 186.36 163.03 143.88 127.73 113.76 101.40 90.217 79.891 70.142 60.685 51.112 40.397 0.77270 1.0011 2.7342 3.8262 4.5578 5.0886 5.5112 5.8799 6.2279 6.5765 6.9410 7.3341 7.7689 8.2612 8.8342 9.5251 10.404 11.632 13.765

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 169.16

0.10000 0.10000

169.16 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 221.33

1.0000 1.0000

221.33 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 281.98

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

281.98 300.00 375.00 450.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

−1.3137 −0.020110

−1.3090 −0.015171

12.167 13.722 16.100 18.990 22.436

13.527 15.568 18.580 22.099 26.173

0.047119 0.057938

−1.3281 3.6350

1.5378 1.5821 2.3510 3.0336 3.6904

21.333 17.364 9.0494

21.197 20.246

−0.0082061 −0.000089238

0.067428 0.067811

0.079970 0.090386 0.10190 0.11234 0.12222

0.026699 0.028730 0.034782 0.042202 0.049547

0.036297 0.037508 0.043294 0.050626 0.057930

252.31 291.07 330.82 364.16 394.34

−1.2810 3.6929

−0.0083026 0.018726

0.040075 0.037041

0.067329 0.076196

1456.3 892.05

13.038 13.173 15.822 18.803 22.297

14.576 14.755 18.173 21.836 25.987

0.067898 0.068701 0.081821 0.092696 0.10277

0.031952 0.031799 0.035459 0.042478 0.049700

0.049381 0.048297 0.046096 0.051961 0.058724

261.30 265.10 320.09 358.72 391.57

23.800 22.637 10.271 5.7053 3.5291

0.046876 0.057591 0.11050

−1.3902 3.7130 9.9242

−1.1558 4.0009 10.477

−0.0087214 0.019071 0.044044

0.040199 0.037097 0.061633

0.066921 0.073970 3.8740

1483.4 926.49 189.76

−0.47016 −0.13327 7.3487

214.70 135.08 145.71

231.18 93.288 27.667

6.2408 3.1277 1.8590 1.4297

0.16024 0.31972 0.53792 0.69947

11.247 13.977 17.877 21.650

12.048 15.576 20.567 25.147

0.049617 0.061893 0.076837 0.087965

0.066988 0.040822 0.043817 0.050366

5.9539 0.089599 0.060244 0.062753

191.76 263.71 337.12 381.96

10.151 10.910 5.6244 3.3730

182.63 30.862 35.453 45.106

19.004 13.344 14.287 16.277

21.464 17.739 11.510 4.3583 3.0293

0.046589 0.056372 0.086881 0.22945 0.33011

−1.4634 3.5022 9.6517 16.483 20.798

−0.99754 4.0659 10.521 18.778 24.099

−0.0092238 0.018094 0.042563 0.067434 0.080391

0.040364 0.037190 0.041889 0.045508 0.051131

0.066475 0.070996 0.11956 0.077265 0.068674

1515.1 996.58 420.01 328.58 379.55

−0.47905 −0.22081 1.9372 4.7029 2.9790

219.60 140.93 79.635 45.198 50.075

229.03 96.609 37.621 17.402 18.014

21.223 17.260 0.65028 0.63206 0.42535 0.32964 0.27097

13.602 18.456 24.805 31.096 37.364

1449.9 1309.0

−0.46008 −0.41725

0.040048 0.038427

0.073519 0.054182 0.040315 0.032159 0.026764

0.047176 0.049393

41.871 20.438 10.015 5.6845 3.5485 −0.46205 −0.080890

209.74 186.72 9.6709 12.903 20.558 31.002 42.200 210.67 133.22 14.112 14.323 21.362 31.533 42.581

233.39 176.06 6.0256 7.8384 10.381 12.827 15.092 232.98 94.208 8.0724 8.1765 10.589 13.017 15.284

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

23.148 20.862 18.775 16.889 15.219

0.043200 0.047935 0.053261 0.059210 0.065708

−2.3062 1.8396 5.9492 10.287 14.942

2.0139 6.6331 11.275 16.208 21.513

−0.015964 0.0090426 0.026831 0.041488 0.054370

0.043582 0.040468 0.043293 0.048765 0.054851

0.063328 0.060888 0.063490 0.068211 0.073224

1891.7 1581.0 1328.5 1143.7 1020.9

−0.54092 −0.54008 −0.48350 −0.41039 −0.34600

294.42 200.24 154.23 131.89 121.24

199.89 126.05 98.312 81.449 70.072

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00

25.298 23.718 22.336 21.120 20.042

0.039530 0.042162 0.044772 0.047350 0.049894

−2.9624 0.79998 4.5667 8.6213 13.065

8.8964 13.448 17.998 22.826 28.033

−0.024942 −0.00029268 0.017143 0.031488 0.044131

0.048504 0.044752 0.047124 0.052222 0.057988

0.062644 0.059805 0.062135 0.066814 0.072043

2343.7 2151.3 1984.6 1847.1 1740.6

−0.54689 −0.57336 −0.55352 −0.51701 −0.48199

432.13 275.32 209.21 178.33 163.32

161.49 155.50 157.18 156.74 153.81

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Smukala, J., Span, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Ethylene Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 450 K at Pressures up to 300 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29(5):1053–1122, 2000. The source for viscosity is Holland, P.M., Eaton, B.E., and Hanley, H.J.M., “A Correlation of the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Data of Gaseous and Liquid Ethylene,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12(4):917–932, 1983. The source for thermal conductivity is Holland, P.M., Eaton, B.E., and Hanley, H.J.M., “A Correlation of the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Data of Gaseous and Liquid Ethylene,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12(4):917–932, 1983. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density of the equation of state range from 0.02% in the liquid and most of the vapor phase to 0.1% for supercritical states. At p 100 MPa, the uncertainty in density is 0.5%. The uncertainty in heat capacity is 3% in the liquid phase, 0.2% in the vapor phase, and as high as 5% in the supercritical region at higher pressures. For the speed of sound, the uncertainty is 0.05 to 0.1% in the vapor phase, rising to 3% in the liquid phase. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is less than 0.05% above 140 K. The uncertainty in viscosity is 5%, increasing to 10% in the dense liquid. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 5%, increasing to 10% in the dense liquid. 2-269

2-270

TABLE 2-216

Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

53.481 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 144.41

0.00023881 0.00038159 0.0014872 0.0046126 0.011981 0.027062 0.054668 0.10090 0.17296 0.27894 0.42751 0.62778 0.88912 1.2212 1.6342 2.1389 2.7475 3.4739 4.3357 5.2394

44.917 44.657 43.829 43.005 42.169 41.315 40.437 39.531 38.590 37.609 36.582 35.499 34.351 33.119 31.777 30.280 28.549 26.416 23.427 15.603

53.481 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 144.41

0.00023881 0.00038159 0.0014872 0.0046126 0.011981 0.027062 0.054668 0.10090 0.17296 0.27894 0.42751 0.62778 0.88912 1.2212 1.6342 2.1389 2.7475 3.4739 4.3357 5.2394

0.00053725 0.00083488 0.0029857 0.0085667 0.020743 0.044003 0.084093 0.14789 0.24329 0.37919 0.56568 0.81460 1.1406 1.5630 2.1098 2.8245 3.7825 5.1364 7.3237 15.603

84.922

0.10000

39.546

84.922 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 111.80

1.0000 1.0000

111.80 150.00

1.0000 1.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.026073 −0.024487 −0.019663 −0.015187 −0.011024 −0.0071357 −0.0034817 −0.000024789 0.0032663 0.0064180 0.0094534 0.012394 0.015261 0.018078 0.020877 0.023700 0.026617 0.029765 0.033502 0.041160

0.036802 0.035214 0.034254 0.033385 0.032745 0.032241 0.031737 0.031196 0.030634 0.030073 0.029532 0.029024 0.028561 0.028159 0.027847 0.027681 0.027791 0.028512 0.030963

0.057963 0.055732 0.055680 0.056098 0.056274 0.056496 0.056860 0.057394 0.058117 0.059051 0.060243 0.061773 0.063791 0.066559 0.070566 0.076800 0.087576 0.10995 0.18235

1041.6 1040.8 1043.5 1019.2 973.15 921.41 871.16 823.90 779.02 735.47 692.27 648.60 603.67 556.65 506.54 452.05 391.41 321.84 238.35 0

−0.30422 −0.31810 −0.31768 −0.31059 −0.30322 −0.29375 −0.28123 −0.26509 −0.24474 −0.21935 −0.18762 −0.14746 −0.095557 −0.026510 0.068825 0.20691 0.42042 0.78572 1.5459 4.3227

0.020800 0.020805 0.020831 0.020886 0.020984 0.021139 0.021361 0.021653 0.022013 0.022432 0.022900 0.023406 0.023951 0.024547 0.025234 0.026096 0.027303 0.029246 0.033084

0.029129 0.029139 0.029204 0.029341 0.029589 0.029984 0.030562 0.031349 0.032368 0.033644 0.035219 0.037174 0.039668 0.043016 0.047844 0.055492 0.069276 0.099896 0.21077

127.97 129.76 135.46 140.83 145.85 150.47 154.65 158.34 161.52 164.12 166.12 167.46 168.12 168.05 167.26 165.81 163.76 161.03 156.46 0

76.144 71.404 58.461 48.604 40.910 34.772 29.788 25.696 22.322 19.545 17.279 15.449 13.988 12.827 11.886 11.069 10.250 9.2577 7.8082 4.3227

Saturated Properties 0.022263 0.022393 0.022816 0.023253 0.023714 0.024204 0.024730 0.025296 0.025913 0.026589 0.027336 0.028170 0.029112 0.030194 0.031470 0.033025 0.035027 0.037855 0.042685 0.064090 1861.3 1197.8 334.92 116.73 48.208 22.726 11.892 6.7617 4.1103 2.6372 1.7678 1.2276 0.87675 0.63979 0.47398 0.35404 0.26438 0.19469 0.13654 0.064090

−1.7783 −1.6923 −1.4151 −1.1355 −0.85459 −0.57283 −0.28975 −0.0046707 0.28316 0.57448 0.87013 1.1711 1.4785 1.7943 2.1213 2.4642 2.8314 3.2397 3.7349 4.7226 5.3412 5.3726 5.4753 5.5765 5.6750 5.7697 5.8592 5.9423 6.0181 6.0855 6.1438 6.1916 6.2274 6.2487 6.2511 6.2277 6.1664 6.0431 5.7921 4.7226

−1.7783 −1.6923 −1.4151 −1.1354 −0.85430 −0.57217 −0.28840 −0.0021183 0.28764 0.58190 0.88182 1.1887 1.5044 1.8312 2.1728 2.5349 2.9276 3.3712 3.9200 5.0584 5.7857 5.8296 5.9734 6.1149 6.2526 6.3847 6.5093 6.6246 6.7290 6.8212 6.8995 6.9623 7.0070 7.0300 7.0256 6.9850 6.8928 6.7195 6.3841 5.0584

0.11536 0.11228 0.10348 0.096356 0.090504 0.085622 0.081489 0.077936 0.074837 0.072094 0.069630 0.067380 0.065284 0.063285 0.061318 0.059301 0.057119 0.054567 0.051103 0.041160

Single-Phase Properties

0.14668 0.12275 0.080628 0.060267 0.048155 0.040106 36.645 33.918 1.2803 0.85139

0.025287 6.8177 8.1468 12.403 16.593 20.766 24.934

−0.0091317

−0.0066030

5.9411 6.2721 7.3358 8.3977 9.4869 10.617

6.6228 7.0868 8.5761 10.057 11.564 13.110

−0.000077307

0.031205

0.057385

824.62

−0.26537

0.077988 0.083019 0.095107 0.10363 0.11035 0.11598

0.021648 0.021268 0.021022 0.021401 0.022142 0.023021

0.031335 0.030345 0.029539 0.029803 0.030505 0.031368

158.29 173.11 213.56 246.33 274.27 298.96

25.754 17.864 7.4423 4.1219 2.6600 1.8799

0.027289 0.029483

0.86105 1.5911

0.88834 1.6206

0.0093623 0.016279

0.029558 0.028409

0.060025 0.064682

696.10 587.03

−0.19109 −0.073051

0.78106 1.1746

6.2369 7.1946

7.0180 8.3692

0.064557 0.075007

0.024158 0.021931

0.040751 0.032606

168.18 207.71

13.540 7.3873

200.00 250.00 300.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.61498 0.48577 0.40251

1.6261 2.0586 2.4844

8.3181 9.4313 10.573

100.00 143.33

5.0000 5.0000

37.065 19.879

0.026980 0.050304

143.33 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

10.490 6.5097 3.3899 2.5221 2.0427

0.095333 0.15362 0.29499 0.39650 0.48954

5.3751 6.2260 7.9204 9.1743 10.377

0.80142 4.2229

9.9441 11.490 13.057

0.084080 0.090978 0.096691

0.021681 0.022225 0.023032

0.030928 0.031046 0.031678

244.27 273.76 299.28

4.1390 2.6581 1.8692

0.0087568 0.037196

0.029727 0.036294

0.058693 0.63033

721.70 169.23

−0.21256 2.8620

5.8518 6.9941 9.3953 11.157 12.824

0.046806 0.054653 0.068706 0.076582 0.082665

0.039553 0.027354 0.022993 0.022698 0.023148

1.0196 0.084441 0.037593 0.033813 0.033134

148.40 177.58 237.67 273.06 301.36

6.0573 6.7256 3.8562 2.4478 1.6957

0.93632 4.4744

100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

37.536 24.141 7.6450 5.2188 4.1242

0.026641 0.041423 0.13080 0.19162 0.24247

0.73479 3.9349 7.3273 8.8378 10.136

1.0012 4.3491 8.6354 10.754 12.561

0.0080653 0.034822 0.060060 0.069563 0.076160

0.029857 0.027090 0.024489 0.023418 0.023411

0.057385 0.094016 0.050206 0.037864 0.035025

752.43 324.06 240.08 278.39 307.87

−0.23402 0.86131 3.1116 2.0656 1.4058

100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000

37.961 27.008 12.412 7.9757 6.1790

0.026343 0.037026 0.080569 0.12538 0.16184

0.67509 3.5725 6.7026 8.4961 9.9020

1.0702 4.1279 7.9111 10.377 12.330

0.0074311 0.032052 0.053898 0.064977 0.072112

0.029870 0.026615 0.025220 0.024073 0.023725

0.056345 0.070563 0.060759 0.042125 0.036972

783.34 415.88 263.46 289.64 318.16

-0.25114 0.33099 2.0529 1.7085 1.1770

100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

38.348 28.645 16.458 10.648 8.1626

0.026077 0.034910 0.060762 0.093913 0.12251

0.62089 3.3586 6.1944 8.1664 9.6749

1.1424 4.0568 7.4096 10.045 12.125

0.0068429 0.030382 0.049659 0.061490 0.069094

0.029763 0.026518 0.025474 0.024527 0.024015

0.055495 0.062828 0.062710 0.045421 0.038840

815.20 480.50 304.19 307.96 331.68

−0.26507 0.11826 1.2436 1.3200 0.98352

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Reuck, K.M., “International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State—11 Fluorine,” International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.2% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1.5% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region.

TABLE 2-217

Flutec

Proprietary name for a series of fluorocarbons produced by the Imperial Smelting Corp., Avonmouth, Bristol, UK. Bulletins of thermodynamic properties include PP1 (C6F14), PP2 (C7F14), PP3 (C8F16), PP5 (C10F18), PP9 (C11F20), and PP50, usually for 0.1–100 kg/m2, 0–500 °C. See also Green, S. W., Chem. & Ind. (1969): 63–67.

TABLE 2-218

Halon

A series of fire-extinguishing fluids. Halon 1211 is produced by ICI, and Halon 1301, by duPont, the latter issuing a bulletin with thermodynamic properties and a diagram for the range 0.6–600 psia, −160–460°F.

2-271

2-272 TABLE 2-219 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Helium Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

Saturated Properties 2.1768 2.2000 2.3500 2.5000 2.6500 2.8000 2.9500 3.1000 3.2500 3.4000 3.5500 3.7000 3.8500 4.0000 4.1500 4.3000 4.4500 4.6000 4.7500 4.9000 5.0500 5.1953

0.0048565 0.0051477 0.0073079 0.010001 0.013298 0.017270 0.021983 0.027502 0.033890 0.041209 0.049518 0.058879 0.069351 0.080998 0.093886 0.10809 0.12368 0.14075 0.15942 0.17983 0.20225 0.22637

36.537 36.523 36.396 36.217 35.992 35.727 35.423 35.082 34.705 34.291 33.838 33.342 32.799 32.203 31.545 30.813 29.986 29.032 27.895 26.456 24.384 17.399

0.027370 0.027380 0.027475 0.027611 0.027784 0.027990 0.028230 0.028504 0.028814 0.029162 0.029553 0.029993 0.030489 0.031053 0.031700 0.032454 0.033349 0.034445 0.035849 0.037798 0.041010 0.057475

−0.030158 −0.029596 −0.026858 −0.025011 −0.023514 −0.022106 −0.020660 −0.019120 −0.017461 −0.015675 −0.013757 −0.011706 −0.0095155 −0.0071756 −0.0046702 −0.0019735 0.00095551 0.0041842 0.0078334 0.012155 0.017863 0.034500

−0.030025 −0.029455 −0.026658 −0.024734 −0.023145 −0.021623 −0.020040 −0.018336 −0.016485 −0.014473 −0.012294 −0.0099402 −0.0074010 −0.0046603 −0.0016940 0.0015343 0.0050800 0.0090322 0.013548 0.018953 0.026157 0.047510

−0.0087120 −0.0084552 −0.0072478 −0.0064839 −0.0059016 −0.0053835 −0.0048790 −0.0043676 −0.0038422 −0.0033010 −0.0027443 −0.0021719 −0.0015832 −0.00097628 −0.00034763 0.00030858 0.0010017 0.0017471 0.0025725 0.0035365 0.0048066 0.0087388

0.025164 0.023062 0.014101 0.010092 0.0085050 0.0080743 0.0081637 0.0084575 0.0088040 0.0091348 0.0094238 0.0096652 0.0098629 0.010024 0.010158 0.010273 0.010378 0.010481 0.010592 0.010726 0.010920

0.025289 0.023216 0.014502 0.010808 0.0095913 0.0095802 0.010142 0.010969 0.011921 0.012944 0.014037 0.015223 0.016553 0.018104 0.019993 0.022416 0.025720 0.030604 0.038735 0.055286 0.10769

216.83 216.59 215.68 216.03 216.74 216.57 215.08 212.50 209.15 205.24 200.91 196.21 191.15 185.70 179.82 173.44 166.48 158.80 150.22 140.44 128.80 0

−1.0411 −1.1290 −1.7580 −2.2958 −2.5162 −2.4447 −2.2326 −1.9844 −1.7406 −1.5095 −1.2873 −1.0669 −0.84045 −0.59987 −0.33639 −0.03948 0.30472 0.71637 1.2278 1.8978 2.8635 5.6142

13.522 13.631 14.294 14.894 15.442 15.946 16.408 16.829 17.209 17.548 17.844 18.098 18.307 18.474 18.599 18.688 18.753 18.811 18.892 19.051 19.490

3.5963 3.6153 3.7039 3.7456 3.7541 3.7391 3.7074 3.6637 3.6113 3.5525 3.4890 3.4218 3.3516 3.2785 3.2025 3.1231 3.0392 2.9490 2.8488 2.7312 2.5752

2.1768 2.2000 2.3500 2.5000 2.6500 2.8000 2.9500 3.1000 3.2500 3.4000 3.5500 3.7000 3.8500 4.0000 4.1500 4.3000 4.4500 4.6000 4.7500 4.9000 5.0500 5.1953

0.0048565 0.0051477 0.0073079 0.010001 0.013298 0.017270 0.021983 0.027502 0.033890 0.041209 0.049518 0.058879 0.069351 0.080998 0.093886 0.10809 0.12368 0.14075 0.15942 0.17983 0.20225 0.22637

0.28619 0.30076 0.40515 0.52873 0.67363 0.84193 1.0357 1.2573 1.5091 1.7941 2.1157 2.4783 2.8871 3.3494 3.8747 4.4768 5.1759 6.0046 7.0212 8.3467 10.326 17.399

3.4942 3.3249 2.4682 1.8913 1.4845 1.1878 0.96551 0.79536 0.66264 0.55738 0.47265 0.40351 0.34637 0.29856 0.25808 0.22337 0.19320 0.16654 0.14243 0.11981 0.096844 0.057475

0.045977 0.046200 0.047628 0.049016 0.050355 0.051635 0.052848 0.053985 0.055037 0.055993 0.056842 0.057570 0.058158 0.058586 0.058825 0.058834 0.058554 0.057896 0.056698 0.054637 0.050816 0.034500

0.062946 0.063316 0.065665 0.067931 0.070096 0.072147 0.074072 0.075859 0.077494 0.078962 0.080247 0.081328 0.082179 0.082769 0.083055 0.082977 0.082449 0.081335 0.079403 0.076183 0.070403 0.047510

0.033998 0.033714 0.032039 0.030582 0.029283 0.028106 0.027023 0.026018 0.025074 0.024180 0.023324 0.022495 0.021684 0.020881 0.020074 0.019249 0.018388 0.017465 0.016437 0.015216 0.013568 0.0087388

0.013890 0.013900 0.013945 0.013954 0.013937 0.013897 0.013840 0.013767 0.013682 0.013588 0.013485 0.013376 0.013262 0.013144 0.013022 0.012898 0.012770 0.012637 0.012496 0.012341 0.012146

0.024259 0.024319 0.024692 0.025049 0.025413 0.025800 0.026230 0.026720 0.027292 0.027973 0.028799 0.029817 0.031095 0.032736 0.034897 0.037844 0.042056 0.048501 0.059461 0.081908 0.15172

83.225 83.564 85.668 87.618 89.415 91.063 92.568 93.934 95.167 96.271 97.250 98.108 98.847 99.469 99.978 100.38 100.67 100.88 101.05 101.28 101.95 0

27.717 27.045 23.375 20.607 18.480 16.819 15.504 14.450 13.597 12.902 12.329 11.856 11.460 11.127 10.841 10.587 10.349 10.104 9.8116 9.3953 8.6477 5.6142

3.9767 4.0381 4.4135 4.7651 5.1055 5.4423 5.7797 6.1203 6.4659 6.8180 7.1823 7.5561 7.9453 8.3558 8.7965 9.2815 9.8336 10.490 11.319 12.465 14.402

0.53761 0.54487 0.59162 0.63825 0.68502 0.73220 0.77999 0.82863 0.87831 0.92926 0.98171 1.0359 1.0922 1.1509 1.2125 1.2776 1.3473 1.4230 1.5075 1.6065 1.7364

Single-Phase Properties 1.2679 4.3860 7.5039 10.622 13.740 16.857

2.1006 7.2972 12.494 17.690 22.886 28.083

0.089342 0.11538 0.12659 0.13383 0.13919 0.14344

0.012475 0.012472 0.012472 0.012472 0.012472 0.012472

0.020791 0.020785 0.020785 0.020786 0.020786 0.020786

589.24 1101.2 1441.5 1715.7 1951.7 2162.0

−0.54790 −0.61403 −0.57336 −0.54223 −0.51882 −0.50057

73.713 173.53 252.40 321.87 385.47 444.91

9.7778 22.154 32.215 41.153 49.382 57.105

0.84359 2.9212 4.9988 7.0768 9.1550 11.233

1.2672 4.3875 7.5054 10.623 13.741 16.859

2.1108 7.3086 12.504 17.700 22.896 28.092

0.070191 0.096243 0.10744 0.11468 0.12004 0.12430

0.012506 0.012477 0.012474 0.012473 0.012473 0.012472

0.020837 0.020782 0.020783 0.020784 0.020784 0.020784

596.88 1104.7 1444.0 1717.6 1953.3 2163.5

−0.54470 −0.61441 −0.57410 −0.54296 −0.51949 −0.50117

74.600 174.19 253.00 322.43 386.00 445.41

9.8922 22.180 32.231 41.164 49.391 57.112

5.6058 1.6858 0.99204 0.70266 0.54393 0.44368

0.17839 0.59320 1.0080 1.4232 1.8385 2.2539

1.2641 4.3938 7.5120 10.630 13.747 16.864

2.1560 7.3598 12.552 17.745 22.939 28.134

0.056777 0.082880 0.094074 0.10131 0.10667 0.11092

0.012635 0.012500 0.012484 0.012479 0.012477 0.012475

0.021029 0.020769 0.020771 0.020775 0.020777 0.020779

630.65 1120.3 1454.9 1726.3 1960.6 2169.9

−0.53640 −0.61554 −0.57711 −0.54605 −0.52237 −0.50380

79.465 176.72 255.23 324.52 387.99 447.32

10.374 22.297 32.299 41.212 49.428 57.143

100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.12010 0.034351 0.020042 0.014148 0.010933 0.0089085

100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.1854 0.34233 0.20005 0.14131 0.10923 0.089021

100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

8.3265 29.111 49.896 70.681 91.467 112.25

100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

10.505 3.3086 1.9638 1.3957 1.0823 0.88379

0.095194 0.30224 0.50921 0.71649 0.92394 1.1315

1.2606 4.4013 7.5200 10.637 13.754 16.871

2.2125 7.4237 12.612 17.802 22.994 28.186

0.050975 0.077139 0.088326 0.095556 0.10091 0.10516

0.012775 0.012527 0.012497 0.012487 0.012482 0.012479

0.021226 0.020755 0.020756 0.020763 0.020769 0.020772

672.30 1140.1 1468.8 1737.3 1969.9 2178.0

−0.53355 −0.61584 −0.58023 −0.54953 −0.52572 −0.50691

85.417 179.43 257.42 326.55 389.94 449.21

10.926 22.435 32.383 41.272 49.475 57.181

100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

35.384 14.387 9.0593 6.6048 5.1933 4.2772

0.028261 0.069507 0.11038 0.15140 0.19256 0.23380

1.2602 4.4519 7.5781 10.695 13.811 16.926

2.6732 7.9272 13.097 18.265 23.438 28.615

0.037457 0.063904 0.075052 0.082253 0.087587 0.091828

0.013484 0.012710 0.012587 0.012543 0.012521 0.012508

0.021607 0.020725 0.020666 0.020682 0.020701 0.020716

962.59 1299.0 1584.0 1829.4 2047.7 2245.9

−0.53310 −0.59388 −0.58658 −0.56519 −0.54419 −0.52586

127.36 197.39 268.59 334.90 397.07 455.79

14.393 23.353 32.979 41.713 49.825 57.471

51.724 24.886 16.512 12.359 8.2113

0.019333 0.040183 0.060563 0.080910 0.12178

1.3032 4.5034 7.6393 10.759 16.988

3.2366 8.5217 13.696 18.850 29.166

0.031667 0.058239 0.069398 0.076579 0.086124

0.013965 0.012884 0.012683 0.012605 0.012542

0.021327 0.020817 0.020630 0.020615 0.020653

1228.1 1482.2 1727.9 1948.4 2335.4

−0.51530 −0.55155 −0.57040 −0.56473 -0.53766

197.79 217.91 281.89 342.93 458.27

18.001 24.221 33.590 42.188 57.800

100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1350.0

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is McCarty, R.D., and Arp, V. D., “A New Wide Range Equation of State for Helium,” Adv. Cryo. Eng. 35:1465–1475, 1990. The source for viscosity is Arp, V. D., McCarty, R. D., and Friend, D. G., “Thermophysical Properties of Helium-4 from 0.8 to 1500 K with Pressures to 2000 MPa,” NIST Technical Note 1334, Boulder, Colo., 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Hands, B. A., and Arp, V. D., “A Correlation of Thermal Conductivity Data for Helium,” Cryogenics, 21(12):697–703, 1981. Properties at the triple point and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state range from 1% at low temperatures (1 GPa) is 0.6% in density. The uncertainty in pressure in the critical region is estimated to be 0.02%. In the gaseous and supercritical region, the speed of sound can be calculated with a typical uncertainty of 0.005% to 0.1%. At liquid states and at high pressures, the uncertainty increases to 0.5% to 1.5%. For pressures up to 30 MPa, the estimated uncertainty for heat capacities ranges from 0.3% at gaseous and gaslike supercritical states up to 0.8% at liquid states and at certain gaseous and supercritical states at low temperatures. The uncertainty is 2% for pressures up to 200 MPa and larger at higher pressures. The estimated uncertainties of vapor pressure, saturated-liquid density, and saturated-vapor density are in general 0.02% for each property. The formulation yields a reasonable extrapolation behavior up to the limits of chemical stability of nitrogen. For viscosity, the uncertainty is 0.5% in dilute gas. Away from the dilute gas (pressures greater than 1 MPa and in the liquid), the uncertainties are as low as 1% between 270 and 300 K at pressures less than 100 MPa, and increase outside that range. The uncertainties are around 2% at temperatures of 180 K and higher. Below this and away from the critical region, the uncertainties steadily increase to around 5% at the triple points of the fluids. The uncertainties in the critical region are higher. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple point. For the nondilute gas, the uncertainty is 2% for temperatures greater than 150 K. The uncertainty is 3% at temperatures less than the critical point and 5% in the critical region, except for states very near the critical point.

10. 8.

0

Nitrogen

0.

100

0.

−100

(R-728) reference state: h = 0.0 kJ/kg, s = 0.00 kJ/(kg·K) for ideal gas at 0 K

50

60

−200 20.

0.

200 0.

.

400

150.

200

30

40

300

500 3

/m ρ = 80. kg

100.

700.

800.

6. 4.

600 20.

60.

10. 8.

40.

6.

30. c.p.

4.

120

110

100

90

2.

T = 80 K

70

20. 15.

2.

10.

110

100

80

0.04

200

180

160

140

4.0

0.6

500

480

T = 460 K

440

420

400

380

360

320

300

280

260

1. 0.8

0.4

2.0 1.5

0.2

1.0 0.80

6.

60

0 6.4

0 6.2

0 6.0

0 5.8

0.06

6.0

3.0

)

2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60

0.1 0.08

120

or

0.9

saturated vap

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

x = 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

liquid rated satu

0.2

90

240

0.4

220

0.6

340

T = 100 K

freezing line

Pressure (MPa)

8.0

1. 0.8

80

J/

00

7.

6.

·K (kg

s=

k .20

7

0 7.4

70

0.60

0.1 0.08

0.40

0.06

0.30 0

7.6

0.15

0.02

0.04

0.20

0

7.8

0.02

0.10

triple point = 63.15 K

0.01 −200

solid + vapor region

−100

0

100

200

300

400

500

0.01 600

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-309

FIG. 2-13 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for nitrogen. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Span, R., Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Wagner, W., and Yokozeki, A,. “A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen for Temperatures from 63.151 to 1000 K and Pressures to 2200 MPa.,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29:1361–1433, 2000.

2-310

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-240

Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide vg, m3/kg

Mf

Mg

299.32 309.57 326.66 337.43 345.45

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

694 711 733 749 762

0.2996 0.1630 0.0876 0.0608 0.0469

91.857 91.886 91.766 91.625 91.488

79.157 76.503 73.538 71.748 70.480

10 15 20 30 40

351.88 364.09 373.17 386.57 396.52

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

774 800 822 863 903

0.0382 0.0262 0.0199 0.0133 0.0098

91.346 90.979 90.601 89.823 89.018

69.483 67.742 66.547 64.997 64.099

50 60 80 100

404.50 411.20 422.07 430.76

0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001

945 993 129 577

0.00761 0.00607 0.00394 0.00209

88.191 87.344 85.602 83.817

63.532 63.181 62.959 63.366

Pressure, bar 1.0133 2 4 6 8

Temperature, K

vf, m3/kg

Condensed from McCarty, R. D., H-U. Steurer, et al., NBS IR 86 - 3054, 1986 (106 pp.). M = mol wt for the reaction N2O4 → 2NO2 → 2NO + O2. No derived thermodynamic functions were tabulated due to unduly large differences in literature values, but 92 references are given.

TABLE 2-241

Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 234.00

0.00015612 0.00040547 0.00094625 0.0020164 0.0039755 0.0073310 0.012759 0.021119 0.033457 0.051008 0.075184 0.10757 0.14989 0.20401 0.27193 0.35573 0.45760 0.57979 0.72462 0.89450 1.0918 1.3192 1.5791 1.8742 2.2073 2.5815 3.0003 3.4682 3.9918 4.4607

90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00

0.00015612 0.00040547 0.00094625 0.0020164 0.0039755 0.0073310 0.012759 0.021119 0.033457 0.051008 0.075184 0.10757 0.14989 0.20401 0.27193 0.35573 0.45760 0.57979 0.72462 0.89450 1.0918 1.3192 1.5791 1.8742 2.2073 2.5815

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.033490 −0.029648 −0.026000 −0.022531 −0.019227 −0.016074 −0.013057 −0.010163 −0.0073784 −0.0046923 −0.0020929 0.00042986 0.0028858 0.0052840 0.0076328 0.0099402 0.012214 0.014461 0.016690 0.018907 0.021121 0.023341 0.025577 0.027843 0.030157 0.032548 0.035068 0.037830 0.041203 0.049280

0.045791 0.045221 0.044514 0.043768 0.043048 0.042394 0.041825 0.041346 0.040957 0.040653 0.040428 0.040274 0.040186 0.040159 0.040187 0.040269 0.040404 0.040591 0.040834 0.041136 0.041505 0.041953 0.042494 0.043150 0.043953 0.044950 0.046220 0.047920 0.050506

0.070957 0.071116 0.071131 0.071067 0.070980 0.070913 0.070898 0.070958 0.071113 0.071379 0.071771 0.072303 0.072988 0.073841 0.074876 0.076114 0.077577 0.079300 0.081326 0.083719 0.086571 0.090023 0.094298 0.099779 0.10717 0.11795 0.13575 0.17267 0.30655

1081.4 1049.3 1018.1 986.86 955.57 924.52 894.02 864.29 835.40 807.28 779.79 752.68 725.72 698.67 671.28 643.36 614.73 585.25 554.78 523.23 490.50 456.52 421.22 384.52 346.33 306.49 264.69 220.19 171.03 0

−0.44772 −0.44233 −0.43718 −0.43184 −0.42594 −0.41921 −0.41143 −0.40241 −0.39193 −0.37972 −0.36549 −0.34889 −0.32951 −0.30688 −0.28044 −0.24950 −0.21319 −0.17042 −0.11971 −0.059078 0.014249 0.10427 0.21696 0.36170 0.55413 0.82239 1.2231 1.8903 3.2539 8.0982

0.11824 0.11213 0.10681 0.10217 0.098099 0.094513 0.091341 0.088521 0.086004 0.083746 0.081709 0.079863 0.078179 0.076634 0.075207 0.073880 0.072636 0.071459 0.070337 0.069254 0.068196 0.067150 0.066097 0.065016 0.063879 0.062642

0.025384 0.025553 0.025759 0.026007 0.026301 0.026641 0.027032 0.027474 0.027968 0.028515 0.029116 0.029770 0.030477 0.031236 0.032049 0.032913 0.033831 0.034801 0.035825 0.036905 0.038044 0.039245 0.040516 0.041867 0.043315 0.044890

0.033709 0.033889 0.034117 0.034400 0.034747 0.035166 0.035666 0.036255 0.036942 0.037735 0.038644 0.039680 0.040854 0.042183 0.043684 0.045384 0.047313 0.049515 0.052050 0.055001 0.058491 0.062704 0.067933 0.074677 0.083847 0.097325

118.26 121.38 124.38 127.25 129.99 132.58 135.01 137.27 139.35 141.23 142.91 144.37 145.59 146.58 147.30 147.77 147.95 147.85 147.44 146.73 145.68 144.29 142.53 140.38 137.79 134.71

Saturated Properties 25.006 24.719 24.427 24.132 23.831 23.526 23.217 22.902 22.583 22.259 21.931 21.596 21.256 20.908 20.552 20.186 19.809 19.418 19.011 18.584 18.135 17.659 17.148 16.595 15.987 15.305 14.514 13.541 12.148 7.9200

2-311

0.00020869 0.00051363 0.0011394 0.0023144 0.0043618 0.0077094 0.012896 0.020570 0.031490 0.046520 0.066627 0.092885 0.12648 0.16872 0.22107 0.28514 0.36279 0.45613 0.56766 0.70033 0.85776 1.0445 1.2665 1.5317 1.8518 2.2450

0.039990 0.040455 0.040938 0.041439 0.041962 0.042506 0.043073 0.043664 0.044281 0.044925 0.045599 0.046304 0.047046 0.047829 0.048658 0.049539 0.050483 0.051499 0.052602 0.053808 0.055141 0.056630 0.058316 0.060260 0.062552 0.065340 0.068899 0.073850 0.082320 0.12626 4791.8 1946.9 877.68 432.07 229.26 129.71 77.545 48.615 31.756 21.496 15.009 10.766 7.9063 5.9269 4.5236 3.5071 2.7564 2.1923 1.7616 1.4279 1.1658 0.95740 0.78960 0.65287 0.54001 0.44543

−3.8551 −3.4999 −3.1442 −2.7887 −2.4336 −2.0790 −1.7245 −1.3701 −1.0151 −0.65928 −0.30195 0.057452 0.41959 0.78514 1.1549 1.5295 1.9100 2.2972 2.6920 3.0957 3.5095 3.9350 4.3742 4.8297 5.3052 5.8067 6.3449 6.9434 7.6794 9.3687

−3.8551 −3.4999 −3.1442 −2.7886 −2.4335 −2.0786 −1.7240 −1.3691 −1.0137 −0.65699 −0.29853 0.062433 0.42664 0.79490 1.1681 1.5472 1.9331 2.3270 2.7301 3.1438 3.5697 4.0097 4.4663 4.9426 5.4433 5.9754 6.5516 7.1995 8.0080 9.9320

9.0527 9.1794 9.3064 9.4337 9.5609 9.6879 9.8143 9.9397 10.064 10.186 10.305 10.422 10.536 10.645 10.750 10.850 10.943 11.031 11.110 11.181 11.241 11.289 11.323 11.340 11.333 11.296

9.8008 9.9688 10.137 10.305 10.472 10.639 10.804 10.966 11.126 11.282 11.434 11.580 11.721 11.854 11.980 12.097 12.205 12.302 12.386 12.458 12.514 12.552 12.570 12.563 12.525 12.446

125.93 109.58 96.037 84.718 75.177 67.076 60.154 54.206 49.068 44.607 40.717 37.310 34.315 31.671 29.330 27.250 25.397 23.743 22.263 20.936 19.746 18.678 17.718 16.854 16.072 15.354

2-312

TABLE 2-241

Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

220.00 225.00 230.00 234.00

3.0003 3.4682 3.9918 4.4607

2.7432 3.4146 4.4712 7.9200

0.36453 0.29286 0.22365 0.12626

11.213 11.055 10.725 9.3687

100.00 143.95

0.10000 0.10000

0.040934 0.046153

−3.1452 −0.018242

−3.1411 −0.013626

143.95 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

10.398 12.215 16.237 21.208 26.869

11.550 13.856 18.723 24.530 31.025

100.00 187.76

1.0000 1.0000

0.040901 0.054527

−3.1540 3.3230

187.76 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.2755 1.4245 2.4068 3.2887 4.1476

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

24.532 17.659 2.4334 1.5833 1.2132

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.046643 0.048690 0.051363

0.11971 0.16599 0.32814

131.07 126.78 121.80 0

14.662 13.900 12.709 8.0982

0.044502 0.040301

0.071124 0.072179

1018.9 758.35

−0.43728 −0.35259

0.080236 0.093729 0.11332 0.12997 0.14444

0.029628 0.034723 0.045284 0.053558 0.059251

0.039451 0.043508 0.053741 0.061943 0.067609

144.08 169.06 203.45 232.46 258.38

37.990 15.650 5.5743 2.8668 1.7661

−3.1131 3.3775

−0.026098 0.020131

0.044398 0.041331

0.071055 0.085231

1026.3 505.29

11.215 11.738 16.042 21.082 26.771

12.491 13.162 18.449 24.371 30.918

0.068667 0.072132 0.093526 0.11051 0.12510

0.037527 0.037614 0.045687 0.053632 0.059244

0.056853 0.053386 0.055540 0.062664 0.067998

146.19 154.62 199.37 231.33 258.62

0.040763 0.056627 0.41095 0.63161 0.82425

−3.1921 4.1435 15.064 20.512 26.341

−2.9883 4.4266 17.119 23.670 30.462

−0.026483 0.024397 0.076882 0.095734 0.11087

0.043955 0.041665 0.047559 0.053907 0.059206

0.070771 0.087072 0.067409 0.066129 0.069735

1057.9 477.43 183.97 228.50 260.85

−0.44174 0.053822 5.3277 2.5958 1.5696

Saturated Properties 12.307 12.071 11.618 9.9320

0.061229 0.059479 0.056898 0.049280

Single-Phase Properties 24.430 21.667 0.086803 0.060926 0.040232 0.030102 0.024060 24.449 18.339 0.78400 0.70199 0.41548 0.30407 0.24110

11.520 16.413 24.856 33.220 41.562

−0.026009 −0.000094174

−0.43816 −0.020346 20.263 16.645 5.5586 2.8289 1.7349

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

24.630 18.214 5.9501 3.2770 2.4256

0.040600 0.054902 0.16806 0.30515 0.41227

−3.2377 3.8853 13.534 19.798 25.826

−2.8317 4.4343 15.214 22.849 29.949

−0.026951 0.023042 0.066202 0.088300 0.10414

0.043446 0.041251 0.049590 0.054171 0.059167

0.070455 0.081506 0.093780 0.070777 0.071809

1094.6 536.12 185.51 231.76 266.86

−0.44552 −0.078962 3.9475 2.1918 1.3296

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000

24.895 19.339 12.709 7.8701 5.7388

0.040168 0.051709 0.078686 0.12706 0.17425

−3.3631 3.3539 10.815 17.964 24.506

−2.3589 4.6466 12.782 21.141 28.863

−0.028280 0.020118 0.052928 0.077032 0.094275

0.042128 0.041959 0.049110 0.054897 0.059344

0.069766 0.074322 0.086464 0.079284 0.076236

1191.1 642.55 338.34 285.01 303.16

−0.45304 −0.26070 0.50765 0.90188 0.66132

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

25.271 20.560 15.995 12.237 9.6861

0.039572 0.048639 0.062520 0.081722 0.10324

−3.5465 2.8054 9.4909 16.326 23.086

−1.5679 5.2373 12.617 20.412 28.248

−0.030335 0.016816 0.046643 0.069057 0.086544

0.040341 0.044958 0.052084 0.057087 0.060630

0.069490 0.070043 0.076746 0.078504 0.078201

1322.6 734.96 484.09 397.17 380.22

−0.45498 −0.38097 −0.15530 0.026532 0.066751

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Younglove, B. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. I. Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride, and Oxygen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Suppl. 1, 11: 1–11, 1982. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.25% in the liquid phase and 0.3% in the vapor and supercritical regions. The uncertainty in speed of sound and heat capacity is 5%.

TABLE 2-242

Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

182.33 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 309.52

0.087837 0.10325 0.13782 0.18085 0.23367 0.29767 0.37431 0.46509 0.57160 0.69544 0.83828 1.0018 1.1878 1.3979 1.6341 1.8982 2.1920 2.5177 2.8772 3.2728 3.7068 4.1820 4.7012 5.2681 5.8874 6.5663 7.2447

28.113 27.935 27.599 27.257 26.910 26.557 26.197 25.829 25.453 25.069 24.674 24.268 23.849 23.417 22.968 22.502 22.015 21.505 20.966 20.393 19.777 19.106 18.361 17.505 16.466 15.022 10.270

182.33 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 309.52

0.087837 0.10325 0.13782 0.18085 0.23367 0.29767 0.37431 0.46509 0.57160 0.69544 0.83828 1.0018 1.1878 1.3979 1.6341 1.8982 2.1920 2.5177 2.8772 3.2728 3.7068 4.1820 4.7012 5.2681 5.8874 6.5663 7.2447

0.059336 0.068951 0.090180 0.11615 0.14754 0.18508 0.22958 0.28190 0.34298 0.41387 0.49575 0.58993 0.69791 0.82145 0.96261 1.1239 1.3082 1.5196 1.7627 2.0443 2.3734 2.7632 3.2349 3.8252 4.6102 5.8106 10.270

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.035570 0.035797 0.036234 0.036688 0.037161 0.037656 0.038173 0.038716 0.039288 0.039891 0.040529 0.041207 0.041930 0.042705 0.043538 0.044440 0.045423 0.046501 0.047697 0.049037 0.050564 0.052339 0.054464 0.057125 0.060732 0.066569 0.097371

−0.18142 0.020258 0.39840 0.77745 1.1577 1.5396 1.9234 2.3094 2.6982 3.0899 3.4852 3.8844 4.2881 4.6969 5.1115 5.5326 5.9614 6.3990 6.8471 7.3078 7.7841 8.2804 8.8039 9.3670 9.9960 10.768 12.745

−0.17830 0.023954 0.40340 0.78408 1.1664 1.5508 1.9377 2.3274 2.7206 3.1177 3.5192 3.9257 4.3379 4.7566 5.1826 5.6170 6.0609 6.5161 6.9843 7.4682 7.9715 8.4993 9.0600 9.6680 10.354 11.205 13.450

14.931 14.984 15.082 15.176 15.268 15.356 15.440 15.521 15.596 15.666 15.730 15.789 15.840 15.883 15.917 15.941 15.953 15.952 15.935 15.899 15.839 15.749 15.618 15.429 15.145 14.661 12.745

16.411 16.481 16.610 16.733 16.852 16.965 17.071 17.170 17.262 17.346 17.421 17.487 17.541 17.584 17.614 17.630 17.629 17.609 17.567 17.500 17.401 17.262 17.071 16.806 16.422 15.791 13.450

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.00096900 0.00012922 0.0021464 0.0041159 0.0060420 0.0079284 0.0097789 0.011597 0.013385 0.015148 0.016888 0.018607 0.020311 0.022000 0.023681 0.025355 0.027028 0.028704 0.030391 0.032097 0.033833 0.035615 0.037468 0.039439 0.041620 0.044293 0.051414

0.042295 0.042134 0.041852 0.041596 0.041365 0.041155 0.040967 0.040797 0.040645 0.040510 0.040392 0.040290 0.040203 0.040132 0.040078 0.040041 0.040025 0.040030 0.040064 0.040134 0.040251 0.040437 0.040727 0.041190 0.041979 0.043564

0.075603 0.075669 0.075851 0.076111 0.076452 0.076875 0.077388 0.077995 0.078706 0.079533 0.080489 0.081595 0.082875 0.084362 0.086100 0.088150 0.090597 0.093564 0.097233 0.10189 0.10803 0.11651 0.12910 0.14997 0.19222 0.32907

1149.6 1132.4 1100.2 1068.2 1036.3 1004.5 972.70 940.94 909.16 877.35 845.46 813.47 781.31 748.95 716.31 683.32 649.86 615.81 580.97 545.11 507.90 468.86 427.31 382.17 331.57 271.24 0

−0.26723 −0.26287 −0.25377 −0.24334 −0.23146 −0.21798 −0.20272 −0.18545 −0.16592 −0.14379 −0.11869 −0.090113 −0.057462 −0.019968 0.023355 0.073794 0.13307 0.20351 0.28843 0.39261 0.52333 0.69225 0.91943 1.2430 1.7475 2.6810 6.2530

0.090017 0.089089 0.087443 0.085908 0.084469 0.083117 0.081842 0.080634 0.079485 0.078387 0.077332 0.076314 0.075325 0.074359 0.073408 0.072464 0.071519 0.070564 0.069588 0.068575 0.067508 0.066361 0.065093 0.063636 0.061848 0.059328 0.051414

0.025545 0.025844 0.026427 0.027038 0.027674 0.028331 0.029006 0.029694 0.030395 0.031105 0.031824 0.032552 0.033289 0.034037 0.034798 0.035577 0.036377 0.037205 0.038072 0.038988 0.039971 0.041046 0.042252 0.043653 0.045376 0.047733

0.034993 0.035439 0.036334 0.037309 0.038365 0.039506 0.040736 0.042062 0.043494 0.045048 0.046741 0.048600 0.050660 0.052967 0.055585 0.058600 0.062136 0.066370 0.071572 0.078164 0.086856 0.098934 0.11700 0.14723 0.20883 0.40691

211.93 212.91 214.62 216.14 217.48 218.62 219.56 220.30 220.82 221.13 221.20 221.04 220.64 219.98 219.07 217.88 216.41 214.64 212.56 210.15 207.39 204.24 200.67 196.63 192.02 186.66 0

Saturated Properties

2-313

16.853 14.503 11.089 8.6098 6.7780 5.4030 4.3558 3.5474 2.9156 2.4162 2.0171 1.6951 1.4329 1.2174 1.0388 0.88979 0.76438 0.65808 0.56730 0.48917 0.42135 0.36189 0.30912 0.26142 0.21691 0.17210 0.097371

44.590 42.793 39.645 36.768 34.146 31.765 29.606 27.653 25.888 24.295 22.858 21.560 20.387 19.325 18.361 17.483 16.679 15.939 15.251 14.603 13.981 13.366 12.734 12.043 11.210 10.014 6.2530

2-314 TABLE 2-242

Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.061319 0.040304 0.030129 0.024075

200.00 234.95

1.0000 1.0000

234.95 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 292.69

5.0000 5.0000

292.69 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.092110 0.10698 0.11873 0.12862

0.025918 0.030437 0.034363 0.037563

0.035025 0.038943 0.042764 0.045926

221.52 267.85 306.03 339.54

0.0059677 0.018590

0.041381 0.040291

0.076317 0.081583

1040.5 813.80

0.076324 0.086931 0.099190 0.10926

0.032545 0.031268 0.034610 0.037680

0.048580 0.041833 0.043833 0.046488

221.04 260.01 303.02 338.49

21.573 10.924 5.5924 3.3701

0.0055897 0.038510

0.041467 0.040948

0.075665 0.13883

1061.6 403.56

−0.24314 1.0778

Single-Phase Properties

26.940 24.272 0.58888 0.42412 0.30696 0.24260 27.091 17.918

16.308 24.811 33.190 41.537 0.037120 0.041200 1.6981 2.3578 3.2578 4.1220 0.036913 0.055811

15.382 18.214 21.467 25.072 1.1429 3.8803 15.788 17.944 21.310 24.963 1.0679 9.1008

17.013 20.695 24.786 29.226 1.1800 3.9215 17.486 20.302 24.568 29.085 1.2525 9.3799

31.472 10.733 5.6159 3.4059 −0.23345 −0.090429

3.5344 3.1047 1.6773 1.2538

0.28294 0.32209 0.59621 0.79755

15.525 16.114 20.558 24.469

16.940 17.725 23.539 28.457

0.064339 0.066990 0.083920 0.094897

0.042976 0.039518 0.035787 0.038199

0.13106 0.091593 0.049876 0.049186

198.56 212.60 290.66 334.89

12.373 11.486 5.4199 3.1966

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

27.269 18.407 3.7981 2.6054

0.036672 0.054327 0.26329 0.38381

0.97935 9.1891 19.470 23.835

1.3461 9.7324 22.102 27.673

0.0051379 0.038771 0.075432 0.087896

0.041579 0.040304 0.037387 0.038831

0.074951 0.11033 0.061591 0.052973

1086.5 462.21 279.96 333.21

−0.25384 0.72534 4.9171 2.9341

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000

27.751 20.902 11.546 6.9433

0.036035 0.047843 0.086610 0.14402

0.74199 8.0747 16.070 21.962

1.6429 9.2708 18.235 25.563

0.0038961 0.034710 0.060433 0.076883

0.041933 0.039937 0.040060 0.040346

0.073298 0.082004 0.087395 0.063761

1154.2 654.64 352.41 357.12

−0.27902 0.10041 1.7332 1.8422

300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

22.869 17.051 12.463

0.043727 0.058649 0.080236

7.1665 13.791 19.764

9.3528 16.723 23.776

0.031190 0.052389 0.068153

0.040453 0.040588 0.041531

0.072893 0.073379 0.067192

828.55 568.05 477.36

−0.14288 0.23352 0.52378

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.1% in density in the liquid and vapor phases between 220 and 300 K, 0.25% at temperatures above 300 K and at temperatures below 220 K, and 0.5% in the critical region, except very close to the critical point. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%, that for heat capacities is 3%, and that for the speed of sound in the vapor phase is 0.05% above 220 K. The uncertainty in the liquid phase is not known but is estimated to be within 5%.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

Mollier diagram for nitrous oxide. (Fig. 9, Univ. Texas Rep., Cont. DAI-23072-ORD-685, June 1, 1956, by Couch and Kobe. Reproduced by permission.) Some irregularity in the compressibility factors from 80 to 160 atm, 50 to 100 °C exists (Couch, private communication, 1967). See Couch et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 6, (1961) for PVT data. FIG. 2-14

2-315

2-316 TABLE 2-243 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Nonane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−60.675 −60.599 −55.459 −50.195 −44.779 −39.190 −33.413 −27.437 −21.252 −14.851 −8.2313 −1.3870 5.6854 12.991 20.537 28.335 36.408 44.798 53.602 73.819

−60.675 −60.599 −55.459 −50.195 −44.779 −39.190 −33.413 −27.436 −21.249 −14.846 −8.2208 −1.3679 5.7183 13.045 20.622 28.464 36.600 45.080 54.015 75.080

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.19174 −0.19139 −0.16904 −0.14797 −0.12791 −0.10863 −0.089996 −0.071883 −0.054209 −0.036909 −0.019932 −0.0032367 0.013213 0.029452 0.045513 0.061438 0.077283 0.093141 0.10920 0.144498

0.19748 0.19757 0.20402 0.21164 0.22016 0.22932 0.23894 0.24886 0.25894 0.26908 0.27921 0.28927 0.29920 0.30899 0.31863 0.32814 0.33756 0.34703 0.35685 —

0.25433 0.25440 0.25984 0.26681 0.27497 0.28402 0.29376 0.30400 0.31464 0.32557 0.33677 0.34824 0.36002 0.37228 0.38530 0.39965 0.41650 0.43881 0.47629 —

1544.5 1543.0 1449.8 1361.7 1277.9 1197.9 1121.1 1046.8 974.60 903.98 834.45 765.54 696.76 627.57 557.35 485.36 410.60 331.60 245.76 —

−0.50071 −0.50053 −0.48613 −0.46790 −0.44671 −0.42315 −0.39747 −0.36960 −0.33918 −0.30546 −0.26723 −0.22257 −0.16849 −0.10004 −0.0087139 0.12153 0.32444 0.68436 1.4810 31.599

153.02 152.90 145.29 138.35 131.98 126.11 120.68 115.63 110.92 106.50 102.33 98.374 94.594 90.947 87.384 83.848 80.262 76.518 72.450 —

4037.3 3978.4 1914.0 1194.3 842.44 638.13 505.83 413.37 344.96 292.08 249.76 214.92 185.56 160.30 138.18 118.43 100.46 83.674 67.309 —

0.047770 0.047676 0.043246 0.041911 0.042975 0.045920 0.050349 0.055950 0.062471 0.069707 0.077488 0.085673 0.094142 0.10279 0.11150 0.12018 0.12868 0.13679 0.14413 0.144498

0.16161 0.16174 0.17103 0.18119 0.19199 0.20323 0.21478 0.22652 0.23839 0.25032 0.26226 0.27416 0.28601 0.29779 0.30950 0.32118 0.33293 0.34492 0.35757 —

0.16993 0.17006 0.17935 0.18951 0.20033 0.21161 0.22326 0.23519 0.24737 0.25979 0.27245 0.28541 0.29878 0.31276 0.32778 0.34467 0.36530 0.39454 0.44973 —

122.37 122.45 127.73 132.76 137.56 142.11 146.36 150.21 153.55 156.23 158.10 158.99 158.70 157.00 153.58 148.05 139.82 127.99 111.07 —

Saturated Properties 219.70 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 594.55

4.4449E-07 4.6229E-07 4.8933E-06 3.3858E-05 0.00016888 0.00065182 0.0020515 0.0054791 0.012806 0.026830 0.051367 0.091247 0.15227 0.24110 0.36527 0.53313 0.75413 1.0392 1.4023 2.2820

6.0520 6.0501 5.9249 5.8013 5.6785 5.5557 5.4321 5.3071 5.1799 5.0496 4.9154 4.7760 4.6299 4.4754 4.3096 4.1286 3.9259 3.6898 3.3948 1.8100

219.70 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 594.55

4.4449E-07 4.6229E-07 4.8933E-06 3.3858E-05 0.00016888 0.00065182 0.0020515 0.0054791 0.012806 0.026830 0.051367 0.091247 0.15227 0.24110 0.36527 0.53313 0.75413 1.0392 1.4023 2.2820

2.4333E-07 2.5273E-07 2.4522E-06 1.5664E-05 7.2578E-05 0.00026168 0.00077364 0.0019519 0.0043356 0.0086887 0.016023 0.027625 0.045117 0.070581 0.10681 0.15781 0.22994 0.33476 0.49815 1.8100

0.16524 0.16529 0.16878 0.17237 0.17610 0.18000 0.18409 0.18843 0.19305 0.19803 0.20344 0.20938 0.21599 0.22345 0.23204 0.24221 0.25472 0.27102 0.29457 0.55249 4,109,700. 3,956,800. 407,790. 63,840. 13,778. 3,821.5 1,292.6 512.31 230.65 115.09 62.412 36.200 22.165 14.168 9.3627 6.3369 4.3490 2.9872 2.0074 0.55249

−9.8808 −9.8323 −6.5064 −2.9862 0.74180 4.6851 8.8457 13.220 17.802 22.580 27.541 32.671 37.952 43.363 48.876 54.456 60.045 65.548 70.762 73.819

−8.0542 −8.0032 −4.5110 −0.82471 3.0688 7.1760 11.497 16.027 20.756 25.668 30.747 35.974 41.327 46.779 52.296 57.834 63.325 68.652 73.577 75.080

363.94 361.95 254.36 183.36 135.32 102.10 78.695 61.932 49.767 40.846 34.258 29.384 25.803 23.233 21.504 20.545 20.405 21.346 24.126 31.599

6.2016 6.2133 7.0659 8.0682 9.2127 10.493 11.902 13.436 15.091 16.864 18.757 20.773 22.918 25.205 27.655 30.306 33.233 36.613 40.989 —

4.0513 4.0567 4.4125 4.7673 5.1206 5.4722 5.8211 6.1663 6.5069 6.8425 7.1737 7.5025 7.8332 8.1731 8.5341 8.9361 9.4142 10.039 10.990 —

Single-Phase Properties −52.849 −39.196 −24.378 −8.2368 −0.19510

−52.832 −39.178 −24.359 −8.2164 −0.17406

−0.15838 −0.10865 −0.063016 −0.019946 −0.00041018

0.20771 0.22933 0.25389 0.27921 0.29097

0.26315 0.28401 0.30925 0.33675 0.35022

1405.7 1198.6 1011.2 834.97 753.80

33.563 41.125 56.284

36.880 44.697 60.317

0.087103 0.10500 0.13790

0.27619 0.28978 0.31440

0.28766 0.30044 0.32419

159.03 165.87 177.26

0.17042 0.17978 0.19037 0.20292 0.21878 0.24114

−52.889 −39.250 −24.450 −8.3375 9.1743 28.203

−52.719 −39.070 −24.260 −8.1346 9.3930 28.444

−0.15854 −0.10883 −0.063223 −0.020199 0.021057 0.061172

0.20778 0.22940 0.25395 0.27927 0.30414 0.32810

0.26309 0.28387 0.30900 0.33627 0.36516 0.39811

1410.5 1204.4 1018.5 844.45 674.11 496.26

−0.47809 −0.42451 −0.35745 −0.27280 −0.14850 0.096651

142.11 126.55 113.76 102.96 93.482 84.482

1501.9 645.13 380.90 252.79 174.91 120.06

5.8875 5.5884 5.2884 4.9781 4.6466 4.2772

0.16985 0.17894 0.18909 0.20088 0.21521 0.23380

−53.064 −39.480 −24.758 −8.7590 8.5689 27.246

−52.214 −38.585 −23.813 −7.7546 9.6450 28.415

−0.15925 −0.10961 −0.064113 −0.021267 0.019689 0.059215

0.20809 0.22969 0.25422 0.27950 0.30429 0.32797

0.26282 0.28333 0.30802 0.33447 0.36159 0.38941

1431.5 1229.8 1049.7 884.19 727.45 574.69

−0.48055 −0.42952 −0.36725 −0.29292 −0.19528 −0.043276

143.55 128.25 115.82 105.52 96.800 89.174

1587.0 673.50 397.43 265.35 186.34 132.45

5.9111 5.6194 5.3297 5.0347 4.7272 4.3995

0.16917 0.17796 0.18763 0.19862 0.21154 0.22730

−53.273 −39.753 −25.116 −9.2354 7.9189 26.321

−51.582 −37.973 −23.240 −7.2492 10.034 28.594

−0.16011 −0.11054 −0.065168 −0.022500 0.018184 0.057270

0.20848 0.23005 0.25456 0.27981 0.30452 0.32803

0.26253 0.28275 0.30700 0.33273 0.35854 0.38371

1456.9 1260.0 1086.3 929.33 784.82 650.34

−0.48327 −0.43494 −0.37743 −0.31235 −0.23486 −0.13338

145.29 130.31 118.27 108.48 100.47 93.894

1699.9 709.84 418.13 280.67 199.70 145.66

250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 423.42

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

5.8635 5.5564 5.2447 4.9160 4.7515

423.42 450.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.030145 0.027993 0.024798

250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

5.8679 5.5624 5.2530 4.9280 4.5708 4.1469

250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

0.17055 0.17997 0.19067 0.20342 0.21046 33.173 35.724 40.326

−0.47750 −0.42329 −0.35500 −0.26752 −0.21411 28.690 22.301 14.792

141.78 126.15 113.28 102.36 97.717 21.130 23.838 29.272

1483.4 638.82 377.18 249.91 209.56 7.5587 8.0448 8.9428

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

6.0143 5.8100 5.6178 5.4358 5.2628

0.16627 0.17212 0.17800 0.18396 0.19001

−43.037 −29.086 −13.998 2.2421 19.589

−26.410 −11.875 3.8029 20.639 38.590

−0.12342 −0.078654 −0.036820 0.0028129 0.040621

0.23562 0.25980 0.28476 0.30915 0.33224

0.27987 0.30194 0.32520 0.34808 0.36974

1662.5 1534.1 1426.4 1335.5 1258.2

−0.46881 −0.43419 −0.40174 −0.37331 −0.34915

158.86 149.98 143.57 139.19 136.49

1638.6 851.44 557.39 406.92 316.22

500.00

300.00

5.9601

0.16778

15.017

65.352

0.023367

0.33895

0.37096

1885.2

−0.36365

184.31

733.45

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Xiang, H. W., “Viscosity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 224:263–270, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., and Perkins, R. A., “Thermal Conductivity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 227:47–55, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation are 0.05% in the saturated-liquid density between 280 and 335 K and 0.2% in density in the liquid phase below 430 K and 10 MPa. The uncertainty increases to 0.3% up to 100 MPa and 0.5% up to 800 MPa. In the vapor phase and at supercritical state points, the uncertainty in density is 1%, whereas in the liquid phase between 430 K and the critical point it is 0.5% in density. Other uncertainties are 0.2% in vapor pressure between 300 and 430 K, 0.5% in vapor pressure at higher temperatures, 2% in heat capacities below 550 K, 5% at higher temperatures, and 1% in the liquid-phase speed of sound below 430 K. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 1.0% along the saturated-liquid line, 5% elsewhere. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.

2-317

2-318 TABLE 2-244 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Octane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−47.586 −46.751 −42.103 −37.353 −32.477 −27.455 −22.268 −16.904 −11.351 −5.6010 0.35204 6.5150 12.895 19.502 26.352 33.473 40.921 48.832 57.752 64.527

−47.586 −46.751 −42.103 −37.353 −32.477 −27.454 −22.267 −16.901 −11.345 −5.5904 0.37164 6.5490 12.951 19.591 26.489 33.677 41.223 49.282 58.476 65.741

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.15718 −0.15335 −0.13313 −0.11412 −0.096062 −0.078739 −0.062005 −0.045746 −0.029879 −0.014338 0.00092888 0.015963 0.030805 0.045494 0.060080 0.074631 0.089269 0.10426 0.12068 0.13332

0.18017 0.18100 0.18613 0.19222 0.19917 0.20684 0.21505 0.22363 0.23245 0.24139 0.25035 0.25926 0.26810 0.27685 0.28552 0.29419 0.30300 0.31238 0.32413

0.22965 0.23031 0.23473 0.24044 0.24730 0.25511 0.26370 0.27290 0.28260 0.29271 0.30321 0.31416 0.32572 0.33823 0.35240 0.36979 0.39457 0.44291 0.68855

1496.9 1479.7 1388.4 1301.6 1218.5 1138.6 1061.2 985.87 912.09 839.36 767.20 695.05 622.34 548.39 472.36 393.17 309.23 217.99 115.40 0

−0.50088 −0.49876 −0.48455 −0.46633 −0.44452 −0.41949 −0.39136 −0.35994 −0.32455 −0.28395 −0.23602 −0.17723 −0.10167 0.0013050 0.15251 0.39829 0.86399 2.0228 7.6023 28.218

153.28 151.81 144.08 136.89 130.16 123.83 117.86 112.19 106.78 101.59 96.614 91.804 87.139 82.591 78.136 73.755 69.457 65.431 64.209

2275.3 2055.6 1275.2 875.51 644.21 498.03 399.06 328.21 275.06 233.59 200.14 172.37 148.75 128.19 109.92 93.322 77.803 62.572 45.346

0.062519 0.061430 0.057431 0.056201 0.057097 0.059649 0.063500 0.068366 0.074020 0.080278 0.086985 0.094013 0.10124 0.10857 0.11587 0.12299 0.12970 0.13551 0.13877 0.13332

0.14278 0.14422 0.15246 0.16128 0.17068 0.18058 0.19087 0.20147 0.21227 0.22318 0.23415 0.24512 0.25607 0.26700 0.27795 0.28899 0.30032 0.31238 0.32642

0.15110 0.15253 0.16078 0.16962 0.17906 0.18906 0.19955 0.21047 0.22178 0.23348 0.24557 0.25818 0.27154 0.28610 0.30284 0.32404 0.35598 0.42387 0.78365

Saturated Properties 216.37 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 569.32

1.9889E-06 3.0719E-06 2.5565E-05 0.00014507 0.00061336 0.0020600 0.0057644 0.013932 0.029907 0.058269 0.10483 0.17652 0.28132 0.42812 0.62676 0.88820 1.2251 1.6533 2.1958 2.4978

6.6864 6.6606 6.5193 6.3793 6.2396 6.0991 5.9569 5.8120 5.6633 5.5097 5.3495 5.1809 5.0012 4.8068 4.5922 4.3477 4.0556 3.6731 3.0341 2.0564

216.37 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 569.32

1.9889E-06 3.0719E-06 2.5565E-05 0.00014507 0.00061336 0.0020600 0.0057644 0.013932 0.029907 0.058269 0.10483 0.17652 0.28132 0.42812 0.62676 0.88820 1.2251 1.6533 2.1958 2.4978

1.1056E-06 1.6794E-06 1.2813E-05 6.7137E-05 0.00026380 0.00082859 0.0021820 0.0049961 0.010232 0.019165 0.033420 0.055042 0.086662 0.13183 0.19572 0.28672 0.42068 0.63573 1.0851 2.0564

0.14956 0.15014 0.15339 0.15676 0.16027 0.16396 0.16787 0.17206 0.17657 0.18150 0.18693 0.19302 0.19995 0.20804 0.21776 0.23000 0.24657 0.27225 0.32959 0.48629 904,510. 595,460. 78,047. 14,895. 3,790.7 1,206.9 458.30 200.15 97.731 52.177 29.922 18.168 11.539 7.5854 5.1093 3.4877 2.3771 1.5730 0.92161 0.48629

−1.8491 −1.3282 1.6370 4.7709 8.0822 11.576 15.253 19.108 23.136 27.323 31.658 36.123 40.698 45.358 50.064 54.757 59.333 63.555 66.584 64.527

−0.050104 0.50093 3.6323 6.9318 10.407 14.062 17.894 21.897 26.058 30.363 34.794 39.330 43.945 48.605 53.266 57.855 62.245 66.156 68.608 65.741

129.10 130.14 135.72 141.02 146.04 150.71 154.94 158.59 161.53 163.56 164.51 164.17 162.27 158.49 152.37 143.24 130.05 111.06 83.717 0

314.66 294.38 207.62 150.42 111.63 84.719 65.728 52.133 42.292 35.112 29.858 26.034 23.316 21.503 20.514 20.401 21.459 24.546 31.412 28.218

6.1594 6.3194 7.2936 8.4195 9.6907 11.102 12.651 14.338 16.164 18.138 20.268 22.571 25.072 27.811 30.863 34.377 38.702 44.855 57.602

4.2034 4.2717 4.6468 5.0206 5.3924 5.7614 6.1263 6.4865 6.8419 7.1948 7.5505 7.9191 8.3171 8.7715 9.3258 10.056 11.113 12.885 17.102

Single-Phase Properties −27.460 −0.16168

−27.444 −0.14303

−0.078758 −0.00035827

0.20684 0.24959

0.25509 0.30230

1139.3 773.32

−0.41966 −0.24045

123.88 97.030

31.284 31.684 57.485 87.490

34.413 34.830 61.548 92.422

0.086401 0.087444 0.14688 0.20307

0.23322 0.23402 0.27938 0.31885

0.24453 0.24527 0.28878 0.32771

164.48 164.97 189.53 209.46

30.243 29.707 12.431 6.6034

20.080 20.249 31.224 43.584

0.16374 0.18638 0.22959 0.23532

−27.511 0.25030 33.432 36.111

−27.347 0.43668 33.661 36.346

−0.078927 0.00067378 0.074548 0.079880

0.20690 0.25038 0.29416 0.29733

0.25495 0.30262 0.36900 0.37746

1145.7 778.09 396.85 363.62

−0.42119 −0.24368 0.38286 0.52889

124.30 97.295 73.948 72.196

503.48 202.65 93.722 87.646

0.32874 0.22849

3.0419 4.3766

56.425 85.870

59.467 90.247

0.29302 0.32280

0.33370 0.33940

139.04 186.79

20.620 8.0078

35.810 45.491

10.386 11.637

6.1393 5.4311 4.5686 3.0593

0.16288 0.18413 0.21888 0.32688

−27.730 −0.17211 32.275 70.832

−26.915 0.74852 33.369 72.466

−0.079664 −0.00039889 0.072174 0.14322

0.20714 0.25054 0.29359 0.33497

0.25435 0.30044 0.35339 0.44331

1173.4 823.37 499.49 188.23

−0.42743 −0.27213 0.076618 2.6621

126.15 100.17 79.631 64.841

525.55 213.73 105.97 42.657

300.00 398.30

0.10000 0.10000

6.0999 5.3634

398.30 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.031955 0.031787 0.024611 0.020274

300.00 400.00 500.00 507.20

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

6.1073 5.3654 4.3556 4.2495

507.20 600.00

1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

0.16394 0.18645 31.294 31.459 40.633 49.325

0.12547 0.18117

498.56 202.73 7.5200 7.5528 9.4433 11.290

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

6.1772 5.5037 4.7443 3.7971

0.16188 0.18170 0.21078 0.26336

−27.987 −0.64047 31.275 67.577

−26.368 1.1765 33.383 70.211

−0.080546 −0.0016150 0.070056 0.13708

0.20745 0.25077 0.29343 0.33156

0.25373 0.29842 0.34556 0.38999

1206.2 873.81 588.81 358.22

−0.43408 −0.29834 −0.072942 0.45738

128.36 103.45 84.985 73.121

553.60 227.34 118.55 61.952

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

6.4220 5.8987 5.4043 4.9374

0.15572 0.16953 0.18504 0.20254

−29.605 −3.1776 27.307 61.436

−21.819 5.2989 36.559 71.563

−0.086527 −0.0087968 0.060791 0.12452

0.20976 0.25276 0.29481 0.33146

0.25121 0.29206 0.33234 0.36666

1422.7 1159.5 965.74 826.07

−0.46254 −0.38084 −0.30867 −0.24994

143.51 123.35 110.66 103.74

798.49 335.22 198.43 134.83

6.6452 6.2050 5.8089 5.4489

0.15048 0.16116 0.17215 0.18352

−30.984 −5.0534 24.893 58.505

−15.936 11.063 42.108 76.857

−0.092407 −0.015013 0.054099 0.11736

0.21232 0.25503 0.29686 0.33331

0.25061 0.29032 0.32988 0.36412

1629.4 1399.1 1233.7 1113.8

−0.47349 −0.40628 −0.35233 −0.31375

158.61 141.31 131.06 125.82

1163.7 478.53 291.34 208.31

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(1):41–109, 2003. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Xiang, H. W., “Viscosity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 224:263–270, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., and Perkins, R. A., “Thermal Conductivity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 227:47–55, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are approximately 0.2% (to 0.5% at high pressures) in density, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in heat capacity, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in the speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 0.5% along the saturated-liquid line, 2% in compressed liquid to 200 MPa, 5% in vapor and supercritical regions. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.

2-319

2-320 TABLE 2-245

Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

54.361 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 154.58

0.00014628 0.00017857 0.00072582 0.0023349 0.0062623 0.014547 0.030123 0.056831 0.099350 0.16308 0.25400 0.37853 0.54340 0.75559 1.0223 1.3509 1.7491 2.2250 2.7878 3.4477 4.2186 5.0428

40.816 40.734 40.064 39.367 38.656 37.936 37.203 36.457 35.692 34.905 34.092 33.245 32.360 31.426 30.434 29.367 28.203 26.907 25.415 23.599 21.110 13.630

54.361 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 154.58

0.00014628 0.00017857 0.00072582 0.0023349 0.0062623 0.014547 0.030123 0.056831 0.099350 0.16308 0.25400 0.37853 0.54340 0.75559 1.0223 1.3509 1.7491 2.2250 2.7878 3.4477 4.2186 5.0428

0.00032370 0.00039060 0.0014561 0.0043291 0.010804 0.023509 0.045891 0.082138 0.13710 0.21627 0.32579 0.47267 0.66506 0.91283 1.2284 1.6285 2.1366 2.7893 3.6487 4.8412 6.7170 13.630

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

0.024500 0.024549 0.024960 0.025402 0.025869 0.026360 0.026879 0.027430 0.028017 0.028649 0.029333 0.030079 0.030903 0.031820 0.032858 0.034051 0.035457 0.037165 0.039347 0.042375 0.047372 0.073368

−6.1954 −6.1613 −5.8938 −5.6258 −5.3573 −5.0889 −4.8202 −4.5510 −4.2806 −4.0084 −3.7337 −3.4556 −3.1732 −2.8853 −2.5904 −2.2867 −1.9711 −1.6394 −1.2839 −0.88908 −0.41330 0.66752

−6.1954 −6.1612 −5.8938 −5.6257 −5.3572 −5.0885 −4.8194 −4.5495 −4.2778 −4.0038 −3.7263 −3.4442 −3.1564 −2.8612 −2.5568 −2.2407 −1.9091 −1.5567 −1.1742 −0.74298 −0.21346 1.0375

0.066946 0.067571 0.072225 0.076516 0.080495 0.084199 0.087667 0.090931 0.094023 0.096967 0.099787 0.10250 0.10513 0.10770 0.11022 0.11271 0.11520 0.11773 0.12035 0.12319 0.12654 0.13442

3089.2 2560.2 686.75 230.99 92.556 42.536 21.791 12.175 7.2938 4.6239 3.0695 2.1156 1.5036 1.0955 0.81405 0.61407 0.46803 0.35852 0.27407 0.20656 0.14888 0.073368

1.1195 1.1327 1.2355 1.3377 1.4393 1.5397 1.6377 1.7320 1.8209 1.9031 1.9772 2.0421 2.0966 2.1391 2.1678 2.1801 2.1722 2.1380 2.0670 1.9383 1.6938 0.66752

1.5714 1.5898 1.7339 1.8770 2.0189 2.1584 2.2941 2.4239 2.5455 2.6571 2.7569 2.8430 2.9136 2.9668 3.0000 3.0097 2.9908 2.9357 2.8311 2.6505 2.3219 1.0375

0.20982 0.20850 0.19935 0.19194 0.18587 0.18083 0.17659 0.17297 0.16984 0.16708 0.16462 0.16238 0.16032 0.15838 0.15652 0.15471 0.15289 0.15100 0.14896 0.14659 0.14345 0.13442

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.038252 0.037651 0.034835 0.033469 0.032532 0.031745 0.031030 0.030365 0.029745 0.029169 0.028636 0.028146 0.027703 0.027311 0.026976 0.026712 0.026536 0.026485 0.026634 0.027189 0.028982

0.053541 0.053489 0.053548 0.053668 0.053697 0.053719 0.053808 0.054012 0.054361 0.054880 0.055599 0.056557 0.057816 0.059469 0.061666 0.064659 0.068905 0.075327 0.086099 0.10778 0.17484

1123.4 1126.9 1127.4 1101.7 1066.3 1027.5 987.43 946.87 905.90 864.40 822.19 779.06 734.77 689.03 641.52 591.86 539.50 483.69 423.10 355.20 273.80 0

−0.37992 −0.37886 −0.37011 −0.36312 −0.35686 −0.34972 −0.34056 −0.32856 −0.31302 −0.29316 −0.26804 −0.23637 −0.19639 −0.14551 −0.079899 0.0063780 0.12309 0.28750 0.53357 0.93865 1.7389 5.0628

201.92 201.02 193.94 186.82 179.70 172.58 165.44 158.27 151.05 143.81 136.55 129.25 121.92 114.57 107.23 99.912 92.634 85.404 78.217 71.056 64.190

773.62 747.53 578.07 457.94 371.79 308.66 261.22 224.62 195.64 172.12 152.56 135.93 121.52 108.81 97.426 87.086 77.571 68.687 60.223 51.869 42.900

0.021241 0.021297 0.021815 0.022310 0.022565 0.022513 0.022239 0.021896 0.021624 0.021515 0.021605 0.021894 0.022361 0.022978 0.023726 0.024597 0.025604 0.026794 0.028269 0.030276 0.033574

0.029631 0.029698 0.030320 0.030934 0.031294 0.031336 0.031177 0.031019 0.031053 0.031420 0.032204 0.033461 0.035245 0.037647 0.040839 0.045146 0.051204 0.060349 0.075824 0.10781 0.21201

140.32 141.11 147.03 152.65 158.07 163.33 168.36 173.06 177.30 180.99 184.06 186.44 188.14 189.13 189.41 188.96 187.75 185.74 182.82 178.78 172.82 0

Saturated Properties

507.90 480.26 284.62 156.71 87.254 52.570 35.817 27.728 23.649 21.338 19.753 18.446 17.250 16.118 15.045 14.029 13.062 12.120 11.155 10.071 8.6358 5.0628

4.4204 4.4842 4.9840 5.4863 5.9925 6.5051 7.0277 7.5654 8.1241 8.7113 9.3362 10.010 10.748 11.571 12.509 13.607 14.940 16.641 18.977 22.582 29.666

4.0962 4.1481 4.5528 4.9555 5.3557 5.7533 6.1486 6.5423 6.9355 7.3301 7.7281 8.1324 8.5467 8.9760 9.4273 9.9112 10.445 11.061 11.823 12.881 14.721

Single-Phase Properties 100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 119.62

1.0000 1.0000

119.62 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

100.00 154.36

5.0000 5.0000

154.36 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

0.12316 0.040116 0.024050 0.017177 0.013360

2.0355 6.2338 10.604 15.357 20.438

2.8474 8.7265 14.762 21.179 27.923

0.17297 0.20531 0.22069 0.23147 0.23994

0.020885 0.021078 0.022781 0.024672 0.026045

0.029925 0.029435 0.031108 0.032992 0.034363

188.37 329.72 421.27 493.31 555.60

18.479 2.6530 0.75388 0.10517 −0.18735

0.029276 0.032774

−3.7444 −2.6131

−3.7151 −2.5803

0.099680 0.11003

0.028683 0.027000

0.055399 0.061476

826.85 645.19

−0.27181 −0.085501

0.83209 2.4791 4.1649 5.8360 7.5029

2.1662 6.1772 10.576 15.340 20.426

2.9983 8.6563 14.741 21.176 27.929

0.15666 0.18598 0.20149 0.21230 0.22078

0.023665 0.021148 0.022802 0.024682 0.026051

0.040564 0.029887 0.031240 0.033052 0.034395

189.41 329.90 422.68 494.87 557.14

15.124 2.6066 0.73726 0.098376 −0.19062

12.433 26.894 41.288 54.139 66.001

34.497 16.011

0.028988 0.062457

−3.7983 0.35374

−3.6533 0.66602

0.099132 0.13204

0.028935 0.038878

0.054458 3.5718

850.39 163.89

−0.28978 4.2044

140.71 75.954

160.92 29.668

11.160 2.0616 1.1908 0.84728 0.65931

0.089610 0.48505 0.83975 1.1802 1.5167

1.0294 5.9227 10.454 15.264 20.373

1.4774 8.3480 14.653 21.165 27.956

0.13729 0.17177 0.18787 0.19881 0.20734

0.041906 0.021448 0.022894 0.024726 0.026076

4.2513 0.032003 0.031815 0.033309 0.034537

158.85 332.25 429.36 501.98 564.07

6.0016 2.3730 0.66261 0.068114 −0.20519

72.313 28.797 42.362 54.901 66.593

20.574 21.766 31.267 39.261 46.305

34.158 30.512 1.2018 0.40337 0.24010 0.17135 0.13328

8.1192 24.928 41.579 58.216 74.849

9.0852 26.485 41.046 53.966 65.867 137.23 107.79

7.7121 20.652 30.486 38.653 45.806 153.89 98.249 9.3921 20.846 30.630 38.766 45.899

100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

34.885 4.2056 2.3538 1.6705 1.3010

0.028665 0.23778 0.42484 0.59861 0.76866

−3.8593 5.6024 10.306 15.171 20.307

−3.5726 7.9802 14.554 21.157 27.993

0.098498 0.16499 0.18182 0.19292 0.20150

0.029235 0.021790 0.022999 0.024776 0.026104

0.053516 0.034749 0.032491 0.033613 0.034706

877.07 339.35 438.67 511.24 572.92

−0.30803 2.0332 0.56900 0.030534 −0.22339

144.82 31.466 43.708 55.839 67.321

169.49 23.153 32.074 39.873 46.804

100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00

25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000

35.884 10.393 5.6243 3.9923 3.1222

0.027867 0.096215 0.17780 0.25048 0.32028

−4.0109 4.7194 9.8920 14.907 20.117

−3.3142 7.1247 14.337 21.169 28.124

0.096845 0.15490 0.17346 0.18495 0.19369

0.030037 0.022521 0.023256 0.024901 0.026174

0.051627 0.040917 0.034167 0.034397 0.035155

945.24 390.80 472.62 541.32 600.66

−0.34532 1.0167 0.30658 −0.076019 −0.27597

155.97 41.851 47.943 58.651 69.464

194.38 29.605 34.705 41.714 48.271

100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00

75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000

38.263 21.603 13.760 10.201 8.1749

0.026135 0.046289 0.072675 0.098029 0.12233

−4.3340 3.1884 8.8798 14.192 19.571

−2.3739 6.6601 14.330 21.544 28.745

0.092788 0.14315 0.16284 0.17498 0.18403

0.031906 0.023601 0.023725 0.025126 0.026293

0.049123 0.041272 0.036534 0.035903 0.036153

1115.1 645.54 619.75 657.04 701.72

−0.39472 −0.18640 −0.20732 −0.31840 −0.40609

184.96 75.261 64.149 68.835 76.863

274.96 53.378 45.084 48.269 53.163

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Schmidt, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and Its Application to Oxygen,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 19:175–200, 1985. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. For viscosity, the uncertainty is 1% in the dilute gas at temperatures above 200 K, and 5% in the dilute gas at lower temperatures. The uncertainty is around 2% between 270 and 300 K, and increases to 5% outside of this region. The uncertainty may be higher in the liquid near the triple point. The uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple point. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainties range from 3% between 270 and 300 K to 5% elsewhere. The uncertainties above 100 MPa are not known due to a lack of experimental data.

2-321

−100

0

0.

0. 60

50

0.

.

0.

0.

.

400

500 20. 3

kg/m ρ = 100. 80.

150.

200

30

40

300

60. 140

1000.

c.p.

40.

150

30.

10. 8. 6. 4.

20.

130

120

110

2.

200

140 100

80

4.

1100.

1200.

6.

70

800

900

(R-732) reference state: h = 0.0 kJ/kg, s = 0.00 kJ/(kg·K) for ideal gas at 0 K

T = 90 K

10. 8.

.

Oxygen

100

150

2-322

−200 20.

15.

130

2.

8.0

480

500 3.0

0.60

g·K

40

20

6.

6.

0

/(k

6.0

5.8

0

0

1. 0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2

1.0 0.80

5.6

5.40

5.20

5.00

T = 460 K

440

420

400

340

320

300

280

240

220

200

160

140

120

0.9

saturated va

0.8

0.7 4.80

4.60

4.40

4.20

3.80

4.00

3.40

3.60

3.00

3.20

4.0

1.5

)

2.80

6.0

2.0

90

2.60

0.06

0.6

por

0.1 0.08

0.5

0.3

satu

x = 0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

liquid

100

180

0.4

260

T = 110 K

380

0.6

360

1. 0.8

rated

Pressure (MPa)

10. 120

0

6 6.

s=

0.04

0 6.8

kJ

0.40 0.30

0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04

0

7.0

80

0.20

0.02

.20

7

0.15

0.02

0.10

0.01 −200

−100

0

100

200

300

400

0.01 500

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-15 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for oxygen. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O. and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Schmidt, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and Its Application to Oxygen,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 19:175–200, 1985.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2-323

Enthalpy-concentration diagram for oxygen-nitrogen mixture at 1 atm. Reference states: Enthalpies of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen at the normal boiling point of nitrogen are zero. (Dodge, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1944.) Wilson, Silverberg, and Zellner, AFAPL TDR 64-64 (AD 603151), 1964, p. 314, present extensive vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the three-component system argon-nitrogen-oxygen as well as for binary systems including oxygen-nitrogen. Calculations for this mixture are also available with the NIST REFPROP software.

FIG. 2-16

2-324 TABLE 2-246 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Pentane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−25.092 −24.164 −22.032 −19.892 −17.737 −15.558 −13.348 −11.099 −8.8042 −6.4555 −4.0461 −1.5694 0.98088 3.6106 6.3259 9.1332 12.040 15.057 18.197 21.482 24.952 28.698 33.125 36.504

−25.092 −24.164 −22.032 −19.892 −17.737 −15.557 −13.347 −11.099 −8.8031 −6.4532 −4.0414 −1.5608 0.99557 3.6346 6.3635 9.1900 12.123 15.176 18.364 21.715 25.275 29.150 33.811 37.552

8.3431 8.8107 9.9311 11.110 12.343 13.627 14.962 16.347 17.780 19.260 20.787 22.357 23.968 25.617 27.297 29.002 30.721 32.439 34.133 35.764 37.264 38.471 38.730 36.504

9.5360 10.058 11.303 12.607 13.964 15.372 16.829 18.333 19.882 21.472 23.101 24.763 26.454 28.168 29.896 31.629 33.352 35.046 36.682 38.214 39.557 40.520 40.328 37.552

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.11487 −0.10855 −0.095008 −0.082594 −0.071091 −0.060326 −0.050163 −0.040489 −0.031215 −0.022266 −0.013582 −0.0051134 0.0031816 0.011338 0.019386 0.027354 0.035271 0.043168 0.051083 0.059073 0.067234 0.075780 0.085678 0.093548

0.10392 0.10408 0.10469 0.10558 0.10680 0.10837 0.11032 0.11267 0.11539 0.11847 0.12186 0.12552 0.12940 0.13348 0.13770 0.14204 0.14649 0.15103 0.15570 0.16056 0.16578 0.17187 0.18139

0.14205 0.14201 0.14231 0.14312 0.14441 0.14621 0.14853 0.15137 0.15473 0.15857 0.16289 0.16766 0.17288 0.17857 0.18478 0.19161 0.19928 0.20814 0.21894 0.23325 0.25525 0.30145 0.60959

1829.9 1788.3 1696.9 1610.3 1527.4 1447.4 1369.7 1293.8 1219.4 1146.3 1074.0 1002.5 931.46 860.59 789.61 718.18 645.89 572.27 496.72 418.39 335.90 246.17 138.75 0

−0.54905 −0.54859 −0.54514 −0.53850 −0.52866 −0.51549 −0.49891 −0.47884 −0.45516 −0.42770 −0.39609 −0.35971 −0.31748 −0.26769 −0.20766 −0.13303 −0.036610 0.094152 0.28299 0.58010 1.1123 2.3196 7.5108 19.135

175.03 172.92 167.37 161.20 154.70 148.08 141.47 134.95 128.57 122.40 116.43 110.69 105.17 99.882 94.813 89.958 85.304 80.839 76.544 72.402 68.402 64.610 63.369

3709.1 2750.8 1587.7 1048.4 757.19 581.46 466.22 385.57 326.15 280.49 244.17 214.42 189.45 168.04 149.32 132.67 117.61 103.78 90.837 78.483 66.354 53.842 38.530

0.12648 0.11959 0.10702 0.097955 0.091475 0.086957 0.083956 0.082144 0.081276 0.081162 0.081654 0.082633 0.084003 0.085681 0.087596 0.089684 0.091880 0.094117 0.096313 0.098358 0.10007 0.10105 0.099694 0.093548

0.070619 0.072591 0.076717 0.080473 0.084066 0.087665 0.091392 0.095331 0.099526 0.10400 0.10874 0.11373 0.11894 0.12435 0.12993 0.13567 0.14155 0.14759 0.15383 0.16037 0.16742 0.17552 0.18671

0.078934 0.080906 0.085033 0.088791 0.092395 0.096021 0.099805 0.10385 0.10823 0.11297 0.11811 0.12367 0.12966 0.13613 0.14317 0.15092 0.15968 0.17000 0.18300 0.20125 0.23193 0.30440 0.82173

135.94 138.80 145.17 151.28 157.11 162.67 167.92 172.81 177.25 181.16 184.42 186.93 188.56 189.17 188.63 186.76 183.35 178.13 170.76 160.78 147.55 130.14 106.55 0

Saturated Properties 143.47 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 469.70

7.6322E-08 2.6809E-07 3.1471E-06 2.3256E-05 0.00012116 0.00048191 0.0015504 0.0042112 0.0099767 0.021139 0.040858 0.073168 0.12293 0.19575 0.29786 0.43606 0.61766 0.85052 1.1432 1.5050 1.9472 2.4836 3.1355 3.3710

143.47 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 469.70

7.6322E-08 2.6809E-07 3.1471E-06 2.3256E-05 0.00012116 0.00048191 0.0015504 0.0042112 0.0099767 0.021139 0.040858 0.073168 0.12293 0.19575 0.29786 0.43606 0.61766 0.85052 1.1432 1.5050 1.9472 2.4836 3.1355 3.3710

10.566 10.482 10.292 10.105 9.9190 9.7339 9.5483 9.3613 9.1719 8.9791 8.7818 8.5788 8.3688 8.1499 7.9200 7.6765 7.4155 7.1319 6.8175 6.4595 6.0340 5.4866 4.5754 3.2156 6.3981E-08 2.1496E-07 2.2940E-06 1.5540E-05 7.4749E-05 0.00027623 0.00083048 0.0021198 0.0047454 0.0095553 0.017654 0.030405 0.049446 0.076727 0.11460 0.16601 0.23477 0.32623 0.44834 0.61427 0.84898 1.2118 1.9618 3.2156

0.094640 0.095399 0.097163 0.098964 0.10082 0.10273 0.10473 0.10682 0.10903 0.11137 0.11387 0.11657 0.11949 0.12270 0.12626 0.13027 0.13485 0.14022 0.14668 0.15481 0.16573 0.18226 0.21856 0.31099 15,630,000. 4,652,000. 435,920. 64,349. 13,378. 3,620.1 1,204.1 471.75 210.73 104.65 56.645 32.889 20.224 13.033 8.7259 6.0239 4.2594 3.0654 2.2305 1.6279 1.1779 0.82522 0.50974 0.31099

542.15 453.68 311.80 222.93 164.55 124.69 96.614 76.365 61.487 50.401 42.052 35.715 30.879 27.184 24.375 22.275 20.767 19.785 19.316 19.406 20.186 21.884 24.088 19.135

4.0211 4.3338 5.0759 5.8544 6.6764 7.5505 8.4862 9.4926 10.578 11.752 13.022 14.394 15.879 17.484 19.221 21.106 23.164 25.433 27.980 30.941 34.634 40.108 55.658

3.2806 3.4236 3.7558 4.0934 4.4362 4.7837 5.1356 5.4918 5.8525 6.2179 6.5890 6.9672 7.3547 7.7547 8.1719 8.6130 9.0883 9.6135 10.215 10.939 11.885 13.312 16.549

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 308.83

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

9.8581 8.5793 8.4562

308.83 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.040733 0.030611 0.024257 0.020135

200.00 300.00 398.07

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

9.8656 8.5958 6.9671

398.07 400.00 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

0.10144 0.11656 0.11826 24.550 32.668 41.224 49.665

−17.016 −1.5709 −0.077672

−17.006 −1.5592 −0.065846

−0.067441 −0.0051184 −0.00021257

0.10728 0.12552 0.12778

0.14495 0.16765 0.17068

1501.0 1002.8 960.65

−0.52472 −0.35984 −0.33565

152.53 110.71 107.41

690.14 214.50 199.24

23.300 35.260 51.273 70.070

25.755 38.527 55.396 75.037

0.083398 0.11949 0.15700 0.19274

0.11677 0.14472 0.17449 0.20055

0.12714 0.15376 0.18314 0.20906

188.00 217.34 243.86 267.28

32.712 12.986 6.4310 3.8205

15.254 24.749 37.084 50.416

7.1940 9.3018 11.487 13.525

0.10136 0.11634 0.14353

−17.038 −1.6210 16.730

−16.937 −1.5046 16.874

−0.067555 −0.0052858 0.047422

0.10733 0.12555 0.15353

0.14489 0.16737 0.21364

1505.8 1011.2 531.90

−0.52539 −0.36413 0.18628

152.82 111.23 78.507

0.38746 0.38317 0.26375 0.20980

2.5809 2.6098 3.7914 4.7663

33.355 33.666 50.465 69.531

35.936 36.276 54.257 74.297

0.095310 0.096162 0.13622 0.17270

0.15092 0.15126 0.17624 0.20129

0.17655 0.17612 0.18896 0.21181

174.46 175.97 226.09 257.70

19.468 18.915 7.2197 3.9909

26.763 26.951 38.498 51.523

9.8980 8.6652 7.1612 3.2553 1.2834

0.10103 0.11540 0.13964 0.30719 0.77916

−17.137 −1.8329 16.501 42.207 66.610

−16.632 −1.2559 17.199 43.743 70.506

−0.068053 −0.0060014 0.046820 0.10528 0.15448

0.10753 0.12571 0.15388 0.19073 0.20500

0.14467 0.16627 0.20601 0.42935 0.23291

1527.0 1047.2 606.55 135.39 220.81

−0.52817 −0.38106 0.017312 9.4810 4.4347

154.08 113.46 82.387 59.214 57.890

726.41 228.42 107.19 26.017 17.494

696.76 217.09 96.722 9.9253 9.9649 12.017 13.960

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

9.9373 8.7452 7.3792 5.4581 3.0774

0.10063 0.11435 0.13552 0.18321 0.32495

−17.255 −2.0763 15.896 37.622 62.405

−16.249 −0.93280 17.251 39.455 65.655

−0.068660 −0.0068390 0.045232 0.094589 0.14230

0.10778 0.12592 0.15383 0.18299 0.20754

0.14442 0.16515 0.20020 0.24567 0.26294

1552.6 1088.8 687.58 349.25 229.05

−0.53127 −0.39826 −0.10747 0.88491 2.8865

155.61 116.08 86.892 69.546 67.434

763.99 242.27 120.04 57.792 28.573

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

10.209 9.2247 8.2838 7.3733 6.5265

0.097953 0.10840 0.12072 0.13562 0.15322

−18.043 −3.5039 13.310 32.748 54.478

−13.146 1.9164 19.346 39.529 62.139

−0.072988 −0.012155 0.037795 0.082724 0.12389

0.10968 0.12755 0.15501 0.18248 0.20695

0.14331 0.16079 0.18829 0.21473 0.23672

1731.1 1343.9 1056.0 853.23 723.60

−0.54573 −0.46478 −0.35370 −0.25198 −0.17131

166.40 132.95 109.81 97.812 94.951

1086.9 346.81 195.02 130.14 95.489

10.479 9.6305 8.8688 8.1734 7.5451

0.095431 0.10384 0.11275 0.12235 0.13254

−18.760 −4.6330 11.680 30.587 51.860

−9.2168 5.7508 22.955 42.822 65.113

−0.077502 −0.017033 0.032278 0.076502 0.11708

0.11180 0.12937 0.15665 0.18394 0.20826

0.14305 0.15917 0.18547 0.21138 0.23383

1911.9 1570.5 1325.1 1153.2 1035.8

−0.55097 −0.49017 −0.40837 −0.34418 −0.29936

177.42 148.83 128.55 117.64 114.07

1550.8 473.34 270.23 187.06 142.50

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(1):41–109, 2003. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is NIST14, Version 9.08. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are approximately 0.2% (to 0.5% at high pressures) in density, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in heat capacity, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in the speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%.

2-325

2-326

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-247 T, K 336.4m 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500

Saturated Potassium*

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

1.37.−9 1.84.−7 3.13.−5 9.26.−4 0.01022

0.001208 0.001229 0.001266 0.001304 0.001346

0.06116 0.7322 3.913 12.44 20.0

0.001389 0.001488 0.001605 0.001742 0.001816

vg, m3/kg

h f, kJ/kg

h g, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

s g, kJ/(kg⋅K)

c pf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

4.64.+6 3.39.+4 3164 142.3

93.8 145.5 225.1 302.7 379.4

2327 2342 2390 2433 2468

1.928 2.068 2.246 2.388 2.506

8.567 7.559 6.576 5.937 5.490

0.822 0.805 0.785 0.771 0.762

455.5 609.7 773.5 948.0 1040.0

2498 2552 2610 2679 2718

2.608 2.780 2.929 3.063 3.123

5.161 4.722 4.459 4.299 4.209

0.761 0.792 0.846 0.899 0.924

26.75 2.691 0.584 0.207 0.132

*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972; and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 1.37.−9 signifies 1.37 × 10−9. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 30 bar, 1650 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 250 psia, 1300 to 2700°R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid is given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994):385–497.

Mollier diagram for potassium. Basis: enthalpy = 0.0 cal/g atom at 298 K; entropy = 15.8 cal/(g atom·K) at 298 K. (Aerojet-General Rep. AGN8194, vol. 2, 1967. Reproduced by permission.)

FIG. 2-17

TABLE 2-248 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Propane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−7.4323 −6.1638 −4.8753 −3.5682 −2.2418 −0.89395 0.47907 1.8816 3.3189 4.7964 6.3203 7.8975 9.5360 11.246 13.041 14.943 16.996 19.317 23.653

−7.4323 −6.1638 −4.8753 −3.5682 −2.2418 −0.89372 0.47981 1.8836 3.3234 4.8056 6.3375 7.9275 9.5854 11.324 13.159 15.120 17.257 19.707 24.503

15.887 16.399 16.947 17.527 18.137 18.775 19.437 20.120 20.819 21.528 22.242 22.954 23.656 24.336 24.977 25.543 25.971 26.098 23.653

16.718 17.356 18.028 18.732 19.466 20.226 21.007 21.801 22.602 23.401 24.189 24.956 25.690 26.376 26.989 27.488 27.791 27.699 24.503

−7.4332 1.4085 4.3719

−7.4270 1.4157 4.3795

21.326 25.482 33.084 42.616 −7.4410 1.3862 11.833 11.844

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

−0.048110 −0.036293 −0.025763 −0.016249 −0.0075455 0.00050603 0.0080327 0.015137 0.021903 0.028399 0.034686 0.040815 0.046833 0.052790 0.058740 0.064759 0.070985 0.077769 0.090537

0.058376 0.058304 0.058442 0.058710 0.059141 0.059774 0.060636 0.061740 0.063087 0.064672 0.066484 0.068514 0.070755 0.073209 0.075898 0.078882 0.082328 0.087215

0.083833 0.085262 0.086525 0.087764 0.089109 0.090658 0.092484 0.094646 0.097193 0.10018 0.10368 0.10780 0.11272 0.11880 0.12672 0.13817 0.15818 0.21184

2030.4 1930.7 1827.2 1724.5 1623.4 1523.6 1424.7 1326.6 1229.1 1131.9 1034.8 937.63 839.90 741.08 640.30 536.11 425.33 300.04 0

−0.62852 −0.61354 −0.59904 −0.58338 −0.56521 −0.54342 −0.51702 −0.48497 −0.44601 −0.39841 −0.33958 −0.26538 −0.16892 −0.037850 0.15178 0.45297 1.0100 2.3857 12.890

203.23 196.90 189.40 181.11 172.30 163.19 153.97 144.76 135.72 126.91 118.40 110.26 102.52 95.209 88.324 81.819 75.581 69.491

3780.3 1822.7 1080.5 729.42 534.62 412.89 329.94 269.81 224.28 188.66 160.10 136.69 117.11 100.38 85.735 72.510 60.014 47.137

0.19339 0.16822 0.15042 0.13755 0.12813 0.12119 0.11607 0.11230 0.10953 0.10753 0.10609 0.10507 0.10435 0.10381 0.10335 0.10282 0.10197 0.10028 0.090537

0.032981 0.035381 0.037630 0.039780 0.041911 0.044098 0.046406 0.048888 0.051579 0.054504 0.057677 0.061104 0.064794 0.068763 0.072895 0.077315 0.083072 0.091334

0.041296 0.043696 0.045946 0.048104 0.050262 0.052519 0.054975 0.057727 0.060867 0.064488 0.068703 0.073667 0.079635 0.087064 0.096756 0.11131 0.13963 0.22264

153.65 163.64 172.99 181.78 190.03 197.68 204.61 210.64 215.59 219.25 221.39 221.82 220.30 216.53 210.16 200.74 187.44 168.95 0

−0.048119 0.012800 0.026576

0.058377 0.061348 0.064197

0.083831 0.093874 0.099283

23.175 27.937 36.389 46.761

0.10803 0.12602 0.15020 0.17327

0.053648 0.065918 0.085775 0.10431

0.063403 0.074796 0.094327 0.11276

218.35 249.37 286.19 318.30

−7.3796 1.4577 11.924 11.934

−0.048197 0.012688 0.054770 0.054806

0.058391 0.061383 0.074077 0.074092

0.083810 0.093756 0.12118 0.12123

2034.6 1366.3 707.81 707.18

Saturated Properties 100.00 115.00 130.00 145.00 160.00 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 369.83

2.5330E-08 1.0677E-06 1.7600E-05 0.00015328 0.00084980 0.0033874 0.010547 0.027195 0.060583 0.12030 0.21798 0.36693 0.58173 0.87805 1.2726 1.7837 2.4320 3.2432 4.2477

100.00 115.00 130.00 145.00 160.00 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 369.83

2.5330E-08 1.0677E-06 1.7600E-05 0.00015328 0.00084980 0.0033874 0.010547 0.027195 0.060583 0.12030 0.21798 0.36693 0.58173 0.87805 1.2726 1.7837 2.4320 3.2432 4.2477

100.00 200.00 230.74

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

230.74 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 200.00 300.00 300.09

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

16.287 15.941 15.596 15.251 14.904 14.554 14.198 13.834 13.459 13.070 12.663 12.234 11.775 11.277 10.726 10.097 9.3403 8.3162 5.0000 3.0465E-08 1.1166E-06 1.6284E-05 0.00012717 0.00063940 0.0023346 0.0067219 0.016180 0.033974 0.064224 0.11195 0.18328 0.28598 0.43050 0.63231 0.91726 1.3363 2.0253 5.0000

0.061397 0.062730 0.064117 0.065568 0.067094 0.068710 0.070434 0.072288 0.074301 0.076511 0.078968 0.081740 0.084925 0.088673 0.093229 0.099036 0.10706 0.12025 0.20000 32,825,000. 895,550. 61,410. 7,863.4 1,564.0 428.34 148.77 61.804 29.435 15.570 8.9325 5.4561 3.4968 2.3229 1.5815 1.0902 0.74835 0.49375 0.20000

420.53 267.23 181.79 130.32 97.395 75.331 59.995 49.008 40.931 34.865 30.235 26.669 23.923 21.832 20.354 19.511 19.120 18.854 12.890

2.4171 3.2182 4.0849 5.0168 6.0131 7.0721 8.1917 9.3706 10.611 11.922 13.323 14.845 16.544 18.503 20.863 23.881 28.187 36.060

2.9792 3.3431 3.7167 4.0976 4.4832 4.8708 5.2578 5.6429 6.0262 6.4107 6.8027 7.2123 7.6551 8.1548 8.7494 9.5073 10.574 12.373

Single-Phase Properties 16.288 13.958 13.182 0.054083 0.040726 0.030257 0.024125

2-327

16.295 13.974 11.101 11.097

0.061394 0.071646 0.075860 18.490 24.554 33.050 41.452 0.061368 0.071560 0.090085 0.090112

2030.8 1359.8 1159.5

−0.62854 −0.49655 −0.41295 36.423 16.357 7.1977 3.9113 −0.62871 −0.49871 0.017030 0.018141

203.26 147.87 129.38 11.542 18.513 30.995 46.363 203.49 148.40 92.871 92.828

3784.5 288.12 197.97 6.3010 8.1962 10.819 13.290 3822.7 290.36 95.307 95.215

2-328 TABLE 2-248

Thermodynamic Properties of Propane (Continued)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

300.09 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.49153 0.32145 0.24776

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

Single-Phase Properties 2.0344 3.1109 4.0362

24.559 32.638 42.322

26.593 35.749 46.359

0.10366 0.12993 0.15353

0.070157 0.086666 0.10468

0.090035 0.097825 0.11438

214.68 272.57 311.60

21.259 7.6356 3.9684

19.249 31.915 47.555

8.3433 10.996 13.477

16.326 14.047 11.363 2.5448 1.4059

0.061251 0.071191 0.088002 0.39296 0.71129

−7.4751 1.2900 11.506 29.499 40.868

−7.1688 1.6459 11.946 31.463 44.425

−0.048542 0.012202 0.053658 0.10822 0.13725

0.058457 0.061542 0.074005 0.093912 0.10638

0.083721 0.093272 0.11643 0.16341 0.12446

2051.3 1394.2 779.30 197.49 284.88

−0.62944 −0.50758 −0.10225 10.349 4.1092

204.51 150.70 97.139 42.438 52.411

3995.6 300.33 103.08 14.948 15.207

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

16.365 14.133 11.627 7.5861 3.2486

0.061108 0.070758 0.086007 0.13182 0.30783

−7.5164 1.1767 11.173 24.108 38.754

−6.9053 1.8843 12.033 25.426 41.832

−0.048966 0.011619 0.052499 0.090675 0.12746

0.058554 0.061744 0.074065 0.093138 0.10818

0.083620 0.092746 0.11280 0.16714 0.14277

2071.2 1427.0 851.72 338.94 275.78

−0.63025 −0.51720 −0.19531 1.7653 3.4683

205.77 153.49 101.80 68.250 58.851

4219.8 312.82 111.73 41.091 19.828

100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

16.644 14.696 12.850 11.043 9.3527

0.060081 0.068047 0.077822 0.090552 0.10692

−7.8016 0.46479 9.6226 20.208 32.246

−4.7976 3.8672 13.514 24.735 37.592

−0.052119 0.0076714 0.046601 0.078767 0.10739

0.059685 0.063347 0.075522 0.092492 0.10930

0.083087 0.090345 0.10376 0.12069 0.13596

2203.4 1638.0 1203.5 901.34 721.97

−0.63391 −0.56103 −0.42987 −0.26933 −0.11844

214.99 173.15 129.30 103.15 94.269

6389.5 416.61 167.38 95.902 63.347

−0.055583

0.061388

0.082816

2328.3

−0.63418

225.01

0.065107 0.077244 0.094108 0.11078

0.089250 0.10131 0.11714 0.13224

1833.0 1467.7 1214.6 1052.7

−0.58053 −0.49303 −0.40159 −0.33205

193.78 155.37 129.74 118.57

100.00

100.00

16.946

0.059010

−8.0684

−2.1674

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

15.221 13.700 12.331 11.114

0.065700 0.072994 0.081095 0.089974

−0.13496 8.6070 18.712 30.308

6.4350 15.906 26.822 39.306

0.0038087 0.042047 0.073340 0.10113

10396. 561.59 229.66 138.80 98.032

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “Reference Equations of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Fluid Phase n-Butane and Isobutane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35(2):929–1019, 2006. The source for viscosity is Vogel, E., Kuechenmeister, C., Bich, E., and Laesecke, A., “Reference Correlation of the Viscosity of Propane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27(5):947–970, 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Marsh, K., Perkins, R., and Ramires, M. L. V., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Propane from 86 to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(4):932–940, 2002. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. Typical uncertainties in density are 0.02% in the liquid phase, 0.05% in the vapor phase and at supercritical temperatures, and 0.1% in the critical region, except very near the critical point, where the uncertainty in pressure is 0.1%. For vapor pressures, the uncertainty is 0.02% above 180 K, 0.05% above 1 Pa (115 K), and dropping to 0.001 mPa at the triple point. The uncertainty in heat capacity (isobaric, isochoric, and saturated) is 0.5% at temperatures above 125 K and 2% at temperatures below 125 K for the liquid, and is 0.5% for all vapor states. The uncertainty in the liquid-phase speed of sound is 0.5%, and that for the vapor phase is 0.05%. The uncertainties are higher for all properties very near the critical point except pressure (saturated vapor/liquid and single phase). The uncertainty in viscosity varies from 0.4% in the dilute gas between room temperature and 600 K, to about 2.5% from 100 to 475 K up to about 30 MPa, and to about 4% outside this range. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the critical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.

TABLE 2-249 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.039412 −0.029431 −0.020215 −0.011635 −0.0036693 0.0037429 0.010683 0.017233 0.023468 0.029455 0.035251 0.040906 0.046469 0.051993 0.057541 0.063218 0.069261 0.076741 0.084569

0.047146 0.048479 0.051603 0.053564 0.054606 0.055253 0.055851 0.056582 0.057524 0.058697 0.060098 0.061715 0.063540 0.065577 0.067855 0.070450 0.073575 0.078178

0.074152 0.076350 0.080066 0.082659 0.084443 0.085952 0.087538 0.089404 0.091663 0.094401 0.097711 0.10174 0.10676 0.11327 0.12246 0.13754 0.17154 0.39594

1984.2 1860.6 1740.6 1637.2 1542.5 1450.8 1359.1 1266.3 1171.8 1075.9 978.69 880.57 781.63 681.71 580.13 475.08 362.18 229.03 0

−0.63335 −0.61019 −0.57672 −0.55180 −0.53067 −0.50839 −0.48173 −0.44843 −0.40645 −0.35329 −0.28530 −0.19657 −0.077005 0.092061 0.34911 0.78805 1.7115 4.9073 12.042

0.18156 0.15964 0.14383 0.13221 0.12357 0.11710 0.11221 0.10851 0.10570 0.10354 0.10186 0.10053 0.099433 0.098452 0.097460 0.096280 0.094563 0.090988 0.084569

0.031371 0.033039 0.034573 0.036090 0.037686 0.039423 0.041343 0.043468 0.045811 0.048376 0.051168 0.054191 0.057457 0.060989 0.064833 0.069077 0.073899 0.079791

0.039685 0.041354 0.042891 0.044423 0.046064 0.047910 0.050046 0.052548 0.055492 0.058970 0.063112 0.068131 0.074408 0.082685 0.094593 0.11448 0.15900 0.42332

162.00 172.27 181.89 190.90 199.27 206.90 213.67 219.38 223.85 226.88 228.25 227.73 225.06 219.92 211.93 200.59 185.21 164.25 0

Saturated Properties 105.00 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 365.57

1.8242E-07 4.8828E-06 5.9371E-05 0.00041697 0.0019723 0.0069671 0.019747 0.047272 0.099223 0.18775 0.32701 0.53269 0.82165 1.2118 1.7225 2.3751 3.1956 4.2202 4.6646

105.00 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 365.57

1.8242E-07 4.8828E-06 5.9371E-05 0.00041697 0.0019723 0.0069671 0.019747 0.047272 0.099223 0.18775 0.32701 0.53269 0.82165 1.2118 1.7225 2.3751 3.1956 4.2202 4.6646

100.00 200.00 225.17

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

225.17 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

100.00 200.00 292.39

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

292.39 300.00

1.0000 1.0000

17.799 17.383 16.973 16.567 16.162 15.755 15.343 14.922 14.487 14.035 13.559 13.054 12.509 11.911 11.240 10.455 9.4631 7.8236 5.3086 2.0896E-07 4.8940E-06 5.2900E-05 0.00033450 0.0014403 0.0046776 0.012310 0.027633 0.054946 0.099531 0.16779 0.26768 0.40967 0.60872 0.88863 1.2929 1.9214 3.1801 5.3086

0.056183 0.057526 0.058917 0.060361 0.061873 0.063470 0.065175 0.067016 0.069027 0.071251 0.073750 0.076607 0.079945 0.083956 0.088971 0.095644 0.10567 0.12782 0.18837 4,785,700. 204,330. 18,904. 2,989.5 694.32 213.78 81.237 36.188 18.200 10.047 5.9598 3.7358 2.4410 1.6428 1.1253 0.77343 0.52045 0.31446 0.18837

−6.2877 −5.1660 −3.9917 −2.7699 −1.5160 −0.23811 1.0625 2.3884 3.7442 5.1356 6.5692 8.0523 9.5938 11.205 12.904 14.722 16.734 19.290 21.862

−6.2877 −5.1660 −3.9917 −2.7699 −1.5159 −0.23766 1.0638 2.3916 3.7510 5.1490 6.5933 8.0931 9.6595 11.307 13.057 14.949 17.071 19.829 22.741

16.041 16.525 17.032 17.560 18.109 18.676 19.258 19.850 20.446 21.042 21.630 22.202 22.749 23.254 23.693 24.022 24.137 23.631 21.862

16.914 17.522 18.154 18.807 19.479 20.166 20.862 21.560 22.252 22.928 23.579 24.192 24.754 25.245 25.632 25.859 25.801 24.958 22.741

260.32 186.64 139.37 107.24 84.470 67.837 55.441 46.072 38.921 33.424 29.182 25.909 23.398 21.502 20.107 19.116 18.381 17.115 12.042

Single-Phase Properties 17.939 15.206 14.482 0.055346 0.040648 0.030232 0.024118 0.020074 17.947 15.224 12.222

2-329

0.49938 0.47670

−6.6629 1.4997 3.7598

−6.6573 1.5063 3.7667

−0.043075 0.012896 0.023538

0.049534 0.056075 0.057536

0.076050 0.088113 0.091692

20.453 24.309 30.772 38.745 48.088

22.260 26.769 34.080 42.891 53.070

0.10567 0.12289 0.14382 0.16342 0.18194

0.045839 0.056666 0.072240 0.086809 0.099688

0.055529 0.065495 0.080757 0.095223 0.10806

223.89 258.13 295.63 328.33 357.96

0.055720 0.065684 0.081820

−6.6707 1.4781 10.378

−6.6149 1.5437 10.460

−0.043152 0.012788 0.049191

0.049534 0.056080 0.064516

0.076021 0.087997 0.10973

2014.7 1335.9 732.56

2.0025 2.0978

23.004 23.500

25.006 25.598

0.098942 0.10094

0.059161 0.059932

0.078164 0.077330

222.86 228.89

0.055745 0.065766 0.069051 18.068 24.601 33.078 41.463 49.815

2009.3 1328.9 1170.7

−0.61954 −0.47165 −0.40591 38.850 16.866 7.2207 3.7462 2.2036 −0.61988 −0.47384 −0.0016360 22.395 20.287

2-330

TABLE 2-249 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene (Concluded) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

400.00 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.31858 0.24704 0.20332

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Enthalpy kJ/mol

3.1389 4.0480 4.9183

30.390 38.516 47.935

33.529 42.564 52.854

15.306 12.206 2.2829 1.3832 1.0713

0.065334 0.081924 0.43803 0.72298 0.93348

1.3850 10.889 27.896 37.351 47.197

15.402 12.515 7.5283 3.1462 2.2419

0.064925 0.079905 0.13283 0.31784 0.44605

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.12371 0.14381 0.16254

0.073331 0.087329 0.099980

0.084055 0.096722 0.10888

283.73 322.07 354.28

7.6465 3.8350 2.2229

1.7117 11.299 30.087 40.966 51.865

0.012317 0.050918 0.10377 0.12811 0.14796

0.056114 0.065369 0.080080 0.089729 0.10124

0.087522 0.10822 0.12610 0.10566 0.11304

1365.9 752.67 221.38 297.48 342.05

−0.48279 −0.041773 9.5490 4.0173 2.2088

1.2752 10.553 22.740 35.603 46.180

1.9245 11.352 24.068 38.781 50.641

0.011753 0.049747 0.085918 0.11902 0.14065

0.056174 0.065258 0.081711 0.092261 0.10253

0.087009 0.10422 0.16868 0.12166 0.11891

1401.2 828.84 302.55 287.51 340.40

−0.49245 −0.15061 2.6128 3.5544 1.9833

Single-Phase Properties

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

16.616 14.839 13.274 11.892 10.680

0.060184 0.067390 0.075333 0.084087 0.093635

−0.021002 8.0040 17.017 27.127 38.256

5.9974 14.743 24.550 35.536 47.620

0.0040990 0.039443 0.067574 0.092040 0.11404

0.058338 0.067573 0.081108 0.094320 0.10601

0.083715 0.092245 0.10402 0.11555 0.12591

1815.4 1457.4 1192.7 1020.4 913.65

−0.55416 −0.48492 −0.40335 −0.33132 −0.27115

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00

17.488 16.028 14.825 13.819 12.963

0.057182 0.062389 0.067452 0.072363 0.077142

−0.77627 6.8870 15.619 25.539 36.558

10.660 19.365 29.110 40.011 51.987

−0.0018754 0.033304 0.061259 0.085539 0.10734

0.060831 0.070484 0.084735 0.098618 0.11085

0.083362 0.091727 0.10329 0.11458 0.12471

2084.9 1796.1 1568.7 1403.8 1282.8

−0.55991 −0.51205 −0.45996 −0.42037 −0.39117

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Angus, S., Armstrong, B., and de Reuck, K. M., “International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State—7 Propylene,” International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are generally 0.1% in density (except in the critical region), 1% in the heat capacity in the vapor phase, and 2–5% in the heat capacity in the liquid phase.

TABLE 2-250

Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

162.68 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 471.11

6.5101E-06 9.0030E-06 5.8433E-05 0.00027433 0.0010018 0.0030014 0.0076770 0.017281 0.035048 0.065240 0.11311 0.18478 0.28718 0.42787 0.61496 0.85703 1.1631 1.5427 2.0061 2.5648 3.2329 4.0318 4.4076

162.68 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 471.11

6.5101E-06 9.0030E-06 5.8433E-05 0.00027433 0.0010018 0.0030014 0.0076770 0.017281 0.035048 0.065240 0.11311 0.18478 0.28718 0.42787 0.61496 0.85703 1.1631 1.5427 2.0061 2.5648 3.2329 4.0318 4.4076

200.00 296.49

0.10000 0.10000

296.49 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s 1224.2 1221.1 1178.8 1119.8 1057.5 996.42 937.75 881.67 827.91 776.09 725.77 676.56 628.04 579.81 531.47 482.57 432.58 380.86 326.51 268.20 203.77 132.04 0

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 12.874 12.841 12.618 12.392 12.164 11.933 11.699 11.462 11.219 10.971 10.715 10.449 10.172 9.8812 9.5733 9.2442 8.8882 8.4966 8.0545 7.5340 6.8663 5.7930 4.0330 4.8133E-06 6.5631E-06 3.9056E-05 0.00016934 0.00057483 0.0016103 0.0038729 0.0082428 0.015895 0.028297 0.047202 0.074674 0.11315 0.16555 0.23549 0.32766 0.44843 0.60714 0.81886 1.1115 1.5503 2.3952 4.0330

0.077673 0.077878 0.079249 0.080694 0.082210 0.083801 0.085475 0.087246 0.089131 0.091150 0.093329 0.095702 0.098308 0.10120 0.10446 0.10818 0.11251 0.11769 0.12415 0.13273 0.14564 0.17262 0.24796 207,760. 152,370. 25,605. 5,905.3 1,739.7 621.01 258.21 121.32 62.911 35.340 21.186 13.391 8.8379 6.0405 4.2464 3.0519 2.2300 1.6471 1.2212 0.89966 0.64504 0.41751 0.24796

15.035 15.280 16.886 18.531 20.204 21.899 23.613 25.346 27.099 28.875 30.677 32.508 34.371 36.271 38.213 40.203 42.247 44.359 46.558 48.882 51.423 54.535 57.789

15.035 15.280 16.886 18.531 20.204 21.899 23.614 25.347 27.102 28.881 30.687 32.525 34.399 36.315 38.277 40.295 42.378 44.541 46.808 49.223 51.894 55.231 58.881

0.079300 0.080791 0.090108 0.098885 0.10715 0.11494 0.12232 0.12932 0.13600 0.14240 0.14856 0.15452 0.16030 0.16594 0.17145 0.17687 0.18223 0.18756 0.19292 0.19840 0.20422 0.21124 0.21886

0.074722 0.074630 0.075084 0.076137 0.077185 0.078127 0.078986 0.079799 0.080594 0.081391 0.082199 0.083025 0.083873 0.084749 0.085663 0.086633 0.087686 0.088870 0.090270 0.092058 0.094658 0.099494

0.10506 0.10557 0.10851 0.11069 0.11231 0.11364 0.11489 0.11621 0.11767 0.11933 0.12124 0.12343 0.12595 0.12888 0.13232 0.13648 0.14171 0.14871 0.15899 0.17674 0.21832 0.43941

44.924 45.039 45.809 46.618 47.463 48.339 49.242 50.168 51.115 52.075 53.045 54.015 54.979 55.928 56.851 57.736 58.569 59.331 59.992 60.498 60.727 60.210 57.789

46.276 46.411 47.305 48.238 49.206 50.203 51.224 52.265 53.320 54.381 55.441 56.490 57.517 58.512 59.462 60.352 61.163 61.872 62.442 62.805 62.813 61.894 58.881

0.27134 0.26946 0.25910 0.25123 0.24525 0.24074 0.23736 0.23488 0.23310 0.23188 0.23108 0.23060 0.23036 0.23028 0.23030 0.23035 0.23039 0.23035 0.23014 0.22962 0.22849 0.22557 0.21886

0.049536 0.050011 0.052998 0.055869 0.058662 0.061395 0.064063 0.066646 0.069122 0.071480 0.073723 0.075868 0.077940 0.079972 0.081998 0.084057 0.086191 0.088457 0.090937 0.093775 0.097282 0.10241

0.057858 0.058335 0.061344 0.064262 0.067140 0.070004 0.072855 0.075684 0.078487 0.081281 0.084113 0.087058 0.090222 0.093753 0.097861 0.10286 0.10929 0.11813 0.13148 0.15496 0.20995 0.51972

107.23 107.92 112.26 116.42 120.39 124.15 127.67 130.89 133.75 136.17 138.07 139.37 140.01 139.89 138.95 137.09 134.19 130.10 124.58 117.29 107.74 95.245 0

−0.60355 −0.59915 −0.57445 −0.55514 −0.53850 −0.52214 −0.50429 −0.48363 −0.45904 −0.42946 −0.39364 −0.34999 −0.29629 −0.22926 −0.14389 −0.032121 0.11986 0.33760 0.67402 1.2582 2.4973 6.3140 15.427 1885.7 1701.5 905.28 508.88 301.60 188.62 124.75 87.418 64.864 50.774 41.663 35.564 31.344 28.342 26.165 24.577 23.443 22.687 22.277 22.202 22.379 21.779 15.427

Single-Phase Properties 12.317 10.776

2-331

0.042088 0.041523 0.030462 0.024206 0.020110

0.081186 0.092803 23.760 24.083 32.827 41.312 49.728

19.084 30.252

19.092 30.262

0.10168 0.14714

0.076484 0.082009

0.11128 0.12077

1099.8 737.44

−0.54951 −0.40266

52.817 53.078 60.756 69.066 77.853

55.193 55.486 64.039 73.197 82.825

0.23123 0.23221 0.25678 0.27719 0.29474

0.073207 0.073294 0.079843 0.085650 0.089636

0.083443 0.083384 0.088628 0.094219 0.098111

137.67 138.61 161.80 181.31 198.74

43.472 41.094 15.373 9.4764 6.5190

2-332 TABLE 2-250

Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

200.00 300.00 382.43

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

12.325 10.733 9.0718

0.081134 0.093174 0.11023

19.066 30.637 41.208

19.147 30.730 41.318

382.43 400.00 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

2.6083 2.8311 3.8853 4.8256

58.156 59.743 68.469 77.413

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

12.359 10.810 8.8674 2.1555 1.2189

0.080912 0.092509 0.11277 0.46393 0.82040

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.10159 0.14843 0.17953

0.076374 0.082161 0.087142

0.11122 0.12101 0.13891

1106.2 731.85 457.99

−0.55026 −0.39806 0.036901

60.765 62.574 72.354 82.239

0.23038 0.23501 0.25684 0.27486

0.085101 0.083835 0.086291 0.090004

0.10582 0.10080 0.097662 0.10006

135.79 143.19 172.67 194.29

18.988 30.464 43.167 64.141 75.225

19.393 30.926 43.731 66.460 79.327

0.10120 0.14785 0.18456 0.23416 0.25776

0.075954 0.082048 0.087727 0.094709 0.091726

0.11098 0.12006 0.13909 0.18205 0.11326

1133.5 757.72 448.07 120.07 173.08

−0.55346 −0.41608 0.070413 14.043 7.0186

Single-Phase Properties

0.38339 0.35322 0.25738 0.20723

23.965 19.717 10.081 6.6365

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

12.399 10.899 9.1187 6.3465 3.0124

0.080649 0.091755 0.10966 0.15757 0.33196

18.894 30.263 42.641 56.993 71.945

19.700 31.181 43.737 58.568 75.265

0.10072 0.14716 0.18319 0.21613 0.24670

0.075562 0.082018 0.087335 0.093373 0.093817

0.11072 0.11907 0.13358 0.17100 0.13897

1164.8 787.03 500.70 231.94 167.77

−0.55716 −0.43502 −0.076836 1.9364 5.3068

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

12.475 11.057 9.4912 7.6205 5.5967

0.080163 0.090438 0.10536 0.13123 0.17868

18.716 29.905 41.844 54.651 67.668

20.320 31.714 43.951 57.275 71.241

0.099796 0.14590 0.18104 0.21072 0.23619

0.075119 0.082196 0.087334 0.091707 0.094708

0.11027 0.11753 0.12773 0.13823 0.13794

1220.3 838.26 578.74 378.80 265.18

−0.56373 −0.46461 −0.23372 0.31683 1.2664

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

12.543 11.197 9.7739 8.2190 6.6706

0.079723 0.089311 0.10231 0.12167 0.14991

18.552 29.591 41.235 53.466 65.781

20.943 32.270 44.304 57.116 70.278

0.098918 0.14476 0.17932 0.20788 0.23188

0.075012 0.082559 0.087676 0.091885 0.095040

0.10990 0.11638 0.12450 0.13097 0.13106

1268.1 882.50 638.80 464.35 357.26

−0.56938 −0.48678 −0.31979 −0.028029 0.34752

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Lemmon, E. W., “A Fundamental Equation for Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11),” Fluid Phase Equilibria 80:45–56, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density for the liquid, and 0.25% for the vapor, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%.

50

180

11

170

160

150

50

10

11

.

00

10

0. 95 . 0 90 0. 85 0. 80

. 00

7

190

00 12

.

00

.

.

. 50

130

12

13

120

110

100

90

13

00

50

.

.

. 00 70

.

450

c.p.

500

1. 0.8

550 20.

10. 8.

0. 60 500. 3 . 400 g/m 00. k ρ= 3 200.

6. 4.

150.

180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110

40

30

20

10

0

10

400

100. 80.

40. 30.

100 90

0.6

20.

80

15.

70

0.4 60

0.2

50

10. 8.0

T = 40 °C

6.0

30

0.1 0.08

d va rate

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

·K

0.01 150

200

0.4

0.2

3.0

0.1 0.08

2.0

0.06 0.04

250

300

kg

1.0

J/(

5 2.0

0k

0.80

350

400

450

0.60

0.02

2.

10

s=

− 20

2.0

1.9

5

0 1.9

5 1.8

1.8

0

5 1.7

0 1.7

1.65

1.60

1.55

1.50

1.45

1.40

1.35

1.30

1.25

1.20

1.15

1.10

1.05

1.00

0.95

− 10

0.02

0.6

)

sa

0

1. 0.8

4.0

1.5

satu

x=

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

ate

dl

iqu

id

10

tur

0.04

por

20

0.06

2.

60.

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 T = 200 °C 210 220

Pressure (MPa)

2.

T = −20 °C

4.

350

1500.

1550.

6.

14

145

(trichlorofluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

50

10. 8.

0.

R-11

300

140

250

80

200

60

150 20.

500

0.01 550

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 11. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Lemmon, E. W., “A Fundamental Equation for Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11),” Fluid Phase Equilibria 80:45–56, 1992.

FIG. 2-18

2-333

2-334 TABLE 2-251 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, Dichlorodifluoromethane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

1310.0 1290.2 1215.7 1143.1 1072.5 1003.9 937.07 872.00 808.46 746.23 685.03 624.56 564.41 504.07 442.82 379.59 312.77 239.96 158.26 0

−0.53048 −0.53554 −0.54646 −0.54643 −0.53813 −0.52327 −0.50270 −0.47654 −0.44424 −0.40455 −0.35528 −0.29292 −0.21173 −0.10203 0.053692 0.29048 0.68965 1.4874 3.7100 13.369

Saturated Properties 116.10 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 385.12

2.4255E-07 5.8432E-07 1.0092E-05 9.1829E-05 0.00053030 0.0021945 0.0070692 0.018793 0.043015 0.087479 0.16186 0.27747 0.44693 0.68394 1.0032 1.4203 1.9528 2.6209 3.4527 4.1362

116.10 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 385.12

2.4255E-07 5.8432E-07 1.0092E-05 9.1829E-05 0.00053030 0.0021945 0.0070692 0.018793 0.043015 0.087479 0.16186 0.27747 0.44693 0.68394 1.0032 1.4203 1.9528 2.6209 3.4527 4.1362

15.125 15.039 14.712 14.387 14.064 13.738 13.409 13.075 12.733 12.380 12.013 11.629 11.223 10.787 10.312 9.7818 9.1671 8.4050 7.3032 4.6728 2.5127E-07 5.8564E-07 8.9910E-06 7.3643E-05 0.00038683 0.0014695 0.0043835 0.010883 0.023468 0.045368 0.080547 0.13381 0.21108 0.32006 0.47149 0.68182 0.97985 1.4275 2.2257 4.6728

0.066114 0.066492 0.067972 0.069505 0.071106 0.072790 0.074574 0.076482 0.078538 0.080776 0.083241 0.085990 0.089104 0.092703 0.096973 0.10223 0.10909 0.11898 0.13693 0.21401 3,979,800. 1,707,500. 111,220. 13,579. 2,585.1 680.49 228.13 91.884 42.611 22.042 12.415 7.4735 4.7376 3.1244 2.1209 1.4667 1.0206 0.70055 0.44930 0.21401

8.0204 8.4220 9.9342 11.419 12.897 14.381 15.881 17.403 18.953 20.533 22.149 23.803 25.502 27.250 29.059 30.943 32.930 35.078 37.570 41.164

8.0204 8.4220 9.9342 11.419 12.897 14.381 15.882 17.405 18.956 20.540 22.162 23.827 25.541 27.314 29.157 31.088 33.143 35.390 38.042 42.049

0.033619 0.037021 0.048899 0.059328 0.068717 0.077328 0.085332 0.092852 0.099978 0.10678 0.11331 0.11961 0.12574 0.13172 0.13762 0.14348 0.14940 0.15556 0.16248 0.17270

0.069219 0.068095 0.065219 0.063937 0.063633 0.063942 0.064638 0.065582 0.066683 0.067882 0.069143 0.070443 0.071775 0.073152 0.074611 0.076246 0.078279 0.081286 0.087150

0.10352 0.10239 0.099608 0.098564 0.098622 0.099406 0.10070 0.10237 0.10436 0.10664 0.10925 0.11226 0.11579 0.12012 0.12572 0.13360 0.14625 0.17199 0.26475

33.279 33.415 33.968 34.567 35.208 35.888 36.602 37.342 38.102 38.873 39.647 40.415 41.165 41.887 42.562 43.166 43.655 43.941 43.738 41.164

34.244 34.413 35.091 35.814 36.579 37.381 38.214 39.069 39.935 40.801 41.657 42.488 43.283 44.024 44.689 45.249 45.648 45.777 45.289 42.049

0.25949 0.25361 0.23524 0.22196 0.21224 0.20511 0.19986 0.19601 0.19322 0.19120 0.18976 0.18873 0.18799 0.18742 0.18693 0.18639 0.18565 0.18441 0.18181 0.17270

0.034581 0.035365 0.038409 0.041427 0.044365 0.047211 0.049977 0.052681 0.055348 0.058002 0.060669 0.063373 0.066138 0.068991 0.071972 0.075158 0.078715 0.083065 0.089754

0.042896 0.043680 0.046725 0.049750 0.052712 0.055621 0.058515 0.061451 0.064497 0.067735 0.071271 0.075247 0.079875 0.085504 0.092789 0.10314 0.12016 0.15653 0.30373

99.513 100.95 106.27 111.28 116.02 120.49 124.63 128.34 131.52 134.05 135.80 136.64 136.46 135.10 132.40 128.14 122.00 113.54 102.14 0

532.61 464.92 288.39 190.47 132.65 96.659 73.304 57.635 46.836 39.210 33.704 29.653 26.640 24.405 22.790 21.703 21.085 20.831 20.225 13.369

Single-Phase Properties 125.00 225.00 243.09

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

243.09 325.00 425.00 525.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

125.00 225.00 314.87

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

314.87 325.00 425.00 525.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

125.00 225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

125.00 225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

8.9296 18.951 20.863

8.9363 18.959 20.871

0.041166 0.099970 0.10814

0.066915 0.066686 0.068138

0.10121 0.10435 0.10715

1265.3 808.74 733.55

−0.54064 −0.44443 −0.39528

39.033 44.257 51.527 59.527

40.979 46.920 55.039 63.880

0.19086 0.21187 0.23360 0.25225

0.058549 0.067874 0.076661 0.082795

0.068435 0.076721 0.085212 0.091242

134.48 156.65 179.16 198.90

37.929 16.166 8.3282 5.1283

0.066945 0.078422 0.096933

8.9186 18.922 29.043

8.9856 19.001 29.140

0.041078 0.099842 0.13757

0.066988 0.066739 0.074598

0.10119 0.10418 0.12566

1267.0 813.10 443.35

2.1279 2.2587 3.3167 4.2430

42.556 43.348 51.055 59.210

44.684 45.606 54.372 63.453

0.18693 0.18982 0.21333 0.23250

0.071945 0.071678 0.077527 0.083185

0.092716 0.089701 0.088660 0.092926

132.43 137.48 171.39 195.20

14.968 12.827 10.252 2.2637 1.3295

0.066807 0.077958 0.097546 0.44176 0.75217

8.8706 18.799 29.898 47.937 57.642

9.2046 19.189 30.385 50.146 61.402

0.040691 0.099289 0.14025 0.19225 0.21615

0.067308 0.066963 0.075544 0.083408 0.085038

0.10110 0.10352 0.12368 0.14054 0.10337

1274.3 831.96 450.15 131.42 180.93

−0.54205 −0.45954 0.017671 10.771 5.2339

15.006 12.917 10.544 6.6383 3.0541

0.066639 0.077418 0.094842 0.15064 0.32743

8.8124 18.655 29.472 42.586 55.399

9.4788 19.429 30.420 44.093 58.673

0.040215 0.098631 0.13887 0.17528 0.20629

0.067691 0.067222 0.075613 0.084440 0.087008

0.10099 0.10281 0.11858 0.16445 0.12146

1283.4 854.41 501.05 204.25 177.27

−0.54334 −0.47253 −0.12043 2.4031 4.2532

14.931 12.734 12.306 0.051383 0.037543 0.028469 0.022973 14.938 12.752 10.316 0.46996 0.44273 0.30150 0.23568

0.066977 0.078531 0.081264 19.462 26.636 35.126 43.529

−0.54091 −0.44741 0.052069 22.802 19.919 8.7630 5.1839

225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

13.992 12.599 11.358 10.262

0.071470 0.079369 0.088042 0.097444

17.017 26.406 36.302 46.498

24.164 34.343 45.106 56.243

0.090059 0.12742 0.15626 0.17978

0.069779 0.077370 0.084005 0.088827

0.098455 0.10504 0.10984 0.11260

1155.1 937.26 788.21 690.80

−0.55347 −0.49945 −0.45110 −0.41225

225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00

200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00

14.702 13.559 12.582 11.738

0.068017 0.073751 0.079477 0.085195

16.054 25.016 34.535 44.429

29.657 39.766 50.431 61.468

0.083541 0.12065 0.14923 0.17254

0.070631 0.077764 0.084238 0.088994

0.097995 0.10414 0.10881 0.11168

1397.8 1220.9 1091.3 999.41

−0.56210 −0.52944 −0.50685 −0.49445

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Marx, V., Pruss, A., and Wagner, W., “Neue Zustandsgleichungen fuer R 12, R 22, R 11 und R 113. Beschreibung des thermodynamishchen Zustandsverhaltens bei Temperaturen bis 525 K und Druecken bis 200 MPa,” Duesseldorf: VDI Verlag, Series 19 (Waermetechnik/Kaeltetechnik), No. 57, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.2% below the critical point temperature and increase to 1% in and above the critical region. The uncertainties for vapor pressures are 0.2% above 200 K and greater than 1% below 200 K. The uncertainties in heat capacities and sound speeds are 1% each.

2-335

.

.

00 11

100

90

80

400 0.

0.

.

−10

100 90 80 70

500

. 600 . 3 500 g/m 00. k ρ= 4 300.

700

80

90

450

110

.

00

50

12

12 60

50

.

00

10

1500.

40

13

13

00

50

.

.

0.

30

350

c.p.

−20

1550. −50

300

−30

2.

−40

4.

−70 1600. T = −60 °C

6.

140

145

(dichlorodifluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

0

10. 8.

0.

R-12

250

70

200

20

150

10

2-336

100 20.

550 20.

10. 8. 6.

200. 150.

4.

100. 80.

2.

60.

60

40.

1. 0.8

30.

40 30

0.6

20.

20

1. 0.8 0.6

15. 10

0.4

0.4 10.

0

8.0 −10

0.2

−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 T = 180 °C 190 200

Pressure (MPa)

50

T = −20 °C

ted va

0.9

0.8

0.7

− 50

0.06 0.04

·K )

200

kg

0.80

J/(

250

300

350

400

0

0.02

2.1

5 2.0

0k 2.0

5

0.60 0.40

s=

1.9

0 1.9

5 1.8

0 1.8

5 1.7

0 1.7

1.65

1.60

1.55

1.50

1.45

1.35 1.40

1.30

1.20

1.25

1.15

1.10

1.00

1.05

0.90

0.95

0.85

0.80

150

0.1 0.08

1.0

− 70

0.01 100

3.0

1.5

− 60

0.75

0.02

0.2

4.0

2.0

satura

x=

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

sat

0.04

0.6

− 40

id ura

ted

liqu

0.06

por

− 30

0.1 0.08

6.0

450

500

0.01 550

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-19 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 12. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Marx, V., Pruβ, A., and Wagner, W., “Neue Zustandsgleichungen für R 12, R 22, R 11 und R 113. Beschreibung des thermodynamischen Zustandsverhaltens bei Temperaturen bis 525 K und Drücken bis 200 MPa,” VDI-Fortschritt-Ber. Series 19, No. 57, Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag, 1992.

TABLE 2-252

Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

92.000 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 302.00

3.2889E-07 2.6891E-06 2.3101E-05 0.00013272 0.00056195 0.0018797 0.0052264 0.012543 0.026741 0.051763 0.092557 0.15496 0.24553 0.37145 0.54033 0.76025 1.0397 1.3878 1.8145 2.3316 2.9538 3.7065 3.8790

92.000 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 302.00

3.2889E-07 2.6891E-06 2.3101E-05 0.00013272 0.00056195 0.0018797 0.0052264 0.012543 0.026741 0.051763 0.092557 0.15496 0.24553 0.37145 0.54033 0.76025 1.0397 1.3878 1.8145 2.3316 2.9538 3.7065 3.8790

100.00 175.00 191.43

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

191.43 250.00 325.00 400.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

918.05 1032.1 1078.3 1072.1 1039.3 992.15 937.71 879.99 821.49 763.71 707.45 653.03 600.48 549.57 499.97 451.26 402.91 354.31 304.57 252.29 194.59 122.38 0

−0.61098 −0.56374 −0.53784 −0.52512 −0.51544 −0.50447 −0.49023 −0.47186 −0.44883 −0.42058 −0.38628 −0.34462 −0.29355 −0.22995 −0.14899 −0.043013 0.10085 0.30583 0.61895 1.1529 2.2680 6.3031 11.123

Saturated Properties 17.840 17.596 17.288 16.976 16.660 16.339 16.012 15.679 15.337 14.987 14.626 14.254 13.866 13.461 13.033 12.577 12.083 11.537 10.919 10.183 9.2260 7.4440 5.5800 4.2996E-07 3.2343E-06 2.5261E-05 0.00013307 0.00052045 0.0016191 0.0042135 0.0095248 0.019245 0.035532 0.060985 0.098644 0.15204 0.22536 0.32372 0.45374 0.62459 0.84999 1.1527 1.5762 2.2289 3.7166 5.5800

0.056054 0.056830 0.057844 0.058907 0.060023 0.061202 0.062451 0.063780 0.065200 0.066725 0.068370 0.070158 0.072118 0.074289 0.076727 0.079511 0.082762 0.086674 0.091587 0.098198 0.10839 0.13434 0.17921 2,325,800. 309,190. 39,587. 7,514.8 1,921.4 617.64 237.33 104.99 51.961 28.144 16.398 10.137 6.5771 4.4373 3.0891 2.2039 1.6010 1.1765 0.86755 0.63445 0.44866 0.26906 0.17921

3.4760 4.1217 4.9721 5.8413 6.7158 7.5918 8.4698 9.3523 10.242 11.143 12.057 12.988 13.939 14.913 15.914 16.947 18.018 19.137 20.319 21.591 23.021 25.005 26.462

3.4760 4.1217 4.9721 5.8413 6.7159 7.5919 8.4701 9.3531 10.244 11.146 12.063 12.999 13.956 14.940 15.955 17.007 18.104 19.258 20.485 21.820 23.341 25.503 27.158

0.0038039 0.010530 0.018633 0.026196 0.033195 0.039687 0.045744 0.051439 0.056835 0.061982 0.066925 0.071701 0.076341 0.080874 0.085328 0.089732 0.094118 0.098526 0.10301 0.10769 0.11280 0.11981 0.12522

0.059797 0.059177 0.057632 0.055848 0.054335 0.053311 0.052818 0.052815 0.053227 0.053972 0.054972 0.056159 0.057477 0.058882 0.060340 0.061829 0.063338 0.064870 0.066451 0.068161 0.070241 0.074099

0.077526 0.083231 0.086329 0.087308 0.087538 0.087670 0.087987 0.088595 0.089527 0.090788 0.092386 0.094338 0.096688 0.099513 0.10294 0.10719 0.11266 0.12009 0.13115 0.15049 0.19837 0.74301

22.976 23.192 23.477 23.781 24.101 24.435 24.782 25.137 25.499 25.864 26.231 26.597 26.959 27.315 27.659 27.987 28.289 28.552 28.753 28.850 28.740 27.886 26.462

23.741 24.023 24.392 24.778 25.181 25.596 26.022 26.454 26.888 27.321 27.749 28.168 28.574 28.963 29.329 29.663 29.954 30.185 30.327 30.329 30.066 28.884 27.158

0.22408 0.20954 0.19518 0.18400 0.17523 0.16829 0.16276 0.15832 0.15474 0.15184 0.14948 0.14755 0.14595 0.14462 0.14347 0.14246 0.14152 0.14055 0.13947 0.13808 0.13599 0.13108 0.12522

0.026152 0.027668 0.029536 0.031384 0.033228 0.035092 0.037002 0.038978 0.041033 0.043168 0.045375 0.047639 0.049946 0.052282 0.054636 0.057009 0.059411 0.061872 0.064450 0.067265 0.070591 0.075537

0.034466 0.035983 0.037856 0.039718 0.041601 0.043546 0.045603 0.047816 0.050218 0.052835 0.055688 0.058800 0.062214 0.066006 0.070318 0.075407 0.081759 0.090357 0.10345 0.12745 0.19031 0.91719

98.239 101.74 105.92 109.91 113.70 117.29 120.64 123.73 126.48 128.85 130.77 132.18 133.00 133.16 132.58 131.16 128.80 125.37 120.73 114.75 107.22 98.019 0

846.97 607.63 414.42 291.57 210.73 155.99 118.01 91.120 71.760 57.628 47.196 39.425 33.599 29.214 25.919 23.463 21.667 20.399 19.555 19.007 18.455 15.921 11.123

Single-Phase Properties 17.598 15.165 14.574

2-337

0.065539 0.048881 0.037259 0.030170

0.056826 0.065942 0.068616 15.258 20.458 26.839 33.145

4.1207 10.689 12.189

4.1264 10.696 12.196

0.010520 0.059427 0.067617

0.059127 0.053557 0.055131

0.083227 0.090103 0.092642

1033.2 792.98 699.56

−0.56370 −0.43564 −0.38082

26.284 29.189 33.487 38.384

27.809 31.235 36.171 41.699

0.14918 0.16476 0.18198 0.19726

0.045695 0.052574 0.061422 0.068694

0.056115 0.061514 0.069986 0.077154

131.00 150.16 170.52 188.46

45.943 17.864 8.3711 5.2121

2-338

TABLE 2-252

Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

100.00 175.00 248.71

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

248.71 250.00 325.00 400.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

100.00 175.00

5.0000 5.0000

250.00 325.00 400.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

17.609 15.188 12.149

0.056790 0.065843 0.082311

4.1118 10.666 17.878

4.1686 10.731 17.960

1.6671 1.6848 2.5108 3.2128

28.252 28.338 33.099 38.116

17.658 15.284

0.056633 0.065427

12.436 3.5611 1.8042

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.010431 0.059291 0.093552

0.058689 0.053474 0.063142

0.083187 0.089928 0.11187

1042.6 800.56 409.14

−0.56328 −0.43907 0.079502

29.919 30.023 35.610 41.329

0.14164 0.14205 0.16162 0.17744

0.059099 0.059028 0.062521 0.068870

0.080842 0.080216 0.073958 0.078791

129.16 129.97 162.24 184.36

21.866 21.418 8.9819 5.3350

4.0724 10.564

4.3555 10.891

0.010032 0.058704

0.056929 0.053220

0.083080 0.089221

1081.6 831.21

−0.56120 −0.45278

0.080411 0.28081 0.55425

17.696 29.869 36.726

18.098 31.273 39.497

0.092801 0.13759 0.16061

0.062047 0.071896 0.070112

0.10644 0.18862 0.090875

461.89 120.24 170.26

−0.057256 10.597 5.4004

Single-Phase Properties

0.59985 0.59355 0.39827 0.31126

100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

17.716 15.396 12.772 8.8242 4.2213

0.056446 0.064954 0.078295 0.11332 0.23689

4.0235 10.446 17.377 25.758 34.655

4.5880 11.096 18.160 26.891 37.023

0.0095294 0.058009 0.091462 0.12181 0.14997

0.055111 0.053119 0.061300 0.069005 0.071938

0.083086 0.088480 0.10203 0.13617 0.11434

1124.6 863.64 518.33 240.23 173.36

−0.55799 −0.46709 −0.17104 1.3924 3.9992

100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00

15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000

17.772 15.499 13.041 9.9265 6.3827

0.056268 0.064521 0.076680 0.10074 0.15667

3.9751 10.336 17.115 24.846 32.962

4.8192 11.304 18.265 26.357 35.312

0.0090235 0.057352 0.090334 0.11854 0.14333

0.053642 0.053200 0.061058 0.068084 0.072431

0.083232 0.087860 0.099258 0.11665 0.11694

1162.0 890.77 562.82 322.91 213.68

−0.55407 −0.47907 −0.24338 0.49723 1.9494

175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00

35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000

15.857 13.811 11.718 9.7082

0.063065 0.072404 0.085341 0.10301

9.9615 16.358 23.258 30.364

12.169 18.892 26.245 33.969

0.055005 0.086896 0.11257 0.13395

0.054657 0.062146 0.069359 0.074599

0.086150 0.093881 0.10153 0.10349

962.40 679.17 492.75 383.00

−0.51269 −0.38660 −0.18758 0.022671

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Magee, J. W., Outcalt, S. L., and Ely, J. F., “Molar Heat Capacity C(v), Vapor Pressure, and (p, Rho, T) Measurements from 92 to 350 K at Pressures to 35 MPa and a New Equation of State for Chlorotrifluoromethane (R13),” Int. J. Thermophys. 21(5):1097–1121, 2000. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.15% in density and 2% in heat capacity, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-253

2-339

Saturated Refrigerant 13B1, Bromotrifluoromethane*

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

170 180 190 200 210

0.059 0.127 0.250 0.455 0.777

4.594.−4 4.677.−4 4.765.−4 4.860.−4 4.961.−4

1.6015 0.7840 0.4190 0.2407 0.1467

−40.90 −34.75 −28.51 −22.17 −15.68

90.95 94.37 97.83 101.32 104.82

−0.2033 −0.1682 −0.1345 −0.1020 −0.0704

0.5723 0.5491 0.5305 0.5154 0.5033

0.597 0.618 0.634 0.648 0.663

9.54 7.60 6.20 5.13 4.33

0.101 0.096 0.091 0.086 0.082

215.4 220 230 240 250

1.013 1.254 1.933 2.863 4.096

5.020.−4 5.071.−4 5.190.−4 5.321.−4 5.466.−4

0.1147 0.0940 0.0628 0.0433 0.0308

−12.09 −9.02 −2.19 4.83 12.03

106.70 108.28 111.68 114.99 118.16

−0.0536 −0.0396 −0.0094 0.0202 0.0494

0.4978 0.4936 0.4857 0.4793 0.4739

0.670 0.676 0.690 0.703 0.721

3.97 3.71 3.22 2.83 2.51

0.079 0.077 0.073 0.068 0.063

260 270 280 290 300

5.690 7.703 10.20 13.25 16.91

5.627.−4 5.809.−4 6.018.−4 6.264.−4 6.562.−4

0.0224 0.0166 0.0124 0.0094 0.0072

19.44 27.06 34.94 43.11 51.68

121.16 123.93 126.41 128.51 130.09

0.0781 0.1064 0.1345 0.1625 0.1908

0.4693 0.4652 0.4612 0.4570 0.4522

0.742 0.767 0.800 0.842 0.891

2.25 2.04 1.84 1.69 1.57

0.059 0.054 0.049 0.045 0.040

310 320 330 340.2c

21.28 26.44 32.48 39.64

6.940.−4 7.458.−4 8.295.−4 1.344.−3

0.0055 0.0041 0.0030 0.0013

60.81 70.80 82.42 108.70

130.97 130.76 128.59 108.70

0.2197 0.2503 0.2845 0.3605

0.4460 0.4376 0.4245 0.3605

0.951 1.09 1.29 ∞

1.45 1.26 0.99 0.35

0.035 0.030 0.026 ∞

T, K

*Values reproduced or converted from Table 4, p. 17.83, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. c = critical point. The notation 4.594.−4 signifies 4.594 × 10−4. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) contains a table at closer temperature increments and also an enthalpy–log-pressure diagram from 0.1 to 35 bar, −80 to 220 °C. For tables and a chart to 500 psia, 480 °F, see Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity, see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.

Refrigerant 14 (tetrafluoromethane) See Carbon Tetrafluoride (Table 2-202).

TABLE 2-254

Refrigerant 20 See Chloroform (Table 2-206).

Saturated Refrigerant 21, Dichlorofluoromethane

Temperature, K

Pressure, bar

250 260 270 280 290

0.2415 0.3953 0.6200 0.9364 1.3682

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

300 310 320 330 340

1.9417 2.6849 3.6279 4.8022 6.2409

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

677 687 698 709 722

0.8292 0.5247 0.3455 0.2355 0.1654

16.6 26.5 36.6 46.7 57.1

274.8 279.9 284.9 290.0 295.0

0.0687 0.1076 0.1454 0.1824 0.2186

1.1015 1.0820 1.0653 1.0511 1.0389

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

735 748 763 778 794

0.1192 0.0879 0.0661 0.0505 0.0391

67.7 78.4 89.5 100.7 112.3

300.0 304.8 309.5 314.1 318.4

0.2543 0.2894 0.3242 0.3586 0.3927

1.0286 1.0196 1.0119 1.0051 0.9989

sg, kJ⋅(kg⋅K)

350 360 370 380 390

7.978 10.049 12.489 15.337 18.630

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

812 830 850 870 893

0.0307 0.0243 0.0194 0.0155 0.0125

124.1 136.2 148.6 161.2 173.9

322.4 326.1 329.3 331.9 333.8

0.4266 0.4602 0.4935 0.5264 0.5587

0.9932 0.9877 0.9820 0.9758 0.9688

400 410 420 430 440

22.41 26.72 31.60 37.10 43.26

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001

918 944 972 002 034

0.01011 0.00820 0.00672 0.00564 0.00491

186.4 198.3 208.7 216.4 221.1

334.8 334.7 333.7 332.4 332.3

0.5896 0.6180 0.6418 0.6587 0.6682

0.9605 0.9506 0.9394 0.9286 0.9208

Reproduced and rounded from unpublished Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, Moscow ID report, 1981. For a thermodynamic diagram to 350 bar, 370 °C, see Rombusch, U. K., Allgem. Warme., 11, 3 (1962).

2-340 TABLE 2-255

Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, Chlorodifluoromethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

115.73 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 369.30

3.7947E-07 9.9588E-07 1.7187E-05 0.00015627 0.00089946 0.0037009 0.011835 0.031218 0.070909 0.14319 0.26329 0.44888 0.71966 1.0970 1.6039 2.2661 3.1130 4.1837 4.9900

115.73 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 369.30

3.7947E-07 9.9588E-07 1.7187E-05 0.00015627 0.00089946 0.0037009 0.011835 0.031218 0.070909 0.14319 0.26329 0.44888 0.71966 1.0970 1.6039 2.2661 3.1130 4.1837 4.9900

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.44463 −0.44526 −0.44448 −0.43872 −0.43084 −0.42063 −0.40608 −0.38505 −0.35555 −0.31561 −0.26263 −0.19248 −0.097827 0.035333 0.23608 0.57205 1.2334 3.0745 10.366

Saturated Properties 19.907 19.777 19.325 18.873 18.420 17.963 17.500 17.028 16.542 16.036 15.506 14.944 14.341 13.686 12.956 12.114 11.069 9.5229 6.0582 3.9436E-07 9.9813E-07 1.5313E-05 0.00012533 0.00065634 0.0024808 0.0073561 0.018161 0.038991 0.075182 0.13342 0.22208 0.35201 0.53822 0.80363 1.1882 1.7777 2.8529 6.0582

0.050235 0.050564 0.051747 0.052985 0.054289 0.055670 0.057141 0.058726 0.060453 0.062359 0.064493 0.066919 0.069730 0.073070 0.077181 0.082547 0.090340 0.10501 0.16506 2,535,700. 1,001,900. 65,305. 7,979.0 1,523.6 403.09 135.94 55.062 25.647 13.301 7.4950 4.5029 2.8409 1.8580 1.2443 0.84159 0.56253 0.35052 0.16506

2.5595 2.9559 4.3400 5.7179 7.0951 8.4715 9.8483 11.230 12.622 14.034 15.472 16.945 18.462 20.034 21.676 23.418 25.325 27.613 30.901

2.5595 2.9559 4.3400 5.7179 7.0951 8.4717 9.8490 11.232 12.627 14.043 15.489 16.975 18.513 20.114 21.800 23.605 25.606 28.053 31.725

0.0065813 0.0099451 0.020814 0.030493 0.039243 0.047227 0.054574 0.061399 0.067804 0.073877 0.079692 0.085308 0.090782 0.096166 0.10152 0.10696 0.11267 0.11931 0.12907

0.061918 0.061567 0.060123 0.059099 0.058356 0.057679 0.057097 0.056707 0.056579 0.056737 0.057171 0.057856 0.058767 0.059887 0.061218 0.062814 0.064858 0.068488

0.092976 0.092700 0.091960 0.091824 0.091789 0.091751 0.091898 0.092431 0.093482 0.095120 0.097391 0.10037 0.10424 0.10941 0.11688 0.12929 0.15550 0.25950

1410.9 1388.4 1312.3 1239.0 1166.5 1095.0 1024.5 954.55 884.79 814.96 744.97 674.69 603.91 532.11 458.37 381.15 298.16 201.90 0

27.807 27.929 28.373 28.840 29.329 29.836 30.357 30.885 31.411 31.928 32.428 32.900 33.335 33.717 34.021 34.207 34.184 33.661 30.901

28.769 28.927 29.495 30.087 30.699 31.328 31.966 32.603 33.229 33.833 34.401 34.922 35.380 35.755 36.017 36.114 35.935 35.127 31.725

0.23305 0.22637 0.20715 0.19295 0.18230 0.17421 0.16800 0.16317 0.15937 0.15634 0.15386 0.15178 0.14996 0.14830 0.14666 0.14486 0.14261 0.13896 0.12907

0.028465 0.028872 0.030386 0.031990 0.033655 0.035388 0.037218 0.039177 0.041300 0.043615 0.046138 0.048881 0.051851 0.055064 0.058574 0.062516 0.067254 0.074178

0.036779 0.037186 0.038703 0.040316 0.042018 0.043849 0.045881 0.048204 0.050920 0.054144 0.058023 0.062763 0.068713 0.076534 0.087659 0.10579 0.14389 0.29995

119.91 121.91 128.58 134.79 140.59 145.98 150.87 155.15 158.70 161.35 162.96 163.38 162.45 159.98 155.73 149.36 140.39 127.92 0

398.80 367.18 269.83 197.57 146.30 110.28 84.902 66.865 53.872 44.348 37.240 31.852 27.725 24.549 22.102 20.201 18.613 16.641 10.366

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 232.06

0.10000 0.10000

232.06 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 250.00 296.57

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

296.57 350.00 450.00 550.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

5.7167 13.284

5.7220 13.290

0.030484 0.070699

0.059102 0.056618

0.091820 0.094177

1239.3 851.94

−0.43876 −0.33819

31.656 32.442 37.325 43.093 49.620

33.517 34.465 40.211 46.822 54.186

0.15786 0.16180 0.18105 0.19762 0.21238

0.042364 0.043860 0.053191 0.061672 0.068475

0.052366 0.053391 0.061845 0.070141 0.076877

160.06 166.39 196.16 221.08 243.30

49.032 38.154 13.439 6.7638 4.0604

0.052952 0.063648 0.072248

5.7053 14.961 19.669

5.7582 15.024 19.741

0.030408 0.077665 0.094938

0.059134 0.057020 0.059612

0.091780 0.096318 0.10807

1241.8 773.25 548.68

2.0425 2.6523 3.6110 4.5027

33.635 36.754 42.774 49.400

35.677 39.407 46.385 53.903

0.14867 0.16025 0.17776 0.19283

0.054305 0.055369 0.062289 0.068737

0.074523 0.068138 0.072300 0.077971

160.70 184.85 216.22 241.16

25.205 14.183 6.8582 4.0624

18.931 15.837 11.141 1.6422 1.1832

0.052823 0.063142 0.089759 0.60893 0.84520

5.6555 14.822 25.585 41.131 48.377

5.9197 15.138 26.034 44.175 52.603

0.030074 0.077105 0.11341 0.16067 0.17760

0.059277 0.057135 0.064765 0.065284 0.069855

0.091614 0.095206 0.14356 0.087278 0.083655

1253.0 797.37 317.33 194.56 232.93

−0.44109 −0.30700 1.0314 7.0507 3.9600

18.874 16.306 0.053734 0.049441 0.034652 0.026819 0.021901 18.885 15.711 13.841 0.48960 0.37703 0.27693 0.22209

0.052982 0.061325 18.610 20.226 28.859 37.287 45.660

−0.43921 −0.28642 0.00029448

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

18.987 15.982 12.008 4.2433 2.5432

0.052667 0.062569 0.083275 0.23566 0.39321

5.5953 14.663 24.782 38.423 47.019

6.1220 15.289 25.615 40.780 50.951

0.029665 0.076450 0.11098 0.14893 0.16944

0.059460 0.057274 0.063647 0.068870 0.071068

0.091420 0.094054 0.11843 0.12461 0.092204

1266.7 825.41 412.24 184.82 229.21

−0.44331 −0.32844 0.39255 5.5220 3.5059

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

19.198 16.469 13.518 10.241 7.3810

0.052089 0.060719 0.073976 0.097648 0.13548

5.3741 14.132 23.279 33.086 42.738

6.9367 15.953 25.499 36.016 46.802

0.028113 0.074181 0.10621 0.13259 0.15425

0.060251 0.057799 0.063170 0.069234 0.073417

0.090769 0.091018 0.10053 0.10864 0.10533

1318.0 921.00 603.47 392.35 317.51

−0.45090 −0.38542 −0.13764 0.40072 0.89994

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00

60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000

19.480 17.029 14.650 12.381 10.405

0.051336 0.058724 0.068258 0.080770 0.096108

5.0916 13.533 22.111 31.083 40.152

8.1717 17.056 26.206 35.929 45.919

0.026007 0.071434 0.10216 0.12657 0.14662

0.061560 0.058519 0.063912 0.070220 0.075020

0.089983 0.088686 0.094730 0.099099 0.10030

1384.9 1034.6 764.59 589.21 492.11

−0.45992 −0.42947 −0.31532 −0.17799 −0.055349

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Kamei, A., Beyerlein, S. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Application of Nonlinear Regression in the Development of a Wide Range Formulation for HCFC-22,” Int. J. Thermophys. 16:1155–1164, 1995. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 1% in heat capacity, and 0.3% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%.

2-341

00

0.

450

.

600

500

550

400.

.

500

3

10. 8.

90

200.

0

6.

150. 100. 80.

80 70

40.

40

15.

10 0

10. 8.0

T = −20 °C

0.2

ted va

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

/(k

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04

0.60

2.

20 2.

40

kJ

−70

0.02

0.80

s=

2.2

0

0 2.1

0

0 1.9

0 1.8

1.70

1.60

1.50

1.40

1.30

1.20

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

−60

0.6

3.0

1.0

g·

0.04

4.0

1.5

K)

−50

1. 0.8

6.0

2.0

satura

x=

sat

0.06

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

id

−40

ura

ted

liqu

0.1 0.08

por

−30

−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 T = 180 °C 190 200

−10

2.0

Pressure (MPa)

20.

20

0.4

2.

30.

30

0.6

4.

60.

60 50

1. 0.8

600 20.

g/m

0. k ρ = 30

c.p.

−10

−20

−30

0.

70

80

90

10

80

70

400

0.

.

.

. 10

11

50

40

350

50

00

50 11

12

125

00

.

.

0.

300

1350.

1400.

1450.

−40

−50

−80

4.

−70

1500.

6.

2.

130 10

(chlorodifluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

T = −60 °C

10. 8.

0.

R-22

250

60

200

30

150

20

2-342

100 20.

0.40

0.02

0.30

0.01 100

−80

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

0.01 600

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-20 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 22. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Kamei, A., Beyerlein, S. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Application of Nonlinear Regression in the Development of a Wide Range Formulation for HCFC-22,” Int. J. Thermophysics 16:1155–1164, 1995.

TABLE 2-256

Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

118.02 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 299.29

5.8041E-05 8.1883E-05 0.00038808 0.0014276 0.0043019 0.011055 0.024979 0.050823 0.094862 0.16485 0.26991 0.42035 0.62755 0.90390 1.2628 1.7190 2.2887 2.9913 3.8516 4.8317

118.02 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 299.29

5.8041E-05 8.1883E-05 0.00038808 0.0014276 0.0043019 0.011055 0.024979 0.050823 0.094862 0.16485 0.26991 0.42035 0.62755 0.90390 1.2628 1.7190 2.2887 2.9913 3.8516 4.8317

150.00 190.90

0.10000 0.10000

190.90 250.00 350.00 450.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 242.93

1.0000 1.0000

242.93 250.00 350.00 450.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

−0.25719 −0.088512 0.75355 1.5903 2.4276 3.2675 4.1116 4.9618 5.8204 6.6899 7.5735 8.4748 9.3983 10.350 11.336 12.370 13.469 14.670 16.074 19.029

−0.25719 −0.088509 0.75356 1.5904 2.4278 3.2680 4.1127 4.9642 5.8250 6.6981 7.5873 8.4969 9.4325 10.401 11.411 12.477 13.621 14.885 16.386 19.672

19.268 19.320 19.581 19.845 20.109 20.372 20.632 20.886 21.133 21.369 21.589 21.791 21.968 22.112 22.214 22.256 22.209 22.017 21.529 19.029

20.249 20.317 20.661 21.005 21.348 21.688 22.020 22.342 22.648 22.935 23.196 23.426 23.617 23.759 23.839 23.835 23.712 23.403 22.727 19.672

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

268.59 261.17 229.32 204.76 185.36 169.64 156.60 145.55 135.98 127.54 119.92 112.91 106.33 100.01 93.771 87.445 80.778 73.344 64.064

2055.0 1889.2 1285.4 927.74 702.09 551.48 446.01 369.03 310.79 265.32 228.80 198.71 173.29 151.31 131.85 114.17 97.624 81.444 64.222

Saturated Properties 24.308 24.217 23.746 23.263 22.771 22.272 21.763 21.243 20.709 20.158 19.584 18.982 18.345 17.660 16.913 16.081 15.123 13.958 12.367 7.5200 5.9176E-05 8.2116E-05 0.00035955 0.0012302 0.0034701 0.0083994 0.017990 0.034921 0.062608 0.10526 0.16798 0.25707 0.38050 0.54888 0.77721 1.0885 1.5223 2.1579 3.2161 7.5200

0.041139 0.041293 0.042112 0.042987 0.043915 0.044900 0.045950 0.047074 0.048288 0.049608 0.051061 0.052680 0.054512 0.056625 0.059125 0.062186 0.066126 0.071643 0.080863 0.13298 16,899. 12,178. 2,781.2 812.86 288.17 119.06 55.587 28.636 15.972 9.5007 5.9532 3.8900 2.6281 1.8219 1.2866 0.91866 0.65691 0.46341 0.31093 0.13298

−0.0049376 −0.0035202 0.0032204 0.0094218 0.015198 0.020619 0.025736 0.030596 0.035238 0.039699 0.044011 0.048206 0.052315 0.056370 0.060409 0.064481 0.068658 0.073078 0.078112 0.088893

0.057095 0.055755 0.052298 0.051128 0.050605 0.050302 0.050114 0.050024 0.050032 0.050140 0.050350 0.050666 0.051093 0.051645 0.052347 0.053248 0.054447 0.056175 0.059136

0.085477 0.084936 0.083783 0.083657 0.083836 0.084188 0.084721 0.085477 0.086504 0.087863 0.089628 0.091906 0.094862 0.098763 0.10409 0.11180 0.12412 0.14787 0.21909

1211.2 1208.8 1168.8 1111.2 1051.8 994.03 938.04 883.23 829.00 774.87 720.45 665.40 609.38 552.02 492.89 431.39 366.67 297.30 220.12 0

0.16881 0.16652 0.15635 0.14810 0.14134 0.13574 0.13107 0.12714 0.12378 0.12088 0.11834 0.11607 0.11399 0.11203 0.11012 0.10816 0.10603 0.10350 0.099978 0.088893

0.026617 0.026770 0.027678 0.028813 0.030153 0.031671 0.033344 0.035155 0.037094 0.039149 0.041312 0.043578 0.045950 0.048442 0.051088 0.053955 0.057163 0.060947 0.065857

0.034991 0.035155 0.036154 0.037439 0.039008 0.040857 0.042992 0.045436 0.048225 0.051416 0.055095 0.059399 0.064561 0.070995 0.079472 0.091578 0.11107 0.14938 0.26628

135.67 136.72 141.80 146.52 150.89 154.87 158.43 161.51 164.02 165.89 167.03 167.35 166.76 165.16 162.43 158.44 153.01 145.86 136.34 0

−0.37494 −0.37515 −0.37102 −0.36298 −0.35278 −0.34018 −0.32445 −0.30465 −0.27966 −0.24798 −0.20758 −0.15554 −0.087415 0.0038879 0.13049 0.31494 0.60438 1.1166 2.2579 8.4094 1947.8 1684.9 854.63 472.27 282.89 182.40 125.40 90.972 68.962 54.182 43.846 36.378 30.839 26.639 23.387 20.801 18.652 16.699 14.524 8.4094

3.7962 3.9025 4.4400 4.9794 5.5230 6.0746 6.6400 7.2268 7.8452 8.5073 9.2284 10.028 10.931 11.970 13.197 14.687 16.578 19.150 23.215

5.3460 5.4612 6.0411 6.6166 7.1868 7.7511 8.3091 8.8611 9.4081 9.9521 10.497 11.048 11.616 12.216 12.873 13.633 14.579 15.906 18.223

Single-Phase Properties 22.773 20.660 0.065782 0.048799 0.034513 0.026771 22.792 17.448

2-343

0.60881 0.57474 0.35949 0.27164

0.043911 0.048402 15.202 20.492 28.974 37.355

2.4262 5.8986

2.4306 5.9034

0.015189 0.035649

0.050608 0.050037

0.083827 0.086612

1052.1 824.11

−0.35289 −0.27709 67.381 22.325 8.0459 4.0690

21.155 23.373 27.705 32.978

22.675 25.422 30.603 36.713

0.12350 0.13604 0.15338 0.16869

0.037275 0.038440 0.048023 0.057058

0.048496 0.047375 0.056526 0.065464

164.22 188.56 220.23 247.21

0.043874 0.057313

2.4134 10.635

2.4573 10.692

0.015103 0.057555

0.050638 0.051834

0.083752 0.10015

1055.5 534.88

1.6425 1.7399 2.7818 3.6813

22.147 22.544 27.401 32.791

23.790 24.284 30.182 36.472

0.11147 0.11347 0.13337 0.14914

0.049200 0.046933 0.048882 0.057361

0.073220 0.067137 0.059316 0.066629

164.48 169.72 214.59 245.15

−0.35386 0.036629 25.601 23.136 8.0837 4.0345

185.41 135.18 7.9031 11.046 16.386 21.735 185.86 98.175 12.308 12.612 17.536 22.720

702.64 306.22 9.4574 12.547 17.318 21.621 707.90 145.37 12.401 12.737 17.376 21.629

2-344 TABLE 2-256

Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

22.876 17.302 2.2512 1.4480

0.043714 0.057797 0.44420 0.69062

2.3577 11.094 25.765 31.931

2.5763 11.383 27.986 35.384

0.014729 0.059422 0.11523 0.13386

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.050778 0.051903 0.053415 0.058685

0.083431 0.098833 0.081317 0.072566

1070.0 539.89 190.19 237.91

−0.35795 0.027079 7.7729 3.7699

187.83 97.307 23.888 27.113

731.40 141.75 19.400 22.593

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

22.976 17.719 6.4822 3.1053

0.043523 0.056437 0.15427 0.32203

2.2910 10.828 22.835 30.818

2.7262 11.392 24.378 34.039

0.014275 0.058319 0.10116 0.12572

0.050969 0.051625 0.058836 0.060182

0.083065 0.094482 0.14411 0.081111

1086.9 590.19 186.97 235.46

−0.36259 −0.061719 4.7798 3.2093

190.23 101.24 39.852 33.390

761.17 153.45 30.808 25.446

150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

23.670 19.633 15.604 12.055

0.042247 0.050935 0.064086 0.082953

1.8477 9.5803 17.587 25.724

3.9600 12.127 20.792 29.871

0.011072 0.052740 0.081836 0.10464

0.052531 0.052051 0.057678 0.064073

0.080990 0.083522 0.089445 0.091553

1193.2 826.45 563.57 437.72

−0.38760 −0.29649 −0.085583 0.13382

207.85 121.46 92.030 77.100

1020.9 226.71 113.25 73.803

20.957 17.954 15.405

0.047717 0.055698 0.064915

8.7360 16.172 23.879

13.508 21.741 30.370

0.048428 0.076094 0.097761

0.053244 0.059172 0.065748

0.080401 0.084434 0.087934

1002.1 778.97 652.70

−0.36685 −0.30018 −0.24430

137.85 111.99 100.34

307.24 167.69 119.14

250.00 350.00 450.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Penoncello, S. G., Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., and Shan, Z., “A Fundamental Equation for Triflurormethane (R-23),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 32(4):1473–1499, 2003. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Shan, Z., Penoncello, S. G., and Jacobsen, R. T., “A Generalized Model for Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Trifluoromethane (R-23),” ASHRAE Trans. 106:1–11, 2000. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 0.5% in heat capacities and speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressures.Uncertainties in the critical region will be higher. The uncertainty in viscosity is 1%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.

TABLE 2-257

Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

136.34 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 351.26

4.8000E-05 8.3535E-05 0.00032474 0.0010410 0.0028536 0.0068782 0.014904 0.029545 0.054344 0.093819 0.15345 0.23965 0.35967 0.52157 0.73415 1.0069 1.3501 1.7749 2.2934 2.9194 3.6686 4.5614 5.6311 5.7826

136.34 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 351.26

4.8000E-05 8.3535E-05 0.00032474 0.0010410 0.0028536 0.0068782 0.014904 0.029545 0.054344 0.093819 0.15345 0.23965 0.35967 0.52157 0.73415 1.0069 1.3501 1.7749 2.2934 2.9194 3.6686 4.5614 5.6311 5.7826

150.00 221.24

0.10000 0.10000

221.24 225.00 300.00 375.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

−0.99220 −0.68946 0.13324 0.95053 1.7640 2.5753 3.3862 4.1983 5.0135 5.8337 6.6608 7.4969 8.3443 9.2056 10.084 10.983 11.908 12.866 13.867 14.930 16.088 17.428 19.453 20.836

−0.99220 −0.68946 0.13325 0.95057 1.7641 2.5756 3.3868 4.1995 5.0158 5.8377 6.6675 7.5077 8.3609 9.2303 10.120 11.034 11.979 12.963 13.998 15.107 16.328 17.760 19.977 21.546

21.981 22.076 22.335 22.593 22.850 23.103 23.350 23.588 23.816 24.032 24.234 24.421 24.590 24.738 24.860 24.952 25.006 25.011 24.950 24.797 24.503 23.943 22.380 20.836

23.115 23.239 23.581 23.921 24.258 24.589 24.910 25.219 25.513 25.788 26.042 26.272 26.474 26.643 26.775 26.862 26.894 26.858 26.735 26.491 26.068 25.316 23.365 21.546

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

−0.0054608 −0.0032696 0.0024067 0.0076815 0.012613 0.017251 0.021635 0.025800 0.029778 0.033594 0.037271 0.040830 0.044291 0.047671 0.050989 0.054264 0.057517 0.060775 0.064076 0.067477 0.071088 0.075179 0.081343 0.085769

0.055447 0.054980 0.053793 0.052740 0.051818 0.051021 0.050345 0.049783 0.049333 0.048988 0.048747 0.048604 0.048559 0.048610 0.048761 0.049019 0.049399 0.049934 0.050685 0.051776 0.053487 0.056594 0.066340

0.082847 0.082588 0.081975 0.081513 0.081215 0.081087 0.081137 0.081373 0.081803 0.082443 0.083313 0.084442 0.085874 0.087676 0.089947 0.092852 0.096659 0.10185 0.10938 0.12140 0.14404 0.20457 1.2085

1414.4 1395.1 1342.3 1289.9 1237.6 1185.7 1133.8 1082.1 1030.4 978.59 926.62 874.35 821.65 768.33 714.18 658.88 602.05 543.11 481.27 415.41 343.84 263.77 163.70 0

−0.33760 −0.33728 −0.33542 −0.33191 −0.32650 −0.31891 −0.30886 −0.29600 −0.27988 −0.25996 −0.23550 −0.20551 −0.16864 −0.12292 −0.065518 0.0079177 0.10428 0.23517 0.42163 0.70602 1.1876 2.1660 5.4955 8.0731

242.91 241.74 237.64 232.45 226.39 219.64 212.37 204.70 196.75 188.62 180.39 172.14 163.92 155.78 147.75 139.86 132.11 124.48 116.94 109.42 101.80 94.166 97.067

0.17135 0.16765 0.15872 0.15125 0.14493 0.13955 0.13492 0.13090 0.12738 0.12428 0.12151 0.11901 0.11674 0.11464 0.11268 0.11079 0.10895 0.10709 0.10516 0.10305 0.10060 0.097403 0.091024 0.085769

0.025987 0.026110 0.026507 0.027014 0.027667 0.028505 0.029560 0.030843 0.032341 0.034016 0.035821 0.037709 0.039648 0.041621 0.043631 0.045693 0.047840 0.050119 0.052598 0.055390 0.058707 0.063103 0.071998

0.034319 0.034451 0.034889 0.035477 0.036272 0.037336 0.038728 0.040483 0.042613 0.045105 0.047943 0.051127 0.054696 0.058741 0.063434 0.069063 0.076110 0.085424 0.098649 0.11948 0.15836 0.26199 1.9028

169.60 171.76 177.47 182.88 187.97 192.69 197.00 200.85 204.20 206.99 209.19 210.73 211.57 211.65 210.90 209.26 206.64 202.95 198.02 191.66 183.49 172.68 154.59 0

0.0024002 0.034057

0.053795 0.048953

0.081971 0.082538

1342.7 972.15

0.12392 0.12467 0.13708 0.14749

0.034234 0.033681 0.035327 0.041082

0.045439 0.044513 0.044188 0.049630

207.30 209.39 241.95 267.64

Saturated Properties 27.473 27.302 26.835 26.364 25.889 25.409 24.921 24.424 23.916 23.394 22.858 22.303 21.726 21.124 20.491 19.820 19.102 18.323 17.460 16.477 15.299 13.740 10.732 8.1501 4.2353E-05 7.1788E-05 0.00026061 0.00078411 0.0020270 0.0046295 0.0095503 0.018112 0.032028 0.053428 0.084890 0.12949 0.19093 0.27370 0.38340 0.52726 0.71503 0.96054 1.2848 1.7233 2.3442 3.3211 5.7166 8.1501

0.036399 0.036627 0.037265 0.037930 0.038626 0.039357 0.040127 0.040944 0.041814 0.042745 0.043749 0.044838 0.046028 0.047340 0.048802 0.050454 0.052350 0.054577 0.057273 0.060691 0.065364 0.072779 0.093180 0.12270 23,611. 13,930. 3,837.2 1,275.3 493.35 216.01 104.71 55.213 31.223 18.717 11.780 7.7224 5.2375 3.6537 2.6083 1.8966 1.3985 1.0411 0.77830 0.58029 0.42658 0.30111 0.17493 0.12270

881.12 769.01 541.12 391.73 291.02 221.02 170.81 133.79 106.00 84.924 68.870 56.605 47.194 39.922 34.246 29.758 26.148 23.187 20.693 18.510 16.477 14.312 10.637 8.0731

6.9492 6.9554 7.0006 7.0875 7.2166 7.3887 7.6049 7.8668 8.1765 8.5374 8.9546 9.4365 9.9965 10.656 11.449 12.431 13.691 15.376 17.748 21.309 27.173 38.601 87.141

Single-Phase Properties 26.836 23.329

2-345

0.056727 0.055592 0.040576 0.032244

0.037263 0.042866 17.628 17.988 24.645 31.013

0.13226 5.9359 24.058 24.191 26.760 29.631

0.13599 5.9402 25.821 25.989 29.224 32.733

−0.33547 −0.25719 82.688 76.114 25.024 12.117

237.67 187.60 8.5859 8.7199 12.643 18.907

2-346 TABLE 2-257

Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

150.00 225.00 279.77

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

279.77 300.00 375.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 344.33

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

344.33 375.00

5.0000 5.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

26.851 23.159 19.836

0.037243 0.043179 0.050414

0.12350 6.2265 10.962

0.16075 6.2697 11.013

1.9100 2.1692 2.9484

24.951 25.950 29.227

0.037154 0.042923 0.053448 0.078078

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

0.0023417 0.035360 0.054190

0.053807 0.048867 0.049012

0.081935 0.082690 0.092777

1345.7 957.47 660.15

−0.33584 −0.25084 0.0060372

237.89 185.10 140.04

26.861 28.120 32.175

0.11084 0.11518 0.12727

0.045646 0.041298 0.042549

0.068922 0.057916 0.053538

209.31 223.83 259.50

0.085198 6.1394 12.637 18.130

0.27097 6.3541 12.905 18.520

0.0020846 0.034970 0.060001 0.077304

0.053863 0.048922 0.049679 0.059015

0.081784 0.082027 0.096911 0.28240

1358.9 978.81 586.17 224.84

0.25071 0.43051

23.524 26.928

24.777 29.080

0.095475 0.10755

0.065786 0.050835

0.39574 0.090625

166.61 218.44

Single-Phase Properties

0.52357 0.46100 0.33917 26.915 23.298 18.710 12.808 3.9887 2.3228

29.848 23.889 11.929 −0.33741 −0.26135 0.13431 2.9944 13.148 10.800

12.406 13.334 19.059 238.83 187.71 128.72 91.412 48.235 26.239

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

26.993 23.461 19.196 10.448

0.037047 0.042625 0.052094 0.095714

0.038702 6.0369 12.346 21.112

0.40917 6.4632 12.867 22.069

0.0017692 0.034504 0.058997 0.085980

0.053932 0.048996 0.049538 0.057265

0.081608 0.081303 0.092105 0.21222

1375.0 1004.1 639.69 231.14

−0.33924 −0.27287 0.031716 3.5190

239.97 190.81 134.49 77.284

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

27.285 24.030 20.517 16.472

0.036650 0.041614 0.048739 0.060708

−0.13357 5.6813 11.542 17.786

0.96593 6.9297 13.004 19.607

0.00056834 0.032836 0.056105 0.075712

0.054209 0.049307 0.049670 0.052941

0.081027 0.079197 0.083697 0.093069

1436.1 1094.1 789.57 536.98

−0.34524 −0.30661 −0.15824 0.21392

244.02 201.89 152.78 112.94

225.00 300.00 375.00

70.000 70.000 70.000

24.916 22.090 19.309

0.040135 0.045270 0.051788

5.1400 10.583 16.127

7.9495 13.752 19.752

0.030109 0.052355 0.070195

0.049916 0.050281 0.053544

0.076915 0.078370 0.081767

1240.7 986.17 788.81

−0.34341 −0.28333 −0.18583

219.54 179.29 147.00

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tillner-Roth, R., and Yokozeki, A., “An International Standard Equation of State for Difluoromethane (R-32) for Temperatures from the Triple Point at 136.34 K to 435 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26(6):1273–1328, 1997. Validated equations for the viscosity are not currently available for this fluid. The source for thermal conductivity is unpublished; however, the fit uses the functional form found in Marsh, K., Perkins, R., and Ramires, M. L. V., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Propane from 86 to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(4):932–940, 2002. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. For the equation of state, typical uncertainties are 0.05% for density, 0.02% for the vapor pressure, and 0.5% to 1% for the heat capacity and speed of sound in the liquid phase. In the vapor phase, the uncertainty in the speed of sound is 0.02%. For thermal conductivity, the estimated uncertainty of the correlation is 5%, except for the dilute gas and points approaching critical where the uncertainty rises to 10%.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 20.

20. 0.

0.

0.

3

.

/m 00. kg ρ= 2 150.

300

40

50

70

70

80

900

60

50

40

100

30

20

0.

.

0.

0. 105

10

−10

0.

60

10. 8.

100. 80.

c.p.

1150.

1200.

60.

60

−20

−30

−40

50

30. 20.

0

0.6

−40

0.4

4.0

0.2

1.0

0.1 0.08

0.80

0.06

K) g· /(k

20 3.

3.

0.30

3.

30

s

400

500

600

0.04

0.40

=

300

0.6

6.0

0.60

kJ 10

00 3.

0 2.9

0 2.8

0 2.7

0

0

0 2.6

2.5

2.4

2.20 2.30

2.00

2.10

1.80

1.90

1.70

1.50

1.60

1.40

1.30

1.20

1.00

1.10

0.90

0.70

0.80

0.60

0.50

0.40

160

140

120

100

80

60

20

vapor saturated

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

.4 x=0

0.3

0.2

0.1

d liq rate satu

−60

0.01 200

8.0

1.5

−80

100

1. 0.8

3.0

−70

0.02

10.

2.0

−50

0.04

0

0.2

−20

T = −30 °C

40

−20

0.4

T = 180 °C

−10

uid

Pressure (MPa)

15.

10

0

2.

30

1. 0.8

0.06

4.

40.

40

20

0.1 0.08

6.

200

2.

T = −50 °C

−70

−80

4.

1250.

1300.

6.

−60

10. 8.

0

1100

.

R-32 (difluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

700

0.02

0.20

0.01 800

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 32. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Tillner-Roth, R., and Yokozeki, A., “An International Standard Equation of State for Difluoromethane (R-32) for Temperatures from the Triple Point at 136.34 K to 435 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26(6):1273–1328, 1997.

FIG. 2-21

2-347

2-348 TABLE 2-258

Thermodynamic Properties of R-41, Fluoromethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

129.82 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 317.28

0.00034504 0.00035370 0.0012519 0.0036677 0.0092373 0.020585 0.041505 0.077054 0.13355 0.21852 0.34056 0.50928 0.73518 1.0296 1.4048 1.8740 2.4519 3.1548 4.0027 5.0232 5.9062

129.82 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 317.28

0.00034504 0.00035370 0.0012519 0.0036677 0.0092373 0.020585 0.041505 0.077054 0.13355 0.21852 0.34056 0.50928 0.73518 1.0296 1.4048 1.8740 2.4519 3.1548 4.0027 5.0232 5.9062

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

−0.019920 −0.019820 −0.014492 −0.0095735 −0.0050057 −0.00073794 0.0032736 0.0070672 0.010676 0.014131 0.017458 0.020682 0.023828 0.026921 0.029987 0.033058 0.036178 0.039414 0.042906 0.047088 0.055113

0.050428 0.050396 0.048727 0.047265 0.045989 0.044881 0.043923 0.043101 0.042407 0.041832 0.041372 0.041022 0.040783 0.040657 0.040652 0.040786 0.041098 0.041677 0.042763 0.045267

0.072206 0.072196 0.071584 0.071018 0.070568 0.070278 0.070180 0.070303 0.070678 0.071342 0.072345 0.073761 0.075695 0.078315 0.081902 0.086969 0.094564 0.10725 0.13357 0.23071

1413.8 1413.1 1371.7 1325.5 1276.1 1224.2 1170.6 1115.6 1059.3 1001.8 943.19 883.36 822.19 759.47 694.85 627.81 557.39 481.85 397.63 295.99 0

0.12874 0.12858 0.12051 0.11382 0.10819 0.10339 0.099254 0.095640 0.092444 0.089580 0.086979 0.084582 0.082334 0.080186 0.078086 0.075974 0.073776 0.071373 0.068535 0.064565 0.055113

0.025226 0.025228 0.025399 0.025715 0.026225 0.026955 0.027900 0.029030 0.030304 0.031684 0.033143 0.034668 0.036262 0.037939 0.039727 0.041668 0.043822 0.046290 0.049264 0.053237

0.033592 0.033595 0.033848 0.034322 0.035097 0.036230 0.037744 0.039636 0.041897 0.044538 0.047606 0.051200 0.055502 0.060820 0.067681 0.077052 0.090909 0.11407 0.16236 0.33830

205.35 205.49 213.06 220.17 226.74 232.71 238.00 242.53 246.25 249.08 250.96 251.81 251.54 250.07 247.30 243.07 237.22 229.42 219.09 204.65 0

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 29.650 29.640 29.080 28.514 27.942 27.362 26.770 26.165 25.544 24.901 24.233 23.534 22.796 22.010 21.164 20.239 19.207 18.018 16.564 14.501 9.3000 0.00031992 0.00032749 0.0010777 0.0029538 0.0070026 0.014779 0.028398 0.050558 0.084573 0.13444 0.20496 0.30200 0.43294 0.60737 0.83844 1.1452 1.5578 2.1293 2.9728 4.4455 9.3000

0.033727 0.033738 0.034388 0.035070 0.035788 0.036548 0.037355 0.038218 0.039148 0.040159 0.041266 0.042492 0.043868 0.045434 0.047251 0.049410 0.052065 0.055501 0.060372 0.068961 0.10753 3125.8 3053.5 927.93 338.55 142.80 67.662 35.214 19.779 11.824 7.4384 4.8791 3.3112 2.3098 1.6464 1.1927 0.87319 0.64192 0.46963 0.33638 0.22495 0.10753

−3.7550 −3.7420 −3.0231 −2.3102 −1.6024 −0.89848 −0.19668 0.50493 1.2085 1.9164 2.6312 3.3561 4.0946 4.8508 5.6304 6.4408 7.2930 8.2059 9.2189 10.456 12.765

−3.7549 −3.7420 −3.0230 −2.3100 −1.6021 −0.89772 −0.19513 0.50787 1.2137 1.9251 2.6453 3.3778 4.1268 4.8976 5.6968 6.5334 7.4207 8.3810 9.4606 10.802 13.400

14.466 14.470 14.716 14.957 15.190 15.411 15.620 15.813 15.988 16.144 16.278 16.388 16.470 16.519 16.527 16.484 16.374 16.167 15.803 15.090 12.765

15.544 15.550 15.878 16.199 16.509 16.804 17.081 17.337 17.567 17.769 17.940 18.075 18.168 18.214 18.203 18.121 17.948 17.649 17.149 16.220 13.400

−0.35314 −0.35309 −0.35022 −0.34606 −0.33979 −0.33071 −0.31808 −0.30109 −0.27874 −0.24979 −0.21256 −0.16475 −0.10306 −0.022535 0.084654 0.23174 0.44318 0.77036 1.3453 2.6641 7.4905 365.81 363.97 278.51 217.09 170.82 135.12 107.41 85.993 69.518 56.880 47.167 39.654 33.780 29.121 25.360 22.257 19.624 17.292 15.070 12.533 7.4905

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 194.60

0.10000 0.10000

194.60 225.00 300.00 375.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 225.00 249.10

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

249.10 300.00 375.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 309.79

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

309.79 375.00

5.0000 5.0000

−0.0095803 0.0087476

0.047264 0.042767

0.071013 0.070442

17.446 18.604 21.380 24.398

0.094125 0.099660 0.11030 0.11926

0.029600 0.027396 0.029496 0.034142

0.040629 0.036814 0.038140 0.042610

244.34 265.51 305.33 336.84

−2.3206 2.9761 4.7819

−2.2855 3.0179 4.8272

−0.0096430 0.019009 0.026644

0.047252 0.041178 0.040664

0.070965 0.072808 0.078045

1330.7 918.60 765.18

1.6961 2.2815 2.9971

16.516 18.437 21.029

18.212 20.718 24.026

0.080377 0.089572 0.099411

0.037784 0.032042 0.034956

0.060289 0.044524 0.044943

250.26 291.25 329.85

29.499 17.553 9.3564

0.034919 0.041392 0.058628 0.068696

−2.3615 2.8706 9.0202 10.426

−2.1869 3.0775 9.3133 10.769

−0.0099181 0.018535 0.042218 0.046985

0.047205 0.041150 0.042199 0.045181

0.070762 0.071655 0.11693 0.22600

1351.1 952.55 436.81 298.41

−0.34938 −0.21829 1.0494 2.6188

4.4014 2.0056

0.22720 0.49861

15.113 19.699

16.249 22.192

0.064673 0.082450

0.053137 0.038898

0.32991 0.060151

205.02 299.64

12.597 8.3579

28.517 25.882 0.064499 0.054701 0.040421 0.032197 28.539 23.924 22.083 0.58959 0.43831 0.33366 28.637 24.159 17.057 14.557

−2.3112 0.82800

−2.3077 0.83187

15.896 16.776 18.906 21.292

0.035039 0.041800 0.045284

0.035067 0.038637 15.504 18.281 24.739 31.059

1326.0 1089.8

−0.34613 −0.29155 77.876 44.413 18.192 9.5450 −0.34675 −0.19408 −0.030727

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

28.756 24.428 18.494 5.4445

0.034776 0.040937 0.054071 0.18367

−2.4107 2.7503 8.4188 17.496

−2.0629 3.1596 8.9595 19.333

−0.010253 0.017985 0.040105 0.070759

0.047153 0.041136 0.041153 0.043934

0.070531 0.070486 0.090910 0.10163

1375.8 991.68 556.97 274.07

−0.35235 −0.24309 0.45639 6.1896

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

29.189 25.306 20.991 15.862

0.034259 0.039516 0.047639 0.063045

−2.5895 2.3574 7.3266 12.699

−1.5617 3.5429 8.7557 14.590

−0.011513 0.016117 0.036076 0.053392

0.047004 0.041195 0.040629 0.043123

0.069806 0.067503 0.072733 0.082994

1467.3 1123.5 794.05 538.73

−0.36156 −0.30724 −0.067863 0.53694

225.00 300.00 375.00

70.000 70.000 70.000

26.558 23.298 20.079

0.037653 0.042923 0.049804

1.8062 6.3044 10.864

4.4419 9.3090 14.350

0.013266 0.031929 0.046913

0.041529 0.041001 0.043364

0.064822 0.065644 0.068927

1323.8 1056.2 851.76

−0.36575 −0.28880 −0.15494

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.1% in density (except near the critical point), 0.25% in vapor-pressure, 1% in heat capacities, 0.2% in the vapor-phase speed of sound, and 3% in the liquid speed of sound. The liquid speed of sound uncertainty is an estimate and cannot be verified without experimental information. The uncertainties above 290 K in vapor pressure may be as high as 0.5%.

2-349

2-350

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-259

Saturated R-401A (SUVA MP 39)

Pf, bar

Pg, bar

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

kf , W/(m·K)

Prf

−40 −30 −20 −10 0

0.733 1.155 1.748 2.553 3.615

0.533 0.871 1.361 2.043 2.965

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

712 728 744 762 781

0.3778 0.2391 0.1576 0.1075 0.0755

154.0 164.9 176.2 188.6 200.0

385.0 390.6 396.3 401.8 407.3

0.8188 0.8647 0.9099 0.9577 1.0000

1.8244 1.8059 1.7907 1.7781 1.7675

1.078 1.109 1.137 1.165 1.197

351 323 291 266 241

0.1209 0.1154 0.1107 0.1057 0.1012

3.13 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.85

10 20 30 40 50

4.984 6.712 8.857 11.475 14.628

4.177 5.733 7.697 10.133 13.112

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

803 826 851 878 909

0.0544 0.0399 0.0298 0.0225 0.0172

212.7 225.3 238.3 252.0 266.4

412.6 417.6 422.2 426.5 430.1

1.0454 1.0884 1.1316 1.1752 1.2194

1.7587 1.7510 1.7439 1.7372 1.7304

1.233 1.277 1.329 1.392 1.468

221 202 186 170 157

0.0967 0.0922 0.0877 0.0830 0.0781

2.82 2.80 2.83 2.85 2.95

60 70 80 90 100

18.378 22.79 27.92 33.83 40.53

16.711 21.01 26.12 32.13 39.22

0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001

944 988 028 084 140

0.01313 0.01005 0.00764 0.00570 0.00403

281.6 297.9 315.9 336.2 361.4

433.0 434.9 435.4 433.5 426.9

1.2647 1.3118 1.3616 1.4163 1.4820

1.7228 1.7138 1.7022 1.6858 1.6584

1.564 1.652 1.802 1.958 2.16

143 131 122 115 110

0.0737 0.0684 0.0631 0.0577 0.0533

3.04 3.16 3.48 3.90 4.46

108.0c

46.04

46.04

0.001 96

0.00196

397

397

Temp., °C

vf, m3/kg

c = critical point. SUVA MP 39 = R401A = CHClF2 (R22) 53% wt + CH3CHF2 (R 152a) 13% wt + CHClFCF3 (R124) 34% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Some values read from charts are approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.

TABLE 2-260

R-401A (SUVA MP 39) at Atmospheric Pressure

Temp., °C

−27.01

−20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

v (m3/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z

0.2102 351.7 1.8009 0.648 10.17 0.00878 0.750 0.9829

0.2167 396.9 1.8193 0.669 10.43 0.00921 0.758 0.9852

0.2351 410.4 1.8706 0.698 11.18 0.01041 0.750 0.9906

0.2534 424.5 1.9204 0.727 11.93 0.01161 0.749 0.9949

0.2715 439.2 1.9689 0.757 12.68 0.01282 0.749 0.9979

0.2896 454.4 2.0161 0.787 13.42 0.01404 0.748 1.0005

0.3076 470.3 2.0623 0.811 14.17 0.01536 0.748 1.0025

0.3256 486.6 2.1073 0.836 14.89 0.01668 0.748 1.0043

0.3435 503.5 2.1513 0.859 15.61 0.01796 0.747 1.0056

0.3613 521.2 2.1943 0.883 16.32 0.01929 0.747 1.0060

For composition see footnote to Table 2-259. Some values read from charts are approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-261 Pressure, bar

Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407A (Klea 60) Tf , K

Tg , K

vg , m3/kg

hf , kJ/kg

hg , kJ/kg

227.3 236.1 242.8 248.3 253.0

234.0 242.5 249.1 254.5 259.1

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

7118 7263 7381 7483 7573

0.2097 0.1433 0.1093 0.0885 0.0744

−7.80 3.92 12.89 20.27 26.57

229.64 235.02 239.07 242.35 245.08

0.9965 0.9833 0.9744 0.9679 0.9629

4 5 6 8 10

260.7 267.3 272.9 282.1 289.8

266.8 273.1 278.5 287.5 295.0

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

7735 7880 8012 8254 8480

0.0564 0.0442 0.0384 0.0286 0.0228

37.23 46.12 53.84 67.02 78.23

249.54 253.07 255.24 260.70 263.86

0.9552 0.9496 0.9450 0.9378 0.9318

12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5

297.9 304.8 311.0 316.5 321.4

302.8 309.5 315.4 320.7 325.5

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

8750 9017 9290 9613 9884

0.01802 0.01481 0.01247 0.01069 0.00928

90.50 101.51 111.64 121.18 130.31

266.95 269.12 270.58 271.46 271.79

0.9257 0.9190 0.9128 0.9065 0.8999

25 27.5 30

326.1 330.4 334.5

329.8 333.9 337.6

0.001 023 0.001 063 0.001 115

0.00828 0.00717 0.00635

139.17 147.89 156.58

271.63 270.97 269.81

0.8927 0.8850 0.8765

1 1.5 2 2.5 3

vf , m3/kg

sf , kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg , kJ/(kg⋅K)

hf = sf = 0 at 233.15 K = −40 °C. Converted and interpolated from Thermodynamic Properties of Klea 60 (British units, 20 pp.), copyright ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited, 1993. Reproduced by permission. Tf = bubble point temperature; Tg = dew point temperature.

TABLE 2-262 Pressure, bar

Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407B (Klea 61) Tf , K

Tg , K

vg , m3/kg

hf , kJ/kg

hg , kJ/kg

225.6 234.3 241.8 246.4 251.1

230.0 238.5 245.0 250.4 254.9

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

6852 6994 7110 7211 7301

0.1800 0.1230 0.0937 0.0758 0.0637

−9.45 2.52 9.72 16.59 22.47

191.64 196.90 200.88 204.10 206.80

0.8433 0.8341 0.8282 0.8245 0.8215

4 5 6 8 10

258.9 265.4 270.9 280.2 287.8

262.6 269.0 274.4 283.4 290.9

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

7463 7607 7740 7985 8214

0.04831 0.03888 0.03249 0.02435 0.01936

32.43 40.76 48.00 59.82 70.98

211.22 214.74 217.65 222.21 225.63

0.8172 0.8141 0.8123 0.8080 0.8048

12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5

295.8 302.8 308.8 314.3 319.3

298.7 305.5 311.4 316.7 321.5

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

8491 8768 9053 9353 9680

0.01528 0.01251 0.01049 0.00896 0.00774

82.59 93.02 102.67 111.79 120.55

228.80 231.08 232.64 233.60 233.99

0.8010 0.7971 0.7929 0.7882 0.7829

25 27.5 30

323.9 328.1 332.1

325.9 330.0 333.7

0.001 005 0.001 048 0.001 102

0.00674 0.00590 0.00518

129.11 137.62 146.21

233.85 233.16 231.84

0.7769 0.7700 0.7619

1 1.5 2 2.5 3

vf , m3/kg

sf , kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg , kJ/(kg⋅K)

Converted and interpolated from Thermodynamic Properties of Klea 61 (British units, 20 pp.), copyright ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited, 1993. Reproduced by permission. Tf = bubble-point temperature; Tg = dew-point temperature. hf = sf = 0 at 233.15 K = −40°C.

2-351

2-352

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

30 0.9 0

5

0.70 0.75

0 .9

20

R 60

0.80

0

425

1.0

15

0.90

400

1.1 0

10

1.0

5

kJ/ kg

•

K

0.85

8

5

375

350

1.2

6

0

1.1

Pressure, bar

0.95

1.3

0

325

1.2

5

4

1.

35

300 K

40

2

5

1.

275

1

FIG. 2-22

1.4

1.5

250 Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for R-407A (Klea 60).

300 Enthalpy (h), kJ/kg

350

400

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2-353

30 0.80

0.70 0.75

0.8 5

0.80

20

450

0.9 0

0.85 0.90 15

0.9

5

0.95

425

0k J/k g

•

K

400

1.0

10

1.0

5

vapo r rated

0

375

350

1.1

6

Satu

Pressure, bar

8

1.1

5

4

1.2

0

325

1.2

5

300

30

2

1.3

5

1.

275 1.5 250 K

1 200 FIG. 2-23

250 Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for R-407B (Klea 61).

300 Enthalpy (h), kJ/kg

350

2-354

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-263

Saturated R-404A (SUVA HP 62)

Pf, bar

Pg, bar

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

−50 −40 −30 −20 −10

0.852 1.367 2.095 3.087 4.404

0.821 1.325 2.041 3.018 4.321

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

761 779 799 820 843

0.2244 0.1434 0.0953 0.0656 0.0463

133.1 145.6 159.9 172.8 186.1

337.3 343.8 350.3 356.5 362.6

0.7318 0.7862 0.8460 0.8975 0.9487

1.6487 1.6380 1.6301 1.6245 1.6202

0.0970

1.220 1.260 1.302

370 318 276 238 207

0.0868 0.0834 0.0801

3.88 3.60 3.37

0 10 20 30 40

6.111 8.278 10.977 14.287 18.292

6.013 8.165 10.851 14.150 18.148

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001

868 898 933 977 037

0.03338 0.02444 0.01809 0.01348 0.01003

200.0 214.5 229.9 246.2 263.8

368.3 373.6 378.3 382.2 385.0

1.0000 1.0515 1.1038 1.1574 1.2130

1.6188 1.6138 1.6106 1.6065 1.6005

1.351 1.412 1.489 1.592 1.753

181 158 138 122 106

0.0767 0.0733 0.0698 0.0663 0.0624

3.19 3.04 2.94 2.93 2.98

50 60 70 72.1c

23.08 28.75 35.58 37.32

22.94 28.63

0.001 122 0.001 261

386.1 384.2 375.9 361

1.5910 1.5742

2.09

91 76 61

0.0583 0.0535

3.26

0.002 06

283.2 305.8 339.8 361

1.2723 1.3389

37.32

0.00739 0.00527 0.00285 0.00206

Temp., °C

vf, m3/kg

Prf

c = critical point. SUVA HP 62 = CHF2CF3 (R125) 44% wt + CH3CF3 (R143a) 52% wt + CH2FCF3 (R134a) 4% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values read from charts may be approximate.

TABLE 2-264

R-404A (SUVA HP 62) at Atmospheric Pressure

Temp., °C

−45.63

−40

−20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

v (m3/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z

0.1866 336.0 1.6599 0.732 9.47 0.00860 0.806 0.9755

0.1921 344.4 1.6636 0.738 9.68 0.00932 0.767 0.9800

0.2100 359.9 1.7274 0.781 10.45 0.01059 0.771 0.9867

0.2278 376.2 1.7891 0.821 11.22 0.01186 0.777 0.9919

0.2455 393.1 1.8491 0.860 11.99 0.01313 0.785 0.9961

0.2630 410.9 1.9076 0.897 12.76 0.01440 0.795 0.9989

0.2805 429.3 1.9646 0.933 13.53 0.01568 0.805 1.0014

0.2980 448.4 2.0203 0.967 14.30 0.01695 0.816 1.0037

0.3153 468.2 2.0747 1.000 15.07 0.01827 0.827 1.0050

0.3325 488.7 2.1278 1.032 15.84 0.01949 0.839 1.0060

v,h, and s from DuPont bull. T—HP62—SI, June 1993 (17 pp.). cp and k from DuPont bull. ART 18, June 1993 (37 pp.). Some values read from charts may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-265

2-355

Saturated R-401B (SUVA MP 66)

Pf, bar

Pg, bar

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

Prf

−40 −30 −20 −10 0

0.788 1.239 1.872 2.726 3.850

0.585 0.952 1.479 2.212 3.198

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

710 725 740 758 778

0.3498 0.2224 0.1471 0.1008 0.0710

153.8 164.8 176.0 188.6 200.0

386.0 391.6 397.1 402.6 407.8

0.8184 0.8643 0.9095 0.9577 1.0000

1.8291 1.8100 1.7940 1.7807 1.7694

1.078 1.109 1.137 1.165 1.197

349 313 282 257 236

0.1209 0.1154 0.1106 0.1057 0.1012

3.11 3.01 2.90 2.83 2.79

10 20 30 40 50

5.297 7.120 9.379 12.133 15.444

4.491 6.146 8.229 10.808 13.955

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

801 827 858 895 939

0.05124 0.03771 0.02818 0.02131 0.01625

212.6 225.1 238.2 251.9 266.3

412.9 417.7 422.1 426.1 429.4

1.0450 1.0879 1.1311 1.1747 1.2190

1.7598 1.7512 1.7433 1.7357 1.7278

1.233 1.277 1.329 1.392 1.468

217 198 181 168 151

0.0967 0.0922 0.0877 0.0830 0.0781

2.77 2.74 2.74 2.82 2.84

60 70 80 90 100

19.378 24.00 29.37 35.55 42.30

17.750 22.28 27.64 33.96

0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001

994 066 164 313

0.01244 0.00951 0.00721 0.00534

281.6 298.1 316.3 337.2

431.9 433.4 433.2 430.4

1.2645 1.3120 1.3625 1.4187

1.7191 1.7088 1.6956 1.6768

1.564 1.652 1.802

139 127 116

0.0737 0.0684 0.0631 0.0577 0.0533

2.95 3.07 3.31

106.1c

46.82

46.82

0.001 95

0.00195

389

389

Temp., °C

vf, m3/kg

c = critical point. SUVA MP 66 = R-401B = CHClF2 (R22) 61% wt + CH3CHF2 (R152a) 11% wt + CHClFCF3 (R124) 28% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values read from charts are approximate.

TABLE 2-266 Temp., °C 3

v (m /kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z

R-401B (SUVA MP 66) at Atmospheric Pressure −28.63b

−20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0.2086 392.2 1.8081 0.641 9.78 0.00817 0.767 0.9652

0.2177 397.9 1.8299 0.652 10.43 0.00921 0.738 0.9730

0.2362 411.2 1.8804 0.688 11.18 0.01041 0.737 0.9783

0.2545 425.1 1.9295 0.716 11.93 0.01161 0.736 0.9822

0.2727 439.6 1.9772 0.744 12.68 0.01282 0.735 0.9852

0.2908 454.6 2.0237 0.771 13.42 0.01404 0.735 0.9876

0.3089 470.1 2.0690 0.796 14.17 0.01536 0.734 0.9896

0.3269 486.2 2.1132 0.822 14.89 0.01668 0.734 0.9912

0.3449 502.7 2.1564 0.844 15.61 0.01796 0.733 0.9925

0.3629 519.4 2.1986 0.866 16.32 0.01929 0.733 0.9937

v, h, and s from DuPont bull. T—MP 66—SI, Jan. 1993 (17 pp.). cp, µ, and k from DuPont bull. ART 10, Jan. 1993 (27 pp.). Some values read from charts may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. b = normal boiling point.

TABLE 2-267 Temp., °C

Saturated R-402A (SUVA HP 80) vf, m3/kg

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

1.6327 1.6206 1.6110 1.6034 1.5972

0.0970

1.193 1.217 1.236

377 317 283 247 215

0.0880 0.0849 0.0813

3.84 3.54 3.27

1.0000 1.0461 1.0927 1.1403 1.1897

1.5919 1.5870 1.5820 1.5762 1.5690

1.253 1.286 1.340 1.412 1.512

188 165 146 128 113

0.0778 0.0743 0.0708 0.0672 0.0634

3.03 2.86 2.76 2.69 2.70

1.2420 1.2998

1.5589 1.5433

1.64 1.81

98 83 68

0.0593 0.0551

2.71 2.79

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

679 695 713 733 757

0.2033 0.1303 0.0869 0.0598 0.0423

139.6 150.8 163.1 174.9 187.6

334.1 339.9 345.6 351.1 356.4

0.7578 0.8070 0.8584 0.9053 0.9541

785 819 860 911 977

0.03060 0.02248 0.01671 0.01250 0.00936

200.0 213.0 226.7 241.2 256.8

361.3 365.9 369.8 373.1 375.4

24.04 29.97

0.001 070 0.001 212

0.00696 0.00505

273.9 293.6

376.2 374.6

41.35

0.001 850

0.00185

340

340

Pf, bar

Pg, bar

−50 −40 −30 −20 −10

0.962 1.520 2.305 3.370 4.776

0.872 1.403 2.156 3.188 4.560

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0 10 20 30 40

6.588 8.877 11.720 15.195 19.388

6.336 8.592 11.404 14.855 19.034

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

50 60 70 75.5c

24.39 30.30 41.35

Prf

c = critical point. SUVA HP 80 = R-402A = CHF2CF3 (R125) 60% wt + CH3CH2CH3 (R290) 2% wt + CHClF2 (R22) 38% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values, read from charts, may be approximate.

2-356

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-268

R-402A (SUVA HP 80) at Atmospheric Pressure

Temp., °C

−46.95b

−40

−20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

v (m3/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z

0.1768 335.9 1.6286 0.648 9.42 0.00888 0.687 0.9673

0.1827 340.5 1.6490 0.654 9.69 0.00932 0.680 0.9697

0.1996 354.3 1.7055 0.687 10.45 0.01059 0.678 0.9758

0.2164 368.6 1.7599 0.721 11.22 0.01186 0.681 0.9804

0.2331 383.5 1.8124 0.749 11.99 0.01313 0.685 0.9840

0.2497 398.7 1.8633 0.779 12.75 0.01440 0.690 0.9868

0.2663 414.9 1.9128 0.807 13.52 0.01568 0.696 0.9892

0.2828 431.4 1.9610 0.836 14.29 0.01695 0.703 0.9910

0.2992 448.5 2.0081 0.863 15.06 0.01822 0.713 0.9923

0.3155 466.1 2.0541 0.890 15.82 0.01949 0.722 0.9932

b = normal boiling pt. v, h, and s from DuPont bull. T—HP 80—SI, Jan. 1993 (17 pp.). cp, µ, and k from DuPont bull. ART 18, June 1993 (37 pp.). Some values read from charts may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.

TABLE 2-269 Temp., °C

Saturated R-402B (SUVA HP 81) vf, m3/kg

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

Prf

1.7122 1.6957 1.6820 1.6706 1.6611

1.178 1.191 1.204

383 333 290 253 223

0.1031 0.0983 0.0941 0.0900 0.0863

3.63 3.35 3.11

1.0000 1.0450 1.0905 1.1367 1.1842 1.2339

1.6528 1.6451 1.6376 1.6299 1.6211 1.6104

1.221 1.288 1.313 1.37 1.75 2.07

195 173 151 137 122 106

0.0818 0.0790 0.0753 0.0715 0.0676 0.0633

2.91 2.82 2.63 2.49 3.16 3.47

1.2873 1.3164

1.5961 1.5866

91 75

0.0586 0.0544

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

687 702 719 739 761

0.2425 0.1548 0.1028 0.0707 0.0499

140.3 151.4 163.3 174.9 187.8

351.7 357.2 362.7 368.0 373.0

0.7606 0.8092 0.8589 0.9054 0.9550

787 817 854 899 955 030

0.03610 0.02656 0.01980 0.01490 0.01125 0.00848

200.0 212.7 226.0 240.1 255.1 271.4

377.8 382.2 386.0 389.3 391.5 392.8

28.03 34.60

0.001 136 0.001 307

0.00632 0.00456

289.5 299.6

392.2 390.9

44.45

0.001 88

0.00188

351

351

Pf, bar

Pg, bar

−50 −40 −30 −20 −10

0.883 1.403 2.135 3.132 4.451

0.787 1.273 1.967 2.923 4.198

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0 10 20 30 40 50

6.153 8.307 10.984 14.261 18.216 22.93

5.852 7.959 10.591 13.827 17.750 22.45

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001

60 70 80 82.6c

28.50 35.01 44.45

c = critical point. SUVA HP 81 = R402B (38/2/60) = CHF2CF3 (R125) 38% wt + CH3CH2CH3 (R290) 2% wt + CHClF2 (R22) 60% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values read from charts may be approximate.

TABLE 2-270 Temp., °C 3

v (m /kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z

R-402B (SUVA HP 81) at Atmospheric Pressure −44.87b

−40

−20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.1903 354.7 1.7032 1.187 10.16 0.00739 1.632 0.9622

0.1960 357.7 1.7169 1.177 10.33 0.00768 1.583 0.9703

0.2142 370.8 1.7711 1.169 11.10 0.00902 1.439 0.9766

0.2322 384.6 1.8232 1.159 11.86 0.01036 1.327 0.9811

0.2500 398.8 1.8735 1.149 12.62 0.01170 1.239 0.9843

0.2678 413.6 1.9222 1.143 13.39 0.01304 1.174 0.9870

0.2856 428.9 1.9696 1.134 14.15 0.01438 1.124 0.9894

0.3032 444.7 2.0158 1.128 14.78 0.01572 1.061 0.9909

0.3209 461.0 2.0607 1.124 15.54 0.01706 1.024 0.9926

0.3386 477.7 2.1047 1.120 16.30 0.01840 0.992 0.9940

b = normal boiling point. v, h, and s from DuPont bull. T—HP 81—SI, Jan. 1993 (17 pp.). cp, µ, and k from DuPont bull. ART 18, June 1993 (37 pp.). Some values, read from charts, may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.

TABLE 2-271 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties

2-357

236.93 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 487.21

0.0018714 0.0022999 0.0043168 0.0076484 0.012885 0.020766 0.032185 0.048190 0.069977 0.098880 0.13636 0.18400 0.24349 0.31660 0.40521 0.51127 0.63682 0.78398 0.95499 1.1522 1.3781 1.6354 1.9271 2.2568 2.6288 3.0498 3.3923

9.0987 9.0614 8.9395 8.8172 8.6941 8.5702 8.4450 8.3183 8.1897 8.0588 7.9252 7.7884 7.6479 7.5029 7.3529 7.1968 7.0336 6.8619 6.6797 6.4845 6.2728 6.0390 5.7742 5.4624 5.0712 4.5104 2.9887

236.93 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 487.21

0.0018714 0.0022999 0.0043168 0.0076484 0.012885 0.020766 0.032185 0.048190 0.069977 0.098880 0.13636 0.18400 0.24349 0.31660 0.40521 0.51127 0.63682 0.78398 0.95499 1.1522 1.3781 1.6354 1.9271 2.2568 2.6288 3.0498 3.3923

0.00095199 0.0011554 0.0020850 0.0035597 0.0057917 0.0090358 0.013590 0.019793 0.028029 0.038727 0.052364 0.069475 0.090662 0.11662 0.14813 0.18615 0.23182 0.28656 0.35216 0.43104 0.52654 0.64356 0.78990 0.97939 1.2415 1.6684 2.9887

0.10991 0.11036 0.11186 0.11342 0.11502 0.11668 0.11841 0.12022 0.12211 0.12409 0.12618 0.12840 0.13076 0.13328 0.13600 0.13895 0.14217 0.14573 0.14971 0.15421 0.15942 0.16559 0.17318 0.18307 0.19719 0.22171 0.33460

31.483 31.985 33.627 35.279 36.945 38.626 40.323 42.036 43.767 45.516 47.284 49.071 50.879 52.708 54.560 56.437 58.340 60.271 62.235 64.236 66.280 68.379 70.548 72.817 75.247 78.016 82.401

31.484 31.986 33.627 35.280 36.947 38.629 40.327 42.042 43.776 45.528 47.301 49.095 50.911 52.751 54.616 56.508 58.430 60.386 62.378 64.414 66.500 68.650 70.881 73.230 75.765 78.692 83.536

0.16386 0.16596 0.17266 0.17914 0.18543 0.19154 0.19750 0.20331 0.20898 0.21453 0.21998 0.22531 0.23055 0.23571 0.24079 0.24579 0.25074 0.25564 0.26050 0.26533 0.27015 0.27500 0.27990 0.28494 0.29024 0.29621 0.30602

0.11672 0.11694 0.11797 0.11931 0.12084 0.12245 0.12410 0.12576 0.12740 0.12901 0.13060 0.13215 0.13367 0.13517 0.13665 0.13813 0.13961 0.14112 0.14266 0.14428 0.14601 0.14794 0.15016 0.15288 0.15638 0.16109

0.16341 0.16366 0.16467 0.16593 0.16735 0.16891 0.17056 0.17231 0.17414 0.17606 0.17807 0.18020 0.18247 0.18491 0.18755 0.19047 0.19374 0.19749 0.20191 0.20730 0.21416 0.22344 0.23712 0.25998 0.30706 0.47179

907.79 897.63 863.61 828.94 794.26 759.92 726.09 692.84 660.17 628.04 596.38 565.13 534.20 503.50 472.94 442.41 411.80 380.97 349.77 317.99 285.39 251.65 216.41 179.46 141.14 101.80 0

−0.45956 −0.45692 −0.44732 −0.43622 −0.42364 −0.40951 −0.39367 −0.37590 −0.35588 −0.33321 −0.30739 −0.27774 −0.24340 −0.20323 −0.15569 −0.098686 −0.029233 0.057005 0.16660 0.31000 0.50481 0.78295 1.2078 1.9196 3.2778 6.5781 19.849

1050.4 865.51 479.61 280.92 172.66 110.67 73.586 50.523 35.677 25.822 19.097 14.394 11.030 8.5752 6.7508 5.3719 4.3136 3.4897 2.8396 2.3200 1.8992 1.5539 1.2660 1.0210 0.80548 0.59937 0.33460

61.277 61.580 62.580 63.602 64.643 65.701 66.774 67.860 68.957 70.061 71.172 72.286 73.400 74.513 75.621 76.720 77.808 78.878 79.926 80.944 81.922 82.844 83.689 84.417 84.942 85.005 82.401

63.243 63.570 64.650 65.750 66.868 67.999 69.143 70.295 71.453 72.615 73.776 74.934 76.086 77.228 78.356 79.467 80.555 81.614 82.638 83.617 84.539 85.386 86.129 86.721 87.059 86.833 83.536

0.29790 0.29756 0.29675 0.29634 0.29625 0.29644 0.29686 0.29748 0.29826 0.29918 0.30020 0.30131 0.30248 0.30370 0.30495 0.30621 0.30747 0.30871 0.30991 0.31105 0.31210 0.31304 0.31379 0.31426 0.31427 0.31317 0.30602

0.098915 0.099759 0.10244 0.10502 0.10751 0.10994 0.11231 0.11463 0.11691 0.11917 0.12140 0.12362 0.12583 0.12804 0.13024 0.13246 0.13469 0.13695 0.13926 0.14165 0.14414 0.14679 0.14969 0.15299 0.15703 0.16277

0.10733 0.10819 0.11094 0.11361 0.11623 0.11883 0.12142 0.12402 0.12666 0.12935 0.13214 0.13503 0.13807 0.14130 0.14477 0.14857 0.15281 0.15765 0.16333 0.17026 0.17911 0.19114 0.20894 0.23897 0.30270 0.54016

106.58 107.21 109.17 111.03 112.77 114.38 115.82 117.08 118.14 118.97 119.57 119.89 119.93 119.66 119.05 118.07 116.69 114.87 112.57 109.72 106.25 102.05 97.003 90.902 83.480 74.333 0

82.183 77.881 66.150 57.141 50.111 44.541 40.065 36.421 33.419 30.923 28.833 27.074 25.594 24.353 23.322 22.480 21.816 21.322 21.000 20.858 20.915 21.204 21.779 22.716 24.091 25.627 19.849

2-358 TABLE 2-271

Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

250.00 320.34

0.10000 0.10000

8.9405 8.0543

320.34 325.00 400.00 475.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.039138 0.038492 0.030653 0.025598

250.00 325.00 400.00 412.41

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

8.9494 8.0093 6.8729 6.6340

412.41 475.00

1.0000 1.0000

250.00 325.00 400.00 475.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Single-Phase Properties

250.00 325.00 400.00 475.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

33.623 45.576

33.634 45.588

0.17265 0.21472

0.11797 0.12907

0.16466 0.17612

864.02 626.96

−0.44747 −0.33239

70.099 70.661 80.120 90.324

72.654 73.259 83.382 94.230

0.29921 0.30109 0.32908 0.35391

0.11925 0.11993 0.13100 0.14017

0.12945 0.12998 0.14005 0.14891

119.00 120.05 135.10 148.01

30.846 29.068 14.858 9.5374

0.11174 0.12485 0.14550 0.15074

33.589 46.338 60.238 62.713

33.701 46.463 60.383 62.864

0.17251 0.21708 0.25555 0.26166

0.11802 0.12985 0.14107 0.14304

0.16456 0.17671 0.19705 0.20311

867.87 618.26 384.09 342.18

−0.44882 −0.32646 0.047064 0.19754

0.36984 0.28704

2.7039 3.4839

80.174 89.325

82.878 92.809

0.31019 0.33262

0.13983 0.14241

0.16487 0.15696

111.93 133.62

20.948 11.300

8.9881 8.0819 7.0485 5.5199

0.11126 0.12373 0.14187 0.18116

33.441 46.082 59.694 74.959

33.998 46.701 60.403 75.865

0.17191 0.21629 0.25417 0.28950

0.11826 0.13008 0.14058 0.15167

0.16413 0.17538 0.19113 0.23166

884.22 644.07 433.49 217.18

−0.45442 −0.34900 −0.086367 1.2219

9.0343 8.1644 7.2197 6.0609

0.11069 0.12248 0.13851 0.16499

33.266 45.791 59.149 73.507

34.373 47.016 60.534 75.157

0.17119 0.21536 0.25274 0.28621

0.11861 0.13042 0.14040 0.14885

0.16368 0.17407 0.18683 0.20446

903.13 672.87 481.58 313.71

−0.46053 −0.37126 −0.18229 0.32498

970.17 867.10 788.68

−0.48114 −0.45624 −0.42986

0.11185 0.12416 25.551 25.979 32.623 39.065

325.00 400.00 475.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

9.0570 8.5204 8.0191

0.11041 0.11737 0.12470

42.816 54.955 67.454

53.857 66.691 79.924

0.20444 0.23995 0.27026

0.13658 0.14351 0.14864

0.16811 0.17396 0.17872

475.00

200.00

8.7846

0.11384

65.196

87.963

0.26222

0.14928

0.17693

1035.9

−0.46436

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Marx, V., Pruss, A., and Wagner, W., “Neue Zustandsgleichungen fuer R 12, R 22, R 11 und R 113. Beschreibung des thermodynamishchen Zustandsverhaltens bei Temperaturen bis 525 K und Druecken bis 200 MPa,” Duesseldorf: VDI Verlag, Series 19 (Waermetechnik/Kaeltetechnik), No. 57, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.2%, that for vapor pressure is 0.3%, and that for the isobaric heat capacity is 2%. The uncertainties are higher in and above the critical region.

TABLE 2-272

Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 350.00 355.00 360.00 365.00 370.00 375.00 380.00 385.00 390.00 395.00 400.00 405.00 410.00 415.00 418.83

0.094764 0.11455 0.13740 0.16362 0.19353 0.22746 0.26574 0.30872 0.35677 0.41024 0.46953 0.53501 0.60708 0.68615 0.77265 0.86701 0.96967 1.0811 1.2018 1.3323 1.4730 1.6246 1.7878 1.9630 2.1511 2.3530 2.5694 2.8015 3.0507 3.2516

8.9110 8.8268 8.7415 8.6548 8.5667 8.4771 8.3858 8.2927 8.1976 8.1004 8.0007 7.8984 7.7932 7.6847 7.5726 7.4565 7.3358 7.2098 7.0779 6.9389 6.7916 6.6345 6.4651 6.2804 6.0759 5.8442 5.5731 5.2381 4.7774 3.3932

275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 350.00 355.00 360.00 365.00 370.00 375.00 380.00 385.00 390.00 395.00 400.00

0.094764 0.11455 0.13740 0.16362 0.19353 0.22746 0.26574 0.30872 0.35677 0.41024 0.46953 0.53501 0.60708 0.68615 0.77265 0.86701 0.96967 1.0811 1.2018 1.3323 1.4730 1.6246 1.7878 1.9630 2.1511 2.3530

0.043032 0.051392 0.060964 0.071869 0.084238 0.098213 0.11395 0.13161 0.15138 0.17347 0.19810 0.22553 0.25605 0.28999 0.32774 0.36975 0.41655 0.46878 0.52722 0.59285 0.66690 0.75097 0.84722 0.95861 1.0895 1.2467

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties

2-359

0.11222 0.11329 0.11440 0.11554 0.11673 0.11796 0.11925 0.12059 0.12199 0.12345 0.12499 0.12661 0.12832 0.13013 0.13205 0.13411 0.13632 0.13870 0.14129 0.14412 0.14724 0.15073 0.15468 0.15922 0.16459 0.17111 0.17943 0.19091 0.20932 0.29471

34.479 35.301 36.128 36.960 37.798 38.641 39.491 40.348 41.211 42.082 42.960 43.846 44.739 45.642 46.553 47.475 48.407 49.350 50.306 51.276 52.261 53.265 54.291 55.343 56.428 57.557 58.749 60.042 61.532 64.391

34.490 35.314 36.143 36.979 37.820 38.668 39.523 40.385 41.255 42.133 43.019 43.913 44.817 45.731 46.655 47.591 48.539 49.500 50.476 51.468 52.478 53.510 54.567 55.655 56.782 57.960 59.211 60.577 62.171 65.349

0.17204 0.17500 0.17792 0.18082 0.18368 0.18652 0.18933 0.19212 0.19488 0.19763 0.20035 0.20306 0.20575 0.20843 0.21109 0.21375 0.21640 0.21904 0.22169 0.22434 0.22700 0.22967 0.23237 0.23511 0.23790 0.24078 0.24379 0.24704 0.25078 0.25828

0.11622 0.11691 0.11763 0.11838 0.11917 0.11997 0.12079 0.12162 0.12247 0.12333 0.12419 0.12507 0.12595 0.12684 0.12775 0.12866 0.12959 0.13054 0.13152 0.13252 0.13356 0.13465 0.13581 0.13705 0.13842 0.13997 0.14180 0.14408 0.14726

0.16411 0.16513 0.16623 0.16741 0.16866 0.16998 0.17138 0.17286 0.17441 0.17606 0.17781 0.17967 0.18167 0.18383 0.18617 0.18875 0.19162 0.19485 0.19854 0.20284 0.20795 0.21417 0.22201 0.23227 0.24644 0.26750 0.30245 0.37230 0.57876

636.17 617.82 599.54 581.32 563.14 545.01 526.89 508.80 490.70 472.58 454.45 436.26 418.03 399.72 381.32 362.81 344.17 325.38 306.40 287.21 267.77 248.03 227.95 207.45 186.45 164.86 142.55 119.37 95.263 0

−0.32927 −0.31514 −0.29975 −0.28301 −0.26478 −0.24491 −0.22318 −0.19936 −0.17315 −0.14418 −0.11201 −0.076088 −0.035744 0.0098734 0.061838 0.12152 0.19072 0.27180 0.36794 0.48354 0.62482 0.80081 1.0252 1.3196 1.7200 2.2906 3.1570 4.5962 7.3420 18.568

23.239 19.458 16.403 13.914 11.871 10.182 8.7760 7.5984 6.6059 5.7648 5.0480 4.4340 3.9055 3.4484 3.0512 2.7045 2.4007 2.1332 1.8967 1.6868 1.4995 1.3316 1.1803 1.0432 0.91784 0.80213

55.626 56.123 56.622 57.121 57.620 58.119 58.617 59.113 59.608 60.100 60.589 61.074 61.554 62.029 62.497 62.957 63.408 63.849 64.277 64.690 65.086 65.461 65.810 66.126 66.401 66.621

57.828 58.352 58.875 59.397 59.917 60.435 60.949 61.459 61.965 62.465 62.959 63.446 63.925 64.395 64.855 65.302 65.736 66.155 66.557 66.938 67.295 67.624 67.920 68.174 68.376 68.509

0.25690 0.25728 0.25769 0.25812 0.25859 0.25908 0.25958 0.26010 0.26063 0.26117 0.26171 0.26225 0.26279 0.26332 0.26384 0.26435 0.26484 0.26531 0.26575 0.26615 0.26651 0.26681 0.26705 0.26720 0.26725 0.26715

0.10567 0.10683 0.10799 0.10916 0.11032 0.11150 0.11268 0.11387 0.11508 0.11630 0.11754 0.11880 0.12008 0.12139 0.12274 0.12412 0.12555 0.12703 0.12856 0.13016 0.13185 0.13363 0.13552 0.13755 0.13975 0.14217

0.11538 0.11680 0.11826 0.11977 0.12133 0.12295 0.12465 0.12643 0.12831 0.13031 0.13245 0.13475 0.13725 0.13998 0.14299 0.14634 0.15013 0.15444 0.15945 0.16534 0.17244 0.18118 0.19228 0.20692 0.22720 0.25728

116.26 116.64 116.94 117.15 117.27 117.29 117.20 117.00 116.68 116.25 115.69 115.00 114.17 113.19 112.05 110.75 109.28 107.63 105.77 103.71 101.42 98.885 96.087 92.999 89.593 85.834

24.935 24.301 23.725 23.203 22.730 22.303 21.919 21.576 21.272 21.005 20.776 20.582 20.423 20.301 20.216 20.169 20.160 20.193 20.269 20.392 20.565 20.790 21.072 21.411 21.805 22.243

2-360

TABLE 2-272

Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

405.00 410.00 415.00 418.83

2.5694 2.8015 3.0507 3.2516

1.4416 1.6966 2.0686 3.3932

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.041312 0.035003 0.030432 0.026945 0.024188

300.00 350.00 356.40

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

8.4984 7.4651 7.3010

356.40 400.00 450.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

0.69369 0.58941 0.48342 0.29471

66.763 66.782 66.570 64.391

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

0.14487 0.14792 0.15144

0.30666 0.40278 0.67085

81.678 77.066 71.914 0

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 68.545 68.433 68.045 65.349

0.26684 0.26620 0.26493 0.25828

22.687 23.035 22.963 18.568

Single-Phase Properties 24.206 28.569 32.860 37.113 41.342

58.335 64.107 70.284 76.817 83.661

60.756 66.964 73.570 80.529 87.796

0.26666 0.28578 0.30341 0.31980 0.33510

0.11051 0.11931 0.12703 0.13376 0.13956

0.11990 0.12828 0.13580 0.14241 0.14813

122.03 132.80 142.49 151.42 159.78

19.386 12.959 9.4836 7.3132 5.8366

0.11767 0.13396 0.13697

38.583 47.454 48.670

38.701 47.588 48.807

0.18633 0.21369 0.21714

0.11994 0.12863 0.12986

0.16950 0.18840 0.19249

551.87 364.95 338.92

−0.25320 0.11384 0.21213

0.43061 0.34682 0.29218 0.25510

2.3223 2.8833 3.4226 3.9201

63.533 69.357 76.104 83.069

65.855 72.240 79.526 86.989

0.26498 0.28188 0.29904 0.31477

0.12596 0.12912 0.13466 0.14003

0.15128 0.14474 0.14726 0.15132

108.84 126.86 141.14 152.73

20.165 11.867 8.1166 6.1412

8.6001 7.6832 6.4329 3.3217 1.7533

0.11628 0.13015 0.15545 0.30105 0.57034

38.303 46.919 56.400 69.251 79.658

38.884 47.570 57.177 70.756 82.509

0.18538 0.21213 0.23775 0.26953 0.29444

0.11983 0.12793 0.13659 0.14905 0.14423

0.16738 0.18096 0.20814 0.34888 0.18709

584.86 420.00 251.68 94.479 121.74

−0.28910 −0.048046 0.75207 9.2719 7.0501

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

8.7118 7.8877 6.9197 5.6865 4.2030

0.11479 0.12678 0.14452 0.17586 0.23793

37.991 46.398 55.329 64.892 74.962

39.139 47.666 56.774 66.650 77.341

0.18430 0.21057 0.23488 0.25812 0.28064

0.11975 0.12746 0.13488 0.14158 0.14594

0.16542 0.17597 0.18894 0.20710 0.21449

621.41 473.47 338.62 225.09 163.22

−0.32232 −0.15701 0.18601 1.0459 2.5802

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000

8.8106 8.0508 7.2160 6.2819 5.2683

0.11350 0.12421 0.13858 0.15919 0.18981

37.713 45.970 54.628 63.643 72.897

39.415 47.834 56.707 66.030 75.744

0.18332 0.20926 0.23294 0.25489 0.27536

0.11973 0.12720 0.13421 0.14025 0.14487

0.16394 0.17290 0.18200 0.19084 0.19667

654.14 517.56 398.49 301.49 235.39

−0.34729 −0.22334 −0.017272 0.34360 0.89448

300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

8.8998 8.1881 7.4361 6.6421 5.8257

0.11236 0.12213 0.13448 0.15056 0.17165

37.460 45.603 54.086 62.835 71.746

39.707 48.046 56.775 65.846 75.179

0.18241 0.20811 0.23141 0.25277 0.27243

0.11973 0.12704 0.13385 0.13972 0.14442

0.16278 0.17079 0.17821 0.18438 0.18846

683.99 555.75 446.47 358.35 294.31

−0.36679 −0.26854 −0.12632 0.081032 0.35805

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Maurer, G., Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.2% up to 400 K and 1% at higher temperatures. The vapor pressure uncertainty is 1.5%. In the liquid phase, the uncertainty in isobaric heat capacity is 3%.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-273 Temp., °F −100 −80 −60 −40 −20

Saturated Refrigerant 115, Chloropentafluoroethane* Volume, ft3/lb

Enthalpy, Btu/lb

Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)

Pressure, lb/in2 abs.

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

2.327 4.573 8.306 14.13 22.74

0.00966 0.00986 0.01009 0.01033 0.01060

10.57 5.624 3.218 1.953 1.245

−13.07 −8.78 −4.43 0.00 4.50

45.83 48.39 50.96 53.53 56.07

−0.0335 −0.0219 −0.0108 0.0000 0.0104

0.1302 0.1286 0.1278 0.1275 0.1277

0 20 40 60 80

34.94 51.59 73.65 102.1 138.1

0.01090 0.01123 0.01161 0.01204 0.01255

0.8257 0.5657 0.3979 0.2857 0.2081

9.09 13.76 18.54 23.45 28.54

58.56 61.00 63.35 65.60 67.71

0.0206 0.0305 0.0401 0.0496 0.0591

0.1282 0.1290 0.1298 0.1308 0.1317

100 120 140 160 170

182.7 237.3 303.2 382.0 427.0

0.01316 0.01393 0.01496 0.01664 0.01838

0.1530 0.1125 0.0817 0.0567 0.0444

33.85 39.50 45.67 52.76 56.56

69.63 71.24 72.36 72.42 71.33

0.0686 0.0782 0.0884 0.0996 0.1055

0.1325 0.1330 0.1329 0.1314 0.1290

175.89 c

457.6

0.0261

0.0261

64.30

64.30

0.1175

0.1175

*Unpublished data of General Chemicals Division, Allied Chemical Company. Used by permission. c = critical temperature. No material in SI units appears in the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.). Tables and a chart to 50 ata, 200 °C are given by Mathias, H. and H. J. Loffler, Techn. Univ. Berlin rept., 1966 (42 pp.). A chart to 1500 psia, 500 °F was given by Mears, W. H., E. Rosenthal, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 11, 3 (1966): 338–343.

2-361

2-362 TABLE 2-274

Thermodynamic Properties of R-116, Hexafluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

173.10 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 293.03

0.026084 0.029802 0.041661 0.057021 0.076558 0.10101 0.13116 0.16784 0.21194 0.26438 0.32611 0.39814 0.48150 0.57725 0.68650 0.81042 0.95020 1.1071 1.2826 1.4781 1.6952 1.9360 2.2027 2.4983 2.8276 3.0477

173.10 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 293.03

0.026084 0.029802 0.041661 0.057021 0.076558 0.10101 0.13116 0.16784 0.21194 0.26438 0.32611 0.39814 0.48150 0.57725 0.68650 0.81042 0.95020 1.1071 1.2826 1.4781 1.6952 1.9360 2.2027 2.4983 2.8276 3.0477

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 12.304 12.247 12.097 11.945 11.789 11.631 11.469 11.303 11.134 10.959 10.779 10.594 10.401 10.201 9.9926 9.7735 9.5423 9.2968 9.0336 8.7482 8.4341 8.0803 7.6671 7.1502 6.3727 4.4440 0.018437 0.020874 0.028519 0.038215 0.050323 0.065236 0.083387 0.10525 0.13135 0.16228 0.19868 0.24133 0.29110 0.34902 0.41636 0.49465 0.58587 0.69256 0.81820 0.96766 1.1482 1.3717 1.6592 2.0572 2.7232 4.4440

0.081274 0.081649 0.082664 0.083720 0.084824 0.085979 0.087192 0.088469 0.089818 0.091248 0.092769 0.094395 0.096140 0.098026 0.10007 0.10232 0.10480 0.10756 0.11070 0.11431 0.11857 0.12376 0.13043 0.13986 0.15692 0.22502 54.238 47.907 35.064 26.168 19.872 15.329 11.992 9.5011 7.6132 6.1624 5.0331 4.1437 3.4353 2.8652 2.4018 2.0216 1.7069 1.4439 1.2222 1.0334 0.87090 0.72904 0.60271 0.48610 0.36721 0.22502

13.031 13.266 13.887 14.516 15.153 15.797 16.450 17.111 17.781 18.461 19.151 19.851 20.563 21.286 22.023 22.774 23.541 24.325 25.130 25.959 26.818 27.715 28.667 29.710 30.973 33.029

13.033 13.268 13.891 14.521 15.159 15.806 16.461 17.126 17.800 18.485 19.181 19.889 20.609 21.343 22.092 22.857 23.640 24.444 25.272 26.128 27.019 27.955 28.954 30.059 31.417 33.715

0.073325 0.074672 0.078175 0.081622 0.085018 0.088366 0.091671 0.094937 0.098169 0.10137 0.10454 0.10769 0.11082 0.11394 0.11705 0.12015 0.12326 0.12638 0.12952 0.13269 0.13593 0.13926 0.14274 0.14651 0.15106 0.15879

0.083104 0.083413 0.084236 0.085077 0.085933 0.086803 0.087686 0.088580 0.089485 0.090402 0.091330 0.092270 0.093224 0.094193 0.095179 0.096188 0.097226 0.098301 0.099429 0.10063 0.10195 0.10345 0.10525 0.10768 0.11183

0.12322 0.12375 0.12518 0.12670 0.12829 0.12996 0.13173 0.13361 0.13560 0.13773 0.14002 0.14249 0.14520 0.14818 0.15152 0.15531 0.15970 0.16491 0.17129 0.17942 0.19040 0.20651 0.23354 0.29195 0.54643

653.29 645.09 623.59 602.22 580.95 559.75 538.61 517.48 496.36 475.20 453.97 432.64 411.18 389.53 367.64 345.46 322.91 299.89 276.28 251.91 226.54 199.81 171.13 139.42 102.12 0

−0.38383 −0.37807 −0.36202 −0.34452 −0.32540 −0.30443 −0.28132 −0.25573 −0.22722 −0.19525 −0.15913 −0.11798 −0.070666 −0.015673 0.049034 0.12626 0.21998 0.33604 0.48338 0.67638 0.93994 1.3211 1.9215 3.0109 5.6531 13.224

28.993 29.113 29.433 29.755 30.079 30.406 30.733 31.061 31.389 31.716 32.041 32.364 32.682 32.995 33.302 33.599 33.885 34.157 34.409 34.636 34.830 34.975 35.047 34.992 34.631 33.029

30.408 30.541 30.893 31.247 31.601 31.954 32.306 32.656 33.003 33.345 33.683 34.014 34.336 34.649 34.950 35.237 35.507 35.755 35.977 36.164 36.306 36.387 36.375 36.207 35.669 33.715

0.17370 0.17338 0.17263 0.17203 0.17155 0.17118 0.17090 0.17069 0.17056 0.17049 0.17046 0.17047 0.17051 0.17056 0.17063 0.17068 0.17072 0.17073 0.17069 0.17056 0.17033 0.16992 0.16924 0.16807 0.16572 0.15879

0.067328 0.067932 0.069527 0.071130 0.072742 0.074365 0.076000 0.077648 0.079312 0.080992 0.082691 0.084412 0.086158 0.087932 0.089742 0.091594 0.093497 0.095465 0.097518 0.099682 0.10200 0.10454 0.10743 0.11094 0.11584

0.076383 0.077064 0.078887 0.080765 0.082706 0.084719 0.086816 0.089011 0.091322 0.093772 0.096389 0.099211 0.10229 0.10569 0.10951 0.11388 0.11901 0.12520 0.13296 0.14316 0.15741 0.17918 0.21720 0.30201 0.66697

106.90 107.29 108.24 109.07 109.78 110.35 110.78 111.05 111.15 111.07 110.80 110.33 109.63 108.69 107.50 106.02 104.24 102.13 99.661 96.789 93.477 89.681 85.354 80.445 74.869 0

43.932 42.424 38.839 35.743 33.062 30.736 28.716 26.960 25.435 24.112 22.967 21.983 21.143 20.435 19.850 19.381 19.024 18.777 18.637 18.605 18.677 18.837 19.040 19.127 18.438 13.224

Single-Phase Properties 175.00 194.81

0.10000 0.10000

194.81 250.00 325.00 400.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

175.00 250.00 251.65

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

251.65 325.00 400.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

250.00 325.00 400.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

13.263 15.773

13.271 15.782

0.074658 0.088242

0.083417 0.086771

0.12373 0.12990

645.46 560.54

−0.37835 −0.30525

30.394 34.892 42.103 50.430

31.941 36.932 44.784 53.744

0.17119 0.19368 0.22106 0.24582

0.074304 0.087457 0.10389 0.11740

0.084642 0.096533 0.11253 0.12590

110.33 126.48 144.51 160.19

30.817 13.742 6.5149 3.7890

0.081484 0.10473 0.10567

13.232 23.534 23.797

13.314 23.638 23.903

0.074480 0.12323 0.12428

0.083472 0.097224 0.097576

0.12349 0.15951 0.16132

650.25 323.69 315.37

−0.38185 0.21614 0.25543

0.61920 0.40237 0.31155

1.6150 2.4853 3.2097

33.976 41.594 50.096

35.591 44.080 53.305

0.17073 0.20033 0.22584

0.094138 0.10529 0.11796

0.12091 0.11782 0.12829

103.59 135.84 156.26

18.931 7.1157 3.8772

9.9221 3.7219 1.7961

0.10078 0.26868 0.55676

23.073 37.500 48.386

23.577 38.843 51.170

0.12134 0.17386 0.20825

0.097206 0.11497 0.12060

0.14935 0.24037 0.14444

376.03 101.35 144.06

12.249 11.637 0.064625 0.049033 0.037293 0.030174 12.272 9.5480 9.4631

0.081637 0.085935 15.474 20.394 26.815 33.141

0.0088070 7.5484 3.8425

250.00 325.00 400.00

10.000 10.000 10.000

10.261 7.1151 3.9471

0.097459 0.14055 0.25335

22.648 34.117 46.132

23.622 35.522 48.666

0.11954 0.16098 0.19742

0.097376 0.11174 0.12255

0.14319 0.17544 0.16440

425.10 207.64 156.43

−0.12130 1.0712 2.4329

250.00 325.00 400.00

20.000 20.000 20.000

10.747 8.5892 6.4948

0.093053 0.11643 0.15397

22.031 32.498 43.572

23.892 34.826 46.651

0.11682 0.15497 0.18769

0.097852 0.11132 0.12291

0.13725 0.15339 0.16013

498.98 328.94 246.48

−0.24812 0.093523 0.50074

250.00 325.00 400.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

11.642 10.197 8.8968

0.085893 0.098067 0.11240

20.902 30.607 40.984

25.197 35.511 46.604

0.11135 0.14736 0.17805

0.099289 0.11250 0.12396

0.13120 0.14332 0.15192

647.29 516.00 437.11

−0.37511 −0.28102 −0.20643

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation are 0.5% in density for liquid and vapor states and 1% in density or pressure for supercritical states. For vapor pressure, the uncertainty is 0.3%, that for vapor-phase speed of sounds is 0.2%, and the uncertainty for heat capacities is 5%.

2-363

2-364 TABLE 2-275

Thermodynamic Properties of R-123, 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

166.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 440.00 455.00 456.83

4.2021E-06 7.5115E-06 5.1172E-05 0.00024954 0.00093965 0.0028868 0.0075380 0.017260 0.035500 0.066848 0.11700 0.19264 0.30136 0.45147 0.65201 0.91268 1.2440 1.6577 2.1672 2.7898 3.5547 3.6619

166.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 440.00 455.00 456.83

4.2021E-06 7.5115E-06 5.1172E-05 0.00024954 0.00093965 0.0028868 0.0075380 0.017260 0.035500 0.066848 0.11700 0.19264 0.30136 0.45147 0.65201 0.91268 1.2440 1.6577 2.1672 2.7898 3.5547 3.6619

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

15.111 15.678 17.800 19.919 22.050 24.204 26.388 28.607 30.863 33.158 35.492 37.867 40.286 42.751 45.270 47.853 50.514 53.281 56.204 59.412 63.738 65.873

15.111 15.678 17.800 19.919 22.050 24.204 26.389 28.609 30.867 33.165 35.504 37.888 40.319 42.804 45.349 47.967 50.677 53.510 56.527 59.873 64.496 66.891

0.081219 0.084599 0.096559 0.10757 0.11785 0.12753 0.13673 0.14552 0.15395 0.16208 0.16993 0.17753 0.18492 0.19212 0.19917 0.20612 0.21300 0.21990 0.22695 0.23446 0.24446 0.24965

47.940 48.198 49.206 50.269 51.386 52.550 53.755 54.996 56.264 57.553 58.855 60.163 61.468 62.760 64.026 65.252 66.412 67.468 68.348 68.866 67.881 65.873

49.320 49.612 50.744 51.931 53.171 54.456 55.779 57.131 58.504 59.887 61.270 62.645 63.999 65.319 66.591 67.794 68.899 69.857 70.581 70.847 69.293 66.891

0.28730 0.28421 0.27463 0.26763 0.26259 0.25906 0.25669 0.25522 0.25445 0.25422 0.25440 0.25489 0.25560 0.25645 0.25737 0.25829 0.25913 0.25977 0.26002 0.25940 0.25500 0.24965

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.096271 0.096537 0.096881 0.097283 0.098162 0.099479 0.10110 0.10291 0.10483 0.10680 0.10879 0.11080 0.11283 0.11491 0.11704 0.11927 0.12167 0.12433 0.12747 0.13159 0.13975

0.14206 0.14181 0.14120 0.14151 0.14272 0.14455 0.14676 0.14919 0.15176 0.15443 0.15722 0.16020 0.16350 0.16729 0.17186 0.17772 0.18579 0.19804 0.21999 0.27613 1.2865

1243.8 1227.9 1167.0 1104.3 1040.9 977.54 914.89 853.42 793.34 734.70 677.42 621.30 566.09 511.47 457.07 402.48 347.23 290.69 231.85 168.40 90.823 0

−0.47555 −0.47661 −0.47672 −0.47027 −0.45811 −0.44149 −0.42124 −0.39765 −0.37048 −0.33894 −0.30164 −0.25640 −0.19988 −0.12681 −0.028618 0.10963 0.31613 0.65103 1.2687 2.7240 10.053 16.566

115.89 114.18 109.51 105.59 101.48 97.035 92.395 87.716 83.129 78.719 74.533 70.585 66.863 63.340 59.972 56.709 53.486 50.222 46.810 43.102 39.324

4953.8 4180.7 2571.4 1795.0 1337.4 1036.8 825.41 669.88 551.59 459.38 386.07 326.86 278.37 238.12 204.30 175.46 150.45 128.23 107.74 87.306 58.622

0.064141 0.065216 0.069152 0.072951 0.076634 0.080226 0.083755 0.087245 0.090715 0.094177 0.097639 0.10111 0.10459 0.10810 0.11165 0.11529 0.11908 0.12313 0.12767 0.13325 0.14227

0.072457 0.073532 0.077473 0.081290 0.085017 0.088699 0.092390 0.096144 0.10001 0.10405 0.10832 0.11290 0.11790 0.12353 0.13011 0.13821 0.14902 0.16522 0.19466 0.27310 1.6671

100.97 102.08 106.14 110.02 113.72 117.20 120.41 123.27 125.72 127.66 129.01 129.68 129.58 128.62 126.67 123.57 119.13 113.03 104.85 93.850 78.287 0

Saturated Properties 11.580 11.520 11.298 11.079 10.861 10.640 10.415 10.185 9.9497 9.7073 9.4567 9.1962 8.9238 8.6365 8.3301 7.9984 7.6316 7.2132 6.7113 6.0457 4.6936 3.5964 3.0446E-06 5.3144E-06 3.3272E-05 0.00015013 0.00052637 0.0015145 0.0037253 0.0080830 0.015852 0.028647 0.048445 0.077628 0.11908 0.17640 0.25423 0.35900 0.50026 0.69385 0.97042 1.4081 2.5178 3.5964

0.086355 0.086807 0.088511 0.090257 0.092076 0.093989 0.096017 0.098182 0.10051 0.10302 0.10575 0.10874 0.11206 0.11579 0.12005 0.12502 0.13103 0.13863 0.14900 0.16541 0.21305 0.27805 328,450. 188,170. 30,055. 6,660.7 1,899.8 660.29 268.44 123.72 63.083 34.907 20.642 12.882 8.3975 5.6690 3.9334 2.7855 1.9990 1.4412 1.0305 0.71016 0.39718 0.27805

335.67 305.67 219.47 162.12 122.83 95.252 75.497 61.102 50.463 42.504 36.493 31.923 28.442 25.804 23.846 22.466 21.617 21.309 21.605 22.561 21.950 16.566

1.6736 1.9014 2.7552 3.6080 4.4590 5.3073 6.1533 6.9987 7.8477 8.7073 9.5872 10.500 11.463 12.497 13.627 14.889 16.332 18.039 20.168 23.176 30.870

5.5300 5.7017 6.3386 6.9646 7.5791 8.1817 8.7712 9.3465 9.9065 10.450 10.979 11.494 12.002 12.515 13.054 13.656 14.390 15.384 16.913 19.744 29.346

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 300.61

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

300.61 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 300.00 384.30

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

384.30 400.00 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

19.917 34.709 34.805

19.926 34.720 34.815

0.10756 0.16734 0.16766

0.097300 0.10812 0.10820

0.14151 0.15627 0.15639

1104.5 696.38 694.05

−0.47033 −0.31484 −0.31326

58.473 68.902 80.750 93.743

60.866 72.178 84.879 98.716

0.25432 0.28673 0.31502 0.34022

0.096626 0.11170 0.12437 0.13502

0.10704 0.12066 0.13300 0.14352

128.68 150.93 169.33 185.60

38.084 14.728 7.9263 5.0504

0.090194 0.10462 0.12662

19.896 34.660 48.607

19.986 34.764 48.733

0.10745 0.16717 0.20809

0.097447 0.10822 0.11994

0.14145 0.15597 0.17975

1105.5 701.57 386.73

−0.47094 −0.31949 0.16009

105.80 76.273 55.784

2.5301 2.7480 3.8625 4.8220

65.592 67.553 80.024 93.232

68.122 70.301 83.887 98.054

0.25855 0.26410 0.29441 0.32022

0.11636 0.11698 0.12571 0.13546

0.14096 0.13715 0.13778 0.14581

122.45 129.70 160.11 181.06

22.169 18.389 8.3865 5.1181

15.282 16.135 21.585 27.069

13.849 14.368 17.431 19.994

11.118 9.6324 7.7754 2.1822 1.2117

0.089944 0.10382 0.12861 0.45826 0.82529

19.803 34.450 50.791 74.934 90.757

20.253 34.969 51.434 77.225 94.883

0.10699 0.16646 0.21368 0.27035 0.30270

0.098069 0.10865 0.12180 0.13698 0.13749

0.14121 0.15478 0.17810 0.23468 0.16051

1110.5 723.64 388.06 111.01 161.94

−0.47345 −0.33792 0.14142 11.061 5.1664

106.62 77.874 55.285 30.182 30.009

1902.1 436.12 160.58 28.291 24.445

11.080 9.5412 9.5309 0.041795 0.030530 0.024219 0.020111 11.087 9.5586 7.8974 0.39525 0.36390 0.25890 0.20738

0.090251 0.10481 0.10492 23.926 32.754 41.290 49.724

105.61 75.903 75.734 9.3269 15.085 20.780 26.460

1797.1 408.75 405.88 10.826 14.262 17.224 19.696 1815.8 413.78 167.94

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

11.156 9.7177 8.0432 5.5005 2.8283

0.089639 0.10290 0.12433 0.18180 0.35357

19.691 34.208 50.152 68.419 87.359

20.588 35.237 51.395 70.237 90.895

0.10642 0.16564 0.21200 0.25388 0.29164

0.098779 0.10912 0.12141 0.13402 0.13939

0.14095 0.15357 0.17093 0.21202 0.18482

1117.0 749.33 447.83 205.61 163.33

−0.47622 −0.35684 −0.033773 1.7914 3.7808

107.63 79.793 58.469 41.785 35.942

2017.3 464.14 181.18 78.103 39.777

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

11.229 9.8704 8.4163 6.7515 4.9944

0.089054 0.10131 0.11882 0.14812 0.20022

19.480 33.778 49.229 65.791 83.034

21.261 35.804 51.605 68.753 87.039

0.10532 0.16412 0.20949 0.24770 0.28102

0.099998 0.10993 0.12134 0.13081 0.13822

0.14055 0.15175 0.16430 0.17889 0.18342

1130.7 795.84 534.29 348.69 257.14

−0.48062 −0.38528 −0.19523 0.27303 0.96765

109.63 83.416 63.653 49.919 41.677

2276.1 521.04 217.09 115.74 74.025

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000

11.368 10.125 8.9071 7.7025 6.5412

0.087968 0.098764 0.11227 0.12983 0.15288

19.099 33.072 47.981 63.586 79.686

22.618 37.023 52.472 68.779 85.801

0.10325 0.16152 0.20590 0.24225 0.27327

0.10179 0.11120 0.12199 0.13053 0.13791

0.14011 0.14952 0.15901 0.16697 0.17293

1160.1 875.49 653.37 503.02 409.64

−0.48571 −0.42067 −0.32210 −0.17413 0.011715

113.48 90.039 72.037 60.777 52.389

2947.0 640.89 282.73 165.05 115.87

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Younglove, B. A., and McLinden, M. O., “An International Standard Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23:731–779, 1994. The source for viscosity is Tanaka, Y, and Sotani, T., “Transport Properties (Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity),” in McLinden, M. O., Ed., R123—Thermodynamic and Physical Properties, Paris: International Institute of Refrigeration, 1995. See also Int. J. Thermophys. 17(2):293–328, 1996. The source for thermal conductivity is Laesecke, A., Perkins, R. A., and Howley, J. B., “An Improved Correlation for the Thermal Conductivity of HCFC123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane),” Int. J. Refrigeration 19:231–238, 1996. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 1.5% in heat capacity, and 2% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%. Uncertainties are greater below 180 K. The uncertainty in viscosity is 5%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.

2-365

2-366 FIG. 2-24

Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for Refrigerant 123.

TABLE 2-276

Thermodynamic Properties of R-124, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 395.43

2.6739E-08 8.0309E-07 1.1223E-05 9.0881E-05 0.00049265 0.0019732 0.0062626 0.016573 0.037986 0.077612 0.14453 0.24955 0.40500 0.62447 0.92279 1.3163 1.8234 2.4663 3.2770 3.6243

120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 395.43

2.6739E-08 8.0309E-07 1.1223E-05 9.0881E-05 0.00049265 0.0019732 0.0062626 0.016573 0.037986 0.077612 0.14453 0.24955 0.40500 0.62447 0.92279 1.3163 1.8234 2.4663 3.2770 3.6243

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

1293.6 1225.8 1157.4 1089.0 1021.3 954.41 888.65 824.09 760.75 698.57 637.46 577.23 517.54 457.87 397.44 335.05 269.18 198.17 115.48 0

−0.48257 −0.47832 −0.47012 −0.45872 −0.44440 −0.42707 −0.40640 −0.38173 −0.35205 −0.31583 −0.27079 −0.21337 −0.13780 −0.034029 0.11699 0.35590 0.78492 1.7419 5.4469 14.607

Saturated Properties 13.576 13.288 13.003 12.718 12.433 12.145 11.853 11.554 11.248 10.931 10.601 10.253 9.8843 9.4868 9.0506 8.5590 7.9793 7.2348 6.0066 4.1033 2.6799E-08 7.1548E-07 8.9989E-06 6.6260E-05 0.00032946 0.0012200 0.0036077 0.0089652 0.019455 0.037965 0.068150 0.11457 0.18300 0.28114 0.42003 0.61719 0.90480 1.3577 2.2903 4.1033

0.073661 0.075255 0.076906 0.078626 0.080432 0.082339 0.084369 0.086547 0.088904 0.091481 0.094332 0.097528 0.10117 0.10541 0.11049 0.11684 0.12532 0.13822 0.16648 0.24371 37,314,000. 1,397,700. 111,120. 15,092. 3,035.3 819.64 277.19 111.54 51.400 26.340 14.674 8.7285 5.4645 3.5569 2.3808 1.6202 1.1052 0.73653 0.43662 0.24371

6.7015 8.6014 10.510 12.437 14.388 16.367 18.378 20.426 22.512 24.641 26.816 29.043 31.327 33.677 36.106 38.634 41.302 44.202 47.714 50.813

6.7015 8.6014 10.510 12.437 14.388 16.367 18.379 20.427 22.515 24.648 26.830 29.067 31.368 33.743 36.208 38.788 41.531 44.543 48.259 51.696

0.027106 0.042024 0.055431 0.067673 0.078987 0.089547 0.099484 0.10890 0.11787 0.12648 0.13477 0.14280 0.15061 0.15826 0.16580 0.17332 0.18092 0.18889 0.19827 0.20684

0.088123 0.087495 0.087696 0.088451 0.089589 0.091000 0.092610 0.094368 0.096239 0.098199 0.10024 0.10235 0.10454 0.10685 0.10933 0.11213 0.11553 0.12005 0.12812

0.12662 0.12684 0.12778 0.12919 0.13095 0.13299 0.13527 0.13778 0.14055 0.14361 0.14702 0.15090 0.15545 0.16102 0.16825 0.17860 0.19587 0.23450 0.46802

36.727 37.530 38.388 39.300 40.262 41.269 42.318 43.400 44.507 45.631 46.762 47.892 49.009 50.100 51.145 52.111 52.940 53.497 53.233 50.813

37.725 38.653 39.636 40.671 41.757 42.887 44.054 45.248 46.459 47.675 48.883 50.070 51.222 52.321 53.342 54.244 54.955 55.314 54.664 51.696

0.28563 0.26462 0.24960 0.23879 0.23104 0.22555 0.22175 0.21922 0.21764 0.21678 0.21645 0.21649 0.21679 0.21724 0.21772 0.21811 0.21821 0.21761 0.21470 0.20684

0.051678 0.055405 0.059044 0.062605 0.066113 0.069600 0.073111 0.076698 0.080420 0.084321 0.088420 0.092708 0.097166 0.10179 0.10663 0.11180 0.11757 0.12466 0.13608

0.059992 0.063720 0.067361 0.070933 0.074474 0.078043 0.081721 0.085612 0.089837 0.094522 0.099789 0.10578 0.11271 0.12102 0.13162 0.14664 0.17189 0.23071 0.61311

92.125 97.256 102.10 106.70 111.05 115.13 118.89 122.21 124.99 127.10 128.40 128.75 128.00 125.97 122.47 117.17 109.67 99.240 84.410 0

997.50 558.90 338.42 218.53 149.08 106.83 80.088 62.512 50.458 41.824 35.421 30.583 26.921 24.195 22.252 21.001 20.405 20.431 20.196 14.607

2-367

2-368

TABLE 2-276

Thermodynamic Properties of R-124, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

150.00 225.00 260.87

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

13.004 11.556 10.804

0.076901 0.086537 0.092562

260.87 300.00 375.00 450.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 225.00 300.00 333.28

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

333.28 375.00 450.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Single-Phase Properties 10.509 20.423 25.487

10.516 20.431 25.496

0.055420 0.10889 0.12976

0.087698 0.094369 0.098988

0.12777 0.13777 0.14489

1157.7 824.54 674.53

−0.47016 −0.38192 −0.29941

46.073 49.579 57.006 65.395

48.150 52.011 60.088 69.114

0.21660 0.23038 0.25436 0.27627

0.085902 0.092039 0.10524 0.11804

0.096509 0.10148 0.11403 0.12661

127.71 138.33 155.52 170.43

39.096 22.359 10.936 6.3680

0.076859 0.086432 0.10093 0.11175

10.494 20.392 31.280 36.649

10.570 20.479 31.381 36.760

0.055319 0.10875 0.15045 0.16744

0.087712 0.094382 0.10452 0.10991

0.12773 0.13761 0.15494 0.17017

1160.8 829.31 523.28 384.03

−0.47053 −0.38397 −0.14686 0.15954

2.1867 2.7250 3.5074

51.364 56.110 64.848

53.551 58.835 68.356

0.21782 0.23277 0.25590

0.10772 0.10870 0.11949

0.13441 0.12428 0.13091

121.47 140.23 162.32

21.922 12.660 6.7329

13.042 11.630 10.055 7.8072 2.0764

0.076674 0.085982 0.099451 0.12809 0.48161

10.428 20.262 30.991 43.322 61.347

10.811 20.692 31.488 43.963 63.755

0.054877 0.10817 0.14947 0.18645 0.23451

0.087777 0.094440 0.10448 0.11692 0.12778

0.12756 0.13696 0.15210 0.19006 0.18398

1174.3 849.95 558.86 276.48 124.73

−0.47207 −0.39231 −0.19712 0.71939 8.2236

0.048164 0.041129 0.032447 0.026891 13.011 11.570 9.9082 8.9488 0.45731 0.36697 0.28511

20.763 24.314 30.820 37.187

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

13.080 11.702 10.213 8.3628 5.4895

0.076452 0.085459 0.097912 0.11958 0.18217

10.348 20.109 30.675 42.388 56.064

11.113 20.963 31.654 43.584 57.886

0.054334 0.10747 0.14838 0.18379 0.21844

0.087856 0.094513 0.10449 0.11566 0.12834

0.12736 0.13626 0.14957 0.17088 0.21040

1190.9 874.54 597.87 359.58 179.08

−0.47382 −0.40129 −0.24225 0.22172 2.3542

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

13.153 11.832 10.473 8.9796 7.2897

0.076029 0.084516 0.095482 0.11136 0.13718

10.197 19.827 30.150 41.285 53.276

11.717 21.518 32.059 43.513 56.020

0.053282 0.10615 0.14651 0.18054 0.21090

0.088011 0.094657 0.10459 0.11536 0.12652

0.12702 0.13514 0.14630 0.15949 0.17382

1222.7 920.41 664.60 462.43 319.21

−0.47677 −0.41563 −0.30098 −0.080024 0.35516

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000

13.287 12.057 10.865 9.6799 8.5132

0.075260 0.082941 0.092042 0.10331 0.11746

9.9211 19.345 29.347 39.971 51.192

12.932 22.662 33.028 44.103 55.890

0.051293 0.10380 0.14350 0.17641 0.20504

0.088302 0.094922 0.10483 0.11550 0.12642

0.12653 0.13366 0.14289 0.15243 0.16186

1282.4 1002.2 772.84 600.05 479.46

−0.48099 −0.43482 −0.36270 −0.26440 −0.14030

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Vries, B., Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., “Thermodynamic Properties of HCFC 124,” 19th Int. Congress of Refrigeration, The Hague, The Netherlands, International Institute of Refrigeration, IVa:582–589, 1995. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.05% in density, 1% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%.

TABLE 2-277

Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

172.52 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 339.17

0.0029140 0.0056285 0.012328 0.024602 0.045417 0.078505 0.12833 0.20004 0.29934 0.43250 0.60624 0.82782 1.1050 1.4463 1.8610 2.3600 2.9579 3.6179

172.52 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 339.17

0.0029140 0.0056285 0.012328 0.024602 0.045417 0.078505 0.12833 0.20004 0.29934 0.43250 0.60624 0.82782 1.1050 1.4463 1.8610 2.3600 2.9579 3.6179

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

10.457 11.389 12.646 13.919 15.210 16.523 17.858 19.219 20.607 22.025 23.478 24.971 26.511 28.112 29.793 31.595 33.632 37.417

10.457 11.389 12.647 13.921 15.214 16.529 17.869 19.235 20.632 22.063 23.532 25.048 26.619 28.259 29.994 31.869 34.017 38.174

0.058837 0.064124 0.070919 0.077448 0.083750 0.089856 0.095792 0.10158 0.10725 0.11282 0.11830 0.12374 0.12916 0.13461 0.14015 0.14593 0.15231 0.16438

31.863 32.307 32.913 33.530 34.157 34.788 35.421 36.052 36.678 37.292 37.890 38.460 38.988 39.453 39.828 40.054 39.964 37.417

33.293 33.795 34.477 35.167 35.860 36.552 37.237 37.911 38.568 39.202 39.805 40.363 40.858 41.267 41.554 41.651 41.355 38.174

0.19120 0.18860 0.18582 0.18368 0.18207 0.18087 0.18000 0.17940 0.17900 0.17874 0.17857 0.17844 0.17826 0.17797 0.17744 0.17649 0.17454 0.16438

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.081329 0.082012 0.083102 0.084327 0.085644 0.087029 0.088472 0.089971 0.091529 0.093153 0.094843 0.096594 0.098430 0.10043 0.10274 0.10571 0.11043

0.12417 0.12500 0.12647 0.12825 0.13028 0.13254 0.13505 0.13785 0.14102 0.14468 0.14903 0.15440 0.16135 0.17099 0.18593 0.21395 0.29625

932.57 893.63 843.11 793.91 745.67 698.07 650.89 603.92 556.99 510.02 462.91 415.46 367.36 318.17 267.31 213.55 153.34 0

−0.38374 −0.37406 −0.35818 −0.33901 −0.31627 −0.28935 −0.25723 −0.21839 −0.17062 −0.11056 −0.032921 0.070972 0.21606 0.43036 0.77370 1.4029 2.9184 12.361

116.02 112.52 107.79 103.06 98.331 93.653 89.019 84.443 79.940 75.520 71.187 66.940 62.772 58.667 54.597 50.534 46.661

1152.4 957.54 768.40 631.00 527.00 445.76 380.67 327.41 283.01 245.39 213.02 184.73 159.60 136.86 115.81 95.602 74.602

0.059815 0.061648 0.064126 0.066646 0.069223 0.071864 0.074575 0.077362 0.080230 0.083141 0.086003 0.088869 0.092050 0.095933 0.10077 0.10679 0.11481

0.068285 0.070217 0.072893 0.075712 0.078713 0.081939 0.085437 0.089271 0.093526 0.098283 0.10368 0.11025 0.11918 0.13255 0.15449 0.19725 0.32843

116.43 118.54 121.15 123.47 125.44 127.01 128.11 128.68 128.64 127.93 126.44 124.10 120.81 116.42 110.71 103.29 93.550 0

90.257 77.516 64.018 53.589 45.456 39.066 34.014 29.998 26.787 24.232 22.293 20.938 20.043 19.438 19.016 18.738 18.404 12.361

Saturated Properties 14.086 13.885 13.613 13.336 13.052 12.762 12.461 12.150 11.824 11.481 11.117 10.724 10.295 9.8162 9.2637 8.5923 7.6744 4.7790 0.0020381 0.0037809 0.0078784 0.015031 0.026661 0.044514 0.070679 0.10763 0.15835 0.22645 0.31661 0.43510 0.59084 0.79742 1.0777 1.4778 2.1269 4.7790

0.070990 0.072020 0.073461 0.074988 0.076615 0.078360 0.080247 0.082305 0.084572 0.087098 0.089954 0.093245 0.097130 0.10187 0.10795 0.11638 0.13030 0.20925 490.65 264.49 126.93 66.529 37.508 22.465 14.148 9.2907 6.3153 4.4159 3.1585 2.2983 1.6925 1.2540 0.92787 0.67670 0.47016 0.20925

5.2349 5.7185 6.3724 7.0353 7.7081 8.3929 9.0929 9.8136 10.563 11.356 12.213 13.169 14.286 15.680 17.586 20.574 26.607

7.4339 7.7624 8.1999 8.6344 9.0657 9.4944 9.9221 10.353 10.791 11.246 11.732 12.266 12.884 13.638 14.635 16.104 18.766

2-369

2-370

TABLE 2-277

Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

200.00 224.79

0.10000 0.10000

13.337 12.619

224.79 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 286.46

1.0000 1.0000

286.46 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

Single-Phase Properties 13.916 17.160

13.924 17.168

0.077436 0.092721

0.084327 0.087714

0.12823 0.13371

794.34 675.42

−0.33920 −0.27468

35.092 41.155 50.746 61.864

36.881 43.613 54.054 66.012

0.18042 0.20616 0.23608 0.26271

0.073155 0.086960 0.10398 0.11764

0.083578 0.095910 0.11252 0.12607

127.60 149.16 172.25 192.24

36.498 13.603 5.6807 3.1093

0.074878 0.095673

13.888 25.960

13.963 26.055

0.077295 0.12724

0.084329 0.097767

0.12805 0.15865

799.42 384.49

−0.34145 0.15862

103.50 64.240

1.8842 2.0720 3.1466 4.0661

38.807 40.159 50.310 61.591

40.691 42.231 53.456 65.657

0.17833 0.18359 0.21585 0.24302

0.090862 0.092286 0.10520 0.11806

0.11564 0.11224 0.11626 0.12764

122.09 129.90 165.47 189.33

20.318 16.539 5.9354 3.1109

13.866 14.732 22.513 31.336

12.653 13.270 17.404 21.014

13.432 10.214 2.1222 1.3333

0.074450 0.097901 0.47120 0.75004

13.768 27.606 47.739 60.288

14.140 28.095 50.095 64.038

0.076686 0.13288 0.19593 0.22710

0.084364 0.099404 0.11164 0.12001

0.12732 0.15790 0.15240 0.13643

820.94 379.39 136.55 180.53

−0.35061 0.16755 6.6581 2.9952

105.29 62.727 27.340 33.551

671.00 155.81 22.244 23.530

0.055877 0.040689 0.030228 0.024108 13.355 10.452 0.53072 0.48261 0.31780 0.24593

0.074979 0.079245 17.897 24.576 33.082 41.479

103.09 91.425 8.7263 14.156 22.115 30.917

631.60 412.85 9.6994 13.041 17.070 20.691 638.78 168.19

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

13.522 10.597 5.5436 2.8438

0.073953 0.094369 0.18039 0.35165

13.626 27.096 43.724 58.555

14.366 28.039 45.528 62.072

0.075959 0.13109 0.18103 0.21813

0.084459 0.098728 0.11417 0.12198

0.12655 0.14971 0.19389 0.14925

845.71 441.85 165.42 183.47

−0.36040 −0.0032571 2.8474 2.4316

107.42 67.164 40.583 37.529

712.07 177.37 46.568 29.745

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

13.835 11.489 9.0272 6.8239

0.072281 0.087039 0.11078 0.14654

13.138 25.838 39.705 54.141

15.306 28.449 43.028 58.538

0.073355 0.12645 0.16830 0.20288

0.085197 0.098551 0.11217 0.12339

0.12439 0.13883 0.15193 0.15662

927.73 597.35 391.05 307.14

−0.38765 −0.23171 0.060756 0.34144

115.19 79.855 59.824 53.649

889.29 245.90 112.78 67.694

300.00 400.00 500.00

60.000 60.000 60.000

12.259 10.465 8.9121

0.081575 0.095559 0.11221

24.732 37.854 51.703

29.626 43.587 58.436

0.12196 0.16206 0.19516

0.10001 0.11339 0.12470

0.13426 0.14453 0.15193

735.32 563.68 471.23

−0.32748 −0.23451 −0.15582

93.938 75.022 67.810

338.04 173.26 113.08

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “A New Functional Form and New Fitting Techniques for Equations of State with Application to Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34(1):69–108, 2005. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., and Laesecke, A.,“Correlation for the Viscosity of Pentafluoroethane (R125) from the Triple Point to 500 K at Pressures up to 60 MPa,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(12):4447–4453, 2006. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R., and Huber, M. L., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Pentafluoroethane (R125) from 190 K to 512 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):898–904, 2006. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.1% at temperatures from the triple point to 400 K at pressures up to 60 MPa, except in the critical region, where an uncertainty of 0.2% in pressure is generally attained. In the limited region between 340 and 400 K and at pressures from 4 to 10 MPa, as well as for all states above 400 K, the uncertainty in density increases to 0.5%. At temperatures below 330 K and pressures below 30 MPa, the uncertainty in density in the liquid phase may be as low as 0.04%. In the vapor and supercritical region, speed of sound data are represented within 0.05% at pressures below 1 MPa. The estimated uncertainty for heat capacities is 0.5%, and the estimated uncertainty for the speed of sound in the liquid phase is 0.5% for T > 250 K. The estimated uncertainties of vapor pressures and saturated liquid densities calculated using the Maxwell criterion are 0.1% for each property, and the estimated uncertainty for saturated vapor densities is 0.2%. The uncertainty in density increases as the critical point is approached, while the accompanying uncertainty in calculated pressures is 0.2%. The viscosity correlation has an estimated uncertainty of 3.0% along the saturation boundary in the liquid phase, and 0.8% in the vapor. For thermal conductivity, the estimated uncertainty of the correlation is 3%, except for the dilute gas and points approaching critical, where the uncertainty rises to 5%.

FIG. 2-25

Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for Refrigerant 125.

2-371

2-372 TABLE 2-278

Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

169.85 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 374.21

0.00038956 0.00039617 0.0011275 0.0028170 0.0063130 0.012910 0.024433 0.043287 0.072481 0.11561 0.17684 0.26082 0.37271 0.51805 0.70282 0.93340 1.2166 1.5599 1.9715 2.4611 3.0405 3.7278 4.0591

169.85 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 374.21

0.00038956 0.00039617 0.0011275 0.0028170 0.0063130 0.012910 0.024433 0.043287 0.072481 0.11561 0.17684 0.26082 0.37271 0.51805 0.70282 0.93340 1.2166 1.5599 1.9715 2.4611 3.0405 3.7278 4.0591

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

7.2907 7.3088 8.5179 9.7328 10.957 12.194 13.444 14.710 15.992 17.293 18.613 19.956 21.322 22.716 24.141 25.603 27.108 28.667 30.297 32.029 33.932 36.283 38.947

7.2907 7.3088 8.5179 9.7330 10.958 12.195 13.446 14.713 15.997 17.301 18.627 19.976 21.352 22.759 24.201 25.685 27.219 28.816 30.495 32.293 34.289 36.797 39.756

0.042100 0.042207 0.049117 0.055686 0.061966 0.067999 0.073815 0.079441 0.084899 0.090209 0.095389 0.10046 0.10543 0.11032 0.11516 0.11996 0.12475 0.12956 0.13446 0.13952 0.14496 0.15159 0.15938

32.764 32.772 33.287 33.821 34.371 34.934 35.508 36.090 36.675 37.261 37.844 38.420 38.986 39.538 40.069 40.573 41.038 41.451 41.785 41.994 41.973 41.323 38.947

34.175 34.184 34.781 35.395 36.023 36.662 37.308 37.956 38.602 39.242 39.870 40.482 41.073 41.636 42.166 42.653 43.083 43.438 43.687 43.775 43.576 42.617 39.756

0.20038 0.20029 0.19502 0.19075 0.18729 0.18451 0.18228 0.18050 0.17909 0.17797 0.17709 0.17640 0.17586 0.17542 0.17504 0.17469 0.17432 0.17387 0.17326 0.17232 0.17075 0.16731 0.15938

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.080831 0.080824 0.080732 0.081114 0.081784 0.082633 0.083595 0.084636 0.085734 0.086879 0.088067 0.089298 0.090576 0.091908 0.093303 0.094777 0.096352 0.098067 0.10001 0.10241 0.10601 0.11372

0.12079 0.12079 0.12112 0.12193 0.12303 0.12434 0.12582 0.12746 0.12927 0.13126 0.13348 0.13597 0.13883 0.14216 0.14615 0.15108 0.15740 0.16598 0.17863 0.20012 0.24863 0.52085

1120.0 1119.2 1068.3 1017.7 967.61 918.33 869.85 822.11 775.00 728.39 682.14 636.12 590.17 544.15 497.89 451.23 404.00 355.90 306.37 254.06 196.05 127.23 0

−0.38145 −0.38136 −0.37370 −0.36352 −0.35119 −0.33678 −0.32011 −0.30082 −0.27839 −0.25204 −0.22073 −0.18299 −0.13675 −0.079015 −0.0052732 0.091533 0.22306 0.41006 0.69376 1.1714 2.1419 5.1434 11.931

145.24 145.15 139.12 133.32 127.74 122.36 117.17 112.14 107.27 102.53 97.922 93.414 88.995 84.644 80.341 76.063 71.781 67.464 63.075 58.581 54.062 51.767

2153.6 2139.7 1479.1 1106.2 867.31 702.27 582.15 491.22 420.20 363.25 316.57 277.54 244.34 215.64 190.46 168.04 147.78 129.20 111.81 95.095 78.146 57.956

0.051318 0.051354 0.053742 0.056118 0.058489 0.060874 0.063296 0.065783 0.068357 0.071031 0.073812 0.076698 0.079686 0.082776 0.085974 0.089297 0.092780 0.096484 0.10052 0.10510 0.11074 0.11928

0.059719 0.059756 0.062208 0.064682 0.067201 0.069802 0.072534 0.075455 0.078618 0.082078 0.085888 0.090115 0.094850 0.10023 0.10650 0.11404 0.12355 0.13638 0.15548 0.18870 0.26594 0.70016

Saturated Properties 15.594 15.590 15.331 15.069 14.804 14.535 14.262 13.984 13.699 13.406 13.104 12.791 12.465 12.121 11.758 11.368 10.945 10.478 9.9483 9.3237 8.5279 7.2558 5.0171 0.00027611 0.00028055 0.00075481 0.0017896 0.0038201 0.0074704 0.013574 0.023188 0.037603 0.058360 0.087278 0.12651 0.17865 0.24685 0.33512 0.44874 0.59505 0.78498 1.0363 1.3818 1.8973 2.8805 5.0171

0.064126 0.064142 0.065228 0.066362 0.067550 0.068798 0.070116 0.071512 0.072999 0.074593 0.076311 0.078179 0.080227 0.082499 0.085050 0.087965 0.091364 0.095439 0.10052 0.10725 0.11726 0.13782 0.19932 3621.7 3564.4 1324.8 558.79 261.77 133.86 73.669 43.125 26.593 17.135 11.458 7.9043 5.5976 4.0511 2.9840 2.2285 1.6805 1.2739 0.96498 0.72368 0.52707 0.34717 0.19932

126.79 126.84 130.05 133.11 135.98 138.63 141.01 143.06 144.73 145.98 146.75 146.99 146.63 145.61 143.88 141.33 137.86 133.33 127.57 120.33 111.25 99.370 0

373.57 370.78 234.43 160.10 116.94 90.215 72.584 60.236 51.130 44.137 38.613 34.169 30.561 27.621 25.230 23.301 21.768 20.578 19.687 19.033 18.448 17.050 11.931

3.0801 3.0921 3.8934 4.6952 5.4978 6.3018 7.1080 7.9176 8.7324 9.5551 10.389 11.241 12.118 13.035 14.011 15.081 16.303 17.780 19.711 22.525 27.365 40.137

6.8294 6.8353 7.2319 7.6253 8.0147 8.3993 8.7786 9.1524 9.5209 9.8853 10.247 10.611 10.980 11.363 11.771 12.219 12.735 13.358 14.164 15.300 17.140 21.336

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 246.79

0.10000 0.10000

246.79 275.00 350.00 425.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 275.00 312.54

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

312.54 350.00 425.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

10.955 16.873

10.962 16.880

0.061955 0.088519

0.081787 0.086506

0.12301 0.13060

968.03 743.31

−0.35132 −0.26099

37.073 39.124 45.154 52.096

39.037 41.348 48.032 55.610

0.17830 0.18716 0.20860 0.22818

0.070161 0.073781 0.086248 0.098386

0.080931 0.083445 0.095065 0.10695

145.63 154.76 175.31 192.97

46.198 29.047 12.552 6.7852

0.067479 0.079009 0.088775

10.933 20.597 25.980

11.001 20.676 26.069

0.061846 0.10281 0.12117

0.081812 0.089915 0.095165

0.12291 0.13695 0.15252

972.08 619.10 439.31

−0.35256 −0.16746 0.12101

128.11 91.627 74.978

2.0729 2.5555 3.3352

40.695 44.290 51.597

42.768 46.846 54.933

0.17460 0.18694 0.20785

0.090164 0.090315 0.099891

0.11623 0.10603 0.11116

140.54 159.63 185.14

22.877 13.885 7.0297

15.374 17.989 23.806

12.343 13.936 16.917

14.880 12.804 9.8674 2.0736

0.067202 0.078103 0.10134 0.48225

10.839 20.385 31.397 48.647

11.175 20.776 31.904 51.058

0.061371 0.10203 0.13765 0.18734

0.081929 0.089864 0.10066 0.10791

0.12246 0.13495 0.17178 0.15381

989.55 651.41 320.01 148.25

−0.35768 −0.19924 0.59952 7.9048

129.56 94.015 63.012 28.574

915.11 277.35 109.32 20.974 966.05 295.02 128.79 46.711

14.805 13.501 0.050898 0.044972 0.034753 0.028455 14.819 12.657 11.264 0.48242 0.39132 0.29983

0.067543 0.074068 19.647 22.236 28.775 35.143

127.78 104.04 9.2899 11.540 17.537 23.539

868.18 380.27 9.7687 10.906 13.823 16.650 876.60 262.84 162.71

200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

14.954 12.967 10.478 6.1370

0.066874 0.077121 0.095440 0.16295

10.727 20.149 30.642 43.563

11.395 20.920 31.597 45.193

0.060796 0.10115 0.13537 0.17038

0.082085 0.089868 0.099573 0.11141

0.12196 0.13304 0.15486 0.20870

1010.3 687.36 400.60 177.89

−0.36339 −0.22964 0.21924 3.0434

131.31 96.744 68.919 44.888

200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

15.216 13.479 11.662 9.7202

0.065720 0.074190 0.085750 0.10288

10.326 19.398 29.071 39.385

12.298 21.624 31.644 42.471

0.058683 0.098210 0.13038 0.15838

0.082769 0.090220 0.098885 0.10808

0.12047 0.12865 0.13885 0.14967

1084.1 801.47 582.52 425.63

−0.38053 −0.30014 −0.15240 0.10364

137.79 105.87 82.955 67.154

1211.0 364.87 183.26 107.03

275.00 350.00 425.00

70.000 70.000 70.000

14.181 12.797 11.494

0.070517 0.078141 0.087004

18.373 27.492 37.066

23.310 32.961 43.157

0.093839 0.12484 0.15121

0.091314 0.099542 0.10829

0.12519 0.13226 0.13963

962.41 787.10 661.39

−0.35619 −0.30093 −0.23655

119.84 99.868 86.640

521.91 277.09 181.77

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., “An International Standard Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K at Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23:657–729, 1994. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Perkins, R. A., “Model for the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Refrigerants, Including a New Correlation for the Viscosity of R134a,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42:3163–3178, 2003. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R. A., Laesecke, A., Howley, J., Ramires, M. L. V., Gurova, A. N., and Cusco, L.,”Experimental Thermal Conductivity Values for the IUPAC Round-Robin Sample of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a),” NISTIR, 2000. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. Typical uncertainties are 0.05% for density, 0.02% for vapor pressure, 0.5% to 1% for heat capacity, 0.05% for vapor speed of sound, and 1% for liquid speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in viscosity is 1.5% along the saturated-liquid line, 3% in the liquid phase, 0.5% in the dilute gas, 3% to 5% in the vapor phase, and 5% in the supercritical region, rising to 8% at pressures above 40 MPa. Below 200 K, the uncertainty is 8%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 5%.

2-373

2.

T = −40 °C

300

.

450

0.

80

.

700

500

.

600

550

kg/m 400.

10. 8.

300.

6.

200.

150.

c.p.

4.

100. 80.

80

0

−10

−20

600 20.

3

500. ρ=

100

90

80

0.

90

10

10

11 70

60

.

00

50

00

50 11

12 50

400

1350.

40

.

.

. 00

50

350

90

−30

−60

4.

1400.

1450.

6.

12

130 10

(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

−50

10. 8.

0.

R-134a

250 .

200

30

150

20

2-374

100 20.

70

60.

2.

60

40. 30.

40

1. 0.8

30

0.6

20.

20

15.

10

0.4

10.

−40

) kg

·K

200

250

J/(

40 2.

300

0.4

350

400

450

500

180

0.2

4.0

2.0

0.1 0.08

1.5

0.06

1.0

0.04

0.60

2.3 s=

−60

150

0.6

0.80

0k

0 2.2

0 2.1

2.0

0

0 1.9

1.80

1.70

1.60

1.50

1.40

1.30

1.20

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

−50

0.01 100

170

150

T = 160 °C

140

130

120

110

ted v

0.04

0.02

6.0

3.0

satura

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 x=

0.3

0.2

iqu

0.1

dl sa

tur

ate

0.06

0.9

−30

id

0.1 0.08

apor

−20

100

T = −10 °C

0.2

1. 0.8

8.0

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Pressure (MPa)

50

550

0.02

0.40

0.01 600

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 134a. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., “An International Standard Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) Covering Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K at Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23(5):657–729, 1994. FIG. 2-26

TABLE 2-279 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1-Fluoroethane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

1362.2 1336.2 1264.8 1196.3 1130.5 1067.1 1005.9 946.56 888.79 832.34 776.95 722.38 668.39 614.74 561.17 507.38 452.97 397.38 339.70 278.17 208.92 118.23 0

−0.46011 −0.46486 −0.47325 −0.47511 −0.47131 −0.46244 −0.44884 −0.43061 −0.40759 −0.37931 −0.34494 −0.30314 −0.25184 −0.18789 −0.10633 0.00079658 0.14720 0.35834 0.68768 1.2701 2.5762 8.4848 15.683

Saturated Properties 169.68 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 477.50

6.4927E-06 1.3392E-05 7.9884E-05 0.00035111 0.0012182 0.0035074 0.0086986 0.019117 0.038053 0.069799 0.11960 0.19353 0.29839 0.44157 0.63091 0.87470 1.1817 1.5611 2.0234 2.5805 3.2487 4.0574 4.2117

169.68 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 477.50

6.4927E-06 1.3392E-05 7.9884E-05 0.00035111 0.0012182 0.0035074 0.0086986 0.019117 0.038053 0.069799 0.11960 0.19353 0.29839 0.44157 0.63091 0.87470 1.1817 1.5611 2.0234 2.5805 3.2487 4.0574 4.2117

12.560 12.475 12.241 12.009 11.779 11.549 11.318 11.083 10.845 10.602 10.351 10.092 9.8211 9.5371 9.2365 8.9148 8.5660 8.1809 7.7444 7.2267 6.5517 5.2532 3.9210 4.6024E-06 9.2047E-06 5.0581E-05 0.00020615 0.00066719 0.0018021 0.0042156 0.0087866 0.016681 0.029348 0.048516 0.076209 0.11480 0.16710 0.23659 0.32780 0.44696 0.60344 0.81289 1.1059 1.5609 2.6472 3.9210

0.079620 0.080158 0.081696 0.083271 0.084897 0.086588 0.088358 0.090224 0.092205 0.094324 0.096609 0.099093 0.10182 0.10485 0.10827 0.11217 0.11674 0.12224 0.12913 0.13838 0.15263 0.19036 0.25504 217,280. 108,640. 19,770. 4,850.8 1,498.8 554.92 237.22 113.81 59.949 34.074 20.612 13.122 8.7112 5.9846 4.2267 3.0507 2.2373 1.6572 1.2302 0.90427 0.64064 0.37776 0.25504

9.9164 10.635 12.622 14.573 16.505 18.434 20.369 22.319 24.291 26.290 28.323 30.393 32.505 34.664 36.876 39.148 41.489 43.912 46.442 49.122 52.069 55.987 58.424

9.9164 10.635 12.622 14.573 16.506 18.434 20.370 22.321 24.294 26.297 28.334 30.412 32.535 34.710 36.945 39.246 41.627 44.103 46.703 49.480 52.565 56.760 59.498

0.054895 0.059062 0.069959 0.079842 0.088942 0.097423 0.10540 0.11298 0.12022 0.12717 0.13389 0.14041 0.14677 0.15299 0.15909 0.16512 0.17110 0.17706 0.18308 0.18925 0.19586 0.20453 0.21020

0.094555 0.093422 0.091221 0.090109 0.089760 0.089963 0.090575 0.091495 0.092648 0.093975 0.095432 0.096986 0.098610 0.10029 0.10201 0.10377 0.10557 0.10745 0.10945 0.11171 0.11464 0.12111

0.13580 0.13422 0.13103 0.12928 0.12859 0.12869 0.12943 0.13069 0.13238 0.13446 0.13691 0.13972 0.14292 0.14659 0.15085 0.15592 0.16222 0.17053 0.18264 0.20353 0.25500 0.92342

42.292 42.585 43.445 44.353 45.303 46.291 47.312 48.362 49.437 50.531 51.641 52.763 53.890 55.016 56.134 57.234 58.300 59.311 60.231 60.993 61.427 60.578 58.424

43.703 44.040 45.025 46.056 47.129 48.237 49.376 50.538 51.718 52.910 54.106 55.302 56.489 57.659 58.801 59.902 60.944 61.898 62.720 63.326 63.508 62.110 59.498

0.25401 0.24995 0.24050 0.23342 0.22814 0.22424 0.22143 0.21946 0.21816 0.21739 0.21703 0.21700 0.21722 0.21763 0.21817 0.21877 0.21939 0.21994 0.22033 0.22037 0.21965 0.21579 0.21020

0.054464 0.055738 0.059180 0.062459 0.065653 0.068824 0.072021 0.075271 0.078582 0.081944 0.085336 0.088731 0.092106 0.095442 0.098733 0.10198 0.10522 0.10848 0.11185 0.11548 0.11977 0.12640

0.062782 0.064059 0.067515 0.070830 0.074095 0.077393 0.080793 0.084345 0.088081 0.092019 0.096171 0.10056 0.10521 0.11023 0.11578 0.12213 0.12983 0.13996 0.15495 0.18176 0.25134 1.1603

117.92 119.57 124.11 128.46 132.61 136.53 140.16 143.44 146.30 148.66 150.46 151.61 152.02 151.61 150.27 147.85 144.19 139.04 132.06 122.74 110.25 93.316 0

881.00 725.60 439.35 282.90 192.43 137.32 102.08 78.530 62.188 50.500 41.951 35.598 30.835 27.254 24.582 22.633 21.289 20.490 20.229 20.562 21.544 21.336 15.683

2-375

2-376 TABLE 2-279

Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1-Fluoroethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

200.00 300.00 304.82

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

12.087 10.519 10.438

0.082735 0.095063 0.095799

13.923 26.963 27.617

13.931 26.973 27.627

0.076634 0.12943 0.13160

304.82 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

51.257 59.875 70.152

53.693 63.154 74.282

200.00 300.00 391.53

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.082685 0.094914 0.11407

13.904 26.923 40.158

391.53 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

2.6612 2.7746 3.8663

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

12.127 10.606 8.7814 2.5394

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.090387 0.094448 0.094917

0.12973 0.13523 0.13602

1219.1 813.87 795.96

−0.47521 −0.36865 −0.35757

0.21711 0.24405 0.26884

0.084163 0.096356 0.10833

0.094713 0.10524 0.11691

149.91 173.74 194.56

44.615 15.111 8.0045

13.987 27.018 40.272

0.076539 0.12930 0.16773

0.090431 0.094476 0.10455

0.12969 0.13502 0.15848

1222.5 819.45 483.80

57.703 58.638 69.520

60.364 61.413 73.387

0.21904 0.22169 0.24841

0.10339 0.10298 0.10961

0.12527 0.12252 0.12123

146.42 150.55 184.02

0.082464 0.094284 0.11388 0.39380

13.822 26.751 41.014 63.911

14.234 27.222 41.584 65.880

0.076124 0.12872 0.16989 0.22278

0.090629 0.094606 0.10538 0.12220

0.12954 0.13416 0.15604 0.29767

1237.0 843.29 502.40 113.94

−0.47789 −0.38665 0.0060632 14.372

12.166 10.688 9.0042 6.4723

0.082198 0.093559 0.11106 0.15451

13.722 26.550 40.515 56.831

14.544 27.486 41.625 58.376

0.075616 0.12803 0.16859 0.20581

0.090880 0.094784 0.10531 0.11637

0.12937 0.13326 0.15122 0.19130

1254.5 871.09 554.81 265.53

−0.48033 −0.40188 −0.10586 1.3996

Single-Phase Properties

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

0.041044 0.030497 0.024216 12.094 10.536 8.7668 0.37577 0.36041 0.25865

24.364 32.790 41.296

−0.47573 −0.37223 0.058567 21.978 19.770 8.7395

300.00 400.00 500.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

11.645 10.676 9.7763

0.085873 0.093670 0.10229

24.317 36.738 49.945

32.904 46.105 60.174

0.11935 0.15726 0.18863

0.098509 0.10834 0.11752

0.12788 0.13645 0.14460

1200.2 995.82 852.98

−0.49651 −0.44654 −0.39437

400.00 500.00

400.00 400.00

12.505 11.986

0.079970 0.083429

33.644 46.201

65.632 79.572

0.14209 0.17316

0.11569 0.12401

0.13564 0.14302

1606.9 1498.0

−0.48581 −0.46416

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The equation has uncertainties of 0.2% in density between 180 and 400 K at pressures to 100 MPa, and 0.5% in density at higher pressures. The uncertainty in density may be higher as temperatures approach 400 K. Vapor pressures are represented with an uncertainty of 0.2% from 270 to 400 K. The uncertainty in speed of sound is 0.01% in the vapor phase and 0.5% in the liquid phase. There are no heat capacity data to verify the equation of state; however, the uncertainties are estimated to be within 2%.

TABLE 2-280

Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

142.72 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 410.26

3.6327E-06 1.1727E-05 9.0545E-05 0.00047371 0.0018484 0.0057557 0.015025 0.034108 0.069220 0.12829 0.22078 0.35741 0.54995 0.81110 1.1545 1.5950 2.1496 2.8397 3.6991 4.0548

142.72 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 410.26

3.6327E-06 1.1727E-05 9.0545E-05 0.00047371 0.0018484 0.0057557 0.015025 0.034108 0.069220 0.12829 0.22078 0.35741 0.54995 0.81110 1.1545 1.5950 2.1496 2.8397 3.6991 4.0548

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.49370 −0.49255 −0.48684 −0.47689 −0.46285 −0.44466 −0.42204 −0.39443 −0.36085 −0.31977 −0.26876 −0.20400 −0.11928 −0.0039877 0.16142 0.41716 0.86137 1.8155 5.3582 14.009

Saturated Properties 14.439 14.281 13.963 13.650 13.339 13.028 12.715 12.396 12.069 11.732 11.380 11.010 10.617 10.193 9.7272 9.2033 8.5896 7.8118 6.5381 4.4380

2-377

3.0614E-06 9.4031E-06 6.6018E-05 0.00031681 0.0011428 0.0033148 0.0081206 0.017432 0.033721 0.060064 0.10020 0.15871 0.24138 0.35595 0.51364 0.73250 1.0462 1.5347 2.5436 4.4380

0.069257 0.070022 0.071619 0.073262 0.074968 0.076756 0.078649 0.080672 0.082856 0.085239 0.087873 0.090824 0.094190 0.098109 0.10280 0.10866 0.11642 0.12801 0.15295 0.22533 326,650. 106,350. 15,147. 3,156.4 875.03 301.68 123.14 57.365 29.655 16.649 9.9797 6.3006 4.1428 2.8094 1.9469 1.3652 0.95585 0.65159 0.39314 0.22533

5.0138 5.8147 7.4687 9.1343 10.818 12.526 14.263 16.033 17.841 19.692 21.590 23.538 25.545 27.617 29.765 32.009 34.381 36.963 40.117 43.151

5.0138 5.8147 7.4687 9.1343 10.818 12.526 14.264 16.036 17.847 19.703 21.609 23.571 25.597 27.696 29.884 32.182 34.632 37.327 40.683 44.065

0.026013 0.031486 0.041995 0.051656 0.060640 0.069077 0.077064 0.084681 0.091990 0.099042 0.10588 0.11255 0.11908 0.12551 0.13189 0.13828 0.14477 0.15160 0.15973 0.16786

0.067327 0.068270 0.070168 0.072051 0.073955 0.075895 0.077877 0.079897 0.081949 0.084027 0.086128 0.088252 0.090406 0.092605 0.094876 0.097271 0.099910 0.10313 0.10871

0.11000 0.11005 0.11057 0.11158 0.11299 0.11477 0.11689 0.11931 0.12205 0.12513 0.12859 0.13253 0.13714 0.14271 0.14984 0.15984 0.17613 0.21217 0.44141

1457.9 1403.7 1301.7 1209.7 1125.1 1046.0 971.28 899.90 831.11 764.28 698.87 634.41 570.43 506.46 441.95 376.09 307.44 232.74 141.73 0

32.685 33.008 33.711 34.461 35.253 36.082 36.944 37.831 38.737 39.657 40.582 41.506 42.419 43.306 44.149 44.916 45.551 45.920 45.483 43.151

33.872 34.256 35.083 35.956 36.870 37.819 38.794 39.787 40.790 41.793 42.786 43.758 44.697 45.585 46.397 47.094 47.605 47.771 46.938 44.065

0.22821 0.22109 0.20935 0.20067 0.19424 0.18952 0.18609 0.18365 0.18196 0.18086 0.18019 0.17984 0.17972 0.17972 0.17975 0.17970 0.17937 0.17838 0.17518 0.16786

0.043630 0.045288 0.048631 0.051923 0.055225 0.058589 0.062056 0.065643 0.069344 0.073133 0.076978 0.080851 0.084737 0.088646 0.092615 0.096730 0.10116 0.10632 0.11368

0.051946 0.053606 0.056964 0.060296 0.063688 0.067227 0.070991 0.075042 0.079422 0.084167 0.089331 0.095026 0.10147 0.10911 0.11883 0.13261 0.15586 0.21004 0.55965

118.57 121.19 126.42 131.39 136.07 140.40 144.30 147.66 150.35 152.25 153.23 153.15 151.86 149.19 144.89 138.64 129.97 118.18 102.00 0

826.84 618.59 363.33 230.77 156.62 112.18 83.865 64.873 51.637 42.170 35.289 30.249 26.559 23.894 22.043 20.877 20.328 20.306 19.783 14.009

2-378

TABLE 2-280 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane (Concluded) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/molK

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 263.70

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

263.70 300.00 375.00 450.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 225.00 300.00 338.73

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

338.73 375.00 450.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

5.8131 14.260 18.910

5.8201 14.268 18.918

0.031476 0.077053 0.096110

0.068275 0.077880 0.083152

0.11005 0.11688 0.12379

1404.1 971.75 792.14

−0.49259 −0.42221 −0.33806

39.269 41.979 48.175 55.179

41.372 44.411 51.257 58.897

0.18126 0.19205 0.21237 0.23092

0.071534 0.076432 0.087964 0.098211

0.082128 0.085864 0.096734 0.10678

151.56 162.77 182.58 199.94

45.775 26.250 12.432 7.4502

0.069982 0.078553 0.090630 0.10073

5.7989 14.234 23.498 28.857

5.8689 14.312 23.589 28.957

0.031381 0.076937 0.11241 0.12923

0.068317 0.077905 0.088238 0.093915

0.11003 0.11676 0.13215 0.14661

1407.4 976.69 640.59 469.03

2.2648 2.7214 3.5002

43.804 47.311 54.646

46.069 50.033 58.146

0.17974 0.19087 0.21058

0.090944 0.091549 0.099383

0.11443 0.10695 0.11074

146.90 164.80 190.29

22.728 14.567 7.9246

14.321 12.791 11.170 8.9978 2.2231

0.069826 0.078178 0.089523 0.11114 0.44982

5.7370 14.121 23.263 33.787 50.992

6.0861 14.512 23.710 34.343 53.241

0.030965 0.076430 0.11162 0.14314 0.18867

0.068506 0.078025 0.088194 0.098897 0.10800

0.10997 0.11629 0.13015 0.15862 0.17517

1421.7 997.91 676.41 373.38 139.23

−0.49417 −0.43157 −0.25069 0.42121 10.314

14.282 12.716 11.875 0.047556 0.041113 0.032446 0.026895 14.289 12.730 11.034 9.9277 0.44153 0.36746 0.28570

0.070018 0.078641 0.084211 21.028 24.323 30.820 37.182

−0.49289 −0.42404 −0.21142 0.084297

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

14.360 12.864 11.321 9.4491 6.5247

0.069636 0.077739 0.088335 0.10583 0.15326

5.6618 13.987 23.001 33.097 45.004

6.3581 14.765 23.885 34.155 46.536

0.030454 0.075821 0.11072 0.14120 0.17118

0.068749 0.078190 0.088215 0.098194 0.10853

0.10991 0.11578 0.12826 0.14723 0.18939

1439.0 1023.0 716.03 451.41 220.16

−0.49558 −0.43976 −0.28769 0.11527 2.1126

225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

13.119 11.787 10.406 8.9530

0.076223 0.084836 0.096097 0.11169

13.519 22.183 31.547 41.538

15.805 24.728 34.430 44.889

0.073606 0.10777 0.13659 0.16199

0.078954 0.088691 0.097974 0.10623

0.11435 0.12401 0.13464 0.14384

1110.6 840.46 635.15 484.32

−0.46323 −0.37159 −0.22643 −0.010974

225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000

13.434 12.284 11.180 10.119

0.074437 0.081409 0.089443 0.098828

12.957 21.322 30.259 39.706

17.423 26.207 35.626 45.636

0.070756 0.10439 0.13238 0.15670

0.080223 0.089774 0.098881 0.10699

0.11326 0.12130 0.12975 0.13689

1217.3 975.81 801.25 675.38

−0.48274 −0.42589 −0.35484 −0.27949

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.3% in the liquid phase below 370 K, 1% at higher temperatures in the liquid and supercritical regions, and 0.5% in the vapor phase. Uncertainties for other properties are 0.5% for vapor pressure, 2% for heat capacities and liquid sound speeds, and 0.2% for vapor sound speeds.

TABLE 2-281 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.43936 −0.42914 −0.41402 −0.39585 −0.37472 −0.35034 −0.32211 −0.28906 −0.24979 −0.20231 −0.14368 −0.069548 0.026895 0.15683 0.34002 0.61491 1.0681 1.9469 4.3897 12.397

Saturated Properties 161.34 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.86

0.0010749 0.0025084 0.0059324 0.012629 0.024624 0.044602 0.075908 0.12252 0.18902 0.28049 0.40251 0.56112 0.76276 1.0144 1.3234 1.6983 2.1483 2.6850 3.3250 3.7618

161.34 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.86

0.0010749 0.0025084 0.0059324 0.012629 0.024624 0.044602 0.075908 0.12252 0.18902 0.28049 0.40251 0.56112 0.76276 1.0144 1.3234 1.6983 2.1483 2.6850 3.3250 3.7618

15.832 15.583 15.291 14.994 14.692 14.384 14.069 13.745 13.410 13.062 12.698 12.314 11.904 11.461 10.975 10.426 9.7846 8.9829 7.7913 5.1285 0.00080362 0.0017832 0.0039967 0.0081006 0.015110 0.026311 0.043269 0.067850 0.10227 0.14916 0.21175 0.29409 0.40144 0.54109 0.72367 0.96617 1.2991 1.7898 2.6696 5.1285

0.063163 0.064174 0.065399 0.066693 0.068062 0.069519 0.071077 0.072753 0.074570 0.076556 0.078751 0.081208 0.084004 0.087249 0.091119 0.095914 0.10220 0.11132 0.12835 0.19499 1244.4 560.78 250.20 123.45 66.180 38.007 23.111 14.738 9.7783 6.7041 4.7225 3.4004 2.4910 1.8481 1.3818 1.0350 0.76974 0.55871 0.37458 0.19499

4.4138 5.2969 6.3240 7.3629 8.4164 9.4869 10.576 11.685 12.817 13.973 15.156 16.368 17.615 18.903 20.239 21.638 23.125 24.750 26.688 29.429

4.4138 5.2971 6.3244 7.3637 8.4181 9.4900 10.581 11.694 12.831 13.995 15.188 16.414 17.680 18.991 20.360 21.801 23.344 25.048 27.114 30.163

0.026403 0.031735 0.037606 0.043223 0.048626 0.053849 0.058915 0.063848 0.068665 0.073385 0.078027 0.082607 0.087149 0.091675 0.096221 0.10083 0.10559 0.11065 0.11659 0.12527

0.068393 0.068179 0.068405 0.068990 0.069825 0.070836 0.071969 0.073190 0.074475 0.075809 0.077186 0.078605 0.080078 0.081625 0.083293 0.085172 0.087455 0.090641 0.096654

0.10179 0.10225 0.10325 0.10460 0.10621 0.10803 0.11005 0.11227 0.11474 0.11750 0.12066 0.12435 0.12879 0.13438 0.14180 0.15244 0.16980 0.20591 0.35704

1058.1 1016.7 969.14 921.61 874.04 826.46 778.88 731.28 683.65 635.90 587.94 539.61 490.70 440.95 389.93 337.04 281.21 220.39 149.32 0

25.521 25.895 26.340 26.796 27.262 27.736 28.213 28.693 29.170 29.641 30.102 30.548 30.972 31.366 31.715 32.000 32.183 32.184 31.732 29.429

26.859 27.302 27.824 28.355 28.892 29.431 29.968 30.498 31.018 31.521 32.003 32.456 32.872 33.240 33.544 33.758 33.837 33.684 32.977 30.163

0.16552 0.16118 0.15705 0.15370 0.15100 0.14881 0.14704 0.14560 0.14444 0.14349 0.14270 0.14202 0.14141 0.14081 0.14017 0.13940 0.13838 0.13682 0.13384 0.12527

0.044397 0.046371 0.048691 0.051040 0.053424 0.055867 0.058395 0.061026 0.063766 0.066612 0.069560 0.072606 0.075756 0.079035 0.082489 0.086214 0.090400 0.095488 0.10298

0.052938 0.055037 0.057550 0.060156 0.062886 0.065796 0.068954 0.072428 0.076287 0.080611 0.085515 0.091184 0.097932 0.10632 0.11743 0.13359 0.16076 0.22018 0.47999

137.57 140.62 143.91 146.92 149.60 151.89 153.71 155.02 155.74 155.81 155.15 153.70 151.36 148.04 143.59 137.85 130.56 121.34 109.29 0

385.09 262.77 176.43 124.70 92.835 72.442 58.764 49.133 42.049 36.657 32.456 29.136 26.498 24.406 22.765 21.499 20.526 19.682 18.259 12.397

2-379

2-380 TABLE 2-281

Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

200.00 225.63

0.10000 0.10000

225.63 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 289.48

1.0000 1.0000

289.48 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Single-Phase Properties 8.4143 11.198

8.4211 11.205

0.048616 0.061709

0.069829 0.072648

0.10620 0.11128

874.45 752.07

−0.37493 −0.30416

28.483 33.380 41.260 50.551 61.004

30.268 35.833 44.566 54.698 65.987

0.14619 0.16745 0.19247 0.21503 0.23558

0.059863 0.070758 0.086121 0.099065 0.10950

0.070868 0.079793 0.094695 0.10751 0.11790

154.52 179.93 207.36 231.13 252.55

52.958 18.414 7.5341 4.1010 2.5191

0.067956 0.087067

8.3891 18.835

8.4570 18.922

0.048489 0.091441

0.069866 0.081543

0.10604 0.13406

879.27 443.55

−0.37736 0.14902

1.8765 2.0285 3.1249 4.0544 4.9391

31.346 32.269 40.778 50.244 60.781

33.223 34.298 43.903 54.298 65.720

0.14084 0.14449 0.17212 0.19527 0.21607

0.078861 0.077834 0.087343 0.099519 0.10975

0.10583 0.099455 0.098681 0.10927 0.11891

148.24 155.53 198.53 227.30 251.11

24.503 20.787 7.7199 4.0976 2.4913

14.806 11.380 2.2504 1.3639 1.0491

0.067539 0.087876 0.44436 0.73318 0.95318

8.2811 19.812 38.004 48.802 59.789

8.6188 20.251 40.225 52.468 64.554

0.047943 0.094764 0.15165 0.17903 0.20106

0.070021 0.082741 0.093496 0.10135 0.11075

0.10541 0.13222 0.13815 0.11872 0.12364

900.01 452.11 159.25 213.49 246.86

−0.38724 0.11636 8.1026 3.8903 2.2996

14.694 13.888 0.056043 0.040759 0.030247 0.024114 0.020066 14.715 11.485 0.53292 0.49298 0.32001 0.24665 0.20246

0.068054 0.072006 17.843 24.534 33.061 41.469 49.836

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

14.913 11.776 6.3531 3.0122 2.1596

0.067054 0.084916 0.15740 0.33199 0.46305

8.1545 19.382 33.679 46.933 58.580

8.8250 20.231 35.253 50.252 63.211

0.047292 0.093258 0.13608 0.16976 0.19339

0.070195 0.082583 0.095653 0.10303 0.11178

0.10473 0.12585 0.17697 0.13206 0.12945

924.61 514.06 196.98 211.16 248.28

−0.39776 −0.037998 2.9315 3.0876 1.9304

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

15.598 13.358 11.268 9.4018 7.8978

0.064113 0.074862 0.088747 0.10636 0.12662

7.3673 17.612 28.859 40.839 53.306

10.573 21.355 33.296 46.157 59.637

0.042937 0.086486 0.12077 0.14943 0.17399

0.070934 0.083360 0.096003 0.10668 0.11548

0.10170 0.11389 0.12454 0.13213 0.13720

1089.7 794.12 590.09 478.93 431.69

−0.44295 −0.33796 −0.20571 −0.077157 −0.0052131

14.343 12.767 11.435 10.314

0.069721 0.078330 0.087453 0.096952

16.500 27.298 38.923 51.227

23.472 35.131 47.668 60.923

0.081539 0.11502 0.14296 0.16711

0.084059 0.097186 0.10821 0.11716

0.11166 0.12126 0.12921 0.13566

1008.9 833.69 723.22 656.57

−0.40055 −0.35302 −0.31534 −0.28902

300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) for Temperatures from 161 to 450 K and Pressures to 50 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(4):521–552, 2000. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainties of properties calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 0.5% in heat capacities, 0.02% in the speed of sound for the vapor at pressures less than 1 MPa, 0.5% in speed of sound elsewhere, and 0.1% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region.

TABLE 2-282

Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

154.56 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 386.41

6.4139E-05 0.00012983 0.00041463 0.0011411 0.0027751 0.0060859 0.012233 0.022836 0.040024 0.066451 0.10530 0.16024 0.23541 0.33537 0.46506 0.62978 0.83519 1.0873 1.3925 1.7577 2.1907 2.7000 3.2967 3.9966 4.5168

154.56 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 386.41

6.4139E-05 1.2983E-04 0.00041463 0.0011411 0.0027751 0.0060859 0.012233 0.022836 0.040024 0.066451 0.10530 0.16024 0.23541 0.33537 0.46506 0.62978 0.83519 1.0873 1.3925 1.7577 2.1907 2.7000 3.2967 3.9966 4.5168

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.43262 −0.42405 −0.41381 −0.40568 −0.39686 −0.38620 −0.37317 −0.35753 −0.33902 −0.31735 −0.29203 −0.26235 −0.22731 −0.18547 −0.13478 −0.072262 0.0064939 0.10833 0.24433 0.43380 0.71349 1.1636 2.0014 4.1151 11.292

Saturated Properties 18.061 17.910 17.630 17.350 17.067 16.781 16.491 16.198 15.899 15.594 15.281 14.960 14.628 14.283 13.924 13.546 13.147 12.719 12.257 11.748 11.176 10.510 9.6829 8.4686 5.5715

2-381

4.9919E-05 9.7623E-05 0.00029357 0.00076374 0.0017625 0.0036817 0.0070756 0.012679 0.021415 0.034408 0.052990 0.078721 0.11343 0.15926 0.21879 0.29518 0.39242 0.51573 0.67231 0.87269 1.1336 1.4847 1.9912 2.8726 5.5715

0.055369 0.055836 0.056720 0.057638 0.058594 0.059592 0.060638 0.061737 0.062897 0.064128 0.065440 0.066846 0.068363 0.070011 0.071819 0.073821 0.076065 0.078621 0.081587 0.085118 0.089475 0.095147 0.10328 0.11808 0.17949 20,032. 10,244. 3,406.3 1,309.3 567.37 271.61 141.33 78.873 46.696 29.063 18.871 12.703 8.8162 6.2791 4.5705 3.3877 2.5483 1.9390 1.4874 1.1459 0.88218 0.67352 0.50220 0.34812 0.17949

0.91117 1.4460 2.4420 3.4453 4.4524 5.4638 6.4814 7.5077 8.5448 9.5949 10.660 11.741 12.841 13.962 15.105 16.273 17.470 18.699 19.968 21.284 22.662 24.126 25.730 27.655 30.732

0.91117 1.4460 2.4421 3.4454 4.4525 5.4641 6.4822 7.5091 8.5474 9.5992 10.667 11.752 12.857 13.985 15.138 16.319 17.533 18.785 20.081 21.434 22.858 24.383 26.070 28.127 31.543

0.0073929 0.010794 0.016832 0.022566 0.028011 0.033199 0.038164 0.042938 0.047548 0.052017 0.056365 0.060607 0.064759 0.068835 0.072848 0.076812 0.080741 0.084652 0.088567 0.092513 0.096532 0.10070 0.10515 0.11043 0.11914

0.065711 0.066998 0.067926 0.068069 0.068043 0.068097 0.068309 0.068689 0.069217 0.069868 0.070618 0.071447 0.072342 0.073294 0.074300 0.075363 0.076490 0.077694 0.078997 0.080433 0.082059 0.083973 0.086395 0.090038

0.097583 0.098932 0.10007 0.10053 0.10090 0.10143 0.10218 0.10317 0.10439 0.10583 0.10747 0.10932 0.11140 0.11374 0.11641 0.11951 0.12318 0.12765 0.13333 0.14093 0.15192 0.16999 0.20774 0.35969

1400.9 1359.2 1293.7 1236.1 1182.6 1131.3 1081.2 1031.8 982.80 933.98 885.23 836.44 787.50 738.29 688.71 638.61 587.86 536.30 483.73 429.89 374.37 316.40 254.38 183.93 0

26.412 26.619 27.009 27.412 27.825 28.247 28.676 29.110 29.546 29.984 30.419 30.851 31.277 31.694 32.099 32.488 32.857 33.199 33.506 33.764 33.953 34.036 33.933 33.381 30.732

27.697 27.949 28.422 28.906 29.399 29.900 30.405 30.911 31.415 31.915 32.406 32.887 33.352 33.800 34.224 34.622 34.985 35.308 35.577 35.779 35.886 35.855 35.589 34.772 31.543

0.18069 0.17644 0.16965 0.16401 0.15931 0.15538 0.15208 0.14931 0.14697 0.14500 0.14332 0.14189 0.14067 0.13960 0.13866 0.13782 0.13704 0.13629 0.13552 0.13470 0.13375 0.13256 0.13088 0.12792 0.11914

0.037824 0.038592 0.040032 0.041518 0.043061 0.044675 0.046371 0.048158 0.050042 0.052027 0.054111 0.056291 0.058564 0.060926 0.063373 0.065904 0.068522 0.071233 0.074054 0.077013 0.080160 0.083590 0.087501 0.092461

0.046148 0.046923 0.048389 0.049922 0.051550 0.053297 0.055192 0.057260 0.059528 0.062017 0.064754 0.067769 0.071103 0.074811 0.078977 0.083731 0.089270 0.095924 0.10426 0.11534 0.13140 0.15806 0.21461 0.44168

154.04 156.44 160.70 164.78 168.64 172.27 175.63 178.66 181.32 183.57 185.35 186.60 187.28 187.33 186.70 185.34 183.16 180.10 176.06 170.91 164.49 156.55 146.71 134.10 0

336.54 294.63 233.22 186.99 151.71 124.45 103.17 86.396 73.068 62.400 53.805 46.838 41.163 36.517 32.701 29.557 26.966 24.832 23.083 21.662 20.515 19.584 18.738 17.420 11.292

2-382 TABLE 2-282 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane (Concluded) Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 248.83

0.10000 0.10000

248.83 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 300.00 316.76

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

316.76 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

5.4618 10.535

5.4678 10.541

0.033189 0.055862

0.068102 0.070526

0.10142 0.10726

1131.7 890.93

−0.38632 −0.29520

30.369 33.323 40.103 48.286

32.350 35.766 43.405 52.430

0.14351 0.15598 0.17786 0.19794

0.053862 0.060341 0.074770 0.088343

0.064421 0.069611 0.083404 0.096818

185.16 204.37 235.25 261.80

54.718 27.531 10.509 5.4858

0.059530 0.073703 0.077752

5.4436 16.249 18.296

5.5031 16.323 18.374

0.033097 0.076732 0.083384

0.068150 0.075359 0.077294

0.10133 0.11920 0.12609

1135.5 642.81 553.13

2.1165 3.0733 4.0246

33.092 39.505 47.922

35.208 42.579 51.947

0.13653 0.15720 0.17807

0.070342 0.076729 0.088892

0.093615 0.088940 0.098930

181.20 222.89 256.19

25.479 10.836 5.4940

16.867 13.783 3.1526 1.4336

0.059288 0.072554 0.31720 0.69753

5.3645 16.011 34.823 46.169

5.6609 16.373 36.409 49.657

0.032698 0.075926 0.13126 0.16117

0.068345 0.075345 0.092011 0.091345

0.10098 0.11645 0.26333 0.11166

1152.1 684.64 148.13 232.93

−0.39242 −0.13417 12.808 5.3800

16.782 15.318 0.050481 0.040939 0.030290 0.024131 16.798 13.568 12.861 0.47247 0.32539 0.24847

0.059586 0.065282 19.809 24.427 33.014 41.441

−0.38750 −0.078450 0.072197

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

16.949 14.014 9.5224 3.4436

0.059000 0.071358 0.10502 0.29039

5.2700 15.752 28.480 43.674

5.8600 16.466 29.530 46.578

0.032215 0.075036 0.11233 0.15056

0.068554 0.075376 0.087211 0.094041

0.10058 0.11401 0.16027 0.13591

1172.7 729.99 310.79 219.92

−0.39792 −0.18420 1.2458 4.4385

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

17.248 14.709 11.934 8.9569

0.057977 0.067986 0.083794 0.11165

4.9338 14.971 26.048 38.069

6.6732 17.010 28.561 41.418

0.030434 0.072215 0.10535 0.13400

0.069111 0.075740 0.085262 0.094199

0.099355 0.10883 0.12249 0.13295

1253.5 869.51 576.62 407.30

−0.41462 −0.29079 −0.0089214 0.48690

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000

17.625 15.424 13.309 11.312

0.056738 0.064836 0.075135 0.088399

4.5216 14.174 24.599 35.736

7.9258 18.064 29.107 41.039

0.028097 0.069098 0.10080 0.12739

0.069524 0.076558 0.086520 0.095954

0.098187 0.10570 0.11507 0.12324

1367.5 1020.4 770.60 613.84

−0.42991 −0.35644 −0.24663 −0.11541

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Outcalt, S. L., and McLinden, M. O., “A Modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of R152a (1,1-Difluoroethane),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(2):605–636, 1996. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 0.05% in the vapor speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-283 Temp., °F

Saturated Refrigerant 216a, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Pressure, lb/in2 abs.

Volume, ft3/lb

Enthalpy, Btu/lb

Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

−40 −20 0 20 40

0.339 0.713 1.382 2.497 4.247

0.00927 0.00942 0.00958 0.00974 0.00992

59.957 29.749 15.986 9.184 5.582

0.000 4.778 9.541 14.298 19.056

62.415 65.276 68.208 71.199 74.239

0.0000 0.0111 0.0217 0.0318 0.0415

0.1487 0.1487 0.1493 0.1504 0.1520

60 80 100 120 140

6.862 10.612 15.797 22.753 31.845

0.01010 0.01030 0.01050 0.01073 0.01097

3.558 2.361 1.6215 1.1462 0.8304

23.821 28.598 33.391 38.205 43.049

77.319 80.429 83.559 86.701 89.845

0.0509 0.0599 0.0686 0.0770 0.0852

0.1538 0.1559 0.1582 0.1607 0.1632

160 180 200 220 240

43.468 58.046 76.033 97.913 124.21

0.01124 0.01153 0.01186 0.01223 0.01266

0.6142 0.4623 0.3529 0.2725 0.2121

47.930 52.861 57.857 62.939 68.132

92.981 96.099 99.186 102.225 105.196

0.0931 0.1009 0.1085 0.1161 0.1235

0.1658 0.1685 0.1712 0.1739 0.1765

260 280 300 320 340

155.50 192.40 235.63 286.03 344.81

0.01317 0.01378 0.01458 0.01570 0.01764

0.1660 0.1300 0.1013 0.0776 0.0565

73.474 79.015 84.835 91.089 98.234

108.066 110.789 113.282 115.373 116.538

0.1309 0.1384 0.1460 0.1539 0.1628

0.1790 0.1813 0.1834 0.1851 0.1856

355.98c

399.45

0.02771

0.0277

110.248

110.248

0.1773

0.1773

*From published data, Chemicals Division, Union Carbide Corporation. Used by permission. The paper describing these data is by Shank, ASHRAE J., 1(1965): 94–101. c = critical temperature. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the ITS 90 scale from −118.59 to 113.26 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 30 bar extends to 180 °C. For tables and a diagram to 400 psia, 360 °F, see Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat and viscosity, see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993. Thermal conductivity data as a function of pressure and temperature are reported by Krauss, R. and K. Stephan, Proc. 12th Symp. Thermophys. Props., Boulder, CO, 1994.

2-383

2-384 TABLE 2-284

Thermodynamic Properties of R-218, Octafluoropropane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

125.45 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.02

2.0186E-06 4.8985E-06 2.7215E-05 0.00011605 0.00040065 0.0011659 0.0029499 0.0066482 0.013606 0.025681 0.045264 0.075274 0.11911 0.18060 0.26395 0.37369 0.51466 0.69206 0.91150 1.1793 1.5030 1.8924 2.3634 2.6402

125.45 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.02

2.0186E-06 4.8985E-06 2.7215E-05 1.1605E-04 0.00040065 0.0011659 0.0029499 0.0066482 0.013606 0.025681 0.045264 0.075274 0.11911 0.18060 0.26395 0.37369 0.51466 0.69206 0.91150 1.1793 1.5030 1.8924 2.3634 2.6402

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.48474 −0.48168 −0.47276 −0.46146 −0.44819 −0.43313 −0.41623 −0.39731 −0.37604 −0.35194 −0.32433 −0.29229 −0.25451 −0.20911 −0.15332 −0.082915 0.0089029 0.13369 0.31279 0.59020 1.0733 2.1079 5.6878 17.096

Saturated Properties 10.687 10.598 10.407 10.219 10.033 9.8482 9.6632 9.4771 9.2890 9.0979 8.9027 8.7022 8.4950 8.2795 8.0537 7.8151 7.5602 7.2843 6.9802 6.6366 6.2324 5.7189 4.9092 3.3400 1.9353E-06 4.5321E-06 2.3384E-05 9.3093E-05 0.00030151 0.00082688 0.0019804 0.0042437 0.0082953 0.015024 0.025536 0.041158 0.063461 0.094301 0.13591 0.19105 0.26332 0.35768 0.48153 0.64702 0.87704 1.2252 1.8924 3.3400

0.093572 0.094353 0.096088 0.097856 0.099670 0.10154 0.10349 0.10552 0.10765 0.10992 0.11233 0.11491 0.11772 0.12078 0.12417 0.12796 0.13227 0.13728 0.14326 0.15068 0.16045 0.17486 0.20370 0.29940 516,720. 220,650. 42,765. 10,742. 3,316.6 1,209.4 504.96 235.65 120.55 66.559 39.161 24.297 15.758 10.604 7.3580 5.2343 3.7977 2.7958 2.0767 1.5456 1.1402 0.81620 0.52844 0.29940

12.346 13.024 14.528 16.054 17.607 19.189 20.800 22.444 24.121 25.832 27.580 29.365 31.190 33.056 34.966 36.923 38.933 41.000 43.134 45.351 47.677 50.177 53.102 56.252

12.346 13.024 14.528 16.054 17.607 19.189 20.801 22.445 24.122 25.835 27.585 29.374 31.204 33.077 34.998 36.971 39.001 41.095 43.265 45.528 47.918 50.508 53.583 57.042

0.057736 0.063044 0.074187 0.084719 0.094739 0.10433 0.11354 0.12242 0.13102 0.13937 0.14750 0.15544 0.16320 0.17082 0.17832 0.18571 0.19302 0.20029 0.20754 0.21483 0.22226 0.23002 0.23893 0.24883

0.086723 0.088773 0.093214 0.097514 0.10165 0.10561 0.10942 0.11310 0.11667 0.12014 0.12355 0.12690 0.13022 0.13351 0.13680 0.14010 0.14343 0.14683 0.15035 0.15405 0.15812 0.16294 0.17021

0.14866 0.14939 0.15145 0.15392 0.15668 0.15964 0.16276 0.16603 0.16944 0.17301 0.17675 0.18069 0.18489 0.18940 0.19432 0.19980 0.20607 0.21355 0.22299 0.23603 0.25690 0.30134 0.52335

1157.7 1119.0 1041.4 972.09 909.32 851.65 797.99 747.52 699.61 653.72 609.45 566.44 524.41 483.09 442.24 401.64 361.06 320.24 278.86 236.46 192.26 144.68 89.750 0

37.874 38.208 38.983 39.808 40.680 41.595 42.548 43.536 44.553 45.596 46.661 47.744 48.843 49.952 51.067 52.183 53.291 54.381 55.437 56.433 57.322 57.996 58.081 56.252

38.917 39.289 40.147 41.055 42.009 43.005 44.038 45.102 46.193 47.305 48.433 49.573 50.720 51.867 53.009 54.139 55.246 56.316 57.330 58.256 59.035 59.540 59.330 57.042

0.26954 0.26508 0.25718 0.25139 0.24725 0.24442 0.24263 0.24167 0.24138 0.24161 0.24227 0.24326 0.24452 0.24598 0.24759 0.24929 0.25104 0.25277 0.25442 0.25589 0.25700 0.25739 0.25584 0.24883

0.072287 0.074826 0.080190 0.085274 0.090119 0.094776 0.099300 0.10374 0.10814 0.11253 0.11693 0.12135 0.12577 0.13020 0.13463 0.13906 0.14352 0.14802 0.15262 0.15742 0.16259 0.16855 0.17647

0.080604 0.083144 0.088516 0.093623 0.098514 0.10326 0.10792 0.11258 0.11730 0.12213 0.12712 0.13232 0.13776 0.14351 0.14970 0.15649 0.16420 0.17340 0.18521 0.20207 0.23055 0.29532 0.62247

78.648 79.920 82.654 85.299 87.846 90.278 92.569 94.686 96.589 98.233 99.570 100.55 101.12 101.22 100.79 99.737 97.968 95.356 91.730 86.859 80.422 72.007 61.241 0

854.14 682.22 432.76 288.12 200.28 144.70 108.17 83.339 65.928 53.394 44.174 37.278 32.063 28.095 25.083 22.826 21.188 20.088 19.493 19.423 19.958 21.201 22.532 17.096

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 236.07

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

236.07 300.00 375.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 225.00 300.00 303.52

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

303.52 375.00

1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

16.052 28.465 30.468

16.061 28.477 30.479

0.084701 0.15148 0.16017

0.097521 0.12523 0.12892

0.15391 0.17867 0.18321

972.51 588.11 540.83

−0.46154 −0.30918 −0.27015

48.410 56.919 68.272

50.269 59.362 71.361

0.24400 0.27801 0.31363

0.12403 0.14104 0.16055

0.13558 0.15028 0.16927

100.95 116.42 131.00

33.943 12.416 6.1732

0.097772 0.11333 0.14308 0.14568

16.028 28.413 43.116 43.905

16.125 28.527 43.259 44.051

0.084540 0.15125 0.20748 0.21010

0.097582 0.12522 0.15030 0.15163

0.15385 0.17828 0.22248 0.22705

976.23 594.72 280.68 264.07

−0.46230 −0.31433 0.30296 0.39586

1.8718 2.8080

55.797 67.521

57.669 70.329

0.25497 0.29246

0.15428 0.16284

0.19038 0.17689

90.170 120.35

19.406 7.1384

10.262 8.9050 7.2996 4.0113

0.097443 0.11230 0.13699 0.24930

15.923 28.196 42.444 60.519

16.411 28.757 43.129 61.765

0.083839 0.15027 0.20518 0.26018

0.097864 0.12525 0.14888 0.17483

0.15361 0.17677 0.20895 0.31884

992.31 622.21 346.02 101.99

−0.46544 −0.33410 0.039275 4.7668

10.220 8.8041 8.5773 0.053789 0.040933 0.032372 10.228 8.8236 6.9891 6.8645 0.53424 0.35613

0.097848 0.11358 0.11659 18.591 24.430 30.891

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

10.304 8.9969 7.5606 5.6952

0.097050 0.11115 0.13227 0.17559

15.799 27.949 41.847 57.659

16.769 29.060 43.170 59.415

0.082988 0.14913 0.20307 0.25128

0.098234 0.12538 0.14819 0.16841

0.15336 0.17531 0.20166 0.23156

1011.4 653.07 403.66 219.93

−0.46885 −0.35341 −0.10223 0.67650

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

10.382 9.1565 7.9189 6.5981

0.096321 0.10921 0.12628 0.15156

15.565 27.517 40.989 55.836

17.492 29.701 43.515 58.867

0.081360 0.14709 0.19992 0.24552

0.099023 0.12580 0.14793 0.16668

0.15301 0.17326 0.19500 0.21331

1046.6 706.41 486.73 339.02

−0.47434 −0.38080 −0.22897 0.012472

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

10.454 9.2933 8.1774 7.0690

0.095654 0.10760 0.12229 0.14146

15.351 27.147 40.353 54.800

18.220 30.375 44.022 59.044

0.079818 0.14527 0.19747 0.24210

0.099855 0.12636 0.14819 0.16662

0.15280 0.17191 0.19173 0.20796

1078.7 751.98 549.34 416.45

−0.47844 −0.39925 −0.28972 −0.15627

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.2% for the liquid phase and 0.5% for the vapor phase. Above the critical temperature, the uncertainties are estimated to be 1% in density and 0.5% in pressure. Calculated vapor pressures have an uncertainty of 0.5%. The uncertainties for heat capacities and sound speeds are 1%.

2-385

2-386 TABLE 2-285

Thermodynamic Properties of R-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

146.35 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 375.95

7.0312E-06 1.2811E-05 5.6086E-05 0.00019958 0.00059967 0.0015672 0.0036466 0.0076967 0.014961 0.027114 0.046286 0.075058 0.11644 0.17384 0.25102 0.35208 0.48145 0.64388 0.84450 1.0889 1.3836 1.7358 2.1552 2.6553 2.9991

146.35 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 375.95

7.0312E-06 1.2811E-05 5.6086E-05 0.00019958 0.00059967 0.0015672 0.0036466 0.0076967 0.014961 0.027114 0.046286 0.075058 0.11644 0.17384 0.25102 0.35208 0.48145 0.64388 0.84450 1.0889 1.3836 1.7358 2.1552 2.6553 2.9991

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

1068.8 1048.3 994.14 942.81 893.95 847.26 802.44 759.23 717.37 676.63 636.81 597.69 559.10 520.85 482.77 444.69 406.42 367.76 328.49 288.32 246.84 203.37 156.53 102.78 0

−0.42071 −0.42085 −0.41876 −0.41349 −0.40546 −0.39497 −0.38217 −0.36707 −0.34954 −0.32930 −0.30590 −0.27867 −0.24663 −0.20842 −0.16205 −0.10460 −0.031613 0.064014 0.19426 0.38093 0.66802 1.1593 2.1701 5.2930 16.489

Saturated Properties 11.086 11.020 10.841 10.663 10.487 10.310 10.133 9.9539 9.7727 9.5883 9.3999 9.2065 9.0068 8.7997 8.5834 8.3560 8.1148 7.8563 7.5756 7.2652 6.9135 6.4988 5.9733 5.1649 3.4100 5.7786E-06 1.0273E-05 4.2170E-05 0.00014128 0.00040123 0.00099473 0.0022037 0.0044452 0.0082891 0.014469 0.023890 0.037635 0.056982 0.083437 0.11880 0.16526 0.22559 0.30344 0.40387 0.53442 0.70732 0.94497 1.2970 1.9293 3.4100

0.090205 0.090746 0.092245 0.093780 0.095359 0.096992 0.098689 0.10046 0.10233 0.10429 0.10638 0.10862 0.11103 0.11364 0.11650 0.11967 0.12323 0.12729 0.13200 0.13764 0.14465 0.15387 0.16741 0.19361 0.29326 173,050. 97,345. 23,714. 7,078.0 2,492.3 1,005.3 453.78 224.96 120.64 69.111 41.858 26.571 17.550 11.985 8.4176 6.0510 4.4328 3.2956 2.4761 1.8712 1.4138 1.0582 0.77102 0.51831 0.29326

12.227 12.821 14.446 16.072 17.705 19.352 21.017 22.703 24.413 26.148 27.912 29.706 31.531 33.390 35.286 37.220 39.197 41.221 43.299 45.442 47.666 50.002 52.517 55.458 59.193

12.227 12.821 14.446 16.072 17.705 19.352 21.017 22.704 24.414 26.151 27.917 29.714 31.544 33.410 35.315 37.262 39.256 41.303 43.411 45.592 47.866 50.269 52.877 55.972 60.073

0.063811 0.067824 0.078309 0.088164 0.097501 0.10641 0.11495 0.12317 0.13112 0.13884 0.14635 0.15367 0.16083 0.16784 0.17474 0.18153 0.18824 0.19488 0.20149 0.20810 0.21476 0.22158 0.22873 0.23696 0.24773

0.11121 0.11136 0.11222 0.11357 0.11528 0.11723 0.11934 0.12157 0.12386 0.12618 0.12851 0.13085 0.13318 0.13549 0.13781 0.14011 0.14243 0.14477 0.14716 0.14964 0.15227 0.15517 0.15867 0.16399

0.16308 0.16271 0.16238 0.16286 0.16396 0.16554 0.16750 0.16976 0.17228 0.17502 0.17797 0.18114 0.18454 0.18822 0.19225 0.19673 0.20183 0.20782 0.21515 0.22467 0.23817 0.26018 0.30696 0.51614

41.158 41.423 42.179 42.976 43.814 44.689 45.600 46.543 47.515 48.513 49.533 50.570 51.622 52.684 53.752 54.818 55.878 56.922 57.938 58.909 59.808 60.587 61.146 61.164 59.193

42.374 42.670 43.509 44.389 45.308 46.265 47.255 48.275 49.320 50.387 51.470 52.565 53.666 54.768 55.864 56.949 58.012 59.044 60.029 60.946 61.764 62.424 62.807 62.540 60.073

0.26981 0.26682 0.25995 0.25474 0.25085 0.24805 0.24613 0.24494 0.24433 0.24421 0.24448 0.24507 0.24591 0.24695 0.24813 0.24942 0.25076 0.25211 0.25342 0.25463 0.25564 0.25630 0.25632 0.25471 0.24773

0.072002 0.073562 0.077861 0.082177 0.086488 0.090782 0.095053 0.099298 0.10352 0.10771 0.11188 0.11601 0.12010 0.12416 0.12818 0.13216 0.13612 0.14009 0.14409 0.14817 0.15244 0.15704 0.16228 0.16893

0.080321 0.081883 0.086194 0.090535 0.094896 0.099275 0.10368 0.10813 0.11263 0.11721 0.12189 0.12670 0.13166 0.13684 0.14232 0.14822 0.15475 0.16227 0.17136 0.18320 0.20027 0.22897 0.29185 0.56287

89.345 90.352 93.045 95.643 98.141 100.53 102.77 104.85 106.73 108.37 109.71 110.73 111.36 111.55 111.26 110.42 108.94 106.75 103.73 99.740 94.584 88.022 79.757 69.452 0

630.83 540.51 363.36 253.26 182.56 135.75 103.86 81.549 65.553 53.830 45.075 38.434 33.337 29.395 26.339 23.978 22.183 20.864 19.969 19.477 19.399 19.775 20.625 21.487 16.489

Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 256.43

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

256.43 300.00 375.00 450.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

150.00 225.00 300.00 326.58

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

326.58 375.00 450.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

12.819 25.274 30.875

12.828 25.284 30.886

0.067809 0.13499 0.15829

0.11137 0.12502 0.13235

0.16271 0.17360 0.18330

1048.6 697.31 572.84

−0.42089 −0.34002 −0.25870

51.245 56.684 67.081 78.645

53.272 59.112 70.162 82.364

0.24559 0.26660 0.29941 0.32903

0.11864 0.12925 0.14667 0.16079

0.12987 0.13881 0.15550 0.16939

111.18 122.16 137.79 151.34

35.009 17.772 8.4581 5.1086

0.090682 0.10312 0.12284 0.13559

12.799 25.234 39.137 44.701

12.890 25.337 39.260 44.837

0.067676 0.13482 0.18804 0.20584

0.11146 0.12507 0.14240 0.14878

0.16267 0.17337 0.20096 0.22108

1051.5 702.21 412.50 302.19

2.0587 2.7173 3.5127

58.583 66.118 78.039

60.642 68.835 81.552

0.25423 0.27764 0.30854

0.14676 0.15025 0.16198

0.17873 0.16647 0.17375

101.23 123.32 144.14

19.600 10.030 5.4173

11.058 9.7613 8.3150 6.0063 1.9568

0.090430 0.10245 0.12026 0.16649 0.51103

12.712 25.066 38.729 54.845 74.454

13.164 25.578 39.330 55.677 77.009

0.067092 0.13406 0.18665 0.23506 0.28716

0.11182 0.12533 0.14230 0.15968 0.16853

0.16253 0.17247 0.19592 0.25736 0.21820

1064.0 723.03 454.01 188.73 117.53

−0.42305 −0.35330 −0.12586 1.3729 5.8791

11.021 9.6823 9.0790 0.049336 0.041177 0.032454 0.026888 11.028 9.6973 8.1405 7.3754 0.48574 0.36801 0.28468

0.090739 0.10328 0.11014 20.269 24.286 30.813 37.191

−0.42131 −0.34268 −0.045381 0.30867

225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

9.8358 8.4921 6.7736 4.4095

0.10167 0.11776 0.14763 0.22679

24.870 38.308 53.368 70.066

25.887 39.485 54.845 72.334

0.13316 0.18518 0.23077 0.27322

0.12567 0.14237 0.15755 0.17015

0.17153 0.19196 0.21921 0.23938

747.22 496.71 286.63 162.15

−0.36439 −0.18923 0.34861 2.0189

225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000

10.091 8.9874 7.8569 6.7284

0.099103 0.11127 0.12728 0.14862

24.209 37.111 51.038 65.707

27.182 40.449 54.856 70.165

0.13000 0.18079 0.22359 0.26078

0.12709 0.14335 0.15736 0.16895

0.16914 0.18477 0.19887 0.20846

829.42 619.36 467.67 368.25

−0.39369 −0.30379 −0.17451 −0.017558

225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00

60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000

10.391 9.4675 8.5978 7.7868

0.096240 0.10562 0.11631 0.12842

23.457 35.965 49.374 63.495

29.231 42.302 56.353 71.201

0.12610 0.17614 0.21789 0.25396

0.12922 0.14519 0.15896 0.17036

0.16752 0.18109 0.19315 0.20230

926.46 743.76 617.08 530.91

−0.41551 −0.36285 −0.30676 −0.25596

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is an interim equation from Lemmon, E. W., personal communication (NIST, Boulder, CO, 2006). Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density, except in a small region close to the critical point, 0.2% in vapor pressure between 250 and 360 K, 0.4% in vapor pressure outside this region, 1% in heat capacities (with increasing uncertainties in the critical region and at higher temperatures), 0.1% in the vapor-phase speed of sound, and 3% in the liquid-phase speed of sound.

2-387

2-388

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-286

Saturated Refrigerant 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane*

P, bar

v f, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

172 180 190 200 210

0.0034 0.0076 0.0190 0.0425 0.0870

6.46.−4 6.57.−4 6.70.−4 6.83.−4 6.97.−4

31.49 14.63 6.20 2.91 1.48

220 230 240 250 260

0.1654 0.2946 0.4958 0.7946 1.2204

7.11.−4 7.25.−4 7.40.−4 7.55.−4 7.72.−4

270 280 290 300 310

1.806 2.584 3.600 4.888 6.491

320 330 340 350 360 370 375 380.1c

T, K

h f, kJ/kg

h g, kJ/kg

s f, kJ/(kg⋅K)

s g, kJ/(kg⋅K)

−63.4 −55.9 −46.2 −36.0 −25.7

133.8 138.7 145.1 151.7 158.5

−0.3131 −0.2707 −0.2182 −0.1666 −0.1157

0.8327 0.8099 0.7885 0.7725 0.7612

0.822 0.475 0.292 0.192 0.125

−14.8 −3.6 8.0 19.9 32.3

165.4 172.5 179.6 186.8 194.0

−0.0654 −0.0156 0.0337 0.0824 0.1305

0.7539 0.7500 0.7487 0.7497 0.7525

7.89.−4 8.08.−4 8.30.−4 8.53.−4 8.80.−4

0.0862 0.0611 0.0443 0.0327 0.0246

44.9 57.9 71.1 84.6 98.4

201.1 208.3 215.3 222.2 228.9

0.1781 0.2249 0.2711 0.3161 0.3614

0.7567 0.7621 0.7683 0.7751 0.7822

8.456 10.83 13.67 17.04 21.02

9.11.−4 9.48.−4 9.93.−4 0.00105 0.00113

0.0186 0.0143 0.0111 0.0084 0.0063

112.6 127.1 142.1 157.2 174.7

235.3 241.4 246.9 251.5 254.8

0.4057 0.4497 0.4937 0.5382 0.5844

0.7893 0.7960 0.8018 0.8060 0.8071

25.71 28.46 31.37

0.00125 0.00137 0.00204

0.0045 0.0036 0.0020

193.6 205.2 231.8

255.2 252.5 231.8

0.6349 0.6649 0.7341

0.8013 0.7953 0.7341

*Values converted from tables of Shank, Thermodynamic Properties of UCON 245 Refrigerant, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, 1966. See also Shank, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 12, 474–480 (1967). c = critical point. The notation 6.46.−4 signifies 6.46 × 10−4.

TABLE 2-287 Refrigerant RC 318, Octafluorocyclobutane* P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

200 210 220 230 240

0.0216 0.0449 0.0875 0.1608 0.2810

5.507.−4 5.593.−4 5.683.−4 5.778.−4 5.879.−4

3.810 1.931 1.038 0.588 0.349

353.5 361.0 369.2 377.6 386.4

498.0 500.1 502.2 504.4 510.9

3.909 3.947 3.984 4.022 4.060

4.560 4.564 4.569 4.574 4.578

0.98 1.00

11.7 9.55

0.088 0.085

250 260 270 280 290

0.466 0.741 1.133 1.672 2.392

5.988.−4 6.106.−4 6.234.−4 6.375.−4 6.529.−4

0.2166 0.1401 0.0938 0.0647 0.0458

395.6 405.2 415.1 425.8 436.2

517.4 524.0 530.7 537.3 543.9

4.097 4.133 4.172 4.210 4.247

4.584 4.592 4.599 4.609 4.618

1.02 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09

7.90 6.63 5.64 4.85 4.22

0.082 0.078 0.075 0.071 0.068

300 310 320 330 340

3.325 4.522 6.007 7.826 10.018

6.694.−4 6.893.−4 7.115.−4 7.365.−4 7.666.−4

0.0332 0.0245 0.0184 0.0139 0.0106

447.3 458.7 470.5 482.7 495.2

550.4 556.9 563.3 569.4 575.4

4.284 4.322 4.359 4.396 4.433

4.626 4.638 4.648 4.659 4.669

1.12 1.15 1.18 1.23 1.27

3.70 3.20 2.94 2.66 2.33

0.065 0.061 0.058 0.054 0.051

350 360 370 380 388.5c

12.632 15.71 19.33 23.59 27.83

8.034.−4 8.508.−4 9.172.−4 1.031.−3 1.613.−3

0.0082 0.0062 0.0047 0.0033 0.0016

508.1 521.5 535.6 551.4 577.2

581.0 585.8 589.9 591.5 577.2

4.469 4.507 4.544 4.585 4.651

4.678 4.685 4.691 4.691 4.651

1.32 1.39

2.00

0.048

T, K

*Values of P, v, h, and s interpolated, extrapolated, and converted from tables of Oguchi, Reito, 52 (1977): 869–889. Values of cp, µ, and k interpolated and converted from tables in Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, 1976. c = critical point. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 580 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For equations, see Cipollone, R., ASHRAE Trans., 97, 2 (1991): 262–267.

TABLE 2-288

Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 345.27

0.022649 0.030989 0.041658 0.055101 0.071804 0.092293 0.11713 0.14693 0.18232 0.22397 0.27258 0.32888 0.39363 0.46763 0.55168 0.64664 0.75338 0.87280 1.0059 1.1536 1.3169 1.4970 1.6950 1.9122 2.1499 2.4096 2.6932 3.0027 3.3414 3.7150 3.7348

200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00

0.021264 0.029285 0.039592 0.052629 0.068883 0.088879 0.11318 0.14240 0.17718 0.21817 0.26610 0.32169 0.38571 0.45896 0.54225 0.63645 0.74245 0.86115 0.99353 1.1406 1.3034 1.4830

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 14.209 14.059 13.907 13.755 13.600 13.444 13.286 13.126 12.963 12.796 12.627 12.453 12.275 12.092 11.904 11.709 11.508 11.298 11.078 10.848 10.605 10.346 10.069 9.7686 9.4384 9.0688 8.6431 8.1285 7.4362 5.7429 4.9400

2-389

0.013010 0.017550 0.023271 0.030378 0.039095 0.049667 0.062359 0.077463 0.095292 0.11619 0.14055 0.16879 0.20137 0.23885 0.28183 0.33102 0.38725 0.45152 0.52501 0.60922 0.70599 0.81772

0.070377 0.071131 0.071905 0.072703 0.073527 0.074380 0.075265 0.076185 0.077145 0.078147 0.079197 0.080301 0.081465 0.082697 0.084006 0.085402 0.086899 0.088513 0.090266 0.092182 0.094295 0.096652 0.099314 0.10237 0.10595 0.11027 0.11570 0.12302 0.13448 0.17413 0.20243 76.866 56.979 42.971 32.919 25.579 20.134 16.036 12.909 10.494 8.6063 7.1149 5.9247 4.9659 4.1867 3.5483 3.0210 2.5823 2.2148 1.9047 1.6414 1.4165 1.2229

10.353 10.948 11.544 12.144 12.746 13.353 13.963 14.578 15.199 15.824 16.456 17.094 17.738 18.390 19.049 19.717 20.394 21.081 21.780 22.490 23.215 23.956 24.717 25.500 26.310 27.157 28.054 29.026 30.147 32.108 32.875

10.355 10.950 11.547 12.148 12.751 13.359 13.972 14.590 15.213 15.842 16.478 17.120 17.770 18.429 19.096 19.772 20.460 21.159 21.870 22.597 23.339 24.101 24.885 25.695 26.538 27.423 28.365 29.396 30.597 32.755 33.631

0.058867 0.061803 0.064678 0.067498 0.070269 0.072995 0.075679 0.078326 0.080939 0.083520 0.086073 0.088600 0.091104 0.093589 0.096056 0.098510 0.10095 0.10339 0.10583 0.10826 0.11071 0.11317 0.11566 0.11818 0.12075 0.12341 0.12619 0.12918 0.13261 0.13874 0.14126

0.076939 0.077522 0.078116 0.078719 0.079326 0.079940 0.080558 0.081183 0.081815 0.082456 0.083107 0.083770 0.084446 0.085137 0.085846 0.086574 0.087326 0.088104 0.088914 0.089761 0.090653 0.091603 0.092625 0.093744 0.094998 0.096455 0.098241 0.10064 0.10445 0.11650

0.11881 0.11915 0.11965 0.12028 0.12103 0.12188 0.12282 0.12386 0.12499 0.12621 0.12754 0.12899 0.13057 0.13229 0.13419 0.13630 0.13866 0.14133 0.14438 0.14793 0.15211 0.15715 0.16339 0.17139 0.18212 0.19751 0.22197 0.26871 0.40392 8.2559

859.89 831.56 804.42 778.20 752.69 727.72 703.16 678.91 654.88 631.01 607.23 583.50 559.77 535.99 512.13 488.15 464.02 439.69 415.13 390.28 365.11 339.56 313.56 287.00 259.73 231.53 201.95 170.20 134.59 89.976 0

−0.34161 −0.33384 −0.32460 −0.31394 −0.30185 −0.28830 −0.27318 −0.25636 −0.23766 −0.21683 −0.19356 −0.16749 −0.13814 −0.10493 −0.067104 −0.023728 0.026418 0.084928 0.15392 0.23626 0.33594 0.45865 0.61280 0.81141 1.0757 1.4433 1.9881 2.8807 4.6353 10.564 12.409

29.920 30.185 30.451 30.718 30.987 31.256 31.525 31.795 32.063 32.330 32.596 32.859 33.119 33.375 33.626 33.872 34.111 34.342 34.563 34.773 34.968 35.147

31.555 31.853 32.152 32.451 32.749 33.046 33.340 33.633 33.922 34.208 34.489 34.765 35.034 35.296 35.550 35.794 36.028 36.249 36.455 36.645 36.814 36.960

0.16521 0.16408 0.16307 0.16217 0.16138 0.16068 0.16006 0.15952 0.15903 0.15861 0.15823 0.15789 0.15759 0.15732 0.15707 0.15684 0.15661 0.15639 0.15616 0.15592 0.15566 0.15536

0.058696 0.059968 0.061245 0.062526 0.063815 0.065113 0.066424 0.067750 0.069095 0.070463 0.071855 0.073276 0.074728 0.076214 0.077737 0.079300 0.080909 0.082567 0.084282 0.086062 0.087917 0.089863

0.068032 0.069509 0.071021 0.072573 0.074172 0.075826 0.077546 0.079344 0.081232 0.083226 0.085343 0.087604 0.090033 0.092660 0.095524 0.098671 0.10217 0.10609 0.11056 0.11574 0.12186 0.12929

138.13 139.28 140.34 141.29 142.12 142.84 143.43 143.88 144.18 144.33 144.32 144.14 143.77 143.22 142.46 141.49 140.29 138.85 137.16 135.19 132.92 130.34

88.073 77.215 68.305 60.948 54.835 49.721 45.413 41.761 38.642 35.962 33.645 31.630 29.871 28.327 26.970 25.773 24.718 23.789 22.972 22.256 21.633 21.094

2-390 TABLE 2-288

Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 345.27

1.6806 1.8975 2.1351 2.3950 2.6789 2.9893 3.3299 3.7109 3.7348

0.94761 1.1001 1.2815 1.5019 1.7781 2.1438 2.6882 4.2113 4.9400

1.0553 0.90903 0.78032 0.66583 0.56239 0.46645 0.37199 0.23746 0.20243

35.304 35.435 35.530 35.578 35.558 35.429 35.084 33.615 32.875

226.65

0.10000

0.074669

13.554

13.561

227.41 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

31.386 36.596 45.121 55.103

289.79

1.0000

0.090189

290.23 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.091922 0.094123 0.096513 0.099162 0.10220 0.10585 0.11074 0.12022

0.13856 0.15062 0.16713 0.19141 0.23111 0.30867 0.53035 8.6291

127.41 124.10 120.38 116.21 111.51 106.19 100.03 90.307 0

20.630 20.234 19.889 19.571 19.233 18.763 17.851 14.130 12.409

0.073887

0.080143

0.12218

719.55

−0.28348

33.188 39.050 48.428 59.250

0.16038 0.18269 0.20956 0.23365

0.065742 0.076875 0.092844 0.10612

0.076645 0.085907 0.10141 0.11456

143.14 166.24 191.81 213.92

47.558 16.998 6.9229 3.7455

21.750

21.840

0.10572

0.088879

0.14425

416.16

1.8916 2.0323 3.1292 4.0571

34.573 35.486 44.644 54.804

36.464 37.518 47.773 58.861

0.15615 0.15972 0.18922 0.21391

0.084363 0.083854 0.094142 0.10659

0.11078 0.10554 0.10545 0.11631

137.07 143.42 183.69 210.41

10.994 2.2256 1.3561

0.090955 0.44932 0.73741

22.770 41.867 53.389

23.225 44.113 57.076

0.10919 0.16875 0.19774

0.089725 0.10069 0.10859

0.14193 0.14547 0.12579

427.56 148.00 198.35

0.11428 7.6582 3.5826

Saturated Properties (Concluded) 37.078 37.159 37.196 37.173 37.065 36.824 36.323 34.496 33.631

0.15501 0.15459 0.15408 0.15343 0.15257 0.15136 0.14946 0.14379 0.14126

Single-Phase Properties 13.392 0.055492 0.040750 0.030243 0.024113 11.088 0.52866 0.49205 0.31957 0.24648

18.021 24.540 33.066 41.471

0.15078 22.936 19.634 7.1401 3.7496

300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000

11.371 6.1241 2.9622

0.087944 0.16329 0.33758

22.323 37.557 51.539

23.203 39.190 54.915

0.10763 0.15323 0.18852

0.089307 0.10301 0.11046

0.13525 0.18569 0.13925

489.01 184.17 198.11

−0.035312 2.8522 2.8527

300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000

12.107 9.2730 6.6326

0.082594 0.10784 0.15077

21.419 34.286 47.758

23.484 36.982 51.527

0.10432 0.14304 0.17548

0.089393 0.10166 0.11215

0.12713 0.14227 0.14633

614.12 381.56 292.53

−0.22002 0.20064 0.65319

300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

12.867 10.834 9.0225

0.077719 0.092300 0.11083

20.472 32.538 45.317

24.358 37.153 50.859

0.10057 0.13731 0.16786

0.090168 0.10251 0.11339

0.12262 0.13302 0.14051

753.19 559.24 455.37

−0.32391 −0.19415 −0.070101

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.

TABLE 2-289

Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 359.35

0.019158 0.035795 0.062640 0.10366 0.16353 0.24755 0.36157 0.51193 0.70540 0.94916 1.2507 1.6182 2.0599 2.5851 3.2038 3.9255 4.6317

200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 359.35

0.011312 0.022624 0.041929 0.072846 0.11979 0.18793 0.28317 0.41203 0.58173 0.80008 1.0757 1.4179 1.8375 2.3470 2.9627 3.7100 4.6317

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.31996 −0.30662 −0.28934 −0.26790 −0.24161 −0.20937 −0.16951 −0.11964 −0.056172 0.026372 0.13683 0.29038 0.51547 0.87274 1.5203 3.0499 10.947

Saturated Properties 17.036 16.697 16.352 15.999 15.637 15.264 14.877 14.472 14.045 13.591 13.102 12.567 11.969 11.278 10.435 9.2661 5.2600 0.0068643 0.013151 0.023450 0.039384 0.062913 0.096374 0.14256 0.20484 0.28739 0.39560 0.53670 0.72101 0.96439 1.2939 1.7642 2.5260 5.2600

0.058698 0.059892 0.061156 0.062503 0.063949 0.065512 0.067218 0.069099 0.071198 0.073576 0.076322 0.079573 0.083552 0.088671 0.095832 0.10792 0.19011 145.68 76.041 42.644 25.391 15.895 10.376 7.0147 4.8820 3.4796 2.5278 1.8632 1.3869 1.0369 0.77283 0.56682 0.39588 0.19011

8.8272 9.9359 11.051 12.175 13.312 14.464 15.632 16.822 18.035 19.278 20.555 21.877 23.255 24.711 26.287 28.110 32.145

8.8283 9.9380 11.055 12.182 13.323 14.480 15.657 16.857 18.085 19.348 20.651 22.006 23.427 24.940 26.594 28.534 33.025

0.050593 0.056002 0.061189 0.066188 0.071026 0.075728 0.080314 0.084805 0.089223 0.093590 0.097931 0.10228 0.10668 0.11119 0.11596 0.12137 0.13372

0.070988 0.071320 0.071817 0.072410 0.073074 0.073803 0.074597 0.075463 0.076412 0.077458 0.078624 0.079950 0.081509 0.083453 0.086157 0.090943

0.11073 0.11118 0.11203 0.11319 0.11465 0.11641 0.11853 0.12111 0.12427 0.12822 0.13331 0.14013 0.14989 0.16541 0.19551 0.28993

956.60 903.06 851.40 801.12 751.77 703.01 654.53 606.09 557.44 508.32 458.46 407.51 354.98 300.07 241.20 174.57 0

30.051 30.504 30.957 31.409 31.857 32.298 32.728 33.145 33.544 33.918 34.259 34.556 34.790 34.931 34.916 34.578 32.145

31.699 32.224 32.745 33.259 33.761 34.248 34.715 35.157 35.568 35.940 36.263 36.523 36.696 36.745 36.595 36.047 33.025

0.16726 0.16412 0.16151 0.15933 0.15749 0.15593 0.15460 0.15343 0.15240 0.15144 0.15051 0.14956 0.14852 0.14727 0.14560 0.14299 0.13372

0.048920 0.050967 0.053143 0.055439 0.057839 0.060328 0.062897 0.065542 0.068266 0.071085 0.074027 0.077140 0.080507 0.084283 0.088801 0.095065

0.057805 0.060200 0.062854 0.065784 0.069010 0.072563 0.076500 0.080917 0.085971 0.091920 0.099203 0.10861 0.12170 0.14208 0.18030 0.28700

149.59 152.36 154.78 156.79 158.33 159.36 159.80 159.60 158.69 156.99 154.41 150.83 146.11 140.03 132.24 122.09 0

109.12 88.122 72.006 59.560 49.904 42.378 36.483 31.840 28.163 25.236 22.898 21.024 19.516 18.284 17.206 15.951 10.947

2-391

2-392 TABLE 2-289

Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

200.00 229.25

0.10000 0.10000

236.25 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

291.84

1.0000

297.47 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Single-Phase Properties 8.8253 12.091

8.8312 12.097

0.050583 0.065819

0.070990 0.072363

0.11072 0.11310

956.99 804.85

−0.32010 −0.26966

31.690 35.535 42.554 50.849

33.574 37.991 45.862 54.997

0.15814 0.17467 0.19722 0.21756

0.056928 0.063341 0.076588 0.088895

0.067764 0.072378 0.085147 0.097330

157.81 179.00 205.99 229.27

53.242 20.041 7.7925 4.0471

0.074050

19.510

19.584

0.094388

0.077662

0.12906

499.23

2.0105 2.0465 3.1425 4.0637

34.177 34.384 42.101 50.576

36.187 36.431 45.244 54.639

0.15075 0.15156 0.17694 0.19786

0.073268 0.072744 0.078067 0.089416

0.097199 0.095419 0.089213 0.099001

155.15 156.77 198.26 225.88

13.412 2.1880 1.3504

0.074559 0.45703 0.74050

20.240 39.458 49.289

20.613 41.743 52.992

0.096862 0.15675 0.18193

0.078093 0.086188 0.091753

0.12762 0.12964 0.10811

507.10 161.10 213.00

0.027202 8.5257 3.9036

17.038 16.026 0.053062 0.040722 0.030231 0.024109 13.504 0.49738 0.48865 0.31821 0.24608

0.058692 0.062399 18.846 24.557 33.079 41.479

0.044233 23.442 22.566 7.9701 4.0390

300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000

13.740 7.1029 2.9957

0.072780 0.14079 0.33381

19.898 34.426 47.547

20.626 35.834 50.885

0.095679 0.13888 0.17282

0.077756 0.090433 0.094263

0.12301 0.20031 0.12254

558.94 184.71 207.67

−0.063246 3.3408 3.3327

300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000

14.443 10.899 7.3363

0.069238 0.091752 0.13631

19.146 30.990 43.479

20.877 33.284 46.886

0.092972 0.12855 0.15889

0.077634 0.087056 0.096319

0.11624 0.13223 0.13592

672.43 399.92 289.22

−0.19834 0.28513 0.97116

300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

15.220 12.648 10.260

0.065703 0.079064 0.097468

18.302 29.255 40.787

21.587 33.209 45.660

0.089730 0.12310 0.15086

0.078160 0.087179 0.096753

0.11176 0.12077 0.12761

802.78 579.57 457.54

−0.28843 −0.12975 0.047330

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

20. 0. 90

10

11

00

00

.

.

0. 120

125

130

0.

0.

70

80

.

600

.

500

400.

3

kg/m

4.

70

60

50

40

30

20

0

80

100. 80.

60

−20

−30

6.

150.

c.p.

60.

50

2. 40.

40

30.

30

1. 0.8

20

20.

10

15.

0.6

1. 0.8 0.6

0

10.

0.4

−10

−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 T = 160 °C 170 180

8.0

T = −20 °C

0.2

por ted va

kg

·K

)

0.80

2.5

0

J/( 0k

0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04

0.60

s=

2.4

0 2.3

0 2.2

0

0

0.2

3.0

1.0

2.0

1.90

4.0

1.5

satura

0.9

1.80

1.70

1.60

1.50

1.30

1.20

−70

1.40

0.02

0.4

6.0

2.0

−60

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.04 0.60

0.7

−50

0.8

0.06

0.6

x=

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

−40

sat

ura

ted

0.1 0.08

0.1

liqu

id

−30

2.1

Pressure (MPa)

10. 8.

200. 10

1350.

−10

00. ρ= 3

70

−50

−70

2.

T = −60 °C

−80

4.

1400.

1450.

6.

−40

10. 8.

0.

0.

R-407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)] reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

650 20.

0.40

0.02

0.30

0.01 50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

0.01 650

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-393

FIG. 2-27 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 407C. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the mixture model of Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Equations of State for Mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33:593–620, 2004.

2-394 TABLE 2-290

Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 344.49

0.029160 0.053727 0.071143 0.092819 0.11946 0.15182 0.19070 0.23697 0.29152 0.35531 0.42933 0.51461 0.61223 0.72330 0.84899 0.99048 1.1490 1.3260 1.5226 1.7404 1.9809 2.2456 2.5364 2.8550 3.2037 3.5848 4.0009 4.4556 4.9012

200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00

0.029010 0.053489 0.070844 0.092447 0.11900 0.15125 0.19000 0.23611 0.29049 0.35407 0.42786 0.51287 0.61019 0.72092 0.84622 0.98729 1.1454 1.3218 1.5179 1.7351

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.051256 0.052375 0.052962 0.053571 0.054202 0.054858 0.055542 0.056255 0.057002 0.057786 0.058611 0.059482 0.060406 0.061388 0.062439 0.063567 0.064785 0.066109 0.067559 0.069160 0.070948 0.072969 0.075293 0.078025 0.081343 0.085578 0.091491 0.10161 0.15813

7.0380 8.0188 8.5112 9.0052 9.5012 9.9997 10.501 11.006 11.514 12.026 12.543 13.065 13.593 14.127 14.669 15.218 15.776 16.344 16.924 17.516 18.123 18.747 19.392 20.064 20.772 21.531 22.376 23.414 25.988

7.0395 8.0217 8.5149 9.0101 9.5077 10.008 10.512 11.019 11.530 12.047 12.568 13.096 13.630 14.172 14.722 15.281 15.851 16.432 17.026 17.636 18.263 18.911 19.583 20.287 21.032 21.837 22.742 23.867 26.763

26.495 26.835 27.002 27.167 27.329 27.488 27.645 27.798 27.947 28.092 28.232 28.367 28.496 28.619 28.733 28.839 28.935 29.019 29.090 29.144

28.125 28.530 28.726 28.919 29.107 29.290 29.468 29.640 29.806 29.965 30.116 30.258 30.392 30.515 30.626 30.725 30.809 30.876 30.925 30.951

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.040995 0.045781 0.048098 0.050370 0.052600 0.054791 0.056948 0.059073 0.061169 0.063240 0.065289 0.067318 0.069331 0.071331 0.073321 0.075304 0.077284 0.079266 0.081254 0.083253 0.085270 0.087314 0.089398 0.091537 0.093762 0.096123 0.098732 0.10194 0.11022

0.062260 0.062050 0.062014 0.062020 0.062066 0.062151 0.062271 0.062426 0.062615 0.062837 0.063092 0.063380 0.063701 0.064057 0.064451 0.064884 0.065363 0.065893 0.066483 0.067147 0.067901 0.068773 0.069800 0.071046 0.072616 0.074717 0.077843 0.083650

0.097942 0.098396 0.098729 0.099138 0.099628 0.10020 0.10088 0.10165 0.10253 0.10353 0.10466 0.10594 0.10738 0.10902 0.11088 0.11300 0.11543 0.11825 0.12156 0.12550 0.13029 0.13630 0.14413 0.15493 0.17109 0.19853 0.25685 0.46832

929.01 879.84 855.20 830.52 805.81 781.06 756.26 731.41 706.48 681.45 656.31 631.02 605.55 579.88 553.95 527.72 501.14 474.14 446.66 418.60 389.87 360.33 329.82 298.10 264.83 229.46 190.98 147.49 0

−0.30179 −0.28524 −0.27544 −0.26446 −0.25217 −0.23841 −0.22300 −0.20574 −0.18637 −0.16459 −0.14006 −0.11232 −0.080861 −0.045000 −0.0039006 0.043515 0.098651 0.16337 0.24022 0.33275 0.44607 0.58788 0.77028 1.0135 1.3544 1.8665 2.7232 4.4554 9.7623

0.14644 0.14345 0.14212 0.14087 0.13972 0.13864 0.13762 0.13667 0.13577 0.13492 0.13411 0.13333 0.13259 0.13187 0.13116 0.13047 0.12978 0.12908 0.12837 0.12764

0.042482 0.044604 0.045719 0.046862 0.048026 0.049206 0.050400 0.051603 0.052814 0.054033 0.055260 0.056497 0.057747 0.059014 0.060302 0.061618 0.062969 0.064364 0.065814 0.067335

0.052236 0.055055 0.056590 0.058205 0.059899 0.061674 0.063533 0.065483 0.067535 0.069705 0.072011 0.074481 0.077148 0.080057 0.083265 0.086846 0.090901 0.095568 0.10104 0.10760

164.41 167.03 168.16 169.16 170.03 170.75 171.32 171.73 171.97 172.04 171.93 171.62 171.11 170.39 169.45 168.27 166.84 165.16 163.20 160.94

Saturated Properties 19.510 19.093 18.881 18.667 18.449 18.229 18.005 17.776 17.543 17.305 17.062 16.812 16.555 16.290 16.016 15.732 15.436 15.127 14.802 14.459 14.095 13.704 13.282 12.816 12.294 11.685 10.930 9.8413 6.3240 0.017797 0.031567 0.041089 0.052763 0.066925 0.083936 0.10420 0.12814 0.15625 0.18905 0.22714 0.27117 0.32190 0.38018 0.44702 0.52357 0.61123 0.71170 0.82707 0.95997

56.190 31.678 24.338 18.953 14.942 11.914 9.5972 7.8039 6.4000 5.2895 4.4026 3.6877 3.1066 2.6303 2.2371 1.9100 1.6360 1.4051 1.2091 1.0417

113.67 90.100 80.508 72.155 64.889 58.571 53.077 48.299 44.137 40.508 37.336 34.560 32.123 29.979 28.087 26.412 24.924 23.598 22.410 21.338

305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 344.49

1.9749 2.2390 2.5291 2.8472 3.1955 3.5766 3.9935 4.4504 4.9012

221.45

0.10000

221.53 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

280.32

1.0000

280.42 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

1.1138 1.2933 1.5048 1.7576 2.0668 2.4582 2.9848 3.7974 6.3240

0.89779 0.77322 0.66456 0.56894 0.48384 0.40681 0.33503 0.26334 0.15813

29.178 29.189 29.170 29.112 29.002 28.817 28.510 27.951 25.988

30.951 30.920 30.850 30.732 30.548 30.272 29.848 29.123 26.763

0.12688 0.12606 0.12517 0.12418 0.12305 0.12169 0.11995 0.11740 0.11022

0.068945 0.070671 0.072551 0.074643 0.077041 0.079915 0.083629 0.089197

0.11566 0.12589 0.13943 0.15831 0.18670 0.23464 0.33370 0.65947

158.36 155.44 152.13 148.40 144.16 139.30 133.59 126.39 0

20.365 19.470 18.632 17.826 17.018 16.153 15.123 13.641 9.7623

0.051020

0.062030

0.099271

823.36

−0.26104 69.827 19.643 7.7467 4.0758

Single-Phase Properties 18.604 0.056810 0.040605 0.030202 0.024099

0.053751

9.1541

27.217 31.028 36.670 43.331

28.977 33.491 39.981 47.480

0.14051 0.15794 0.17654 0.19323

0.047215 0.050980 0.061554 0.071249

0.058714 0.059877 0.070067 0.079663

169.44 198.35 227.37 252.59

0.063641

15.253

15.317

0.075429

0.064913

0.11314

526.05

1.8849 2.1460 3.1769 4.0808

28.848 30.151 36.304 43.106

30.733 32.297 39.481 47.187

0.13041 0.13580 0.15648 0.17364

0.061731 0.057548 0.062713 0.071665

0.087169 0.075210 0.073258 0.081012

168.16 180.65 220.92 249.79

14.870 1.9755 1.3185

0.067248 0.50621 0.75845

17.202 34.349 42.072

17.539 36.880 45.864

0.082188 0.13813 0.15821

0.066139 0.068570 0.073521

0.11773 0.097588 0.087959

472.56 192.34 239.51

0.17344 7.6786 3.7957 0.036775 5.0121 3.3106

15.713 0.53054 0.46599 0.31478 0.24505

17.603 24.628 33.111 41.495

9.1488

0.046760 26.279 20.254 7.7768 4.0343

300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000

15.342 5.7949 2.8642

0.065180 0.17257 0.34914

16.830 30.845 40.710

17.482 32.570 44.202

0.080897 0.12363 0.14982

0.065435 0.074099 0.075667

0.11125 0.16518 0.098492

533.86 182.45 233.93

300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000

16.289 11.685 7.4115

0.061392 0.085582 0.13493

16.058 26.530 37.197

17.592 28.670 40.570

0.078110 0.10987 0.13644

0.065000 0.072157 0.078574

0.10273 0.11830 0.11515

658.09 379.59 291.31

−0.14678 0.50709 1.2724

300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

17.287 14.049 11.128

0.057845 0.071182 0.089864

15.231 24.722 34.526

18.123 28.281 39.019

0.074923 0.10409 0.12804

0.065499 0.072480 0.079657

0.097459 0.10533 0.10880

792.80 566.13 449.76

−0.26163 −0.063564 0.13566

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.

2-395

2-396

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-291

Saturated Refrigerant 500*

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

200 210 220 230 240

0.1219 0.2258 0.3936 0.6511 1.0291

6.966.−4 7.090.−4 7.222.−4 7.361.−4 7.509.−4

1.360 0.766 0.457 0.286 0.187

−29.56 −21.03 −12.17 −2.97 6.58

185.87 191.25 196.63 201.96 207.23

−0.1363 −0.0948 −0.0536 −0.0130 0.0277

0.9408 0.9161 0.8955 0.8782 0.8638

1.044 1.018 0.997 0.987 0.987

6.11 5.15 4.42 3.85 3.42

0.113 0.109 0.106 0.102 0.098

250 260 270 280 290

1.5632 2.2932 3.2624 4.5172 6.1064

7.668.−4 7.839.−4 8.024.−4 8.226.−4 8.450.−4

0.1261 0.0879 0.0628 0.0459 0.0342

16.50 26.78 37.44 48.48 59.91

212.40 217.45 222.35 227.06 231.56

0.0680 0.1082 0.1481 0.1878 0.2275

0.8517 0.8415 0.8329 0.8257 0.8194

0.997 1.017 1.048 1.089 1.140

3.04 2.74 2.48 2.26 2.08

0.094 0.090 0.086 0.082 0.078

300 310 320 330 340

8.0809 10.49 13.40 16.86 20.93

8.699.−4 8.981.−4 9.306.−4 9.690.−4 1.016.−3

0.0259 0.0198 0.0154 0.0119 0.0093

71.76 84.05 96.83 110.17 124.20

235.79 239.69 243.19 246.14 248.36

0.2671 0.3067 0.3464 0.3864 0.4271

0.8139 0.8088 0.8038 0.7985 0.7922

1.201 1.273 1.355 1.447 1.550

1.92 1.77 1.63 1.48 1.34

0.074 0.070 0.066 0.062 0.058

350 360 370 378.6c

25.70 31.25 37.72 44.26

1.077.−3 1.162.−3 1.307.−3 2.012.−3

0.0072 0.0055 0.0040 0.0020

139.18 155.66 175.59 219.50

249.47 248.71 244.26 219.50

0.4689 0.5135 0.5650 0.6729

0.7841 0.7721 0.7509 0.6729

1.663 1.919 2.07 ∞

T, K

*Values reproduced and converted from Table 12, p. 17.99, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. c = critical point. The notation 6.966.−4 signifies 6.966 × 10−4. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the IPTS 68 scale from −70 to 105.60 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 70 bar extends to 240 °C. Equations and constants approximated to the 1985 ASHRAE tables were given by Mecaryk, K. and M. Masaryk, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 11, 2/3 (1991): 193–197. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 560 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Tables and a chart to 1000 psia, 480 °F are given by Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). Specific heat and viscosity appear in Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.

TABLE 2-292

Saturated Refrigerant 502*

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

200 210 220 230 240

0.2274 0.4098 0.6965 1.1251 1.7392

6.381.−4 6.507.−4 6.640.−4 6.783.−4 6.938.−4

0.646 0.374 0.228 0.146 0.0969

−29.04 −20.83 −12.15 −2.99 6.66

153.34 158.42 163.49 168.50 173.42

−0.1337 −0.0937 −0.0534 −0.0128 0.0280

0.7782 0.7599 0.7449 0.7328 0.7228

1.018 1.036 1.055 1.075 1.097

5.72 4.88 4.23 3.71 3.28

0.103 0.099 0.095 0.091 0.087

250 260 270 280 290

2.5867 3.7188 5.1893 7.0530 9.3660

7.105.−4 7.289.−4 7.492.−4 7.720.−4 7.979.−4

0.0665 0.0470 0.0340 0.0251 0.0188

16.78 27.36 38.36 49.77 61.55

178.20 182.81 187.21 191.35 195.16

0.0691 0.1102 0.1514 0.1923 0.2330

0.7148 0.7082 0.7027 0.6980 0.6937

1.120 1.144 1.170 1.197 1.225

2.94 2.65 2.41 2.18 1.99

0.083 0.079 0.075 0.072 0.068

T, K

300 310 320 330 340

12.19 15.57 19.60 24.35 29.95

8.280.−4 8.637.−4 9.081.−4 9.666.−4 1.053.−3

0.0143 0.0109 0.0084 0.0064 0.0048

73.68 86.17 99.06 112.53 127.13

198.56 201.43 203.57 204.62 203.71

0.2734 0.3134 0.3532 0.3933 0.4351

0.6896 0.6852 0.6798 0.6723 0.6604

1.254 1.285 1.317 1.351 1.386

1.79 1.59 1.40 1.23 1.07

0.064 0.060 0.056 0.052 0.048

350 355.3c

36.62 40.75

1.220.−3 1.786.−3

0.0033 0.0018

145.44 174.00

197.82 174.00

0.4859 0.5634

0.6355 0.5634

1.422

0.93

0.044

*Values reproduced and converted from Table 13, p. 17.101, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. c = critical point. The notation 6.381.−4 signifies 6.381 × 10−4. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the IPTS 68 scale from −70 to 82.2 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 80 bar extends to 180 °C. Equations and constants approximated to 1985 ASHRAE tables are given by Mecaryk, K., and M. Masaryk, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 11, 2/3 (1991): 193–197. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 20 bar, 515 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Tables and a chart to 1000 psia, 400 °F appear in Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat and viscosity, see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-293

2-397

Saturated Refrigerant 503*

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

150 160 170 180 190

0.0750 0.1798 0.3828 0.7395 1.3187

6.384.−4 6.478.−4 6.585.−4 6.700.−4 6.850.−4

1.894 0.837 0.414 0.224 0.130

−89.60 −79.73 −69.55 −59.08 −48.36

111.02 115.40 119.70 123.84 127.77

−0.4694 −0.4057 −0.3441 −0.2844 −0.2267

0.8681 0.8139 0.7691 0.7318 0.7003

0.482 0.554 0.620 0.682 0.747

6.12 5.05 4.16 3.43 2.94

0.128 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.105

200 210 220 230 240

2.1999 3.4713 5.2281 7.5713 10.61

7.014.−4 7.204.−4 7.426.−4 7.687.−4 8.001.−4

0.0803 0.0520 0.0350 0.0242 0.0172

−37.45 −26.36 −15.10 − 3.65 8.07

131.45 134.84 137.87 140.49 142.58

−0.1710 −0.1173 −0.0656 −0.0155 0.0334

0.6735 0.6503 0.6298 0.6112 0.5939

0.817 0.896 0.988 1.017 1.227

2.56 2.25 1.98 1.73 1.52

0.099 0.094 0.088 0.082 0.076

250 260 270 280 290

14.46 19.25 25.13 32.27 40.87

8.386.−4 8.874.−4 9.526.−4 1.050.−3 1.264.−3

0.0124 0.0090 0.0064 0.0045 0.0028

20.22 33.10 47.22 63.64 86.41

143.98 144.38 143.23 139.25 127.51

0.0817 0.1305 0.1816 0.2384 0.3131

0.5767 0.5585 0.5373 0.5085 0.4548

1.382 1.57 1.79 2.03 2.35

1.33 1.17 1.03 0.91

0.070 0.065 0.059 0.054

292.6c

43.57

1.773.−3

0.0018

110.20

110.20

0.3864

0.3864

∞

T, K

∞

*P, v, h, and s values reproduced and converted from Table 14, p. 17.103, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. cp, µ, and k values interpolated and converted from Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, 1976. c = critical point. The notation 6.384.−4 signifies 6.384 × 10−4. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Tables and a chart to 1000 psia, 460 °F are given by Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat and viscosity see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the IPTS 68 scale for saturation conditions from −125 to 19.50 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 80 bar extends to 220 °C. TABLE 2-294

Saturated Refrigerant 504* Volume, ft3/lb

Enthalpy, Btu/lb

Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)

Temp., °F

Pressure, lb/in2 abs.

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

−120 −100 −80 −60 −40

2.964 6.042 11.34 19.85 32.76

0.01095 0.01119 0.01146 0.01175 0.01206

15.31 7.874 4.372 2.585 1.609

−21.48 −16.39 −11.12 −5.65 0.00

86.69 89.31 91.84 94.25 96.50

−0.0565 −0.0420 −0.0277 −0.0137 0.0000

0.2609 0.2519 0.2435 0.2362 0.2299

−20 0 20 40 60

51.44 77.41 112.3 158.0 216.2

0.01242 0.01282 0.01328 0.01379 0.01443

1.045 0.7029 0.4859 0.3431 0.2458

5.85 11.91 18.22 24.81 31.78

98.58 100.45 102.09 103.44 104.41

0.0135 0.0269 0.0401 0.0533 0.0667

0.2244 0.2195 0.2150 0.2107 0.2065

80 100 120 140 150

289.2 379.1 488.3 618.1 692.2

0.01522 0.01629 0.01783 0.02083 0.02597

0.1773 0.1274 0.0893 0.0578 0.0394

39.25 47.43 56.78 69.97 76.96

104.85 104.49 102.72 97.70 89.76

0.0804 0.0948 0.1107 0.1322 0.1432

0.2020 0.1968 0.1899 0.1784 0.1642

*Unpublished data of Allied Chemical Company, 1970. Used by permission. TABLE 2-295

Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507*

Temp., K

Pressure, bar

230.5 240 250 260 270 280

1.013 1.59 2.42 3.54 4.95 6.70

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

574 602 627 658 695 738

0.1280 0.0826 0.0546 0.0377 0.0270 0.0198

−3.1 10.3 22.6 37.6 51.6 64.7

143.3 150.2 154.5 159.0 163.8 169.0

−0.015 0.042 0.092 0.149 0.202 0.250

0.620 0.623 0.619 0.617 0.618 0.620

290 300 310 320 330

8.85 11.52 14.74 18.76 23.65

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001

787 839 903 006 221

0.0148 0.0112 0.0084 0.0062 0.0042

77.2 89.4 101.6 115.7 135.5

174.6 180.3 185.4 188.6 189.3

0.295 0.336 0.378 0.422 0.481

0.634 0.640 0.648 0.649 0.641

340 341.5c

29.57 32.67

0.001 618 0.001 97

0.0025 0.0020

161.7 172.7

179.9 172.7

0.557 0.590

0.611 0.590

*Azeotropic mixture of R152a and R218. hf = sf = 0 at 233.15 K = −40 °C. Interpolated, extrapolated and converted from Lavrenchenko, G. K., M. G. Khmelnuk, et al., Int. J. Refrig., 17, 7 (1994): 461. Some values are tentative. This source also gives a ln P–h diagram from 0.6 to 30 bar, −50 to 70 °C. Differences exist between the published diagram and tables. c = critical point.

2-398 TABLE 2-296

Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 343.77

0.023233 0.042731 0.056515 0.073637 0.094634 0.12008 0.15060 0.18683 0.22945 0.27919 0.33679 0.40302 0.47868 0.56461 0.66165 0.77071 0.89272 1.0286 1.1794 1.3462 1.5300 1.7322 1.9539 2.1967 2.4622 2.7523 3.0697 3.4178 3.7049

200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00

0.023222 0.042726 0.056512 0.073634 0.094628 0.12007 0.15057 0.18678 0.22938 0.27908 0.33664 0.40281 0.47840 0.56424 0.66119 0.77015 0.89202 1.0278 1.1784 1.3450 1.5287

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Saturated Properties 14.130 13.828 13.675 13.521 13.365 13.206 13.045 12.882 12.715 12.545 12.371 12.192 12.008 11.819 11.623 11.419 11.208 10.986 10.753 10.507 10.244 9.9616 9.6544 9.3151 8.9322 8.4856 7.9323 7.1361 4.9640 0.014226 0.025154 0.032678 0.041875 0.052996 0.066313 0.082125 0.10075 0.12256 0.14794 0.17732 0.21120 0.25014 0.29478 0.34585 0.40424 0.47097 0.54731 0.63483 0.73552 0.85197

0.070772 0.072318 0.073126 0.073961 0.074825 0.075722 0.076655 0.077628 0.078646 0.079714 0.080837 0.082022 0.083277 0.084612 0.086039 0.087571 0.089225 0.091024 0.092996 0.095177 0.097618 0.10039 0.10358 0.10735 0.11195 0.11785 0.12607 0.14013 0.20145 70.296 39.755 30.602 23.881 18.869 15.080 12.177 9.9251 8.1593 6.7597 5.6396 4.7348 3.9977 3.3924 2.8914 2.4738 2.1233 1.8271 1.5752 1.3596 1.1737

10.553 11.749 12.351 12.956 13.566 14.179 14.798 15.421 16.051 16.686 17.328 17.976 18.632 19.296 19.968 20.650 21.343 22.046 22.763 23.495 24.243 25.011 25.803 26.626 27.487 28.405 29.412 30.620 32.908

10.555 11.752 12.355 12.962 13.573 14.188 14.809 15.436 16.069 16.708 17.355 18.009 18.672 19.344 20.025 20.718 21.422 22.140 22.873 23.623 24.392 25.185 26.006 26.862 27.763 28.729 29.799 31.099 33.654

0.059915 0.065751 0.068583 0.071366 0.074104 0.076802 0.079463 0.082089 0.084685 0.087253 0.089796 0.092316 0.094817 0.097301 0.099772 0.10223 0.10469 0.10714 0.10960 0.11207 0.11455 0.11707 0.11962 0.12224 0.12494 0.12779 0.13089 0.13460 0.14193

0.077250 0.078412 0.079028 0.079658 0.080295 0.080939 0.081589 0.082245 0.082907 0.083579 0.084260 0.084954 0.085661 0.086385 0.087128 0.087895 0.088688 0.089513 0.090377 0.091290 0.092263 0.093316 0.094477 0.095794 0.097351 0.099317 0.10208 0.10695

0.11931 0.12015 0.12081 0.12158 0.12247 0.12345 0.12453 0.12569 0.12696 0.12833 0.12982 0.13144 0.13321 0.13517 0.13735 0.13978 0.14254 0.14571 0.14941 0.15379 0.15912 0.16577 0.17441 0.18622 0.20363 0.23262 0.29323 0.52176

851.53 796.42 770.28 744.80 719.84 695.27 671.01 646.97 623.07 599.27 575.51 551.75 527.94 504.05 480.04 455.86 431.49 406.87 381.97 356.72 331.07 304.91 278.14 250.55 221.86 191.54 158.62 121.00 0

−0.34068 −0.32336 −0.31246 −0.30008 −0.28620 −0.27072 −0.25349 −0.23433 −0.21297 −0.18910 −0.16232 −0.13214 −0.097937 −0.058916 −0.014071 0.037902 0.098716 0.17067 0.25689 0.36179 0.49171 0.65619 0.87027 1.1591 1.5687 2.1936 3.2672 5.5872 12.382

29.992 30.526 30.796 31.067 31.338 31.610 31.881 32.152 32.421 32.688 32.953 33.214 33.471 33.724 33.970 34.209 34.440 34.661 34.869 35.063 35.239

31.624 32.225 32.525 32.825 33.124 33.420 33.715 34.005 34.292 34.575 34.851 35.121 35.384 35.638 35.882 36.115 36.334 36.539 36.726 36.892 37.033

0.16527 0.16325 0.16240 0.16166 0.16100 0.16043 0.15992 0.15947 0.15907 0.15872 0.15841 0.15814 0.15788 0.15765 0.15744 0.15723 0.15702 0.15680 0.15656 0.15630 0.15600

0.059362 0.061910 0.063188 0.064473 0.065766 0.067072 0.068393 0.069735 0.071100 0.072492 0.073915 0.075372 0.076865 0.078399 0.079978 0.081605 0.083287 0.085030 0.086845 0.088742 0.090740

0.068766 0.071764 0.073318 0.074919 0.076576 0.078300 0.080105 0.082005 0.084017 0.086159 0.088453 0.090927 0.093613 0.096551 0.099795 0.10341 0.10750 0.11218 0.11764 0.12415 0.13211

137.04 139.19 140.11 140.92 141.60 142.16 142.57 142.84 142.95 142.90 142.67 142.26 141.66 140.85 139.83 138.57 137.08 135.32 133.29 130.95 128.30

85.105 65.962 58.876 53.008 48.113 44.001 40.521 37.557 35.013 32.816 30.909 29.244 27.785 26.502 25.372 24.376 23.500 22.730 22.057 21.472 20.967

310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 343.77

1.7307 1.9522 2.1948 2.4602 2.7503 3.0678 3.4166 3.7049

226.14

0.10000

226.14 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

288.99

1.0000

289.02 300.00 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 400.00 500.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

0.98768 1.1475 1.3389 1.5733 1.8717 2.2784 2.9318 4.9640

1.0125 0.87142 0.74689 0.63559 0.53427 0.43891 0.34109 0.20145

35.391 35.515 35.601 35.634 35.589 35.411 34.936 32.908

37.144 37.217 37.241 37.198 37.058 36.758 36.101 33.654

0.075025

13.705

13.712

31.400 36.736 45.323 55.366

0.090648

0.15565 0.15521 0.15467 0.15397 0.15303 0.15166 0.14932 0.14193

0.092861 0.095142 0.097636 0.10043 0.10368 0.10772 0.11346

0.14217 0.15545 0.17401 0.20216 0.25052 0.35438 0.74186

125.29 121.90 118.07 113.77 108.90 103.35 96.734 0

20.534 20.163 19.838 19.531 19.179 18.634 17.407 12.382

0.074720

0.080441

0.12268

714.23

−0.28283

33.191 39.190 48.629 59.514

0.16087 0.18376 0.21080 0.23504

0.066061 0.077477 0.093474 0.10672

0.076961 0.086497 0.10204 0.11516

141.74 165.13 190.54 212.51

47.115 16.625 6.8071 3.6966

21.903

21.994

0.10665

0.089344

0.14503

411.87

1.8815 2.0390 3.1312 4.0580

34.618 35.647 44.851 55.070

36.500 37.686 47.983 59.128

0.15684 0.16087 0.19047 0.21530

0.084683 0.084205 0.094741 0.10718

0.11121 0.10551 0.10601 0.11688

135.69 142.77 182.55 209.06

10.905 2.2078 1.3533

0.091702 0.45293 0.73892

23.040 42.120 53.669

23.498 44.385 57.364

0.11052 0.17014 0.19916

0.090271 0.10115 0.10913

0.14306 0.14483 0.12621

420.12 147.77 197.37

0.12774 7.5193 3.5221

Single-Phase Properties 13.329 0.055821 0.040743 0.030241 0.024113 11.032 0.53150 0.49044 0.31937 0.24643

17.915 24.544 33.067 41.472

0.15510 22.873 19.202 7.0158 3.6962

300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000

11.289 6.0317 2.9478

0.088585 0.16579 0.33924

22.583 37.890 51.842

23.469 39.548 55.234

0.10892 0.15478 0.18999

0.089813 0.10349 0.11096

0.13611 0.18529 0.13942

482.39 182.13 197.45

−0.028276 2.8871 2.8080

300.00 400.00 500.00

25.000 25.000 25.000

12.033 9.2040 6.5873

0.083106 0.10865 0.15181

21.667 34.588 48.091

23.744 37.304 51.887

0.10556 0.14446 0.17699

0.089890 0.10218 0.11266

0.12779 0.14278 0.14661

608.04 377.87 290.93

−0.21781 0.20389 0.64689

300.00 400.00 500.00

50.000 50.000 50.000

12.796 10.770 8.9711

0.078149 0.092847 0.11147

20.711 32.830 45.655

24.618 37.472 51.229

0.10177 0.13868 0.16935

0.090684 0.10306 0.11396

0.12322 0.13357 0.14097

746.86 554.88 452.46

−0.32316 −0.19407 −0.072291

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.

2-399

2-400

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-297

Saturated Rubidium*

T, K

P, bar

vf, m3/kg

312.7m 400 500 600 700

2.46.−9 1.69.−6 1.73.−4 0.0037 0.0317

6.75.−4 6.98.−4 7.22.−4 7.46.−4 7.73.−4

800 1000 1200 1400 1500

0.1584 1.467 6.466 18.6 28.5

8.10.−4 8.65.−4 9.40.−4 1.03.−3 1.08.−3

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

2.3.+5 2790 156.6 20.75

118.7 151.6 188.8 225.4 261.3

1036 1057 1078 1096 1111

0.998 1.091 1.174 1.241 1.296

3.932 3.355 2.953 2.692 2.511

0.379 0.375 0.369 0.362 0.357

4.662 0.605 0.159

296.8 367.6 440.1

1124 1150 1179

1.343 1.422 1.490

2.378 2.205 2.104

0.353 0.360 0.385

*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972, and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 2.46.−9 signifies 2.46 × 10−9. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 40 bar, 1600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 320 psia, 1200 to 2700 °R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994): 385–497.

TABLE 2-298 Temp., °C

Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater

Pressure, bar

v, (m3/kg)103

cp, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µ, Ns/m2

k, W/(m⋅K)

NPr

105κ, 1/bar

0 1 2 3 4

0.005993 0.006438 0.006916 0.007427 0.007970

1.000158 1.000099 1.000057 1.000033 1.000025

4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.001

0.001884 0.001827 0.001772 0.001720 0.001669

0.560 0.563 0.565 0.567 0.569

13.46 12.98 12.55 12.13 11.74

5.06 5.02 4.98 4.95 4.92

5 6 7 8 9

0.008548 0.009163 0.009816 0.010511 0.011248

1.000033 1.000057 1.000096 1.000149 1.000261

4.001 4.001 4.002 4.002 4.002

0.001620 0.001574 0.001529 0.001486 0.001445

0.571 0.574 0.576 0.578 0.580

11.35 10.97 10.62 10.29 9.97

4.89 4.86 4.83 4.80 4.78

10 11 12 13 14

0.01203 0.01286 0.01374 0.01467 0.01566

1.000298 1.000392 1.000500 1.000620 1.000727

4.003 4.003 4.003 4.004 4.004

0.001405 0.001367 0.001330 0.001294 0.001259

0.582 0.584 0.586 0.588 0.590

9.70 9.37 9.09 8.81 8.54

4.76 4.74 4.72 4.70 4.68

15 16 17 18 19

0.01671 0.01781 0.01898 0.02022 0.02153

1.000899 1.001055 1.001224 1.001404 1.001595

4.005 4.005 4.006 4.006 4.007

0.001226 0.001195 0.001165 0.001136 0.001107

0.592 0.594 0.595 0.597 0.599

8.29 8.06 7.82 7.62 7.41

4.66 4.65 4.63 4.62 4.60

20 21 22 23 24

0.02291 0.02437 0.02591 0.02753 0.02924

1.001796 1.002009 1.002232 1.002465 1.002708

4.007 4.007 4.008 4.008 4.009

0.001080 0.001054 0.001029 0.001005 0.000981

0.600 0.602 0.604 0.605 0.607

7.21 7.02 6.82 6.66 6.48

4.59 4.57 4.56 4.55 4.54

25 26 27 28 29

0.03104 0.03294 0.03494 0.03705 0.03926

1.002961 1.003224 1.003496 1.003778 1.004069

4.009 4.009 4.010 4.010 4.011

0.000958 0.000936 0.000915 0.000895 0.000875

0.608 0.609 0.611 0.612 0.614

6.31 6.16 6.01 5.86 5.72

4.53 4.52 4.51 4.50 4.49

30

0.04159

1.004369

4.011

0.000855

0.615

5.58

4.48

κ = (−1/V)(∂v/∂p)T ⋅ 105. Thus, at 0 °C, the compressibility is 5.06 × 10−5/bar. For further information see, for instance, Bromley, LeR. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 12, 2 (1967): 202–206; 13, 1 (1968): 60–62 and 13, 3: 399–402; 15, 2 (1970): 246–253; and A.I.Ch.E.J., 20, 2 (1974): 326–335. Thermal conductivity data sources include Castelli, V. J., E. M. Stanley, et al., Deep Sea Res., 211 (1974): 311–318; Levy, F. L., Int. J. Refrig., 5, 3 (1982): 155–159. For velocity of sound, see, for instance, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office SP 58, 1962 (50 pp.). More recent information is contained in UNESCO technical papers. See Marine Science No. 38, 1981 (6 pp.) and No. 44, 1983 (53 pp.). For sea ice properties, see Fukusako, S., Int. J. Thermophys., 11, 2 (1990): 353–372.

TABLE 2-299 Temp., K

Saturated Sodium

Pressure, bar

vf, m3/kg

vg, m3/kg

hf, kJ/kg

hg, kJ/kg

sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)

cpg, kJ/(kg⋅K)

µf, 10−6 Pa·s

µg, 10−6 Pa·s

kf, W/(m⋅K)

kg, W/(m⋅K)

Prg

1.59.−10 1.80.−9 8.99.−7 5.57.−5 0.00105

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

078 088 115 144 174

8.54.+9 8.08.+8 1.99.+6 38022 2320

207 247 382 514 642

4739 4757 4817 4872 4921

2.259 2.920 3.222 3.462 3.661

14.475 14.195 12.092 10.745 10.631

1.383 1.372 1.334 1.301 1.277

0.86 1.25 1.80 2.28

688 599 415 321 264

800 900 1000 1100 1154.7

0.00941 0.05147 0.1995 0.6016 1.013

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

208 242 280 323 347

291.5 58.8 16.6 5.95 3.89

769 895 1020 1146 1215

4966 5007 5044 5079 5097

3.830 3.978 4.110 4.230 4.290

9.076 8.547 8.134 7.805 7.652

1.260 1.252 1.252 1.261 1.271

2.59 2.72 2.70 2.62 2.56

227 201 181 166 159

19.6 20.6 23.0 25.3 26.5

62.9 58.3 54.2 50.5 48.7

0.0343 0.0406 0.0455 0.0492 0.0522

0.0045 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041

1.48 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.30

27.5 29.9 32.2 34.6 37.1

47.2 44.0 41.1 38.2 35.4

0.0547 0.0570 0.0592

0.0041 0.0042 0.0044 0.0046 0.0050

1.26 1.27 1.30

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

1.50 3.26 6.30 11.13 18.28

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

366 416 471 531 597

2.54 1.24 0.676 0.400 0.253

1273 1402 1534 1671 1812

5111 5140 5168 5193 5217

4.340 4.444 4.542 4.636 4.727

7.538 7.319 7.138 6.984 6.855

1.279 1.305 1.340 1.384 1.437

2.51 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.34

153 143 135 128 122

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

28.28 41.61 58.70 79.91 105.5

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002

675 761 862 984 174

0.168 0.117 0.084 0.063 0.0472

1959 2113 2274 2444 2625

5238 5256 5268 5273 5265

4.816 4.904 4.992 5.079

6.745 6.650 6.568 6.494

1.500 1.574 1.661 1.764 1.926

2.41 2.46 2.53 2.66 2.91

117 112 108 104

2200 2300 2400 2500 2503.7c

135.7 170.6 210.3 254.7 256.4

0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004

320 584 985 19 57

0.0361 0.0275 0.0203 0.0098 0.0046

2822 3047 3331 3965 4294

5241 5188 5078 4617 4294

2.190 2.690 4.012 39.3

3.40 4.47 8.03 417.

89.4 87.2 80.1 73.7 68.0

Prf

371 400 500 600 700

32.6 29.7 26.6 23.2

0.0106 0.0094 0.0069 0.0057 0.0050

0.0054 0.0059 0.0067 0.0079

c = critical point. sf values converted from Cordfunke, E. H. P. and R. J. M. Konings, Thermochemical Data for Reactor Materials and Fission Products, North Holland Elsevier, NY, 1990. sg determined as sf + (hg − hf)/T. µg and kg values estimated by P. E. Liley. All other values are from Fink, J. K. and L. Leibowitz, Argonne Nat. Lab Rept. ANL/RE-95-2, 1995. The Fink and Leibowitz work also appeared in High Temp. Materials Sci., 35, 65–103, 1996. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 14 bar, 1700 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram for 0.1–150 psia, 1500–2700 °R, see Weatherford, P. M., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961.

2-401

2-402

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

2500 K 2400 6500

2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800

ar

1700

5

10 b

1600

1 ba

r

2

h, kJ/kg

6000

0.5

1500

0.2

1400

0.1

1300

5500

0.0

5

1200

0.0

2

1100

0.0

1

1000

5000 7.0

r

8.0

9.0 Entropy (s), kJ/kg • K

bar

800

01

va p o

0.0

ted

02

t u ra

0.0

Sa

0.0

05

900

700

10.0

Mollier Diagram for Sodium. Drawn from the Vargaftik et al. values in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, UK, 1985. These values are identical with those of Vargaftik, N. B., Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liquids, Moscow, 1972, and the Hemisphere translation, p. 19. An apparent discontinuity exists between the superheat values and the saturation values, not reproduced here. For a Mollier diagram in f.p.s. units from 0.1 to 150 psia, 1500 to 2700°R, see Fig. 3-36, p. 3-232 of the 6th edition of this handbook. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., Chase, M. W. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23(3), 385–497, 1994.

FIG. 2-28

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

FIG. 2-29 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous sodium hydroxide at 1 atm. Reference states: enthalpy of liquid water at 32 °F and vapor pressure is zero; partial molal enthalpy of infinitely dilute NaOH solution at 64 °F and 1 atm is zero. [McCabe, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 31, 129 (1935).]

2-403

2-404 TABLE 2-300

Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

197.70 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 430.64

0.0016602 0.0020260 0.0045390 0.0093340 0.017835 0.031988 0.054309 0.087910 0.13649 0.20431 0.29614 0.41725 0.57327 0.77025 1.0145 1.3128 1.6720 2.0994 2.6028 3.1904 3.8713 4.6557 5.5562 6.5903 7.7908 7.8753

197.70 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 430.64

0.0016602 0.0020260 0.0045390 0.0093340 0.017835 0.031988 0.054309 0.087910 0.13649 0.20431 0.29614 0.41725 0.57327 0.77025 1.0145 1.3128 1.6720 2.0994 2.6028 3.1904 3.8713 4.6557 5.5562 6.5903 7.7908 7.8753

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

−0.024986 −0.023967 −0.019681 −0.015610 −0.011730 −0.0080208 −0.0044649 −0.0010454 0.0022525 0.0054424 0.0085368 0.011547 0.014485 0.017362 0.020187 0.022972 0.025730 0.028473 0.031220 0.033991 0.036818 0.039753 0.042899 0.046536 0.053143 0.056233

0.056222 0.056094 0.055527 0.054955 0.054393 0.053849 0.053331 0.052843 0.052388 0.051969 0.051587 0.051243 0.050938 0.050675 0.050455 0.050281 0.050157 0.050089 0.050089 0.050173 0.050373 0.050753 0.051457 0.052928 0.058931

0.088123 0.088031 0.087673 0.087396 0.087214 0.087137 0.087177 0.087344 0.087651 0.088112 0.088748 0.089582 0.090647 0.091988 0.093668 0.095777 0.098448 0.10189 0.10644 0.11271 0.12189 0.13673 0.16539 0.24772 3.7896

1361.6 1350.1 1301.1 1253.3 1206.4 1160.3 1114.8 1069.7 1024.9 980.26 935.65 890.99 846.15 801.04 755.54 709.53 662.87 615.37 566.77 516.72 464.59 409.36 349.05 279.41 182.70 0

−0.31925 −0.31864 −0.31528 −0.31064 −0.30450 −0.29665 −0.28683 −0.27473 −0.26000 −0.24217 −0.22070 −0.19485 −0.16370 −0.12603 −0.080167 −0.023832 0.046220 0.13476 0.24913 0.40128 0.61221 0.92296 1.4276 2.4089 5.8716 7.4962

0.11899 0.11774 0.11277 0.10841 0.10458 0.10120 0.098195 0.095507 0.093090 0.090902 0.088908 0.087077 0.085379 0.083789 0.082284 0.080838 0.079427 0.078025 0.076601 0.075116 0.073516 0.071714 0.069543 0.066577 0.059582 0.056233

0.028340 0.028464 0.029049 0.029713 0.030462 0.031293 0.032204 0.033186 0.034230 0.035327 0.036465 0.037638 0.038838 0.040062 0.041310 0.042587 0.043900 0.045264 0.046699 0.048236 0.049922 0.051835 0.054121 0.057117 0.062123

0.036808 0.036952 0.037650 0.038475 0.039438 0.040551 0.041819 0.043246 0.044838 0.046602 0.048552 0.050709 0.053111 0.055813 0.058901 0.062502 0.066814 0.072150 0.079031 0.088395 0.10210 0.12442 0.16795 0.29279 4.6423

182.19 183.16 187.23 191.08 194.70 198.07 201.15 203.92 206.35 208.42 210.09 211.33 212.12 212.43 212.22 211.47 210.13 208.17 205.54 202.18 198.02 192.95 186.81 179.31 168.96 0

Saturated Properties 25.290 25.205 24.835 24.463 24.088 23.709 23.324 22.932 22.532 22.122 21.701 21.267 20.818 20.352 19.865 19.354 18.814 18.239 17.621 16.949 16.204 15.355 14.340 12.987 9.8261 8.1950 0.0010120 0.0012211 0.0026096 0.0051346 0.0094158 0.016257 0.026653 0.041793 0.063061 0.092046 0.13055 0.18062 0.24460 0.32522 0.42570 0.54995 0.70287 0.89084 1.1225 1.4103 1.7733 2.2444 2.8887 3.8804 6.6270 8.1950

0.039541 0.039674 0.040265 0.040878 0.041514 0.042179 0.042875 0.043608 0.044382 0.045204 0.046081 0.047021 0.048035 0.049136 0.050340 0.051670 0.053153 0.054828 0.056750 0.059001 0.061713 0.065124 0.069734 0.077001 0.10177 0.12203 988.16 818.93 383.20 194.76 106.20 61.512 37.519 23.928 15.858 10.864 7.6600 5.5366 4.0883 3.0748 2.3491 1.8184 1.4227 1.1225 0.89086 0.70908 0.56391 0.44556 0.34618 0.25770 0.15090 0.12203

−5.7212 −5.5186 −4.6402 −3.7650 −2.8921 −2.0207 −1.1497 −0.27785 0.59591 1.4729 2.3545 3.2423 4.1378 5.0430 5.9601 6.8916 7.8408 8.8116 9.8095 10.842 11.921 13.066 14.317 15.782 18.415 19.585

−5.7211 −5.5185 −4.6400 −3.7646 −2.8914 −2.0194 −1.1473 −0.27402 0.60197 1.4821 2.3682 3.2619 4.1653 5.0809 6.0112 6.9594 7.9296 8.9267 9.9572 11.030 12.160 13.369 14.704 16.290 19.207 20.546

21.102 21.164 21.435 21.702 21.967 22.226 22.480 22.726 22.964 23.191 23.407 23.611 23.799 23.969 24.120 24.247 24.345 24.409 24.430 24.396 24.289 24.079 23.705 23.009 20.801 19.585

22.743 22.824 23.174 23.520 23.861 24.194 24.518 24.830 25.128 25.411 25.676 25.921 26.142 26.338 26.503 26.634 26.724 26.765 26.748 26.658 26.472 26.153 25.628 24.707 21.976 20.546

299.66 280.77 214.32 166.88 132.33 106.70 87.372 72.572 61.089 52.073 44.917 39.185 34.550 30.772 27.666 25.092 22.939 21.118 19.558 18.192 16.958 15.777 14.529 12.934 9.1885 7.4962

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 262.84

0.10000 0.10000

262.84 300.00 400.00 500.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 300.00 329.46

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

329.46 400.00 500.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 300.00 400.00 403.99

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

403.99 500.00

5.0000 5.0000

25.206 22.819

−5.5197 −0.030118

−5.5158 −0.025736

22.794 24.043 27.458 31.151

24.916 26.497 30.765 35.297

0.039653 0.046976 0.050272

−5.5302 3.2251 5.9101

2.3827 3.1281 4.0483

−0.023973 −0.000097639

0.088028 0.087416

0.094795 0.10042 0.11269 0.12279

0.033476 0.032826 0.035338 0.038292

0.043681 0.041994 0.043891 0.046720

204.65 219.46 252.48 280.65

−5.4905 3.2721 5.9604

−0.024025 0.011490 0.020035

0.056110 0.051245 0.050466

0.087995 0.089444 0.093567

1353.1 894.23 758.01

24.112 27.007 30.891

26.495 30.135 34.939

0.082363 0.092405 0.10312

0.041242 0.037220 0.038821

0.058722 0.048421 0.048357

212.25 244.07 276.82

27.819 15.238 8.3664

0.039570 0.046686 0.064770 0.066773

−5.5759 3.1113 13.003 13.548

−5.3780 3.3448 13.327 13.882

−0.024255 0.011108 0.039592 0.040973

0.056174 0.051267 0.050649 0.050981

0.087853 0.088566 0.13367 0.14563

1365.0 915.79 417.04 386.08

−0.32064 −0.21095 0.87444 1.0922

2.4748 1.3950

0.40407 0.71686

23.955 29.591

25.975 33.176

0.070906 0.087109

0.052690 0.041506

0.13790 0.058653

190.64 259.84

15.297 8.2323

25.219 21.287 19.892 0.41969 0.31968 0.24701 25.271 21.420 15.439 14.976

21.213 24.532 33.068 41.465

1350.4 1057.0

−0.31868 −0.27084

0.056096 0.052710

0.047141 0.040764 0.030240 0.024117

0.039672 0.043823

69.019 39.646 15.140 8.3690 −0.31905 −0.19703 −0.082891

300.00 400.00 500.00

10.000 10.000 10.000

21.575 16.326 3.4161

0.046350 0.061251 0.29273

2.9776 12.327 27.477

3.4411 12.940 30.404

0.010654 0.037839 0.076991

0.051308 0.049804 0.045669

0.087615 0.11122 0.085639

941.12 501.11 241.12

−0.22613 0.46626 7.4245

300.00 400.00 500.00

20.000 20.000 20.000

21.859 17.379 9.7192

0.045748 0.057542 0.10289

2.7336 11.494 22.208

3.6486 12.644 24.266

0.0098108 0.035620 0.061366

0.051422 0.049297 0.049635

0.086075 0.096839 0.13354

987.39 608.17 292.48

−0.25095 0.15187 2.7261

300.00 400.00 500.00

35.000 35.000 35.000

22.232 18.377 13.607

0.044980 0.054417 0.073492

2.4136 10.681 19.322

3.9878 12.586 21.894

0.0086740 0.033379 0.054113

0.051645 0.049231 0.048429

0.084373 0.088711 0.097089

1048.5 717.32 462.83

−0.27869 −0.043488 0.67011

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density of the equation of state ranges from 0.1% at low temperatures in the liquid and vapor to 0.5% at the highest temperatures. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 2%, and the uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.4% at temperatures above 270 K. The uncertainty in vapor pressure increases at lower temperatures due to the lack of experimental data. In the critical region, the uncertainties are higher for all properties except vapor pressure.

2-405

2-406 TABLE 2-301

Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Hexafluoride

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

222.38 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 318.73

0.22436 0.25012 0.30561 0.37011 0.44448 0.52962 0.62644 0.73591 0.85899 0.99671 1.1502 1.3204 1.5088 1.7164 1.9447 2.1952 2.4696 2.7698 3.0984 3.7539

222.38 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 318.73

0.22436 0.25012 0.30561 0.37011 0.44448 0.52962 0.62644 0.73591 0.85899 0.99671 1.1502 1.3204 1.5088 1.7164 1.9447 2.1952 2.4696 2.7698 3.0984 3.7539

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

0.078884 0.079415 0.080489 0.081642 0.082875 0.084192 0.085600 0.087108 0.088731 0.090487 0.092400 0.094507 0.096852 0.099503 0.10256 0.10617 0.11059 0.11626 0.12417 0.19636

22.560 22.842 23.405 23.996 24.610 25.244 25.894 26.559 27.238 27.932 28.640 29.363 30.105 30.867 31.653 32.470 33.327 34.240 35.238 38.575

22.578 22.862 23.430 24.026 24.647 25.288 25.948 26.623 27.315 28.022 28.746 29.488 30.251 31.037 31.852 32.703 33.600 34.562 35.623 39.312

7.6872 6.9355 5.7314 4.7696 3.9949 3.3655 2.8502 2.4248 2.0711 1.7747 1.5246 1.3120 1.1301 0.97310 0.83661 0.71677 0.61023 0.51377 0.42353 0.19636

36.790 36.943 37.235 37.528 37.820 38.110 38.397 38.681 38.960 39.232 39.496 39.749 39.988 40.209 40.407 40.573 40.695 40.751 40.693 38.575

38.515 38.678 38.987 39.293 39.595 39.892 40.183 40.465 40.739 41.001 41.249 41.481 41.693 41.879 42.034 42.147 42.202 42.174 42.006 39.312

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

0.11968 0.12094 0.12342 0.12596 0.12855 0.13117 0.13380 0.13643 0.13908 0.14172 0.14438 0.14704 0.14973 0.15244 0.15519 0.15801 0.16093 0.16399 0.16732 0.17871

0.063933 0.066189 0.069989 0.073230 0.076028 0.078482 0.080672 0.082667 0.084519 0.086274 0.087968 0.089631 0.091292 0.092978 0.094719 0.096558 0.098567 0.10090 0.10399

0.10620 0.11001 0.11631 0.12154 0.12596 0.12981 0.13330 0.13661 0.13994 0.14344 0.14730 0.15173 0.15702 0.16356 0.17202 0.18353 0.20035 0.22773 0.28254

578.22 565.05 539.86 514.71 489.70 464.88 440.25 415.80 391.49 367.25 343.00 318.65 294.10 269.23 243.92 218.04 191.41 163.77 134.40 0

−0.32279 −0.29395 −0.24573 −0.20297 −0.16256 −0.12208 −0.079442 −0.032633 0.020496 0.082465 0.15646 0.24678 0.35955 0.50392 0.69427 0.95460 1.3279 1.8996 2.8784 11.978

0.19135 0.19124 0.19106 0.19093 0.19083 0.19077 0.19074 0.19072 0.19071 0.19070 0.19069 0.19066 0.19059 0.19048 0.19030 0.19003 0.18960 0.18895 0.18791 0.17871

0.069340 0.070316 0.072196 0.074101 0.076031 0.077991 0.079983 0.082010 0.084077 0.086191 0.088360 0.090597 0.092917 0.095345 0.097913 0.10068 0.10372 0.10722 0.11155

0.080626 0.081915 0.084476 0.087187 0.090076 0.093176 0.096531 0.10020 0.10426 0.10882 0.11403 0.12013 0.12746 0.13657 0.14840 0.16473 0.18917 0.23074 0.31922

112.78 112.82 112.77 112.56 112.19 111.65 110.92 109.99 108.86 107.50 105.91 104.06 101.93 99.489 96.707 93.543 89.944 85.845 81.148 0

24.151 23.609 22.653 21.791 21.015 20.317 19.693 19.139 18.652 18.230 17.872 17.578 17.349 17.185 17.086 17.049 17.065 17.098 17.036 11.978

Saturated Properties 12.677 12.592 12.424 12.249 12.066 11.878 11.682 11.480 11.270 11.051 10.822 10.581 10.325 10.050 9.7505 9.4189 9.0428 8.6013 8.0537 5.0926 0.13009 0.14419 0.17448 0.20966 0.25032 0.29713 0.35086 0.41240 0.48285 0.56348 0.65592 0.76219 0.88492 1.0276 1.1953 1.3951 1.6387 1.9464 2.3611 5.0926

Single-Phase Properties 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

225.00 265.11

1.0000 1.0000

265.11 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

0.054962 0.040537 0.032243 0.026801 0.022943

37.124 43.122 50.424 58.668 67.581

38.943 45.589 53.525 62.399 71.940

0.19969 0.22504 0.24859 0.27014 0.28973

0.069072 0.089337 0.10425 0.11482 0.12235

0.078403 0.098060 0.11277 0.12326 0.13075

117.21 135.40 151.16 165.37 178.44

20.832 8.9939 4.9674 3.1241 2.1242

0.079249 0.090528

22.807 27.948

22.886 28.038

0.12079 0.14178

0.066092 0.086313

0.10946 0.14352

570.46 366.71

−0.30187 0.083989

0.56543 0.45567 0.33888 0.27473 0.23243

1.7686 2.1946 2.9509 3.6399 4.3024

39.238 42.504 50.051 58.408 67.387

41.007 44.699 53.002 62.048 71.689

0.19070 0.20379 0.22845 0.25042 0.27022

0.086239 0.091458 0.10508 0.11528 0.12264

0.10893 0.10595 0.11588 0.12496 0.13181

107.47 122.90 145.14 162.15 176.71

18.222 10.582 5.2070 3.1619 2.1142

9.6705 2.2583 1.5252 1.2155

0.10341 0.44281 0.65566 0.82269

32.693 47.826 57.112 66.464

33.210 50.040 60.390 70.578

0.15873 0.20902 0.23421 0.25515

0.096509 0.10970 0.11717 0.12378

0.16433 0.14796 0.13497 0.13716

257.24 119.18 151.89 173.02

0.56212 6.1481 3.1819 2.0030

12.618 11.046

18.194 24.669 31.015 37.312 43.585

300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

10.303 5.9487 3.3384 2.4910

0.097057 0.16810 0.29955 0.40144

31.996 44.159 55.295 65.252

32.966 45.840 58.291 69.266

0.15625 0.19435 0.22473 0.24729

0.095358 0.11121 0.11863 0.12474

0.14728 0.18759 0.15056 0.14433

332.30 145.44 154.01 177.25

0.14584 2.6476 2.5753 1.6978

300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00

25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000

11.266 9.1060 7.0706 5.5874

0.088766 0.10982 0.14143 0.17897

30.853 41.023 51.697 62.312

33.072 43.768 55.233 66.786

0.15199 0.18375 0.21161 0.23536

0.095576 0.10890 0.11870 0.12549

0.13478 0.14958 0.15437 0.15348

455.74 314.62 248.92 234.29

−0.17165 0.14966 0.47538 0.57992

300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00

50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000

12.151 10.625 9.2093 8.0206

0.082298 0.094118 0.10859 0.12468

29.792 39.323 49.451 59.888

33.906 44.029 54.881 66.122

0.14767 0.17775 0.20410 0.22720

0.098484 0.10946 0.11846 0.12538

0.12950 0.14045 0.14799 0.15134

565.06 454.58 394.01 361.13

−0.30996 −0.19915 −0.10589 −0.058213

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Reuck, K. M., Craven, R. J. B., and Cole, W. A., “Report on the Development of an Equation of State for Sulphur Hexafluoride,” IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, London, 1991. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 5% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region.

2-407

200

250

00 13

14

15

700.

600.

40

30

20

80.

2. 60.

por ted va

0.9

−20

0.8

satura

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 x=

0.3

0.2

iqu dl

0.1

ate tur sa

1. 30.

20.

5 1.8

0k

15.

0.4

s=

1.8

5 1.7

0 1.7

5 1.6

1.60

1.55

1.50

1.45

1.40

1.35

1.30

1.25

1.20

1.15

1.10

1.05

1.00

0.95

−30

0.90

0.6

J/(k

g·K

)

0.6 0.85

4.

40.

−10

id

freezing line

6.

100.

0

0.4

8.

240

230

210

T = 220 °C

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

T = 10 °C

30

20

2.

0.8

10.

150.

c.p.

30

1.

3

g/m

0. k ρ = 50

20

0

.

800

500 20.

200.

4.

Pressure (MPa)

.

900

450

300.

10

−10

1600

.

1700.

1800. −30

T = −20 °C

−40

6.

.

00

10

400

400.

10. 8.

.

00

11

12

reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C

350

.

00

.

00

.

.

Sulfur Hexafluoride

300

00

2-408

150 20.

−40

10. triple point = 50.77 °C

0.2 150

solid + vapor region

200

250

300

350

400

450

0.2 500

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-30 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of de Reuck, K. M., Craven, R.J.B., and Cole, W. A., “Report on the Development of an Equation of State for Sulphur Hexafluoride,” IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, London, 1991.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2-409

FIG. 2-31 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous sulfuric acid at 1 atm. Reference states: enthalpies of pure-liquid components at 32° F and vapor pressures are zero. NOTE: It should be observed that the weight basis includes the vapor, which is particularly important in the two-phase region. The upper ends of the tie lines in this region are assumed to be pure water. (Hougen and Watson, Chemical Process Principles, part I, Wiley, New York, 1943.)

TABLE 2-302

Saturated SUVA AC 9000

DuPont bulletin T–AC–9000–SI, 1994 (16 pp.) gives tables and a chart to 100 bar, 235°C. With a stated composition of 23% wt CH2F2 (R23), 25% wt CHF2CF3 (R125), and 52% wt CH2FCH3 (R134a) this is apparently identical to KLEA 66, to which the reader is referred.

2-410 TABLE 2-303 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Toluene Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.57170 −0.57178 −0.56718 −0.55455 −0.53604 −0.51329 −0.48747 −0.45928 −0.42904 −0.39664 −0.36162 −0.32305 −0.27947 −0.22860 −0.16688 −0.088509 0.016497 0.16681 0.40139 0.81616 1.7226 4.9610 19.734

Saturated Properties 178.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 591.75

3.9393E-08 5.5336E-08 1.0833E-06 1.1479E-05 7.7542E-05 0.00037312 0.0013829 0.0041774 0.010727 0.024170 0.048980 0.090988 0.15731 0.25622 0.39698 0.58974 0.84559 1.1766 1.5964 2.1207 2.7691 3.5688 4.1264

178.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 591.75

3.9393E-08 5.5336E-08 1.0833E-06 1.1479E-05 7.7542E-05 0.00037312 0.0013829 0.0041774 0.010727 0.024170 0.048980 0.090988 0.15731 0.25622 0.39698 0.58974 0.84559 1.1766 1.5964 2.1207 2.7691 3.5688 4.1264

10.580 10.559 10.349 10.144 9.9416 9.7408 9.5402 9.3385 9.1347 8.9275 8.7157 8.4979 8.2722 8.0367 7.7887 7.5246 7.2394 6.9258 6.5719 6.1562 5.6334 4.8513 3.1690 2.6618E-08 3.6974E-08 6.5146E-07 6.2760E-06 3.8866E-05 0.00017271 0.00059503 0.0016815 0.0040644 0.0086767 0.016770 0.029922 0.050060 0.079525 0.12122 0.17889 0.25767 0.36515 0.51366 0.72590 1.0524 1.6605 3.1690

0.094517 0.094708 0.096627 0.098582 0.10059 0.10266 0.10482 0.10708 0.10947 0.11201 0.11474 0.11768 0.12089 0.12443 0.12839 0.13290 0.13813 0.14439 0.15216 0.16244 0.17751 0.20613 0.31556 37,569,000. 27,046,000. 1,535,000. 159,340. 25,729. 5,790.1 1,680.6 594.71 246.04 115.25 59.631 33.420 19.976 12.575 8.2496 5.5901 3.8810 2.7386 1.9468 1.3776 0.95020 0.60222 0.31556

−31.779 −31.508 −28.792 −26.046 −23.242 −20.358 −17.378 −14.290 −11.084 −7.7538 −4.2939 −0.70017 3.0306 6.9017 10.917 15.082 19.404 23.896 28.580 33.494 38.729 44.585 50.827

−31.779 −31.508 −28.792 −26.046 −23.242 −20.358 −17.378 −14.289 −11.083 −7.7511 −4.2882 −0.68946 3.0496 6.9336 10.968 15.160 19.521 24.066 28.823 33.839 39.220 45.321 52.129

−0.11617 −0.11466 −0.10035 −0.087266 −0.075068 −0.063529 −0.052490 −0.041839 −0.031496 −0.021403 −0.011516 −0.0018023 0.0077653 0.017209 0.026551 0.035811 0.045015 0.054196 0.063400 0.072709 0.082291 0.092723 0.10409

0.094332 0.094377 0.095732 0.098418 0.10209 0.10651 0.11147 0.11682 0.12243 0.12819 0.13403 0.13988 0.14571 0.15148 0.15718 0.16280 0.16836 0.17388 0.17943 0.18518 0.19153 0.20008

0.13565 0.13561 0.13627 0.13855 0.14205 0.14648 0.15162 0.15729 0.16337 0.16976 0.17640 0.18325 0.19032 0.19764 0.20531 0.21350 0.22253 0.23298 0.24610 0.26495 0.30025 0.44025

1887.6 1876.5 1768.3 1664.8 1565.9 1471.5 1381.2 1294.5 1210.9 1130.0 1051.3 974.11 898.08 822.67 747.37 671.66 594.94 516.53 435.57 350.82 260.06 157.29 0

12.076 12.186 13.353 14.646 16.071 17.632 19.331 21.165 23.130 25.218 27.421 29.730 32.133 34.618 37.172 39.776 42.408 45.035 47.606 50.033 52.136 53.371 50.827

13.556 13.683 15.016 16.475 18.066 19.793 21.655 23.649 25.769 28.003 30.342 32.770 35.275 37.840 40.447 43.073 45.690 48.257 50.713 52.955 54.768 55.520 52.129

0.13852 0.13640 0.11869 0.10601 0.097048 0.090897 0.086914 0.084624 0.083666 0.083758 0.084678 0.086250 0.088329 0.090796 0.093548 0.096491 0.099533 0.10258 0.10550 0.10811 0.11005 0.11031 0.10409

0.054735 0.055322 0.061435 0.067930 0.074733 0.081779 0.089005 0.096358 0.10379 0.11127 0.11875 0.12622 0.13364 0.14100 0.14832 0.15558 0.16283 0.17013 0.17758 0.18540 0.19407 0.20499

0.063049 0.063636 0.069750 0.076246 0.083057 0.090124 0.097403 0.10486 0.11248 0.12026 0.12819 0.13630 0.14463 0.15326 0.16234 0.17214 0.18316 0.19639 0.21403 0.24190 0.30118 0.55687

136.02 136.69 143.14 149.27 155.12 160.70 166.00 170.96 175.47 179.42 182.67 185.07 186.44 186.62 185.42 182.60 177.87 170.89 161.17 148.11 130.92 108.57 0

821.69 783.08 496.50 328.33 225.22 159.61 116.50 87.391 67.283 53.119 42.979 35.624 30.237 26.277 23.381 21.313 19.928 19.156 19.007 19.581 21.067 23.353 19.734

Single-Phase Properties 200.00 325.00 383.28

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

383.28 450.00 575.00 700.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

200.00 325.00 450.00 489.95

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

489.95 575.00 700.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 325.00 450.00 575.00 700.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

200.00 325.00 450.00 575.00 700.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

10.350 9.0842 8.4614 0.032692 0.027344 0.021125 0.017270 10.354 9.0933 7.6732 7.0876 0.30691 0.23372 0.18116

0.096623 0.11008 0.11818 30.589 36.572 47.338 57.904 0.096581 0.10997 0.13032 0.14109 3.2583 4.2786 5.5199

−28.794 −10.267 −0.097277

−28.784 −10.256 −0.085459

−0.10036 −0.028962 −0.00022242

0.095737 0.12386 0.14084

0.13627 0.16493 0.18440

1768.7 1191.0 961.57

−0.56720 −0.42130 −0.31629 34.622 18.656 8.1724 4.5991

30.118 39.369 60.145 84.697

33.177 43.026 64.879 90.487

0.086560 0.11021 0.15289 0.19311

0.12744 0.14828 0.18229 0.20915

0.13765 0.15755 0.19099 0.21767

185.37 202.98 230.86 255.08

−28.811 −10.303 12.928 21.616

−28.715 −10.193 13.058 21.757

−0.10045 −0.029074 0.031073 0.049581

0.095778 0.12389 0.16000 0.17110

0.13625 0.16482 0.20893 0.22749

1771.8 1196.3 715.87 556.21

43.717 59.065 84.035

46.976 63.344 89.555

0.10105 0.13184 0.17301

0.16645 0.18481 0.21011

0.18937 0.19848 0.22077

174.71 210.35 244.28

19.469 9.4517 4.8519

−0.56742 −0.42281 −0.13702 0.083851

10.373 9.1328 7.7765 5.6051 1.1698

0.096400 0.10950 0.12859 0.17841 0.85487

−28.887 −10.460 12.548 41.699 80.250

−28.405 −9.9129 13.191 42.591 84.524

−0.10083 −0.029562 0.030217 0.087531 0.15419

0.095961 0.12404 0.16002 0.19430 0.21547

0.13619 0.16434 0.20635 0.28257 0.24819

1785.8 1219.1 761.15 285.95 197.87

−0.56831 −0.42907 −0.18092 1.3449 5.8706

10.397 9.1800 7.8890 6.1856 3.2697

0.096178 0.10893 0.12676 0.16166 0.30584

−28.980 −10.647 12.131 40.014 73.814

−28.018 −9.5580 13.398 41.630 76.873

−0.10130 −0.030150 0.029259 0.084396 0.13965

0.096187 0.12422 0.16009 0.19242 0.21978

0.13612 0.16382 0.20400 0.24975 0.30359

1802.9 1246.4 810.93 425.25 189.44

−0.56932 −0.43597 −0.22080 0.38997 3.9797

−2.7551 19.397 45.521 74.845

−0.038333 0.019038 0.070122 0.11620

0.12727 0.16256 0.19323 0.21782

0.16019 0.19397 0.22291 0.24523

1609.1 1308.6 1104.9 967.84

−0.48598 −0.38806 −0.31962 −0.27316

−0.00069710 0.050390 0.096461

0.17022 0.20000 0.22392

0.19432 0.22274 0.24550

2238.9 2087.2 1977.5

−0.40813 −0.35992 −0.32978

325.00 450.00 575.00 700.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

9.7930 8.9423 8.1649 7.4598

0.10211 0.11183 0.12248 0.13405

−12.967 8.2140 33.274 61.439

450.00 575.00 700.00

500.00 500.00 500.00

10.545 10.097 9.7036

0.094835 0.099035 0.10305

3.6375 27.662 54.974

51.055 77.179 106.50

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density in the equation of state are 0.05% in the liquid phase up to 540 K, 0.5% up to the critical temperature, 1% at higher temperatures, 0.5% at pressures from 100 to 500 MPa, and 0.2% in the vapor phase. The uncertainty for the saturated-liquid density (and densities near atmospheric pressure) approaches 0.01% around 300 K. The uncertainties in vapor pressure are 0.3% from 270 to 305 K, 0.05% from 305 to 425 K, 0.1% up to 555 K, and 0.15% up to the critical temperature. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% and rises to 3% in the critical region. The uncertainty in the speed of sound is 1% up to 500 K and 100 MPa and rises to 2% at higher pressures and higher temperatures.

2-411

2-412

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-304

Saturated Solid/Vapor Water* Volume, ft3/lb

Enthalpy, Btu/lb

Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)

Temp., °F

Pressure, lb/in2 abs.

Solid

Vapor

Solid

Vapor

Solid

Vapor

−160 −150 −140 −130 −120

4.949.−8 1.620.−7 4.928.−7 1.403.−6 3.757.−6

0.01722 0.01723 0.01724 0.01725 0.01726

3.607.+9 1.139.+9 3.864.+8 1.400.+8 5.386.+7

−222.05 −218.82 −215.49 −212.08 −208.58

990.38 994.80 999.21 1003.63 1008.05

−0.4907 −0.4801 −0.4695 −0.4590 −0.4485

3.5549 3.4387 3.3301 3.2284 3.1330

−110 −100 −90 −80 −70

9.517.−6 2.291.−5 5.260.−5 1.157.−4 2.443.−4

0.01728 0.01729 0.01730 0.01731 0.01732

2.189.+7 9.352.+6 4.186.+6 1.955.+6 9.501.+5

−204.98 −201.28 −197.49 −193.60 −189.61

1012.47 1016.89 1021.31 1025.73 1030.15

−0.4381 −0.4277 −0.4173 −0.4069 −0.3965

3.0434 2.9591 2.8796 2.8045 2.7336

−60 −50 −45 −40 −35

4.972.−4 9.776.−4 1.354.−3 1.861.−3 2.540.−3

0.01734 0.01735 0.01736 0.01737 0.01737

4.788.+5 2.496.+5 1.824.+5 1.343.+5 9.961.+4

−185.52 −181.34 −179.21 −177.06 −174.88

1034.58 1039.00 1041.21 1043.42 1045.63

−0.3862 −0.3758 −0.3707 −0.3655 −0.3604

2.6664 2.6028 2.5723 2.5425 2.5135

−30 −25 −20 −15 −10

3.440.−3 4.627.−3 6.181.−3 8.204.−3 1.082.−2

0.01738 0.01739 0.01739 0.01740 0.01741

7.441.+4 5.596.+4 4.237.+4 3.228.+4 2.475.+4

−172.68 −170.46 −168.21 −165.94 −163.65

1047.84 1050.05 1052.26 1054.47 1056.67

−0.3552 −0.3501 −0.3449 −0.3398 −0.3347

2.4853 2.4577 2.4308 2.4046 2.3791

−5 0 5 10 15

1.419.−2 1.849.−2 2.396.−2 3.087.−2 3.957.−2

0.01741 0.01742 0.01743 0.01744 0.01744

1.909.+4 1.481.+4 1.155.+4 9.060.+3 7.144.+3

−161.33 −158.98 −156.61 −154.22 −151.80

1058.88 1061.09 1063.29 1065.50 1067.70

−0.3295 −0.3244 −0.3193 −0.3142 −0.3090

2.3541 2.3297 2.3039 2.2827 2.2600

16 18 20 22 24

4.156.−2 4.581.−2 5.045.−2 5.552.−2 6.105.−2

0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01746 0.01746

6.817.+3 6.210.+3 5.662.+3 5.166.+3 4.717.+3

−151.32 −150.34 −149.36 −148.38 −147.39

1068.14 1069.02 1069.90 1070.38 1071.66

−0.3080 −0.3060 −0.3039 −0.3019 −0.2998

2.2555 2.2466 2.2378 2.2291 2.2205

26 28 30 31 32

6.708.−2 7.365.−2 8.080.−2 8.461.−2 8.858.−2

0.01746 0.01746 0.01747 0.01747 0.01747

4.311.+3 3.943.+3 3.608.+3 3.453.+3 3.305.+3

−146.40 −145.40 −144.40 −143.90 −143.40

1072.53 1073.41 1074.29 1074.73 1075.16

−0.2978 −0.2957 −0.2937 −0.2927 −0.2916

2.2119 2.2034 2.1950 2.1908 2.1867

*Condensed from Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1967 and 1972. Reproduced by permission. The validity of many standard reference tables has been critically reviewed by Jancso, Pupezin, and van Hook, J. Phys. Chem., 74 (1970):2984. Current information on the properties of solid, vapor, and liquid water properties can be found at http://www.iapws.org. The notation 4.949.−8, 3.607.+9, etc., means 4.949 × 10−8, 3.607 × 109, etc.

2-412

TABLE 2-305 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Water Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

0 0.51875 1.2742 2.0278 2.7808 3.5339 4.2873 5.0414 5.7964 6.5526 7.3104 8.0701 8.8320 9.5966 10.364 11.136 11.911 12.692 13.477 14.269 15.068 15.875 16.690 17.515 18.352 19.200 20.064 20.943 21.841 22.762 23.709 24.688 25.707 26.777 27.917 29.160 30.585 32.422 36.314

1.1E-05 0.51877 1.2742 2.0279 2.7810 3.5340 4.2876 5.0419 5.7972 6.5538 7.3121 8.0725 8.8354 9.6013 10.371 11.144 11.923 12.706 13.496 14.293 15.098 15.913 16.737 17.573 18.421 19.285 20.165 21.065 21.987 22.935 23.915 24.932 25.996 27.119 28.324 29.648 31.180 33.180 37.548

0 0.001876 0.004527 0.007082 0.009551 0.011941 0.014260 0.016511 0.018700 0.020830 0.022906 0.024932 0.026911 0.028847 0.030743 0.032602 0.034427 0.036222 0.037988 0.039729 0.041448 0.043147 0.044830 0.046498 0.048156 0.049807 0.051454 0.053102 0.054756 0.056422 0.058106 0.059821 0.061577 0.063396 0.065309 0.067371 0.069715 0.072737 0.079393

42.785 42.954 43.201 43.446 43.690 43.931 44.169 44.404 44.634 44.860 45.079 45.291 45.496 45.691 45.876 46.050 46.211 46.359

45.055 45.280 45.609 45.936 46.261 46.582 46.900 47.212 47.519 47.819 48.111 48.393 48.665 48.924 49.170 49.400 49.613 49.807

0.16494 0.16174 0.15741 0.15344 0.14981 0.14647 0.14339 0.14054 0.13791 0.13546 0.13317 0.13104 0.12904 0.12715 0.12537 0.12369 0.12208 0.12054

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.075978 0.075669 0.075095 0.074412 0.073645 0.072811 0.071927 0.071008 0.070070 0.069124 0.068180 0.067247 0.066331 0.065438 0.064570 0.063731 0.062920 0.062140 0.061390 0.060671 0.059984 0.059327 0.058702 0.058109 0.057548 0.057023 0.056536 0.056089 0.055690 0.055347 0.055071 0.054881 0.054808 0.054902 0.055258 0.056100 0.058152 0.064521

0.076023 0.075688 0.075429 0.075320 0.075294 0.075317 0.075373 0.075456 0.075567 0.075708 0.075883 0.076098 0.076357 0.076664 0.077026 0.077447 0.077934 0.078495 0.079136 0.079869 0.080706 0.081662 0.082757 0.084013 0.085464 0.087149 0.089124 0.091464 0.094275 0.097713 0.10201 0.10754 0.11491 0.12526 0.14100 0.16852 0.23108 0.46736

1402.3 1434.1 1472.1 1501.4 1523.2 1538.7 1548.7 1553.9 1554.8 1552.0 1545.8 1536.5 1524.3 1509.5 1492.2 1472.5 1450.6 1426.5 1400.4 1372.2 1342.0 1309.8 1275.7 1239.6 1201.5 1161.3 1119.1 1074.6 1027.9 978.54 926.44 871.23 812.49 749.57 681.27 604.73 513.19 400.66 0

−0.24142 −0.23515 −0.22720 −0.22024 −0.21393 −0.20804 −0.20241 −0.19690 −0.19140 −0.18581 −0.18005 −0.17404 −0.16769 −0.16092 −0.15366 −0.14581 −0.13728 −0.12794 −0.11767 −0.10631 −0.09369 −0.07959 −0.06372 −0.04578 −0.02534 −0.00189 0.025264 0.057002 0.094527 0.13949 0.19425 0.26220 0.34857 0.46172 0.61660 0.84473 1.2251 1.9542 3.7410

561.04 574.04 592.73 610.28 626.05 639.71 651.18 660.55 668.00 673.76 678.02 681.00 682.83 683.64 683.52 682.53 680.70 678.05 674.59 670.28 665.12 659.07 652.06 644.05 634.95 624.68 613.15 600.26 585.95 570.21 553.08 534.74 515.43 495.46 475.03 454.10 432.51 414.93

1791.2 1433.7 1084.0 853.84 693.54 577.02 489.49 421.97 368.77 326.10 291.36 262.69 238.77 218.60 201.43 186.68 173.91 162.77 152.98 144.31 136.58 129.64 123.37 117.66 112.42 107.57 103.05 98.792 94.746 90.857 87.074 83.342 79.600 75.773 71.759 67.382 62.244 55.247

0.025553 0.025657 0.025816 0.025982 0.026158 0.026350 0.026568 0.026821 0.027118 0.027469 0.027883 0.028372 0.028944 0.029608 0.030369 0.031230 0.032187 0.033234

0.033947 0.034073 0.034270 0.034483 0.034716 0.034980 0.035287 0.035653 0.036091 0.036617 0.037249 0.038004 0.038903 0.039963 0.041203 0.042634 0.044269 0.046114

409.00 413.92 420.99 427.89 434.63 441.18 447.54 453.68 459.58 465.22 470.57 475.61 480.32 484.67 488.65 492.22 495.39 498.12

Saturated Properties

2-413

273.16 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 647.1

0.000612 0.000992 0.001920 0.003537 0.006231 0.010546 0.017213 0.027188 0.041682 0.062194 0.090535 0.12885 0.17964 0.24577 0.33045 0.43730 0.57026 0.73367 0.9322 1.1709 1.4551 1.7905 2.1831 2.6392 3.1655 3.7690 4.4569 5.2369 6.1172 7.1062 8.2132 9.448 10.821 12.345 14.033 15.901 17.969 20.265 22.064

273.16 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440

0.000612 0.000992 0.001920 0.003537 0.006231 0.010546 0.017213 0.027188 0.041682 0.062194 0.090535 0.12885 0.17964 0.24577 0.33045 0.43730 0.57026 0.73367

55.497 55.501 55.440 55.315 55.139 54.919 54.662 54.371 54.049 53.698 53.321 52.918 52.490 52.038 51.563 51.064 50.541 49.994 49.421 48.824 48.199 47.545 46.861 46.145 45.393 44.603 43.770 42.889 41.954 40.956 39.885 38.725 37.456 36.048 34.451 32.577 30.210 26.729 17.874 0.000269 0.000426 0.000797 0.001420 0.002424 0.003978 0.006304 0.009681 0.014448 0.021014 0.029859 0.041537 0.056683 0.076014 0.10034 0.13055 0.16765 0.21276

0.018019 0.018018 0.018038 0.018078 0.018136 0.018209 0.018294 0.018392 0.018502 0.018623 0.018754 0.018897 0.019051 0.019217 0.019394 0.019583 0.019786 0.020003 0.020234 0.020482 0.020748 0.021033 0.021340 0.021671 0.022030 0.022420 0.022847 0.023316 0.023836 0.024417 0.025072 0.025823 0.026698 0.027741 0.029026 0.030697 0.033101 0.037413 0.055948 3711.0 2345.4 1254.3 704.01 412.60 251.39 158.62 103.30 69.213 47.586 33.491 24.075 17.642 13.156 9.9666 7.6601 5.9649 4.7002

592.65 477.26 351.65 264.35 203.74 161.25 130.92 108.77 92.178 79.440 69.427 61.373 54.749 49.181 44.405 40.237 36.550 33.259

17.071 17.442 18.031 18.673 19.369 20.117 20.922 21.784 22.707 23.695 24.750 25.875 27.074 28.347 29.699 31.128 32.638 34.230

9.2163 9.3815 9.6414 9.9195 10.213 10.518 10.833 11.157 11.487 11.823 12.162 12.504 12.848 13.192 13.538 13.883 14.228 14.573

2-414

TABLE 2-305

Thermodynamic Properties of Water (Continued)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 647.1

0.93220 1.1709 1.4551 1.7905 2.1831 2.6392 3.1655 3.7690 4.4569 5.2369 6.1172 7.1062 8.2132 9.4480 10.821 12.345 14.033 15.901 17.969 20.265 22.064

0.26711 0.33209 0.40925 0.50035 0.60738 0.73265 0.87884 1.0491 1.2473 1.4780 1.7471 2.0620 2.4325 2.8720 3.3994 4.0434 4.8497 5.9009 7.3737 9.8331 17.874

3.7438 3.0113 2.4435 1.9986 1.6464 1.3649 1.1379 0.95318 0.80174 0.67659 0.57238 0.48497 0.41110 0.34819 0.29417 0.24732 0.20620 0.16946 0.13562 0.10170 0.055948

55.317 53.212

0.018078 0.018793

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.048177 0.050469 0.053005 0.055809 0.058919 0.062388 0.066289 0.070723 0.075827 0.081789 0.088873 0.097461 0.10813 0.12178 0.13994 0.16540 0.20384 0.26923 0.40819 0.94736

500.41 502.24 503.60 504.45 504.78 504.55 503.71 502.23 500.05 497.10 493.31 488.58 482.79 475.80 467.41 457.33 445.11 429.99 410.21 379.64 0

30.307 27.653 25.265 23.118 21.187 19.450 17.886 16.475 15.197 14.035 12.973 11.997 11.093 10.248 9.4499 8.6837 7.9329 7.1743 6.3669 5.3854 3.7410

35.904 37.663 39.512 41.455 43.502 45.666 47.969 50.442 53.130 56.102 59.456 63.341 67.981 73.721 81.108 91.052 105.17 126.66 163.44 250.01

14.917 15.261 15.606 15.952 16.300 16.653 17.011 17.377 17.755 18.149 18.563 19.007 19.489 20.024 20.634 21.350 22.229 23.374 25.018 27.938

−0.22024 −0.17843

610.32 678.97

67.038 47.254 19.298 10.567 6.6444 4.5167 3.2280 2.3885 1.8122 1.4006

25.053 27.008 35.861 46.367 57.964 70.385 83.466 97.085 111.15 125.58

−0.22022 −0.16113 −0.11435

610.73 684.10 673.37

29.473 19.741 10.615 6.6387 4.5077 3.2212 2.3837 1.8089 1.3982

36.427 38.799 47.636 58.735 70.983 84.000 97.573 111.57 125.89

−0.22012 −0.16222 −0.04945 0.047232

612.54 686.54 646.52 604.15

Saturated Properties 46.492 46.609 46.708 46.788 46.848 46.885 46.898 46.883 46.838 46.758 46.641 46.478 46.264 45.988 45.636 45.188 44.613 43.855 42.801 41.095 36.314

49.982 50.134 50.263 50.367 50.442 50.487 50.500 50.475 50.411 50.302 50.142 49.925 49.641 49.278 48.819 48.242 47.506 46.550 45.238 43.156 37.548

0.11907 0.11764 0.11627 0.11493 0.11362 0.11233 0.11105 0.10979 0.10852 0.10724 0.10595 0.10462 0.10324 0.10180 0.10026 0.098600 0.096755 0.094631 0.092029 0.088324 0.079393

0.034362 0.035561 0.036821 0.038137 0.039503 0.040920 0.042391 0.043920 0.045519 0.047197 0.048968 0.050848 0.052856 0.055017 0.057361 0.059939 0.062831 0.066197 0.070465 0.077576

Single-Phase Properties 300 372.76

0.1 0.1

372.76 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

300 400 453.03

1 1 1

453.03 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

300 400 500 537.09

5 5 5 5

537.09 600 700

5 5 5

0.032769 0.030397 0.024154 0.020086 0.017201 0.015044 0.013369 0.012030 0.010936 0.010024 55.340 52.060 49.243 0.28559 0.25158 0.20466 0.17377 0.15134 0.13418 0.12058 0.10951 0.10032 55.439 52.173 46.267 43.151 1.4072 1.1320 0.91269

30.517 32.898 41.401 49.786 58.136 66.471 74.799 83.123 91.444 99.763

2.0277 7.5196

2.0295 7.5214

0.007081 0.02347

0.074406 0.067921

0.075315 0.075938

45.138 45.900 48.619 51.387 54.256 57.240 60.347 63.581 66.941 70.426

48.190 49.189 52.759 56.365 60.069 63.887 67.827 71.893 76.085 80.402

0.13257 0.13516 0.14313 0.14970 0.15541 0.16050 0.16514 0.16943 0.17342 0.17718

0.02801 0.02717 0.02717 0.028103 0.029225 0.030431 0.031687 0.032963 0.034228 0.035458

0.037444 0.036170 0.035693 0.036513 0.037592 0.038778 0.040024 0.041293 0.042554 0.043781

0.018070 0.019209 0.020307

2.0263 9.5914 13.717

2.0444 9.6106 13.737

0.007077 0.028834 0.038518

0.074353 0.065422 0.061169

0.075270 0.076628 0.079348

3.5015 3.9749 4.8861 5.7547 6.6074 7.4524 8.2932 9.1313 9.9677

46.529 48.111 51.123 54.087 57.121 60.258 63.511 66.885 70.380

50.030 52.086 56.009 59.842 63.729 67.710 71.804 76.016 80.347

0.11863 0.12295 0.13011 0.13602 0.14121 0.14590 0.15021 0.15422 0.15799

0.034718 0.030084 0.029002 0.029629 0.030651 0.031821 0.033051 0.034290 0.035504

0.048846 0.041065 0.038358 0.038495 0.039301 0.040358 0.041522 0.042719 0.043905

0.018038 0.019167 0.021614 0.023175

2.0204 9.5643 17.474 20.685

2.1106 9.6601 17.582 20.801

0.007057 0.028766 0.046415 0.052622

0.074119 0.065337 0.058082 0.056215

0.075070 0.076438 0.083643 0.090740

0.71063 0.88340 1.0957

46.785 49.734 53.286

50.338 54.151 58.765

0.10762 0.11436 0.12148

0.046699 0.034611 0.031678

0.079952 0.051045 0.043318

1501.5 1543.5 471.99 490.31 548.31 598.61 643.92 685.47 724.03 760.17 794.33 826.85 1503.0 1511.3 1392.0 501.02 535.74 592.58 640.55 683.48 722.85 759.50 794.01 826.77 1509.8 1520.9 1250.0 1087.8 498.04 561.07 624.59

14.362 10.407 6.5536

55.203 54.653 62.680

853.83 282.91 12.256 13.285 17.270 21.407 25.564 29.669 33.685 37.592 41.382 45.054 853.67 218.80 150.24 15.021 17.051 21.329 25.550 29.687 33.718 37.630 41.420 45.088 853.00 219.84 118.27 100.01 18.032 21.062 25.547

800 900 1000 1100 1200

5 5 5 5 5

300 400 500 584.15

10 10 10 10

584.15 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

0.77805 0.68224 0.60918 0.55109 0.50355 55.561 52.312 46.517 38.213 3.0787 2.7628 1.9625 1.6157 1.3945 1.2345 1.1111 1.0119

1.2853 1.4658 1.6416 1.8146 1.9859

56.576 59.855 63.197 66.632 70.172

63.002 67.183 71.405 75.705 80.101

0.12714 0.13207 0.13652 0.14061 0.14444

0.031683 0.032430 0.033447 0.034565 0.035704

0.041848 0.041922 0.042571 0.043465 0.044458

674.39 717.57 756.57 792.63 826.45

4.4532 3.1856 2.3599 1.7924 1.3865

73.950 86.626 99.971 113.64 127.51

29.806 33.891 37.821 41.606 45.257

0.017998 0.019116 0.021497 0.026169

2.0131 9.5311 17.389 25.105

2.1931 9.7222 17.604 25.367

0.007031 0.028682 0.046244 0.060543

0.073834 0.065233 0.058028 0.054835

0.074829 0.076208 0.082910 0.11032

1518.2 1532.7 1271.3 847.33

−0.21999 −0.16351 −0.05669 0.29540

614.81 689.57 651.64 526.83

852.28 221.13 119.55 81.795

0.32482 0.36195 0.50956 0.61893 0.71709 0.81002 0.90002 0.98820

45.852 47.183 52.145 55.851 59.334 62.798 66.314 69.910

49.100 50.802 57.241 62.040 66.505 70.898 75.314 79.792

0.10117 0.10405 0.11405 0.12046 0.12572 0.13035 0.13456 0.13846

0.055964 0.047271 0.034838 0.033089 0.033219 0.033947 0.034908 0.035954

0.128640 0.092535 0.051779 0.045603 0.044062 0.043952 0.044427 0.045164

472.51 503.34 602.20 662.61 710.98 753.03 791.02 826.16

9.9124 9.4382 6.3228 4.3529 3.1289 2.3241 1.7683 1.3695

76.543 71.110 69.301 78.476 90.516 103.50 116.73 130.00

20.267 21.036 25.704 30.054 34.176 38.111 41.882 45.506

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

57.573 54.500 49.914 43.935 36.179 26.768 19.073 14.734 12.246 10.631

0.017369 0.018349 0.020034 0.022761 0.027640 0.037359 0.052429 0.067868 0.081656 0.094062

1.8921 9.0423 16.289 23.820 31.916 40.700 48.805 55.188 60.470 65.222

3.6290 10.877 18.292 26.097 34.680 44.435 54.048 61.975 68.635 74.628

0.006516 0.027360 0.043895 0.058109 0.071320 0.084331 0.095669 0.10404 0.11039 0.11561

0.069812 0.063582 0.057324 0.052776 0.049610 0.047143 0.043932 0.041345 0.040131 0.039810

0.071696 0.073086 0.075607 0.081104 0.091576 0.10108 0.088057 0.071678 0.062539 0.057826

1667.9 1717.3 1555.7 1300.4 1020.0 813.97 765.30 792.50 832.67 872.28

−0.21618 −0.17905 −0.12564 −0.02079 0.21155 0.65939 1.0399 1.0944 0.98401 0.83544

654.50 741.80 730.42 645.83 510.14 351.46 257.03 232.07 223.70 219.07

856.88 243.50 138.92 101.51 79.363 62.042 53.250 51.518 52.497 54.415

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

63.750 60.862 57.695 54.316 50.847 47.385 44.018 40.814 37.834 35.124

0.015686 0.016431 0.017332 0.018411 0.019667 0.021104 0.022718 0.024501 0.026432 0.028470

1.5247 7.9635 14.264 20.481 26.606 32.615 38.492 44.233 49.839 55.312

9.3678 16.179 22.930 29.687 36.439 43.167 49.851 56.484 63.055 69.547

0.003746 0.023347 0.038412 0.050731 0.061141 0.070124 0.077998 0.084987 0.091251 0.096900

0.063403 0.059634 0.055769 0.052734 0.050315 0.048442 0.047068 0.046126 0.045537 0.045218

0.068296 0.067603 0.067522 0.067584 0.067436 0.067080 0.066596 0.066041 0.065356 0.064451

2228.6 2258.7 2200.7 2093.8 1970.5 1850.1 1743.4 1655.7 1589.3 1543.9

−0.19915 −0.19486 −0.18339 −0.16883 −0.15188 −0.13256 −0.11124 −0.08910 −0.06907 −0.05511

763.82 929.09 1096.6 1097.9 935.15 738.72 572.49 445.17 350.97 282.78

1089.4 320.18 189.08 141.83 118.47 104.70 95.388 88.418 83.021 78.952

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

65.942 63.253 60.572 57.937 55.384 52.937 50.611 48.415 46.349

0.015165 0.015810 0.016509 0.017260 0.018056 0.018890 0.019759 0.020655 0.021575

7.4792 13.357 19.141 24.836 30.435 35.938 41.354 46.695 51.976

22.644 29.167 35.650 42.096 48.491 54.828 61.113 67.350 73.551

0.019833 0.034391 0.046212 0.056150 0.064689 0.072155 0.078776 0.084722 0.090117

0.057934 0.055063 0.053055 0.051393 0.050059 0.049062 0.048373 0.047942 0.047713

0.065743 0.064967 0.064676 0.064219 0.063663 0.063101 0.062594 0.062176 0.061861

2718.6 2677.2 2602.3 2513.7 2423.7 2338.7 2261.5 2193.2 2133.6

−0.19303 −0.19158 −0.18789 −0.18439 −0.18105 −0.17779 −0.17459 −0.17139 −0.16808

1172.7 2199.5 3250.5 3202.2 2408.7 1610.7 1052.9 703.41 487.61

329.93 190.55 137.73 108.98 91.430 80.198 72.716 67.520 63.774

2-415

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Wagner, W., and Pruss, A., “The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2):387–535, 2002. The source for viscosity is International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Revised Release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance, IAPWS, 1997. The source for thermal conductivity is the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Revised Release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Thermal Conductivity of Ordinary Water Substance, IAPWS, 1998. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density of the equation of state is 0.0001% at 1 atm in the liquid phase, and 0.001% at other liquid states at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures to 423 K. In the vapor phase, the uncertainty is 0.05% or less. The uncertainties rise at higher temperatures and/or pressures, but are generally less than 0.1% in density except at extreme conditions. The uncertainty in pressure in the critical region is 0.1%. The uncertainty of the speed of sound is 0.15% in the vapor and 0.1% or less in the liquid, and increases near the critical region and at high temperatures and pressures. The uncertainty in isobaric heat capacity is 0.2% in the vapor and 0.1% in the liquid, with increasing values in the critical region and at high pressures. The uncertainties of saturation conditions are 0.025% in vapor pressure, 0.0025% in saturated-liquid density, and 0.1% in saturated-vapor density. The uncertainties in the saturated densities increase substantially as the critical region is approached. For the uncertainties in the viscosity and thermal conductivity, see the IAPWS Release.

2-416

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-306

Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along the Melting Line

P, bar

T, °C

103 v f , m3/kg

h f , kJ/kg

s f, kJ/kg⋅K

cpf, kJ/kg⋅K

cmelt, kJ/kg⋅K

106α f, K−1

106K f,T bar−1

6.117  10-3t 1.01325 50 100 150

0.0100 0.0026 −0.3618 −0.7410 −1.1249

1.00021 1.00016 0.99770 0.99523 0.99278

0 0.0719 3.5140 6.9794 10.3964

0 −0.0001 −0.0054 −0.0110 −0.0167

4.219 4.218 4.196 4.174 4.152

3.969 3.970 3.997 4.023 4.047

−67.42 −67.17 −54.92 −42.52 −30.24

50.90 50.88 50.30 49.73 49.17

200 250 300 400 500

−1.5166 −1.9151 −2.3206 −3.1532 −4.0156

0.99037 0.98798 0.98562 0.98098 0.97643

13.7648 17.0843 20.3547 26.7472 32.9403

−0.0225 −0.0285 −0.0347 −0.0474 −0.0607

4.132 4.112 4.092 4.056 4.022

4.070 4.092 4.113 4.150 4.184

−18.05 −5.93 6.12 30.09 53.97

48.63 48.11 47.59 46.61 45.68

600 800 1000

−4.909 −6.790 −8.803

0.97196 0.96326 0.95493

38.932 50.300 60.836

−0.0747 −0.1046 −0.1371

3.992 3.937 3.893

4.215 4.270 4.320

77.87 126.18 175.98

44.80 43.19 41.74

Condensed from U. Grigull, Private communication, January 18, 1995. Materials prepared at Technical University München, Germany by U. Grigull and S. Marek. For a table as a function of temperature, see Grigull, U. and S. Marek, Warme u. Stoff., 30 (1994): 1–8. t = the triple point (at 6.117 × 10−3 bar, 0.01 °C); vf = 0.0010021 m3/kg: α f = −67.42 × 10−6/K. Other equations for properties are given by Jones, F. E. and G. L. Harris, J. Res. N.I.S.T., 97, 3 (1992): 335–340, and by Wagner, W. and A. Pruss, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 3 (1993): 783–787. Steam tables include Walker, W. A., U.S. Naval Ordn. Lab. rept. NOLTR NOLTR-66-217 = AD 651105 (0–1000 bar, 0–150°C), 1967 (72 pp.); Grigull, U., J. Straub, et al., Steam Tables in S.I. Units (0.01–1000 bar, 0–1000 °C), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990 (133 pp.); Tseng, C. M., T. A. Hamp, et al., Atomic Energy of Canada rept. (30 props, sat liq & vap., 1–220 bar), AECL-5910 1977 (90 pp.). For dissociation, see e.g., Knonicek, V., Rozpr. Cesko Acad Ved., Rada techn ved (0.01–100 bar, 1000–5000 K). 77, 1 (1967). The proceedings of the 10th international conference on the properties of steam were edited by Sytchev, V. V. and A. A. Aleksandrov, Plenum, NY, 1984; and for the 11th conference by Pichal, M. and O. Sifner, Hemisphere, 1989 (550 pp.). Current information on the properties of solid, vapor, and liquid water properties can be found at http://www.iapws.org. For electrical conductivity, see e.g., Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 32 (1987): 221–226.

TABLE 2-307 Temperature K

Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

0.044263 0.045137 0.045673 0.046232 0.046815 0.047426 0.048068 0.048743 0.049455 0.050210 0.051013 0.051869 0.052787 0.053776 0.054847 0.056017 0.057304 0.058735 0.060344 0.062183 0.064330 0.066910 0.070156 0.074566 0.081686 0.11905

−0.16663 0.21574 0.43915 0.66366 0.88953 1.1170 1.3464 1.5779 1.8119 2.0487 2.2887 2.5324 2.7802 3.0328 3.2907 3.5550 3.8265 4.1068 4.3976 4.7014 5.0218 5.3646 5.7397 6.1681 6.7103 8.2423

−0.16301 0.22176 0.44706 0.67390 0.90261 1.1335 1.3669 1.6033 1.8429 2.0864 2.3341 2.5866 2.8446 3.1089 3.3802 3.6598 3.9488 4.2491 4.5628 4.8930 5.2441 5.6230 6.0416 6.5247 7.1435 8.9377

−0.00099337 0.0013152 0.0026109 0.0038765 0.0051149 0.0063292 0.0075220 0.0086959 0.0098535 0.010997 0.012130 0.013254 0.014373 0.015488 0.016605 0.017726 0.018857 0.020002 0.021170 0.022371 0.023618 0.024935 0.026360 0.027976 0.030022 0.036074 0.077430 0.074250 0.072554 0.070955 0.069442 0.068004 0.066633 0.065319 0.064056 0.062836 0.061653 0.060498 0.059367 0.058252 0.057147 0.056042 0.054930 0.053801 0.052641 0.051434 0.050157 0.048773 0.047224 0.045388 0.042934 0.036074

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas

0.022064 0.021486 0.021176 0.020884 0.020609 0.020349 0.020104 0.019873 0.019656 0.019453 0.019264 0.019091 0.018933 0.018794 0.018675 0.018580 0.018515 0.018487 0.018507 0.018591 0.018767 0.019077 0.019604 0.020521 0.022329

0.044446 0.044730 0.044972 0.045274 0.045640 0.046075 0.046585 0.047179 0.047868 0.048666 0.049590 0.050663 0.051914 0.053385 0.055128 0.057218 0.059766 0.062932 0.066972 0.072312 0.079722 0.090763 0.10917 0.14668 0.26914

653.38 629.12 614.85 600.43 585.85 571.10 556.14 540.97 525.55 509.85 493.84 477.47 460.71 443.49 425.74 407.38 388.30 368.36 347.41 325.20 301.44 275.68 247.28 215.12 176.78 0

−0.63704 −0.60760 −0.58689 −0.56326 −0.53642 −0.50604 −0.47173 −0.43300 −0.38927 −0.33987 −0.28392 −0.22039 −0.14796 −0.064982 0.030670 0.14178 0.27205 0.42662 0.61272 0.84107 1.1284 1.5023 2.0135 2.7688 4.0593 8.3700

72.081 68.920 67.037 65.137 63.229 61.320 59.415 57.519 55.633 53.759 51.897 50.048 48.209 46.379 44.554 42.730 40.903 39.071 37.238 35.418 33.653 32.016 30.622 29.654 29.742

516.89 457.99 427.78 400.07 374.57 351.01 329.16 308.84 289.88 272.13 255.47 239.78 224.96 210.92 197.57 184.83 172.63 160.90 149.54 138.48 127.61 116.78 105.75 94.067 80.469

0.013321 0.013615 0.013809 0.014020 0.014247 0.014491 0.014750 0.015025 0.015314 0.015618 0.015938 0.016273 0.016625 0.016996 0.017389 0.017808 0.018258 0.018748 0.019288 0.019894 0.020590 0.021413 0.022428 0.023764 0.025741

0.022698 0.023442 0.023957 0.024539 0.025194 0.025929 0.026755 0.027681 0.028722 0.029898 0.031232 0.032757 0.034515 0.036563 0.038982 0.041885 0.045436 0.049883 0.055621 0.063311 0.074154 0.090577 0.11833 0.17512 0.35495

128.33 130.83 132.15 133.36 134.47 135.46 136.35 137.13 137.79 138.35 138.80 139.13 139.35 139.45 139.43 139.29 139.02 138.62 138.07 137.36 136.47 135.36 133.95 132.11 129.38 0

64.799 57.103 53.274 49.835 46.729 43.913 41.350 39.009 36.862 34.888 33.066 31.378 29.805 28.333 26.946 25.629 24.367 23.142 21.938 20.732 19.500 18.207 16.800 15.185 13.131 8.3700

3.1160 3.3040 3.4175 3.5348 3.6563 3.7826 3.9143 4.0523 4.1975 4.3511 4.5144 4.6894 4.8787 5.0855 5.3151 5.5745 5.8750 6.2336 6.6778 7.2524 8.0324 9.1495 10.852 13.688 19.481

13.386 14.014 14.392 14.781 15.180 15.592 16.018 16.460 16.920 17.399 17.901 18.429 18.987 19.579 20.212 20.892 21.630 22.437 23.333 24.341 25.501 26.874 28.575 30.845 34.410

0.021719 0.021011 0.020884

143.95 177.58 205.37

39.340 18.027 10.987

3.8225 5.5664 7.2216

16.051 23.114 30.061

Saturated Properties 161.40 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 289.73

0.081748 0.13343 0.17325 0.22153 0.27933 0.34774 0.42789 0.52091 0.62797 0.75025 0.88893 1.0452 1.2203 1.4155 1.6321 1.8712 2.1344 2.4229 2.7382 3.0820 3.4561 3.8623 4.3032 4.7818 5.3025 5.8420

22.592 22.155 21.895 21.630 21.361 21.085 20.804 20.516 20.220 19.916 19.603 19.279 18.944 18.596 18.232 17.852 17.451 17.026 16.572 16.082 15.545 14.945 14.254 13.411 12.242 8.4000

161.40 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 289.73

0.081748 0.13343 0.17325 0.22153 0.27933 0.34774 0.42789 0.52091 0.62797 0.75025 0.88893 1.0452 1.2203 1.4155 1.6321 1.8712 2.1344 2.4229 2.7382 3.0820 3.4561 3.8623 4.3032 4.7818 5.3025 5.8420

0.062613 0.098131 0.12476 0.15646 0.19385 0.23755 0.28826 0.34671 0.41374 0.49026 0.57731 0.67606 0.78791 0.91450 1.0578 1.2202 1.4049 1.6157 1.8581 2.1394 2.4705 2.8685 3.3629 4.0140 4.9911 8.4000

15.971 10.190 8.0157 6.3913 5.1587 4.2096 3.4691 2.8842 2.4170 2.0397 1.7322 1.4791 1.2692 1.0935 0.94537 0.81952 0.71181 0.61892 0.53818 0.46742 0.40477 0.34861 0.29736 0.24913 0.20036 0.11905

11.189 11.261 11.298 11.332 11.362 11.388 11.409 11.426 11.437 11.442 11.442 11.434 11.420 11.397 11.365 11.322 11.268 11.199 11.114 11.009 10.878 10.713 10.500 10.209 9.7610 8.2423

12.495 12.621 12.687 12.748 12.803 12.852 12.893 12.928 12.954 12.973 12.981 12.980 12.968 12.945 12.908 12.856 12.787 12.699 12.588 12.450 12.277 12.059 11.779 11.400 10.823 8.9377

200.00 300.00 400.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.061174 0.040297 0.030132

16.347 24.816 33.188

11.693 12.971 14.227

13.328 15.453 17.546

Single-Phase Properties 2-417

0.080422 0.089046 0.095069

0.012825 0.012529 0.012489

2-418

TABLE 2-307

Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon (Concluded)

Temperature K

Pressure MPa

Density mol/dm3

500.00 600.00 700.00

0.10000 0.10000 0.10000

0.024077 0.020054 0.017184

200.00 218.61

1.0000 1.0000

218.61 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

200.00 282.15

5.0000 5.0000

282.15 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Volume dm3/mol

Int. energy kJ/mol

Enthalpy kJ/mol

Entropy kJ/(molK)

Cv kJ/(molK)

Cp kJ/(molK)

Sound speed m/s

Joule-Thomson K/MPa

Therm. cond. mW/(mK)

Viscosity µPas 36.679 42.919 48.797

Single-Phase Properties (Concluded)

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000

20.545 19.370 0.64740 0.42338 0.30719 0.24284 0.20128 0.17205 20.777 12.969 4.3744 3.0178 1.6846 1.2596 1.0212 0.86365

41.533 49.866 58.193 0.048673 0.051625 1.5446 2.3619 3.2553 4.1179 4.9682 5.8123 0.048130 0.077107

15.479 16.728 17.977 1.5644 2.4644 11.437 12.735 14.081 15.373 16.646 17.910 1.4588 6.3800

19.632 21.715 23.796 1.6131 2.5160 12.982 15.097 17.337 19.491 21.614 23.723 1.6995 6.7656

0.099724 0.10352 0.10673

0.012480 0.012477 0.012475

0.020841 0.020822 0.020811

229.73 251.71 271.90

7.4876 5.3775 3.9611

8.7865 10.259 11.644

0.0086285 0.012943

0.019883 0.019137

0.047017 0.050348

543.44 482.05

−0.43967 −0.23885

57.759 50.560

0.060816 0.069105 0.075560 0.080369 0.084241 0.087491

0.016178 0.013071 0.012653 0.012555 0.012521 0.012506

0.032313 0.023342 0.021812 0.021347 0.021143 0.021033

139.05 174.22 204.53 229.84 252.27 272.69

31.834 17.710 10.799 7.3466 5.2698 3.8786

4.6396 5.9066 7.4612 8.9749 10.414 11.777

18.280 23.825 30.617 37.129 43.291 49.110

0.0080923 0.028774

0.019975 0.021130

0.045835 0.17857

562.91 199.64

−0.48921 3.2255

59.693 29.468

324.93 88.606

310.61 244.05

0.22860 0.33137 0.59361 0.79390 0.97922 1.1579

10.045 11.189 13.369 14.889 16.278 17.615

11.188 12.846 16.337 18.859 21.175 23.404

0.044447 0.050182 0.060390 0.066031 0.070256 0.073694

0.024500 0.017212 0.013445 0.012902 0.012724 0.012645

0.22292 0.057127 0.027264 0.023853 0.022627 0.022028

131.10 155.40 202.15 231.38 255.44 276.67

14.382 14.736 9.6973 6.6609 4.7873 3.5219

15.582 9.7191 8.7332 9.8856 11.137 12.377

32.133 29.671 33.661 39.357 45.049 50.547

21.038 13.284 3.8169 2.6239 2.0706 1.7304

0.047533 0.075281 0.26199 0.38111 0.48294 0.57792

1.3406 6.6026 12.321 14.257 15.817 17.251

1.8159 7.3554 14.941 18.068 20.646 23.030

0.0074790 0.029493 0.052029 0.059048 0.063756 0.067433

0.020097 0.018200 0.014472 0.013339 0.012977 0.012819

0.044678 0.088497 0.037766 0.027456 0.024556 0.023262

584.79 258.88 204.59 235.98 260.98 282.62

−0.53901 2.0533 7.6552 5.6862 4.1777 3.0965

61.959 29.649 11.158 11.280 12.172 13.210

341.91 94.113 39.566 42.848 47.602 52.559

819.84 690.23 597.21 538.16 504.61 487.44

−0.80697 −0.77003 −0.68464 −0.60849 −0.56578 −0.55679

91.685 62.741 46.987 38.256 33.282 30.399

582.16 293.11 188.96 141.62 118.14 106.02

−0.96827 −1.0167 −1.0606 −1.1030

96.278 80.779 71.145 64.734

544.58 424.61 352.34 304.58

200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

23.707 20.755 18.043 15.689 13.750 12.188

0.042181 0.048181 0.055422 0.063739 0.072728 0.082045

0.22766 3.3951 6.2728 8.8555 11.158 13.232

4.4458 8.2132 11.815 15.229 18.431 21.437

0.00066778 0.015969 0.026343 0.033970 0.039814 0.044451

0.022077 0.018781 0.017019 0.015937 0.015222 0.014724

0.038788 0.036811 0.035156 0.033084 0.030987 0.029184

400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00

25.007 23.787 22.695 21.712

0.039989 0.042040 0.044062 0.046058

4.1551 6.3322 8.3949 10.364

24.150 27.352 30.426 33.393

0.012220 0.019372 0.024980 0.029555

0.020738 0.019369 0.018396 0.017664

0.032768 0.031337 0.030178 0.029185

1164.9 1121.3 1086.3 1058.1

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is McCarty, R. D., Correlations for the Thermophysical Properties of Xenon, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo., 1989. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density up to 100 MPa, rising to 1% at higher pressures, 0.2% in vapor pressure, 1% in the speed of sound, and 2% in heat capacities. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is less than 5%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty is less than 6%.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2-419

TABLE 2-308

Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants*

R no.

−50

−25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0.0279 0.0188 0.0092 0.0197 0.0115

0.0244 0.0152 0.0056 0.0156 0.0065

0.0210 0.0118 0.0025 0.0117 0.0025

0.0178 0.0085 0.0002 0.0081

0.0146 0.0055 — 0.0047 —

0.0116 0.0029 — 0.0018 —

0.0087 0.0007 — — —

0.0060 — — — —

0.0036 — — — —

—

0.0231 0.0154

0.0069 0.0172 0.0109 0.0047 0.0082

0.0032 0.0144 0.0082 0.0022 0.0050

0.0002 0.0118 0.0056

0.0192

0.0201 0.0138 0.0075 0.0117

0.0021

— 0.0092 0.0033 — 0.0000

— 0.0067 0.0012 — —

— 0.0045 — — —

142b 152a 170 290 C318

0.0213 0.0201 0.0100

0.0178 0.0166 0.0051

—

0.0143

0.0145 0.0132 0.0032 0.0101 0.0113

0.0113 0.0100 0.0005 0.0082 0.0085

0.0083 0.0068 — 0.0041 0.0048

0.0055 0.0038 — 0.0016 0.0033

0.0029 0.0011 — — 0.0011

— — — —

— — — — —

502 503 600 600a 718

0.0159 0.0094

0.0121 0.0053 0.0180

—

—

0.0086 0.0018 0.0150 0.0132 0.0755

0.0054 — 0.0122 0.0101 0.0720

0.0026 — 0.0094 0.0073 0.0680

— 0.0068 0.0047 0.0636

— — 0.0043 0.0024 0.0590

— — 0.0020 0.0005 0.0540

— — 0.0001 — 0.0488

0.0096 0.0055 0.0136

0.0044 0.0013 0.0102

0.0005

—

—

—

—

—

0.0100 0.0171

0.0070

0.0041

0.0014

Temperature, °C 11 12 13 22 23 32 113 114 115 134a

744 1150 1270

*Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data. Values and equations were given by Srinivasan, K., Can. J. Chem. Eng. (27 liquids), 68 (1990): 493; Lielmezs, J. and T. A. Herrick, Chem. Eng. J. (34 liquids), 32 (1986): 165–169. Somayajulu, G. R., Int. J. Thermophys. (64 liquids); 9, 4 (1988): 559–566; Ibrahim, N. and S. Murad, Chem. Eng. Commun. (29 polar liquids), 79 (1979): 165–174; Yaws, C. L.; Morachevsky, A. G. and I. B. Sladkov, Physico-Chemical Properties of Molecular Inorganic Compounds (200 compounds), Khimiya, Leningrad, 1987, Jasper, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (2200 compounds), 1, (1972): 841–1009; and Vargaftik, N. B., B. N. Volkov, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (water), 12, 3 (1983): 817–820. See also Escobedo, J. and Mansoori, G. R., AIChE J., 42(5), May 1996: 1425–1433.

TABLE 2-309

Surface Tension ␴ (dyn/cm) of Various Liquids

Compound Acetic acid Acetone Aniline

Benzene

Benzonitrile Bromobenzene n-Butane Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride

Chlorobenzene

T, K



293 333 298 308 318 293 313 333 353 293 313 333 353 293 323 363 293 323 373 203 233 293 293 313 288 308 328 348 368 293 323 373

27.59 23.62 24.02 22.34 21.22 42.67 40.5 38.33 36.15 28.88 26.25 23.67 21.2 39.37 35.89 31.26 35.82 32.34 26.54 23.31 19.69 12.46 32.32 29.35 27.65 25.21 22.76 20.31 17.86 33.59 30.01 24.06

Compound p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclopentane Diethyl ether 2,3-Dimethylbutane Ethyl acetate

Ethyl benzoate Ethyl bromide Ethyl mercaptan Formamide n-Heptane

T, K



313 373 293 313 333 293 313 288 303 293 313 293 313 333 353 373 293 313 333 283 303 288 303 298 338 373 293 313 333 353

34.88 29.32 25.24 22.87 20.49 22.61 19.68 17.56 16.2 17.38 15.38 23.97 21.65 19.32 17 14.68 35.04 32.92 30.81 25.36 23.04 23.87 22.68 57.02 53.66 50.71 20.14 18.18 16.22 14.26

Compound

T, K



Isobutyric acid

293 313 333 363 293 323 373 423 473 293 313 333 313 333 373 293 313 333 363 293 313 333 353 373 293 313 333

25.04 23.2 21.36 18.6 24.62 20.05 12.9 6.3 0.87 22.56 20.96 19.41 39.27 37.13 32.96 23.71 22.15 20.6 18.27 29.98 26.83 24.68 22.53 20.38 37.21 34.6 31.98

Methyl formate

Methyl alcohol Phenol n-Propyl alcohol

n-Propyl benzene

Pyridine

Methyl formate values from D. B. Macleod, Trans. Faradaay Soc. 19:38, 1923. All others from J. J. Jasper, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1:841, 1972.

2-420

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-310

Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at Atmospheric Pressure* Temperature, °C

−50

−25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

14

158

166

173

180

187

194

200

206

212

170 290 600 600a 718

272 — — — —

286 227 — — —

299 238 200 201 —

311 249 210 211 —

323 258 220 221 —

334 268 228 229 —

344 277 237 237 473

355 286 245 246 490

364 294 252 253 505

290 —

248 305 235

258 318 246

269 330 257

279 341 267

288 352 277

297 363 286

307 373 295

316 384 303

R. no.

744 1150 1270

*Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data. Values for the velocity of sound for all compounds listed in Table 2-184 are given in their respective tables earlier in this section.

TABLE 2-311

Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants* Temperature, °C

R. no.

−50

−25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

14

182

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

290 600 600a 718

1210 1290 1205 —

982 1163 1078 —

884 1031 947 1402

719 896 812 1495

551 759 661 1542

367 609 528 1554

— 477 378 1543

— 325 208 1514

— 142 — 1468

751 644 1022

525 372 859

272

—

—

—

—

—

874 1184

694

524

335

744 1150 1270

*Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data. Values for the velocity of sound for all compounds listed in Table 2-184 are given in their respective tables earlier in this section.

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES INTRODUCTION Extensive tables of the viscosity and thermal conductivity of air and of water or steam for various pressures and temperatures are given with the thermodynamic-property tables. The thermal conductivity and the viscosity for the saturated-liquid state are also tabulated for many fluids along with the thermodynamic-property tables earlier in this section. UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection the following units conversions are applicable: Diffusivity: to convert square centimeters per second to square feet per hour, multiply by 3.8750; to convert square meters per second to square feet per hour, multiply by 38,750. Pressure: to convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504. Temperature: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; °R = 9⁄5 K. Thermal conductivity: to convert watts per meter-kelvin to British thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.57779; and to convert British thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit to watts per meter-kelvin, multiply by 1.7307. Viscosity: to convert pascal-seconds to centipoises, multiply by 1000. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES An extensive coverage of the general pressure and temperature variation of thermal conductivity is given in the monograph by Vargaftik, Filippov, Tarzimanov, and Totskiy, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases (in Russian), Standartov, Moscow, 1978, now published in English translation by CRC Press, Miami, FL. For a similar work on viscosity, see Stephan and Lucas, Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum, New York and London, 1979. Tables and

polynomial fits for refrigerants in both the gaseous and the liquid state are contained in ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, SI ed., ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2005. Other sources for viscosity include Fischer & Porter Co. catalog 10-A-94, “Fluid densities and viscosities,” 1953 (200 industrial fluids in 48 pp.) and van Velzen, D., R. L. Cardozo et al., EURATOM Ispra, Italy rept. 4735 e, 1972 (160 pp.). Liquid viscosity, 314 cpds, is summarized in I&EC Fundtls., 11 (1972): 20–26. Five hundred forty-nine binary and ternary systems are discussed in Skubla, P., Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 46 (1981): 303–339. See also Duhne, C. R., Chem. Eng. (NY), 86, 15 (July 16, 1979): 83–91 (equations and 326 liquids); and Rao, K. V. K., Chem. Eng. (NY), 90, 11 (May 30, 1983): 90–91 (nomograph, 87 liquids). For rheology, non-Newtonian behavior, and the like, see, for instance, Barnes, H., The Chem. Engr. (UK), (June 24, 1993): 17–23; Hyman, W. A., I&EC Fundtls., 16 (1976): 215–218; and Ferguson, J. and Z. Kemblowski, Applied Fluid Rheology, Elsevier, 1991 (325 pp.). Other sources for thermal conductivity include Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1 (1972) and 3, suppl. 1 (1974); Childs, Ericks et al., N.B.S. Monogr. 131, 1973; Jamieson, D. T., J. B. Irving et al., Liquid Thermal Conductivity, H.M.S.O., Edinburgh, Scotland, 1975 (220 pp.). Other references include Poling, Prausnitz, and O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000; Vargaftik, Vinogradov, and Yargin, Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Begell House, New York, 1996; Yaws, Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamics, Environmental Transport, Safety & Health Related Properties for Organic & Inorganic Chemicals, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998; and Riazi, Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2005. Free web resources include the NIST Webbook at http://webbook.nist.gov and the KDB (Korea thermophysical properties) database at http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/.

TABLE 2-312

Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pa
s)

2-421

Cmpd. no.

Name

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol

Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138

1.222E-07 1.423E-07 2.7449E-08 1.20E-07 3.1005E-08 5.1964E-08 1.2025E-06 6.523E-07 1.7154E-07 4.302E-08 1.425E-06 4.1855E-08 1.7531E-07 9.2121E-07 2.5082E-08 3.134E-08 1.1184E-07 7.4266E-08 4.2137E-08 3.779E-07 6.9022E-08 1.56E-07 4.0138E-08 1.3874E-06 7.3534E-08 2.232E-07 5.29E-07 7.8796E-08 6.0259E-07 2.696E-07 3.4387E-08 7.5626E-08 7.0728E-08 1.4031E-06 1.2114E-07 6.9744E-07 4.2898E-08 1.05E-06 1.006E-07 3.4205E-07 5.4539E-08 3.1378E-08 2.7856E-06 8.0079E-08 2.128E-06 8.0223E-08 2.148E-06 5.8204E-08 1.1127E-06 3.137E-06 2.1709E-06 2.60E-07 1.065E-07 3.12E-07 1.696E-07 8.60E-08 3.638E-07 3.8802E-07 1.4427E-07

0.787 0.7574 1.0123 0.7915 0.9762 0.8857 0.4952 0.579 0.7418 0.9114 0.5039 0.9806 0.72 0.60529 0.96663 0.9676 0.8002 0.8289 0.92271 0.6005 0.84014 0.7181 0.90735 0.4434 0.93798 0.7146 0.632 0.90476 0.5309 0.6715 0.94604 0.83521 0.84383 0.4611 0.76972 0.5462 0.91349 0.4867 0.77881 0.59764 0.88896 0.96513 0.377 0.8178 0.4273 0.80561 0.46 0.9262 0.5338 0.3742 0.45853 0.7423 0.7942 0.6711 0.7693 0.8706 0.6417 0.6367 0.7438

77 272.14 7.4948 105.3 23.139 38.805 291.4 410.8 138.4 54.3 108.3 30.8 176.17 83.24

C4

7.9 152.43 91.197 45.387 409 74.746 180 34.714 678.22 184.9 226 199.64 134.7 71.798 64.391 537 92.661 305.25 358.7 95.108 234.21 43.687 663.14 65.855 886 75.207 290 44.581 94.7 491.5 208 98.3 94.7 139 96.6 35.8 208.3 205.08 166.15

−41,400

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 80.00 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 442.29 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 458.15 243.95 342.20 265.85 429.24 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 194.67 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 200.00 227.95 134.80 209.63 230.00 150.35 155.97 285.39

4.171E-06 6.842E-06 8.315E-06 5.213E-06 4.329E-06 5.476E-06 6.468E-06 4.174E-06 7.680E-06 3.985E-06 5.508E-06 6.378E-06 5.122E-06 6.742E-06 8.274E-06 7.077E-06 1.089E-05 8.578E-06 6.079E-06 5.324E-06 5.680E-06 9.122E-06 5.151E-06 6.186E-06 1.383E-05 1.187E-05 5.195E-06 8.626E-06 3.340E-06 4.553E-06 3.559E-06 5.157E-06 4.580E-06 3.961E-06 3.772E-06 1.795E-06 3.770E-06 4.044E-06 4.216E-06 3.425E-06 3.833E-06 3.520E-06 3.329E-06 4.017E-06 6.220E-06 3.284E-06 9.749E-06 5.048E-06 4.434E-06 8.361E-06 5.132E-06 8.900E-06 5.611E-06 4.127E-06 7.091E-06 8.468E-06 3.805E-06 4.175E-06 6.113E-06

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 3273.1 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 1000 1000 1000 1500 800 1250 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000

2.605E-05 2.094E-05 2.966E-05 2.572E-05 2.571E-05 2.271E-05 1.923E-05 2.523E-05 2.532E-05 2.213E-05 6.227E-05 3.551E-05 2.155E-05 1.001E-11 1.992E-05 2.486E-05 2.441E-05 2.087E-05 2.363E-05 1.698E-05 2.129E-05 1.886E-05 2.045E-05 1.768E-05 2.967E-05 2.623E-05 3.396E-05 4.081E-05 1.966E-05 2.457E-05 2.369E-05 2.260E-05 2.259E-05 2.207E-05 2.259E-05 2.325E-05 2.360E-05 2.229E-05 1.993E-05 1.720E-05 2.427E-05 2.466E-05 1.893E-05 2.134E-05 2.208E-05 1.948E-05 5.203E-05 2.693E-05 4.654E-05 2.789E-05 4.267E-05 3.992E-05 2.348E-05 2.824E-05 3.143E-05 2.454E-05 2.534E-05 2.618E-05 2.108E-05

2-422

TABLE 2-312

Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pa
s) (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide

Formula C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5

108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133

8.7371E-08 1.4305E-07 3.3699E-07 4.0854E-08 1.0881E-06 6.77E-08 7.9581E-08 5.2312E-08 1.3326E-06 2.3619E-07 3.026E-07 1.7578E-06 3.915E-08 1.2638E-07 2.64E-08 7.1748E-08 5.5065E-08 6.1192E-08 3.272E-08 5.6914E-07 2.4999E-07 1.4125E-07 1.1379E-07 2.9444E-07 7.7147E-08 2.334E-07 1.603E-07 1.5913E-07 2.0135E-07 1.4321E-07 7.6787E-07 1.4906E-07 1.1989E-07 3.3628E-08 4.3184E-07 1.948E-06 6.5492E-08 2.7228E-06 4.3934E-07 7.7484E-07 4.138E-07 1.691E-07 9.2797E-08 4.4172E-08 3.9833E-08 1.9377E-06 2.757E-07 6.8567E-07 7.822E-07 8.4576E-07 9.9104E-07 3.2282E-08 0.00000268 3.5538E-06 5.0372E-07 5.2195E-08 4.7238E-08 5.2854E-07 8.6101E-08

0.80775 0.7451 0.60751 0.97182 0.48359 0.8367 0.8376 0.89422 0.4537 0.67465 0.64991 0.4265 0.91427 0.7248 0.9487 0.7982 0.8341 0.82546 0.9302 0.50744 0.6878 0.8097 0.8502 0.728 0.79906 0.714 0.763 0.7639 0.73421 0.7785 0.5741 0.7617 0.79108 0.9426 0.6035 0.41 0.86232 0.39531 0.64867 0.57978 0.5999 0.7114 0.7819 0.91098 0.91566 0.4093 0.6841 0.52542 0.4994 0.487 0.4723 0.97742 0.3975 0.3766 0.54462 0.85584 0.90849 0.6112 0.8345

98.538 159.8 221.17 6.6762 330.86 36.7 104.97 58.008 445 139 167.14 370.34 22.264 176.88 71 109.38 79.56 77.434 39.13 273.3 0.5962 83.243 93.816 154.74 80.765 260 205 193.14 111.98 98.159 276.16 105.9 84.37 39.587 247 495.8 59.455 445.07 169.64 198.7 269.5 124 93.399 492.69 133.2 278.82 371.6 398 436.89 534 1176.1 227.44 69.036 302.85 167.86

C4

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 60.00 210.15 282.85 370.10 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 357.05 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 392.70 402.94 396.58 188.44 131.65 212.72 160.00 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67

6.688E-06 6.731E-06 3.480E-06 8.353E-06 4.797E-06 6.671E-06 6.917E-06 5.714E-06 3.778E-06 4.409E-06 3.369E-06 4.150E-06 4.238E-06 4.365E-06 3.755E-06 5.070E-06 4.715E-06 3.632E-06 4.761E-06 4.091E-06 4.137E-06 7.685E-06 1.038E-05 1.538E-05 3.278E-06 5.850E-06 6.127E-06 8.313E-06 5.487E-06 7.164E-06 5.895E-06 5.515E-06 4.742E-06 6.450E-06 5.364E-06 3.720E-06 4.046E-06 5.148E-06 8.001E-06 5.478E-06 8.016E-06 4.218E-06 4.089E-06 4.497E-06 5.701E-06 6.006E-06 5.563E-06 3.211E-06 7.936E-06 7.900E-06 7.957E-06 5.405E-06 3.688E-06 4.097E-06 3.300E-06 5.089E-06 3.739E-06 4.544E-06 6.231E-06

1000 1000 1000 600 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 480 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

2.108E-05 2.120E-05 1.834E-05 2.024E-05 2.308E-05 1.928E-05 2.346E-05 2.381E-05 2.118E-05 2.191E-05 2.309E-05 2.441E-05 2.118E-05 1.605E-05 1.730E-05 1.605E-05 1.622E-05 1.701E-05 1.944E-05 1.488E-05 1.744E-05 3.502E-05 3.696E-05 3.895E-05 1.781E-05 2.569E-05 2.588E-05 2.611E-05 2.887E-05 2.824E-05 3.175E-05 2.599E-05 2.611E-05 2.176E-05 2.239E-05 2.212E-05 2.388E-05 2.891E-05 3.317E-05 1.172E-12 2.055E-05 2.049E-05 1.881E-05 2.388E-05 2.225E-05 2.194E-05 2.744E-05 2.021E-05 1.796E-05 1.749E-05 1.801E-05 2.762E-05 2.722E-05 2.202E-05 1.766E-05 1.804E-05 2.511E-05 2.766E-05 2.350E-05

2-423

119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne

C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10

120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2

194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144

4.8739E-08 2.7334E-07 2.8451E-08 1.29E-07 6.344E-08 2.9236E-07 2.5906E-07 1.0613E-07 3.214E-06 4.934E-07 4.2231E-07 6.3441E-08 9.2371E-08 1.6175E-07 4.107E-07 2.1696E-06 2.0789E-06 1.3744E-07 8.6706E-08 2.8132E-07 4.3403E-08 6.761E-07 2.5704E-08 7.9129E-08 1.3974E-07 1.0498E-07 8.5992E-08 5.53E-07 5.1539E-07 3.2769E-08 6.36E-07 2.1174E-07 8.8742E-07 1.2269E-07 4.758E-07 6.829E-08 2.8608E-07 6.432E-07 3.253E-07 3.1338E-07 8.4633E-08 6.672E-08 7.2834E-08 2.572E-07 9.1526E-08 8.9656E-08 8.8629E-08 7.7509E-08 4.697E-08 5.9501E-07 1.2463E-07 9.6724E-08 1.7514E-07 8.4032E-08 1.5773E-07 1.0652E-07 9.782E-08 9.8882E-08 8.006E-08 5.2127E-07 4.3636E-08 2.9986E-07 5.5562E-07

0.8749 0.7393 0.93622 0.744 0.8287 0.62458 0.67988 0.8066 0.3572 0.5924 0.58154 0.8369 0.7908 0.7163 0.57143 0.3812 0.4163 0.7557 0.83923 0.6792 0.94806 0.5804 0.94738 0.79565 0.74266 0.76988 0.8427 0.6061 0.5726 0.9729 0.6638 0.7087 0.5404 0.82167 0.6405 0.8774 0.6958 0.5854 0.7162 0.6238 0.79185 0.82837 0.81279 0.6502 0.78346 0.78236 0.78376 0.81089 0.8932 0.52758 0.7322 0.78044 0.70737 0.80073 0.7189 0.77022 0.7772 0.7755 0.81293 0.5444 0.90747 0.62647 0.5337

51.885 129.93 117.03 219.5 702.84 98.902 52.7 667 239.17 239.21 73.63 102.32 142.27 230.06 577.77 352.7 122.8 75.512 238.46

3,590

354.9 83.193 98.58 100.41 58.148 273.66 288.76 61.6 157.42 251.82 161.7 54.864 184.25 325.3 −9.6 692.2 94.487 85.752 89.874 248.6 100.28 100.14 100.18 69.927 57.6 274.02 395 97.798 157.14 96.779 163.3 105.85 99.53 99.825 65.274 237.01 42.32 178.17 244.38

107

6,000

413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15 263.57 309.58 90.35 200.00 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 169.41 284.29 260.15 329.00 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 357.88 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.60 281.45 187.55 20.00 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65

8.433E-06 1.226E-05 5.933E-06 4.429E-06 3.511E-06 3.214E-06 2.643E-06 6.029E-06 4.632E-06 4.953E-06 3.673E-06 4.733E-06 5.344E-06 3.392E-06 3.103E-06 2.659E-06 5.714E-06 6.863E-06 7.150E-06 8.359E-06 5.356E-06 5.069E-06 4.532E-06 3.371E-06 3.219E-06 4.224E-06 3.441E-06 5.768E-06 2.994E-06 4.779E-06 4.148E-06 9.491E-06 4.192E-06 6.752E-06 7.025E-06 7.882E-06 8.751E-06 5.037E-06 3.531E-06 3.254E-06 4.444E-06 3.391E-06 5.088E-06 4.440E-06 4.516E-06 4.485E-06 4.550E-06 3.169E-06 4.832E-06 3.932E-06 3.274E-06 4.444E-06 3.631E-06 5.457E-06 4.567E-06 4.650E-06 4.397E-06 4.403E-06 2.871E-06 3.567E-06 4.235E-06 2.947E-06 3.851E-06

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1.953E-05 3.995E-05 1.831E-05 1.970E-05 1.593E-05 1.284E-05 2.583E-05 2.651E-05 2.274E-05 2.384E-05 1.893E-05 1.915E-05 1.975E-05 1.989E-05 1.729E-05 1.914E-05 2.726E-05 2.264E-05 2.655E-05 2.477E-05 3.032E-05 2.750E-05 1.787E-05 1.781E-05 2.150E-05 1.946E-05 2.742E-05 2.857E-05 2.088E-05 2.718E-05 5.874E-05 2.446E-05 2.963E-05 3.579E-05 3.419E-05 2.776E-05 2.954E-05 2.768E-05 7.561E-05 1.377E-05 1.836E-05 1.878E-05 1.834E-05 1.838E-05 1.864E-05 1.812E-05 1.809E-05 1.962E-05 2.124E-05 1.787E-05 1.399E-05 1.933E-05 2.005E-05 1.934E-05 1.945E-05 1.970E-05 1.909E-05 1.907E-05 2.064E-05 1.811E-05 2.209E-05 3.758E-13 1.782E-05

2-424

TABLE 2-312

Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pa
s) (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240

Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether

Formula H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

C4

302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5

32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122

2.3489E-07 1.797E-07 9.17E-08 4.924E-07 1.278E-08 4.5101E-14 3.9314E-08 1.1202E-07 5.2542E-08 8.4213E-08 9.113E-08 5.2546E-07 3.0663E-07 8.0599E-08 1.3226E-06 1.163E-06 1.648E-06 5.6409E-07 7.4106E-08 4.0824E-07 2.4344E-08 1.869E-07 8.8783E-08 5.0602E-07 8.5423E-07 5.6844E-07 3.9342E-08 4.995E-08 4.0748E-08 3.733E-07 4.8806E-08 6.5281E-07 8.5736E-08 2.40E-07 2.00E-07 9.0798E-07 3.7026E-08 3.9771E-08 1.977E-07 2.6098E-07 2.6552E-08 8.6219E-08 6.9755E-06 1.5035E-07 9.4257E-08 3.1573E-07 1.925E-07 1.0826E-07 8.6077E-08 1.637E-07 4.889E-07 7.2131E-08 1.1164E-06 1.0546E-07 1.0871E-07 9.605E-07 9.0981E-07 3.5642E-07 4.4941E-08

0.7151 0.685 0.9273 0.6702 1.0631 3.0005 1.0134 0.7822 0.88063 0.82573 0.8222 0.59006 0.69655 0.8392 0.4885 0.4787 0.4444 0.5863 0.82436 0.5923 0.97376 0.7096 0.80279 0.55258 0.47389 0.553 0.91086 0.89479 0.92709 0.6177 0.92549 0.5294 0.80277 0.68 0.704 0.495 0.92849 0.92242 0.7453 0.68276 0.98316 0.83591 0.3154 0.7338 0.7845 0.66404 0.7091 0.77382 0.81669 0.76706 0.6096 0.80319 0.4537 0.77106 0.78135 0.4856 0.49288 0.6327 0.90199

205.05 −0.59

140

157.7 340 −521.83

76,111

100.3 102.08 93.57 105.67 205 77.332 504.3 316 510.66 231.9 83.086 208.22 −91.597 192 77.075 199.82 239.34 227.18 44.662 256.5 310.59 100.77 210 187 355.89 131.22 133.4 72.564 1034.5 108.5 90.183 173.59 109 93.349 71.294 107.97 342.23 99.437 374.74 93.745 70.639 381 260.08 232.2

18,720

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

274.69 13.95 206.45 200.00 300.00 285.50 250.00 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 240.00 301.15 250.00 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 150.00 450.15 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 150.00 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97

7.460E-06 6.517E-07 1.285E-05 9.594E-06 2.576E-06 9.931E-06 1.058E-05 5.415E-06 5.037E-06 9.639E-06 7.242E-06 3.468E-06 7.523E-06 7.714E-06 6.505E-06 4.769E-06 4.781E-06 5.167E-06 5.515E-06 3.572E-06 2.621E-06 1.000E-05 3.423E-06 3.083E-06 3.263E-06 3.893E-06 3.947E-06 4.052E-06 5.112E-06 3.993E-06 4.698E-06 2.934E-06 6.232E-06 6.331E-06 6.062E-06 2.722E-06 3.800E-06 3.165E-06 5.574E-06 4.552E-06 4.534E-06 4.341E-06 5.117E-06 3.448E-06 3.901E-06 7.481E-06 3.242E-06 3.968E-06 4.065E-06 4.450E-06 5.265E-06 4.162E-06 2.366E-06 3.707E-06 3.707E-06 6.727E-06 3.423E-06 4.316E-06 3.725E-06

1673.15 3000 800 1000 425 472.68 480 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 800 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 1000

4.225E-05 4.330E-05 4.512E-05 4.358E-05 4.421E-06 2.019E-05 2.050E-05 2.261E-05 2.304E-05 2.293E-05 2.440E-05 2.800E-05 3.128E-05 2.464E-05 2.125E-05 2.045E-05 2.350E-05 2.628E-05 2.034E-05 2.022E-05 2.191E-05 2.109E-05 2.111E-05 1.918E-05 1.820E-05 2.112E-05 2.125E-05 2.312E-05 2.463E-05 2.118E-05 2.917E-05 1.930E-05 1.994E-05 2.175E-05 2.181E-05 2.046E-05 2.259E-05 2.327E-05 3.009E-05 2.573E-05 2.364E-05 2.588E-05 3.029E-05 2.157E-05 1.951E-05 2.642E-05 2.327E-05 2.076E-05 2.265E-05 2.956E-05 2.456E-05 1.685E-05 1.865E-05 1.983E-05 2.242E-05 1.312E-05 2.174E-05 2.288E-05 2.284E-05

2-425

241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine

C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N 2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N

3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8

90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110

5.8223E-08 3.8926E-07 7.1455E-07 1.571E-07 7.646E-07 6.4318E-07 7.19E-07 2.4391E-07 6.5592E-07 8.2005E-07 4.070E-07 2.115E-06 1.467E-06 3.0465E-07 7.1902E-08 1.0344E-07 7.0165E-08 1.20E-07 7.0111E-08 6.6329E-08 3.8673E-08 6.1447E-07 3.2095E-07 1.0321E-07 3.1191E-08 7.9611E-08 1.752E-07 8.1701E-08 8.0901E-08 6.1515E-11 5.0324E-05 3.3253E-08 5.7084E-07 1.1453E-07 1.101E-06 1.196E-07 4.0828E-08 2.27E-07 6.3412E-08 9.4314E-08 1.8903E-07 1.1749E-07 2.463E-07 1.164E-07 1.6378E-06 8.8646E-08 2.7467E-08 4.1022E-08 5.765E-07 4.3478E-07 1.0094E-07 8.536E-08 4.3511E-08 6.0758E-07 4.9054E-08 7.942E-07 1.2003E-06 5.4749E-07 1.7526E-07 1.61E-07 1.0111E-07 2.1372E-07 1.62E-07

0.88057 0.63159 0.49832 0.733 0.5476 0.5389 0.6659 0.702 0.6081 0.61423 0.6485 0.4642 0.5123 0.62218 0.8013 0.77301 0.8062 0.74 0.80701 0.82027 0.91142 0.50705 0.61839 0.7589 0.92925 0.7948 0.6941 0.79241 0.79062 1.8808 0.077611 0.9351 0.52446 0.7968 0.5634 0.84797 0.8766 0.6767 0.84758 0.7932 0.7031 0.7649 0.6653 0.7615 0.44337 0.81492 0.97555 0.90585 0.53498 0.5272 0.799 0.80872 0.908 0.53845 0.90125 0.5491 0.494 0.53893 0.72691 0.7457 0.7821 0.6894 0.7285

48.298 169.45 303.31 111.578 284 400.16 5.3 280 54.714 114.58 367.5 305.7 125.4 705.34 92.051 220.47 100.36 180 89.582 76.204 50.646 287.19 709.09 121.26 55.092 106.6 206.8 97.709 99.338 3604.6 32.426 271.76 126.34 96.3 212.68 191.74 41.718 98.279 175.9 103.78 208.7 107.94 636.11 85.198 235.2 238.27 103.1 88.273 102.73 173.45 415.8 479.78 283.52 119.93 159.3 89.5 178.57 117

−26,218

160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55 278.65 353.43 30.00 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.60 182.30 110.00 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.65 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.35 80.15 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 410.95 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 200.00 187.35 199.00 170.00 252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36

3.908E-06 3.196E-06 5.057E-06 3.944E-06 8.264E-06 7.125E-06 5.884E-06 3.752E-06 4.372E-06 3.964E-06 5.756E-06 8.854E-06 7.618E-06 3.231E-06 4.483E-06 3.335E-06 4.957E-06 4.499E-06 4.219E-06 3.542E-06 4.995E-06 4.170E-06 3.266E-06 4.510E-06 3.677E-06 5.267E-06 4.583E-06 4.498E-06 4.611E-06 2.075E-06 3.406E-06 4.579E-06 3.758E-06 1.196E-05 3.773E-06 4.922E-06 3.288E-06 3.740E-06 3.305E-06 5.150E-06 9.111E-06 4.452E-06 4.003E-06 5.079E-06 2.813E-06 3.638E-06 4.766E-06 4.242E-06 3.621E-06 6.010E-06 7.514E-06 5.324E-06 8.072E-06 3.788E-06 2.702E-06 4.732E-06 4.471E-06 3.914E-06 4.297E-06 6.105E-06 3.927E-06 3.802E-06 4.540E-06

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3273.1 1000 1970 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

2.434E-05 5.762E-13 1.714E-05 2.235E-05 2.616E-05 1.900E-05 1.573E-04 2.432E-05 6.432E-05 1.975E-12 2.625E-05 4.000E-05 5.737E-05 1.314E-05 1.669E-05 1.767E-05 1.672E-05 1.688E-05 1.697E-05 1.781E-05 1.996E-05 1.585E-05 1.345E-05 1.741E-05 1.813E-05 1.743E-05 1.755E-05 1.774E-05 1.733E-05 2.700E-05 1.868E-05 2.057E-05 1.681E-05 2.498E-05 6.371E-05 4.184E-05 1.436E-05 2.042E-05 2.124E-05 2.058E-05 2.068E-05 2.098E-05 2.019E-05 2.023E-05 2.176E-05 2.275E-05 2.320E-05 2.141E-05 1.879E-05 1.340E-05 2.283E-05 2.093E-05 2.090E-05 2.135E-05 2.480E-05 2.490E-05 2.461E-05 1.765E-05 2.373E-05 2.397E-05 2.060E-05 2.122E-05 2.223E-05

2-426

TABLE 2-312

Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pa
s) (Concluded)

Cmpd. no.

Name

304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

Formula C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

3.0387E-07 7.3919E-07 6.0741E-07 3.5532E-08 7.9457E-08 4.543E-08 1.1085E-07 2.1671E-07 6.3863E-07 2.273E-07 6.863E-07 5.3986E-07 3.9067E-06 2.2452E-08 7.0859E-07 5.1567E-09 3.778E-07 5.0784E-07 8.5988E-08 8.1458E-07 1.03E-06 8.7268E-07 2.7081E-07 3.5585E-08 2.411E-07 1.2434E-06 7.8498E-07 6.8812E-07 1.107E-07 8.2418E-07 3.4066E-08 2.8471E-08 3.594E-08 5.9537E-08 1.388E-07 6.7484E-07 2.379E-07 3.6429E-08 1.7096E-08 6.8293E-07 8.3436E-07 9.3485E-07

0.61945 0.5423 0.5863 0.95654 0.84656 0.9173 0.8008 0.76757 0.5254 0.6845 0.6112 0.6349 0.3845 0.97631 0.51971 1.1561 0.6533 0.5614 0.82841 0.50257 0.5497 0.49397 0.6955 0.8987 0.6845 0.4832 0.49855 0.51063 0.746 0.4931 0.95252 0.96571 0.9052 0.81842 0.7599 0.5304 0.71517 0.95924 1.1146 0.52199 0.49713 0.47683

210.35 263.73 367.29 65.878 61 152.51 16.28 295.1 229.8 217 34.5 470.1 652.24 271.01 328.55 68.172 380.29 569.4 323.79 187.93 165.3 223 447.7 362.79 330.88 72.4 371.44 43.528 30.83 125 90.245 98 230.17 102.84 324.17 365.86 371.96

C4

19,000

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 250.00 242.54 460.65 197.67 205.15 297.93 700.15 329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 387.91 398.40 354.00 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41

3.351E-06 2.093E-06 4.203E-06 4.085E-06 4.132E-06 4.832E-06 9.439E-06 1.410E-05 5.158E-06 1.009E-05 8.280E-06 9.790E-06 1.355E-05 1.346E-05 4.837E-06 3.465E-06 4.006E-06 4.592E-06 4.520E-06 7.930E-06 6.049E-06 4.008E-06 6.756E-06 3.344E-06 3.210E-06 3.689E-06 4.975E-06 4.520E-06 3.488E-06 7.958E-06 9.208E-06 7.581E-06 3.506E-06 4.677E-06 4.660E-06 4.459E-06 3.907E-06 5.260E-06 8.882E-06 4.735E-06 5.225E-06 6.037E-06

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 5000 694.19 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1073.15 1000 1000 1000

1.812E-05 2.477E-05 2.550E-05 2.632E-05 2.583E-05 2.418E-05 2.429E-05 2.475E-05 1.858E-05 2.091E-05 3.844E-05 1.195E-04 2.883E-05 1.906E-05 1.554E-05 1.516E-05 2.710E-05 1.847E-05 2.461E-05 1.900E-05 2.926E-05 2.000E-05 2.782E-05 1.517E-05 2.230E-05 2.418E-05 1.803E-05 1.760E-05 1.786E-05 1.812E-05 2.352E-05 2.179E-05 1.660E-05 1.558E-05 2.407E-05 2.140E-05 1.263E-12 2.749E-05 4.082E-05 1.899E-05 1.894E-05 1.836E-05

The vapor viscosity is calculated by

C1T C2 µ 2 1  C3/T  C4/T where µ is the viscosity in Pas and T is the temperature in K. Viscosities are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is lower. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

TABLE 2-313

Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s)

2-427

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol

C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H 3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4

44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138

−5.895 1.5525 −9.03 −14.164 −14.918 −10.906 6.224 −12.032 −28.12 2.019 −20.077 −6.743 −15.407 −8.8685 −12.632 7.5117 −8.4562 −12.947 −20.236 13.354 −14.152 −11.46 −11.459 −9.9265 16.775 −20.611 −10.015 −8.103 −10.143 17.844 −7.2471 −393.86 −390.03 0.87669 −16.323 −10.773 −10.346 −10.335 −17.488 −23.802 −10.807 −10.903 −3.4644 −10.057 −9.817 −10.136 18.775 −10.306 −4.9735 −8.0738 −9.9212 −9.5412 0.15772 −10.216 −14.109 −25.132 −13.994 −15.458 59.686

668.21 1376.4 1212.3 1350.3 1023.4 872.02 −151.8 867.34 2280.2 239.7 285.15 598.3 1518.7 204.29 2668.2 294.68 1024.4 2557.9 1737.4 −232.91 2652 1497 1334.4 1576.3 −314 1656.5 823.43 570.8 472.79 −310.2 534.82 19042 18609 1602.9 3141.7 591.61 522.3 521.39 1478.2 1887.2 966.74 932.82 334.5 903.73 1388 1006.4 −402.92 703.01 97.67 1121.1 300.5 456.62 540.5 702 1049.2 1381.9 949.4 1086 −3517.9

C3

C4

C5

−0.84323 −2.0126 −0.322 0.4492 0.5961 −2.6554 0.19534 2.3956 −1.8975 1.784 −0.7341 0.60172 −0.38305

−6.2382E-22 −3.69E-27

10 10

−1.2937E-22

10

−2.794 −0.30635 1.3531 −3.2685

1.7488E+20

−8.052

−0.043397 0.00049694 −0.21119 −3.9763 1.4415 −0.11122 −0.32958 −0.028241 −4.5058 −0.57469 59.978 60.014 −2.1475

−4.6625E-27 −0.049479 −0.055844 3.3866E+22

10 1 1 −9.9231

−0.011847 −0.013184 0.91828 1.8479 −0.014851 0.023034 −1.0811 −0.13186 −0.238 −0.1337 −4.6854

−6.9171E-26

10

−4.4999E-27 −6.163E-17

10 6

9.0312E+12

−5

−1.1088 −0.4726 −1.6075 −0.072 0.5377 2.0811 0.50223 0.654 −9.838

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

150.15 353.33 289.81 210.00 190.00 229.32 193.15 185.45 286.15 220.00 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.52 270.00 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 250.00 134.86 220.00 196.15 190.00 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 250.00 200.00 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.58 68.15 250.00 89.56 172.12 250.00 150.00 209.63 175.43 150.35 250.00 273.15

3.446E-03 1.728E-03 1.265E-03 4.834E-03 1.655E-03 8.220E-04 1.958E-04 1.773E-03 1.359E-03 8.040E-04 3.430E-04 5.240E-04 3.429E-03 2.950E-04 2.451E-03 7.761E-04 2.047E-03 1.530E-03 1.977E-03 6.100E-03 2.092E-02 1.887E-03 2.513E-03 1.427E-03 1.353E-03 2.842E-03 5.260E-03 1.316E-03 1.081E-03 2.547E-04 2.243E-03 2.020E+02 4.410E+04 3.237E-01 3.327E+01 1.770E-02 1.483E-03 6.810E-04 1.496E-03 1.030E-02 8.717E-03 2.288E-02 1.369E-03 3.602E-03 2.561E-03 1.031E-02 2.488E-04 2.590E-03 2.689E-04 2.032E-03 1.408E-03 1.020E-03 1.422E-03 2.748E-03 1.970E-03 1.501E-03 5.728E-03 5.515E-04 8.670E-02

294.00 494.30 391.05 412.70 329.44 436.40 273.15 353.22 460.00 350.50 130.00 393.15 426.73 150.00 563.15 545.00 442.29 600.80 450.00 664.00 478.60 458.15 472.03 723.15 350.00 429.24 311.50 276.71 284.00 400.00 420.00 544.00 540.80 391.90 372.90 335.60 276.87 274.03 399.26 456.46 373.15 358.13 373.15 348.05 436.42 390.75 303.15 441.60 131.37 455.00 145.10 333.72 540.00 373.15 353.20 403.15 423.15 308.85 564.68

2.216E-04 2.895E-04 3.890E-04 2.783E-04 2.351E-04 1.350E-04 9.819E-05 2.181E-04 2.086E-04 2.215E-04 4.276E-05 4.858E-05 2.736E-04 3.823E-05 3.730E-04 7.106E-05 3.333E-04 1.680E-04 3.009E-04 2.660E-04 1.821E-04 2.121E-04 1.788E-04 1.076E-04 6.021E-04 3.310E-04 3.321E-04 3.732E-04 1.773E-04 4.880E-05 3.566E-05 3.440E-04 2.890E-04 3.877E-04 3.715E-04 1.220E-04 1.982E-04 2.022E-04 2.521E-04 2.359E-04 2.475E-04 2.851E-04 1.271E-04 2.660E-04 3.087E-04 2.344E-04 5.652E-05 1.640E-04 6.515E-05 2.030E-04 3.897E-04 2.820E-04 1.291E-04 1.567E-04 3.410E-04 5.951E-05 1.154E-04 2.767E-04 1.630E-04

2-428

TABLE 2-313

Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s) (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide

C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS

95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5

108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133

C1

C2

−0.033937 390.77 −1.6355 1052.9 −24.988 1807.9 −12.086 994.23 −3.4968 397.94 −33.763 2497.2 280.87 −31869 −44.877 3227.7 −11.641 1154.3 −3.2612 614.16 −4.1508 599.77 −3.524 342.54 −11.338 1304.1 −10.115 1111.9 −9.6489 1181.1 −12.305 2324.1 −69.985 5818.8 −15.868 1434.8 −11.464 1510.1 −2.3633 791.93 0.000001348 −10.457 1101.1 −17.582 1635.4 −10.013 921.31 10.027 206 −1.9265 387.67 −30.6 2153.4 31.63 −1080 −8.991 870.2 15.312 −41.12 −13.071 940.03 −10.872 1033.1 −11.269 1195.3 −375.21 17177 −17.57 1385.7 10.197 −63.8 −5.135 667.5 10.501 −52.181 −10.072 710.48 −17.723 850.2 −1.7366 599.8 −11.5 993 −15.097 1426.9 −10.968 885.49 −10.631 1086.4 0.10842 300.2 −10.93 699.5 7.2565 221.4 −10.716 1140.5 −11.796 1463.5 −11.344 1168.9 −10.577 1172.6 −10.62 448.99 −20.425 1515.5 −12.08 1112.2 16.961 −423.16 −17.641 −37.347

1067.5 2835

C3 −1.4547 −1.3891 2.0556

C4 5.0187E+12 3.6844E+17

−1.1087 3.2236 −38.837 3,994,500 4.887 0.066511 −1.156 −1.0308 −1.1599 0.000092396 −0.015659 −0.24367 9.0522E+34 −0.055494 8.0715 0.68071 −0.012754 −1.2272

C5 −5 −7

−2.002

−15

−0.0031354 0.9932 −3.1607 −1.1335 2.9371 −6.114 −0.2805 −3.919 0.3733 −0.00067435 0.012736 66.66 0.85647 −3.226 −0.8553 −3.3459 −0.14677 1.0601 −1.4237 0.022 0.51512

1.5037E+14

−6

−3.6367

0.5

−1.1719E-18

7

1.362E+15

−6

−1.6831 −2.7946 −0.047736 0.04513 −0.14244 0.000083967 1.4444 0.09654 −3.8178 1.0317 3.7937

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

293.15 273.15 200.00 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 200.00 225.00 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 240.05 304.55 285.00 206.89 247.56 229.15 20.35 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 208.38 200.00 172.71 293.15 223.35 200.00 225.00 154.56 215.00 137.00 250.00 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 200.00 220.00 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 240.00 160.00 274.18

9.600E-03 9.770E-02 6.363E-03 3.250E-04 8.345E-04 1.260E-03 6.330E-02 8.960E-03 4.018E-03 1.122E-03 7.531E-03 9.601E-04 1.155E-02 2.381E-03 2.780E-03 6.798E-03 1.937E-02 4.975E-03 4.364E-03 3.786E-03 1.348E-06 5.331E-03 2.042E-03 2.920E-03 5.931E-03 2.540E-03 2.727E-03 8.543E-04 4.076E-03 1.839E-03 1.407E-03 3.312E-03 1.381E-02 8.130E-01 1.191E-03 7.359E-04 1.113E-03 1.229E-03 5.231E-04 1.830E-03 7.479E-04 2.259E-03 4.569E-03 4.375E-03 2.950E-03 3.796E-04 5.917E-04 1.103E-03 1.992E-03 5.310E-03 8.315E-03 6.093E-03 7.398E-04 2.041E-03 9.669E-03 6.030E-02

558.04 563.72 400.00 320.12 367.94 443.04 520.08 428.58 373.15 325.00 405.60 318.40 431.95 488.15 494.16 543.15 503.00 443.75 512.35 505.60 20.35 381.15 404.51 488.80 414.15 547.16 453.57 447.21 330.45 400.00 373.93 361.25 369.52 589.28 329.10 373.15 365.25 343.15 283.65 343.15 357.05 341.45 397.55 337.45 366.15 371.00 308.15 331.13 392.70 484.92 396.58 382.90 248.31 425.15 362.93 612.80

2.160E-04 1.940E-04 2.881E-04 1.260E-04 1.278E-04 2.070E-04 1.650E-04 4.402E-04 2.877E-04 3.167E-04 1.416E-04 1.080E-04 2.440E-04 3.583E-04 1.550E-04 2.304E-04 2.727E-04 2.064E-04 1.848E-04 2.167E-04 1.348E-06 5.071E-04 5.120E-04 2.950E-04 1.989E-04 2.340E-04 3.761E-04 3.039E-04 3.407E-04 2.557E-04 2.374E-04 3.301E-04 3.495E-04 1.090E-04 2.260E-04 1.141E-04 2.354E-04 1.026E-04 2.257E-04 6.050E-05 2.193E-04 2.110E-04 2.194E-04 2.378E-04 4.695E-04 1.186E-04 1.734E-04 2.509E-04 3.045E-04 1.540E-04 2.956E-04 2.336E-04 1.490E-04 2.981E-04 2.147E-04 2.730E-04

225.00 6.696E-04 291.67 2.253E-03

310.48 464.00

2.528E-04 3.547E-04

2-429

119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne

C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10

120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2

194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144

−11.488 −46.166 −12.373 −15.404 −7.8244 −18.315 −7.0046 7.875 14.354 19.822 −13.563 −40.706 −12.24 −15.485 −22.11 −6.894 1.8878 −53.908 −20.515 −11.012 −8.521 −9.8417 −13.037 −11.311 −11.331 −11.452 −9.7574 −8.9215 0.7109 7.8744 8.18 −10.064 −10.758 −10.501 −11.24 40.153 −48.529 −10.923 −9.6312 −19.991 −10.443 −9.4622 −40.543 −66.654 11.225 −9.3874 −13.929 −10.819 −11.812 −2.7947 −20.182 −10.745 −6.3276 −46.402 −39.324 −82.705 −11.445 −13.684 −10.36 −4.2684 −10.073 −4.7263 −3.7464

1922.6 3086.2 2017.5 1390 1191.9 2283.5 276.38 781.98 −154.6 −0.12598 1208.6 3035 1836.4 1325.6 1673 818.6 78.865 4030.8 2468.5 967.4 634.2 876.4 2346 1337.2 908.46 1172.7 729.43 950.8 386.51 −106.34 −75.6 1058.7 558.81 427.78 751.69 −912.39 3394.7 894.63 −3.841 2245.1 1063.2 877.07 3328.3 5325.8 25.319 1204.9 1321.9 841.33 1291.9 563.86 2203.5 1021.4 640 3448.6 3841 7404.9 1187.2 1283.4 775.85 647.6 1123.3 594.43 624.2

5.104 0.5564 −0.49963 0.95485 −0.6087 −3.0418 −3.7887 −4.9793 0.377 4.2655 0.021868 0.6432 1.641 −0.5941 −2.1554 5.9704 1.2435 −0.3314 −0.1708 −0.02982 0.00042478 −0.00010095 −0.14912 −0.32687 −1.7754 −2.6884 −3.5148 −0.17162 −0.016459 0.0086309 −0.024579 −7.5664 5.3903 −0.00068418 −1.458 1.1982 −0.031488 −0.23445 4.1804 7.66 −3.2694 −0.32618 0.40382 0.076469 −1.1636 1.2289 −0.000055427 −0.694 5.0849 3.6933 6.4721 0.0029076 0.33755 −0.082348 −1.0087 −0.16515 −0.86247 −1.084

413.80 284.95 293.15 260.00 3.9572E+23 −10 262.15 309.58 −3.1108E-18 7 90.35 200.00 220.00 192.15 178.20 250.00 258.15 250.00 200.00 253.15 104.00 284.29 2.4998E+12 −5 260.15 250.00 160.65 245.00 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 250.00 200.00 4.2757E+13 −6 167.55 53.48 232.15 129.95 131.35 181.15 1.6873E+24 −10 273.15 281.45 200.00 −1.065E-08 10 2.20 295.13 229.80 1.4022E+22 −10 180.15 265.83 −2.2512E-28 9.9041 239.15 1.0082E+11 −4.3444 230.00 234.15 250.00 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 5.6884E+21 −10 174.65 269.25 −2.1166E-30 10.485 250.00 1.5016 0.41014 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65

1.068E-03 1.525E-03 4.120E-03 9.454E-04 3.020E-03 4.243E-03 1.247E-03 1.315E-02 1.132E-03 1.727E-03 8.012E-03 6.643E-03 6.705E-03 1.319E-03 6.406E-03 9.605E-04 6.334E-04 2.487E-03 1.340E-01 7.909E-04 1.918E-03 7.435E-04 4.717E-02 1.765E-02 7.908E-03 3.319E-03 9.520E-03 9.848E-04 1.156E-03 1.010E-02 7.317E-04 1.599E-03 1.448E-03 7.450E-04 7.331E-04 7.408E-03 2.319E-03 1.575E-03 3.628E-06 3.814E-03 2.510E-03 4.420E-03 9.242E-03 8.805E-02 4.036E-01 2.427E-03 1.642E-03 4.700E-03 3.097E-03 2.528E-03 3.536E-03 2.378E-03 2.400E-03 5.854E-03 2.822E-02 4.919E-01 2.561E-03 2.563E-03 7.108E-03 3.550E-03 6.035E-03 8.332E-03 2.483E-03

561.15 374.65 613.44 382.35 526.40 616.93 300.00 440.00 473.15 289.73 413.10 486.55 466.95 394.65 404.94 378.15 250.00 483.15 576.00 329.00 283.85 345.00 510.10 417.15 326.15 386.55 308.15 372.25 337.01 447.96 140.00 453.15 235.45 194.82 254.05 493.00 373.71 304.50 5.10 575.30 425.95 432.16 496.15 448.60 432.90 421.15 424.18 429.92 450.09 447.20 564.15 401.45 406.08 478.85 429.90 412.40 400.70 396.65 336.63 432.00 425.81 412.00 435.00

3.154E-04 4.610E-04 1.130E-04 2.118E-04 1.680E-04 2.078E-04 3.587E-05 1.416E-04 9.061E-05 2.236E-04 2.326E-04 3.109E-04 2.822E-04 2.533E-04 2.956E-04 2.599E-04 6.143E-05 1.723E-04 2.520E-04 3.123E-04 2.863E-04 2.486E-04 2.165E-04 2.522E-04 1.949E-04 2.207E-04 2.626E-04 2.480E-04 2.086E-04 1.550E-04 5.954E-05 1.542E-04 2.087E-04 2.587E-04 2.210E-04 1.821E-04 5.444E-04 3.392E-04 2.532E-06 2.088E-04 2.924E-04 1.430E-04 3.754E-04 3.190E-04 2.723E-04 2.040E-04 2.318E-04 1.420E-04 2.087E-04 1.777E-04 2.054E-04 2.744E-04 1.340E-04 4.019E-04 3.343E-04 3.274E-04 2.108E-04 2.185E-04 1.966E-04 1.377E-04 2.172E-04 2.083E-04 1.368E-04

2-430

TABLE 2-313

Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s) (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

C4

182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240

Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether

H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O

302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5

32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122

−75.781 −11.661 −11.633 −116.34 −21.927 353.99 −10.905 −11.497 −31.157 −19.834 −14.527 −6.1572 −25.317 −4.648 13.557 −2.8737 10.848 −17.044 −21.971 −10.481 −12.596 −1.035 −25.882 −10.755 −8.4453 −3.6585 −11.278 −10.97 −1.8842 −12.206 −12.002 −11.358 −6.1534 −6.6904 −6.6915 −1.8553 −4.8515 −6.7424 −10.517 −11.104 −1.0598 −10.842 −39.641 −11.27 −11.394

4175.4 24.7 316.38 3834.6 1266.5 13928 762.11 1365.7 1926 2784.5 1497.7 178.15 1789.2 1832 −187.3 301.35 75 1074 2267.4 648.37 889.11 1048.5 3359.4 705.48 639.21 441.1 949.12 1067.3 433.58 1141.7 1009.7 1213.1 3219 3150.5 3173.2 612.62 679.07 788.86 745.32 627.18 520.68 863.65 2113.3 888.42 1168.7

9.6508 −0.261 0.56191 16.864 1.5927 −41.717 −0.11863 0.036966 2.925 1.1161 0.51747 −0.95239 2.069 −1.2191 −3.6592 −1.2271 −3.297 0.84203 1.4173 −0.041947 0.20469 −1.5474 1.5787 −0.011113 −0.38409 −1.0547 −0.00012343 −0.017484 −1.3238 0.15014

−7.27E-09 −4.1E-16

−11.216 −11.272 −11.075 −10.628 −0.099 −12.579 −12.86 −11.391 −13.912 51.356 −10.385 −4.841 −10.705

737.75 1048.9 990.72 645 496 2224.2 946.91 1090.8 797.09 −1249.5 599.59 696.7 788.94

0.019308 0.00030493

−2.5875E-10 −2,962

−9.0606E-24

C5 3 10 4 −0.5

10

−1.4494 −1.392 −1.3046 −1.3774 −0.93238 −0.69862 0.036581 −1.4961 −0.00074603 4.308 0.024736 −0.007539

0.025885 −1.5939 0.26191 1.0752E-07 0.45308 −9.4593 −0.046088 −0.9194 −0.048383

3.694E+24

−9.8759

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

274.69 13.95 185.15 158.97 259.83 189.79 187.68 250.00 250.00 404.15 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 250.00 170.45 275.00 179.69 288.15 159.53 150.00 298.15 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 200.00 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 248.15 146.62 115.00 275.00 160.00 186.48 167.23 250.00 150.00 189.15

1.450E-03 2.546E-05 9.207E-04 1.000E-03 2.754E-04 1.550E-03 5.726E-04 2.938E-03 6.737E-04 1.939E-03 1.664E-03 2.063E-04 1.193E-02 3.995E-03 6.135E-04 6.045E-04 6.126E-04 1.236E-03 2.299E-03 1.321E-03 3.542E-03 1.774E-03 3.776E+01 3.675E-03 3.164E-03 1.915E-03 5.239E-03 6.930E-03 1.628E-03 3.339E-03 8.730E-03 4.590E-02 2.584E-02 3.729E-02 1.107E-01 9.288E-04 7.669E-03 4.086E-02 4.070E-04 9.133E-04 2.266E-03 3.409E-03 6.104E-04 5.390E-03 5.222E-03

522.52 33.00 206.45 318.15 298.85 368.92 350.00 450.00 453.15 580.00 434.15 188.00 337.85 478.15 425.00 373.15 400.00 273.15 472.65 314.00 310.00 450.15 404.15 304.30 311.70 390.15 343.31 396.58 364.00 375.90 353.60 457.68 548.80 491.20 493.60 353.15 433.60 420.80 314.70 280.50 535.50 339.80 304.90 331.70 389.15

2.190E-04 3.906E-06 8.206E-04 5.780E-05 1.821E-04 1.190E-04 8.089E-05 2.649E-04 1.214E-04 3.593E-04 3.582E-04 2.263E-05 3.442E-04 2.392E-04 1.198E-04 8.846E-05 1.636E-04 2.275E-04 2.149E-04 1.739E-04 1.928E-04 2.859E-04 3.051E-04 2.034E-04 1.841E-04 1.476E-04 2.006E-04 2.286E-04 2.035E-04 2.539E-04 1.070E-04 1.650E-04 8.026E-05 1.360E-04 2.356E-04 2.742E-04 1.301E-04 1.129E-04 2.891E-04 1.731E-04 7.577E-05 2.474E-04 3.134E-04 2.143E-04 2.170E-04

127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 260.00 240.00 119.55 176.00 110.00 295.56 132.81 250.00 133.97

4.722E-03 4.305E-03 4.977E-03 2.023E-03 8.635E-04 3.646E-02 2.506E-02 5.554E-03 1.072E-02 5.440E-03 2.253E-03 8.002E-04 6.390E-03

303.92 367.55 553.10 279.11 400.00 518.15 333.41 372.00 310.95 451.21 266.25 352.60 312.20

1.703E-04 2.212E-04 9.292E-05 2.827E-04 2.229E-04 2.519E-04 2.038E-04 2.120E-04 1.588E-04 1.010E-04 2.270E-04 2.593E-04 2.127E-04

2-431

241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine

C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N 2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N

3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8

90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110

−10.569

952.38

−0.063873

160.17

7.103E-03

368.69

2.333E-04

−11.632 −6.921 −10.34 −19.308 −17.945 −4.438 16.004

1251.6 790.773 519.61 1822.5 115.57 746.5 −181.61

0.071692 −0.654 −0.013899 1.218 1.428 −0.9385 −5.1551

249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 25.09 200.00 63.15

1.972E-03 4.284E-03 9.377E-04 9.077E-04 1.602E-04 3.421E-03 2.633E-04

438.65 450.00 278.65 633.15 44.13 387.22 124.00

2.382E-04 1.052E-04 1.929E-04 1.892E-04 2.706E-05 3.027E-04 3.331E-05

−9.5556 19.329 −246.65 −16.403 −12.94 −68.54 −48.851 −39.863 −98.854 −21.921 −11.319 −2.3409 −22.688 −10.191 −7.556 −60.795 −19.907 16.792 −11.736 −20.804 −11.19 −11.498 −3.8552

981.64 −381.68 3150.3 2119.5 1257.6 3165.3 4095 4089 7183.8 1603.9 1428 715.52 2466 1072.4 881.09 4617.8 2791.7 1353.6 1415.2 1834.6 1057.4 1362.1 684.22

−0.19453 −4.8618 49.98 0.6881 0.37191 9.0919 5.294 3.7631 12.283 1.5971 −0.022545 −1.222 1.5703 −0.030553 −0.52502 7.028 0.94296 −4.6357 0.0003618 1.3403

244.60 210.00 109.50 305.04 255.15 218.15 285.55 280.00 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 211.15 289.65 280.00 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55

1.344E-03 2.065E-04 3.858E-04 4.012E-03 2.606E-03 3.310E-03 1.030E-02 1.733E-02 2.310E-01 5.699E-03 3.026E-03 3.206E-03 3.926E-03 2.479E-03 2.660E-03 6.652E-03 1.569E-02 4.576E-01 2.161E-03 2.039E-03 6.590E-03 4.837E-03 3.614E-03

374.35 283.09 180.05 603.15 468.15 593.15 528.75 485.20 471.70 420.02 492.95 487.20 589.86 447.15 454.96 512.85 468.35 452.90 446.15 440.65 453.52 472.19 468.00

3.078E-04 7.730E-05 3.791E-05 2.068E-04 3.468E-04 5.000E-05 3.670E-04 2.852E-04 3.334E-04 2.127E-04 1.913E-04 2.172E-04 2.057E-04 3.425E-04 1.460E-04 3.576E-04 2.901E-04 1.899E-04 1.913E-04 2.075E-04 1.420E-04 2.000E-04 1.868E-04

−4.1476 −10.94 −19.299 −10.846 −53.509 −37.067 −36.561 −410.49 −11.055 −2.8695 −10.667 −6.9168 −11.677 −1.7273 −3.7241 −22.472 −43.335 −11.31 195.25 −6.3528 −17.156 23.467 −8.8918 −11.208 −9.9177 −23.931 −5.7136 17.797 −9.8074

94.04 415.96 2088.6 980.01 1836.6 2856.7 3542.2 18371 1005.3 596.32 659.56 818.76 1091.2 424.34 516.54 2566.9 3881.7 1280 −11072 240.85 646.25 116.07 2357.6 1079.8 839.53 1834.6 703.62 −252.43 1010.4

54.36 77.55 283.07 182.00 143.42 270.00 253.15 200.00 250.00 234.18 108.02 220.00 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 291.45 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 170.00 252.45 250.00 250.00 188.36

7.170E-04 3.790E-03 3.486E-03 4.129E-03 3.529E-03 3.773E-03 1.649E-02 3.823E+01 9.009E-04 1.024E-03 1.045E-02 1.643E-03 3.746E-03 2.323E-03 1.902E-03 1.920E-03 1.270E-02 2.370E-03 1.229E-03 5.772E-04 9.458E-03 2.069E+01 3.917E-01 3.080E-03 2.912E-03 2.275E-03 7.372E-04 1.002E-03 3.060E-03

150.00 208.80 543.84 376.15 465.15 458.65 410.90 392.20 375.46 375.14 303.22 385.15 399.79 378.00 415.20 610.03 555.40 522.40 557.65 298.15 360.00 370.35 355.30 508.80 321.15 414.32 370.50 473.15 321.00

6.990E-05 1.300E-04 2.091E-04 2.553E-04 4.796E-05 3.516E-04 3.844E-04 5.828E-04 2.354E-04 2.232E-04 2.051E-04 2.385E-04 2.463E-04 1.898E-04 9.980E-05 2.849E-04 1.940E-04 1.420E-04 1.986E-04 1.416E-04 4.275E-05 4.735E-04 4.892E-04 1.130E-04 2.562E-04 3.430E-04 2.171E-04 1.045E-04 2.908E-04

−2.14E-17

10

−0.22541

1

−0.000013519

2

4.6342E+22

−10

2.3041E+24 2.6663E+31

−10.09 −13.039

0.015575 −1.0071 −1.207 1.1091 −0.0054565 7.1409 3.7344 3.3364 61.985 0.0039301 −1.2025 −0.59628 0.10658 −1.342 −1.1167 1.5749 4.3983 −29.084 −0.58229 1.1101 −5.3372 −0.91376 −0.16735 1.9124 −0.78123 −4.291 −0.25697

−0.000019627 −8.0487E-37 −0.0095612

3.0548E+24

−7.3439E-11 2.8801E+09

2 12.84 1.2201

−10

4 −4.0267

2-432

TABLE 2-313

Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s) (Concluded)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H2O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165

−18.282 −92.082 −73.735 −5.7244 −10.153 −804.54 −14.846

1549.7 1907.3 2668.2 638.2 840.71 30487 1829.4

1.0454 15.639 10.993 −0.76415 −0.093763 130.79 0.3729

−22.675 −13.422 46.223 3.8305 −88.793

1758 3431.8 −1378 41.21 6400.7

1.6701

−215.09 −14.493 −10.321 −11.167 −10.843 5.5351 −16.671 −226.08 0.388 −4.1103 −3.7067 10.142 −11.756 −9.6461 −12.928 −4.0309 −10.707 −11.504 52.176 −69.778 −22.407 −2.2333 0.26297 −10.37 −52.843 −11.91 −15.489 −7.381

11612 1710.8 900.92 1193.2 1165.2 632.38 1342.5 6805.7 736.5 1005.3 585.78 −130.41 1483.1 1281.2 1137.5 990.76 1818.5 3301 −4951.9 5905.2 1462.8 320.37 276.55 823.31 3703.6 1094.9 1393.5 911.7

C4

C5

−0.043098 −0.018364

1 1

−0.15449

1

−8.7475 −2.1342 10.709 31.849 0.4417 −0.069128 0.096226 −2.6576 0.8388 37.542 −1.7063 −1.0188 −1.0926 −3.2199 −0.040387 −0.29478 0.25725 −1.1771 −0.39102 −8.5676 8.0214 1.7006 −1.2915 −1.7282 5.866 0.13825 0.63711 −0.54152

−0.026882 3.0895E+28

1 −12

9.5986E+11

-5

−0.060853

1

1.0017E+19

−8

−3.6929E-28

10

570,980

−5.879E-29

−2

10

Tmin, K

Viscosity at Tmin

Tmax, K

Viscosity at Tmax

200.00 87.90 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85

6.774E-03 1.550E-02 5.852E-03 6.477E-03 4.641E-03 9.500E+02 3.643E-04

432.39 333.15 353.97 325.71 340.87 500.80 454.00

2.357E-04 5.150E-05 2.810E-04 2.784E-04 2.656E-04 3.310E-04 1.965E-04

242.54 460.65 225.00 223.15 289.95

1.919E-03 2.550E-03 6.900E-04 5.388E-04 2.477E-03

418.31 644.80 400.00 318.69 318.15

2.268E-04 3.040E-04 6.557E-05 2.383E-04 9.456E-04

329.35 277.65 164.65 237.40 293.15 373.96 250.00 178.18 236.50 267.67 250.00 200.00 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 353.15 247.57 288.45 225.00 173.15 130.00 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41

1.736E-02 3.350E-03 5.505E-03 1.300E-02 1.040E-03 1.999E-04 1.269E-03 1.569E-02 2.955E-03 3.450E-03 6.135E-04 5.156E-04 2.495E-03 3.477E-03 8.636E-03 1.305E-02 2.150E-03 1.167E-02 3.240E-03 2.089E-02 1.237E-03 8.764E-04 2.425E-03 3.170E-03 1.702E-03 1.834E-03 1.735E-03 7.021E-04

723.15 554.40 373.15 576.00 303.15 454.00 393.15 383.78 387.00 540.00 359.05 308.15 449.27 442.53 541.15 387.91 676.80 625.00 511.20 590.15 345.65 364.00 400.00 434.52 646.15 413.10 418.10 413.10

1.522E-04 1.810E-04 2.446E-04 2.100E-04 9.125E-04 8.859E-05 2.625E-04 2.428E-04 3.798E-04 1.740E-04 2.028E-04 1.612E-04 1.663E-04 1.942E-04 4.530E-05 2.049E-04 3.290E-04 1.601E-04 1.570E-04 1.856E-04 2.654E-04 1.273E-04 8.272E-05 2.090E-04 5.028E-05 2.189E-04 2.459E-04 2.169E-04

The liquid viscosity is calculated by

µ exp(C1  C2/T  C3 ln T  C4T c5) where µ is the viscosity in Pas and T is the temperature in K. Viscosities are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is higher. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source shold be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

TABLE 2-314

Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(m⭈K)]

2-433

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6

44.05 59.07 60.05 102.09 58.08 41.05 26.04 56.06 72.06 53.06 28.96 17.03 108.14 39.95 121.14 78.11 110.18 122.12 103.12 182.22 108.14 136.19 124.20 154.21 159.81 157.01 108.97 94.94 54.09 54.09 58.12 90.12 90.12 74.12 74.12 56.11 56.11 56.11 116.16 134.22 90.19 90.19 54.09 72.11 88.11 69.11 44.01 76.14 28.01 153.82 88.00 70.91 112.56 64.51 119.38 50.49 78.54 78.54

3.7272E-07 0.00013195 0.000001691 0.00042004 −26.8 4.901E-08 0.000075782 0.024098 0.0009265 0.0013784 0.00031417 9.6608E-06 0.00059858 0.000633 0.025389 0.00001652 0.00047951 0.0001163 0.00015674 0.0001235 0.00023476 0.00096451 0.00015525 2.8646E-06 1.0404E-06 0.00027085 0.00019745 0.000038314 0.000088221 −20,890 0.051094 −295.44 −918.39 0.0011484 4.5894E-06 0.000096809 0.000067737 0.000078576 5.86E-09 0.1807 0.00097826 0.9719 0.000037269 1138.6 0.002751 5.2879E-07 3.69 0.0003467 0.00059882 0.00016599 0.000092004 0.0009993 0.0004783 −19.283 0.00043073 −22136 0.00004861 0.00009154

1.8129 0.97 1.6692 0.8066 0.9098 2.1091 1.0327 0.3285 0.7035 1.2093 0.7786 1.3799 0.7527 0.6221 0.28547 1.3117 0.7818 0.9705 0.95503 0.9495 0.8639 0.69225 0.9446 1.4098 1.4685 0.7932 0.8824 1.0484 1.0273 0.9593 0.45253 −0.21463 −0.21199 0.87647 1.4484 1.1153 1.0709 1.0565 2.376 0.0082225 0.78643 −0.111 1.1427 0.95596 0.2734 1.6715 −0.3838 0.7345 0.6863 0.94375 1.0164 0.5472 0.8994 0.20238 0.83878 0.7666 1.1407 1.0681

C3 728.3 658 439.37 −126500000 −36.227 1325.3 627.58 50594 −0.7116 354.04 70 1018.3 491 463.4 740 711.32 778.7 187.8 519.99 715.78 −391.35 278.33 647 287.38 75.316 −9.382E+10 5455.5 91602 334420 3253.7 781.82 −65.881 14.63 −401.32 −129.42 1531.5 1167.2 −43.844 7.5086E+09 −314.55 −381.9 964 479 57.13 1449.6 270.83 458.6 1845.5 −715050 1874.5 −4.8749E+10 593 746.6

C4

−95,400 142,620 31,432 577,830 112,460 2,121.7 241,830 1,228,600 189,410

193,840 278,930 156,820 165,880 99,063 1,979,800 −7.6032E+08 −2.8842E+09

129,390 105,920 69,280 1,691,500 67,115 3,163,200 79,421 95,650 1,860,000 501.92

163,000 −271,300,000

Tmin, K

Thermal cond. at Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

273.15 494.30 294.70 412.70 329.44 354.75 189.35 325.84 414.15 350.50 70.00 200.00 426.73 90.00 563.15 339.15 442.29 522.40 464.15 579.24 478.60 458.15 472.03 373.15 300.00 429.24 311.50 273.00 284.00 268.74 272.65 469.57 481.38 370.70 372.90 266.91 273.15 274.03 273.00 456.46 371.61 358.13 281.22 347.95 436.40 273.00 194.67 273.15 70.00 349.79 145.10 200.00 400.00 273.15 334.33 213.15 319.67 308.85

0.00973 0.02189 0.01049 0.01864 0.01363 0.01170 0.01011 0.01534 0.02027 0.01133 0.00603 0.01446 0.01809 0.00585 0.02317 0.01407 0.01861 0.02090 0.02180 0.02213 0.02167 0.01936 0.02071 0.01123 0.00452 0.01302 0.01018 0.00669 0.01172 0.01281 0.01357 0.02426 0.02110 0.02097 0.02435 0.01252 0.01105 0.01200 0.00783 0.02151 0.01832 0.01749 0.01268 0.01419 0.05192 0.00706 0.00887 0.00776 0.00576 0.00812 0.00505 0.00551 0.01579 0.00960 0.00854 0.00590 0.01225 0.01222

994 1000 686.88 1000 1000 994.75 1000 1000 1000 990.5 2000 900 1000 3273.1 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 712.94 1000 1000 1273.15 1257 800 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 526.32 1000 1500 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 750 1000 1000

0.10124 0.06206 0.05236 0.06981 0.11362 0.10298 0.09545 0.08028 0.06867 0.11107 0.11675 0.11523 0.06796 0.09525 0.05618 0.09542 0.06427 0.05452 0.06713 0.04899 0.06636 0.06398 0.06171 0.06347 0.00956 0.04495 0.05321 0.04158 0.09071 0.16809 0.13799 0.10046 0.08332 0.06536 0.10161 0.12049 0.13926 0.13704 0.07634 0.07465 0.08610 0.08470 0.09644 0.11186 0.03792 0.07660 0.09025 0.03745 0.08724 0.04595 0.08108 0.03002 0.07935 0.07920 0.04920 0.05448 0.08065 0.08389

2-434

TABLE 2-314

Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(m
K)] (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si

108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6

108.14 108.14 108.14 120.19 52.03 56.11 84.16 100.16 98.14 82.14 70.13 68.12 42.08 116.22 156.27 142.28 172.27 158.28 140.27 174.35 138.25 4.03 187.86 187.86 173.83 130.23 147.00 147.00 147.00 98.96 98.96 84.93 112.99 112.99 105.14 73.14 74.12 90.19 66.05 66.05 52.02 101.19 102.17 114.19 90.12 104.15 54.09 45.08 86.18 112.21 112.21 112.21 94.20 46.07 73.09 100.20 194.18 60.17

C1

C2

0.00019307 0.9248 0.00018648 0.9302 0.00019063 0.9282 1.6743E-07 1.8369 0.000026933 1.137 −449,910 0.27364 0.000000859 1.7709 0.0032207 0.5991 −1,095.5 −0.023408 0.0000901 1.0897 9.5461E-06 1.4641 0.0010949 0.71644 −91.383 0.89718 0.0000813 1.0674 −4.9825 0.04928 −668.4 0.9323 0.00017047 0.9313 −0.3072 0.489 0.000027232 1.257 0.00012058 1.0111 0.000016707 1.2128 0.00028527 0.9874 0.00021231 0.8052 0.00015878 0.8636 0.00021302 0.8719 0.0032694 0.58633 −1,067.8 0.754 −1,420 0.7614 −1,520.8 0.754 0.0001315 1.0113 0.00021054 0.9574 0.0014796 0.69531 0.000057603 1.1148 0.000062435 1.103 −11,633 0.4621 0.00001706 1.248 −0.0044894 0.6155 0.0018097 0.67406 0.000059249 1.0713 2.4194E-06 1.4456 0.000013015 1.1897 0.00051305 0.8076 0.00019879 0.9423 −8.5357 −0.0056423 0.00046265 0.81968 3.7962E-06 1.4462 0.00021761 0.9187 1.6085 −0.1103 0.000034741 1.1646 0.008856 0.4215 0.013298 0.3692 0.012144 0.3854 0.00022578 0.892 0.059975 0.2667 0.014449 0.3612 0.000022421 1.2137 0.00012822 0.9324 0.0011808 0.742

C3

C4

710 709.37 716.91 −449.46 112,760 28.119 −1.0001E+10 −9.8654E+12 243 608.69 509,290 498,780 −7.8355E+09 655 632.62 175.55 346,040 −283,310,000 697.6 −1107 −67,349,000 −4.071E+09 757.67 −67,500 −29,400,000 751.7 740 −206.08 153,850 −200.51 21,807 649.51 659.5 1,620 1259.9 300,890 −3.0361E+09 −4.5040E+09 −4.3328E+09 1,023.8 1,414 2,657.4 849.98 913.43 −3.7939E+09 −112.8 77,960 −3266.3 1179.7 174,850 101.84 45,974 360.19 306.8 1882.1 539.34 217 2160.3 −99.956 −50.645 0.1027 52.191 697 1,018.6 595.22 −146.91 752.5 1131

154,510 106,230 −65,622,000 104,530 132,070 2,989,300 130,820 764,580 852,540 803,590 1,098,800 728,130 131,830 6,400

Thermal cond. at Tmin, K Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

475.43 464.15 475.13 380.00 252.00 285.66 325.00 434.00 428.58 356.12 273.00 317.38 240.37 431.95 488.15 447.30 543.15 504.07 443.75 512.35 447.15 233.15 381.15 404.51 370.10 323.15 446.23 453.57 447.21 330.45 356.59 312.90 361.25 369.52 541.54 273.15 200.00 365.25 248.95 303.65 221.50 357.05 328.05 397.55 337.45 366.15 300.13 280.03 331.13 392.70 402.94 396.58 382.90 248.31 425.15 362.93 556.85 253.55

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 993.65 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000

0.06716 0.06736 0.06762 0.08181 0.06749 0.14994 0.14198 0.09535 0.12704 0.10116 0.14429 0.10148 0.15854 0.07629 0.10382 0.10286 0.06034 0.09389 0.09175 0.07482 0.07667 0.44547 0.03351 0.03729 0.03356 0.07330 0.06430 0.06066 0.06417 0.07025 0.06498 0.04931 0.06881 0.06647 0.07463 0.09804 0.05181 0.08089 0.08447 0.05206 0.04826 0.08967 0.09444 0.13085 0.08099 0.08279 0.09199 0.12209 0.10506 0.09500 0.09196 0.09376 0.06310 0.19458 0.07539 0.09962 0.04587 0.09296

0.02316 0.02230 0.02319 0.01534 0.01302 0.01356 0.01380 0.02399 0.02291 0.01914 0.01061 0.01360 0.01061 0.02022 0.02381 0.02173 0.02508 0.02591 0.02149 0.02709 0.02092 0.11474 0.00940 0.01077 0.00687 0.01244 0.01561 0.01507 0.01564 0.01132 0.01177 0.00847 0.01220 0.01222 0.03044 0.01148 0.00764 0.01743 0.01016 0.00938 0.00803 0.01836 0.01598 0.02015 0.01554 0.01936 0.01288 0.01845 0.01581 0.01884 0.01948 0.01952 0.01613 0.01139 0.02001 0.01797 0.01981 0.01291

2-435

117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179

Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan

C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S

75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9

62.13 0.00023614 78.13 0.00064761 194.18 −25,190 88.11 6.4032E-07 170.21 0.00014629 101.19 0.0001123 170.33 0.000005719 282.55 −375.32 30.07 0.000073869 46.07 −0.010109 88.11 1.3575E-07 45.08 0.3935 106.17 0.000017537 150.17 0.00002012 116.16 0.00017727 116.16 829.29 112.21 0.0000748 98.19 0.0043244 28.05 8.6806E-06 60.10 0.1655 62.07 −8,145,800 43.07 0.00077079 44.05 −0.0003788 74.08 508 144.21 2.5804E-06 130.23 0.0052833 88.15 0.00021652 100.16 −152,400 62.13 0.0015251 102.13 1.0507E-07 88.15 5.8174E-08 163.51 2.9354E-06 38.00 0.00012144 96.10 0.000053432 48.06 0.0004104 34.03 0.003959 30.03 44.847 45.04 0.00025893 46.03 0.0003754 68.07 −644,950 4.00 0.00226 240.47 −114.41 114.19 1,556.7 100.20 −0.070028 130.19 0.00019376 116.20 -0.061993 116.20 0.00017569 114.19 1,348.6 114.19 2,049.3 98.19 0.00002133 132.27 0.0083145 96.17 0.000060732 226.44 0.000004438 100.16 −7,157,100 86.18 −650.5 116.16 0.00021014 102.17 −4,935,500 102.18 0.00018361 100.16 −1.2158 100.16 −0.33262 84.16 0.000064256 82.14 6.9682E-06 118.24 0.074318

0.9204 0.7716 0.3639 1.7194 0.9377 0.9958 1.4699 1.0708 1.1689 0.6475 1.9681 0.0131 1.3144 1.1513 0.9428 1.0156 1.1103 0.5429 1.4559 0.1798 −0.30502 0.7713 1.115 0.9023 1.4669 0.52982 0.94192 −0.049106 0.70243 1.9854 2.0116 1.4153 0.93831 1.1576 0.8333 0.4834 −0.7096 0.9083 0.8459 0.2862 0.7305 1.0566 1.0284 0.38068 0.92434 0.2792 0.97218 1.0313 1.0323 1.2885 0.51862 1.0586 1.4949 −0.05819 0.8053 0.91616 −0.1653 0.97199 0.026637 0.12054 1.1355 1.347 0.30035

638 1013.3 −6,869,000,000 745.89 183.2 579.4 −8,783,600,000 500.73 −7,332 1,380 560.65 −89.583 712.4 8,955,300,000 686 333.67 299.72 3,827.9 1,832,500,000 446.16 −5,641 2,170,000,000

82,563

98,000

−268,000 1,710,000 125,410

570,470 −29,403 1,600,000 −1.1842E+13 197,930

1,415.7 632.16 80,955,000 1,347.5

378,180

−372.68

57,690

−9.3122E+11 35,085

760.75 723 997.4 −3,493.5 5,353,200 723.6 674.4 −1.6794E+10 −1.7372E+13 −18.63 440 −2,211,400,000 17,049,000,000 −7,049.9 −2,400,500 739.56 −3,336 −1,642,000 686.56 14,832,000,000 22,983,000,000 487.8 2,253 532,590 −102.79 143,140 682 4,089,000,000 −4.5826E+13 −1,412,100,000 727.64 1,563,100,000 −1.5752E+13 677.05 −1,711.6 −13,176,000 −2,472.6 −5,493,400 445.15 64,810 −214.35 110,480 4,470.1 1,775,800

310.48 462.15 561.15 337.85 531.46 279.65 489.47 616.93 184.55 293.15 273.15 289.73 409.35 486.55 466.95 394.65 404.95 376.62 170.00 390.41 470.45 329.00 273.15 327.46 500.66 417.15 326.15 386.55 308.15 400.00 273.15 373.15 70.00 357.88 235.45 194.82 254.05 493.00 373.71 304.50 30.00 575.30 425.95 339.15 496.15 449.45 432.90 420.55 424.18 366.79 450.09 372.93 560.01 401.45 339.09 478.85 429.90 412.40 273.00 273.00 336.63 354.35 425.81

0.01520 0.02059 0.02060 0.01427 0.02188 0.01055 0.02354 0.02563 0.00886 0.01475 0.00847 0.01622 0.02007 0.01855 0.02306 0.01583 0.02180 0.01832 0.00879 0.02272 0.02513 0.01610 0.01004 0.01426 0.02353 0.01967 0.01717 0.01889 0.01487 0.01540 0.01133 0.01281 0.00654 0.01546 0.00955 0.00827 0.01256 0.02930 0.02008 0.01367 0.03124 0.02454 0.01967 0.01583 0.02413 0.02345 0.02484 0.01943 0.01951 0.01845 0.02289 0.01827 0.02568 0.01842 0.01704 0.02381 0.02220 0.02421 0.00775 0.00800 0.01644 0.01485 0.02151

1000 1000 1000 768.01 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 990.21 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 590.92 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 550 573.15 700 600 1000 1000 994.05 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

0.08319 0.06379 0.04529 0.05855 0.05449 0.08515 0.09301 0.06968 0.15807 0.13417 0.10682 0.10532 0.09859 0.05524 0.06973 0.10314 0.09505 0.09659 0.06613 0.08915 0.09896 0.09659 0.18063 0.11921 0.06492 0.07348 0.08882 0.12768 0.08195 0.09499 0.03690 0.02352 0.05675 0.03874 0.07531 0.05589 0.11532 0.07973 0.07733 0.13631 0.58820 0.07649 0.11110 0.11493 0.06605 0.10722 0.08596 0.11287 0.11145 0.10518 0.07899 0.08751 0.08055 0.11472 0.12003 0.06816 0.11104 0.09022 0.10523 0.10980 0.10850 0.08546 0.08167

2-436

TABLE 2-314

Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(m
K)] (Continued)

Cmpd. no.

Name

180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237

1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol

Formula

CAS no.

C6H10 693-02-7 C6H10 764-35-2 H4N2 302-01-2 H2 1333-74-0 HBr 10035-10-6 HCl 7647-01-0 CHN 74-90-8 HF 7664-39-3 H2S 7783-06-4 C4H8O2 79-31-2 C3H9N 75-31-0 C3H4O4 141-82-2 C4H6O2 79-41-4 CH4 74-82-8 CH4O 67-56-1 C3H7NO 79-16-3 C3H6O2 79-20-9 C3H4 74-99-7 C4H6O2 96-33-3 CH5N 74-89-5 C8H8O2 93-58-3 C5H8 598-25-4 C5H12 78-78-4 C5H10O2 116-53-0 C5H12O 123-51-3 C5H10 563-46-2 C5H10 513-35-9 C5H6 78-80-8 C5H12O 628-28-4 C5H12S 628-29-5 C5H8 598-23-2 C5H10O2 623-42-7 CH5ClSi 993-00-0 C7H14 108-87-2 C7H14O 590-67-0 C7H14O 7443-70-1 C7H14O 7443-52-9 C6H12 96-37-7 C6H10 693-89-0 C6H10 1120-62-3 CH4Cl2Si 75-54-7 C3H8O 540-67-0 C4H8O 78-93-3 C3H8S 624-89-5 C2H4O2 107-31-3 C5H12O 625-44-5 C6H12O 108-10-1 C2H3NO 624-83-9 C4H10O 598-53-8 C5H10O 563-80-4 C4H10S 1551-21-9 CH4S 74-93-1 C5H8O2 80-62-6 C9H18O2 3004-93-1 C6H14 107-83-5 C6H14O 628-80-8 C4H10 75-28-5 C4H10O 75-65-0

Mol. wt.

C1

82.14 0.000058116 82.14 0.000011631 32.05 0.00043196 2.02 0.002653 80.91 0.00049725 36.46 0.001865 27.03 4.6496E-06 20.01 0.000034629 34.08 1.381E-07 88.11 0.000214 59.11 0.00028183 104.06 0.00033075 86.09 0.00019847 16.04 8.3983E-06 32.04 5.7992E-07 73.09 0.034177 74.08 −25,343 40.06 0.00026544 86.09 0.4734 31.06 −55.13 136.15 0.000023963 68.12 0.0002509 72.15 0.0008968 102.13 0.0001799 88.15 2,053.4 70.13 0.00019098 70.13 0.00021736 66.10 0.00015498 88.15 0.000023993 104.21 0.079414 68.12 0.000065855 102.13 1,333.1 80.59 0.00037057 98.19 0.0000719 114.19 0.00011359 114.19 0.069565 114.19 0.075448 84.16 0.0024385 82.14 0.0040082 82.14 0.0019845 115.03 0.00041077 60.10 0.00024036 72.11 −4,202,700 76.16 0.0034805 60.05 −800,040 88.15 0.00020053 100.16 −2,483,300 57.05 0.0026136 74.12 2.1191 86.13 −5,935,000 90.19 0.0071536 48.11 0.00002653 100.12 0.00072502 158.24 0.0001813 86.18 0.000061119 102.17 0.93312 58.12 0.089772 74.12 1.1776E-06

C2 1.0724 1.2753 0.86603 0.7452 0.63088 0.49755 1.3669 1.1224 1.8379 0.9248 0.92094 0.81895 0.9284 1.4268 1.7862 0.3312 −0.1934 0.8921 −0.1111 1.065 1.1308 0.899 0.7742 0.9457 0.90109 0.9341 0.9171 0.9364 1.1976 0.23442 1.072 0.9962 0.81367 1.1274 1.0311 0.1633 0.155 0.61774 0.54462 0.6393 0.75688 0.93177 −0.1524 0.61906 −0.2285 0.95381 −0.046517 0.62 −0.19015 −0.089497 0.53907 1.1631 0.7395 0.92912 1.0861 −0.1172 0.18501 1.6618

C3

C4

−77.165 −202.84 641.48 12 331.62 358 −210.76 18.744 −352.09 698 619.17 777.75 678.69 −49.654

123,900 122,990

2,070 11,164,000 222.19 533.57 −448,200,000 −67.272 253.4 456 704.6 8,755,500,000 84.07 112.3 15.366 58.59 2,671.9 −36.369 12,317,000,000 609.17 667 709.27 208.7 218.44 223.01 242.12 227.11 591.5 588.14 2,084,600,000 1,810.8 248,100,000 644.42 1,313,100,000 1,631.7 1,453.4 3,098,800,000 2,700.7 29.996 365.68 793.45 −59.592 1,154.3 639.23

1,195,600 −67,259,000,000 79,869 1,649,600

58,295 46,041

125,720 149,500 230,640 155,720 177,690 137,400 35,667 1,366,100 106,430

1,209,500 1,252,500 477,570 559,040 434,120 −1.4577E+13 166,290 −1.5034E+12 −1.5798E+13 126,720 3,575,500 −2.7994E+13 241,730 32,519 204,360 141,260 2,961,700 1,114,700

Thermal cond. at Tmin, K Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

344.48 357.67 386.65 22.00 206.45 190.00 273.15 350.00 212.80 427.85 304.92 580.00 434.15 111.63 273.00 478.15 330.09 249.94 353.35 266.82 472.65 314.00 273.15 450.15 404.15 304.30 311.71 305.40 273.15 396.58 302.15 375.90 281.85 374.08 441.15 438.15 440.15 344.96 348.64 338.05 314.70 273.00 352.79 339.80 300.00 331.70 389.65 312.00 303.92 367.55 171.64 273.15 373.45 518.15 333.41 372.00 261.43 333.82

1000 1000 1000 1600 600 700 673.15 450 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 684.37 1000 1000 1000 1000 650 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 766.87

0.09155 0.08466 0.10430 0.64299 0.01812 0.03213 0.04185 0.03160 0.03258 0.07497 0.10081 0.05327 0.07210 0.08425 0.06726 0.07895 0.11878 0.09675 0.06904 0.07917 0.05588 0.08902 0.11176 0.07253 0.11843 0.09771 0.09504 0.08664 0.08586 0.07960 0.10120 0.10543 0.06357 0.10399 0.08238 0.08888 0.08908 0.10227 0.09578 0.09888 0.04813 0.09447 0.11740 0.08415 0.13148 0.08863 0.12433 0.06864 0.09451 0.12847 0.07516 0.07704 0.07637 0.06195 0.10242 0.08117 0.11701 0.07325

0.01679 0.01506 0.02828 0.01718 0.00551 0.00880 0.00985 0.02356 0.00724 0.02206 0.01804 0.02590 0.02176 0.01263 0.01303 0.02498 0.01415 0.01154 0.01569 0.01259 0.01784 0.01326 0.01198 0.02266 0.02116 0.01348 0.01320 0.01304 0.01173 0.01966 0.01468 0.01495 0.01155 0.02056 0.02322 0.02415 0.02435 0.01592 0.01544 0.01501 0.01109 0.01419 0.01546 0.01653 0.01369 0.01729 0.01869 0.01221 0.01606 0.01760 0.00459 0.01171 0.01680 0.02383 0.01606 0.01828 0.01273 0.01839

2-437

238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300

2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid

C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2

115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4

56.11 −488.1 88.11 −200.9 74.12 0.011136 90.19 0.0023574 46.14 12.248 118.18 0.21276 88.15 0.0002084 58.08 0.00032359 128.17 0.000091828 20.18 0.0011385 75.07 0.0011282 28.01 0.00033143 71.00 2.1443 61.04 0.00003135 44.01 0.001096 30.01 0.0004096 268.52 0.000049571 142.24 −11.621 128.26 −0.065771 158.24 0.000178 144.25 −30.715 144.26 0.00016337 126.24 0.000021269 160.32 0.047041 124.22 0.000016681 254.49 −291.08 128.21 −110.89 114.23 −8,758 144.21 0.00018263 130.23 −0.0030238 130.23 0.00016915 128.21 −0.0020184 128.21 8.1833E-08 112.21 0.0000133 146.29 −3,965.5 110.20 0.000060734 90.03 0.05881 32.00 0.00044994 48.00 0.0043147 212.41 4.7796E-06 86.13 −4,918,700 72.15 −684.4 102.13 0.00024601 88.15 2,896 88.15 0.00019575 86.13 −0.01719 86.13 22.775 70.13 2.7081E-06 104.21 0.00022307 104.21 0.00011261 68.12 0.000052415 68.12 0.00025623 178.23 0.00010167 94.11 0.038846 119.12 0.00016675 148.12 0.0000593 40.06 0.000061629 44.10 −1.12 60.10 −613.84 60.10 7.3907E-07 122.21 0.00010242 58.08 1,165.1 74.08 0.00022286

0.8877 −0.1321 0.4831 0.67434 −0.5611 −0.022299 0.93034 0.8892 1.0345 0.6646 0.6895 0.7722 −0.30545 1.1119 0.667 0.7509 1.2652 0.025653 0.27198 0.9288 −0.1075 0.97256 1.2943 0.29733 1.218 1.0615 −0.000042988 0.8448 0.9283 0.8745 0.97238 1.0027 2.0418 1.3554 0.5213 1.0516 0.278 0.7456 0.47999 1.4851 −0.10297 0.764 0.8946 0.8985 0.9692 0.4832 1.0019 1.5493 0.93358 1.034 1.0948 1.0073 0.988 0.2392 0.91777 1.046 1.0731 0.10972 0.7927 1.7419 1.0486 0.90419 0.91704

−1,448,500,000 104,000 2,170.3 1,804.1 −1,067 −194.68 364.832 623.22 731.78 8.7 679.11 16.323 1,860.3 −91.6 540 45.6 3,332.3 2,248.3 −3,482.3 753 8,107 709.74 662.21 2,460.6 −199.41 −6,019,900,000 51,384 −2.7121E+10 741.3 −13,352 698.55 −20,406 504.59 −1,851,900,000 −124.91 14,815 56.699 700.09 643.13 2,691,100,000 −1,055,000,000 696.42 12,735,000,000 664.04 −3,798 191,000,000 41.075 794.16 693.05 −51.09 1,423.7 797 985.81 730.1 765.5 1.8579 −9,834.6 −1,157,400,000 701.56 5,472,900,000 678.21

266.25 350.00 312.20 368.69 216.25 438.65 273.00 278.65 491.14 30.00 238,800 387.22 373.72 63.15 1,216,700 144.09 128,000 374.35 182.30 121.38 603.05 −135,100,000 468.15 −1,580,300 423.97 528.75 −156,830,000 485.20 471.70 420.02 1,367,200 492.95 144,580 423.85 589.86 −1.0701E+09 447.15 339.00 513.05 468.35 452.90 446.15 440.65 394.41 472.19 158,300 399.35 569.00 80.00 161.85 543.84 −2.3179E+13 376.15 273.15 458.65 410.90 392.20 −1,235,000 273.00 273.00 8,301.3 303.22 385.15 399.79 101,160 313.33 329.27 610.03 937,170 454.99 439.43 557.65 70,128 238.65 −7,535,800 231.11 370.35 355.30 431.65 321.15 414.32

−846,000,000 281,220 155,660 2,715,200 1,708,700 73,041

0.01276 0.01402 0.01648 0.01802 0.01108 0.01969 0.01161 0.01493 0.02243 0.00846 0.01580 0.00602 0.00648 0.01365 0.00891 0.01094 0.02502 0.02228 0.02130 0.02484 0.02436 0.02599 0.02051 0.02559 0.01981 0.02491 0.02117 0.01503 0.02450 0.02380 0.02545 0.02046 0.02050 0.01926 0.02505 0.01967 0.01269 0.00691 0.00931 0.02529 0.01705 0.01288 0.02349 0.02084 0.02372 0.00877 0.00898 0.01546 0.01890 0.02019 0.01517 0.01653 0.02490 0.02183 0.01669 0.01864 0.00980 0.01114 0.02135 0.02049 0.02262 0.01263 0.02124

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3273.1 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 750 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 990.95 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 720.25 1000 1000 1000 1000

0.15513 0.10886 0.09079 0.08398 0.09590 0.07255 0.08958 0.09273 0.06730 0.24616 0.06887 0.11638 0.06377 0.06553 0.07133 0.05567 0.07147 0.10522 0.10597 0.06209 0.09895 0.07905 0.09771 0.07598 0.07956 0.07395 0.10893 0.11053 0.06391 0.10288 0.08229 0.10597 0.10923 0.10295 0.07845 0.08394 0.02537 0.12655 0.06990 0.08299 0.11788 0.12707 0.07002 0.11087 0.09509 0.12002 0.12082 0.11472 0.07858 0.08412 0.09608 0.11119 0.05208 0.06936 0.05461 0.04615 0.09526 0.14599 0.07034 0.12428 0.08421 0.10983 0.07487

2-438

TABLE 2-314

Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(m
K)] (Concluded)

Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

C3

301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F 6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

55.08 102.13 59.11 120.19 42.08 88.11 76.16 76.16 76.09 108.09 104.08 104.15 118.09 64.06 146.06 80.06 166.13 230.30 198.39 72.11 132.20 88.17 114.23 84.14 92.14 133.40 184.36 101.19 59.11 120.19 120.19 114.23 114.23 213.10 227.13 156.31 172.31 86.09 52.07 62.50 161.49 18.02 106.17 106.17 106.17

0.001321 1,325.3 0.2833 0.16992 0.0000449 740.1 0.00018367 0.0087425 0.0001666 −5,678,600 0.0000955 0.010048 0.00032875 10.527 0.00048883 1.0702 0.00017531 0.000078652 −163.62 9.5521E-06 0.00007754 0.00085604 0.000015235 0.00013384 0.00002392 0.0000952 5.3701E-06 0.000106 0.00027648 0.000098408 0.00008498 0.00001758 0.000020248 0.00020544 0.00018189 0.038012 2,498.8 −3,279,500 0.000054197 −229.41 3510.8 6.2041E-06 3.0593E-09 4.9707E-06 9.9305E-08

1.2202 1 0.055046 0.021288 1.2018 0.9732 0.9627 0.51733 0.9765 −0.045252 0.928 0.4033 0.8172 −0.7732 0.6518 −0.2348 0.8901 0.95174 0.9193 1.4561 1.0778 0.7297 1.2816 0.98115 1.2694 1.0423 1.4751 1.0161 0.901 1.0452 1.061 1.3114 1.2284 0.87137 0.88744 0.68615 0.95209 −0.12941 1.0632 0.59582 0.225 1.3973 2.4182 1.3787 1.9229

51,822 12,235,000,000 1,325.9 −54.484 421 5,646,000,000 646.01 2,358.1 706 2,615,700,000 63.6 553.74 740.97 −1,333 −117.08 2,010.4 909.56 −282.82 −1.0876E+09 662.22 729 531.99 −111.88 645.95 537 1,243.3 599.09 91 167.68 720.49 708 392.9 −174.72 807.3 803.39 34,663 2.0167E+10 1.7104E+09 −70.589 −169,430,000 401,720,000 −569.28 −225.64 −469.93

C4

1,817,600 1,624,800

334,590 −3.5415E+13 685,570 1,506,400 78,863 1,277,000 289,490

213,840 124,120

132,900 132,200

147,800 8,721,900 −1.2727E+13 9,0617

121,060 66,786 113,460

Tmin, K

Thermal cond. at Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

370.50 374.65 321.00 432.39 225.45 353.97 325.71 340.87 460.75 454.00 333.55 418.31 591.00 250.00 273.15 317.90 832.00 373.15 526.73 339.12 480.77 394.27 379.44 357.31 383.78 387.00 508.62 273.15 273.15 449.27 442.53 355.15 387.91 629.60 625.00 469.08 520.30 345.65 278.25 259.25 363.85 273.16 320 320 320

0.01278 0.01520 0.01709 0.02022 0.01054 0.01403 0.01616 0.01654 0.02624 0.02593 0.01761 0.01837 0.02685 0.00745 0.01163 0.01386 0.03328 0.00950 0.02517 0.01564 0.02395 0.01801 0.01964 0.01525 0.01901 0.01125 0.02422 0.01018 0.01280 0.02238 0.02098 0.01846 0.02001 0.02474 0.02410 0.02259 0.02486 0.01515 0.01123 0.00963 0.01198 0.01574 0.00867 0.01492 0.01019

990.5 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 702.45 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1073.15 1000 1000 1000

0.11209 0.10832 0.10000 0.07658 0.12737 0.10893 0.08624 0.08439 0.08302 0.12665 0.03837 0.07276 0.05342 0.03969 0.04587 0.04930 0.04297 0.05598 0.08615 0.13419 0.07676 0.07579 0.10528 0.07139 0.10007 0.05684 0.08942 0.09680 0.10734 0.07816 0.07583 0.10847 0.10079 0.04675 0.04635 0.09798 0.08899 0.12177 0.08222 0.08300 0.04135 0.10652 0.09965 0.08084 0.09060

The vapor thermal conductivity is calculated by

C1T C2 k  1  C3/T  C4/T 2 where k is the thermal conductivity in W/(m·K) and T is the temperature in K. Thermal conductivites are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is lower. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source shold be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007) . The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(m
K)]

2-439

Cmpd. no.

Name

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6

44.05 59.07 60.05 102.09 58.08 41.05 26.04 56.06 72.06 53.06 28.96 17.03 108.14 39.95 121.14 78.11 110.18 122.12 103.12 182.22 108.14 136.19 124.20 154.21 159.81 157.01 108.97 94.94 54.09 54.09 58.12 90.12 90.12 74.12 74.12 56.11 56.11 56.11 116.16 134.22 90.19 90.19 54.09 72.11 88.11 69.11 44.01 76.14 28.01 153.82 88.00 70.91 112.56 64.51 119.38 50.49 78.54 78.54

0.311 0.39363 0.214 0.23638 0.2878 0.33192 0.33363 0.2703 0.2441 0.28941 0.28472 1.169 0.23494 0.1819 0.28485 0.23444 0.20996 0.2391 0.21284 0.25867 0.17847 0.2029 0.20316 0.19053 −0.2185 0.16983 0.1799 0.1912 0.21966 0.22231 0.27349 0.064621 −0.0032865 0.2136 0.22787 0.22153 0.21378 0.21153 0.21721 0.18707 0.21143 0.2069 0.22334 0.21915 0.1967 0.2597 0.4406 0.2333 0.2855 0.1589 0.20771 0.2246 0.1841 0.2438 0.1778 0.41067 0.20143 0.21232

−0.000436 −0.00037053 −0.0001834 −0.00024263 −0.000427 −0.00043243 −0.00083655 −0.0003764 −0.0002904 −0.00041691 −0.0017393 −0.002314 −0.00026477 −0.0003176 −0.00025225 −0.00030572 −0.0002146 −0.0002325 −0.00021587 −0.00022516 −0.000065843 −0.0002226 −0.00019912 −0.00015145 0.0042143 −0.0001981 −0.000262 −0.000299 −0.0003436 −0.0003664 −0.00071267 0.00067625 0.0011463 −0.0002034 −0.00030727 −0.00035023 −0.00035445 −0.00035056 −0.00026563 −0.00020037 −0.000258 −0.0002568 −0.0003515 −0.00024846 −0.000168 −0.00031 −0.0012175 −0.000275 −0.001784 −0.0001987 −0.00078883 −0.000064 −0.0001917 −0.000419 −0.0002023 −0.0008478 −0.00028925 −0.0003149

C3

C4

C5

−0.00000411

−0.000017753

5.1555E-07 −1.0491E-06 −1.5525E-06

−0.000000788

3.1041E-08

−2.0108E-11

Tmin, K

Thermal cond. at Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 75.00 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 266.00 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 209.63 175.43 150.35 155.97

0.2455 0.2627 0.1609 0.1878 0.2116 0.2328 0.1727 0.2005 0.1610 0.2104 0.1543 0.7168 0.1726 0.1264 0.1832 0.1492 0.1545 0.1472 0.1566 0.1863 0.1615 0.1415 0.1546 0.1387 0.1299 0.1218 0.1394 0.1375 0.1726 0.1621 0.1868 0.1626 0.1618 0.1762 0.1792 0.1908 0.1662 0.1528 0.1642 0.1499 0.1708 0.1727 0.1715 0.1752 0.1517 0.2097 0.1769 0.1890 0.1639 0.1092 0.1371 0.1902 0.1404 0.1873 0.1354 0.2619 0.1579 0.1632

294.00 494.30 391.05 412.70 343.15 349.32 250.00 325.84 484.50 350.50 125.00 400.05 512.50 150.00 563.15 413.10 442.29 596.00 464.15 664.00 478.60 528.60 472.03 723.15 584.00 429.24 414.14 370.10 284.00 268.74 400.00 469.57 481.38 391.90 372.90 266.91 276.87 274.03 453.75 473.15 371.61 358.13 281.22 382.15 573.15 390.75 300.00 319.37 125.00 349.79 145.10 410.00 404.87 373.15 400.00 350.00 400.95 386.70

0.1828 0.2105 0.1423 0.1363 0.1413 0.1809 0.1245 0.1477 0.1034 0.1433 0.0673 0.2433 0.0992 0.0418 0.1428 0.1082 0.1150 0.1005 0.1126 0.1092 0.1470 0.0852 0.1092 0.0810 0.0316 0.0848 0.0714 0.0805 0.1221 0.1238 0.0709 0.1509 0.1888 0.1339 0.1133 0.1281 0.1156 0.1155 0.0967 0.0923 0.1156 0.1149 0.1245 0.1242 0.1004 0.1386 0.0754 0.1455 0.0625 0.0894 0.0933 0.0659 0.1065 0.0875 0.0969 0.1139 0.0855 0.0905

2-440

TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(m
K)] (Continued) Cmpd. no. 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

Name m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate

Formula C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3

108.14 108.14 108.14 120.19 52.03 56.11 84.16 100.16 98.14 82.14 70.13 68.12 42.08 116.22 156.27 142.28 172.27 158.28 140.27 174.35 138.25 4.03 187.86 187.86 173.83 130.23 147.00 147.00 147.00 98.96 98.96 84.93 112.99 112.99 105.14 73.14 74.12 90.19 66.05 66.05 52.02 101.19 102.17 114.19 90.12 104.15 54.09 45.08 86.18 112.21 112.21 112.21 94.20 46.07 73.09 100.20 194.18

0.18241 0.19186 0.17971 0.1855 0.4685 0.22262 0.19813 0.1715 0.17557 0.20926 0.2066 0.21776 0.24348 0.18374 0.20383 0.2063 0.206 0.228 0.20237 0.20134 0.20839 1.264 0.1426 0.13622 0.17558 0.19418 0.16694 0.16994 0.16977 0.18881 0.214 0.23847 0.18 0.19653 0.0218 0.2587 0.2495 0.21065 0.27019 0.23171 0.37296 0.1844 0.19162 0.22076 0.22078 0.22998 0.22773 0.2454 0.1774 0.1807 0.18092 0.17675 0.21373 0.31174 0.26 0.17964 0.13905

−0.00011109 −0.0001303 −0.00012037 −0.00020895 −0.00086594 −0.00034082 −0.0002505 −0.0001255 −0.00012392 −0.00026037 −0.0002696 −0.00027783 −0.00042568 −0.0001925 −0.0002 −0.00025 −0.0002 −0.000223 −0.00024187 −0.00020826 −0.00023622 −0.00016402 −0.0001179 −0.00022499 −0.00022246 −0.0001667 −0.0001637 −0.0001799 −0.00026083 −0.000266 −0.00033366 −0.00023144 −0.00025012 0.0010315 −0.00054343 −0.000407 −0.0002623 −0.000661 −0.00038503 −0.00088707 −0.000239 −0.0002762 −0.00027624 −0.00031271 −0.00030372 −0.00034804 −0.000338 −0.0002436 −0.0002177 −0.0002108 −0.0002077 −0.0002447 −0.0005638 −0.000255 −0.000246 0.0001509

C3

−0.000001355 4.2097E-07 3.443E-07 2.5762E-07

−3.978E-07

C4

C5

Tmin, K

Thermal cond. at Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

285.39 304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.75 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 20.40 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 262.87 326.14 176.19 253.15 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 250.00 160.00 273.15

0.1507 0.1522 0.1426 0.1485 0.2561 0.1604 0.1281 0.1343 0.1456 0.1651 0.1583 0.1794 0.1815 0.1472 0.1504 0.1454 0.1451 0.1656 0.1523 0.1498 0.1543 1.2640 0.1081 0.1029 0.1260 0.1552 0.1255 0.1269 0.1111 0.1429 0.1467 0.1791 0.1337 0.1533 0.2096 0.1583 0.1857 0.1663 0.1763 0.1489 0.2563 0.1421 0.1398 0.1642 0.1708 0.1613 0.1439 0.1842 0.1420 0.1285 0.1339 0.1383 0.1676 0.2375 0.1963 0.1403 0.1506

475.43 464.15 475.13 413.15 252.00 285.66 353.87 563.15 428.58 356.12 322.40 333.15 240.37 431.95 488.15 447.30 543.15 503.00 443.75 512.35 447.15 20.40 498.40 404.51 370.10 523.15 446.23 351.71 548.00 416.90 356.59 325.00 438.00 457.60 673.15 453.15 433.15 365.25 363.15 372.80 302.56 357.05 400.10 460.00 337.45 366.15 300.13 403.15 331.15 392.70 402.94 596.15 382.90 320.03 425.15 362.93 556.85

0.1296 0.1314 0.1225 0.0992 0.2503 0.1253 0.1095 0.1008 0.1225 0.1165 0.1197 0.1252 0.1412 0.1006 0.1062 0.0945 0.0974 0.1158 0.0950 0.0946 0.1028 1.2640 0.0609 0.0885 0.0923 0.0778 0.0926 0.1124 0.0712 0.0801 0.1192 0.1300 0.0786 0.0821 0.1022 0.0989 0.0732 0.1148 0.0756 0.0882 0.1282 0.0991 0.0811 0.0937 0.1153 0.1188 0.1233 0.1091 0.0967 0.0952 0.0960 0.0529 0.1200 0.1313 0.1516 0.0904 0.0997

2-441

116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178

Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne

C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10

1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4

60.17 62.13 78.13 194.18 88.11 170.21 101.19 170.33 282.55 30.07 46.07 88.11 45.08 106.17 150.17 116.16 116.16 112.21 98.19 28.05 60.10 62.07 43.07 44.05 74.08 144.21 130.23 88.15 100.16 62.13 102.13 88.15 163.51 38.00 96.10 48.06 34.03 30.03 45.04 46.03 68.07 4.00 240.47 114.19 100.20 130.19 116.20 116.20 114.19 114.19 98.19 132.27 96.17 226.44 100.16 86.18 116.16 102.17 102.18 100.16 100.16 84.16 82.14

0.25547 0.23942 0.3142 0.21593 0.3027 0.18686 0.2224 0.2047 0.2178 0.35758 0.2468 0.2501 0.30059 0.1999 0.20771 0.2175 0.21043 0.17662 0.18334 0.4194 0.36434 0.088067 0.3097 0.26957 0.2587 0.20954 0.19356 0.21928 0.22873 0.23392 0.2137 0.22717 0.19769 0.2758 0.20962 0.2595 0.445 0.37329 0.3847 0.302 0.2198 −0.013833 0.20926 0.21816 0.215 0.202 0.2239 0.21134 0.2026 0.2108 0.19664 0.2037 0.21098 0.20749 0.22196 0.22492 0.1855 0.2193 0.21391 0.21076 0.23493 0.19112 0.20996

−0.0004411 −0.0003311 −0.00030809 −0.00020805 −0.0004827 −0.00014953 −0.000314 −0.0002326 −0.0002233 −0.0011458 −0.000264 −0.0003563 −0.000581 −0.00023823 −0.00021265 −0.0002407 −0.00024903 −0.0002014 −0.0002228 −0.001591 −0.0004433 0.00094712 −0.0004023 −0.0003984 −0.00033 −0.00022251 −0.00024102 −0.00032568 −0.0002913 −0.0003206 −0.0002515 −0.0003298 −0.00017713 −0.0016297 −0.00028034 −0.0005008 −0.001023 −0.00065 −0.0001065 −0.000108 −0.00031405 0.022913 −0.0002215 −0.0003015 −0.000303 −0.0002 −0.000226 −0.00024776 −0.0002234 −0.000246 −0.00016623 −0.0002252 −0.00026652 −0.00021917 −0.00032053 −0.0003533 −0.000146 −0.00022 −0.00026042 −0.00024 −0.0002912 −0.000083519 −0.0002692

6.1866E-07 6.602E-07

0.000001306 −1.3114E-06

−1.5448E-07

−0.0054872 1.033E-07

−2.5241E-07

1.1554E-07

−5.1407E-07

0.0004585

122.93 174.88 291.67 413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15 263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 195.20 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 238.15 129.95 131.35 204.00 275.70 281.45 187.55 2.20 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05

0.2013 0.1815 0.2243 0.1298 0.1652 0.1420 0.1564 0.1434 0.1487 0.2591 0.2048 0.1826 0.2133 0.1575 0.1570 0.1554 0.1668 0.1440 0.1533 0.2681 0.2383 0.2457 0.2312 0.2056 0.1948 0.1573 0.1502 0.1737 0.1693 0.1938 0.1636 0.1791 0.1637 0.1886 0.1429 0.1944 0.3106 0.2407 0.3553 0.2716 0.1609 0.0149 0.1439 0.1543 0.1597 0.1488 0.1699 0.1544 0.1503 0.1522 0.1650 0.1519 0.1598 0.1436 0.1578 0.1621 0.1462 0.1690 0.1558 0.1586 0.1716 0.1708 0.1642

253.55 310.48 464.00 561.15 374.47 531.46 382.00 489.47 616.93 300.00 353.15 350.21 293.15 413.10 549.40 516.50 453.15 404.94 376.62 280.00 390.41 470.45 329.00 283.85 433.15 500.66 466.40 391.20 450.10 308.15 495.00 400.07 371.05 130.00 353.15 292.59 283.15 234.00 493.00 373.71 304.50 4.80 575.30 553.15 371.58 496.15 573.15 432.90 553.15 424.05 366.79 450.09 372.93 560.01 533.15 370.00 603.15 575.00 412.40 400.85 466.00 336.63 354.35

0.1436 0.1366 0.1713 0.0992 0.1219 0.1074 0.1025 0.0908 0.0800 0.0695 0.1536 0.1253 0.1870 0.1015 0.0909 0.0932 0.0976 0.0951 0.0994 0.0763 0.1913 0.2434 0.1773 0.1565 0.1158 0.0981 0.0811 0.0919 0.0976 0.1351 0.0892 0.0952 0.1107 0.0639 0.1106 0.1130 0.1553 0.2212 0.3322 0.2616 0.1242 0.0204 0.0818 0.0830 0.1024 0.1028 0.0944 0.1041 0.0790 0.1065 0.1017 0.1023 0.1116 0.0848 0.0839 0.0942 0.0974 0.0928 0.1065 0.1146 0.0992 0.1048 0.1146

2-442

TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(m
K)] (Continued) Cmpd. no.

Name

Formula

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236

Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane

C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H 2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10

111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82−2 79-41−4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5

118.24 82.14 82.14 32.05 2.02 80.91 36.46 27.03 20.01 34.08 88.11 59.11 104.06 86.09 16.04 32.04 73.09 74.08 40.06 86.09 31.06 136.15 68.12 72.15 102.13 88.15 70.13 70.13 66.10 88.15 104.21 68.12 102.13 80.59 98.19 114.19 114.19 114.19 84.16 82.14 82.14 115.03 60.10 72.11 76.16 60.05 88.15 100.16 57.05 74.12 86.13 90.19 48.11 100.12 158.24 86.18 102.17 58.12

0.2058 0.21492 0.2119 1.3675 −0.0917 0.234 0.8045 0.43454 0.7516 0.4842 0.21668 0.237 0.28918 0.2306 0.41768 0.2837 0.23743 0.2777 0.23648 0.26082 0.33446 0.22142 0.1983 0.21246 0.22284 0.17471 0.19447 0.19636 0.20385 0.22235 0.20698 0.20348 0.21748 0.24683 0.1791 0.21558 0.21839 0.21828 0.1929 0.20023 0.1994 0.21956 0.27304 0.2197 0.22136 0.3246 0.222 0.2301 0.2822 0.24154 0.2332 0.20978 0.26119 0.2583 0.20911 0.19334 0.21698 0.20455

−0.0002324 −0.0002899 −0.00027048 −0.0015895 0.017678 −0.0004636 −0.002102 −0.0007008 −0.0010874 −0.001184 −0.0002556 −0.000332 −0.0002614 −0.00025201 −0.0024528 −0.000281 −0.0002362 −0.000417 −0.00041639 −0.0003506 −0.00067427 −0.00022759 −0.0002822 −0.00033581 −0.0002516 −0.0001256 −0.0002901 −0.000291 −0.0002874 −0.0003044 −0.00024439 −0.0003106 −0.00025913 −0.00038854 −0.0002291 −0.00022728 −0.00025776 −0.0002557 −0.0002492 −0.00025581 −0.00026149 −0.00032153 −0.0004518 −0.0002505 −0.00028938 −0.000468 −0.00032217 −0.00028899 −0.00042037 −0.0003774 −0.0003044 −0.00026468 −0.00038345 −0.000379 −0.00021852 −0.00028038 −0.00028998 −0.00036589

C3

−0.000382

3.5588E-06

8.033E-07

C4

−3.3324E-06

C5

1.0266E-07

Tmin, K

Thermal cond. at Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

192.62 141.25 183.65 274.69 13.95 185.15 273.15 259.83 189.79 193.15 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 357.15 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 273.15 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 290.15 208.20 119.55 176.00 113.54

0.1610 0.1740 0.1622 0.9309 0.0754 0.1482 0.2303 0.2525 0.5452 0.2555 0.1586 0.1779 0.1825 0.1580 0.2245 0.2344 0.1663 0.2047 0.1655 0.1920 0.2392 0.1621 0.1533 0.1744 0.1330 0.1551 0.1551 0.1558 0.1578 0.1744 0.1641 0.1465 0.1689 0.1928 0.1165 0.1476 0.1462 0.1495 0.1603 0.1627 0.1693 0.1609 0.2008 0.1730 0.1730 0.2431 0.1737 0.1754 0.1745 0.1933 0.1784 0.1644 0.2036 0.1483 0.1636 0.1598 0.1659 0.1630

425.81 344.48 357.67 623.15 31.00 290.62 323.15 298.85 394.45 292.42 482.75 305.55 644.00 530.00 180.00 337.85 478.15 386.15 249.94 421.00 283.15 547.90 314.00 368.13 480.90 404.15 304.30 311.70 305.40 463.15 396.58 302.15 493.15 281.85 374.08 548.80 484.20 484.80 344.95 348.64 338.05 314.70 341.34 352.79 339.80 373.15 390.00 451.42 312.00 370.00 435.90 357.91 279.11 363.45 555.20 389.25 432.30 400.00

0.1068 0.1151 0.1152 0.3770 0.0847 0.0993 0.1252 0.2251 0.3227 0.1380 0.0933 0.1356 0.1208 0.0970 0.0915 0.1888 0.1245 0.1167 0.1324 0.1132 0.2079 0.0967 0.1097 0.0888 0.1019 0.1239 0.1062 0.1057 0.1161 0.0814 0.1101 0.1096 0.0897 0.1373 0.0934 0.0908 0.0936 0.0943 0.1069 0.1110 0.1110 0.1184 0.1188 0.1313 0.1230 0.1500 0.0964 0.0996 0.1510 0.1019 0.1005 0.1151 0.1542 0.1206 0.0878 0.0842 0.0916 0.0582

2-443

237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299

2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane α-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde

C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O

75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6

74.12 56.11 88.11 74.12 90.19 46.14 118.18 88.15 58.08 128.17 20.18 75.07 28.01 71.00 61.04 44.01 30.01 268.52 142.24 128.26 158.24 144.25 144.26 126.24 160.32 124.22 254.49 128.21 114.23 144.21 130.23 130.23 128.21 128.21 112.21 146.29 110.20 90.03 32.00 48.00 212.41 86.13 72.15 102.13 88.15 88.15 86.13 86.13 70.13 104.21 104.21 68.12 68.12 178.23 94.11 119.12 148.12 40.06 44.10 60.10 60.10 122.21 58.08

0.21258 0.2802 0.22534 0.24817 0.21103 0.2774 0.19657 0.2253 0.28035 0.17096 0.2971 0.247 0.2654

−0.00029864 −0.000786 −0.0002683 −0.0003774 −0.00025985 −0.00054608 −0.0002118 −0.00037273 −0.0004646 −0.00010059 −0.017356 −0.0002814 −0.001677

0.3276 0.10112 0.1878 0.21229 0.21523 0.209 0.204 0.2292 0.20829 0.20468 0.20244 0.20954 0.2137 0.20143 0.2156 0.203 0.2316 0.20955 0.2132 0.21732 0.20467 0.2012 0.2095 0.3074 0.2741 0.17483 0.20649 0.22697 0.2537 0.1848 0.2006 0.21875 0.2161 0.21569 0.21361 0.20597 0.2086 0.22102 0.21282 0.13753 0.18831 0.16326 0.22946 0.23081 0.26755 0.2203 0.20161 0.1831 0.2498

−0.000405 0.0010293 −0.00022 −0.0002799 −0.000264 −0.0002 −0.00023 −0.00022922 −0.00025738 −0.00021343 −0.00024588 −0.0002252 −0.00021102 −0.00029483 −0.0002 −0.0002407 −0.00023733 −0.0002494 −0.00024969 −0.0002675 −0.0002142 −0.00025334 −0.00028101 −0.00138 0.00075288 −0.00021911 −0.00033227 −0.000576 −0.0001434 −0.0001603 −0.00027849 −0.00024866 −0.00024081 −0.00030777 −0.00024518 −0.00024536 −0.000322 −0.0002856 −0.000025247 −0.0001 −0.00017777 −0.00021345 −0.0004078 −0.00066457 −0.0002155 −0.00021529 −0.00020275 −0.00030075

6.516E-07

1.1728E-07 0.0005911

−0.00000943 9.572E-08

−2.5228E-06 1.177E-07 0.000000344

2.774E-07

−0.000007421

298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 25.00 183.63 63.15

0.1233 0.1873 0.1755 0.1976 0.1694 0.2139 0.1436 0.1671 0.2101 0.1354 0.1167 0.1953 0.1595

404.96 395.20 475.00 373.00 368.69 216.25 438.65 328.18 341.10 646.97 44.00 387.22 124.00

0.0916 0.0713 0.0979 0.1074 0.1152 0.1593 0.1037 0.1156 0.1219 0.1059 0.0457 0.1380 0.0575

244.60 277.59 110.00 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 60.00 77.35 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 273.15 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 200.00 185.26 199.00 170.00

0.2285 0.1011 0.1869 0.1452 0.1501 0.1510 0.1469 0.1675 0.1537 0.1553 0.1484 0.1547 0.1458 0.1495 0.1518 0.1451 0.1696 0.1522 0.1501 0.1535 0.1588 0.1532 0.1605 0.1774 0.1913 0.2180 0.1445 0.1704 0.1782 0.1505 0.1568 0.1631 0.1673 0.1593 0.1804 0.1666 0.1602 0.1671 0.1660 0.1281 0.1569 0.1200 0.1432 0.1750 0.2128 0.1772 0.1617 0.1428 0.1987

374.35 277.59 176.40 603.05 593.15 423.97 528.75 578.65 471.70 420.02 492.95 423.85 589.86 573.15 398.83 512.85 570.15 452.90 499.00 440.65 394.41 472.19 399.35 643.20 150.00 161.85 543.84 513.15 445.00 458.65 353.15 392.20 375.46 375.14 303.22 385.15 399.79 313.33 329.27 610.03 454.99 439.43 557.65 238.65 350.00 370.35 425.00 431.65 453.15

0.1760 0.1011 0.0759 0.0796 0.0829 0.0971 0.0983 0.0961 0.1002 0.0966 0.0972 0.1053 0.0809 0.0805 0.0980 0.1004 0.0944 0.1021 0.0887 0.1073 0.0992 0.1001 0.1083 0.1267 0.0671 0.2306 0.0873 0.0875 0.0655 0.1190 0.1440 0.1095 0.1227 0.1254 0.1203 0.1115 0.1105 0.1201 0.1188 0.1221 0.1428 0.0851 0.1104 0.1335 0.0689 0.1405 0.1101 0.0956 0.1135

2-444

TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(m
K)] (Concluded) Cmpd. no.

Name

300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345

Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene

Formula C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

CAS no.

Mol. wt.

C1

C2

79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3

74.08 55.08 102.13 59.11 120.19 42.08 88.11 76.16 76.16 76.09 108.09 104.08 104.15 118.09 64.06 146.06 80.06 166.13 230.30 198.39 72.11 132.20 88.17 114.23 84.14 92.14 133.40 184.36 101.19 59.11 120.19 120.19 114.23 114.23 213.10 227.13 156.31 172.31 86.09 52.07 62.50 161.49 18.02 106.17 106.17 106.17

0.1954 0.26626 0.2332 0.2632 0.18707 0.24719 0.2247 0.21706 0.2202 0.2152 0.26524

−0.000164 −0.0003307 −0.0003096 −0.0004278 −0.00019846 −0.00048824 −0.000264 −0.00028952 −0.00028535 −0.0000497 −0.00028676

0.20215 0.28215 0.38218 0.2544 0.92882

−0.0002201 −0.0002585 −0.0006254 −0.0006595 −0.0030803

0.16853 0.20293 0.19428 0.14563 0.20414 0.17835 0.20571 0.20463 0.20731 0.20447 0.1918 0.23813 0.18854 0.19216 0.1659 0.16815 0.18421 −1.5128 0.20515 0.21211 0.256 0.22838 0.2333 0.21831 −0.432 0.20044 0.19989 0.20003

−0.00010817 −0.00021798 −0.000249 −0.0000536 −0.00021217 −0.00023704 −0.00020028 −0.00024252 −0.00024997 −0.00022612 −0.0002453 −0.00038397 −0.0001963 −0.0002105 −0.00022686 −0.00020535 −0.00016097 0.0079553 −0.00023933 −0.00021815 −0.0003542 −0.00035173 −0.00039223 −0.00029122 0.0057255 −0.00023544 −0.0002299 −0.00023573

C3

C4

0.000000412

0.00000266

−0.000010066

−0.000008078

1.861E-09

C5

Tmin, K

Thermal cond. at Tmin

Tmax, K

Thermal cond. at Tmax

252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36 173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85

0.1540 0.2067 0.1780 0.1972 0.1526 0.2043 0.1771 0.1758 0.1746 0.2046 0.1537

543.15 370.50 434.82 333.15 583.15 340.49 483.15 325.71 340.87 460.75 545.00

0.1063 0.1437 0.0986 0.1664 0.0713 0.0809 0.0971 0.1228 0.1229 0.1923 0.1090

242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95

0.1488 0.1631 0.2586 0.1072 0.2593

418.31 642.00 400.00 318.69 481.47

0.1101 0.1162 0.1320 0.0442 0.0624

329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.98 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 357.20 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41

0.1329 0.1421 0.1533 0.1329 0.1666 0.0897 0.1587 0.1614 0.1482 0.1439 0.1529 0.1782 0.1399 0.1439 0.1283 0.1328 0.1201 0.0445 0.1459 0.1492 0.1921 0.1675 0.1865 0.1664 0.5672 0.1474 0.1429 0.1325

723.15 526.73 339.12 480.77 394.27 426.00 357.31 474.85 482.00 508.62 483.15 276.02 449.27 442.53 372.39 387.91 629.60 393.20 469.08 561.20 410.00 278.25 345.60 434.52 633.15 413.10 417.58 413.10

0.0903 0.0881 0.1098 0.1199 0.1205 0.0774 0.1342 0.0895 0.0868 0.0895 0.0733 0.1322 0.1004 0.0990 0.0814 0.0885 0.0829 0.0590 0.0929 0.0897 0.1108 0.1305 0.0977 0.0918 0.4272 0.1032 0.1039 0.1027

The liquid thermal conductivity is calculated by k C1  C2T  C3T 2  C4T 3  C5T 4. where k is the thermal conductivity in W/(mK) and T is the temperature in K. Thermal conductivites are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is higher. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-316

2-445

Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure* Viscosity, 10−4 Pa⋅s Temperature, K

Thermal conductivity, W/(m⋅K) Temperature, K Substance

250

300

400

500

Acetone Acetylene Benzene

0.0080 0.0162 0.0077

0.0115 0.0213 0.0104

0.0201 0.0332 0.0195

0.0310 0.0452 0.0335

Bromine CCl4 Chlorine

0.0038 0.0053 0.0071

0.0048 0.0067 0.0089

0.0067 0.0099 0.0124

Deuterium Propylene R 11 R 12 R 13

0.122 0.0114 0.0072 0.0091

0.141 0.0168 0.0078 0.0097 0.0121

0.176 0.0226 0.0119 0.0151 0.0185

0.0208 0.0248

R 21 R 22 SO2

0.0080 0.0078

0.0088 0.0109 0.0096

0.0135 0.0170 0.0143

0.0181 0.0230 0.0200

600

300

400

500

600

0.101 0.135 0.101

0.128 0.164 0.127

0.156

0.0561 0.0524

0.077 0.104 0.076

0.154

0.0126 0.0156

0.0190

0.101 0.136

0.203 0.131 0.178

0.260 0.162 0.218

0.291 0.191 0.259

0.0580

0.111 0.073 0.094 0.108 0.123

0.126 0.087 0.110 0.126 0.145

0.153 0.115 0.144 0.162 0.190

0.178 0.141

0.201

0.0430

0.100 0.109

0.115 0.129 0.129

0.154 0.168 0.175

0.0290 0.0256

250

Prandtl number, dimensionless Temperature, K

0.217

250

300

400

500

0.860 0.827 0.796

0.797 0.814 0.781 0.766

0.762 0.761 0.745 0.759

0.708 0.757

0.820

0.779 0.771

0.773 0.760

0.256

*An approximate interpolation scheme is to plot the logarithm of the viscosity or the thermal conductivity versus the logarithm of the absolute temperature. At 250 K the viscosity of gaseous argon is to be read as 1.95 × 10−5 Pa⋅s = 0.0000195 Ns/m2.

TABLE 2-317

Lower and Upper Flammability Limits, Flash Point, and Autoignition Temperature for Selected Hydrocarbons

2-446

CAS no.

Formula

LFL

LFL rating

UFL

UFL rating

Flash point ºC

Flash point rating

74828 74840 74986 106978 75285 109660 78784 463821 1100543 142825 565593 111659 540841 111842 124185

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22

5.00 2.90 2.00 1.50 1.80 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.05 1.00 1.12 0.80 0.95 0.70 0.70

12 12 12 12 12 14 12 11 13 14 4 12 11 12 12

15.00 13.00 9.50 9.00 8.40 8.00 8.00 7.50 7.68 7.00 6.75 6.50 6.00 5.60 5.40

12 12 12 12 12 14 12 11 13 14 4 12 11 12 12

−187.15 −130.15 −104.00 −69.00 −82.59 −40.00 −56.00 −72.15 −21.65 −4.15 −6.00 12.85 −12.22 30.85 45.85

4 4 4 6 5 11 11 4 11 11 4 11 11 11 11

536.85 471.85 449.85 287.85 460.00 242.85 420.00 450.00 224.85 203.85 335.00 205.85 411.00 204.85 200.85

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Olefins Ethy1ene Propy1ene 1- Butene 2- Butene 1-Pentene

74851 115071 106989 107017 109671

C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C4H8 C5H10

2.70 2.00 1.60 1.70 1.50

11 11 11 8 11

36.00 11.00 9.30 9.70 8.70

11 11 11 8 11

−146.15 −108.15 −79.81 CH— (correction) >C< (correction) Delta Platt no.

8 1 1 0

0.138 −0.043 −0.120 −0.023

0.226 −0.006 −0.030 −0.026

V 55.1 −8 −17 —

Calculations using Eqs. (2-6), (2-7), and (2-8):

∆

T

= (8)(0.138) + (1)(−0.043) + (1)(−0.120) = 0.941

Tc = Tb(1.4581) = (372.39 K)(1.4581) = 543.0 K

∆

P

= (8)(0.226) + (1)(−0.006) + (1)(−0.030) = 1.772

M Pc  =  0.339 + kg/kmol bar Pc = 25.63 bar



∆

−2

P

114.229 = 2 = 25.63 (0.339 + 1.772)

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-336

Ambrose Groupa Contributions for Critical Constants

Group Carbon atoms in alkyl groups Corrections >CH (each) >C< (each) Double bonds (nonaromatic) Triple bonds Delta Platt number,b multiply by Aliphatic functional groups: O >CO CHO COOH COOOC COO NO2 NH2 NH >N CN S SH SiH3 OSi(CH3)2 F Cl Br I Halogen correction in aliphatic compounds: F is present F is absent, but Cl, Br, I are present Aliphatic alcoholsc Ring compound increments (listed only when different from aliphatic values): CH2, >CH, >C< >CH in fused ring Double bond O NH S Aromatic compounds: Benzene Pyridine C4H4 (fused as in naphthalene) F Cl Br I OH Corrections for nonhalogenated substitutions: First Each subsequent Ortho pairs containing OH Ortho pairs with no OH Highly fluorinated aliphatic compounds: CF3, CF2, >CF CF2, >CF (ring) >CF (in fused ring) H (monosubstitution) Double bond (nonring) Double bond (ring) (other increments as in nonfluorinated compounds)

T

P

V

0.138

0.226

55.1

−0.043 −0.120 −0.050 −0.200 −0.023

−0.006 −0.030 −0.065 −0.170 −0.026

−8 −17 −20 −40 —

0.138 0.220 0.220 0.578 1.156 0.330 0.370 0.208 0.208 0.088 0.423 0.105 0.090 0.200 0.496 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055

0.160 0.282 0.220 0.450 0.900 0.470 0.420 0.095 0.135 0.170 0.360 0.270 0.270 0.460 — 0.223 0.318 0.500 —

20 60 55 80 160 80 78 30 30 30 80 55 55 119 — 14 45 67 90

0.125 0.055 d

e

0.090 0.030 −0.030 0.090 0.090 0.090

0.182 0.182 — — — —

0.448 0.448 0.220 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.198

0.924 0.850 0.515 0.183 0.318 0.600 0.850 −0.025

0.010 0.030 −0.080 −0.040

0 0.020 −0.050 −0.050

0.200 0.140 0.030 −0.050 −0.150 −0.030

0.550 0.420 — −0.350 −0.500 —

15 44.5 44.5 −15 10 — 30 f

a Ambrose, D., Correlation and Estimation of Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties. I. Critical Temperatures of Organic Compounds, Natl. Phys. Lab Report Chem. 92 (1978); Correlation and Estimation of Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties. II. Critical Pressures and Volumes of Organic Compounds, Natl. Phys. Lab Report Chem. 98 (1979). b The delta Platt number is defined as the Platt number of the isomer minus the Platt number of the corresponding alkane. (For n-alkanes the Platt number is n − 3.) The Platt number is the total number of groups of four carbon atoms three bonds apart [Platt, J. R., J. Chem. Phys., 15(1947): 419; 56(1952): 328]. This correction is used only for branched alkanes. c Includes naphthenic alcohols and glycols but not aromatic alcohols such as xylenol. d First determine the hydrocarbon homomorph, i.e., substitute CH3 for each OH and calculate ∆T for this compound. Subtract 0.138 from ∆T for each OH substituted. Next, add 0.87 − 0.11n + 0.003n2 where n = [Tb/K (alcohol) − 314]/19.2. Exceptions include methanol ( ∆T = 0), ethanol ( ∆T = 0.939), and any alcohol whose value of n exceeds 10. e Determine the hydrocarbon homomorph as in footnote d. Calculate ∆p and subtract 0.226 for each OH substituted. Add 0.100 − 0.013n, where n is computed as in footnote d. f When estimating the critical volumes of aromatic substances, use ring compound values, if available, and correct for double bonds.

2-469

2-470

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

∆

V

TABLE 2-337 Joback * Group Contributions for Critical Constants

= (8)(55.1) + (1)(−8) + (1)(−17) = 415.8

Group

Vc = (40 + 415.8) cm3mol = 455.8 cm3mol

Results: Property

DIPPR® recommended value

Ambrose estimation

% Difference

543.8 25.70 468.0

543.0 25.63 455.8

−0.15 0.27 −2.6

Tc /K Pc /bar Vc /(cm3/mol)

Method: Joback method. Reference: Joback, K. G., M.S. Thesis in Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 1984. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 7 K (~1 percent) for Tc; 2 bar (~5 percent) for Pc. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Tb, group contributions ∆T, ∆P, ∆V from Table 2-337, and the number of atoms in the molecule nA. Description: A GC method with first-order contributions. Variables Tc, Pc, and Vc are given by the following relations: Tc = Tb 0.584 + 0.965 ∆T −



2 −1

 ∆  T

Pc  = 0.113 + 0.0032nA − ∆ P bar



−2



Vc = 17.5 + ∆V  cm3/mol

(2-9) (2-10) (2-11)

where ∆T, ∆P, ∆V are group contributions from Table 2-337 and nA is the number of atoms in the molecule. Example Estimate the critical constants of o-xylene by using the Joback method. Structure:

CH3

Required input data: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 417.58 K. From Table 2-337:

苷CH (ring) 苷C < (ring) CH3

T

P

V

0.0141 0.0189 0.0164 0.0067 0.0113 0.0129 0.0117 0.0026 0.0027 0.0020

−0.0012 0 0.0020 0.0043 −0.0028 −0.0006 0.0011 0.0028 −0.0008 0.0016

65 56 41 27 56 46 38 36 46 37

0.0100 0.0122 0.0042 0.0082 0.0143

0.0025 0.0004 0.0061 0.0011 0.0008

48 38 27 41 32

0.0111 0.0105 0.0133 0.0068

−0.0057 −0.0049 0.0057 −0.0034

27 58 71 97

0.0741 0.0240 0.0168 0.0098 0.0380 0.0284 0.0379 0.0791 0.0481 0.0143

0.0112 0.0184 0.0015 0.0048 0.0031 0.0028 0.0030 0.0077 0.0005 0.0101

28 −25 18 13 62 55 82 89 82 36

0.0243 0.0295 0.0130 0.0169 0.0255 0.0085 0.0496 0.0437

0.0109 0.0077 0.0114 0.0074 −0.0099 0.0076 −0.0101 0.0064

38 35 29 9 — 34 91 91

0.0031 0.0119 0.0019

0.0084 0.0049 0.0051

63 54 38

Results:

ni

T

P

V

Property

DIPPR® 801 recommendation

Joback estimation

% Difference

4 2 2

0.0082 0.0143 0.0141

0.0011 0.0008 −0.0012

41 32 65

Tc /K Pc /bar Vc /(cm3/mol)

630.3 37.32 370

630.37 35.86 375.5

0.00 −3.92 1.49

From Eqs. (2-9), (2-10), and (2-11):

∆

T

*Joback, K. G., M.S. thesis in chemical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 1984.

CH3

Group

Nonring increments: CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< 苷C苷 CH C Ring increments: CH2  >CH >C< 苷CH 苷C< Halogen increments: F Cl Br I Oxygen increments: OH (alcohol) OH (phenol) O (nonring) O (ring) >C苷O (nonring) >C苷O (ring) CH苷O (aldehyde) COOH (acid) COO (ester) 苷O (except as above) Nitrogen increments: NH2 >NH (nonring) >NH (ring) >N (nonring) N苷 (nonring) N苷 (ring) CN NO2 Sulfur increments: SH S (nonring) S (ring)

= (4)(0.0082) + (2)(0.0143) + (2)(0.0141) = 0.0896

Example Estimate the critical constants of sec-butanol by using the Joback method. Required input data: From DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 372.7 K, M = 74.1216 kg/kmol. Structure: H3C

Tc = Tb[0.584 + 0.965 (0.896) − (0.896)2]−1

OH

CH3

Tc = Tb(1.5096) = (417.58 K)(1.5096) = 630.37 K nA = 18

∆ = (4)(0.0011) + (2)(0.0008) + (2)(−0.0012) = 0.00360 P



Pc  = 0.113 + 0.0032nA − bar

∆

−2

P

= [0.113 + (0.0032)(18) − 0.0036]−2 = 35.86

Pc = 35.86 bar

∆

V = (4)(41) + (2)(32) + (2)(65) = 358

Vc = (17.5 + 358) cm3mol = 375.5 cm3mol

Group contributions from Table 2-337: Group

ni

T

CH3 >CH2 >CH OH (alcohol)

2 1 1 1

0.0141 0.0189 0.0164 0.0741

From Eqs. (2-9), (2-10), and (2-11):

P −0.0012 0 0.0020 0.0112

V 65 56 41 28

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-338 Fedors*Method Atomic and Structural Contributions Atomic increments Atom C H O O (alcohols) N N (amines) F Cl Br I S

Calculation using Eq. (2-12):

∆

Structural increments V

Feature

V

34.426 9.172 20.291 18.000 48.855 47.422 22.242 52.801 71.774 96.402 50.866

Three-member ring Four-member ring Five-member ring Six-member ring Double bond Triple bond Ring attached to another

−15.824 −17.247 −39.126 −39.508 5.028 0.797 35.524

*Fedors, R. F., AIChE J., 25 (1979): 202.

∆

T

= (2)(0.0141) + (1)(0.0189) + (1)(0.0164) + (1)(0.0741) = 0.1376

Tc = Tb(1.4330) = (372.7 K)(1.4330) = 534.1 K

∆

P

= (2)(−0.0012) + (1)(0.0020) + (1)(0.0112) = 0.0108



1 Pc  = (0.1022 + 0.0032nA)−2 =  bar 0.1022 + (0.0032)(15)

nA = 15

 = 44.33 2

Pc = 44.33 bar

∆

V

= (2)(65) + (1)(56) + (1)(41) + (1)(28) = 255

Vc = (17.5 + 255) cm3mol = 272.5 cm3mol

V

= (4)(34.426) + (10)(9.172) + (1)(18.000) = 247.4

Vc = (26.6 + 247.4) cm3mol = 274.0 cm3mol

This value differs from the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 269 cm3/mol by 1.9 percent. Mixtures Application of CS methods and analytical equations of state (EoS) to mixtures typically requires pseudocritical temperatures and pressures. These values are obtained from the pure-component critical properties by applying mixing rules specific to the method under consideration. While pseudocritical values should be used for mixture CS and EoS applications, the values are usually quite different from the mixture’s true critical properties. A variety of methods are available for estimating true critical properties for mixtures (see PGL4), but only modest accuracy can be expected. Normal Melting Point The normal melting point is defined as the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. Methods to estimate the melting point have not been particularly effective because the melting point depends strongly on solid crystal structure and that structure is not effectively correlated with standard GC or CS methods. If the triple point temperature is known, then the melting point is best estimated as being equal to the triple point temperature. However, rarely is the triple point temperature available if the melting point has not also been determined. Recommended Method The method of Constantinou and Gani is recommended with caution. Reference: Constantinou, L., and R. Gani, AIChE J., 40 (1994): 1697. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 25 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: First-order and second-order group contributions from molecular structure. Description: A group contribution method given by Tm = (102.425 K) ⋅ ln

Results:

 N t

i m1,i

i

Property Tc /K Pc /bar Vc /(cm3/mol)

DIPPR® 801 recommendation

Joback estimation

% Difference

536.2 42.02 269

534.1 44.33 272.5

−0.39 5.50 1.30

Method: Fedor method. Reference: Fedors, R. F., AIChE J., 25 (1979): 202. Classification: Atom/structure contributions. Expected uncertainty: ~8 cm3/mol (3 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Molecular structure, atom and structural increments, ∆V in Table 2-238. Description: An atom contribution method with structural increments for Vc, given by N Vc = 26.6 + ni∆V  i=1 cm3/mol

(2-12)

Example Use Fedors’ method to estimate the critical volume of secbutanol. Group contributions from Table 2-238: OH CH3 Group

ni

C H Ο (alcohol)

4 10 1

+ Nj tm2, j j



(2-13)

where Ni, Nj = number of first- and second-order groups, respectively tm1,i = first-order group contributions from Table 2-339 tm2,i = second-order group contributions from Table 2-340 Example

Estimate the melting point of 2,6-dimethylpyridine. Structure and group contributions:

H3C

N

CH3

Group

Ni

tm1,i

−CH3 −C5H3(N)− Six-member ring

2 1 1

0.4640 12.6275

tm2,i

1.5656

Calculation using Eq. (2-13): Tm = (102.425 K) ln [(2)(0.4640) + 12.6275 + 1.5656] = 278 K

where ∆V are structural contributions from Table 2-238.

H3C

2-471

V 34.426 9.172 18.000

The predicted value is 4 percent higher than the recommended experimental value of 267 K in the DIPPR® 801 database. Normal Boiling Point The normal boiling temperature Tb is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals 101.325 kPa (1.0 atm). In some (usually older) literature sources, Tb values were reported at ambient pressures rather than at 101.325 kPa. If two or more such values are available, they can be be used to obtain Tb by using Eq. (2-2) to linearly interpolate ln P* vs. 1/T values. If there are sufficient vapor pressure data available, then Tb may be found from a regression of the data using an appropriate vapor pressure equation [e.g., Eqs. (2-21)–(2-26)]. If one or a few vapor pressure data at low pressure are available, a common occurrence, then the method of Pailhes can be used to estimate Tb. The most accurate method for prediction of normal boiling temperatures without experimental data is the Nannoolal method.

2-472

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-339 First-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point* Group CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< CH苷CH2 CH苷CH >C苷CH2 >C苷CH >C苷C< CH苷C苷CH2 >ACH >AC >ACCH3 >ACCH2 >ACCH< OH >ACOH COCH3 COCH2 CHO COOCH3 *

tm1,i

Group

tm1,i

Group

tm1,i

0.4640 0.9246 0.3557 1.6479 1.6472 1.6322 1.7899 2.0018 5.1175 3.3439 1.4669 0.2098 1.8635 0.4177 −1.7567 3.5979 13.7349 4.8776 5.6622 4.2927 4.0823

COOCH2 OOCH OCH3 OCH2 OCH< OCH2F CH2NH2 >CHNH2 NHCH3 CH2NH >CHNH >NCH3 NCH2 >ACNH2 C5H3(N) CH2CN COOH CH2Cl >CHCl >CCl CHCl2

3.5572 4.2250 2.9248 2.0695 4.0352 4.5047 6.7684 4.1187 4.5341 6.0609 3.4100 4.0580 0.9544 10.1031 12.6275 4.1859 11.5630 3.3376 2.9933 9.8409 5.1638

CCl3 >ACCl CH2NO2 >CHNO2 >ACNO2 CH2SH I Br CCH CC >C苷CCl >ACF CF3 COO CCl2F CClF2 F (other) CONH2 CON(CH3)2 CH3S >CH2S

10.2337 2.7336 5.5424 4.9738 8.4724 3.0044 4.6089 3.7442 3.9106 9.5793 1.5598 2.5015 3.2411 3.4448 7.4756 2.7523 1.9623 31.2786 11.3770 5.0506 3.1468

Constantinou, L., and R. Gani, AIChE J., 40 (1994): 1697.

Recommended Method Pailhes method. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 3 K (~1 to 2 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds. Reference: Pailhes, F., Fluid Phase Equilib., 41 (1988): 97. Input data: Molecular structure and one measured vapor pres* sure value Pmeas , (often at a low pressure). The method requires estimation of Tc and Pc using a group contribution method. The original Pailhes method used the Lyderson method [Lydersen, A. L., AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510], but the Joback method is illustrated here for consistency with the previous examples on critical constant estimation.

TABLE 2-340

Description: A simple group contribution method given by log(Pc /bar) + (1 − Tbr)xP 2 Tb = Tmeas  − 3xP − 1.49xP log (Pc /bar)

(2-14)

where Tb = estimate of normal boiling point Pc = critical pressure estimated from group contributions Tbr = reduced normal boiling point estimated from Eq. (2-9) xP = log(1 atm/P*meas) Tmeas = temperature at which experimental vapor pressure is known

Second-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point*

Group

tm21,i

Group

tm21,i

CH(CH3)2 C(CH3)3 CH(CH3)CH(CH3) CH(CH3)C(CH3)2 C(CH3)2C(CH3)2 Three-member ring Five-member ring Six-member ring Seven-member ring CHn苷CHmCHp苷CHk [k, n, m, p = 0, 1, 2] CH3CHm苷CHn [m, n = 0, 1, 2]

0.0381 −0.2355 0.4401 −0.4923 6.0650 1.3772 0.6824 1.5656 6.9709 1.9913

CHCOOH; CCOOH ACCOOH CH3COOCH; CH3COOC COCH2COO or COCHCOO or COCCOO COOCO ACCOO CHOH COH CHm(OH)CHn(OH) [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm cyclicOH [m = 0, 1]

−3.1034 28.4324 0.4838 0.0127 −2.3598 −2.0198 −0.5480 0.3189 0.9124 9.5209

CH2CHm苷CHn [m, n = 0, 1, 2]

−0.5870

CHCHm苷CHn or CCHm苷CHn [m, n = 0, 1, 2] Alicyclic side chain: CcyclicCm [m > 1] CH3CH3

−0.2361

CHCHO; CCHO

0.2476

−2.8298 1.4880 2.0547

CH3COCH2

−0.2951

CH3COCH; CH3COC

−0.2986

Ccyclic(苷O) ACCHO

0.7143 −0.6697

*Constantinou, L., and R. Gani, AIChE J., 40 (1994): 1697.

CHm(OH)CHn(NHp) [m, n, p = 0, 1, 2, 3] CHm(NH2)CHn(NH2) [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm cyclicNHpCHn cyclic [m, n, p = 0, 1, 2] CHmOCHn苷CHp [m, n, p = 0, 1, 2] ACOCHm [m = 0, 1, 2, 3] CHm cyclicSCHn cyclic [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm苷CHnF [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm苷CHnBr [m, n = 0, 1, 2] ACBr ACl

2.7826 2.5114 1.0729 0.2476 0.1175 −0.2914 −0.0514 −1.6425 2.5832 −1.5511

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Example The vapor pressure of n-decylacetate at 348.65 K is 106.66 Pa. Estimate the normal boiling point of this compound. Structure and group contributions from Table 2-337:

C3H

O

Group

ni

T

CH3 >CH2 COO (ester)

2 9 1

0.0141 0.0189 0.0481

CH3 P −0.0012 0 0.0005

Group contribution calculations using Eqs. (2-9) and (2-10):

∆

T

= (2)(0.0141) + (9)(0.0189) + (1)(0.0481) = 0.2464

nA = 38

P

= (2)(−0.0012) + (1)(0.0005) = −0.0019

Pc = (0.113 + 0.0032nA + 0.0019)−2 bar = 17.88 bar = 17.65 atm

Calculation of auxiliary quantities: 1 atm 101325 Pa = log  = 2.9777 xP = log  P*meas 106.66 Pa Calculation of normal boiling point using Eq. (2-14): log17.88 + (1 − 0.76016)(2.9777) Tb  = 348.65  − 3(2.9777) − 1.49(2.9777)2 log 17.88 K Tb = 525.3 K

The estimated value is 1.6 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 517.15 K. Recommended Method Nannoolal method. Reference: Nannoolal, Y., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 226 (2004): 45. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 7 K (on the order of 2 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available. Input data: GC values Ci in Table 2-341; intramolecular groupgroup interactions Cij in Table 2-342. Description: A GC method that includes second-order corrections for steric effects and intramolecular interactions. Variable Tb is found from N

ni ⋅ C i

Tb i=1  =  + 84.3395 0.6583 K n + 1.6868

(2-15)

where n = number of nonhydrogen atoms ni = number of occurrences of group i N = number of groups Ci = group contribution from Table 2-341 or Eq. (2-16) Corrections for intramolecular group-group interactions Ci,int are made by dividing the sum of all unique group pairs within the molecule by n. This can be written as 1 N N Ci,int =  Cij (2-16) n i=1 j>i or thought of as the sum of terms in the upper half (above and to the right of the diagonal) of the square matrix formed by listing each group in the molecule along the row and column. The values for the interactions are shown in this format in Table 2-342. Example Estimate the normal boiling point of di-isopropanolamine by using the Nannoolal method. Structure:

Corrections OH::OH OH::NH

ni

Ci

2 4 2 1

177.3066 266.8769 390.2446 223.0992

1/9 2/9

291.7985 286.9698

Group total 354.6132 1067.508 780.4892 223.0992 32.42206 63.77107

Total

2521.902

Note that there are three interacting groups (OH, OH, NH) in the molecule which gives two OH::NH interactions and one OH::OH interaction which are then divided by n (= 9) as in Eq. (2-16) to give the frequency.

Tb 2521.902 + 84.3395 = 509.3  =  K 90.6583 + 1.6868

Tb = 509.3 K

The calculated value differs by −2.4 percent from the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 521.9 K.

Characterizing and Correlating Constants Acentric Factor The acentric factor of a compound ω is defined in terms of the reduced vapor pressure evaluated at a reduced temperature of 0.7 as ω = −log P*r − 1.0000 (2-17)



Tr = 0.7

It is primarily used as a third parameter (beyond Tc and Pc) in CS predictions as a measure of deviations from nonspherical molecular shape, hence the name, suggesting molecular interactions that are not between centers of molecules. However, as defined in Eq. (2-17), ω also contains polarity information, and ω increases slightly with increasing polarity for molecules of similar size and shape. The value of ω is close to zero for small, spherically shaped, nonpolar molecules (argon, methane, etc.). It increases in value with larger deviations of molecular shape from spherical (longer chain lengths, less chain branching, etc.) and with increasing molecular polarity. When possible, ω should be obtained from experimental vapor pressure correlations by using Eq. (2-17), but an accurate estimation of ω can be made by using the critical constants and a single vapor pressure point by application of CS vapor pressure equations. Recommended Method Ambrose-Walton modification of LeeKesler vapor pressure equations. References: Ambrose, D., and J. Walton, Pure & Appl. Chem., 61 (1989): 1395; Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Generally within 5 percent. Applicability: Most organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and a single vapor pressure point (e.g., the normal boiling point). Description: See Eq. (2-25) for the equations used in this method. The vapor pressure equation is inverted to obtain the acentric factor from a single experimental vapor pressure point. Example Calculate the acentric factor of chlorobenzene with a known value for Tb. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 404.87 K, Tc = 632.35 K, and Pc = 45.1911 bar. Calculation of auxiliary quantities: 404.87 T Tbr = b =  = 0.64 632.35 Tc

τ = 1 − 0.64 = 0.36

(−5.97616)(0.36) + (1.29874)(0.36)1.5 − (0.60394)(0.36)2.5 − (1.06841)(0.36)5 f (0) =  0.64 = − 3.0034

OH H3C

Group

Calculation using Eq. (2-15):

Tbr = 0.584 + 0.965(0.2464) − (0.2464)2 = 0.76106

∆

Group contributions and values:

CH3 >C(c)C(c)H >C(c)< >C(c)C(c)C(r)H >C(r)< >C(r)C(r)C(r)Si< >SiCH in a chain >C< in a chain >C< in a chain connected to at least one F, Cl, N, or O >C< in a chain connected to at least one aromatic carbon  CH2 in a ring >CH  in a ring >C< in a ring >C< in a ring; connected to at least one N, O, Cl, or F which are not part of the ring >C< in a ring connected to at least one N or O which are part of the ring >C< in a ring connected to at least one aromatic carbon aromatic 苷CH aromatic 苷C< not connected to O, N, Cl, or F aromatic 苷C< connected to O, N, Cl, or F aromatic 苷C< with three aromatic neighbors F connected to C or Si F on a C苷C (vinylfluoride) F connected to C or Si already substituted with at least one F and two other atoms F connected to a C or Si already substituted with one F or Cl and one other atom F connected to C or Si already substituted with two F or Cl atoms F  connected to an aromatic carbon Cl connected to C or Si not already substituted with F or Cl Cl connected to C or Si already substituted with one F or Cl Cl connected to C or Si already substituted with at least two F or Cl Cl connected to aromatic C Cl on a C苷C (vinylchloride) Br connected to a nonaromatic C or Si Br  connected to an aromatic C I connected to C or Si  OH connected to tertiary carbon  OH connected to secondary C or Si  OH connected to primary C or Si; chain > 4 C or Si  OH connected to primary C or Si; chain < 5 C or Si  OH connected to an aromatic C (phenols) ether  O connected to two C or Si >(OC2)< (epoxide) NH2  connected to either C or Si NH2  connected to an aromatic C  NH connected to two C or Si (secondary amine) >N  connected to three C or Si (tertiary amine)  COOH connected to C  COO connected to two C (ester) HCOO  connected to C (formic acid ester)  COO in ring, C is connected to C (lactone)  CON< disubstituted amide  CONH  (monosubstituted amide)  CONH2 (amide)  CO connected to two nonaromatic C (ketones) CHO connected to nonaromatic C (aldehydes)  SH connected to C (thioles)  S  connected to two C  S S  (disulfide) connected to two C  S  in an aromatic ring  CN (cyanide) connected to C >C苷C< (both C have at least one non-H neighbor) noncyclic >C苷C< connected to at least one aromatic C noncyclic >C苷C< with at least one F, Cl, N, or O H2C苷C< (1-ene) cyclic >C苷C< CC HCC (1-yne)  O in an aromatic ring with aromatic C neighbors aromatic  N in a five-member ring, free electron pair aromatic 苷N  in a six-member ring NO2  connected to aliphatic C NO2  connected to aromatic C >Si< >Si< connected to at least one O nitrate (esters of nitric acid) phosphates nitrites (esters of nitrous acid)

Value 177.3066 251.8338 157.9527 239.4531 240.6785 249.5809 266.8769 201.0115 239.4957 222.1163 209.9749 250.9584 291.2291 244.3581 235.3462 315.4128 348.2779 367.9649 106.5492 49.2701 53.1871 78.7578 103.5672 −19.5575 330.9117 287.1863 267.4170 205.7363 292.5816 419.4959 377.6775 556.3944 349.9409 390.2446 443.8712 488.0819 361.4775 146.4836 820.7118 321.1759 441.4388 223.0992 126.2952 1080.3139 636.2020 642.0427 1142.6119 1052.6072 1364.5333 1487.4109 618.9782 553.8090 434.0811 461.5784 864.5074 304.3321 719.2462 475.7958 586.1413 500.2434 412.6276 475.9623 512.2893 422.2307 37.1936 453.3397 306.7139 866.5843 821.4141 282.0181 207.9312 920.3617 1153.1344 494.2668

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-341

2-475

Group Contributions for the Nannoolal* Method for Normal Boiling Point (Concluded)

Table-specific nomenclature: (e) = connected to N, O, F, Cl; (ne) = not connected to N, O, F, Cl; (r) = in a ring; (c) = in a chain; (a) = aromatic, not necessarily carbon; (Ca) = aromatic carbon; b = any nonhydrogen atom ID

Group

Description

Value

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 113 115 116 117

ONC  C苷O  O C苷O COCl >SiSnGeC苷C苷C< >C苷C  C苷CC苷C C苷CN (C苷O)N< (C,Si)2>N< (C,Si)2 F(C,Si)(Cl)(b)2  OCOO  >SO4  SO2N< . . .苷CNC苷NC 苷. . . >S苷O (S)  CN >N(C苷O) (N) CN >P<  ON苷(C,Si) >Se< >Al
Si< connected to at least one F or Cl noncyclic carbonate OCN connected to C or Si (cyanate) SCN  (thiocyanate) connected to C noncyclic sulfone connected to two C (sulfones) >Sn< connected to four carbons AsCl2 connected to C GeCl3  connected to carbons >Ge< connected to four carbons cumulated double bond conjugated double bond in a ring conjugated double bond in a chain CHO  connected to aromatic C (aldehydes) double-bonded amine connected to at least one C or Si  CO connected to two C with at least one aromatic C (ketones) peroxide conjugated triple bond cyclic anhydride connected to two C  NH connected to two C or Si with at least one aromatic (secondary amines)  CO connected to O and N (carbamate)  CO connected to two N (urea) Quaternary amine connected to four C or Si F connected to C or Si already substituted with at least one Cl and two other atoms  CO connected to two O (carbonates) S(苷O)2 connected to two O (sulfates)  S(苷O)2 connected to N imadizole sulfoxide  CN (cyanide) connected to S  CO connected to N  CN (cyanide) connected to N phosphorus connected to at least 1 C or S (phosphine)  ON苷connected to C or Si (isoazole) >Se< connected to at least one C or Si >Al< connected to at least one C or Si

1041.0851 1251.2675 778.9151 540.0895 879.7062 660.4645 1018.4865 1559.9840 510.4223 1149.9670 1209.2972 347.7717 664.0903 957.6388 928.9954 560.1024 229.2288 606.1797 273.1755 1218.1878 2082.3288 201.3224 886.7613 1045.0343 −109.6269 111.0590 1573.3769 1483.1289 1506.8136 484.6371 1379.4485 659.7336 492.0707 971.0365 428.8911 612.9506 562.1791 761.6006

118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133

C苷C C苷O (C苷O)C([F,Cl]2,3) (C苷O)C([F,Cl]2,3)2 C[F,Cl]3 (C)2C[F,Cl]2 No hydrogen One-hydrogen (3,4) ring 5-ring Ortho pair(s) Meta pair(s) Para pair(s) ((C苷)(C)CCC3) C2CCC2 C3CCC2 C3CCC3

 C苷O connected to sp2 carbon carbonyl connected to C with two or more halogens carbonyl connected to two C, each with at least two halogens carbon with three halogens secondary carbon with two halogens component has no hydrogen component has one hydrogen a three- or four-member nonaromatic ring a five-member nonaromatic ring Ortho- position counted only once and only if there are no meta or para pairs Meta- position counted only once and only if there are no para or ortho pairs Para- position counted only once and only if there are no meta or ortho pairs carbon with four carbon neighbors and one double-bonded carbon neighbor carbon with four carbon neighbors, two on each side carbon with five carbon neighbors carbon with six carbon neighbors

Corrections 40.4205 −82.2328 −247.8893 −20.3996 15.4720 −172.4201 −99.8035 −62.3740 −40.0058 −27.2705 −3.5075 16.1061 25.8348 35.8330 51.9098 111.8372

*

Nannoolal, Y., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib. 226 (2004): 45.

(−0.64771)(0.36) + (2.41539)(0.36)1.5 − (4.26979)(0.36)2.5 + (3.25259)(0.36)5 f (2) =  0.64 = − 0.037 Calculation using Eq. (2-25) at the normal boiling point: 1.01325 ln  = − 3.798 = f (0) + ωf (1) + ωf (2) = 3.0034 + 3.1788ω + 0.037ω2 45.1911 ω = 0.249 The value obtained from the Ambrose-Walton-Lee-Kesler method compares favorably with the value of 0.2499 recommended in the DIPPR® 801 database (obtained from the vapor pressure correlation).

Radius of Gyration The radius of gyration Rg is a measure of the mass distribution about the center of mass of a molecule. Radius Rg increases with molecular size. It is useful in CS applications to separate molecular size and shape effects from polar effects. It is defined in terms of the principal moments of inertia of a molecule (A, B, and C) as Rg =

(AB) N  M 1/2

A

(2-18)

for planar molecules and as Rg =

2π(ABC) N 

M 1/3

A

(2-19)

2-476

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-342 OH OH(a) COOH O >(OC2)< COOC CO CHO

OH OH(a) COOH O >(OC2)< COOC CO CHO O(a) S(na) S(a) SH NH2 >NH OCN CN

Intermolecular Interaction Corrections for the Nannoolal et al.* Method for Normal Boiling Point OH

OH(a)

COOH

O

>(OC2)
(OC2)< COOC CO CHO O(a) S(na) S(a) SH NH2 >NH OCN CN Nitrate 苷N(a)−(r5) 苷N(a)−(r6)

0 −1048.124 0 963.6518 0 −205.6165 −3628.903 140.9644 0 0 0 0 663.8009 0 −263.0807 0 65.1432

苷N(a)(r5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −888.612 0 −348.740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 381.0107 397.575 0 0 0

SH

NH2

>NH

OCN

CN

38.6974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217.6360

314.6126 797.4327 0 124.3549 0 182.6291 0 0 395.4093 −562.306 0 0 174.0258

286.9698 0 0 101.8475 0 317.0200 −215.3532 0 0 0 0 0 510.3473 239.8076

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −356.5017

306.3979 0 0 293.5974 0 517.0677 −574.2230 0 0 0 −101.232 0 0 0 0 0

苷N(a)(r6) 1334.6747 −614.3624 0 0 0 0 124.1943 0 0 0 0 0 27.2735 758.9855 0 −370.9729 0 0 −271.9449

*Nannoolal, Y., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 226 (2004): 45.

for nonplanar molecules. Radii of gyration can be calculated from these defining equations and principal moments of inertia obtained from spectral data or from computational chemistry software. Recommended Method Principal moments of inertia. Classification: Computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: Less than 5 percent. Applicability: All molecules. Input data: M and molecular structure. Description: Computational chemistry software is used to optimize the geometry of the molecule and obtain the principal moments of inertia to be used in Eqs. (2-18) and (2-19). Example

Calculate the radius of gyration for hydrazine. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, M = 32.0452 kg/kmol. The structure of hydrazine is H2N—NH2 Calculation of the principal moments of inertia: Optimizing hydrazine with HF/6-31G model chemistry gives the following principal moments of inertia:

A = 12.24050 amu⋅Bohr2

B = 72.41081 amu⋅Bohr2

C = 79.16893 amu⋅Bohr

2

Conversion from atomic units to SI gives 5.29177 × 10−11 m A = (12.24050 amu⋅Bohr2)  Bohr



= 5.692 × 10−47 kg⋅m2

1.66054 × 10−27 kg  amu

 2



4.65010−48 kg⋅m2 B = (72.41081 amu⋅Bohr2)  = 3.367 × 10−46 kg⋅m2 amu⋅Bohr2





4.65010−48 kg ⋅ m2 C = (79.16893 amu⋅Bohr2)  = 3.681 × 10−46 kg⋅m2 amu ⋅ Bohr2





Calculation using Eq. (2-19): (ABC)1/3 = [(5.692 × 10−47)(3.367 × 10−46)(3.681 × 10−46)]1/3 kg⋅m2 = 1.918 × 10−46 kg⋅m2

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Rg =

2π(1.918 × 10 kg⋅m )(6.022⋅10 kmol )  = 1.505 × 10

32.0452 kg/kmol −46

2

−1

26

−10

m

This is 3.8 percent below the DIPPR® 801 database value of 1.564 × 10−10 m which was obtained from spectral principal moments of inertia.

Dipole Moment The dipole moment of a molecule is the first moment of the electric charge density expansion. All normal paraffins have a value of zero. Charge separation within the molecule due to electronegativity differences between bonded atoms increases the dipole moment. Computational chemistry software uses the electron density distribution of the optimized molecule to calculate dipole moments. Recommended Method Electron density distribution. Classification: Computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: Uncertainty varies depending upon the model chemistry chosen, but it can be as large as 60 percent. Applicability: All molecules. Input data: Molecular structure.

2-477

be estimated by the methods shown earlier if experimental values are unavailable. Recommended Method 1 Riedel method. Reference: Riedel, L., Chem. Ing. Tech., 26 (1954): 679 Classification: Empirical extension of theory and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Varies strongly depending upon relative T, but 1 percent or less above Tb is typical with uncertainties of 5 to 30 percent near the triple point. Applicability: Most organic compounds. Input data: Tb, Tc, Pc. Description: Equation (2-22) in reduced form B ln Pr = A +  + C ln Tr + DT6r Tr

(2-24)

Constants for this equation are determined from the following set of relationships:

Example Calculate the dipole moment for methanol. Draw structure and optimize molecule using computational chemistry software: The dipole moment obtained from a geometry optimized with the HF/631G model chemistry for methanol is 2.288 D. This value is 35 percent larger than the experimental gas-phase value of 1.700 D in the DIPPR® 801 database.

36 6 ψ = − 35 +  + 42 ln Tbr − T br Tbr

3.758Kψ + ln (Pc /1.01325 bar) αc =  Kψ − ln Tbr

ln (Pc /1.01325 bar) h = Tbr  1 − Tbr

D = K(αc − 3.758)

VAPOR PRESSURE

C = αc − 42D

A = 35D

Liquids Vapor pressure is the most important of the basic thermodynamic properties of fluids. It is the pressure of equilibrium, coexisting liquid and vapor phases at a specified temperature. The vapor pressure curve is a monotonic function of temperature from its minimum value (the triple point pressure) at the triple point temperature Tt to its maximum value (the critical pressure) at Tc. Liquid vapor pressure data over a limited temperature range can be correlated with the Antoine [Antoine, C, C.R., 107 (1888): 681, 836] equation B P∗ ln  = A −  Τ/Κ + C Pa

(2-20)

Data from the triple point to the critical point can be correlated with either a modified form of the Wagner equation [Wagner, W., “A New Correlation Method for Thermodynamic Data Applied to the VaporPressure Curve of Argon, Nitrogen, and Water,” J.T.R. Watson (trans. and ed.), IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, London, 1977; Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 18 (1986): 45; Ambrose, D., and N. B. Ghiassee, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 19 (1987): 903, 911] aτ + bτ1.5 + cτ2.5 + dτ5 ln Pr* =  1−τ

where τ  1 − Tr

(2-21)

Values of the constant K [Vetere, A., Ind. Eng. Chem Res., 30 (1991): 2487]: Class

Value

P∗ B T T ln  = A +  + C ln  + D  Pa T/K K K



E

(2-22)

Generally, E in Eq. (2-22) is assigned a value of 6, but values of 2 or 1 have also been used, particularly when correlating low-temperature data. While the Wagner equation can be used to correlate most fluids over the whole liquid range, a fifth term is often required for alcohols [Poling, B. E., Fluid Phase Equil., 116 (1996): 102]: (for alcohols) (2-23)

Correlation of experimental data within a few tenths of a percent over the entire fluid range can usually be obtained with either the Wagner or Riedel equations. Two prediction methods are recommended for liquid vapor pressure. The first method is based on the Riedel equation; the second is a CS method. Both methods require Tc and Pc as input, but these can

K = −0.120 + 0.025h K = 0.373 − 0.030h K = 0.0838

Acids Alcohols All other organic compounds

Example Estimate the vapor pressure of chlorobenzene at 50 K intervals from 300 to 600 K. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 404.87 K, Tc = 632.35 K, and Pc = 45.1911 bar. Auxiliary Quantities: K = 0.0838

Tbr = 404.87/632.35 = 0.640

36 ψ = − 35 +  + 42 ln 0.640 − (0.640)6 = 2.431 0.640 (3.758)(0.0838)(2.431) + ln(45.191/1.01325) αc =  = 7.0248 (0.0838)(2.431) − ln(0.640) D = (0.0838)(7.0248 − 3.758) = 0.2738 B = − (36)(0.2738) = − 9.8552

or the Riedel [Riedel, L., Chem. Ing. Tech., 26 (1954): 679] equation

aτ + bτ1.5 + cτ2.5 + dτ5 + eτ6 ln Pr* =  1−τ

B = − 36D

C = 7.0248 − (42)(0.2738) = − 4.4729 A = − (35)(0.2738) = 9.5814

Calculation using Eq. (2-24) at each T (detailed calculation shown for T = 500 K): Tr = 500/632.35 = 0.7907 9.8552 ln Pr = 9.5814 −  − 4.4729 ln 0.7907 + (0.2738)(0.7907)6 = − 1.7651 0.7907 Pr = exp(−1.7651) = 0.1712

P = PrPc = (0.1712)(45.1911 bar) = 7.74 bar

T/K

Tr

ln Pr

P/bar

PDIPPR/bar

% Error

300 350 400 450 500 550 600

0.4744 0.5535 0.6326 0.7116 0.7907 0.8698 0.9488

−7.8532 −5.5704 −3.9323 −2.7101 −1.7651 −1.0067 −0.3705

0.0176 0.172 0.886 3.01 7.74 16.51 31.20

0.0175 0.172 0.880 2.98 7.67 16.39 31.11

0.3 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.3

Recommended Method 2 Ambrose-Walton method. References: Ambrose, D., and J. Walton, Pure & Appl. Chem., 61 (1989): 1395; Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510.

2-478

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Varies strongly with relative T, but less than 1 percent is typical above Tb if the acentric factor is known. Applicability: Most organic compounds. Input data: Tb, Tc, Pc, and ω. Description: The acentric factor is used to linearly interpolate within the simple-fluid and deviation terms for the ln P* values of the reference fluids, which themselves have been correlated with the Wagner vapor pressure equation. ln Pr* = f (0) + ωf (1) + ω2f (2)

−5.03365τ + 1.11505τ − 5.41217τ − 7.46628τ f (1) =  1−τ 2.5

5

(2-25)

−0.64771τ + 2.41539τ1.5 − 4.26979τ2.5 + 3.25259τ5 f (2) =  1−τ where τ = 1 − Tr. Example Repeat the calculation of the liquid vapor pressure of chlorobenzene at 50 K intervals from 300 to 600 K. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tc = 632.35 K, Pc = 45.1911 bar, and ω = 0.249857. Auxiliary quantities: Tr = 500/632.35 = 0.7907

τ = 1 − 0.7907 = 0.2093

Simple-fluid and deviation vapor pressure terms at each T (shown for T = 500 K): (−5.97616)(0.2093) + (1.29874)(0.2093)1.5 − (0.60394)(0.2093)2.5 − (1.06841)(0.2093)5 f (0) =  = − 1.4405 0.7907 (−5.03365)(0.2093) + (1.11505)(0.2093)1.5 − (5.41217)(0.2093)2.5 − (7.46628)(0.2093)5 f (1) =  = − 1.3383 0.7907 (−0.64771)(0.2093) + (2.41539)(0.2093)1.5 − (4.26979)(0.2093)2.5 + (3.25259)(0.2093)5 f (2) =  = 0.0145 0.7907

Calculation using Eq. (2-25): ln Pr* = − 1.4405 + (0.249857)(−1.3383) + (0.249857)2 (0.0145) = − 1.774 P* = (45.1911 bar)[exp(−1.774)] = 7.667 bar

T

τ

f (0)

f (1)

f (2)

300 350 400 450 500 550 600

0.5256 0.4465 0.3674 0.2884 0.2093 0.1302 0.0512

−5.9228 −4.3006 −3.1036 −2.1800 −1.4405 −0.8289 −0.3068

−7.5966 −5.0017 −3.3106 −2.1576 −1.3383 −0.7318 −0.2612

−0.3050 −0.1439 −0.0437 0.0043 0.0145 0.0036 −0.0081

ln P*r

% P*/bar P*DIPPR/bar Error

−7.840 0.0178 −5.559 0.174 −3.933 0.885 −2.719 2.98 −1.774 7.67 −1.012 16.43 −0.373 31.14

0.0175 0.172 0.880 2.98 7.67 16.39 31.11

The liquid and solid vapor pressures are identical at the triple point. A good vapor pressure correlation that is valid at the triple point may be used to obtain the triple point pressure. Estimating solid vapor pressures by using Eq. (2-26) generally requires an estimation of ∆Hsub, and so the illustrative example is combined with the example on enthalpy of sublimation in the section on latent enthalpy. THERMAL PROPERTIES

−5.97616τ + 1.29874τ1.5 − 0.60394τ2.5 − 1.06841τ5 f (0) =  1−τ 1.5

where Tt = triple point temperature P*t = triple point pressure ∆Hsub = enthalpy of sublimation

1.4 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1

Solids Below the triple point, the pressure at which the solid and vapor phases of a pure component are in equilibrium at any given temperature is the vapor pressure of the solid. It is a monotonic function of temperature with a maximum at the triple point. Solid vapor pressures can be correlated with the same equations used for liquids. Estimation of solid vapor pressure can be made from the integrated form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation

Enthalpy of Formation The standard enthalpy (heat) of formation is the enthalpy change upon formation of 1 mol of the compound in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states. Two different standard enthlapies of formation are commonly defined based on the chosen standard state. The standard state enthalpy of formation ∆Hfs uses the naturally occurring phase at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state; the ideal gas standard enthalpy (heat) of formation ∆Hfo uses the compound in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state. In both cases, the standard state for the elements is their naturally occurring state of aggregation at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Sources for data include DIPPR®, TRC, SWS, JANAF, and Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner, Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, extant 1994. The Domalski-Hearing method is the most accurate general method for estimating either ∆Hfs or ∆Hfo if the appropriate GC values are available, but a CC method is also as accurate for estimating ∆Hfo if an isodesmic reaction can be formulated and used. The Domalski-Hearing method also applies to entropies, and the entropy predictive equations are listed in this section for convenience because they are equivalent in form to the enthalpy equations. However, discussion and illustration of the estimation methods for entropy are delayed to the next subsection. Recommended Method Domalski-Hearing method. Reference: Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 805. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 3 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Molecular structure. Description: GC values from Table 2-343 are directly additive for both enthalpy of formation and absolute third-law entropies: N H!f  = ni (∆H!f )i kJ/mol i=1

N S! ni (S!)i  J⋅mol−1 K−1 =

i=1

where (∆Hof )i = enthalpy of formation GC value from Table 2-343 and (So)i = entropy GC value from Table 2-343. Group values in Table 2-343 are defined by the central, nonhydrogen group and the atoms bonded to that group. Thus, C—(2H)(2C) represents a C atom to which 2 H and 2 C atoms are bonded. For example, propane (CH3—CH2—CH3) is composed of three groups: two C—(3H)(C) and one C—(2H)(2C). Example Estimate the standard and ideal gas enthalpies of formation of o-toluidine. Input information: The melting point (256.8 K) and boiling point (473.49 K) given for o-toluidine in the DIPPR® 801 database bracket 298.15 K, and so the standard state phase at 298.15 K and 1 bar must be liquid. Structure: CH3

P∗ ∆Hsub T ln * =  1 − t Pt RTt T





(2-26)

(2-27)

NH2

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-343

2-479

Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties

This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group

∆Hfo

So

∆Hfs liq.

Ss liq.

∆Hfs solid

Ss solid 56.69 23.01 −16.89 0.00 −33.19 0.00 0.00 0.00

21.75

CH Groups C(3H)(C) C(2H)(2C) C(H)(3C) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(4C) CH3 corr (quaternary) CH3 corr (tert/quat) CH3 corr (quat/quat) Cd(2H) Cd(H)(C) Cd(2C) Cd(H)(Cd) Cd(C)(Cd) Cd(Cd)(Cb) Cd(H)(Cb) Cd(C)(Cb) Cd(H)(Ct) C(4H), Methane Cd(2Cb) C(2H)(C)(Cd) C(H)(2C)(Cd) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(Cd) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(H)(C)(2Cd) C(2H)(2Cd) C(2H)(Cd)(Cb) C(H)(C)(Cd)(Cb) cis (unsat) corr tertButyl cis corr Ct(H) Ct(C) Ct(Cd) Ct(Cb) Ct(Ct) C(2H)(C)(Ct) C(H)(2C)(Ct) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(Ct) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(2H)(2Ct) C(2C)(2Ct) Ca Cb(H)(2Cb) Cb(C)(2Cb) Cb(Cd)(2Cb) Cb(Ct)(2Cb) Cb(3Cb) C(2C)(2Cb) C(2H)(C)(Cb) C(H)(2C)(Cb) C(Cb)(3C) C(2H)(2Cb) C(H)(C)(2Cb) C(H)(3Cb) C(3Cb)(C) C(4Cb) Cbf(Cbf)(2Cb) Cbf(Cb)(2Cbf) Cbf(3Cbf) Cb(2Cb)(Cbf) Cb(Cb)(2Cbf) ortho corr, hydrocarbons meta corr, hydrocarbons Cyclopropane rsc (unsub) Cyclobutane rsc Cyclopentane rsc (unsub) Cyclohexane rsc (unsub) Cycloheptane rsc Cyclooctane rsc Cyclononane rsc Cyclodecane rsc

−42.26 −20.63 −1.17 −2.26 19.20 −4.56 −1.80 −0.64 −26.32 36.32 44.14 28.28 36.78

127.32 39.16 −53.60 0.00 −149.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 115.52 33.05 −50.84 27.74 −61.33

−47.61 −25.73 −4.77 −2.18 17.99 −4.39 −1.77 −0.64 21.75 31.05 39.16 22.18 30.42

83.30 32.38 −23.89 0.00 −98.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.19 28.58 −29.83 13.30 −41.92

28.28 37.95 28.28 −74.48 32.88 −20.88 −1.63 −2.26 22.13 −4.56 −1.17 −18.92

27.74 −51.97 27.74 206.92

22.18 38.58 22.18

13.30

−46.74 −29.41 −5.98 −2.34 12.47 −4.35 −2.70 −2.24 22.43 25.48 32.97 17.53 27.91 56.07 17.53

13.30

17.53

38.20 −50.38 0.00 −150.23 0.00 −53.60 42.08

31.67 −28.07 0.00 −108.20 0.00 −23.89 19.32

49.91 −24.35 −6.49 −2.34 12.51 −4.35 −5.98 −21.60

4.85 17.24 113.50 115.10 121.42 120.76 120.76 −19.70 −3.16 −2.26

5.06 0.00 101.96 26.32 39.92 17.77 25.94 42.80 −45.69 0.00

0.00 0.00 67.57 14.25

5.73 17.57 110.34 101.66

32.36

103.28 103.28 −29.41

−4.56 −41.14

0.00

142.67 13.81 23.64 24.17 24.17 21.66

26.28 48.31 −35.61 −33.85 −33.85 −36.57

−21.34 −4.52 18.28 −46.43

42.59 −48.00 −147.19

22.46 1.26 −0.63 115.15 110.89 26.75 0.68 26.34 40.65 52.91 51.99

−2.18 22.83 −4.39 −39.08 20.67 134.68 8.16 19.16 19.12 19.12 17.21

0.00 0.00 14.39 28.87 −19.50 −9.04 −9.04

−24.81 −5.82 18.70 −26.50 −21.47

47.40 −13.90 −96.10 51.97 28.12

0.00

15.83 11.50 −0.90

−5.54

−2.50 0.00 134.86 126.04 116.22 78.18 73.97 70.78

3.26 0.00 111.58 106.64 22.84 −1.77 23.50 38.10 50.40 50.61

0.00 0.00

−6.86 27.04 20.10 16.00 3.59

30.83 −25.73 −5.02 −2.18 20.79 −4.39 −4.77 −24.43 −24.73 −6.90 5.27 17.48 104.47 107.15 114.77 119.00 104.80 −22.13

51.48 42.24 10.07 15.89 2.96

−2.34 26.38 −4.35 131.08 6.53 13.90 20.27 20.07 17.03 52.81 −22.10 −3.50 21.57 −21.44 16.40 34.48 116.25 64.89 14.10 12.00 1.94 −8.77 47.93 5.00 2.00 114.43 34.00 10.94

21.75 21.75

0.00 0.00 −16.89

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

22.75 −5.50 −10.00 −10.00 −6.00 26.90 22.85 −12.62 −6.00 2.00 7.00 0.00 0.00

2-480

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-343

Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued )

This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group

∆Hfo

So

∆Hfs liq.

Ss liq.

∆Hfs solid

Ss solid

CHO Groups CO(2H), formaldehyde CO(C)(CO) CO(H)(CO) CO(CO)(Cb) CO(O)(CO) CO(Cd)(O) CO(C)(O) CO(H)(O) CO(2O) CO(H)(Cd) CO(2Cb) CO(C)(Cb) CO(H)(Cb) CO(O)(Cb) CO(2C) CO(H)(C) CO(C)(Cd) O(2CO), aliphatic O(2CO), aromatic O(Cd)(CO) O(C)(CO) O(H)(CO) O(Cb)(CO) O(C)(O) O(H)(O) O(2Cd) O(H)(Cd) O(C)(Cd) O(2Cb) O(C)(Cb) O(H)(Cb) O(2C) O(H)(C) Cd(H)(CO) Cd(C)(CO) Cd(O)(Cd) Cd(O)(C) Cd(O)(H) Ct(CO) Cb(CO)(2Cb) Cb(O)(2Cb) C(2H)(2CO) C(CO)(3C) C(H)(CO)(2C) C(2H)(CO)(C) C(3H)(CO) C(2H)(CO)(Cd) C(2H)(CO)(Ct) C(2H)(CO)(Cb) C(H)(CO)(C)(Cb) C(H)(O)(CO)(C) C(4O) C(H)(3O) C(3O)(C) C(2O)(2C) C(H)(2O)(C) C(2H)(2O) C(2H)(O)(Cb) C(2H)(O)(Cd) C(H)(CO)(C)(Cb) C(H)(CO)(2Cb) C(O)(3Cb) C(O)(3C) (ethers, esters) C(H)(O)(2C) (ethers, esters) C(O)(3C) (alcohols, peroxides) C(H)(O)(2C) (alcohols, peroxides) C(2H)(O)(C) C(3H)(O) O(CO)(O) C(2C)(O)(Cb) C(H)(C)(2O)

−108.60 −121.29 −105.98 −112.30 −123.75 −136.73 −137.24 −124.39 −111.88 −126.96 −110.00 −148.82 −121.35 −125.00 −132.67 −124.39

224.54

−214.50 −238.30 −198.03 −188.87 −254.30 −167.00 −20.75 −72.26 −139.29

34.16

62.59 62.59 147.03

64.31 147.03

36.03 101.71

−135.04 −123.30 −155.56 −149.37 −142.42 −122.00 −153.05 −119.00 −145.22 −138.12 −140.00 −152.76 −142.42 −230.50 −220.90 −201.42 −196.02 −285.64 −165.50 −23.50 −101.75 −137.32

−129.33 −77.66 −92.55 −160.30 −101.42 −159.33 32.30

121.50 29.33 121.50 35.19

−133.72 −85.27 −104.85 −191.75 −110.83 −191.50 26.61

36.78 44.14 36.32

−61.34 −50.84 33.05

30.42 39.08 31.05

15.50 −4.75 −30.74 23.93 −0.25 −21.84 −42.26 −16.95 −25.48 −16.20 126.63 −152.46 −113.97 −114.39 −53.56 −57.78 −62.22 −33.76 −27.49

9.50 −19.46 −13.50 −26.10 −32.90 −42.26 −88.00 15.30

−43.72

39.58 127.32

37.49

−141.92 −52.80 −144.60 −43.05 43.43 127.32

−140.75

32.72 94.68

33.81 93.55

−117.75 −120.81 −134.10 −153.60

32.90 32.13

−123.00

−42.92

−116.00 −143.70 −160.18 −145.00 −157.95

23.72 32.13

−235.00 −207.00 38.28 38.28

−210.60 −282.15 −170.00 −30.20 −105.30

12.09 21.78 45.32

23.31

−96.20 −122.87 −199.25 −119.00 −199.66 7.82

3.14

43.89 26.78 43.89 −41.92 −29.83 28.58

28.62 28.62 27.53

−85.98 −24.52 39.87 83.30

27.91 32.97 25.48 144.52 8.15 1.00 −19.10 24.02 −9.83 −27.90 −46.74

24.73 56.69

123.43 −133.34 −107.74 −99.54 −41.30 −51.42 −62.89 −29.17 −28.62

−46.71

14.81 −14.39

8.08

0.79 −21.00 −11.13 −27.60 −35.80 −47.61 −90.00 25.80

−94.68 −25.31 −122.48 −29.83 32.59 83.30

10.50 −5.61 −23.06 26.15 −3.89 −24.14 −47.61 −19.62 −26.61 −11.67

−10.59

0.08 1.59

23.85 −14.39 3.72 60.46 −0.50 −20.08 −12.25 −29.08 −33.00 −46.74 −80.50 29.30 −52.50

−14.77 6.95 24.73 56.69

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-343

2-481

Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued)

This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group

∆Hfo

So

∆Hfs liq.

Ss liq.

∆Hfs solid −46.74 −34.00 −13.90 −2.34 1.00 −4.35 −26.00 −33.31 −6.30 −46.00 47.80 101.00 18.97

Ss solid

CHN and CHNO Groups C(3H)(N) C(2H)(C)(N) C(H)(2C)(N) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(N) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(2H)(2N) C(2H)(Cb)(N) N(2H)(C) (first, amino acids) N(2H)(C) (second, amino acids) N(H)(2C) N(3C) N(2H)(N) N(H)(C)(N) N(2C)(N) N(2Cb)(N) N(H)(Cb)(N) N(2CO)(N) N(H)(2Cd) N(C)(2Cd) N(2H)(Cb) N(H)(C)(Cb) N(2C)(Cb) N(C)(2Cb) N(H)(2Cb) N(3Cb) NI(C) NI(Cb) NA(C) NA(Cb) NA(oxide)(C) C(2H)(C)(NA) C(H)(2C)(NA) C(3C)(NA) Cd(H)(N) Cd(C)(N) Cb(N)(2Cb) Cb(NO)(2Cb) Cb(NO2)(2Cb) Cb(CNO)(2Cb) Cb(CN)(2Cb) Cb(NA)(2Cb) Cb(H)(2NI) CO(H)(N) CO(C)(N) CO(Cb)(N) (amides) CO(Cb)(N) (amino acids) CO(Cd)(N) CO(2N) N(2H)(CO) (amides, ureas) N(2H)(CO) (amino acids) N(H)(C)(CO) (amides, ureas) N(H)(C)(CO) (amino acids) N(2C)(CO) N(H)(Cb)(CO) N(H)(2CO) N(C)(2CO) N(Cb)(2CO) N−(2Cb)(CO) N(C)(Cb)(CO) C(3H)(CN), acetonitrile C(2H)(C)(CN) C(H)(2C)(CN) C(3C)(CN) C(2C)(2CN) C(2H)(Cd)(CN) Cd(H)(CN) Ct(CN) C(3H)(NO2), nitromethane C(2H)(2NO2), dinitromethane C(H)(3NO2), trinitromethane C(4NO2), tetranitromethane C(2H)(C)(NO2)

−42.26 −28.30 −16.70 −2.26 0.29 −4.56 −30.00 −24.14 19.25 19.25 67.55 116.50 47.70 89.16 120.71

127.32 42.26 −63.55 0.00 −152.59 0.00

−47.61 −30.80 −14.65 −2.18 5.10 −4.39

83.30 32.38 −20.00 0.00 −87.99 0.00

124.40 126.90 33.96 −61.71 122.18

−26.09 0.33 0.33 51.50 112.00 25.30 75.00 119.00

71.71 71.71 32.09 −38.62 60.58 22.05 −26.94

87.50

73.40

83.55 120.64 19.25 59.00 126.40 120.44 83.55 123.15 81.46 69.00 109.50 109.50 40.80 −20.70 −2.66 11.50 −16.00 −5.74 −1.30 21.50 −1.45 −177.63 151.00 22.55 6.30 −124.39 −133.26

50.50 97.38 −11.00 26.25 109.40 97.38 50.50 121.80 73.68 54.50 104.85 104.85 22.65 −25.70 −5.42 15.50 −15.50 −5.62 1.50

−24.43

−171.80 −111.00 −63.00 −63.00 −16.28 −16.28 45.00 −20.84 −91.00 −11.64 9.12

126.90

47.01

−43.53

71.71

36.40

137.35 66.90 73.62 45.40 88.92 −21.60 36.55 96.50 89.30 45.40 107.50

56.69 23.01 0.00 0.00 39.00 48.75

70.00

57.00 103.00 103.00 −29.41

−28.30

79.95

85.25

122.38 20.08

64.75

147.03 56.70

−188.00 −185.00

93.55

96.00 88.25

−190.50 −63.90 −63.90 −17.10 −17.10 62.00 56.20

10.50 −13.00 −3.95 9.75 23.00 −32.50 155.69 121.20 18.65 0.25

−37.57 110.46 50.45

−194.60 −177.75 −177.75

40.00

−203.10 −65.25 −59.75 −9.80 5.50 55.00 −3.50 −30.80 64.00

69.00 18.00 33.03

60.85 72.00 74.04 94.52 113.50 137.96 95.31 146.65 264.60 −74.86 −58.90 −0.30 82.30 −60.50

252.60 167.25 67.86

158.41 284.14

203.60

40.56 66.07 81.50 116.20 66.40 117.28 250.20 −112.60 −104.90 −32.80 38.30 −93.50

149.62 106.02 −17.91

69.85 69.00 102.07

96.15 74.57

92.72 171.75 −48.00 −99.00

2-482

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-343

Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued)

This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group

∆Hfo

∆Hfs liq.

So

Ss liq.

∆Hfs solid

Ss solid

CHN and CHNO Groups C(H)(2C)(NO2) C(3C)(NO2) C(2H)(Cb)(NO2) C(H)(C)(2NO2) C(2C)(2NO2) C(H)(C)(CO)(N) C(2H)(CO)(N) C(H)(Cb)(CO)(N) O(C)(NO) O(C)(NO2) N(H)(C)(NO2) N(H)(Cb)(NO2) N(H)(CO)(NO2) N(C)(2NO2) N(C)(Cb)(NO2) N(2C)(NO) N(2C)(NO2) C(2H)(C)(N3) C(H)(2C)(N3) C(2H)(Cb)(N3) C(3Cb)(N3) Cb(N3)(2Cb)

−53.00 −36.65 −62.00 −36.80 −28.50 −18.70 −3.10

115.32

−24.23 −79.71

166.11 191.92

100.30 183.00 90.00 88.00

−82.50 −61.20 −82.76 −88.80 −77.20

−46.50 −108.96

−89.00 −76.55 −81.00 −91.50 −90.30 −11.65 −30.95 127.50

−124.00 16.50 −14.00

53.50 167.00 59.00 50.00 321.70 255.00 327.40

274.00 347.00 328.60 320.00

−4.00 24.00

150.50 55.00 40.00

346.50 303.50 CHS and CHSO Groups

C(3H)(S) C(2H)(C)(S) C(H)(2C)(S) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(S) CH3 corr (quaternary) CH3 corr (tert/quat) CH3 corr (quat/quat) C(2H)(Cb)(S) C(2H)(Cd)(S) C(2H)(2S) Cb(S)(2Cb) Cd(H)(S) Cd(C)(S) S(C)(H) S(Cb)(H) S(2C) S(H)(Cd) S(C)(Cd) S(2Cd) S(Cb)(C) S(C)(S) S(Cb)(S) S(2S) S(2Cb) S(H)(S) S(H)(CO) CO(C)(S) C(3H)(SO) C(2H)(C)(SO) C(H)(2C)(SO) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(SO) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(2H)(Cd)(SO) cis correction Cb(SO)(2Cb) O(SO)(H) O(C)(SO) SO(2C) SO(2Cb) SO(2O) SO(C)(Cb) C(3H)(SO2) C(2H)(C)(SO2) C(H)(2C)(SO2) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(SO2) CH3 corr (quaternary)

−42.26 −23.17 −5.88 −2.26 13.52 −4.56 −1.80 −0.64 −18.53 −25.93 −25.10 −4.75 36.32 45.73 18.64 48.10 46.99 25.52 54.39 102.60 76.21 27.62 57.45 12.59 102.60 7.95 −5.90 −132.67 −42.26 −29.16

127.32 41.87 −47.36 0.00 −145.38 0.00 0.00 0.00

−47.61 −26.77 −6.07 −2.18 16.69 −4.39 −1.77 −0.64 −23.82 −32.44

83.30 41.09 −16.61 0.00 −86.86 0.00 0.00 0.00

−46.74

56.69

−2.34

0.00

−4.35 −2.70 −2.24

0.00 0.00 0.00

43.72 33.05 −51.92 137.67 57.34 55.19

−5.61 31.05

−10.59 28.58

1.00 25.48

1.59

0.06 28.51 29.82

85.95 89.04 29.80

58.20 14.36

35.44 30.84

−2.26 4.56 −4.56 −27.56 4.11 15.48 −158.60 −92.60 −66.78 −62.26 −213.00 −72.00 −42.26 −27.03 −14.00 −2.26 1.52 −4.56

0.00

68.59 50.50

42.00 40.60

56.07 68.59 130.54 64.31 127.32

93.02 −152.76 −47.61 −36.88

33.81 83.30

−46.74

56.69

−2.18 0.97 −4.39 −32.63 5.27 25.44

0.00

−2.34

0.00

0.00

−4.35

0.00

0.00

5.73 7.55

0.00 0.08

75.73

−108.98

22.18

127.32

−47.61 −33.76

83.30

−46.74 −35.96

56.69

0.00

−2.18 2.00 −4.39

0.00

−2.34 3.78 −4.35

0.00

0.00 5.06

0.00

0.00

0.00

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-343

2-483

Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued)

This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group

∆Hfo

So

∆Hfs liq.

Ss liq.

∆Hfs solid

Ss solid

CHN and CHNO Groups CH3 corr (quat/quat) C(2H)(Cd)(SO2) C(H)(C)(Cd)(SO2) C(2H)(Cb)(SO2) C(2H)(Ct)(SO2) Cb(SO2)(2Cb) Cd(H)(SO2) Cd(C)(SO2) Ct(SO2) SO2(Cd)(Cb) SO2(2Cd) SO2(2C) SO2(C)(Cb) SO2(2Cb) SO2(SO2)(Cb) SO2(2O) SO2(C)(Cd) SO2(Ct)(Cb) O(SO2)(H) O(C)(SO2)

−0.64 −29.49 −71.99 −29.80 16.36 15.48 51.58 64.01 177.10 −291.55 −306.70 −288.58 −289.10 −287.76 −325.18 −417.30 −316.80 −296.30 −158.60 −91.40

C(3H)(F), methyl fluoride C(3H)(Cl), methyl chloride C(3H)(Br), methyl bromide C(3H)(I), methyl iodide C(C)(3F) C(2H)(C)(F) C(H)(2C)(F) C(3C)(F) C(H)(C)(2F) C(2C)(2F) C(C)(Cl)(2F) C(H)(C)(Cl)(F) C(C)(3Cl) C(H)(C)(2Cl) C(2H)(C)(Cl) C(2C)(2Cl) C(H)(2C)(Cl) C(3C)(Cl) C(C)(3Br) C(H)(C)(2Br) C(2H)(C)(Br) C(2C)(2Br) C(H)(2C)(Br) C(3C)(Br) C(C)(3I) C(H)(C)(2I) C(2H)(C)(I) C(2C)(2I) C(H)(2C)(I) C(3C)(I) C(H)(C)(Br)(Cl) N(C)(2F) C(H)(C)(Cl)(O) C(2H)(I)(O) C(C)(2Cl)(F) C(C)(Br)(2F) C(C)(2Br)(F) C(Br)(Cl)(F) Cd(H)(F) Cd(H)(Cl) Cd(H)(Br) Cd(H)(I) Cd(C)(Cl) Cd(2F) Cd(2Cl) Cd(2Br) Cd(2I) Cd(Cl)(F) Cd(Br)(F) Cd(Cl)(Br) Ct(F)

−247.00 −81.90 −37.66 14.30 −673.81 −221.12 −204.46 −202.92 −454.74 −411.39 −462.70 −271.14 −81.98 −79.10 −69.45 −79.56 −55.61 −43.70

87.37

−0.64 −49.05

−2.24

25.44

7.55

0.08

−341.14

−356.62

32.10

−305.40 −361.75

CHX and CHXO Groups 231.93 243.60 254.94 263.14 178.22 146.80 55.76

−61.10 −11.70 −709.07

135.56

164.32 74.48 169.45

−487.23 −400.37 −466.00

138.31

202.14 183.28 159.24 95.41 71.34 −24.26 233.05

−112.93 −102.60 −86.90 −101.80 −71.17 −56.78

145.91 128.45 104.27

−21.78

173.31

−42.65

113.00

−10.75 7.26

84.69 −13.46

−27.31 −7.40

108.78 33.54

228.45 177.78

48.74 68.46 −18.45 −32.64 −90.37 15.90 −322.54 −394.55

88.10 −3.21 191.21

−165.12 4.37 50.94 102.36 −5.06 −329.90 −11.51

137.24 147.85 159.91 169.45 62.76 155.63 175.41 199.16

−235.10

175.61 177.82 188.70

66.53 170.29

4.14

141.71 149.70

−12.67 −2.23 −32.08

−85.65

3.65

24.78 48.60

−343.87

−428.77

115.35

2-484

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-343

Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Concluded)

This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. ∆Hfo

Group

∆Hfs liq.

So

Ss liq.

∆Hfs solid

Ss solid

−191.20 −32.20 19.90 73.70 0.00 −58.41 −55.11 −419.59 −696.66 −44.06 −7.24 −92.56 −225.29 −216.67 −175.49 −117.09 −35.46

54.19 55.47 74.85 61.08 0.00

−194.00 −32.00 13.50 70.40 0.00 −74.75

39.79 43.37 54.45

6.96 25.00 14.00 6.30 0.00 0.00 18.50 40.60 83.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 112.00 6.00 −6.00 8.00 8.00 6.00 10.00 8.50 0.00 34.43 23.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

CHX and CHXO Groups Ct(Cl) Ct(Br) Ct(I) Cb(F)(2Cb) Cb(Cl)(2Cb) Cb(Br)(2Cb) Cb(I)(2Cb) cis corr(I)(I) C(2H)(CO)(Cl) C(H)(CO)(2Cl) CO(C)(F) C(Cb)(3F) C(2H)(Cb)(Br) C(2H)(Cb)(I) C(2H)(Cb)(Cl) CO(C)(Cl) CO(Cb)(Cl) CO(C)(Br) CO(C)(I) C(H)(C)(CO)(Cl) C(C)(CO)(2Cl) ortho corr(I)(I) ortho corr(F)(F) ortho corr(Cl)(Cl) ortho corr(alkyl)(X) cis corr(Cl)(Cl) cis corr(CH3)(Br) ortho corr(F)(Cl) ortho corr(F)(Br) ortho corr(F)(I) meta corr(I)(I) meta corr(COCl)(COCl) ortho corr(COCl)(COCl) ortho corr(F)(CF3) meta corr(F)(CF3) ortho corr(F)(CH3) ortho corr(F)(F’) ortho corr(Cl)(Cl’) meta corr(F)(F) meta corr(Cl)(Cl) ortho corr(Cl)(CHO) ortho corr(F)(COOH) ortho corr(Cl)(COCl) ortho corr(F)(OH) ortho corr(Cl)(COOH) ortho corr(Br)(COOH) ortho corr(I)(COOH) ortho corr(NH2)(NH2) meta corr(NH2)(NH2) ortho corr(OH)(Cl) cis corr(CH3)(I)

140.00 151.30 35.53 −181.26 −17.03 36.35 94.50 3.00 −44.26 −40.40 −379.84 −691.79 −29.49 7.31 −73.79 −200.54

67.52 77.08 88.60 98.26 0.00

179.08

176.66

−148.54 −83.94 −39.88 7.56 20.90 9.50 2.51 −4.00 −4.00 13.50 37.25 85.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 111.00 2.00 −3.30 8.00 8.00 0.00 −5.00 −6.75 20.00 0.00 25.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 −10.00 0.00 7.50 −4.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00

−212.99

5.50 25.50 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.50 42.50 85.20 20.08 16.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 8.00 8.50 4.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 14.00 11.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

*Domalski, E. S, and E. D. Hearing, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 805

Group contributions: Group Cb(H)(2Cb) Cb(C)(2Cb) Cb(N)(2Cb) C(3H)(C) N(2H)(Cb)

ni

Hf! gas

Hf! liq.

S! gas

Ss liq.

4 1 1 1 1

13.81 23.64 −1.30 −42.26 19.25

8.16 19.16 1.50 −47.61 −11.00

48.31 −35.61 −43.53 127.32 126.90

28.87 −19.50 −24.43 83.30 71.71

Total

54.57

−5.31

368.32

226.56

Calculation from Eq. (2-27): ∆Hof  = 54.57 kJ/mol

∆Hsf  = −5.31 kJ/mol

So  = 368.32 J/(mol⋅K)

So  = 226.56 J/(mol⋅K)

The recommended DIPPR® 801 standard enthalpies of formation are ∆Hof = 53.20 kJmol and ∆Hsf = − 4.72 kJmol; the estimated values are higher than the recommended values by 2.6 and 12.5 percent, respectively. The recommended DIPPR® 801 standard entropies are So = 355.8 J(mol⋅K) and Ss = 231.2 J(mol⋅K). The estimated values differ from these by 3.5 and − 2.0 percent, respectively.

Recommended Method Isodesmic reaction. Reference: Foresman, J. B., and A. Frisch, Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Methods, 2d ed., Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1996. Classification: Computational chemistry.

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Expected uncertainty: 5 to 10 percent depending upon the level of theory and basis set size used. Applicability: Compounds for which an isodesmic reaction can be formulated. Input data: Experimental ∆Hof values for all other participants in the isodesmic reaction. Description: While ab initio calculations of absolute enthalpies are not currently as accurate as GC methods, relative enthalpies of molecules calculated with the same level of theory and basis set can be very accurate, as in the case of isodesmic reactions. An isodesmic reaction is one in which the number and type of bonds are preserved during the reaction. For example, the reaction of acetaldehyde with ethane to form acetone and methane H

O HC

 H3C

O

CH3 H3C

CH3

CH3

 H

C

H

H

is isodesmic with 12 single bonds and 1 double bond in both reactants and products. To use this method, one devises an isodesmic reaction involving the compound for which ∆Hfo is to be determined and other compounds for which experimental ∆Hfo values are available. Ab initio calculations are performed on all the participating compounds, all at the same level of theory and basis set size, to obtain the enthalpy for each at 298.15 K. The enthalpy of reaction is then calculated from ∆Hrxn = νiHi

(2-28)

where νi = stoichiometric coefficient of i (+ for products, − for reactants). The enthalpy of reaction is also related to ∆Hof by ∆Hrxn = νi(∆Hof )i

Example Estimate the standard ideal gas enthalpy of formation of acetaldehyde. Input information: The isodesmic reaction shown above will be used. The recommended ∆Hfo values from DIPPR® 801 for the other three compounds are Acetone

Methane

Ethane

−215.70 kJ/mol

−74.52 kJ/mol

−83.82 kJ/mol

Ab initio calculations of enthalpy: With structures optimized using HF/631G(d) model chemistry and energies calculated with B3LYP/6-311 + G(3df,2p), the following enthalpies are obtained (including the zero point energy): Acetone

ideal gas So at 298.15 K and 1 bar can be found in various literature sources (DIPPR, JANAF, TRC, SWS, and Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner, Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, extant 1994). Very good estimates for Ss or So can be obtained by using the Domalski-Hearing method. Excellent So values can also be obtained from statistical mechanics by using experimental vibrational frequencies or values of the frequencies generated from computational chemistry. The standard state ∆Sfs and standard ideal gas ∆Sfo entropies of formation at 298.15 K and 1 bar are related to the standard entropies by nA

nA

∆Ssf = Sscompound − νiSselement,i

∆Sof = Socompound − νiSselement,i (2-30)

i=1

i=1

where Sselement,i is the absolute entropy of element i in its standard state at 298.15 K and 1 bar. Recommended Method Domalski-Hearing method. Reference: Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 805. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 3 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Molecular structure. Description: See description given under Enthalpy of Formation above. Example Estimate the standard and ideal gas entropies of formation of o-toluidine. Standard state entropies: Estimation of Ss and So using the Domalski-Hearing method was illustrated above in the Enthalpy of Formation section. The standard entropies of formation can be obtained from the values determined in that example. Formula: C7H9N. The standard state entropies of the elements from the DIPPR® 801 database are as follows: Compound: νi: Ssi/[J(kmol⋅K)]:

N2 1/2 1.9151  105

H2 9/2 1.3057  105

C, graphite 7 5740

(2-29)

With experimental values available for all ∆Hof except the desired compound, its value can be back-calculated from Eq. (2-29).

−5.071 × 105 kJ/mol

2-485

Methane

Ethane

Acetaldehyde

−1.063 × 105 kJ/mol

−2.095 × 105 kJ/mol

−4.039 × 105 kJ/mol

Calculation using Eq. (2-28): ∆Hrxn = (−1.063 − 5.071 + 2.095 + 4.039) × 105 kJmol = − 41.67 kJmol Calculation using Eq. (2-29): ∆Hof,acetaldehyde = ∆Hof,acetone + ∆Hof,methane − ∆Hof,ethane − ∆Hrxn kJ kJ ∆Hof,acetaldehyde = (−215.70 − 74.52 + 83.82 + 41.67)  = −164.73  mol mol ®

The estimated value is 1.0 percent above the DIPPR 801 recommended value of −166.40 kJmol.

Entropy Absolute or third-law entropies (relative to a perfectly ordered crystal at 0 K) of a compound in its standard state Ss or of an

Entropies of formation can be calculated from these values by using Eq. (2-30): 105 J 9 1 ∆Ssf = 0.22656 −  (1.9151) −  (1.3057) − (7)(0.0574)  2 2 kmol⋅K









J = − 7.008 ⋅105  kmol⋅K 105 J 1 9 ∆Sof = 0.36832 −  (1.9151) −  (1.3057) − (7)(0.0574)  2 2 kmol⋅K









J = − 6.867⋅105  kmol⋅K

Recommended Method Statistical mechanics. Classification: Theory and computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: 0.2 percent if vibrational frequencies (or their characteristic temperatures) are experimentally available; uncertainty depends upon model chemistry if frequencies are determined from computational chemistry, but generally within about 5 percent. Applicability: Ideal gases. Input data: M; σ (external symmetry number); characteristic rotational temperature(s) (ΘA for linear molecules; ΘA, ΘB, and ΘC for nonlinear molecules); and 3nA − 6 + δ characteristic vibrational temperatures Θj. Description: For harmonic frequencies, the rigorous temperature dependence of So is given by So 3 M S  =  ln 6175  + r + R 2 kg/kmol R



Θj

 T (e



ΘjT

3nA − 6 + δ



j=1



− 1)−1 − ln (1 − e−Θ T) j

(2-31)

2-486

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

0 where δ = e 1

vapor and saturated liquid at a temperature between the triple point and critical point (at the corresponding vapor pressure). Variable ∆Hv is related to the vapor pressure P* by the thermodynamically exact Clapeyron equation

nonlinear linear

S r = R

{

1 πT 3 e 3 ln    σ ΘAΘ B ΘC

 

ln

 12

σΘ  Te

d ln P∗ d ln P∗ ∆Hv = −R ∆Z v  = RT 2 ∆Z v  d(1T) dT

nonlinear

12

where ∆Zv = ZG − ZL ZG = Z of saturated vapor ZL = Z of saturated liquid

linear

A

T = 298.15 K

Experimental heats of vaporization can be effectively correlated with

Example Calculate S for ammonia. Structure: NH3. Input data: M = 17 kg/kmol. McQuarrie [McQuarrie, D. A., Statistical Mechanics, Harper & Row, New York, 1976] gives the following 3m − 6 + δ = 12 − 6 + 0 = 6 characteristic vibrational temperatures (K): 1360, 2330, 2330, 4800, 4880, 4880. The characteristic rotational temperatures given by McQuarrie are ΘA = 13.6 K, ΘB = 13.6 K, and ΘC = 8.92 K. For NH3, σ = 3. Vibrational contribution: The table below shows a spreadsheet calculation of the vibrational terms inside the summation sign in Eq. (2-31). o

Θj/K

Θj/T

1207.91 1850.16 1850.16 3688.19 3821.36 3821.36

4.051 6.205 6.205 12.370 12.817 12.817

∆Hv = A(1 − Tr)B + CT + DT + ET r

1 (298.15 K)3πc3 S r = ln e  ⋅  R 3 (13.6 K)(13.6 K)(8.92 K)





12

1 − Tr ∆Hv = ∆Hv,ref  1 − Tr,ref



f = 5.81593

Calculation using Eq. (2-31): 3 So298  =  ln (6175⋅17) + 5.81593 + 0.1186 = 23.277 ∆Hrxn = R 2

ν (∆H ) i

o f i

J So298 = 1.935 × 105  kmol⋅K

∆G = ∆H − T∆S o f

o f

and

∆G = ∆H − T∆S s f

s f

s f

(2-32)

and predicted values of ∆G and ∆G are obtained from Eq. (2-32) by estimating the enthalpies and entropies of formation as shown above. s f

o f

3 r



0.38

∆Hv = R∆Zv (−B + CT + DET E+1)

(2-35)

(2-36)

The ZG and ZL values can be evaluated by using the methods given in the subsection on densities below. Example Calculate ∆Hv for anisole at 452 K. Input data: The vapor pressure coefficients in the DIPPR® 801 database, based on Eq. (2-22), are A = 128.06

B = −9307.7

C = −16.693

D = 0.014919

E=1

The vapor pressure at 452 K is P∗ 9307.7 ln  = 128.06 −  − 16.693 ln 452 + 0.014919(452)1 = 12.155 Pa 452 P∗ = exp (12.155)⋅Pa = 1.901 × 105Pa

Determine ∆Z: Required data from the DIPPR® 801 database for this calculation are Tc = 645.6 K, Pc = 4.25 MPa, and ω = 0.35017. These values are used to determine the reduced conditions and the values of ZG and ZL from the Lee-Kesler corresponding states method as discussed in the subsection on density.

LATENT ENTHALPY Enthalpy of Vaporization The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆Hv is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the saturated

(2-34)

If an accurate correlation for P* and accurate values for ZG and ZL are available, Eq. (2-33) is the preferred method for obtaining enthalpies of vaporization. Otherwise, the CS methods shown below should be used. Recommended Method 1 Vapor pressure correlation. Classification: Extension of theory. Expected uncertainty: Varies significantly with temperature and with the quality and temperature range of the vapor pressure data used in the correlation. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Correlations for P*, ZG, and ZL. If Tr < 0.8, then ZG can be set to 1. Description: An expression for ∆Hv can be obtained from Eq. (2-33) by using an appropriate vapor pressure correlation. If one differentiates the Riedel vapor pressure correlation, Eq. (2-22), in accordance with Eq. (2-33), one obtains the heat of vaporization as

The calculated value differs from the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 1.9266 × 105 J(kmol⋅K) by 0.5 percent.

Gibbs’ Energy of Formation The standard Gibbs energy of formation is the Gibbs energy change upon formation of 1 mol of the compound in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states. The standard state Gibbs energy of formation ∆Gsf uses the naturally occurring phase at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state, while the ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation ∆Gof uses the compound in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state. In both cases, the standard state for the elements is their naturally occurring state of aggregation at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Sources for data include DIPPR, TRC, JANAF, and Daubert and Danner, (Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, extant 1994). The Gibbs energies of formation are related to the corresponding enthalpies and entropies of formation by

2 r

A simple method for obtaining ∆Hv at one temperature from a known value at a reference temperature, say, at the normal boiling point, is to truncate Eq. (2-34) after the B term, set B = 0.38, and take a ratio of the ∆Hv values at the two conditions to give the Watson [Thek, R. E., and L. I. Stiel, AIChE J., 12 (1966): 599; 13(1967): 626] correlation

Svib 0.08929 0.01457 0.01457 0.00006 0.00004 0.00004 Sum 0.1186

Rotational contribution:

o f

(2-33)

452 = 0.7 Tr =  645.6

0.1901 Pr =  = 0.045 4.25

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Interpolation of the Pr values in Tables 2-351 and 2-352 at a Tr of 0.7 gives 0.050 − 0.010

0.045 − 0.010 Z(1) G = −0.0064 +  (−0.0507 + 0.0064) = − 0.0452 0.050 − 0.010

(1) ZG = Z(0) G + ωZG = 0.9554 + (0.35017)(−0.0452) = 0.94

∆ZV = ZG – ZL = 0.94

Calculation using Eq. (2-36):



J ∆Hv = 8.314  (0.94)[9307.7 − (16.693)(452) + (0.014919)(1)(452)2] mol⋅K kJ = 37.59  mol⋅K This value is 0.2 percent higher than the value of 37.51 kJ/(mol⋅K) obtained from the DIPPR® 801 database.

Recommended Method 2 Corresponding states correlation. Reference: PGL5, p. 7.18. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Less than about 6 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and ω. Description: The following correlation is used: where τ = 1 − Tr

(2-37)

Example Repeat the above calculation for anisole’s ∆Hv at 452 K. Input data: Tc = 645.6 K, Pc = 4.25 MPa, and ω = 0.35017. Auxiliary quantities: From the previous example, the reduced temperature is Tr = 0.7





J kJ ∆Hv = (10.785) 8.314  (294 K) = 26.36  mol⋅K mol⋅K This value is 2.4 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 25.73 kJ(mol⋅K).

Enthalpy of Fusion The enthalpy (heat) of fusion ∆Hfus is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the equilibrium liquid and solid at the melting temperature and 1.0 atm pressure. There is no generally applicable, high-accuracy estimation method for ∆Hfus, but the GC method of Chickos can be used to obtain approximate results if the melting temperature is known. Recommended Method Chickos method. Reference: Chickos, J. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 56 (1991): 927. Classification: QSPR and group contributions. Expected uncertainty: Considerable variation but generally less than 50 percent. Applicability: Only valid at the melting temperature. The method is based on the ∆Sfus between a solid at 0 K and the liquid at the Tm so no solid-solid transitions are taken into account. Values of ∆Hfus will be overestimated if there are solid-solid transitions for the actual material. Input data: Tm and molecular structure. Description: ∆Hfus ∆Sfus Tm  =    = (Tm K)(a + b) J/mol J/(mol⋅K) K



ng

no nonaromatic rings nonaromatic rings

ns

nf

j=1

k=1

b = Ngi ∆si + Nsj Csj ∆sj + NfkCtk ∆sk i=1



This value is 2.2 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 37.51 kJ(mol⋅K).

Recommended Method 3 Vetere method for ∆Hv at Tb. Reference: Vetere, A., Fluid Phase Equilib., 106 (1995): 1. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: About 4 percent. Applicability: Valid only at the normal boiling point. Input data: Tc, Pc, and Tb. Description: The following correlation is used:

where τb = 1 − Tbr

F=1



{

J kJ ∆Hv = (6.838) 8.314  (645.6 K) = 36.70  mol⋅K mol⋅K

0.5066 ⋅ bar τ b0.38 ln(Pc /bar) − 0.513 +  PcT 2b r  0.38 τb + F(1 − τ b ) ln Tbr





0 a = 35.19N + 4.289(N − 3N ) R CR R

∆Hv  = 7.08(0.3)0.354 + 10.95(0.35017)(0.3)0.456 = 6.838 RTc

∆Hv  = RTb

τb = 1 − Tbr = 0.369

(0.369)0.38 ln 55.5 − 0.513 + 0.5066/(55.5)(0.631)2 ∆Hv  =  = 10.785 RTb (0.369) + [1 − (0.369)0.38] ln 0.631

τ = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3

Calculation using Eq. (2-37):



294 Tbr =  = 0.631 466 Calculation using Eq. (2-38):

At this low pressure, ZL is very small compared to ZG and may be neglected; so

∆Hv  = 7.08τ 0.354 + 10.95ωτ 0.456 RTc

For most compounds, F = 1; compounds that dimerize (e.g., SO2, NO, NO2) and alcohols with more than two C atoms are assigned F = 1.05. Example Calculate ∆Hv at the normal boiling point for acetaldehyde. Input data: Recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 466.0 K, Pc = 5.55 MPa, and Tb = 294.0 K. Auxiliary quantities: From the previous example, the reduced temperature is

0.045 − 0.010 Z(0) G = 0.9904 +  (0.9504 − 0.9904) = 0.9554



2-487

 (2-38)

(2-39) (2-40)

(2-41)

where Ngi = number of C—H groups of type i bonded to other carbon atoms ng = number of different nonring or aromatic C—H groups bonded to other carbon atoms Nsj = number of C—H groups of type j bonded to at least one functional group or atom ns = number of different nonring or aromatic C—H groups bonded to at least one functional group or atom Nfk = number of functional groups of type k nf = number of different functional groups or atoms t = total number of functional groups or atoms with the exception that F atoms count as one regardless of number of occurences Csj = value from Table 2-344 for C—H group j bonded to at least one functional group or atom Ctk = value from Table 2-345 for functional group k NR = number of nonaromatic rings NCR = number of —CH2— groups in nonaromatic ring(s) required to form cyclic paraffin of same ring size(s) ∆si = contribution from Table 2-344 for group i ∆sk = contribution from Table 2-345 for group k

2-488

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-344

Cs (CᎏH) Group Values for Chickos Estimation* of ⌬Hfus

Group

Description

Cs

∆s

Group

Description

Cs

∆s

CH3 >CH2 >CH >C < CH2= CH= >C= CH C

methyl methylene secondary C tertiary C terminal alkene alkene subst. alkene term. alkyne alkyne

1.0 1.0 0.69 0.67 1.0 3.23 1.0 1.0 1.0

18.33 9.41 −16.91 −38.70 14.56 4.85 −11.38 10.88 2.18

CHAr CAr CAr CAr >CrH >Cr < CrH= >Cr= Cr or =Cr=

aromatic C ar. C bonded to paraffinic C ar. C bonded to olefinic C or non-C group ar. C bonded to acetylinic C ring structure ring structure ring structure ring structure ring structure

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.76 1.0 0.62 0.86 1.0

6.44 −10.33 −4.27 −2.51 −15.98 −32.97 −4.35 −11.72 −5.36

*Chickos, J. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 56 (1991): 927. Tm = 304.5 K

Note that nonaromatic ring CH2 groups are accounted for in the a term and are not included in the b term. Example Calculate ∆Hfus at the melting point for (a) benzothiophene, (b)

furfuryl alcohol, and (c) cis-crotonaldehyde. Structures:

O

(a)

(b) NCR = 5

NR = 1

O

(c)

Group

a = 35.19 + (5 − 3)(4.289) = 43.77

Group

Description

N

C

苷CH 苷C 苷C 苷CH 苷CH S

aromatic (Ng type) ring (Ng type) ring (Ns type) ring (Ng type) ring (Ns type) ring

4 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0.86 1 0.62 1

∆s

Total

6.44 −11.72 −11.72 −4.35 −4.35 2.18 Total

25.76 −11.72 −10.08 −4.35 −2.70 2.18 −0.91

TABLE 2-345 Ct (Functional) Group Values for Chickos Estimation* of ⌬H fus Description

C1

C2

C3

C4

s

OH OH O O >C=O >C=O CHO COOH COO NH2 NH2 >NH >NH >N >N =N =N CN NO2 CONH2 CONH SH S S SO2 F F F Cl Br I

alcohol phenol nonring ether ring ether nonring ketone ring ketone aldehyde acid ester aliphatic aromatic nonring ring nonring ring ring aromatic nitrile nitro primary amide secondary amide

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

12.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.83 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0

18.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

26.4 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.13 16.57 1.09 1.34 3.14 −1.88 19.66 14.90 3.68 16.23 15.48 −2.18 1.84 −15.90 −17.07 1.67 7.32 9.62 17.36 26.19 −0.42 17.99 7.20 2.18 3.26 14.73 13.01 15.90 8.37 17.95 16.95

1.88 1.0

1.72 1.0

1.0 1.0

0.36 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0

*Chickos, J. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 56 (1991): 927.

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.93 0.82

NCR = 5

a = 35.19 + (5 − 3)(4.289) = 43.77

Description

苷CH 苷CH 苷C< 苷O CH2 OH

ring (Ng type) ring (Ns type) ring (Ns type) ring ether Ns type alcohol

Tm = 258.52 K

N

C

2 1 1 1 1 1

1 0.62 0.86 1 1 12.6

∆s

Total

−4.35 −8.70 −4.35 −2.70 −11.72 −10.08 1.34 1.34 9.41 9.41 1.13 14.24 Total 3.51

from DIPPR® 801 database

∆Hfus = (Tm K)(a + b) Jmol = (258.52)(43.77 + 3.51) Jmol = 12.22 kJmol This value is 7 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 13.13 kJ/mol. (c)

Group

nonring ring nonring on aliph. C on olefinic C on ring C

This value is 10 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 11.83 kJ/mol.

CH3

(a) t = 1 (1 total “functional group”), so the C1 column in Table 2-345 is used. NR = 1

∆Hfus = (Tm K)(a + b) Jmol = (304.5)(43.77 − 0.91) Jmol = 13.05 kJmol

(b) t = 2 (2 total “functional groups”), so the C2 column in Table 2-345 is used.

OH

S

from DIPPR® 801 database

t=1

Group CH3 苷CH– 苷CH– CHO

NR = 0

a=0

Description

N

C

∆s

Total

nonring (Ng type) nonring (Ng type) nonring (Ns type) aldehyde

1 1 1 1

1 1 3.23 1

18.33 4.85 4.85 19.66

18.33 4.85 15.67 19.66

Total Tm = 158.38 K

58.51

from DIPPR® 801 database

∆Hfus = (TmK)(a + b) Jmol = (158.38)(0 + 58.51) Jmol = 9.27 kJmol This value is 5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 8.86 kJ/mol.

Enthalpy of Sublimation The enthalpy (heat) of sublimation ∆Hfus is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the equilibrium vapor and solid along the sublimation curve below the triple point. The effects of pressure on ∆Hfus and melting temperature are very small so that Tt and the normal melting point are nearly equal and ∆Hsub(Tt) = ∆Hv(Tt) + ∆Hfus(Tt)

(2-42)

Equation (2-42) can be used to estimate ∆Hsub at the triple point if ∆Hv is accurately known at Tt. Because ∆Hv is usually obtained from Eq. (2-33), ∆Hv(T) correlations may be less accurate near Tt where P*(Tt) is very small and difficult to measure. In this case, it is better to estimate ∆Hsub directly by using the following recommended

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES method. Although Eqs. (2-33) and (2-34) apply to Tt, ∆Hsub is only a weak function of temperature and can generally be taken as a constant from the triple point temperature down to the first solid-solid phase transition. Recommended Method Goodman method. Reference: Goodman, B., et al., Int. J. Thermophys. 25 (2004): 337. Classification: QSPR and group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 6 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Molecular structure and radius of gyration RG. Description:

 + n a + n β N

∆Hsub(Tt) 12 RG  = 698.04 + 3.83798 × 10  m RK

N

i i

i=1

2 i i

i=1

(2-43)

N

ni f +  i

2-489

Input data: The value of RG from the DIPPR® 801 database is 4.455 × 10−10 m. Calculation using Eq. (2-43): ∆Hsub(Tt)  = 698.04 + (3.83798 × 1012)(4.455 × 10−10) + 6657.049 RK



3 + (32)(−2.21614) +  (−1543.66) 6





kJ kJ ∆Hsub(Tt) = (8273.134 K) 0.008314  = 68.78  mol⋅K mol The estimated value is 5.6 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 65.11 kJ/mol. Estimate the solid vapor pressure from Eq. (2-26): The solid vapor pressure at 301.15 K can be calculated from Eq. (2-26) by using the estimated ∆Hsub. Recommended values for Tt and P*t from the DIPPR® 801 database are 325.65 K and 182.957 Pa, respectively.

nx

i=1

where ai = GC values from Table 2-346 βi = nonlinear corrections for >CH2 and Ar—CH = groups fi = halogen corrections nx = total number of all halogen and hydrogen atoms attached to C and Si atoms ∆Hsub and the solid vapor pressure for 1,2,3trichlorobenzene at 301.15 K. Structure:

Example Calculate



P∗ = (182.957 Pa)[exp(−2.067)] = 23.16 Pa The estimated value is 0.3 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 23.09 Pa.

HEAT CAPACITY

Cl

∂V   dP ∂T

CP = CoP − T

Group contributions: Linear groups

Nonlinear and correction terms

Group

ni

ai

Group

ni

βi

ArCH苷 Ar >C苷 Cl

3 3 3

626.7621 348.8092 1243.445

Ar CH苷 Cl nx

3 3 6

−2.21614

fi −1543.66

ni ai 6657.049 i

TABLE 2-346

Description

CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< CH2= CH= >C= Ar CH= Ar >C= Ar O Ar N= Ar S O OH COH

methyl methylene secondary C tertiary C terminal alkene alkene substituted alkene aromatic C subst. aromatic C furan O pyridine N thiophene S ether alcohol aldehyde

Nonlinear terms >CH2 ArCH=

P

0

2

2

The second term, giving the deviation of the real fluid heat capacity from the ideal gas value, can be neglected at low to moderate pressures, or it can be calculated directly from an appropriate EoS. Ideal gas heat capacities are available from several sources (DIPPR, JANAF, TRC, and SWS). Two common correlating equations for CPo are the Aly-Lee [Aly, F. A., and L. L. Lee, Fluid Phase Equilib., 6

methylene aromatic C

ai 736.5889 561.3543 111.0344 −800.517 572.6245 541.2918 117.9504 626.7621 348.8092 763.284 1317.056 911.2903 970.4474 3278.446 2402.093

Group >C=O COO COOH NH2 NH >N NO2 SH S SS F Cl Br >Si< >Si(O)

i 9.5553 −2.21614

*Goodman, B., et al., Int. J. Thermophys., 25 (2004): 337.

(2-44)

P

Group Contributions and Corrections* for Hsub

Group



Heat capacity CP is defined as the energy required to change the temperature of a unit mass (specific heat) or mole (molar heat capacity) of the material by one degree. Typical units are J/(kg⋅K). Gases The heat capacity of a gas is related rigorously to the ideal gas heat capacity CPo by

Cl Cl

P* 68.78kJ /mol 325.65 ln  =  1 −  = − 2.067 182.957 Pa [0.008314 kJ(mol⋅K)](325.65 K) 301.15

Description

ai

ketone ester acid primary amine sec. amine tertiary amine nitro thiol/mercaptan sulfide disulfide fluoride chloride bromide silane siloxane

1816.093 2674.525 5006.188 2219.148 1561.222 325.9442 3661.233 1921.097 1930.84 2782.054 626.4494 1243.445 669.9302 −83.7034 −16.0597

Halogen correction terms F Cl Br

F fraction Cl fraction Br fraction

fi −1397.4 −1543.66 5812.49

2-490

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

(1981): 169] equation A2T CoP = Ao + A1  sinh(A2T)





2

A4T + A3  cosh(A4T)





2

(2-45)

From experimental frequencies: J J 8 C0P =  + 0.2769 R = (4.2769) 8.3143  = 35.56  2 mol⋅K mol⋅K





J J 8 C0P =  + 0.197 R = (4.197) 8.3143  = 34.90  2 mol⋅K mol⋅K



4

C = AiT



From computational chemistry frequencies:

and a polynomial form (generally fourth-order) o P



i

(2-46)

i=0

Ideal gas heat capacities may also be estimated from several techniques, of which two of the most accurate and commonly used are recommended here. Recommended Method 1 Statistical mechanics. Reference: Rowley, R. L., Statistical Mechanics for Thermophysical Property Calculations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1994. Classification: Theory and computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: 0.2 percent if vibrational frequencies (or their characteristic temperatures) are experimentally available; accuracy depends upon model chemistry if frequencies are determined from computational chemistry, but generally within 3 percent. Applicability: Ideal gases. Input data: 3nA − 6 + δ vibrational frequencies νj, or the corresponding characteristic vibrational temperatures Θj. The two are related by







The value calculated from experimental frequencies is 0.1 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 35.61 J/(mol⋅K); the value calculated from frequencies generated from computational chemistry software is 2.0 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 value.

Recommended Method 2 Benson method as implemented in CHETAH program. References: Benson, S. W., et al., Chem. Rev., 69 (1969): 279; CHETAH Version 8.0: The ASTM Computer Program for Chemical Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation (NIST Special Database 16). Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 4 percent. Applicability: Ideal gases of organic compounds. Input data: Table 2-347 group values at the seven specified temperatures. Description: Groups are summed at each individual temperature: N

Θj = hνj k

8−δ Co P =  + R 2



j=1

Θj

eΘ  T

 T  (e − 1)  2

j

Θj  T

2

δ=e

0 1

nonlinear linear

where ni = number of occurrences of group i and (Cpo)i = individual group contribution. Either Eq. (2-45) or Eq. (2-46) can be used to interpolate between the discrete temperatures. Example Calculate the ideal gas heat capacity of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3butadiene) at 400 K. Structure: CH3

(2-48) Example Calculate the ideal gas heat capacity of ammonia at 300 K. Structure:

H2C

苷CH2 苷C(2C) CH3-(苷C) 苷CH-(C)

H N

CH

CH2

No.

Value, J/(mol⋅K)

2 1 1 1

26.62 19.3 32.82 21.05

Contribution, J/(mol⋅K)

Total

H Input data: McQuarrie (McQuarrie, D. A., Statistical Mechanics, Harper & Row, New York, 1976) gives the following 3m − 6 + δ = 12 − 6 + 0 = 6 characteristic vibrational temperatures (K): 1360, 2330, 2330, 4800, 4880, and 4880. Alternatively, a computational chemistry package gives the following scaled frequencies for HF/6-31G+ model chemistry (1013 Hz): 3.24, 4.97, 4.97, 9.90, 10.26, and 10.26. Calculation: The table on the left uses the experimental Θ values to determine the individual terms in the summation of Eq. (2-48); the table on the right uses the scaled frequencies from computational chemistry software and Eq. (2-47) to obtain Θ values and the individual terms in Eq. (2-48).

C

Group identification and values: Group

H

(2-49)

i=1

where nA = number of atoms in molecule and δ = 1 for linear molecules and 0 for nonlinear molecules. Description: For harmonic frequencies, the rigorous temperature dependence of CPo is given by 3nA −6 + δ

CoP = ni ⋅(Cop)i

(2-47)

53.24 19.3 32.82 21.05 126.41

The value of 126.4 J(mol⋅K) is 3.1 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 130.4 J(mol⋅K).

Liquids Liquid heat capacity increases with increasing temperature, although a minimum occurs near the triple point for many compounds. Usually liquid heat capacity is correlated as a function of temperature with a polynomial equation. A cubic equation is usually adequate. Estimation of liquid heat capacity can be done by using a number of methods [Ruzicka, V., and E. S. Domalski, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 597, 619; Chueh, C. F., and A. C. Swanson, Chem. Eng.

HF/6-31G + scaled frequencies

Experimental frequencies Θ/K

Θ/(300 K)

Term

νscaled/Hz

Θ/K

Θ/(300 K)

Term

1360 2330 2330 4800 4880 4880

4.533 7.767 7.767 16.000 16.267 16.267

0.2256 0.0256 0.0256 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

3.24 4.97 4.97 9.90 10.26 10.26

1555.0 2385.3 2385.3 4751.4 4924.2 4924.2

5.183 7.951 7.951 15.838 16.414 16.414

0.1524 0.0223 0.0223 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Sum

0.2769

Sum

0.1970

NOTE: Empirical scaling factors have been developed for each model chemistry to help correct theoretical frequencies for anharmonic effects [Scott, A. P., and L. Radom, J. Phys. Chem., 100 (1996): 16502].

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-347

2-491

Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity

Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group

298 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

800 K

1000 K

1500 K

45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.21 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17

54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.42 54.54 54.54 54.54 54.54 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5

61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.95 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83

73.59 73.59 73.59 73.59 73.67 73.59 73.59 73.59 73.59 73.59

20.59 19.42 17.12 20.59 38.51 37.67 35.79 28.76 38.93 53.16

22.35 20.93 19.25 22.35 39.77 39.35 38.3 31.27 40.18 56.93

23.02 21.89 20.59 23.02 40.6 40.18 39.85 33.32 41.02 59.86

24.28 23.32 26.58 24.28

37.8 39.14 38.17 40.18 40.98 40.98 63.71 40.18 41.9 39.77 38.01 39.35 39.47 36.84 38.34 41.73 39.72 41.36 40.1 38.72 40.85

45.46 46.34 43.2 47.3 49.35 49.77 72.58 47.3 48.1 46.46 45.46 46.46 46.5 44.58 45.84 51.32 46.97 48.3 47.17 45.92 50.98

51.74 51.65 47.26 52.74 55.25 55.25 78.82 52.74 52.49 51.07 51.03 51.49 51.61 49.94 51.15 59.23 52.24 53.29 52.49 51.28 59.48

36.63 35.12 32.57 35.16 36.54 35.5 36.38 34.28 33.7 31.77

40.73 41.11 38.09 40.18 41.06 40.35 41.44 39.6 38.97 35.41

42.9 43.99 41.44 42.7 43.53 43.11 44.24 42.65 42.07 38.97

25.53 36.75 27.17 19.97 33.07 32.23 27.17 27.63 34.11 34.58 33.99

27.63 38.47 30.43 25.2 35.58 34.32 30.43 31.56 36.5 37.34 36.71

28.46 37.51 31.69 26.71 35.58 34.49 31.23 33.32 33.91 37.51 36.67

CH3 Groups CH3(Cb) CH3(CO) CH3(Ct) CH3(C) CH3(N) CH3(O) CH3(PO) CH3(P) CH3(P苷N) CH3(Si) CH3(SO2) CH3(SO) CH3(S) CH3(苷C)

25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.95 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91

32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.65 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82

39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35

73.59

Ct Groups Ct(Cb) Ct(Ct) Ct(C) Ct(苷C) CtBr CtCl CtF CtH CtI Ct(CN)

10.76 14.82 13.1 10.76 34.74 33.07 28.55 22.06 35.16 43.11

14.82 16.99 14.57 14.82 36.42 35.16 31.65 25.07 36.84 47.3

14.65 18.42 15.95 14.65 37.67 36.42 33.99 27.17 38.09 50.65

41.77 37.04 64.04

CH2 Groups CH2(2CO) CH2(2C) CH2(2O) CH2(2苷C) CH2(Cb,O) CH2(Cb,SO2) CH2(Cb,S) CH2(Cb,苷C) CH2(C,Cb) CH2(C,CO) CH2(C,Ct) CH2(C,N) CH2(C,O) CH2(C,SO2) CH2(C,SO) CH2(C,S) CH2(C,苷C) CH2(苷C,O) CH2(苷C,SO2) CH2(苷C,SO) CH2(苷C,S)

16.03 23.02 11.85 19.67 15.53 15.53 38.09 19.67 24.45 25.95 20.72 21.77 20.89 17.12 19.05 22.52 21.43 19.51 20.34 18.42 22.23

26.66 29.09 21.18 28.46 26.26 27.5 49.02 28.46 31.85 32.23 27.46 28.88 28.67 24.99 26.87 29.64 28.71 29.18 28.51 26.62 28.59

CH(2C,Cb) CH(2C,CO) CH(2C,Ct) CH(2C,N) CH(2C,O) CH(2C,SO2) CH(2C,S) CH(2C,苷C) CH(3C) CH(C,2O)

20.43 18.96 16.7 19.67 20.09 18.5 20.3 17.41 19 22.02

27.88 25.87 23.48 26.37 27.79 26.16 27.25 24.74 25.12 23.06

C(2C,2O) C(3C,Cb) C(3C,CO) C(3C,Ct) C(3C,N) C(3C,O) C(3C,SO2) C(3C,SO) C(3C,S) C(3C,苷C) C(4C)

19.25 19.72 9.71 0.33 18.42 18.12 9.71 12.81 19.13 16.7 18.29

19.25 28.42 18.33 7.33 25.95 25.91 18.33 19.17 26.25 25.28 25.66

32.15 34.53 31.48 35.16 34.66 34.66 57.43 35.16 37.59 36.42 33.19 34.74 34.74 31.56 33.28 36 34.83 36.21 34.95 29.05 34.45

59.65 60.28

60.28 57.6 59.44 61.11

60.11

CH Groups 33.07 30.89 28.67 31.81 33.91 31.65 32.57 30.72 30.01 27.67

44.7 46.55

47.22 46.76

C Groups 23.02 33.86 23.86 14.36 30.56 30.35 23.86 20.26 31.18 31.1 30.81

31.94

34.45 33.99

2-492

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-347

Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Continued)

Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group

298 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

800 K

1000 K

1500 K 25.32

Aromatic (Cb and Cp Groups) Cb(Cb) Cb(CO) Cb(Ct) Cb(C) Cb(N) Cb(O) Cb(Si) Cb(SO2) Cb(SO) Cb(S) Cb(苷C) Cb(苷Nim) CbBr CbCl CbF CbH CbI Cb(CHN2) Cb(CN) Cb(N3) Cb(NCO) Cb(NCS) Cb(NO2) Cb(SO2OH) Cp(2Cb,Cp) Cp(3Cp) Cp(Cb,2Cp)

13.94 11.18 15.03 11.18 16.53 16.32 11.18 11.18 11.18 16.32 15.03 16.53 32.65 30.98 26.37 13.56 33.49 47.3 41.86 34.74 55.25 32.23 38.93 65.42 12.56 8.37 12.56

17.66 13.14 16.62 13.14 21.81 22.19 13.14 13.14 13.14 22.19 16.62 21.81 36.42 35.16 31.81 18.59 37.25

20.47 15.4 18.33 15.4 24.86 25.95 15.4 15.4 15.4 25.95 18.33 24.86 39.35 38.51 35.58 22.85 40.18

22.06 17.37 19.76 17.37 26.45 27.63 17.37 17.37 17.37 27.63 19.76 26.45 41.44 40.6 38.09 26.37 41.44

24.11 20.76 22.1 20.76 27.33 28.88 20.76 20.76 20.76 28.88 22.1 27.33 43.11 42.7 41.02 31.56 43.11

24.91 22.77 23.48 22.77 27.46 28.88 22.77 22.77 22.77 28.88 23.48 27.46 43.95 43.53 42.7 35.2 43.95

48.14

52.74

55.67

59.86

62.79

64.04

70.32

74.51

79.95

82.88

50.23 79.49 15.49 12.14 15.49

59.44 84.51 17.58 14.65 17.58

66.56 97.61 19.25 16.74 19.25

76.18 109.25 21.77 19.67 21.77

80.37 113.31 23.02 21.35 23.02

苷C(2C) 苷C(CO,O) 苷C(C,Cb) 苷C(C,CO) 苷C(C,O) 苷C(C,SO2) 苷C(C,S) 苷C(C,苷C) 苷CC(苷C,O) 苷CH(Cb) 苷CH(CO) 苷CH(Ct) 苷CH(C) 苷CH(O) 苷CH(SO2) 苷CH(S) 苷CH(苷C) 苷CH2 苷C苷

17.16 23.4 18.42 22.94 17.16 15.49 14.65 18.42 18.42 18.67 31.73 18.67 17.41 17.41 12.72 17.41 18.67 21.35 16.32

19.3 29.3 22.48 29.22 19.3 26.04 14.94 22.48 22.9 24.24 37.04 24.24 21.05 21.05 19.55 21.05 24.24 26.62 18.42

22.02 32.44 25.87 31.98 22.02 38.51 17.12 25.87 26.29 31.06 40.31 31.06 27.21 27.21 28.63 27.21 31.06 35.58 20.93

24.28 33.57 27.21 33.53 24.28 44.62 18.46 27.21 27.21 34.95 43.45 34.95 32.02 32.02 32.94 32.02 34.95 42.15 22.19

25.45 34.03 27.71 34.32 25.45 47.47 20.93 27.71 27.71 37.63 46.21 37.63 35.37 35.37 36.29 35.37 37.63 47.17 23.02

O(2C) O(2O) O(2苷C) O(Cb,CO) O(CO,O) O(C,Cb) O(C,CO) O(C,O) O(C,苷C) O(苷C,CO) OH(Cb) OH(CO) OH(C) OH(O) O(CN)(Cb) O(CN)(C) O(CN)(苷C) O(NO2)(C) O(NO)(C) (CO)Cl(C) (CO)H(Cb) (CO)H(CO)

14.23 15.49 14.02 8.62 1.51 2.6 11.64 15.49 12.72 6.03 18 15.95 18.12 21.64 34.74 41.86 54.42 39.93 38.09 42.28 33.53 28.13

15.49 15.49 16.32 11.3 6.28 3.01 15.86 15.49 13.9 12.47 18.84 20.85 18.63 24.24

15.49 15.49 17.58 13.02 9.63 4.94 18.33 15.49 14.65 16.66 20.09 24.28 20.18 26.29

15.91 15.49 18.84 14.32 11.89 7.45 19.8 15.49 15.49 18.79 21.77 26.54 21.89 27.88

18.42 17.58 21.35 16.24 15.28 11.89 20.55 17.58 17.54 20.8 25.12 30.01 25.2 29.93

19.25 17.58 22.6 17.5 17.33 14.99 21.05 17.58 18.96 21.77 27.63 32.44 27.67 31.44

48.3 43.11 46.04 44.2 32.78

55.5 46.88 49.39 48.77 37.25

65.3 50.23 51.9 59.48 41.4

68.61 55.67 55.67 68.56 47.84

72.75 58.18 57.76 74.01 50.73

24.07 25.03 25.03

24.07

40.73

85.81

苷C苷, 苷C, 苷CH Groups 20.89 31.31 24.82 31.02 20.89 33.32 16.03 24.82 24.82 28.25 38.8 28.25 24.32 24.32 24.82 24.32 28.25 31.44 19.67

26.62 28.13

28.13 41.77 41.77 40.27 40.27 41.77 55.21 23.86

Oxygen Groups 20.09

20.09

37.34 33.65 34.2

60.69

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-347

2-493

Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Continued)

Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group

298 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

800 K

1000 K

40.52 40.52 40.52 48.77 21.05

46.71 46.71 46.71 63.12 26.32

51.07 51.07 51.07 74.68 29.54

55.25 85.64 49.52 68.98 82.88 77.86 46.71 57.85 77.44 74.93 68.52 57.3 57.35 59.86 56.09 54.42 59.9 58.18 56.72 53.75 68.23 53.41 46.88 69.07 48.39 63.21 54.42 74.17 56.3 59.86 59.02 56.51 58.18 55.67 53.16 47.72 46.88 43.95 48.56

56.93 88.66 52.07 70.99 86.23 82.88 52.03 63.46 84.14 80.79 76.06 65.26 64.88 67.81 64.04 63.62 68.15 66.14 64.25 58.81 74.93 59.82

56.09 89.66 53.12 71.24 87.9 85.39 53.24 65.84 87.9 83.72 79.99 69.95 70.32 73.67 69.9 69.49 73.8 72 69.36 61.62 79.53 64.38

74.93 54.83 69.9 59.31 79.7 57.72 62.37 61.53 59.86 61.11 59.44 57.76 51.9 51.49 49.39 52.74

78.28 58.64 74.51 61.95 81.58 56.93 63.62 62.79 61.53 62.79 61.53 60.69 55.25 54.83 53.16 55.67

17.29 26.16 34.45 27.33 29.05 24.99 20.3 20.93 17.66 45.63 21.35 30.93 28.59 13.94 26.29 14.57 29.3 33.78 34.7 33.78 38.93 22.35 28.34

21.89 28.42 37.8 28.59 30.93 27.46 22.1 22.94 20.05 50.9 28.3 33.28 33.07 16.91 30.1 17.75 32.65 39.39 41.69 39.39 43.95 23.82 28.71

23.4 28.76 38.47 34.91 38.68 27.92 22.14 27.08 21.43 53.54 32.98 34.28 36.21 18.21 32.36 18.96 34.74 43.83 46.97 43.83 48.14 23.9 29.51

1500 K

Oxygen Groups (CO)H(C) (CO)H(N) (CO)H(O) (CO)H(苷C) CO(Cb)(O)

29.43 29.43 29.43 24.32 9.12

32.94 32.94 32.94 30.22 11.51

CBr(3C) CBr3(C) CCl(3C) CCl2(2C) CCl3(C) CClF2(C) CF(3C) CF2(2C) CF3(Cb) CF3(C) CF3(S) CH2Br(Cb) CH2Br(C) CH2Br(苷C) CH2Cl(C) CH2F(C) CH2I(Cb) CH2I(C) CH2I(O) CHBr(2C) CHBrCl(C) CHCl(2C) CHCl(C,O) CHCl2(C) CHF(2C) CHF2(C) CHI(2C) CHI2(C) CI(3C) 苷CBr2 苷CBrCl 苷CBrF 苷CCl2 苷CClF 苷CF2 苷CHBr 苷CHCl 苷CHF 苷CHI

39.35 72.12 36.96 51.07 68.23 57.35 28.46 39.01 52.32 53.16 41.36 30.51 38.09 40.6 37.25 33.91 33.91 38.51 34.41 37.38 51.9 35.45 37.67 50.65 30.56 41.44 38.64 56.93 41.15 51.49 50.65 45.21 47.72 43.11 40.6 33.91 33.07 28.46 36.84

47.72 78.65 43.87 62.29 75.35 67.39 37.09 46.97 64.04 62.79 54.46 46.46 46.04 47.72 44.79 41.86 45.17 46.04 43.91 44.62 58.6 42.7 41.44 58.6 37.84 50.23 45.67 63.42 49.18 55.25 53.16 50.23 52.32 48.97 46.04 39.77 38.51 35.16 41.86

36.92 36.92 36.92 39.77 16.65 Halide Groups 52.74 82.92 47.72 66.76 79.95 73.25 42.7 53.24 72 68.65 62.08 52.2 52.74 54.42 51.49 50.23 53.7 54 51.19 50.06 63.3 48.89 43.95 64.46 43.83 57.35 50.9 69.61 54.08 58.18 56.51 53.58 55.67 52.74 50.23 44.37 43.11 39.77 45.63 Nitrogen Groups

CH2(N3)(C) 苷CH(N3) N(2C,Cb) N(2C,CO) N(2C,SO2) N(2C,SO) N(2C,S) N(3C) N(Cb,2CO) N(C,2CO) Nb pyridN NF2(C) NH(2Cb) NH(2CO) NH(2C) NH(Cb,CO) NH(C,Cb) NH(C,CO) NH(C,N) NH2(Cb) NH2(CO) NH2(C) NH2N 苷Naz(C) 苷Naz(N)

64.46 54.42 2.6 13.02 25.2 17.58 15.99 14.57 4.1 4.48 10.88 26.5 9.04 15.03 17.58 2.39 15.99 2.76 20.09 23.94 17.04 23.94 25.53 11.3 8.87

8.46 19.17 26.58 24.61 21.64 19.09 12.81 12.99 13.48 34.58 13.06 23.19 21.81 6.32 20.47 6.49 24.28 27.25 24.03 27.25 30.98 17.16 17.5

13.69 23.52 31.56 25.62 25.99 22.73 17.71 18.04 15.95 40.9 17.29 28.05 25.66 9.96 23.9 10.3 27.21 30.64 29.85 30.64 35.16 20.59 23.06

27.21

39.97

37.67 51.4 51.4 55.25

2-494

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-347

Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Continued)

Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group

298 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

800 K

1000 K

1500 K

Nitrogen Groups 苷NazH 苷Nim(Cb) 苷Nim(C) 苷NimH

18.33 12.56 10.38 12.35

S(2Cb) S(2C) S(2S) S(2苷C) S(Cb,S) S(C,Cb) S(C,S) S(C,苷C) SH(Cb) SH(CO) SH(C) SO(2Cb) SO(2C) SO2(2Cb) SO2(2C) SO2(2苷C) SO2(Cb,SO2) SO2(Cb,苷C) SO2(C,Cb) S(CN)(Cb) S(CN)(C) S(CN)(苷C)

8.37 20.89 19.67 20.05 12.1 12.64 21.89 17.66 21.43 31.94 24.53 23.94 37.17 34.99 48.22 48.22 41.06 41.4 41.61 39.77 46.88 59.44

8.41 20.76 20.93 23.36 14.19 14.19 22.69 21.26 22.02 33.86 25.95 38.05 41.98 46.17 50.1 50.1 48.14 48.14 48.14

113.23 −39.64

134.95

47.72 61.95 52.7 45.21 50.19 80.79 36.21 61.62 41.4 72.42 43.11 51.90 51.49 56.93

56.93

64.04

66.22 54 63.67 101.3 46.71 74.47 55.84

20.47

22.77

24.86

28.34

31.06

13.98 19.17

16.53 27

17.96 32.27

19.21 38.22

19.25 41.52

11.47 21.22 21.77 26.33 17.37 16.91 23.06 24.15 25.24 34.2 28.38 47.93 45.17 62.54 59.77 59.77 61.66 61.16 60.74

15.91 22.65 22.19 33.24 20.01 19.34 22.52 24.57 29.26 35.58 30.56 47.97 45.96 66.39 64.38 64.38 65.76 65.8 65.38

19.72 23.98 22.6 40.73 21.35 20.93 21.43 24.57 32.82 34.49 32.27 47.09 46.76 66.81 66.47 66.47 67.1 66.64 66.64

198.62

219.72

70.74

80.79

85.81

77.52 60.69 74.17 117.2 53.96 83.72 66.39

86.48 66.14 82.08 129.76 58.81 90.46 73.75

99.58 72 92.84 146.09 64.92 99.54 82.92

108.41 79.11 99.2 156.13 67.77 104.48 87.32

50.23

56.09

61.11

68.65

73.67

63.21 69.28

72.83 78.19

80.37 84.76

90.41 93.51

97.11 98.74

−11.05 −7.03 −7.95 −10.88 −12.64 −16.37 −14.56

−7.87 −6.2 −7.41 −9.63 18.09 −19.25 −10.88

−5.78 −5.57 −6.78 −8.63 24.35 −23.86 0.84

−10.97 −5.44 −5.99 −6.91 −15.91 −17.33 −12.56 −3.77 −16.74 −15.91 −2.89 −15.32 −15.32

−6.4 4.6 −1.21 −5.36 −11.72 −12.26 −10.88 9.21 −12.01 −11.3 3.6 −18.46 −18.46

−1.8 9.21 0.33 −4.35 −8.08 −9.46 −10.05 17.58 −9.08 −7.53 5.4 −23.32 −23.32

35.33

Sulfur Groups 9.38 21.01 21.35 23.15 15.57 15.53 23.06 23.27 23.32 33.99 27.25 40.6 43.95 56.72 55.88 55.88 56.59 55.88 56.3

Boron and Silicon Groups Si(4C) SiH3(C)

154.5

171.2

252.91

Monovalent Ligands CH2(CN)(C) CH2(NCS)(C) CH2(NO2)(C) CH(CN)(2C) CH(NO2)(2C) CH(NO2)2(C) C(CN)(3C) C(CN)2(2C) C(NO2)(3C) 苷CH(CHN2) 苷CH(CN) 苷CH(NCS) 苷CH(NO2) 苷C(CN)2

105.9

3,4 Member Ring Corrections cyclobutane ring cyclobutene ring cyclopropane ring ethylene oxide ring ethylene sulfide ring thietane ring trimethylene oxide ring

−19.3 −10.59 −12.77 −8.37 −11.93 −19.21 −19.25

−16.28 −9.17 −10.59 −11.72 −10.84 −17.5 −20.93

1,4 dioxane ring cyclohexane ring cyclohexene ring cyclopentadiene ring cyclopentane ring cylopentene ring furan ring piperidine ring pyrrolidine ring tetrahydrofuran ring thiacyclohexane ring thiolane ring thiophene ring

−19.21 −24.28 −17.92 −14.44 −27.21 −25.03 −20.51 −24.7 −25.83 −25.12 −26.04 −20.51 −20.51

−20.8 −17.16 −12.72 −11.85 −23.02 −22.39 −18 −19.67 −23.36 −24.28 −17.83 −19.55 −19.55

−13.14 −7.91 −8.79 −12.56 −11.13 −16.37 −17.58

−2.8 −5.11 −6.36

5,6 Member Ring Corrections −15.91 −12.14 −8.29 −8.96 −18.84 −20.47 −15.07 −12.14 −20.09 −20.09 −9.38 −15.4 −15.4

13.81 3.39 −1.55 −4.52

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

2-495

Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Concluded)

TABLE 2-347

Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group

298 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

800 K

1000 K

−1.63 −1.63 −1.63 −1.63 −1.63 −1.26 2.93 3.68

−1.09 −1.09 −1.09 −1.09 −1.09

1500 K

7 and 8 Member Ring Corrections −38.01 −44.16

cycloheptane ring cyclooctane ring

Gauche and 1,5 Repulsion Corrections −5.61 −5.61 −5.61 −5.61 −5.61 −2.09

but-2-ene structure CC苷CC but-3-ene structure CCC苷C cis- between 2 t-butyl groups cis- involving 1 t-butyl group cis-(not with t-butyl group) ortho- between Cl atoms ortho- between F atoms other ortho- (nonpolar-nonpolar)

−4.56 −4.56 −4.56 −4.56 −4.56 5.02 −0.84 5.65

4.69

−3.39 −3.39 −3.39 −3.39 −3.39 2.09 −0.42 5.44

−2.55 −2.55 −2.55 −2.55 −2.55 −2.51 1.26 4.9

−0.21

2.76

*Benson, S. W., et al., Chem. Rev., 69 (1969): 279. †CHETAH Version 8.0: The ASTM Computer Program for Chemical Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation (NIST Special Database 16).

Prog., 69, 7 (1973): 83; Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510; Tarakad, R. R., and R. P. Danner, AIChE J., 23 (1977): 944] and thermodynamic differentiation. The most accurate and generally applicable method is that by Ruzicka and Domalski. Recommended Method Ruzicka-Domalski. References: Ruzicka, V., and E. S. Domalski, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 597, 619. Classification: Group contributions. Expected Uncertainty: 4 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available. Input data: Molecular structure and Table 2-348 values. Description: Groups are summed to find the temperature coefficients for a cubic polynomial correlation:







T C T P = A + B  + D  R 100 K 100 K N

N

A = niai

B = nibi i =1

i=1



2

(2-50)

N

D = nidi

(2-51)

ference in the heat capacity of the two equilibrium solid phases that exist on either side of the transition temperature. The heat capacity generally rises steeply with increasing temperature near the triple point. For a quick estimation of solid heat capacity specifically at 298.15 K, the very simple modification of Kopp’s rule [Kopp, H., Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig), 126 (1863): 362] by Hurst and Harrison [Hurst, J. E., and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112 (1992): 21] can be used. At other temperatures and to obtain the temperature dependence of the solid heat capacity, the method given below by Goodman et al. should be used. Recommended Method 1 Goodman method. Reference: Goodman, B. T., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (2004): 24. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 10 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available. Input data: Molecular structure and Table 2-349 group values. Description:

i=1



CP T A  =   J(mol⋅K) 1000 K

where ni = number of occurrences of group i and ai, bi, di = individual group contributions.



i=1

i=1



(2-53)

Example Estimate the solid heat capacity for p-cresol at 307.93 K.

Group contributions: Group

ni

ai

bi

di

C(3C,O) (alcohol) O(H)(C) C(3H)(C)

1 1 3

−44.690 12.952 3.8452

31.769 −10.145 −0.33997

−4.8791 2.6261 0.19489

−20.202

20.604

Sum



N

where ni = number of occurences of group i ai = individual group contribution βi = nonlinear correction terms for chain and aromatic carbons

CH3 H3C CH3 OH

J CP = 8.3143  mol⋅K

N

(2-52)

A = exp 6.7796 + ni ai + n2i βi

Example Estimate the liquid heat capacity for 2-methyl-2-propanol at 340 K. Structure:

0.79267

H3C

OH

−1.668

− 1.668    −20.202 + 20.604   100 100 340

Structure:

340

2

J = 254.16  mol⋅K This value is 0.7 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 252.40 J(mol⋅K).

Solids Solid heat capacity increases with increasing temperature and is proportional to T 3 near absolute zero. The heat capacity at a solidsolid phase transition becomes large, and there can be a substantial dif-

Group contributions: Group

ni

ai

βi

CH3 ArCH苷 Ar >C苷 OH

1 4 2 1

0.20184 0.082478 0.012958 0.10341

0 −0.00033 0 0

From Eq. (2-53): A = exp[6.7796 + 0.20184 + (4)(0.082478) + (2)(0.012958) + 0.10341 + (4)2 (−0.00033)] = 1694.9

2-496

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for Ruzicka-Domalski Method* Table-specific nomenclature: Ct refers to a carbon atom with a triple bond; Cb refers to a carbon atom in benzene ring; 苷C refers to a carbon atom with a double bond; Cp refers to a carbon atom in a fused benzene ring; 苷C苷 refers to an allenic carbon atom. Group Definition

a

b

d

T range (K)

Group Definition

Hydrocarbon Groups C(3H,C) C(2H,2C) C(H,3C) C(4C) 苷C(2H) 苷C(H,C) 苷C(2C) 苷C(H,苷C) 苷C(C,苷C) C(3H,苷C) C(2H,C,苷C) C(H,2C,苷C) C(3C,苷C) C(2H,2苷C) Ct(H) Ct(C) 苷C苷 Ct(Cb) Cb(H) Cb(C) Cb(苷C) Cb(Cb) C(2H,C,Ct) C(3H,Ct) C(3H,Cb) C(2H,C,Cb) C(H,2C,Cb) C(3C,Cb) C(2H,2Cb) C(H,3Cb) 苷C(H,Cb) 苷C(C,Cb) Cp(Cp,2Cb) Cp(2Cp,Cb) Cp(3Cp)

3.8452 2.7972 −0.42867 −2.9353 4.1763 4.0749 1.9570 3.6968 1.0679 3.8452 2.0268 −0.87558 −4.8006 1.4973 9.1633 1.4822 3.0880 12.377 2.2609 1.5070 −5.7020 5.8685 2.0268 3.8452 3.8452 1.4142 −0.10495 1.2367 −18.583 −46.611 3.6968 1.0679 −3.5572 −11.635 26.164

−0.33997 −0.054967 0.93805 1.4255 −0.47392 −1.0735 −0.31938 −1.6037 −0.50952 −0.33997 −0.20137 0.82109 2.6004 −0.46017 −4.6695 1.0770 −0.62917 −7.5742 −0.2500 −0.13366 5.8271 −0.86054 −0.20137 −0.33997 −0.33997 0.56919 1.0141 −1.3997 11.344 24.987 −1.6037 −0.50952 2.8308 6.4068 −11.353

0.19489 0.10679 0.0029498 −0.085271 0.099928 0.21413 0.11911 0.55022 0.33607 0.19489 0.11624 0.18415 −0.040688 0.52861 1.1400 −0.19489 0.25779 1.3760 0.12592 0.011799 −1.2013 −0.063611 0.11624 0.19489 0.19489 0.0053465 −0.071918 0.41385 −1.4108 −3.0249 0.55022 0.33607 −0.39125 −0.78182 1.2756

80–490 80–490 85–385 145–395 90–355 90–355 140–315 130–305 130–305 80–490 90–355 110–300 165–295 130–300 150–275 150–285 140–315 230–550 180–670 180–670 230–550 295–670 90–355 80–490 80–490 180–470 180–670 220–295 300–420 375–595 130–305 130–305 250–510 370–510 385–480

2.8647 −1.9986 −0.42564 0.08488 0.41360 0.41360 −0.82721 0.19403 0.33288 −0.92054 0.80145 0.15892 0.24596 0.27199 0.82003 0.44241 0.19165 −0.0055745 −0.0097873 −0.40942 −0.62960 0.39346 1.2520

125–345 125–345 245–310 180–355 140–360 140–360 275–360 168–360 190–420 245–340 240–420 180–420 165–415 120–300 120–240 155–300 120–240 210–365 230–460 245–370 250–320 210–365 245–345

Halogen Groups C(C,3F) C(2C,2F) C(C,3Cl) C(H,C,2Cl) C(2H,C,Cl) C(2H,苷C,Cl) C(H,2C,Cl) C(2H,C,Br) C(H,2C,Br) C(2H,C,I) C(C,2Cl,F) C(C,Cl,2F) C(C,Br,2F) 苷C(H,Cl) 苷C(2F) 苷C(2Cl) 苷C(Cl,F) Cb(F) Cb(Cl) Cb(Br) Cb(I) C(Cb,3F) C(2H,Cb,Cl)

15.423 −8.9527 8.5430 10.880 9.6663 9.6663 −2.0600 6.3944 10.784 0.037620 13.532 7.2295 8.7956 7.1564 7.6646 9.3249 7.8204 3.0794 4.5479 2.2857 2.9033 7.4477 16.752

−9.2464 10.550 2.6966 −0.35391 −1.8601 −1.8601 5.3281 −0.10298 −2.4754 5.6204 −3.2794 0.41759 −0.19165 −0.84442 −2.0750 −1.2478 −0.69005 0.46959 0.22250 2.2573 2.9763 −0.92230 −6.7938

Nitrogen Groups C(3H,N) C−(2H,C,N) C(2H,Cb,N) C(H,2C,N) C(3C,N) N(2H,C) N(2H,Cb)

3.8452 2.4555 2.4555 2.6322 1.9630 8.2758 8.2758

−0.33997 1.0431 1.0431 −2.0135 −1.7235 −0.18365 −0.18365

a

b

d

T range (K)

Nitrogen Groups

0.19489 −0.24054 −0.24054 0.45109 0.31086 0.035272 0.035272

80−490 190–375 190–375 240–370 255–375 185–455 185–455

N(H,2C) N(3C) N(H,C,Cb) N(2C,Cb) N(C,2Cb) Cb(N) N(2H,N) N(H,C,N) N(2C,N) N(H,Cb,N) C(2H,C,CN) C(3C,CN) 苷C(H,CN) Cb(CN) C(2H,C,NO2) O(C,NO2) Cb(NO2) N(H,2Cb) (pyrrole) Nb(2Cb)

−0.10987 4.5942 0.49631 −0.23640 4.5942 −0.78169 6.8050 1.1411 −1.0570 −0.74531 11.976 2.5774 9.0789 1.9389 18.520 −2.0181 15.277 −7.3662 0.84237

0.73024 −2.2134 3.4617 16.260 −2.2134 1.5059 −0.72563 3.5981 4.0038 3.6258 −2.4886 3.5218 −0.86929 3.0269 −5.4568 10.505 −4.4049 6.3622 1.25560

0.89325 0.55316 −0.57161 −2.5258 0.55316 −0.25287 0.15634 −0.69350 −0.71494 −0.53306 0.52358 −0.58466 0.32986 −0.47276 1.05080 −1.83980 0.71161 −0.68137 −0.20336

170–400 160–360 240–380 285–390 160–360 240–455 215–465 205–300 205–300 295–385 185–345 295–345 195–345 265–480 190–300 180–350 280–415 255–450 210–395

2.6261 0.54075 0.54075 −0.87263 0.19489 −0.27140 −4.9593 −4.9593 0.69508 −0.016124 −4.8791 −0.44354 0.37860 −1.44210 0.31655 −0.31693 −1.53670 −0.79259 0.19489 0.47121 0.49646 −0.25674 −1.27110 −0.15377 −0.15377 −0.18312 6.0326 −2.82740 −5.12730 −2.89620 0.53631 −3.24270 3.05310 2.74830 −3.04360 −3.05670 −0.12758 −2.68490

155–505 195–475 195–475 285–400 80–490 135–505 260–460 260–460 185–460 130–170 200–355 170–310 130–350 320–350 300–535 170–310 275–335 285–530 80–490 180–465 185–375 225–360 180–430 220–430 220–430 185–380 275–355 300–465 280–340 180–445 195–350 320–345 175–440 230–500 195–355 195–430 175–500 175–500

0.19489 −0.08349 −0.31234 −0.72356 −0.75674 0.47368 0.47368 0.45625 0.45625 0.17938 0.45625 −0.06131

80–490 130–390 150–390 190–365 260–375 130–380 130–380 165–390 165–390 170–350 165–390 205–345

Oxygen Groups O(H,C) O(H,C) (diol) O(H,Cb) (diol) O(H,Cb) C–(3H,O) C–(2H,C,O) C–(2H,Cb,O) C–(2H,苷C,O) C(H,2C,O) (alcohol) C(H,2C,O) (ether, ester) C(3C,O) (alcohol) C(3C,O) (ether, ester) O(2C) O(C,Cb) O(2Cb) C(2H,2O) C(2C,2O) Cb(O) C(3H,CO) C(2H,C,CO) C(H,2C,CO) C(3C,CO) CO(H,C) CO(H,苷C) CO(H,Cb) CO(2C) CO(C,苷C) CO(C,Cb) CO(H,O) CO(C,O) CO(苷C,O) CO(O,CO) O(C,CO) O(H,CO) 苷C(H,CO) 苷C(C,CO) Cb(CO) CO(Cb,O)

12.952 −10.145 5.2302 −1.5124 5.2302 −1.5124 −7.9768 8.10450 3.8452 −0.33997 1.4596 1.4657 −35.127 28.409 −35.127 28.409 2.2209 −1.4350 0.98790 0.39403 −44.690 31.769 −3.3182 2.6317 5.0312 −1.5718 −22.5240 13.1150 −4.5788 0.94150 1.0852 1.5402 −12.955 9.10270 −1.0686 3.52210 3.8452 −0.33997 6.6782 −2.44730 3.92380 −2.12100 −2.2681 1.75580 −3.82680 7.67190 −8.00240 3.63790 −8.00240 3.63790 5.4375 0.72091 41.507 −32.632 −47.21100 24.36800 13.11800 16.12000 29.24600 3.42610 41.61500 −12.78900 23.99000 6.25730 −21.43400 −4.01640 −27.58700 −0.16485 −9.01080 15.14800 −12.81800 15.99700 12.15100 −1.67050 16.58600 5.44910 Sulfur Groups

C(3H,S) C(2H,C,S) C(H,2C,S) C(3C,S) Cb(S) S(H,C) S(H,Cb) S(2C) S(2Cb) S(C,S) S(Cb,S) S(2Cb) (thiophene)

3.84520 1.54560 −1.64300 −5.38250 −4.45070 10.99400 10.99400 9.23060 9.23060 6.65900 9.23060 3.84610

−0.33997 0.88228 2.30700 4.50230 4.43240 −3.21130 −3.21130 −3.00870 −3.00870 −1.35570 −3.00870 0.36718

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

2-497

TABLE 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for Ruzicka-Domalski Method* (Concluded) Table-specific nomenclature: Ct refers to a carbon atom with a triple bond; Cb refers to a carbon atom in benzene ring; 苷C refers to a carbon atom with a double bond; Cp refers to a carbon atom in a fused benzene ring; 苷C苷 refers to an allenic carbon atom. Group Definition

a

b

d

T range (K)

Ring Strain Contributions Hydrocarbons (ring strain) cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane (unsub) cyclopentane (sub) cyclohexane cycloheptane cyclooctane spiropentane cyclopentene cyclohexene cycloheptene cyclooctene cyclohexadiene cyclooctadiene cycloheptatriene cyclooctatetraene indan 1H-indene tetrahydronaphthalene

4.4297 1.2313 −0.33642 0.21983 −2.0097 −11.460 −4.1696 5.9700 0.21433 −1.2086 −5.6817 −14.885 −8.9683 −7.2890 −8.7885 −12.914 −6.1414 −3.6501 −6.3861

−4.3392 −2.8988 −2.8663 −1.5118 −0.72656 4.9507 0.52991 −3.7965 −2.5214 −1.5041 1.5073 7.4878 6.4959 3.1119 8.2530 13.583 3.5709 2.4707 2.6257

1.0222 0.75099 0.70123 0.28172 0.14758 −0.74754 −0.018423 0.74612 0.63136 0.42863 −0.19810 −1.0879 −1.5272 −0.43040 −2.4573 −4.0230 −0.48620 −0.60531 −0.19578

155–240 140–300 180–300 135–365 145–485 270–300 295–320 175–310 140–300 160–320 220–300 260–330 170–300 205–320 200–310 275–330 170–395 280–375 250–320

Group Definition

a

b

decahydronaphthalene −6.8984 0.66846 hexahydroindan −3.9271 −0.29239 dodecahydrofluorene −19.687 8.8265 tetradecahydrophenanthrene −0.67632 −1.4753 hexadecahydropyrene 61.213 −30.927 Nitrogen compounds ethyleneimine 15.281 −2.3360 pyrrolidine 12.703 1.3109 piperidine 25.681 −7.0966 Oxygen compounds ethylene oxide 6.8459 −5.8759 trimethylene oxide −7.0148 7.3764 1, 3-dioxolane −2.3985 −0.48585 furan 9.6704 −2.8138 tetrahydrofuran 3.2842 −5.8260 tetrahydropyran −13.017 3.7416 Sulfur compounds thiacyclobutane −0.73127 −1.3426 thiacyclopentane −3.2899 0.38399 thiacyclohexane −12.766 5.2886

d

T range (K)

−0.070012 0.048561 −1.4031 −0.13087 3.2269

235–485 210–425 315–485 315–485 310–485

−0.13720 −1.18130 0.14304

195–330 170–400 265–370

1.2408 −2.1901 0.10253 0.11376 1.2681 −0.15622

135–325 185–300 175–300 190–305 160–320 295–325

0.40114 0.089358 −0.59558

200–320 170–390 295–340

*Ruzicka, V., and E. S. Domalski, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 597, 619.

This neglects the excess heat capacity, which if available can be added to the mole fraction average to improve the estimated value.

From Eq. (2-52): J J 1694.9 CP =  (307.93)0.79267  = 159.1  mol⋅K mol⋅K 1000 This value is 2.5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 155.2 J(mol⋅K).

Recommended Method 2

Modified Kopp’s rule.

Reference: Kopp, H., Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig), 126 (1863): 362; Hurst, J. E., and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112 (1992): 21.

Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 10 percent. Applicability: 298.15 K; organic compounds that are solids at 298.15 K. Input data: Compound chemical formula and element contributions of Table 2-350. Description: N CP = nE ∆E  (2-54) J/(mol⋅K) E =1 where N = number of different elements in compound nE = number of occurrences of element E in compound ∆E = contribution of element E from Table 2-350 Example Estimate the solid heat capacity at 298.15 K for dibenzothiophene. Structure: C12H8S. Group values from Table 2-350: ∆C = 10.89

∆H = 7.56

∆S = 12.36

Calculation using Eq. (2-54):

This value is 2.5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 198.45 J(mol⋅K).

Mixtures The heat capacity of liquid and vapor mixtures can be estimated as mole fraction averages of the pure-component values C

i=1

Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Density is given in kg/m3 in SI units, but lbm/ft3 and g/cm3 are common AES and cgs units, respectively. Other commonly used forms of density include molar density (density divided by molecular weight) in kmol/m3, relative density (density relative to water at 15°C), and the older term specific gravity (density relative to water at 60°F). Often the inverse of density, specific volume, and the inverse of molar density, molar volume, are correlated and used to convey equivalent information. Gases Gases/vapors are compressible and their densities are strong functions of both temperature and pressure. Equations of state (EoS) are commonly used to correlate molar densities or molar volumes. The most accurate EoS are those developed for specific fluids with parameters regressed from all available data for that fluid. Super EoS are available for some of the most industrially important gases and may contain 50 or more constants specific to that chemical. Different predictive methods may be used for gas densities depending upon the conditions: 1. At very low densities (high temperatures, generally above the critical, and very low pressures, generally below a few bar), the ideal gas EoS PV Z   =1 RT

(2-56)

may be applied. 2. At moderate densities (below 40 percent of the critical density), the virial equation truncated after the second virial coefficient

Cp = (12)(10.89) + (8)(7.56) + (1)(12.36) = 203.52 J(mol⋅K)

Cp,m = xiCp,i

DENSITY

(2-55)

B(T) Z=1+  V

(2-57)

may be used. Second virial coefficients B(T) are available in the DIPPR® 801 database for many chemicals and can be estimated for others by using the Tsonopoulos method.

2-498

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-349 Group Values and Nonlinear Correction Terms for Estimation of Solid Heat Capacity with the Goodman et al.* Method Group

Description

ai

Group

Description

CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< CH2苷 CH苷 >C苷 苷C苷 #CH #C Ar CH苷 Ar >C苷 Ar O Ar N苷 Ar >N Ar NH Ar S O OH COH >C苷O COO COOH COOCO

methyl methylene secondary C tertiary C terminal alkene alkene subst. alkene allene terminal alkyne alkyne arom. C subst. arom. C furan O pyridine N subst. pyrrole N pyrrole N thiophene S ether alcohol aldehyde ketone ester acid anhydride

0.20184 0.11644 0.030492 −0.04064 0.18511 0.11224 0.028794 0.053464 −0.02914 0.13298 0.082478 0.012958 0.066027 0.056641 0.008938 −0.05246 0.090926 0.064068 0.10341 0.15699 0.12939 0.13686 0.21019 0.33091

CO3 NH2 >NH >N 苷NH #N N苷N NO2 N苷C苷O SH S SS 苷S >S苷O F Cl Br I >Si< >Si(O) cyc >Si(O) P(苷O)(O)3 >P >P(苷O)

carbonate primary amine secondary amine tertiary amine double-bond NH nitrile diazide nitro isocyanate thiol/mercaptan sulfide disulfide sulfur double bond sulfoxide fluoride chloride bromide iodide silane linear siloxane cyclic siloxane phosphate phosphine phospine oxide

ai 0.2517 0.056138 −0.00717 −0.01661 0.17689 0.015355 0.3687 0.23327 0.2698 0.21123 0.14232 0.31457 0.13753 0.040002 0.15511 0.16995 0.19112 0.11318 0.12213 0.10125 0.063438 0.15016 0.069602 0.21875

Nonlinear Terms i

Usage

−0.00188 −0.00033

Methylene Aromatic carbon

Groups >CH2 Ar苷CH

*Goodman, B. T., W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, and R. L. Rowley, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (2004): 24

Recommended Method Tsonopoulos method. Reference: Tsonopoulos, C., AIChE J., 20 (1974): 263; 21 (1975): 827; 24 (1978): 1112. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 8 percent for B(T). Applicability: Nonpolar organic compounds and some classes of polar compounds. Input data: Class of fluid, ω, Pc, Tc, and µ. Description: BP c = B(0) + ωB(1) + B(2) RTc

(2-58)

where ω = acentric factor Pc = critical pressure Tc = critical temperature

0.331 0.423 0.008 B(1) = 0.0637 +  −  −  T2r T3r T8r a b B(2) = 6 − 8 Tr Tr µ µr =  D

   bar  K

TABLE 2-350 Element Contributions to Solid Heat Capacity for the Modified Kopp’s Rule*† Element

E

Element

E

Element

E

C H O N S F Cl Br I Al B

10.89 7.56 13.42 18.74 12.36 26.16 24.69 25.36 25.29 18.07 10.10

Ba Be Ca Co Cu Fe Hg K Li Mg Mn

32.37 12.47 28.25 25.71 26.92 29.08 27.87 28.78 23.25 22.69 28.06

Mo Na Ni Pb Si Sr Ti V W Zr All others

29.44 26.19 25.46 31.60 17.00 28.41 27.24 29.36 30.87 26.82 26.63

*Kopp, H., Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig), 126 (1863): 362. †Hurst, J. E., and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112 (1992): 21.

2

Pc

Tc

(2-61) −2

(2-62)

where µ = dipole moment. The values of a and b used in Eq. (2-61) depend upon the class of fluid, as given in the table below: Class

0.330 0.1385 0.0121 0.000607 B(0) = 0.1445 −  −  −  − (2-59) Tr T2r T3r T8r

(2-60)

a

Nonpolar fluids 0 Ketones, aldehydes, −21.4µr − 4.308 × 1019µ8r nitriles, ethers, esters, NH3, H2S, HCN Monoalkylhalides, −2.188 × 1016µr4 − 7.831 × 1019µ8r mercaptans, sulfides 1-Alcohols except 0.0878 methanol Methanol 0.0878

b 0 0 0 0.00908 + 69.57µr 0.0525

Example Estimate the molar volume of ammonia at 430 K and 2.82 MPa. Input properties: Recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 405.65 K, Pc = 11.28 MPa, µ = 1.469 D, and ω = 0.252608. Reduced conditions: Tr = (430 K)(405.65 K) = 1.06 Pr = (2.82 MPa)(11.28 MPa) = 0.25 µr = (1.469)2(112.8)(405.65)2 = 0.0014793 Second virial coefficient from Eqs. (2-59) to (2-61): B(0) = 0.1445 – 0.3301.06 – 0.1385(1.06)2 − 0.0121(1.06)3

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES − 0.000607(1.06)8 = − 0.301 B(1) = 0.0637 + 0.331(1.06)2 − 0.423(1.06)3 − 0.008(1.06)8 = − 0.00189 a = (−21.4)(0.0014793) − (4.308 × 1019)(0.0014793)8 = − 0.033

2-499

Example Estimate the molar volume of saturated decane vapor at 540.5 K. Input properties: Recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 617.7 K, Pc= 2.11 MPa, P*(540.5 K) = 0.6799 MPa (vapor pressure), and ω = 0.492328. Reduced conditions: Tr = (540.5 K)/(617.7 K) = 0.875

b=0

Pr = (0.6799 MPa)/(2.11 MPa) = 0.322

B(2) = (−0.033)(1.06)6 = − 0.023 From Eq. (2-58):

LK compressiblity factor: Since vapor phase values are needed, the appropriate values from Tables 2-351 and 2-352 that can be used to double-interpolate are

BPc (RTc) = − 0.301 − (0.252608)(0.00189) − 0.023 = − 0.324 B = (− 0.324)[0.008314 m3 ⋅MPa(kmol⋅K)](405.65 K)(11.28 MPa) = − 0.097 m3kmol Molar volume from Eq. (2-56): m ⋅MPa −0.097    (430 K) 0.0083143 mkmol⋅K km ol 1 +  b a V 2.82 MPa

B RT V=  1+  = P V = 1.162 m kmol 3

Note that the ideal gas value, 1.268 m3/kmol, deviates by 9.1 percent from this more accurate value. The truncated virial EoS should be valid for this density since ρ = V−1 = 0.86 kmolm3 is much less than 40 percent of the critical density (the DIPPR® 801 recommended value for the critical density is 13.8 kmol/m3).

3. For higher gas densities, the Lee-Kesler method described below provides excellent predictions for nonpolar and slightly polar fluids. Extended four-parameter corresponding-states methods are available for polar and slightly associating compounds. Recommended Method Lee-Kesler method. Reference: Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 1 percent except near the critical point where errors can be up to 30 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and moderately polar compounds. An extended Lee-Kesler method, not described here, may be used for polar and slightly associating compounds [Wilding, W. V., and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 8 (1986): 525]. Input data: Tc, Pc, ω, Z(0),Z(1). Description: Z = Z(0) + ωZ(1) (2-63) where Z = compressibility factor Z(0) = compressibility factor of simple fluid obtained from Table 2-351. Z(1) = deviation from simple fluid obtained from Table 2-352. Analytical expressions for Z(0) and Z(1) can also be generated by using Z(0) = Z0

Tr\Pr

0.2

0.85 0.90

0.8810 0.9015

0.4 (0.7222) 0.7800

3

3



Z(0)

Z1 − Z0 Z(1) =  0.3978

(2-64)

where Z0 and Z1 are determined from γ −γ PrVr B C D c4 Zi =  = 1 +  + 2 + 5 +  β + 2 exp 2 Vr Vr Tr Vr Vr Vr Tr3Vr2





(2-65)

b b b B = b1 − 2 − 32 − 43 Tr Tr Tr c c3 C = c1 − 2 +  Tr T2r d2 D = d1 +  Tr

as applied to the simple reference fluid and to the acentric reference fluid (n-octane), respectively. The constants for Eq. (2-65) for the two reference fluids are given in Table 2-353.

Z(1) Tr\Pr

0.2

0.4

0.85 0.90

−0.0715 −0.0442

(−0.1503) −0.1118

Double linear interpolation within these values gives Z(0) = 0.8058 and Z(1) = −0.1025. From Eq. (2-63): Z = 0.8058 + (0.492328)(−0.1025) = 0.7553 Note: If the analytical form available in Eq. (2-65) is used, the following more accurate values are obtained: Z(0) = 0.8131, Z(1) = − 0.1067, and Z = 0.7606. Molar volume:

ZRT V=  = P

m3⋅MPa (0.7553) 0.0083143  kmol⋅K (540.5 K)





0.6799 MPa

m3 = 4.992  kmol

4. Cubic EoS can be used to obtain both vapor and liquid densities as an alternative method to those mentioned above.

Recommended Method Cubic EoS. Classification: Empirical extension of theory. Expected uncertainty: Varies depending upon compound and conditions, but a general expectation is perhaps 10 to 20 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and moderately polar compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, ω. Description: The more common cubic EoS can be written in the form a α(Tr) V V Z =  −   V−b V2 + δV + ε RT

(2-66)

where a, b, δ, and ε are constants that depend upon the model EoS chosen, as does the temperature dependence of the function α(Tr). Definitions of these constants and α(Tr) for some of the more commonly used EoS models are shown in Table 2-354. The corresponding relations for many other EoS models in this same form are available [Soave, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27 (1972): 1197]. The independent parameters a and b in these models can be regressed from experimental data to correlate densities or obtained from known critical constants to predict density data. In the latter case, the relationships between a and b and the critical constants shown in Table 2-354 were obtained from the critical point requirements ∂P

∂2P = 0 = 2 ∂V T T=T

`  ∂V

C



`

T T=TC

(2-67)

2-500

TABLE 2-351

Simple Fluid Compressibility Factors Z (0)

Values in parentheses are for the opposite phase and may be used to interpolate to or near the phase boundary [PGL4; Wilding, W. V., J. K. Johnson, and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 8(1987):717]. Tr\Pr 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85

0.010

0.050

0.100

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.500

2.000

3.000

5.000

7.000

0.0029 0.0026 0.0024 0.0022

0.0145 0.0130 0.0119

0.0290 0.0261 0.0239

0.0579 0.0522 0.0477

0.1158 0.1043 0.0953

0.1737 0.1564 0.1429

0.2315 0.2084 0.1904

0.2892 0.2604 0.2379

0.3470 0.3123 0.2853

0.4335 0.3901 0.3563

0.5775 0.5195 0.4744

0.8648 0.7775 0.7095

1.4366 1.2902 1.1758

2.0048 1.7987 1.6373

2.8507 2.5539 2.3211

0.0110

0.0221

0.0442

0.0882

0.1322

0.1762

0.2200

0.2638

0.3294

0.4384

0.6551

1.0841

1.5077

2.1338

(0.9648)

0.0021

0.0103

(0.9741)

(0.8699)

0.9804

0.0098

0.0195

(0.0020)

(0.9000)

(0.7995)

0.9849

0.0093

0.0186

(0.0019)

(0.9211)

(0.8405)

0.9881

0.9377

0.0178

0.0356

(0.0018

(0.0089)

(0.8707)

(0.7367)

0.9904

0.9504

0.8958

0.0344

(0.0086)

(0.0172)

(0.7805)

0.9598

0.9165

0.0336

0.0670

(0.0085)

(0.0169)

(0.8181)

(0.6122)

0.9319

0.8539

0.0661

0.0985

(0.0168)

(0.0332)

(0.6659)

(0.4746)

0.8810

0.0661

0.0983

(0.0336)

(0.7222)

(0.5346)

0.9015

0.7800

0.1006

0.1321

(0.0364)

(0.0685)

(0.6040)

(0.4034)

0.8059

0.6635

0.1359

(0.7350)

(0.1047)

(0.4499)

0.8206

0.6967

0.1410

(0.0822)

(0.1116)

0.4853)

0.7240

0.5580

(0.1312)

(0.1532)

0.9922 0.9935 0.9946

0.9669 0.9725

0.0207

0.9436

0.90

0.9954

0.9768

0.9528

0.93

0.9959

0.9790

0.9573

0.95 0.97

0.9961 0.9963

0.9803 0.9815

0.9600 0.9625

10.000

0.0413

0.0825

0.1236

0.1647

0.2056

0.2465

0.3077

0.4092

0.6110

1.0094

1.4017

1.9801

0.0390

0.0778

0.1166

0.1553

0.1939

0.2323

0.2899

0.3853

0.5747

0.9475

1.3137

1.8520

0.0371

0.0741

0.1109

0.1476

0.1842

0.2207

0.2753

0.3657

0.5446

0.8959

1.2398

1.7440

0.0710

0.1063

0.1415

0.1765

0.2113

0.2634

0.3495

0.5197

0.8526

1.1773

1.6519

0.0687

0.1027

0.1366

0.1703

0.2038

0.2538

0.3364

0.4991

0.8161

1.1241

1.5729

0.1001

0.1330

0.1656

0.1981

0.2464

0.3260

0.4823

0.7854

1.0787

1.5047

0.1307

0.1626

0.1942

0.2411

0.3182

0.4690

0.7598

1.0400

1.4456

0.1301

0.1614

0.1924

0.2382

0.3132

0.4591

0.7388

1.0071

1.3943

0.1630

0.1935

0.2383

0.3114

0.4527

0.7220

0.9793

1.3496

0.1664

0.1963

0.2405

0.3122

0.4507

0.7138

0.9648

1.3257

0.1705

0.1998

0.2432

0.3138

0.4501

0.7092

0.9561

1.3108

0.1779

0.2055

0.2474

0.3164

0.4504

0.7052

0.9480

1.2968

0.1844

0.2097

0.2503

0.3182

0.4508

0.7035

0.9442

1.2901

0.1959

0.2154

0.2538

0.3204

0.4514

0.7018

0.9406

1.2835

0.2901 0.4648 0.5146 0.6026 0.6880 0.7443 0.7858 0.8438 0.8827 0.9103 0.9308 0.9463 0.9583 0.9678 0.9754 0.9865 0.9941 0.9993 1.0031 1.0057 1.0097 1.0115

0.2237 0.2370 0.2629 0.4437 0.5984 0.6803 0.7363 0.8111 0.8595 0.8933 0.9180 0.9367 0.9511 0.9624 0.9715 0.9847 0.9936 0.9998 1.0042 1.0074 1.0120 1.0140

0.2583 0.2640 0.2715 0.3131 0.4580 0.5798 0.6605 0.7624 0.8256 0.8689 0.9000 0.9234 0.9413 0.9552 0.9664 0.9826 0.9935 1.0010 1.0063 1.0101 1.0156 1.0179

0.3229 0.3260 0.3297 0.3452 0.3953 0.4760 0.5605 0.6908 0.7753 0.8328 0.8738 0.9043 0.9275 0.9456 0.9599 0.9806 0.9945 1.0040 1.0106 1.0153 1.0221 1.0249

0.4522 0.4533 0.4547 0.4604 0.4770 0.5042 0.5425 0.6344 0.7202 0.7887 0.8410 0.8809 0.9118 0.9359 0.9550 0.9827 1.0011 1.0137 1.0223 1.0284 1.0368 1.0401

0.7004 0.6991 0.6980 0.6956 0.6950 0.6987 0.7069 0.7358 0.7761 0.8200 0.8617 0.8984 0.9297 0.9557 0.9772 1.0094 1.0313 1.0463 1.0565 1.0635 1.0723 1.0741

0.9372 0.9339 0.9307 0.9222 0.9110 0.9033 0.8990 0.8998 0.9112 0.9297 0.9518 0.9745 0.9961 1.0157 1.0328 1.0600 1.0793 1.0926 1.1016 1.1075 1.1138 1.1136

1.2772 1.2710 1.2650 1.2481 1.2232 1.2021 1.1844 1.1580 1.1419 1.1339 1.1320 1.1343 1.1391 1.1452 1.1516 1.1635 1.1728 1.1792 1.1830 1.1848 1.1834 1.1773

0.9115 0.9174 0.9227

0.8338

0.98

0.9965

0.9821

0.9637

0.9253

0.8398

0.7360

0.99

0.9966

0.9826

0.9648

0.9277

0.8455

0.7471

1.00 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.50 4.00

0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9971 0.9975 0.9978 0.9981 0.9985 0.9988 0.9991 0.9993 0.9994 0.9995 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0001 1.0001

0.9832 0.9837 0.9842 0.9855 0.9874 0.9891 0.9904 0.9926 0.9942 0.9954 0.9964 0.9971 0.9977 0.9982 0.9986 0.9992 0.9996 0.9998 1.0000 1.0002 1.0004 1.0005

0.9659 0.9669 0.9679 0.9707 0.9747 0.9780 0.9808 0.9852 0.9884 0.9909 0.9928 0.9943 0.9955 0.9964 0.9972 0.9983 0.9991 0.9997 1.0001 1.0004 1.0008 1.0010

0.9300 0.9322 0.9343 0.9401 0.9485 0.9554 0.9611 0.9702 0.9768 0.9818 0.9856 0.9886 0.9910 0.9929 0.9944 0.9967 0.9983 0.9994 1.0002 1.0008 1.0017 1.0021

0.8509 0.8561 0.8610 0.8743 0.8930 0.9081 0.9205 0.9396 0.9534 0.9636 0.9714 0.9775 0.9823 0.9861 0.9892 0.9937 0.9969 0.9991 1.0007 1.0018 1.0035 1.0043

0.7574 0.7671 0.7761 0.8002 0.8323 0.8576 0.8779 0.9083 0.9298 0.9456 0.9575 0.9667 0.9739 0.9796 0.9842 0.9910 0.9957 0.9990 1.0013 1.0030 1.0055 1.0066

0.5887 (0.1703)

0.6138 (0.2324)

0.6353 0.6542 0.6710 0.7130 0.7649 0.8032 0.8330 0.8764 0.9062 0.9278 0.9439 0.9563 0.9659 0.9735 0.9796 0.9886 0.9948 0.9990 1.0021 1.0043 1.0075 1.0090

Table 2-352

Acentric Deviations Z(1) from the Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor

Values in parentheses are for the opposite phase and may be used to interpolate to or near the phase boundary [PGL4; Wilding, W. V., J. K. Johnson, and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 8(1987):717]. Tr\Pr 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

0.010

0.050

0.100

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.500

2.000

3.000

5.000

7.000

10.000

−0.0008 −0.0009 −0.0010 −0.0009

−0.0040 −0.0046 −0.0048

−0.0081 −0.0093 −0.0095

−0.0161 −0.0185 −0.0190

−0.0323 −0.0370 −0.0380

−0.0484 −0.0554 −0.0570

−0.0645 −0.0738 −0.0758

−0.0806 −0.0921 −0.0946

−0.0966 −0.1105 −0.1134

−0.1207 −0.1379 −0.1414

−0.1608 −0.1834 −0.1879

−0.2407 −0.2738 −0.2799

−0.3996 −0.4523 −0.4603

−0.5572 −0.6279 −0.6365

−0.7915 −0.8863 −0.8936

−0.0047

−0.0094

−0.0187

−0.0374

−0.0560

−0.0745

−0.0929

−0.1113

−0.1387

−0.1840

−0.2734

−0.4475

−0.6162

−0.8606

−0.0090

−0.0181

−0.0360

−0.0539

−0.0716

−0.0893

−0.1069

−0.1330

−0.1762

−0.2611

−0.4253

−0.5831

−0.8099

−0.0172

−0.0343

−0.0513

−0.0682

−0.0849

−0.1015

−0.1263

−0.1669

−0.2465

−0.3991

−0.5446

−0.7521

−0.0164

−0.0326

−0.0487

−0.0646

−0.0803

−0.0960

−0.1192

−0.1572

−0.2312

−0.3718

−0.5047

−0.6928

−0.0309

−0.0461

−0.0611

−0.0759

−0.0906

−0.1122

−0.1476

−0.2160

−0.3447

−0.4653

−0.6346

−0.0294

−0.0438

−0.0579

−0.0718

−0.0855

−0.1057

−0.1385

−0.2013

−0.3184

−0.4270

−0.5785

−0.0417

−0.0550

−0.0681

−0.0808

−0.0996

−0.1298

−0.1872

−0.2929

−0.3901

−0.5250

−0.0526

−0.0648

−0.0767

−0.0940

−0.1217

−0.1736

−0.2682

−0.3545

−0.4740

−0.0509

−0.0622

−0.0731

−0.0888

−0.1138

−0.1602

−0.2439

−0.3201

−0.4254

−0.0604

−0.0701

−0.0840

−0.1059

−0.1463

−0.2195

−0.2862

−0.3788

−0.0602

−0.0687

−0.0810

−0.1007

−0.1374

−0.2045

−0.2661

−0.3516

−0.0607

−0.0678

−0.0788

−0.0967

−0.1310

−0.1943

−0.2526

−0.3339

−0.0623

−0.0669

−0.0759

−0.0921

−0.1240

−0.1837

−0.2391

−0.3163

−0.0641

−0.0661

−0.0740

−0.0893

−0.1202

−0.1783

−0.2322

−0.3075

−0.0680

−0.0646

−0.0715

−0.0861

−0.1162

−0.1728

−0.2254

−0.2989

−0.0879 −0.0223 −0.0062 0.0220 0.0476 0.0625 0.0719 0.0819 0.0857 0.0864 0.0855 0.0838 0.0816 0.0792 0.0767 0.0719 0.0675 0.0634 0.0598 0.0565 0.0497 0.0443

−0.0609 −0.0473 0.0227 0.1059 0.0897 0.0943 0.0991 0.1048 0.1063 0.1055 0.1035 0.1008 0.0978 0.0947 0.0916 0.0857 0.0803 0.0754 0.0711 0.0672 0.0591 0.0527

−0.0678 −0.0621 −0.0524 0.0451 0.1630 0.1548 0.1477 0.1420 0.1383 0.1345 0.1303 0.1259 0.1216 0.1173 0.1133 0.1057 0.0989 0.0929 0.0876 0.0828 0.0728 0.0651

−0.0824 −0.0778 −0.0722 −0.0432 0.0698 0.1667 0.1990 0.1991 0.1894 0.1806 0.1729 0.1658 0.1593 0.1532 0.1476 0.1374 0.1285 0.1207 0.1138 0.1076 0.0949 0.0849

−0.1118 −0.1072 −0.1021 −0.0838 −0.0373 0.0332 0.1095 0.2079 0.2397 0.2433 0.2381 0.2305 0.2224 0.2144 0.2069 0.1932 0.1812 0.1706 0.1613 0.1529 0.1356 0.1219

−0.1672 −0.1615 −0.1556 −0.1370 −0.1021 −0.0611 −0.0141 0.0875 0.1737 0.2309 0.2631 0.2788 0.2846 0.2848 0.2819 0.2720 0.2602 0.2484 0.2372 0.2268 0.2042 0.1857

−0.2185 −0.2116 −0.2047 −0.1835 −0.1469 −0.1084 −0.0678 0.0176 0.1008 0.1717 0.2255 0.2628 0.2871 0.3017 0.3097 0.3135 0.3089 0.3009 0.2915 0.2817 0.2584 0.2378

−0.2902 −0.2816 −0.2731 −0.2476 −0.2056 −0.1642 −0.1231 −0.0423 0.0350 0.1058 0.1673 0.2179 0.2576 0.2876 0.3096 0.3355 0.3459 0.3475 0.3443 0.3385 0.3194 0.2994

(−0.0740)

−0.0009 (−0.0457)

−0.0314 (−0.0009) −0.0205 (0.0008)

−0.0137 (−0.0008)

−0.0093

0.75

−0.0064

0.80

−0.0044

0.85 0.90

−0.0029 −0.0019

−0.0045 (−0.2270)

−0.0043 (−0.1438)

−0.0041 (0.0949)

−0.0772 (0.0039)

−0.0507 (−0.0038)

−0.0339 (−0.0037)

−0.0228 −0.0152 −0.0099

−0.0086 (−0.2864)

−0.0082 (−0.1857)

−0.0078 (−0.1262)

−0.1161 (−0.0075)

−0.0744 (−0.0072)

−0.0487 (−0.0073)

−0.0319 −0.0205

−0.0156 (−0.2424)

−0.0148 (−0.1685)

−0.0143 (−0.1298)

−0.1160 (−0.0139)

−0.0715 (−0.0144)

−0.0442 (−0.0179)

0.93

−0.0015

−0.0075

−0.0154

−0.0326

0.95

−0.0012

−0.0062

−0.0126

−0.0262

0.97 0.98

−0.0010 −0.0009

−0.0050 −0.0044

−0.0101 −0.0090

−0.0208 −0.0184

−0.0282 (−0.2203)

−0.0272 (−0.1682)

−0.0268 (−0.1503)

−0.1118 (−0.0286)

−0.0763 (−0.0340)

−0.0589 (−0.0444)

−0.0450 −0.0390

−0.0401 (−0.2185)

−0.0391 (−0.1692)

−0.0396 (−0.1580)

−0.1662 (−0.0424)

−0.1110 (−0.0490)

−0.0770 (−0.0714)

−0.0641

0.99

−0.0008

−0.0039

−0.0079

−0.0161

−0.0335

−0.0531

1.00 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.50 4.00

−0.0007 −0.0006 −0.0005 −0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005

−0.0034 −0.0030 −0.0026 −0.0015 0.0000 0.0011 0.0019 0.0030 0.0036 0.0039 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0029 0.0026 0.0023

−0.0069 −0.0060 −0.0051 −0.0029 0.0001 0.0023 0.0039 0.0061 0.0072 0.0078 0.0080 0.0081 0.0081 0.0079 0.0078 0.0074 0.0070 0.0066 0.0062 0.0059 0.0052 0.0046

−0.0140 −0.0120 −0.0102 −0.0054 0.0007 0.0052 0.0084 0.0125 0.0147 0.0158 0.0162 0.0163 0.0162 0.0159 0.0155 0.0147 0.0139 0.0131 0.0124 0.0117 0.0103 0.0091

−0.0285 −0.0240 −0.0198 −0.0092 0.0038 0.0127 0.0190 0.0267 0.0306 0.0323 0.0330 0.0329 0.0325 0.0318 0.0310 0.0293 0.0276 0.0260 0.0245 0.0232 0.0204 0.0182

−0.0435 −0.0351 −0.0277 −0.0097 0.0106 0.0237 0.0326 0.0429 0.0477 0.0497 0.0501 0.0497 0.0488 0.0477 0.0464 0.0437 0.0411 0.0387 0.0365 0.0345 0.0303 0.0270

−0.0503 (−0.1464)

−0.0514 (−0.1418)

−0.0540 (−0.1532)

−0.1647 (−0.0643)

−0.1100 (−0.0828)

−0.0796 (−0.1621)

−0.0588 −0.0429 −0.0303 −0.0032 0.0236 0.0396 0.0499 0.0612 0.0661 0.0677 0.0677 0.0667 0.0652 0.0635 0.0617 0.0579 0.0544 0.0512 0.0483 0.0456 0.0401 0.0357

2-501

2-502

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-353 Constants for the Two Reference Fluids Used in Lee-Kesler Method* Constant

Simple reference fluid

Acentric reference fluid

b1 b2 b3 b4 c1 c2 c3 c4 d1  104 d2  104 β γ

0.1181193 0.265728 0.154790 0.030323 0.0236744 0.0186984 0.0 0.042724 0.155488 0.623689 0.65392 0.060167

0.2026579 0.331511 0.027655 0.203488 0.0313385 0.0503618 0.016901 0.041577 0.48736 0.0740336 1.226 0.03754

Tr = (353.15 K)(405.65 K) = 0.871 α ={1 + [0.48 + (1.574)(0.252608) − (0.176)(0.252608)2][1 − (0.871)0.5]}2 = 1.119 Rearrange and solve Eq. (2-66) for V: RT aα P=  −  V−b V(V + b)



V 41.352  m3/mol

3

PV3 − RTV2 + (aα − bRT − Pb2)V − abα = 0

or m3

2

 + 4.037 × 10 − 0.029  mol  m /mol  V

−6

3



m6  mol2





V ×  − 1.25 × 10−10 = 0 m3/mol

*Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510.

Vapor root (initial guess of V = 7.1 × 10−7 m3/mol from ideal gas equation): Vvap = 5.395 × 10−4 m3mol

Of the cubic EoS given in Table 2-354, the Soave and PengRobinson are the most accurate, but there is no general rule for which EoS produces the best estimated volumes for specific fluids or conditions. The Peng-Robinson equation has been better tuned to liquid densities, while the Soave equation has been better tuned to vapor-liquid equilibrium and vapor densities. In solving the cubic equation for volume, a convenient initial guess to find the vapor root is the ideal gas value, while an initial value of 1.05b is convenient to locate the liquid root.

Liquid root (initial guess of V = 2.72 × 10−5 m3mol from 1.05b): Vliq = 4.441 × 10−5 m3mol

Pc = 112.8 bar

a = 4.611 × 106 cm6 ⋅barmol2

b = 23.262 cm3mol

α = 1.103 RT aα P =  −  V−b V 2 + 2bV − b2

ω = 0.252608

P∗ (353.15 K) = 41.352 bar (vapor pressure at 353.15 K)

ρ liq = 1Vliq = 22.516 kmolm3

and

The corresponding values and equation for the Peng-Robinson EoS are

Example Estimate the molar density of liquid and vapor saturated ammonia at 353.15 K, using the Soave and Peng-Robinson EoS. Required properties: Recommended values in the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 405.65 K

ρvap = 1Vvap = 1.854 kmolm3

and

or

EoS parameters (shown for Soave EoS): PV 3 + (bP − RT)V2 + (aα − 2bRT − 3Pb2)V + (bP3 + RTb2 − abα) = 0 0.42748(RTc)2 a =  = Pc

0.42748

3

2

83.145  mol⋅K (405.65 K) bar⋅cm

112.8 bar



V 41.352  m3/mol

3

m3

V

3

cm6⋅bar = 4.311 × 106  mol2

0.08664(RTc) b =  = Pc

2

 + 3.651 × 10 − 0.0284  mol  m /mol 



−6

m6  mol2





V ×  − 1.018 × 10−10 = 0 m3/mol Vvap = 5.286 × 10−4 m3mol and ρvap = 1.892 kmolm3



bar⋅cm3  0.08664 83.145  mol ⋅ K (405.65 K)



Vliq = 3.914 × 10−5 m3mol and ρliq = 25.55 kmolm3

112.8 bar

The liquid density calculated from the Soave EoS is 24.2 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 29.69 kmol/m3, while that calculated from the Peng-Robinson EoS is 13.9 percent below the recommended value.

cm3 = 25.906  mol

TABLE 2-354

Relationships for Eq. (2-66) for Common Cubic EoS

EoS

δ

ε

α(Tr)

aPc/(RTc)2

bPc/(RTc)

van der Waals* Relich-Kwong† Soave‡ Peng-Robinson§

0 0 b 2b

0 0 0 −b2

1

0.42188 0.42748 0.42748 0.45724

0.125 0.08664 0.08664 0.0778

Tr−0.5 [1 + (0.48 + 1.574ω − 0.176ω2)(1 − Tr0.5)]2 [1 + (0.37464 + 1.54226ω − 0.2699ω2)(1 − Tr0.5)]2

*van der Waal, J. H., Z. Phys. Chem., 5 (1890): 133. †Redlich, O., and J. N. S. Kwong, Chem. Rev., 44 (1949): 233. ‡Soave, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27 (1972): 1197. §Peng, D. Y., and D. B. Robinson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 15 (1976): 59.

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Liquids For most liquids, the saturated molar liquid density ρ can be effectively correlated with A ρ=  B[1+(1−T/C) ]

(2-68)

D

adapted from the Rackett prediction equation [Rackett, H. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 15 (1970): 514]. The regression constants A, B, and D are determined from the nonlinear regression of available data, while C is usually taken as the critical temperature. The liquid density decreases approximately linearly from the triple point to the normal boiling point and then nonlinearly to the critical density (the reciprocal of the critical volume). A few compounds such as water cannot be fit with this equation over the entire range of temperature. The recommended method for estimation of saturated liquid density for pure organic compounds is the Rackett prediction method. Recommended Method Rackett method. Reference: Rackett, H. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 15 (1970): 514. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 8 percent as purely predictive equation; 2 percent if ZRA (see Description below) or some liquid density data are available. Applicability: Saturated liquid densities of organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and Zc (or, equivalently, Vc). Description: A predictive form of the equation is given by





1 RTc  = V =  Z qc ρ Pc

where q = 1.0 + (1.0 − Tr)27

(2-69)

A modification of the Rackett method by Spencer and Danner [Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 17 (1972): 236] replaces Zc with an adjustable parameter ZRA





1 RTc q  = V =  Z RA ρ Pc

(2-70)

to provide better estimations of liquid density away from the critical point [Eq. (2-70) gives the correct critical density only when ZRA = Zc]. An alternative to this modification when several liquid density data points are available is to replace the 2/7 power in q of Eq. (2-69) with an adjustable parameter. This generally provides good agreement with the experimental values and permits accurate extrapolation of the densities all the way to the critical point. Example Estimate the saturated liquid density of acetonitrile at 376.69 K.

Required properties: The recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 545.5 K

Pc = 4.83 MPa

Zc = 0.184

Calculate supporting quantities: Tr = (376.69 K)(545.5 K) = 0.691 q = 1 + (1 − 0.691)27 = 1.715 Calculate saturated liquid density from Eq. (2-69):

ρ=

c

4.83 × 106 Pa  Pa⋅m3 8.314  (545.5 K) mol⋅K



d (0.184)

−1.715

kmol = 19.42  m3

This estimated value is 16.1 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 16.726 kmol/m3.

2-503

Calculate ρsat from Eq. (2-70): Kratzke [Kratzke, H., and S. Muller, J. Chem. Thermo., 17 (1985): 151] reported an experimental density of 18.919 kmol/m3 at 298.08 K. Use of this experimental value in Eq. (2-70) to calculate ZRA gives Tr = (298.08 K)(545.5 K) = 0.546

ZRA =

c

ρ=

q = 1 + (1 – 0.546)27 = 1.798

d

4.83 × 106 Pa  Pa⋅m3 kmol 8314   (545.5 K) 18.919  k mol⋅K m3





c

4.83 × 106 Pa  Pa⋅m3 8.314  (545.5 K) mol⋅K



d (0.202)

−1.715

1/1.798

= 0.202

kmol = 16.577  m3

The value obtained by the modified Rackett method is 0.9 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value. Note, however, that with ZRA = 0.202, Eq. (270) gives ρc = 5.28 kmolm3 as opposed to the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 5.79 kmol/m3. If the power is regressed from the Kratzke density, one obtains q1 = 0.452 and ρ = 15.68 kmolm3 (4 percent below the experimental value), while still retaining ρc = 5.79 kmol/m3.

Solids Solid density data are sparse and usually available only within a narrow temperature range. For most solids, density decreases approximately linearly with increasing temperature. Prediction of solid densities is an inexact science, but reasonable correlation has been found between the density of the liquid phase at the triple point and the solid that is stable at the triple point conditions. Recommended Method Goodman method. Reference: Goodman, B. T., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (2004): 1512. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 6 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds; applicable to the stable solid phase at the triple point temperature Tt, to either the next solid-phase transition temperature or to approximately 0.3Tt. Input data: Liquid density at the triple point. Description: The density for the solid phase that is stable at the triple point has been correlated as a function of temperature and the liquid density at Tt:



T ρs = 1.28 − 0.16  Tt

ρ (T ) L

(2-71)

t

Example

Estimate the density of solid naphthalene at 281.46 K. Required properties: The recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database for Tt and the liquid density at Tt are Tt = 353.43 K

ρL(Tt) = 7.6326 kmolm3

From Eq. (2-71):



281.46 K ρs = 1.28 − 0.16  353.43 K

= 8.797  7.6326  m m kmol 3

kmol 3

The estimated value is 4.3 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 9.1905 kmol/m3.

Mixtures Both liquid and vapor densities can be estimated using pure-component CS and EoS methods by treating the fluid as a pseudo-pure component with effective parameters calculated from the pure-component parameters and using ad hoc mixing rules. To apply the Lee-Kesler CS method to mixtures, pseudo-pure fluid constants are required. One of the simplest set of mixing rules for these quantities is [Prausnitz, J. M., and R. D. Gunn, AIChE J., 4 (1958): 430, 494; Joffe, J., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 10 (1971): 532]: ⎯ C Tc = xiTc,i i=1

(2-72)

2-504

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA where

C

xZ

i=1

i c,i

⎯ = ⎯ Pc  RTc C

xiVc,i

C ⎯ ZRA = 0.29056 − 0.08775 xiωi

(2-73)

and

i=1

T Tr =  ⎯ Tc

(2-82)

i=1

C

⎯ = xω ω

i i

(2-74)

i=1

The procedures are identical to those for pure components with the replacement of Tc, Pc, and ω with the effective mixture values calculated by using these equations. To use a cubic EoS for a mixture, mixing rules are used to calculate effective mixture parameters in terms of the pure-component values. Although there are more complex mixing rules available that may improve prediction accuracy, the simplest forms are recommended here for their simplicity and reasonable accuracy without adjustable parameters: ⎯ C b = xi bi (2-75) i=1

⎯aα ⎯=

C

x (a α ) 

i=1 i

i

i



12

2

(2-76)

Mixture calculations are then identical to the pure-component calculations using these effective mixture parameters for the pure-component aα and b values. The actual mixture second virial coefficient Bm is related to the pure-component values by C

Example Estimate the saturated liquid density of a liquid mixture of 50 mol % ethane(1) and 50 mol % n-decane(2) at 377.6 K. Required properties: The recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database for the required properties are as follows:

Ethane Decane

Bii = Bi

where

13 V13 c,i + Vc, j Vc,ij =  2



ωi + ωj ω ij =  2



3

Zc,i + Zc,j Zc,ij =  (2-78) 2

Zc,ijRTc,ij Pc,ij =  Vc,ij

(2-79)

These interaction parameters are used in place of the corresponding pure-component parameters to determine the Bij values. The modified Rackett method has also been extended to liquid mixtures [Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 17 (1972): 236] using the following combining and mixing rules as modified by Li [Li, C. C., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 19 (1971): 709]: xiVc,i φi =  C xV

j=1 j

⎯ C Tc =

C

φ φ T i =1 j=1 i

j c,ij

(2-80)

c,j

Recommended Method Spencer-Danner-Li mixing rules with Rackett equation. References: Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 17 (1972): 236; Li, C. C., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 19 (1971): 709. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: About 7 percent on average; higher near the Tc of any of the components. Applicability: Saturated (at the bubble point) liquid mixtures. Input data: Tc, Vc, and xi. Description: The predictive form of the equation is given by 1 = V = R ρ

xiTc,i ⎯q

Z   P i=1

ω

0.1455 0.617

48.72 21.1

0.0995 0.4923

(0.5)(0.1455) φ1 =  = 0.191; (0.5)(0.1455) + (0.5)(0.617)

φ2 = 0.809

 2 K)(6 17.7 K) = 434.3 K Tc,12 = (305.3 ⎯⎯ T c = φ 2T + 2φ φ T + φ 2T  1 2 c,12 1 c,1 2 c,2 K = (0.191)2(305.32) + (2)(0.191)(0.809)(434.3) + (0.809)2(617.7) ⎯ Tc = 549.68 K Calculations from Eqs. (2-81) and (2-82):

(2-77)

This requires calculation of all possible binary pair interaction virials (Bij, i ≠ j) for the mixture. Again the pure-component methods can be used to provide estimates of these values by using the following combining rules:

C

Pc / bar

305.32 617.7

Auxiliary quantities from Eq. (2-80):

q = 1 + (1 − 0.687)2/7 = 1.718 ⎯ ZRA = 0.29056 − 0.08775[(0.5)(0.0995) + (0.5)(0.4923)] = 0.2646

i=1 j=1

Tc,ij = T c,iTc, j

Vc /(m3kmol−1)

Tr = (377.6 K)/(549.63 K) = 0.687

C

Bm = xi xjB ij

Tc,ij = T  c,iTc,j

Tc /K

c,i

RA

q = 1.0 + (1.0 − Tr)27

(2-81)

m3⋅bar V = 0.08314  K⋅kmol



+   (0.2646)   48.72 bar 21.1 bar (0.5)(305.32 K)

(0.5)(617.7 K)

1.718

m3 = 0.151  kmol

The experimental value [Reamer, H. H., and B. H. Sage, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 7 (1962): 161] is 0.149 m3/kmol, and the error in the estimated value is 1.3 percent. VISCOSITY Viscosity is defined as the shear stress per unit area at any point in a confined fluid, divided by the velocity gradient in the direction perpendicular to the direction of flow. The absolute viscosity η is the shear stress at a point, divided by the velocity gradient at that point. The SI unit of viscosity is Pa⋅s [1 kg/(m⋅s)], but the cgs unit of poise (P) [1 g/(cm⋅s)] is also commonly used. Because many common fluids have viscosities on the order of 0.01 P, the unit of centipoise (cP) is also frequently used (1 cP =1 mPa⋅s). The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as the ratio of the absolute viscosity to density at the same temperature and pressure. The SI unit for ν is m2/s, but again cgs units are very common and ν is often given in stokes (St) (1 cm2/s) or centistokes (cSt) (0.01 cm2/s). Gases Experimental data for gases and vapors at low density are often correlated with AT B η o = 2 1 + C/T+D/T

(2-83)

Over smaller temperature ranges, parameters C and D may not be necessary as ln η is often reasonably linear with ln T. Care should be taken in extrapolating using Eq. (2-83) as there can be unintended mathematical poles where the denominator approaches zero.

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Numerous methods have been developed for estimation of vapor viscosity. For nonpolar vapors, the Yoon-Thodos CS method works well, but for polar fluids the Reichenberg method is preferred. Both methods are illustrated below. Recommended Method Yoon-Thodos method. Reference: Yoon, P., and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 16 (1970): 300. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 5 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and slightly polar organic vapors. Input data: Tc, Pc, and M. Description: The correlation for viscosity as a function of reduced temperature is ηo 46.1Tr0.618 − 20.4 exp(−0.449Tr) + 19.4 exp(−4.058Tr) + 1  =  Pa⋅s 2.173424 × 1011(Tc /K)1/6(M/gmol)−1(Pc /Pa)−2/3

TABLE 2-355

2-505

Reichenberg* Group Contribution Values

Group

Ci

Group

Ci

CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH >C苷 CH C >CH2 ring >CH ring >C< ring 苷CH ring >C苷 ring

9.04 6.47 2.67 −1.53 7.68 5.53 1.78 7.41 5.24 6.91 1.16 0.23 5.90 3.59

F Cl Br OH alcohol >O >C苷O CHO COOH COO or HCOO NH2 >NH 苷N ring CN >S ring

4.46 10.06 12.83 7.96 3.59 12.02 14.02 18.65 13.41 9.71 3.68 4.97 18.13 8.86

*Reichenberg, D., AIChE J., 21 (1975): 181.

(2-84) Example Estimate the low-pressure vapor viscosity of propane at 353 K. Required constants: The DIPPR® 801 database recommends the following values: Tc = 369.83 K Pc = 4.248 MPa M = 44.0956 g/mol

Example Estimate the low-pressure vapor viscosity of ethyl acetate at 401.25 K. Required constants: The DIPPR® 801 database recommends the following values: M = 88.1051 gmol

Tc = 523.3 K

Pc = 3.88 MPa

O

Calculation using Eq. (2-84):

ηo  = Pa ⋅ s

H3C Group

(46.1)(0.9545)0.618 − 20.4 exp[−0.449)(0.9545)]+19.4 exp[−4.058(0.9545)]+1  (2.173424 × 1011)(369.83 )−12(44.0956)−12(4.248× 106)−23

−CH3 >CH2 —COO—

ni 2 1 1

O

CH3 Ci

Contribution

9.04 6.47 13.41

18.08 6.47 13.41 Total

= 9.84 × 10−6 The estimated value is 1.5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 9.70 × 10−6 Pa⋅s.

Recommended Method Reichenberg method. Reference: Reichenberg, D., AIChE J., 21 (1975): 181. Classification: Group contributions and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 5 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and polar organic and inorganic vapors. Input data: Tc, Pc, M, µ, and molecular structure. Description: The temperature dependence of the viscosity is given by ATr2 ηo  =  [1 + 0.36Tr(Tr − 1)]16 Pa⋅s



1 + 270(µ*r)4  Tr + 270(µ*r)4



µr* = 52.46µr

(2-86)

and Eq. (2.62).

For organic compounds, A is found from the group values Ci, listed in Table 2-355, using

(kg  kmol) M

A = 10

12

(Tc / K)

 N

(2-87)

nC

i=1 i

i

For inorganic gases, A is obtained from A = 1.6104 × 10−10

M

−16

   g/mol  Pa  K  12

Pc

23

Tc

37.96

Tr = (401.25 K)(523.3 K) = 0.767 From Eqs. (2-62) and (2-86): (1.78)2(38.8) = 0.024 µ*r = 52.46  (523.3)2 From Eq. (2-87): (88.1051)12(523.3) A = 10−7  = 1.294 × 10−5 37.96 Calculation using Eq. (2-84):

(2-85)

where the parameter A is determined from group contributions and the modified reduced dipole µ*r is found from

−7

µ = 1.78 D

Supporting quantities: Structural groups:

Reduced temperature: Tr = (353 K)/(369.83 K) = 0.9545

(2-88)

(1.294 × 10−5)(0.767)2 1 + (270)(0.024)4 ηo  = 1.003 × 10−5  =  [1 + (0.36)(0.767)(0.767 − 1)]16 0.767 + (270)(0.024)4 Pa⋅s The estimated value is 1.5 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 1.018 × 10−5 Pa⋅s.

The dependence of viscosity upon pressure is principally a density effect. Estimation of vapor viscosity at elevated pressures is commonly done by correlating density deviations from the low-pressure values, which are in turn estimated by using the procedures mentioned above. Several methods are available, but the method developed by Jossi et al. and extended to polar fluids by Stiel and Thodos is relatively accurate and easy to apply. Recommended Method Jossi-Stiel-Thodos Method. References: Stiel, L. I., and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 10 (1964): 26; Jossi, J. A., L. I. Stiel, and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 8 (1962): 59. Classification: Empirical correlation and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 9 percent—often less for nonpolar gases, larger for polar gases. Applicability: Nonassociating gases; ρr < 2.6. Input data: M, Tc, Pc, Zc, µ,ηo (low-pressure viscosity at same T may be estimated by using methods given above), and ρ (may be calculated from T and P by using density methods given above).

2-506

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Description: Deviation of η from the low-pressure value ηo is given by one of the following correlations depending upon its polarity and reduced density range: For nonpolar gases, 0.1 < ρr < 3.0: η − ηo

ξ + 1   mPa⋅s

14

(2-89)

ξ = 1.656ρ  mPa⋅s

1.111 r

(2-90)

For polar gases, 0.1 < ρr ≤ 0.9: η − ηo

ξ = 0.0607(9.045ρ + 0.63)  mPa⋅s

1.739

r

(2-91)





η − ηo  ξ mPa⋅s

= 0.6439 − 0.1005ρr



which is analogous to the Riedel [Riedel, L., Chem. Ing. Tech., 26 (1954): 83] vapor pressure equation. Currently the most accurate method for predicting pure liquid viscosity is the following GC method. Recommended Method Hsu method. Reference: Hsu, H.-C., Y.-W. Sheu, and C.-H. Tu, Chem. Eng. J., 88 (2002): 27. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 20 percent. Applicability: Organic liquids; Tr < 0.75. Input data: Pc and molecular structure. Description: The temperature dependence of the liquid viscosity is given by η ln  mPa⋅s



(2-92)

N

c

i=1

N

N

+  d ln   (2-97) = a + T b +  bar T i

i=1

i

i

i=1

Pc

i

2

i=1

where Pc is critical pressure and the coefficients a, b, c, and d are the sum of the group contributions obtained from Table 2-356.

For polar gases, 2.2 < ρr ≤ 2.6: log 4 − log

(2-96)

N

For polar gases, 0.9 < ρr  2.2:



or an extension of it. For example, the DIPPR® 801 database uses the equation B ln η = A +  + C ln T + DTE T

For polar gases, ρr ≤ 0.1: η − ηo

(2-95)

T

= 1.0230 + 0.23364ρr

+ 0.58533ρ2r − 0.40758ρ3r + 0.093324ρ4r

log 4 − log

B ln η = A + 

ξ = 0.6439 − 0.1005ρ   mPa⋅s 

Example

Estimate the liquid viscosity of benzotrifluoride at 303.15 K. Structural information:

η − ηo

r

F

− 0.000475(ρ3r − 10.65)2

(2-93)

F

where ρc = Pc (ZcRTc) and

F −12

   kg/kmol  MPa

T ξ = 2173.4 c K

16

M

Pc

−23

(2-94)

Example Estimate the vapor viscosity of CO2 at 350 K and 20 MPa if ηo = 0.0174 mPa⋅s and Z = 0.4983 (estimated from Lee-Kesler method, see section on density). Required properties: From the DIPPR® 801 database, M = 44.01 kgkmol Zc = 0.274

Pc = 7.383 MPa Tc = 304.21 K µ = 0 D (nonpolar)

Group >C< (苷CH)A (苷CCH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< CH C (CH2)R (>CH)R (苷CH)R cycloalkene (>CN >N ring CN NO2 S F perfluoro F other Cl Br I Hc 3-ring other ringd

0.0650 0.0880 0.0065 0.0450 −0.0605 0.0135 0.0645 0.0700 0.0100 0.0568 0.0510 0.0550 0.0415 0.0245 0.0675 0.1500 0.1100

Corrections for multigroup interactions Hydrocarbons with 4 or fewer carbon atoms Single CH3 group + nonhydrocarbon groups other than COOH, Br, I f Two hydrocarbon + nonhydrocarbon groups other than COOH, Br, I f Unsaturated aliphatic compounds with three hydrocarbon groups Special groups Cl(CH2)nCl More than one nonhydrocarbon group with hydrocarbon groups Nonhydrocarbon groups but no hydrocarbon groups a

0.0150(5 − nC) 0.0600 0.0285 0.0285 0.0350 0.0095 0.1165

e

All rings are treated as separate rings in polycyclic compounds. Used only for aliphatic primary alcohols and phenols having no branch chains. Used in methane, formic acid, formates, etc. d Used for all rings in polycyclic compounds with at least one nonhydrocarbon ring. e The number of carbon atoms is nC. f Aliphatic nonhydrocarbon liquids such as methylformate, aceticanhydride, and ethylformate, having more than one type of nonhydrocarbon group and (1) one or two methyl groups or (2) one ethyl group only, require two correction factors. One is due to the hydrocarbon groups, and one is due to the presence of more than one type of nonhydrocarbon group *SOURCE: Sastri, S. R. S., and K. K. Rao, Chem. Eng. J., 74 (1999): 161. b c



γ

k = kbαβ

(2-109)

where γ = 1.23 for alcohols and 0.2 for all other compounds and α = 0.856 for alcohols and 0.16 for all other compounds.

γ = 0.167

TABLE 2-359 Sastri-Rao* Group Contributions for Liquid Thermal Conductivity at the Normal Boiling Point Hydrocarbons CH3 CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< 苷C苷 ringa Nonhydrocarbons O OH primaryb OH other >CO >CHO COO

2-511

2-512

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Example Estimate the thermal conductivity of liquid methyl formate at 323 K. Molecular structure:

O O



ki

ni

ni ki

CH3 1 0.0545 COO 1 0.0070 H 1 0.0675 Corrections for multigroup interactions Single CH3 group + nonhydrocarbon groups More than one nonhydrocarbon with hydrocarbon groups

0.0545 0.0070 0.0675 0.0600 0.0095 Total

0.1985

Required input properties from DIPPR® 801 recommended values: Tc = 487.2 K

Tb = 304.9 K

Tr = TTc = 323487.2 = 0.6630

Tbr = 304.9487.2 = 0.6258

From Eq. (2-109): α = 0.16

γ = 0.2

1 − 0.633 β = 1 −  1 − 0.6257





0.2

(nonalcohol values)

= 0.0207

kb = 0.1985 W(m⋅K)

k = [0.1985 W(m⋅K)] (0.16)0.0207 = 0.1911 W(m⋅K) The estimated value is 10.2 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 0.1734 W/(m⋅K).

Recommended Method Missenard method. Reference: Missenard, A., Comptes Rendus, 260 (1965): 5521. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 20 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds; nonassociating. Input data: Tc, m (number of atoms in molecule), ρ273 (liquid density at 273.15 K), Tb, M, Cp,273 (liquid heat capacity at 273.15 K). Description: 8.4 k273 T ⋅ b  =  m14 mW(m⋅K) K

ρ273

   g/m  g/mol



12

12

M

−12

3

Cp,273 ×  J(mol⋅K)



mW 141.3  [3 + 20(1 − 0.5673)23] m⋅K k273[3 + 20(1 − Tr)23] k =  =  3 + 20 (1 − 0.4425)23 3 + 20(1 − Tr,273)23

CH3

Group contributions from Table 2-359: Group

From Eq. (2-111):

mW = 123.3  m⋅K The estimated value is 4.5 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 118.0 mW/(m⋅K).

Liquid Mixtures The thermal conductivity of liquid mixtures generally shows a modest negative deviation from a linear mass-fraction-weighted average of the pure-component values. Although more complex methods with some improved accuracy are available, two simple methods are recommended here that require very little additional information. The first method applies only to binary mixtures while the second can be used for multiple components. Recommended Method Filippov correlation. References: Filippov, L. P., Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Fiz. Mat. Estestv. Nauk, 10 (1955): 67; Filippov, L. P., and N. S. Novoselova, Sugden, Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Fiz. Mat. Estestv. Nauk, 10 (1955): 37. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 4 to 8 percent. Applicability: Binary liquid mixtures. Input data: Pure-component thermal conductivities ki at mixture conditions; wi. Description: The mixture thermal conductivity is calculated from the pure-component values using k = w1k1 + w2k2 − 0.72w1w2 k2 − k1

where wi is the mass fraction of pure fluid i. Recommended Method Li correlation. References: Li, C. C., AIChE J., 22 (1976): 927. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 4 to 8 percent. Applicability: Liquid mixtures. Input data: Pure-component thermal conductivities ki at mixture conditions; ρL,i Description: The mixture thermal conductivity is correlated as a function of the mixture volume fractions φi: C

k=

(2-110)



i =1

k273[3 + 20 (1 − Tr)23] k =  3 + 20 (1 − Tr,273)23

(2-112)

C

2ki kj

φφ 

k +k j =1

(2-113)

i j

i

j

−1 xiρL,i where φi =  C

xjρ−1L,j

(2-111)

j=1

where Tr,273 = (273 K)/Tc. Example

Estimate the thermal conductivity of m-xylene at 350 K. Required properties from DIPPR® 801 database: Tc = 617 K

m = 18

ρ273 = 7.6812 kmolm3

Tb = 412.27 K

M = 106.165 kgkmol

Cp,273 = 200.64 kJ/(kmol⋅K)

Auxiliary properties: Tr = 350617 = 0.5673

Tbr = 412.27617 = 0.6682

Tr,273 = 273617 = 0.4425

Example Estimate the thermal conductivity of a mixture containing 30.2 mol % diethyl ether(1) and 69.8 mol % methanol(2) at 273.15 K and 0.1 MPa, using the Filippov and Li correlations. Auxiliary data: The pure-component thermal conductivities and molar densities at 273.15 K recommended in the DIPPR® 801 database are k1 = 0.1383 W(m⋅K)

ρ1 = 9.9335 kmolm3

M1 = 74.1216 kgkmol

k2 = 0.2069 W(m⋅K)

ρ2 = 25.371 kmolm

M2 = 32.0419 kgkmol

3

The mass fractions corresponding to the mole fractions given above are w1 = 0.5

From Eq. (2-110):

w2 = 0.5

The volume fractions are  = (8.4)(412.27)  mW/(m⋅K) k273

= 141.3

(0.007681)12(106.165)−12(200.64)(18)−0.25

12

(0.302)(9.9335)−1 φ1 =  = 0.525 (0.302)(9.9335)−1 + (0.698)(25.371)−1

φ2 = 0.475

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Calculation using Eq. (2-112): W k = [(0.5)(0.1383) + (0.5)(0.2069) − (0.72)(0.5)(0.5)0.2069 − 0.1383]  m⋅K = 0.160 W(m⋅K)

Input Data: ρL, molecular structure, and Table 2-360. Description: Equation (2-114) is used with P calculated from N

P = ni ∆Pi

(2-115)

i =1

Calculation using Eq. (2-113):

2-513

Group values for the parachor are given in Table 2-360.



(0.525)(0.475)(2)(0.1383)(0.2069) k = (0.525)2(0.1383) + 2 ⋅  0.1383 + 0.2069

Example

Estimate the surface tension of ethylacetylene at 237.45 K.

Structure:



W + (0.475)2(0.2069)  m⋅K

HC

CH3

C

= 0.167 W(m⋅K) The Filippov value is 7.5 percent lower than the experimental value of 0.173 W/(m⋅K) [Jamieson, D. T., and B. K. Hastings, Thermal Conductivity, Proceedings of the Eighth Conference, C. Y. Ho and R. E. Taylor, eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1969]; the Li value is 3.5 percent lower than the experimental value.

Group

ni

∆Pi

ni ∆Pi

 CH  C >CH2 (n = 1–11) CH3

1 1 1 1

43.64 28.64 39.92 55.25

43.64 28.64 39.92 55.25

Solids There is no reliable method for estimating solid thermal conductivity at this time. SURFACE TENSION The surface layer at a vapor-liquid interface is in tension and will contract to minimize the surface area. Qualitatively, the surface tension is due to the larger attractive forces that molecules at the interface experience from molecules in the dense liquid phase than from those in the low-density gas phase. Quantitatively, surface tension is defined as the force in the surface plane per unit length. Jasper [Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1 (1972): 841] has made a critical evaluation of experimental surface tension data for approximately 2200 pure chemicals and correlated surface tension σ (mN/m = dyn/cm) with temperature as σ = A − BT Jasper’s evaluation also includes values of A and B for most of the tabulated chemicals. Surface tension decreases with increasing temperature and increasing pressure. Pure Liquids An approach suggested by Macleod [Macleod, D. B., Trans. Faraday Soc., 19 (1923): 38] and modified by Sugden [Sugden, S. J., Chem. Soc., 125 (1924): 32] relates σ to the liquid and vapor molar densities and a temperature-independent parameter called the parachor P σ ρ L − ρV  = P⋅  mN/m 103 kmol/m3

 



4

Total

Required properties: The DIPPR® 801 database gives ρL = 13.2573 kmol/m3 at 237.45 K. Calculation using Eq. (2-114):





13.2573 σ = (167.45)  1000



4

mN N  = 0.02429  m m

The estimated value is 0.9 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 0.02407 N/m.

Recommended Method Brock-Bird method. Reference: Brock, J. R., and R. B. Bird, AIChE J., 1 (1955): 174; Miller, D. G., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 2 (1963): 78. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 5 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and moderately polar organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and Tb. Description: σ Pc  = (5.553 × 10−5)  mN/m Pa

  K 2/3

Tc

1/3

F(1 − Tr)11/9

(2-116)

where Tbr [ln(Pc /Pa) − 11.5261] F =  − 1.3281 1 − Tbr

(2-114)

where ρL and ρV are the saturated molar liquid and vapor densities, respectively. At low temperatures, where ρL >> ρV, the vapor density can be neglected, but at higher temperatures the density of both phases must be calculated. At the critical point the surface tension is zero as ρL = ρV. Quayle [Quayle, O. R., Chem. Rev., 53 (1953): 439] proposed a group contribution method for estimating P that has been improved in recent years by Knotts et al. [ Knotts, T. A., et. al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46 (2001): 1007]. This method using P is recommended when groups are available; otherwise, the Brock-Bird [Brock, J. R., and R. B. Bird, AIChE J., 1 (1955): 174] corresponding-states method as modified by Miller [Miller, D. G., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 2 (1963): 78] may be used to estimate surface tension for compounds that are not strongly polar or associating. Recommended Method Parachor method. References: Macleod, D. B., Trans. Faraday Soc., 19 (1923): 38; Sugden, S. J., Chem. Soc., 125 (1924): 32; Knotts, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46 (2001): 1007. Classification: Group contributions and QSPR. Expected uncertainty: 4 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available.

167.45

(2-117)

Example

Estimate the surface tension for ethyl mercaptan at 303.15 K. Required properties from DIPPR® 801: Tc = 499.15 K

Pc = 5.49 × 106 Pa

Tb = 308.15 K

Supporting quantities: Tr = (303.15 K)/(499.15 K) = 0.6073 Tbr = (308.15 K)/(499.15 K) = 0.6173 F = {0.6173 [ln (5.49 × 106) − 11.5261]/(1 − 0.6173)} − 1.3281 = 5.113 [from Eq. (2-117)] From Eq. (2-116): σ = (5.553 × 10−5)(5.49 × 106)2/3(499.15)1/3(5.113)(1 − 0.6073)11/9 mN/m = 22.36 mN/m The estimated value is 1.4 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 22.68 mN/m.

2-514

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-360

Knotts* Group Contributions for the Parachor in Estimating Surface Tension

Group (a) Nonring C CH3 >CH2 (n = 1–11) >CH2 (n = 12–20) >CH2 (n > 20) >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< 苷C苷 CH C Branch corrections Per branch sec-sec adjacency sec-tert adjacency tert-tert adjacency (b) Nonaromatic ring C CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH 苷C< >CH (fused ring) Ring corrections Three-member ring Four-member ring Five-member ring Six-member ring Seven-member ring (c) Aromatic ring C >CH >C C (fused arom/arom) C (fused arom/aliph) Arom ring corr ortho para meta subst. naphthalene corr (d) Oxygen groups OH (alc, primary) OH (alc, sec) OH (alc, tertiary) OH (phenol) O (nonring) O (ring) O (aromatic) >C苷O (nonring) >C苷O (ring) O苷CH (aldehyde) CHOOH (formic) COOH (acid) OCHO (formate) COO (ester) COOCO (acid anhyd) OC(苷O)O (ring)

Pi 55.25 39.92 40.11 40.51 28.90 15.76 49.76 34.57 24.50 24.76 43.64 28.64 −6.02 −2.73 −3.61 −6.10 39.21 23.94 7.19 34.07 18.85 22.05 12.67 15.76 7.04 5.19 3.00 34.36 16.07 19.73 14.41 −0.60 3.40 2.24 −7.07 31.42 22.68 20.66 30.32 20.61 21.67 23.54 47.02 50.04 66.06 94.01 74.57 82.29 64.97 115.07 84.05

Pi

Group (e) Nitrogen groups RNH2 (primary R) RNH2 (sec R) RNH2 (tert R) ANH2 (attached to arom ring) >NH (nonring) >NH (ring) >NH (in arom ring) >N- (nonring) >N- (ring) N苷 (nonring) >N (aromatic) HCN (hyd cyanide) CN CN (aromatic) (f) Nitrogen and oxygen groups C苷ONH2 (amides) C苷ONH- (amides) C苷ON< (amides) NHCHO >NCHO N苷O NO2 NO2 (aromatic) (g) Sulfur groups R-SH (primary R) R-SH (sec R) R-SH (tert R) SH (aromatic) S (nonring) S (ring) S (aromatic) >S苷O (nonring) >SO2 (nonring) >SO2 (ring) (h) Halogen groups F Cl Br I F (aromatic) Cl (aromatic) Br (aromatic) I (aromatic) (i) Si groups SiH4 >SiH >Si< >Si< (ring) (j) Other inorganic groups PO4 >P >B >Al ClO3

44.98 44.63 46.44 46.53 29.04 31.97 33.92 10.77 15.71 23.24 26.49 80.94 65.23 67.54 93.43 73.64 57.05 91.69 77.12 64.32 73.86 75.05 66.89 63.34 65.33 68.30 51.37 51.75 51.47 72.21 93.20 90.13 21.81 26.24 51.16 54.56 66.30 70.39 90.84 92.04 105.11 54.50 44.93 28.64 115.59 48.84 22.65 25.06 106.03

*Knotts, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46 (2001): 1007.

Liquid Mixtures Compositions at the liquid-vapor interface are not the same as in the bulk liquid, and so simple (bulk) compositionweighted averages of the pure-fluid values do not provide quantitative estimates of the surface tension at the vapor-liquid interface of a mixture. The behavior of aqueous mixtures is more difficult to correlate and estimate than that of nonpolar mixtures because small amounts of organic material can have a pronounced effect upon the surface concentrations and the resultant surface tension. These effects are usually modeled with thermodynamic methods that account for the activity coefficients. For example, a UNIFAC method [Suarez, J. T. C. TorresMarchal, and P. Rasmussen, Chem. Eng. Sci., 44 (1989): 782] is recommended and illustrated in PGL5. For nonaqueous systems the extension of the parachor method, used above for pure fluids, is a simple and reasonably effective method for estimating σ for mixtures.

Recommended Method Parachor correlation. Reference: Hugill, J. A., and A. J. van Welsenes, Fluid Phase Equil., 29 (1986): 383; Macleod, D. B., Trans. Faraday Soc., 19 (1923): 38; Sugden, S. J., Chem. Soc., 125 (1924). Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 3 to 10 percent. Applicability: Nonaqueous mixtures. Input data: Liquid and vapor ρ at mixture T; parachors of pure components; xi. Description: ρV,m σm ρL,m − PV,m   = PL,m  mN/m 103 kmol/m3 103 kmol/m3





4

(2-118)

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES where σm = surface tension of the mixture PL,m = parachor of liquid mixture PV,m = parachor of vapor mixture ρL,m = liquid mixture molar density ρV,m = vapor mixture molar density The following definitions are used for the liquid and vapor mixture parachors: 1 PL,m =  2

C

C

1 PV,m =  2



x x (P + P ) i =1 j =1 i j

i

j

C

C



y y (P + P )(2-119) i=1 j =1 i j

i

j

where xi is the mole fraction of component i in the liquid and yi is the mole fraction of component i in the vapor. Note that ρV is generally very small compared to ρL at temperatures substantially lower than Tc and can often be neglected. Example Estimate the surface tension for a 16.06 mol % n-pentane(1) + 83.94 mol % dichloromethane(2) mixture at 298.15 K.

The autoignition temperature is the minimum temperature for a substance to initiate self-combustion in air in the absence of an ignition source. Recommended Methods Flash point: Thornton method. Reference: As described by N. Y. Shebeko, A. V. Ivanov, and E. N. Alekhina, “Calculation of Flash Points and Ignition Temperatures of Organic Compounds,” Soviet Chem. Ind. 16(1984):1371. Classification: Atomic contributions. Expected uncertainty: 5 K. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Number of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, halogen, and oxygen atoms; vapor pressure correlation. Description: A simple atom contribution method is given by Psys P* −  =0 1 + 4.76(2β − 1)

P

ρL/(kmol·m ) at 298.15 K

231.1 146.6

8.6173 15.5211

NH − NX NO β = N C + NS +  −  4 2

−3

Mixture parachor from Eq. (2-119) and mixture density: PL,m = (0.1606)2(231.1) + (0.1606)(0.8394)(231.1 + 146.6) + (0.8394)2(146.6) = 160.17 ρL,m =

C

−1

+   ρ =   8.6173 15.5211 i=1

xi

0.1606

i

0.8394

−1

kmol kmol = 13.752   m3 m3

Calculation using Eq. (2-118): Because the temperature is low, the density of the vapor can be neglected, and σm mN  = [(160.17)(0.013752)]4 = 23.54  m mN/m

(2-120)

where P* = vapor pressure at flash point temperature Psys = total system pressure, typically 1.01325 × 105 Pa β = stoichiometric coefficient, defined by

Required properties from DIPPR® 801:

n-Pentane Dichloromethane

2-515

(2-121)

where NC = number of carbon atoms in compound NS = number of sulfur atoms in compound NH = number of hydrogen atoms in compound NX = number of halogen atoms in compound NO = number of oxygen atoms in compound Procedure: Step 1. Determine the number of carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, halogen, and oxygen atoms in the compound. Step 2. Calculate β from Eq. (2-121). Step 3. Substitute a temperature-dependent expression for vapor pressure in Eq. (2-120) for P*. Step 4. Solve Eq. (2-120) for temperature. This temperature is the flash point estimate. Example

Estimate the flash point of phenol.

Structure:

OH

The estimated value is 2.9 percent below the experimental value of 24.24 mN/m reported by De Soria et al. [De Soria, M. L. G., et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 103 (1985): 354].

FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES Flash points, lower and upper flammability limits, and autoignition temperature are important properties for determining safe operating limits when processing organic compounds. As with any property, experimental values are preferable to predicted values, and prediction techniques for these properties are only modestly accurate. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used. ASTM test methods include procedures using a closed-cup apparatus (ASTM D 56, ASTM D 93, and ASTM D 3828), which is preferred, and an open-cup apparatus (ASTM D 92 and ASTM D 1310). Closed-cup values are typically lower than open-cup values. When several values are available, the lowest reasonable temperature is usually accepted in order to ensure safe operations. The lower and upper flammability limits are the boundary-line equilibrium mixtures of vapor or gas with air, which if ignited will just propagate a flame away from the ignition source. Each of these limits has a temperature at which the flammability limits are reached. The lower flammability limit temperature corresponds approximately to the flash point, but since the flash point is determined with downward flame propagation and nonuniform mixtures and the lower flammability temperature is determined with upward flame propagation and unifrom vapor mixtures, the measured lower flammability temperature is often somewhat lower than the flash point.

Atomic contributions: Atom type

Number

C H O

6 6 1 6 1 β=6+  −  =7 4 2

The DIPPR® 801 correlation for the vapor pressure of phenol is 10,113 P* = exp(95.444 −  − 10.09 ln T + 6.7603 × 10−18 T 6) T When this expression is used in Eq. (2-120) and solved for temperature, one obtains TFP = 348.7 K, which is 1.2 percent below the DIPRR recommended value of 353 K.

Recommended Method Flammability limits: Pintar method. Reference: Pintar, A. J., Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 25 percent.

2-516

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-361 Group Contributions for Pintar* Flammability Limits Method for Organic Compounds Group CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< H OH O OO 苷C苷O CHO COOH COO COOCO C6H5 m-C6H4 o-C6H4 p-C6H4 Arom. ring 苷  Cl Cl2 Cl3 F F2 F3 Br Br2 Br3 I I2 I3 NH2

LFLi

UFLi

Group

LFLi

UFLi

17.2750 13.7022 10.0000 5.5291 2.7250 2.1797 −3.0156 −6.0312 4.6752 10.3801 4.8890 1.2955 4.6740 73.8338 57.4447 57.4447 57.4447 45.0633 4.2821 17.5470 −2.9697 −5.9764 −8.0982 −1.2615 −2.1224 −5.1300 −8.0405 −16.0809 −21.9000 −22.0000 −44.0000 −60.0000 3.7078

3.8461 1.4959 0.2183 −0.8422 2.8206 0.5856 −2.2427 −4.4854 0.6009 −1.2148 1.6121 −1.1840 2.4751 9.6661 7.6126 7.2450 7.9291 −5.9925 2.0269 0.7842 1.4008 3.1943 4.2024 0.3984 0.6847 1.1952 4.0018 8.0036 12.0054 11.4300 22.8600 34.2900 1.8802

>NH N苷 CN 苷C苷N 苷NNH2 >NNH2 NO2 SH S SO SO2 SO3 SO4 CO3 OPO2 P苷 PO PO4苷 SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi Al B Cr Na cis trans Nonarom⋅ring Add’l⋅ring

3.2709 −7.2149 8.0990 2.5963 −3.5071 0.5861 −3.1507 7.9424 11.0079 3.9115 5.5400 2.8600 0.1800 2.4103 7.1419 47.6909 7.1515 −11.5096 −2.2855 2.5034 8.3130 4.1010 15.8960 — — 47.3806 — — −6.8350 0.5821 2.9082 14.2712

−1.9112 −2.3309 3.6918 −1.1463 −0.29897 2.4811 0.8011 0.5344 −1.9832 −4.1834 — — — −3.4894 — — — −6.0260 −3.0576 1.4282 −24.4160 9.7131 1.6577 — — — — — 1.8040 0.9183 3.7760 3.1127

*Pintar, A. J., Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon. TABLE 2-362 Group Contributions for Pintar* Flammability Limits Method for Inorganic Compounds Group B Br C Cl F Fe H N Na Ni

LFLi

UFLi

Group

LFLi

UFLi

24.5190 — 32.0745 14.2658 — — 10.3452 −24.5487 — —

−1.3818 — −0.6259 −1.4231 — — 0.6500 1.8453 — —

>NNH2 O P S SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi

0.5861 −24.3242 24.8302 26.6776 −2.2855 2.5034 8.3130 4.1010 15.8960 —

−0.2990 2.2990 — 1.3171 −3.0576 1.4282 −24.4160 9.7131 1.6577 —

*Pintar, A. J., Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon.

Applicability: Organic and inorganic compounds. Input data: Group contributions from Tables 2-361 and 2-362. Description: A simple GC method with first-order contributions with lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) in volume % given by

Structure:

CH3

Group contributions:

100% LFL = 

niLFLi

(2-122)

100% UFL = 

niUFLi

(2-123)

where ni = number of groups of type i in molecule LFLi = contribution of group i to LFL UFLi = contribution of group i to UFL Example Estimate the lower and upper flammability limits of toluene.

Group

LFL

UFL

CH3 C6H5

17.2750 73.8338

3.8461 9.6661

Calculations using Eqs. (2-122) and (2-123): 100% LFL =  = 1.10% 17.2750 + 73.8338 100% UFL =  = 7.40% 3.8461 + 9.6661

PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

2-517

TABLE 2-363 Group Contributions for Pintar*Autoignition Temperature Method for Organic Compounds Group

bi

CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< H OH O OO 苷C苷O CHO COOH COO COOCO C6H5 mC6H4 oC6H4 pC6H4 Aromatic ring 苷  Cl Cl2

301.91 −10.86 −275.17 −570.43 391.48 324.10 −18.60 −397.61 57.65 195.20 370.75 43.90 46.11 380.27 153.15 77.48 99.87 −1339.65 578.72 1116.50 347.39 726.03

Group Cl3 F F2 F3 Br Br2 Br3 I I2 I3 NH2 >NH N苷 CN 苷C苷N 苷NNH2 >NNH2 NO2 SH S SO SO2

bi

Group

bi

1073.47 360.60 755.54 1082.00 420.96 607.69 1260.00 310.53 — — 354.11 9.88 −249.91 469.67 −273.70 378.27 −215.02 292.57 273.84 −60.75 −91.10 —

SO3 SO4 CO3 P苷 PO OPO2 PO4苷 SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi Al B Cr Na cis trans Nonarom.ring Add’l.ring Zn

— −31.71 442.26 −334.91 −549.59 — −329.45 −147.69 −136.99 −310.52 −200.88 — — — — — 534.29 −29.19 −38.31 605.97 565.11 349.02

*Pintar, A. J., Estimation of Autoignition Temperature, Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon.

TABLE 2-364 Group Contributions for Pintar*Autoignition Temperature Method for Inorganic Compounds Group

bi

Group

bi

Group

bi

B Br C Cl F Fe H

−457.14 — 489.19 395.42 — −2050.90 204.55

N Na Ni >NNH2 O P S

0.71 — −1595.10 −215.02 −13.39 108.45 −3.57

SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi

−147.69 −136.99 −310.52 −200.88 — —

*Pintar, A. J., Estimation of Autoignition Temperature, Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon.

The values recommended in the DIPPR® 801 database are 1.2 and 7.1 percent, respectively. Flammability temperatures are found by determining the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the partial pressure corresponding to the LFL or UFL.

Recommended Methods Autoignition temperature: Pintar method. Reference: Pintar, A. J., Estimation of Autoignition Temperature, Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 25 percent. Applicability: Organic and inorganic compounds. Input data: Group contributions from Tables 2-363 and 2-364. Description: A simple GC method with first-order contributions is given by AIT = ni bi

(2-124)

where ni is the number of groups of type i in the molecule and bi is the contribution of group i to the autoignition temperature. A more accurate but somewhat more complicated logarithmic GC method was also developed by Pintar in the same reference cited here.

Example

Estimate the autoignition temperature of 2,3-dimethylpentane. Structure and group information:

H3C

CH3

H3C

CH3

Group

ni

CH3 >CH2 >CH

4 1 2

bi 301.91 −10.86 −275.17

Calculation using Eq. (2-124): AIT = 4(301.91) − 10.86 + 2(−275.17) = 646.4 K The estimated value is 6.3 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 608.15 K.

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