The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2: c.700 - c.900

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This volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers most of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe, a time of remarkable political and cultural coherence, combined with crucial, very diverse and formative developments in every sphere of life. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the authors consider developments in Europe as a whole, from Ireland to the Bosphorus and Iceland to Gibraltar. The chapters offer an examination of the interaction between rulers and ruled, of how power and authority actually worked, and of the impact of these on the society and culture of Europe as a whole. The volume is divided into four parts. Part i encompasses the events and political developments in the whole of the British Isles, the West and East Frankish kingdoms, Scandinavia, the Slavic and Balkan regions, Spain and Italy, and those aspects of Byzantine and Muslim history which impinged on the west between c. 700 and c. 900. Parts n, in and iv cover common themes and topics within the general categories of government and institutions, the church and society, and cultural and intellectual development.

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The New Cambridge Medieval History

EDITORIAL BOARD

David Abulafia Rosamond McKitterick Martin Brett Edward Powell Simon Keynes Jonathan Shepard Peter Linehan Peter Spufford V o l u m e i i c. -joo—c. 900

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The throne of Charles the Bald (Cathedra Petri), Vatican, Basilica of St Peter

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THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY Volume II c./oo—c.poo EDITED BY

ROSAMOND McKITTERICK Reader in Early Medieval European History in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Nevnbam College

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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CAMBRIDGE U N IVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521362894 © Cambridge University Press 1995 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1995 Fifth printing 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue recordfor this book is availablefromthe British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data ISBN-13 978-0-521-36292-4 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-36292-X hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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CONTENTS

List of maps List of tables List ofplates List of contributors Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations

page x xi xii xiv xvii xx xxi

PART I POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

1

Introduction: sources and interpretation

3

ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK

2

The British Isles (a) England, 700—900

18

SIMON KEYNES

(b) Ireland, Scotland and Wales, c. 700 to the early eleventh century

43

DONNCHADH 6 CORRAIN

(c) England and the Continent

64

ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK

3

Frankish Gaul to 814

85

PAUL FOURACRE

4

The Frankish kingdoms, 814—898: the West

110

JANET L. NELSON

5

The Frankish kingdoms, 817-911: the East and Middle kingdoms JOHANNES FRIED

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142

viii 6

Contents Fines imperil: the marches

169

JULIA M.H. SMITH

7

The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911

190

SIMON COUPLAND

8

Scandinavia, c. 700-1066

202

NIELS LUND

9

Slavs and Bulgars

228

JONATHAN SHEPARD

10

The Muslims in Europe

249

HUGH KENNEDY

11

Spain: the northern kingdoms and the Basques, 711—910

272

ROGER COLLINS

11

Lombard and Carolingian Italy

290

PAOLO DELOGU

13

Byzantine Italy, c. 680-e. 876 T.S.

14

320

BROWN

Byzantium and the west, 700-900

349

MICHAEL MCCORMICK

PART II

15

GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS

Kingship and royal government

383

JANET L. NELSON

16

The aristocracy

431

STUART AIRLIE

17

Social and military institutions

451

HANS-WERNER GOETZ

18

Economic organisation

481

ADRIAAN VERHULST

19

Rural society in Carolingian Europe

; 10

CHRIS WICKHAM

20

Money and coinage MARK BLACKBURN

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53

Contents

ix

PART I I I C H U R C H AND S O C I E T Y

21

The papacy in the eighth and ninth centuries

563

THOMAS F.X. NOBLE

22

The organisation, law and liturgy of the western church,

587

700—900 ROGER E. REYNOLDS

23

Carolingian monasticism: the power of prayer

622

MAYKE DE JONG

24

Religion and lay society

654

JULIA M.H. SMITH

PART IV CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS

25

Eighth-century foundations

681

ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK

26

Language and communication in Carolingian Europe

695

MICHEL BANNIARD

27

28

The Carolingian renaissance: education and literary culture JOHN J. CONTRENI

709

Theology and the organisation of thought

758

DAVID GANZ

29

Book production in the Carolingian empire and the spread of Caroline minuscule

786

DAVID GANZ

30

Art and architecture

809

LAWRENCE NEES

Conclusion

845

ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK

Appendix: genealogical tables List ofprimary sources Bibliography of secondary works arranged by chapter Index of Manuscripts General index

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849 867 886 1040 1042

MAPS

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Anglo-Saxon England, 700—900 page 22 Ireland, Wales and Scotland, joo—c. 1000 44 The missionary areas on the Continent in the eighth century: 74 Boniface, Chrodegang, Pirmin, Willibrord and their followers Charlemagne's Europe and Byzantium, 814 80 The Frankish kingdoms, 714—40 95 The Frankish kingdoms, 751-68 100 Divisio regnorum, 806 113 Ordinatio imperil, 817 114 Partition of 843 (Treaty of Verdun) 122 Partition of 870 (Treaty of Meersen) 123 Partition of 880 124 T h e East Frankish kingdom in the ninth century 15 2 T h e Vikings in Francia, 789—895 191 Scandinavia, 700—1050 203 Sweden, distribution of prehistoric burial sites 204 T h e Balkans, 700—900 230 T h e Iberian peninsula, 700—900 273 Italy, 700—900 295 T h e ecclesiastical provinces of western E u r o p e , 700—900 590 Carolingian schools, scriptoria and literary centres 722

FIGURE

1

Fineness of Italian gold coinages

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541

TABLES

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12

Anglo-Saxon rulers, c. joo—c. 900. 1 Northumbria; page 849 11 Bernicia; i n T h e Scandinavian k i n g d o m of York; iv South Saxons; v East Angles; v i Hwicce; VII East Saxons; VIII Kent; ix Mercia; x Wessex T h e last Merovingians 856 T h e Arnulfings 856 Pippin III and Charlemagne 857 T h e descendants of Louis the Pious a n d J u d i t h 858 T h e descendants of Louis the Pious a n d Irmengard 859 Scandinavian rulers 860 Rulers in the Balkans, c. 700—c. 900. 1 Bulgars; n Croats; 861 i n Serbs Rulers of Spain, c. 700-c. 900. 1 Visigoths; 11 Arab governors 862 and amirs of Cordoba; i n Umayyad amirs of Cordoba 863 Rulers of the Christian k i n g d o m s of n o r t h e r n Spain, c. 700— c. 900. 1 Kings of the Asturias; n Kings of Leon; i n K i n g s of Pamplona; iv Counts of Barcelona 864 Rulers in Italy, c. 700-c. 900. 1 L o m b a r d s ; n Carolingians; i n Princes of Benevento Byzantine emperors, c. 700—

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