RUS': A Comprehensive Course in Russian

  • 42 140 2
  • Like this paper and download? You can publish your own PDF file online for free in a few minutes! Sign Up

RUS': A Comprehensive Course in Russian

This comprehensive foundation textbook is expressly designed for students embarking on a Russian language programme. Ac

1,381 430 34MB

Pages 718 Page size 576 x 720 pts Year 2010

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD FILE

Recommend Papers

File loading please wait...
Citation preview

RUS': a Comprehensive Course in Russian This comprehensive foundation textbook is expressly designed for students embarking on a Russian language programme. Accompanied by cassettes, it develops the four key language skills ± reading, writing, speaking and listening ± and provides all the material required to reach intermediate level either at high school or during the ®rst year of university. Highly interactive and activity-based, the course puts students ®rmly at the centre of the learning process, developing their autonomy as learners. . . . . . . . .

Thorough grounding in the grammar and structures of contemporary Russian Wide-ranging tasks and exercises for both classroom use and self study Informative texts selected to foster cultural awareness Topics including family life, education, history, geography, work and leisure Clear, attractive layout with lively illustrations to reinforce learning Extensive reference features including section on basic concepts of grammar Teachers' guidelines to enhance practical application in the classroom On-line answerkey at http://uk.cambridge.org/resources/0521645557

s a r a h s m yt h is a lecturer in Russian at Trinity College, Dublin. She is co-author of two Russian language textbooks, Basic Russian, A Grammar and Workbook (1999) and Intermediate Russian, A Grammar and Workbook (2001). e l e n a c r os b i e is lecturer in Russian at Heriot-Watt University. She is an experienced interpreter and is on the editorial board of the Russian journal Rusistica. Her publications include papers on language teaching.

RUS'

a Comprehensive Course in Russian

S A R A H SM Y T H Trinity College, Dublin

ELENA V. CROSBIE Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh

published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011±4211,USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de AlarcoÂn 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org # Sarah Smyth and Elena Crosbie, 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Times 10/13pt System 3b2 [c e ] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Smyth, Sarah. RUS': a comprehensive course in Russian / Sarah Smyth, Elena V. Crosbie. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 64206 X (hardback) ISBN 0 521 64555 7 (paperback) ISBN 0 521 01074 8 (cassette set) 1. Russian language ± Textbooks for foreign speakers ± English. I. Crosbie, Elena V. II. Title. PG2129.E5 S65 2001 491.782'421 ± dc21 ISBN 0 521 64206 X hardback ISBN 0 521 64555 7 paperback ISBN 0 521 01074 8 cassette set ISBN 0 521 52955 7 audio CD set Illustrations: Vitaly Palkus

Contents

Preface: to the students Acknowledgements

vii x

Outline of the course

xii

Key to symbols used in the course

Part I

xvii

Course materials Introductory unit Unit 1

28

Unit 2

48

Unit 3

72

Unit 4

103

Unit 5

127

Unit 6

153

Unit 7

176

Unit 8

205

Unit 9

227

Unit 10

251

Unit 11

275

Unit 12

301

Unit 13

332

Unit 14

360

Unit 15

389

Unit 16

413

Unit 17

437

Unit 18

458

1

v

Contents

Part II

Unit 19

487

Unit 20

510

Teachers' guidelines General introduction

534

1.0

The course-type

535

2.0

The syllabus-type

3.0

The intended learners

4.0

The teacher

5.0

The structure of the course

6.0

The units

7.0

Reference tools

8.0

Study aids

537

539

543

544 545

9.0

What to do with the classroom materials

10.0

Developing knowledge

11.0

How to develop speaking skills

12.0

How to develop reading skills

13.0

How to develop productive skills on the basis of texts

14.0

Use of the key

15.0

Concluding remarks

558

Glossary of linguistic terms

559

Bibliography

558

Reference tools and study aids Grammar summary Summary of functions Vocabulary checklist Index of texts

563 613 674 684

689

Index of grammatical concepts

545

546

560

Language awareness

vi

540

540

Methodological pointers

Part III

539

694

552 553 556

Preface: to the students

The course The authors hope that you will enjoy studying Russian and using this textbook. It is the result of many years' work and has been piloted in three educational centres over the last ten years. It has thus passed through many students' hands, many of whom have gone on to become professional Russianists. The course is primarily intended for use in a classroom situation. Indeed, one of its main aspirations is to provide learners with the motive and opportunity to explore and use Russian as a tool for communication. This is not to suggest that classroom work alone will make you pro®cient; experience has shown that the students who make the best progress normally spend an hour in private study for every contact hour with a teacher. Classroom tasks and activities provide you with the opportunity to interact with other learners and your teacher in and about the language; private study, be it reading, organising your notes, organising your vocabulary, doing exercises to reinforce grammatical concepts or working with the tapes, allows you to consolidate what you have learnt in class, to take stock of your progress and to monitor your learning. Remember that learning a language is not easy. Textbooks that suggest you can do so in three months are only misleading the gullible public. A language re¯ects a culture, its history and its way of viewing the world. Avail of any opportunity that arises to practise your Russian and to acquaint yourself with Russian life, past and present. You will ®nd the experience broadens your horizons, develops your curiosity and makes you look at the world and how we talk about it with a more open mind. Language awareness The `Language awareness' section is intended to help you situate your growing knowledge and understanding of Russian in the context of knowledge you already have about the functioning of other languages (and English in particular). The language awareness component of the course is intended as an optional extra for those who feel they need it and ®nd it helpful. If you are used to learning languages in a formal classroom context, you may not need it at all. If, on the other hand, you ®nd increasingly that the jargon used to refer to language is a useful short-hand and that you would like to become more familiar with it, then you will probably ®nd it useful. The main thing is not to be daunted byit. The sequencing of concepts in this section closely parallels the sequencing of language exponents in the units. In this way discussion of the key concepts may be integrated into classroom interaction if you so wish. In this section reference is made to other languages (Latin, French, German and vii

Preface: to the students

Spanish) with which you may be familiar. The aim of including these languages is to enable you to draw on knowledge you already have, not to teach you about other languages and how they function. The exercises focus principally on English (and in later units, Russian). Where exercises address other languages, you should restrict yourselves to those you know. Grammar summary The `Grammar summary' is intended as a reference tool. Beware of becoming dependent on it. It provides tables and texts outlining the grammatical patterns of Russian. It is not intended as a descriptive grammar and is not a substitute for classroom discussion and hypothesising about how Russian functions. If you have questions or come across problem areas, the best person to ask is your teacher. The main use of the grammar section is to check something. Its purpose is not to teach, but to remind. Summary of functions This is a table which lists the language functions introduced in the course. A function, in the linguistic sense of the word, refers to the use to which we put language in social interaction. The functions are listed in the order in which they are introduced in the course. We recommend that you keep a record of what you can do in Russian by ticking the relevant box as and when you feel you are comfortable with a given function. Vocabulary checklist The book also includes pages which list the main topics covered in the course. It is an important part of learning to keep monitoring what you do and do not know. These pages are intended as a tool to help you monitor your learning of vocabulary. Though everyone has his or her own system for recording and learning vocabulary, one suggestion is to keep a vocabulary ®le with a page dedicated to each of the topics and sub-topics listed. The chart will help you assess how many words you have recorded and feel you have learnt. In your vocabulary notes it is advisable to differentiate between key and peripheral words on a given topic. Possibly key words could be stored on one side of the page and peripheral words on the other. How you decide which words are key, and which peripheral, will in part depend on your interests, in part on your reasons for learning Russian and in part on common sense. It is also important to take note of common constructions used with particular words. One way of doing this is to illustrate each entry with examples of a word's use: a phrase or sentence from a dictionary or from the text where you came across a word. With regard to verbs, make sure you note what case they govern. Furthermore, Russian tends to use adjectives more than we do in English, so make note of common adjective and noun combinations. Since Russian is a word-building language, it is also helpful to group together words which are derived from the same root. Many of these words will refer to the same topic: for instance the word set exbnm, exbnmcz, extybr, exbntkm, extdysq, which are all viii

Preface: to the students

derived from the root ex-, all relate to studying/teaching. Using a highlighter, common roots can easily be identi®ed. Recognising word-building patterns considerably reduces the load on your memory. This might seem like an awful lot of work. It is. But it pays off in the long run. If you are systematic about recording and learning vocabulary right from the start, you will ®nd it becomes part of your routine. Determine to work on a small number of words every day. You will be pleasantly surprised at how much easier it gets with time. This section also lists tasks relating to each of the vocabulary topics which you should be able to do. Indeed, it is not simply enough to know a word: it is important to be able to use it in speech and writing. Again there are boxes for you to tick off as a way of monitoring your progress. Most importantly enjoy your work and do not get downhearted. Work steadily and regularly, do not be afraid to play with the language. When you crack your ®rst joke in Russian, it will all have been worthwhile.

ix

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people who have encouraged us, advised us and supported us in the production of this course. First and foremost we would like to thank our families: a special debt of recognition is due to David and Stanford without whose forbearance and practical help this course could never have seen the light of day. Thanks in particular to David for his technical advice and assistance. We acknowledge our gratitude to the University departments which fostered the production of the course and allowed us to pilot it extensively during the last ten years: Edinburgh University, where the course was originally conceived, Trinity College and Heriot-Watt Universities to where the authors subsequently moved. We would like to thank all the students and colleagues whose feedback has been essential in the shaping and reshaping of the course. In particular we would like to thank members of staff in all the Russian departments which have been directly involved in the production of the course: Mary Kate Halpin, John Murray, Una Nã Dhubhghaill and Connie Dowling in TCD, Jim Halliday in Heriot-Watt and Elena Cook, formerly of Edinburgh University, who contributed many ideas for activities and exercises at various stages of the development of the course. We are grateful to all the specialists in teaching Russian as a foreign language who have given us the bene®t of their experience, especially Elena Mikhailovna Maksimenko, Liudmila Borisovna Seregina, Irina Abdalyan, Dmitri Tsiskarashvili, Nikolai and Anna Kochurov. We would like to thank Olga Manakova for contributing to the key to the exercises. Thanks are due to colleagues from the German, French and Spanish departments for providing invaluable assistance with the `Language awareness' section, in particular Sheila Watts, Claire Laudet and Susana BayoÂ. We owe a debt of gratitude to Sean Devitt, Eimear Farren and Dee McGarry for their comments on the `Teachers' guidelines'. Many thanks are also due to all those who supplied the photographs for this textbook: Vladimir Kallistov, Connie Dowling, John Murray, Vladimir Shugurov, Emily Finer, Anatoliy Tchikine, Aleksandr Olegovich Sholokhovskiy and Aleksandr Asta®ev. A particular thanks to Vitaly Palkus for his lively and imaginative line-drawings. Thanks to Elena Baburina, Manushak Hovsepyan, Dmitri Tsiskarashvili and Vladimir Shugurov for their reading of the recorded material and to John Murray for producing the recording sessions. Thanks also to John Grimes, the sound engineer in the CEL Studios, Radio Centre, RTE for his contribution to the production of the tapes. Thank you to Natalya Uvarova for her careful copyediting. Thanks are also due to all the Russian publishers whose texts are included in this course: every possible attempt was made to contact them and seek permission to reproduce extracts. Many have ceased to exist, others failed to respond. We have assumed that silence is consent. And last but not least many thanks to Rate Brett, Pauline Graham, Camilla Erskine, Jacqueline French, Jenny Landor and Caroline Murray of Cambridge University Press, for their support, perseverance and commitment to the project. x

Acknowledgements

We accept sole responsibility for the mistakes, infelicities of style and imperfections that no doubt remain in spite of the best efforts of all colleagues and advisors involved in this project. Sarah Smyth Lecturer in Russian Trinity College Dublin

Elena Crosbie Lecturer in Russian Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh

xi

Part I: Course materials

INTRODUCTORY UNIT

In this unit you will learn about:

. . . .

                         

   

You will also learn how to:

. . . . .

         

                                    

              



    

        

   

   

      



Aa n´ Bb T¹ Dg Ee E  fd gc Uu U u Kv Aq Ma Hu Oo



  



 



  



  



  



  





       



   



  



  

  

  



  



 

 



  



 



       

  

  

          !" #$ %& '( )* +, -. /0 12 34 5 6 7 89 :; ,   -. (   ; ,   -. 6    ,   -. 9   ,   -.  0  1               5         /               +          * /     

         +       0:    1    2           *  + 8    0 1   01       0;   1 &+'+



       ;  +               + 8 2 /       -.     0   % 1?       - .  /    -.      -.+

@

   

C Notes on individual letters )         *      + A            / 

            #/       

   2    +  

 / /  /  /  / % & :       7   2     (+ .        8    ;  -.       01+ .         -.?          -.        *     01+ .      -.   01               ?         -.   0 1?          -.   0 1+ .       0  1  /          &/ /          ;   (   4'            +           0:    1 2  4   + &: #(  +'

 

 /  / ! "/ # $/ ' (/ + , :       7   2  4   @+ .        :  :   

 -

.         - .+ .     :  0 1  ;   01/        :   0>1+ . %      &/ / / '            /   9  0 B1+ .     -.         + .      / / /       0  1    + &: #(  +' . =             - .+ &: #4  +'

 

 /  / /  >/  /  /  /  /  / ) * :       7   2  C   D+ .       -.   01         /             + .       -.   0  1               + 9             - .+             + . #    >   0  1  +        0:    1 2    + &: #(  +' .                      01      0 1/ 01/ 01/ +     /     /         !  2 / " &6 '/ 7;" &E 6 '/ + .         8    ;        -.+ C

    

. =             / / /   + &: #4  +'      !                  

/ - ./ / 0/ 1 2/ 3 4/ 8 9/ : ;/ < =        7   2  F   G+          ! .       8   0>1  0>1?             -.+ &: #4  +' . "       -$. .  ,    -. . # ,    -. . $       -$.      

            

      

  +           0  1+ &: #(  +'      

.      -.       + 9            ?           %+ .     -.   01  01              + 9         -.+ .      -.   0 1             + 9           -.+ H        -./        0  1/ 0 1/ + #      0  1        /    + 6      0:    1 2     @   + &: #(  +' 

6/ 7/ 5 :       7   2  I   J &     2      '+ .         /        

             + .      /    2  /                ?    

    *        +         * /      

     

               + .  & 0  1'        + 9         / 0  1          / / / / + 6 

 2     2  I   J     0:    1 2   ;  C  +

D

   

.  & 0   1'        + 9            + 6 

           +      2             *  +

D Recognising spoken words. Listening

          &                                                    

                       

  

                %

    

           

                  

     

!                 "   #                    $               ;   2     ( / / / / /  & &?  & & A& A&  ? & & && & &A & &?&

;  ( 2  4   @ / / / / /  ? ?&($ $$A& B$$ ?$& "  " "A$&" "A& "A& $ $ $&"& & ?&" &A$& & ""B" ,?$ ," *(&B ,A

;  4 2  C   D / / / / / / / / !/ & &>" @ $ B  A& &?"

"A&" ?  @ "? & " $&"B @& $ "& $&( A& &("@ *&?

F

    

;  @ 2  F   G / "/ / #/ $/ / /  ?.=  9" B"&

 ?.= ("? ("@$&  A= &0 2@ &.@ " ?.= . &" ." 0  B 9?  E" 9&?

;  C 2  I   J / / &' (&C (7 B ?$$&7

@$6 & "7D " 7  7D& " "(7 ."7 0$C

! " 

    %&%'            (  #         

                                 $                  F2 "@$ = @& A7= @ $ 7. /B$ B7 !$$@=

    

)"?.= &?= 1 $ @" /A, A"& B72 #&? B  +"(4> $&A$

F $? 8 F" %$&B "? = 1&? = # @.6 7;B"  "A "0>

 !  " 

   

                )  #

            

    *            

      #                 



    G

   

=K?"7 * K?7 "K

K"A7 K DK7

DK7 ?K($& K &G"7

K&G"7 GK"7

?K7

     #! $               +    , (           # # # #        + 

     å

& K & K &  K  K   K  K   

     å

 K  K   K  K  " K " K "  

& K & K &A & K & K A&  K & K A&

?& K & K A ? K B& K  & &"?&" K " K "A&"

" K $ K # K 0  1  K  K A

? K @&" K $&( A&  K @& K (A ?  K &B K $& K A K > ?  K $ "& K $ "&K >&" *&K *B" K *@ K )> "

   þ  ß

 K ( K ; & K &( K &;  K (K ;K =  K  K =  $

#?" K $ K $ $ ,?$ K , " K , 

      è# å  ¸

 K  K   K  K 

 K  K  K  K   K  K  K  K > K K K > * K * K * K *>  

$ K $ K $ , K ,  K ,

$ K ( K ;"B && K &(" K &D  K (? K D K G= B&6 K @ K G=

ü %  &  '( &   

                 0  1   / / /   + 9                          ! "& &  ' H "&7 &'  $ &' H  $7 & '

 &' H 7 & '  &' H 7 &   ' $& &' H $&7 &L'

& &' H &7 & '   & ' H  7 &   ' B &  ' H B7 &  ' $& & ' H $&7 & ' F &  ' H F7 & ' 2 $& &  ' H 2 $&7 &2' I

    

E Recognising printed words     -         #    #  

.         (  /       /     +   ;   A" B  *" "@ ?  F  "@ %B 2&B  "@

A 8 F"

A   F& A "0> & ""? 7 +($$A @& %E&0 " 7. #&?  A +"(4>

    0             0            1 2          

  + #+ F2 + + %$&B

+ + B7 + + /A,

+ :+ A"& )+ + $&A$

    /       / 3         4+ 4      %5       3//      %% 6                                           + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+

J

=   = > #     ;  M M  7 7      H   H 

   



    

4+( 7    

             $             + =  

+ N  + 9  + :  A    + N   + " F+ *@ G+ "0 I+ ,@ J+ ("@$& + 2B7 (+ *&B"*

4

    

*

'

+     &         ,  #   - - - $ - - 0   #        8          )#                +         " "!

H  ("@$&+  B F&K H B F& ?+ H > F& "@+ & ?K H ? *@+ 

B F& ?+  ("@$&+

> F& "@+ ? *@+

B F& @&"+  &("@$&+

> F& A"+ ? + + +

B F& + + +  "0+

> F& + + + ? 2*>"+

B F& ,@+  2,&@$&+

> F& ; @+ ? ,@+

B F& ?+  2B7+

> F& + + + ?  +

B F& &B+  + + +

> F& @+ ? + + + 

4(

B F& ?+  ("@$&+

> F& "@+ ? + + +

B F& + + +  &("@$&+

> F& A"+ ? @$&+

B F& )> "+  "0+

> F& 7+ ? 2*>"+

B F& + + +  2,&@$&+

> F& + + + ? ,@+

B F& ?+  + + +

> F& + ?  +

B F& &B+  *(&@$&+

> F& @+ ? *&B"*+

1

C Identifying objects 

.         %      

               !  

  (           



H /& E&K H 8& +

H /& E&K H 8& 2B+

H /& E&K H 8& @+

H /& E&K H 8& " $&"?+

.   & &    &"  - - - ,  &"'()  - - - , H  "F$$ O H +                           

   *     8      

*     + + + O $    "                      *      8      

*       ) 0        !          "        *     8    

*       8    "                    "     *        )  !

H  @$ " ?2K H A  + 44

    



 *+ 6   

       8           "     !

H  "F$$ O H !? +

7(G&" ? " &  @"

*& "?&

$A&  &*B

2@ "@& "





L





$

?   7D& "







>



          , H /& E&O H 8& B+

H 8& B  B  O H 8& B+

H 8& BO H / E& B+ L  &/ E&  B/  B + $   +                  !   

     #     *        )

D Locating objects /

.         , - - - , 2                

       *     )     *  +

4@

1

A   !           !  "   " ## $  

$  #%&  #  '    '$      #    +

/

0&   #1 &  $  --  H  &  *B&?&K H   $7+ & +

p

             :     

 1 H  " $&"?K H & + H  B0& K H & ?+ H  *AK H & B+ H  "  &A K H & @+

p

;  !                  0;   1 &(+   4++'+ E                        >+         /    ($)  ?     /      >       ($ ?   /      >       #$ + 4C

    

/

p

0&      , $' , H  AK H & +

H  ; @ K H & ?+

H  ?  K H & +

H  ?  ?  K H & @+

E                + : 0;   1 &(++4'+ 3          #     ;           8       

/$

/    .'            

                 0        &      #  

   1 + H #@& /   $7 @6 @O H & + H # $@+ (+ H #@& /  $&( A0 $ 4 @& O H & B+ H # $@+ 4+ H #@& /   $7 $B$ ( "$&A&O H & + H # $@+

4D

1

@+ H #@& / ?($&/  (@0= &A K H & ?+ H # $@+ C+ H #@& / ?($&/  "?$= B4 7K H & ?+ H # $@+  

 #      "                

E Directions

2

A

"G !

 "?

!

p

/ &   /&+ 3 ' 3 &!

!

2

.      0 1(3 &1+'2) 3  - - - , + H #@& / ?($&/   &"BK H  &"B "G+ (+ H #@& / ?($&/  ( "$&A&O H  @& + + + "G  "? A 4+ H #@& / ?($&/  *A I B7 $JK H &  $7!  "? & ?&" I!$$=J/  A I B7 $J+ H # $@+

2

/    .'     

                0    

  &*       

   1 + H #@& /   $7  &"BK H  &"B A+ H # $@+ H ?($&+ (+ H #@& / ?($&/   $7 ( "$&A&$ 4 @& K H ' "$&A&$ 4 @& O "G+ H # $@+

4F

    

4+ H #@& / ?($&/   $7 K H  @& "G   "?+  &+ H # $@+ H ?($&+ @+ H #@& / ?($&/  A  $7 @K H @O % + + +  @&  "?/ &B A  "G+ @ &+ H 72B $ $@+ H ?($&+ C+ H #@& / ?($&/   $7 &  *B&?&K H %+ + +  @& "G  A+ % B0&/  & &  *B&?&+ H 72B $ $@+ H ?($&+ 2                   

   * % 0      1 ! 72/ $&"0 $/ ($&0 $=/ "$=/ & "&("6/ $$/ (67=/ (676/ (0=/ !$$$=/ $&( 0 $/ ( "$& &$ + E ! & / $&&(&/ $&"( &/ (/ 4 & / "&=/ 4 7/ ""/ & &"/ ( "$& &# *(7& &/ ) ".=+

@

    

(! ++ %  #& / ($&/   $7 + + + O      +           + 9        O (+ 2 /       O 4+    

        O

(! ,+        + ! +   

  

     

  

   !  

                        

*" %("$&0 $= "2 &! I"*&("J  H + % ! &&=  &("6 (+  &! 2  "($ H 4+ "7!  &= &FKJ  ' "(&  9& 6 "2 6, $  = ,    "($$ := H     $ ! (CKFIKC4 *"+ % 

@(

$J 1 I & 

06 2 $,"/ &   /  7 "&" 9$$ . +  CJ  $$  %% -  F "(+  $&&(& .76  $   6$2 " ! $ .7$& " &  H *$6 &  H    H ( & .= H ;"$ "( $ & 0 =  + J (J MN * "=

"& + $    ./ $/  6,+ *".($  #&$&7 

0$ CJ   0 $ "( + &  *! &&6 4F@ KCFK @J

1

'-

V

C+

0 4&  4 &  Ktrcbxtrbt eghf;ytybz !                  

 0        %'&" B"  "&@0 $ ( "A

 B "

)                  #  +

       <          (    # #  # # ?  8   +      0> L   @ "?"K  0> L   @ 0&?  A& K

 0> L   @ $&"A *7K  0> L   6? &  " ?0 K

G Reading and grammar 

6 4  8- 9

>&"/ ?=/ ?/ ?&=  #B= H $&( A&6+  "B2  F @ C  $A  "?&  @  4 @&+ &?2 H (0@& 7.+ ? & ? "B&  $A  ?  $&@. + CC

   

. /& @ A A0 "O . ( ? @ , @O

.  @ CK . /& @ & AK

&?2! ? 6 7 = , @  @/  ( ? , / B  *"F&6+ A0 " = F  $&@.  $&"A &  @"+  ? = A  ( "$&A&  $ A  $7 A0 "  &A /  = 0&? ("?6+ #B=  ?&=! 6 @  4 @&+ > 6 $&" 0?$7  *A+ % 6 @ B*  "?"+ A0 " 6  ? $&"A &  @"  $&@. /  ? &?2+ ?=  >&"! 6 0?$& $&" 0?$7  " $&"?  B4  F2/ @ @/ A ?(" "6+ &B 6 $&"A B  & ?&" I!$$@=J+  ? 6 "?  2?,&6  F +

CD

7  

?! 3C0 = $ A  $7 A0 " B  $F2 "? +  ? A0 " = , @  .A"& @  & ?&"+ +  ,  -                   ,   # "*+

p

 @$O

 * 

   =L&6L

+++

0&? 

0&?

0&?

0&?

+ + + +

( ?  "?  "B&  $F2 

( + + + "+ + + "B&+ + + $F2+ + +

( + + + "+ + + "B&+ + + $F2+ + +

( + + + "+ + + "B&+ + + $F2+ + +

  & ' +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

, @      $  $ A  $&"A 

, @  +++  $ + + + $&"+ + +

, @  +++ A $ + + + $&"+ + +

, @ @ +++ A $ + + + $&"+ + +

  

$&" 0? 

$&" 0?

$&" 0?

$&" 0?

+ + + +

+ + + +

   =L&6L?

 

6L6L@

=  + 2     4  

        !"# $ %&$'         

   * ) O &    ' Q  O &  '

Q  O & 5 ' =   O &   '

3    !"# $ %&$'          

    ,  

# "*+ &K

/&  O /& ?

A O /& @ AO

+ + + + + + + +

$F2 "?  $&"A B +++ "?" + + + ,  + + +  2?,&6 + + + &  @" + + + ?(" "6

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

 O

+++ +++  &A +++  @ +++ +++ +++ CF

   

/ !0  1 + =        +      * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+



'   8*

H  ? $&( A&6 C  "?&  $AO H  "B2  F+

 C $&( A&6  "?& O  @ @O  ? (0@& 7. O  > F&O ( ? ? , @ ? 6 7O /& ? & ( ? O /& ? A  &A O

G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+

 $&" 0?$7 ?&=  #B=K /& @ & AO  @ $&"A &  @" A0 "K /& C0 A B ?K /& ?=  >&" @  A  " $&"? K  @ $&"A BK  @  ? "?  2?,&6K

 "   02   (1 8 "     8                 )    @    :    +    #      )   @         "$6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +

  )*

'

CG

 K K & G F&   &G *@=K  K K &6K  &6 (0@$7  "B2 K K K  FK  K K &6 & ?K ( ? &6 , @  K K O /& &6 ( ?   K K K O %6 0?$& F  " $& K K K K O  $ $&( A&6 $&" 0?$7 ? K K K A0 "K / K K 6 & @   0 K K 6 "?"K ( ? 6 , @ A K K K  $" $A7 K C & "A$ &7  " K K K O

:            "   ( +   3  +    

            +  G F& @  #@ $+ < $&( A&+  "B2  F = ?  "@ /  = + + +  ( "$&A& + < + + +  4 @&  .A&" B" + > = + + +  A.  $ ?"6  ( "$&A&/ @ + + +  &A + &B = + + +  @  + + + , / B/ B* / B  *"F&6+ < C0 F  4 @&/   ? + + +  *A @  " $&"?+

&7  "@ C B0 7 & "A$B ? 6 A0 " $ $&( A&6 + + +  *A @  ?" + % 6 C0 + + + B @ B* / + + +  @& /  B/  F6 /  $ B"& +  $" $A7 6 A$& + + +  & ?&"/  B @  .A"&6+ A0 " 6 + + +  ?"&6 @  2?,&6+  @ $&( A& + + +  &?" +  ? 6 + + + &  @"/   0?$&+

7  



6 4  & 3                       8&  $A+ B *@=  B+  $&( A&K*B+ B $ .?7$&7 K @$ =6  & "&F"+ 8& B ?+ ? ("@$&/ > F& @ ?+ 8& B ? +   A"/ B F& "@$ ? 0+ 8& B $ $&"? 7+ ? &B $&( A&+ ? ,"B2= $ "&$A+ B "& A K 2B7  *(&@$&+ ?(2 "@= )> "  A (2 ? 7@0 K $A"6+

$

V

24 &   :&1 " 20   3 6            + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+

*@= *B $ .?7$&7  A" "&  $ $&"? 2B7 ?(2  A (2 $A" ,"B2= $ "&$A

+    +     +   +      +       +   +    > +       +  

7   

              #   

            B7& $7? B7& $7! E&  $A/  E&   *@=? B *@=  B? > *@= #& *B? $&( A&*B?  $&( A&*B @$? @$ =C? @$ =C  & "&F" "F$$? "F$$ =C? "F$$ =C  & "&F" $ "&$A? $ "&$A? B $ $&"? $ "&$A? B $ $&"? ,"B2= $ "&$A 2B7? B "& 2B7? B "& 2B7  *(&@$& ?(2? ?(2  A (2? ?/ ? / ?(2  A (2 $A"6? @ $A"6? ?(2  A (2 $A"6

H Cultural awareness :

      07;            +     

 :              (

 @



4 @

&" 0 &C" CI

   

C =&7 D 2 $&7 F $ 7 G B$ 7

P A=&7 J A$=&7 MM  @ .&7 MQ  ? .&7

,   

0       %  %<   

:

!&    #   & + 2  &;5 '             +    

$

 



J+JJ ? "

*@

+JJ  A&"= (+JJ  "?*= 

! $

- "

*## 

"F$$ =C $&B"= 

& "&F"

"F$$ =C

,@=

9B

@$ =C

,@=

*".F$= & "&F"

B=

&"( ?= "?&

@$= & "&F"

*@

@$ =C

B=

*".F$ =C

&?

 "?*= )"?.

72?= " A (+JJ

&A0 $& = *(7&F" $&B"=

&"( ?= "?&

4+JJ

$&B"= )"?.

B $& & "&F"

:

*(7&F"

? "

24 &   :&1 " =    6 # # 0 # # 4# /         $+ 8               

   " 1 8      *

=     +

 +

A  8 +         + #   + 8       : + 7    8 +          + *$B*= H $.B= H ", B= H & B= H & &"A  H $&"A  H @$&/ +

I nowing/not knowing 

'

    ,+"  2        1                      +  *

A " 8 F" #*@= "B&  "@

?



'

H %6 ? 27/  @"O H ?;+ @"  @ & + "2? # A "@ A "? $? 2&B

1&? = ?  $ ?= = A" )"?.= ?"=

!$$@= B72 &?= /A,= 1 .?"=  = $&"?=

    ,"  !##< =           /                      +  * R %6 ? 27/  $K R ?;+ & + R  &/  ?;+  &6 ? 27K #&( &    *   

 ! ",? 7$ & "F" $?

"?

"F&$ ( 

#&( &    *   

 !

 $&B $ #&S & "F"

?  F"$ # )&*

D

   

=

D(

7  

T

D4

   

Q  p

-

8                  07    1 &(+'+ 8        L "     &  H '  07    1 &(+('+ 8           &   '  07    1 &(+4'+

+ 4 &   -3 " (! )+ 8  +  + =   +      

  >2 $=  ;  $&= # ">

= &= &= 2 = %=

"=  = = 2  &= ) =

= =  &2 #2  

(! *+ 3 >   + /&  O 0            

         "      :        0              *

&0  $&  +

- " * *7/  &/ (/ ("/ $"7/ &  " $ * 6 / ( "$& &$ 4 & / . &"76 & &"/ *".($ " $&"/ 72 & &"/ (0= &  (! ++ V      +  O 8   

  +            !         "      7   +          A  * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

D@

H    O H   $&  +

 &O &"($$ " $&"'      O &/>" T" '  " 7O &"$= T 4 7'   $ "$ &O &#& & "("'  $&( &O && "$= T .='  "*O &$$  "'  $&( &6O &$&( 0 $ 4 & '   O & $ T "$ &'

7  

(! ,+  +  6 6K :          

            + H 6 6  &< =' + + + O H  &/ =  6  &< =' + + + /  = 6  &)".=' + + + (+ " 6  & 0& ' + + +   &' + + + 4+ < 0$& (  ,   &' + + +  &. &"7= 4 7' + + + @+ #&( &6 $   &( "$& &$= &  ' + + +  0&+ C+    $&"  &  "  &$&( 0 $ 4 & ' + + + D+  6 6 H  & .=' + + +   &$ "' + + + O F+ H 6 $     & "' + + + O H  &/ 6    &"' + + + G+ & 0& ("  &&($' + + + I+ "* $$" 6  $7 7  && "&("6 $&&(&' + + + (! -+ V      +  O  0>O  O 8   

  +            0  

  7   +          A+ +  0> L   6  .=O &(2 L "($$=  " L $$0 $= (6 L  ' (+  0> 6 ""  " O &72 & &" L $ "& L 7  !$$' 4+  0> 6 ""O &$$0 $  & L  .= L "($$= $&"=' @+  6 "&  "2  (O &(67= 2 L $ L T 0& L T ' C+  6 (O &" $&" L $&. L * ' D+  6 "  2,&6O &  L ( "$& &$ 4 & L $ "&6 (' F+  6 6 0 " O & " L . "&6  L . &"76 T$& ' G+  6 (0$7  "2  (O &(67= 2 L & "&("6 $&&(& L $$ ( "$& &' (! .+ A   + "  IJ/ IJ  IJ+ !               + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

"= $(2  .; + + + ( &"+ #2  2 " + + + *(& + + + $&  + #&( &6 "" + + + " " + + + &0 +   "= &.  + + + $&  +  6 (0$7 + + + "2  (K + + + 0> 6  .=K #= $  + + + &   0& ( + + + " ;. + + + !$$+ + + +  6 "K &=  "$ " + + + 2,&6 + + + 4 &+ 0 "  0 " 6 6 + + + . "& +

DC

   

(! 4+ N      + /& 6 O /        

                          N ! $&" 0&7$=/ &7/ "&7/ "&&7/ ""&7/ $ &7/ $(2&7/ &. &7/ $&" &7/ (&7/ (0&7$=/ 0&&7 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

   + + +  & "&(" $&&(& /  + + +  $&( 0 $ 4 &+ 0 "  0 "  + + +  &  + 6 + + +  4 &/  6 (* &+ 60  0 " 6 + + +  (* & /    + + +  / + + + & , / / *  + + + +  4 & 6 72 &  "/  6  6  0 " + + + $&+    0 " 6 + + +  2,&6  ( + !   ; 6 + + +     & &"+ 6 0$& + + +  "   $ "$ & + % 6 + + + /   2 $ / + + +  (6 /  /  & "&(" /  $ "& +  (. 6 , /   " 6 &   ,"2+   "($$ $&( & + + +  &" /  6  "($$ $+  " 6 $   + + + &7 "($$B Djghjcs

    +  + /     +       +      + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

FJ

 K K K K 2& $ $&( &6 6  #& & "(" K  K K  (0$7K  K K K  ,  (&"K  K K K K  $7  &  K  K K  60 (K /K K  (    K  K K 0$&  $&"  $&K  K K K $&( &6 ,  "   ;K  K K  0$& $&" 0$7K / K K  & K  0 K K  ""K  K K "  &" K

7  

(! ,+ :+ "* &+      #           (! -+    + "&+            

         6       +   B           .    7          %  5      +   )         * /  + + +

F

UNIT

4

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . .

         

  /  /    

         /     

   A Cultural awareness 

5   F&  + < $&( A&  ?+   G F& + < &B $&( A&  &B 2&? .+ 0 7 "G&+  G F& @  &"B/ B "B$& @+ ?($&/ ?($& B++

&/          ?            +' 3A B "A&B  G F& A+  6 H      K < ?;!  ? B0 7 ,"B2 *(&@$&6B / B B7& $7! E& 7+ 7 0 7 "G&+  "& ? & &B7 *(&BB++ ?(2 ?($&/  $&F! "F$$ 0/ $?"+++ ? & $?,"  B+  BO++   B/ ?($&+  B BK 7 &/ ?($&/ B+  & &"&/ *A&6/ 2? +  # $@ 72B +   # $@/ &"& B0 7 ,"B2/  *A&6 &B + ? ?($& B =        



H 1&

H 2&* +

5     * (7   "' 6          

            

F@

 $? " # "A 0 F2 FIIKG4F

&'            + =       2# 3   ? #   / #  /

/ +

  ? 0 %$&B G(GKIJ

&(' :    /      + =    6 

)> " ,?0 $&A$ G(KGG &B ?0 /A, GDJKIJ@

&4' :   +  *     +

>&" 7@0 /B$ G@JKGI4

&C' 

               ;

   4'? - - +  ,  - ./ < ;D + + + L <  ;D $  *  0&? $&"A &  @"  @ +"  /   0./  2                 * / #    E /  #    8  *    ,     (1



p

p

6  & #1 &  %     >       2           + 8 2 / / !  !   &* L $ * &9  &O'  &'  L    '+ N        2      /              

 !         +  

    

                 >+ : 0;   1 &@+('+   

  



 

$ "& 72B & ?&"

$F & "&F"(; A&(

 "?$ B "?$ B



 @$ 0

"F$$(; $&B"; E; "?$(; B4 7

/>" B"

(6?76 $ &?7

$&( A0 $ 4 @&

0                    0                      1



+    . , H @3 '?45- - - - , < ;DL ;D $  H 6 D27 B (L @L? K H / ;D+ L  &/  ;D+ H %6 B72 D27   "F6(O H < B72 ;D +

FD

H %6 D27 K H / B0 7+ L  &/  B0 7+

7  

V

N       + E  2            8!0  3 2  +       %  @     + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

?

&"@$' $&" 0? (  *A+ & @"' $  ? $F2 ? (+ ?2( 0 "? @  & $? "'+ 6 B0 7 D &# "A'+ &?' ? & D+ ; D& & @&"'+ ? $F2 &?'+ %6  @  &$&&@'O < B   &,@'+ < ?; &"B"'+

+ + + $&" 0? (  *A+ + + + $  ? $F2 ? (+ ?2( 0 "? @  + + + 6 B0 7 D + + + + + + ? & D+ ; D& + + + ? $F2 + + + %6  @  + + + O < B   + + + < ?; + + +

)   $ '>4(' - -         8  8   6     8

  

        ; &"  4  $ & !   0 "  7 /  6,   $&>"&6 "&6  "/  ;/   0(& &/  ; 0= $    $ $& "+ + + +  = 6   + U ,&/ IJ'

C The past tense 

V

+       ,   7  '' 7   @,   B " A$=&7 "2> .A"  $ "$! & 0& A A0 "K 0     

        1 :             :        

       + $**

GJ

"?&7  "F2 $F2&7 F6(L"?  + + +

"?&7  &?" L @ $&"A&7 &  @"L*(&B + + +

7  

("?&7 "&@"( &B&7 A LF + + + &7 0LB ( + + +

0&?&7 A&(L@(+ + +

A&7 ("B +  "&@" B " + + + ? ?0 + + + (+  "&@" B " + + + ?2 + + + 4+  "&@" B " + + + A& + + + @+  "&@" B " + + + ? + + + C+  "&@" B " + + + $&( A&6 + + + D+  "&@" B " + + + ?  + + +

G

   



+      & ,  % 3  ''  ! 6                 :    * (0@&7/ &"G&7/ $?&7/ 0&?&7/ $F2&7/ A&7/ & 0?&7 + + + + +

+ + + + +

+ "F$$ *@& + & $& + $0A + B6 $? + &"B7(; "B&(

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ $&,@ F2 + $$A&( + (0@& 7.( + " B

+ &?&

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+   "B$6 + "?&( + I& "&F"(; A&(J + "$$? /A, + "&@0 $ ( "A=

D Reading and grammar /

6 4  9-  3

@SC &7  $6+ CF/-  -   /  $6 0 B  A+   ;@ "B&&7+  ? 6 &7 0  -  /  $6 $ A B/ $&"A  &/  ?  ?  ("@+ A0 "/  ? &7 "2? B/ $6 $?! H < ,0F $&7+ &7 "&B 1/ $6 $5  -, &&  &#* ! H <  ,0F $&7 2 1/ &F 0& ?  F$=+ &7 0 B  $?+ > - -  &#* ! H # B = &6 B  "B&&7+ 3  - ,  + A0 "/  ? @ "2@ B/ &7 "&B 1+ #6 C$&" $5  $  &#* ! H ?= $ B = F$= "CB

/

   $ "$! & I/& 6 $  =  / &OJ & I< 6 $( (BJ H $ 2+ & I = > 6&"J/ H $  &=+ & I & = $" ($0 + + + J H $ + GG

7  

                       

$

  *+ 8               !     #                                               *

@H@6 @

  @6 @/  0&? @(   (@  2@(+ &' #B=H72B & ?&"

&(' $&( A&6H0?$&

&4' ? 6 7HT $&A

GI

   

H Numerals :

      B  07;  - - - B 0     %  %'             8           

 C            

              /        

   "   

:

    @  B 07; @ - - - B   @ .&7 (  ? .&7 4 &"? .&7

:

@ 0 &C" .&7 C =&? .&7 D 2 $&? .&7

Fhbav2nbrf

10+

=

10+

=

10+

=

10+ 10+

= =

10+ 10+ 10+ 10+ IJ

F $ 2? .&7 G $ ? .&7 I =&? .&7

= = = =

7  

:$

    @  B 07; @ - - - B (J ? .&7 ( ? .&7  @

(( ? .&7  (4 ? .&7 &"/ +

2     !        *   #      L                               8     #          0    #            !     #    #%!%+  @& ? B  @$ I2  ">   2? ? JK 567

 "?+J I  &6 6 0 "?OJ K $ "$@ &?"4+ &+ ,  $,/ $B  "@&; "A0 = $&"?6, $&( A&/ (DKG' ) E                    *2 + = /               + 8             0;   1 &I+C+('+  *

V

$&?&7L$&&7 "@&7L$?&7 $6 ?&7L$F&7 @&7$=L 07 0?&7L0?&7

 ? 6&7L  ?&7 "?&7L "G&7 $ "?2&7L$ "$@&7 0&?&7L 0&?&7 & B' 0&?&7 L "0&?&7 &B0&7 0&?&7'

0!  E  

     

  @&7$=L 07 $ &7 "?&7L "G&7 (2 "?&7L "G&7  ?"$&

JG

A&7L$ A&7 ("B &B&7L "&B&7 FLA

&B&7L "&B&7 A.;L("B

7  $



24 &   :&1 " 3       L  #     L L   

      

  +   &K

/&K

 ?K

 K

( ?K

$  $  &+ 0 FK

V

0 F "@$ 0?$&  ? 6  "B&(K 0 F  $F &B7  @ 0$? (&"?K 0 F &?"4 ? F  ?"$&K 0 F  "? > $ &7K 0 F  C$&" $FK !                      

            $&?&7 ,"2B

$

p

&F 0&

"$F&7$= A  

"? F&"

 &; +    ,  (3 '' - &   ! /   )       # O 9  2 *         #         *       +              2            +

p p

-   ! /   )     # O 9  2 *  

      

          + 9             /                 O )O 6       )     

D Humour /

24 &   :&1 "  2     !8 = .-&'        

   +  (+  

4+     2 @+   &2 ('

C+  D+    

!

          JI

   

/

6 4  @'" 4   +  ? 6 6 2 B+  "( G  ? (@   F. &  *B&?&+ (+ ? 2?  &  *B(; F (/ $=? &"F(  0? "@&7+ 4+ < $&"A  0$C+ "2B (A A$=&7 F&+ ? " ? "@&7  &  *B(+ @+ "2B (A ? .&7 F&/ ? .&7 =&7/ &"@ .&7/ &"@ .&7 A=&7B   ? " ? "@&7+ C+ % ? = B = F (  2> B+   ? $> " ? "@&7  &  *B(+ & 1&/ A   A  / " ? "@&7  &  *B(+

0& 

+  "( G  ? (@  &  *B+ (+ ? 2?  &  *B(; F (/ $=? &"F(  0? "@&7+ J

7  $

4+ < $&"A  0$C+ "2B (A A$=&7 F&+ @+ "2B ? .&7 F&/ ? .&7 =&7 + + + &"@ .&7 A=&7B C+ % ? = B = F (  2> B+ 0   (     

E Reading and comprehension 2

p 2

6 4  '( @5    &@ % " 2B K A"= A4$?&+  &@ % " 2B " ?$7  "A + > &A. 6 &"&"@$&+ > &7 "B&  *?"  B" &0$?& :" ?"  &A  B$$ &ID +'/  &@ 0? (0@&7$=  2B $?&+ /A"   B   &@ % " 2B/ A"= A4$?&/  &A  B$$+ &B ? C2 ?(+ > (/  "G ? / &B $?&+  & A"7 > *@= ? % " 2B+ > 07 F& >(2+ E     &   '            +    # & '        +

24 &   :&1 " !                    

      -, $ &  ->?> = *0>+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

#      + Q        + 3          + :          + :  >   + : *     "      ID+ :   

    + :       + Q        6   + N     

     "    +



   

                   

      

       

V

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

 &@ % " 2B " ?$7  &0$?&+ (  &@6 K &"&"@$&+ B *@=  "G+

E  

  0 1   ! " @&7$= "B  " @&  " B

$ "& $ "&$A $ "&$A

( (0@ C& ?( ?( 

&"?&" &"&"@$&

 &A&7L  &A&7 >&0

B$$ $?&

F Biographies 5

+  ,   ( H %6 ? 27/ & &BL& &?= + + + O H / ?;+ L? + + + H "?7+ H %6 ? 27/ & &BL& &?= + + + O H / ?;+ L? + + + H  "?7+ B (/   + + + / + ++ H %6 ? 27/ & &BL& &?= + + + O H  &/  ?;+

(

 ? A4  @&7$=  ?&

7  $

6                 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ (J+ (+ ((+ (4+

/B$ A % " 2B "F $= %$&B "0> ("@  %"B. ?" !A  ,?&   A  8 2&A !$&" B0 7. ? #&? $&$@= 0A$ "( 2&A" #7>  " G     "$ "&(+ + =  =+ (+ = $5  =  2>  2(+

7  $

(! 5+ = + # &+ 4

             

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

 &= 0 0&&7 & &+ '0& 7. 0 5=$=&7 ("+   0 "&7  &  *(+ #6 0 $&7 "6(+ "& 0 $&" &7 *(&+

D+ F+ G+ I+

& 0 &"&7+ #&( & 0 &7  (+ +(  0 "$&7 "&" &+ < 0 $&7 $7 +

(! )7+        + 5= =! " ;+                 ,4  (              I

   

'+ 0 " $  & &$ 6  "

 (6, 4  % + 4GFGF @CD4 J @4 +  % + " ;  * ( -(JGJ %  " I!       &  $ 3 /  "/ $ " " L# 

$/ 3   "  0 =  (  IX&0 &$ & " 6'+ &*

$     /   & 0  6$& + CF4(@4 && " " 4 '+  J+ %   $

 % + 4JF@4J " (JFJ/ $ &0 &*6 I       ? ! & &&7/ $&7/ &. &7/ "&&7/ $ "$&7/ &"&7/ (0&7$= 7 ! "&/  "$/ $& 7/ (0& 7/ & &/ &.4/ &"

7  $

+(

+4

)   + "* $$+ !  

               &



$

0

9







$



&





7

2



0

"





&

0

,



>

;

7

>

0

.

0



6







$











&



$

"



.



2





,







&

0

=

&

,

(













$



*









&







&















$





"

"





4











&



(

.







$











=

6











&

.

*





&

=

"





*











&

>

"

6



;

4

2

9



4

=



,



(

"



"



0



,

&













"







$

*







4









"







$

$

>

"



0

2











&







"







*



.







&

6

(

&











(











$

&

*



"

)    + #  & $& I"$J+ =                                      0 (  "$ "& & &

 $7 7

(

   

+@

6

/     

 )  '6   &  3 

 R R R & R R R R R R " R  R  R R  R R 7  R R R R & R 6

 R " R R & R $ R R  R R R & R R R R $ R R  R R

R R  R R & R R =  & 

&7 R " R R  , R R  R R  =&= R R R R  R R  $

A       *2 + 6  & $& I"$J  I%  *= ( J+ 6   

      0      1 + $&&7 (+ "&7 4+ &7 @+ $6 &7 C+ 0&7&$=' D+ &7$= F+ 0&7&$=' G+   6&7 I+ & 0&7 J+

 &7

+

"&7

(+

"$6 &7$=

4+ $&7 @+ $ "2&7

((

* R R $ R R R  R R R  , R R  R R   R R  R

   + 027 " 1-6

 R R ( R R &7  ( "$& &  R R R &7  (* & R R $ R R 7 $0  R ( R R & R  . R R  R R &7 ( "$& & +C

RRR R  R $ R R " RR"RR R R 2 R R $ R R 

& "=&7 & $(&7 & $=&7 & &7 & "&7 & $&&7 &   &7 & 0&7&$=' & $&7 & & &&7 &  =&7 & 0&7&$=' & $ "$&7 & "$(&7$= &  07

7  $

+D

   + 6"  "  6, &2 +  2  +

+F

   (+ "  + N       !       

(4

   

+G

   4+ V"6+ ; 

7       

      H  @       ! (  8@

"$  & % " 2 "& "*

(! )+ 7    +  $+     

                           6

          

             +

!         &' &' &' &' & ' & ' &>' &'

+(

$&    & $&&(& $(2&7 , 0$& $&7

 .&7 (  ( "$& & &"&7 & &   $$&7

>&0 "& (" & ,( (&7 2$& 60 ;&7

$ "&$  " "

" =  &7

&" "  "&&7

!    

                &' &' &' &' & '

(@

&"&"$& & . "  2 $&7 (0& 7  0&&7

(2/ "&/ $ $&"/ 07/ $ 7=/ (/   "* $$=/ &"&"$&/ "0/ $&/ (0& 7/  $ $&"/ &>" *(&/ , / $ &/ & $/ $ "&/  / 7* "6/ , / / * /  / *"(&6/  $&/ / (2/   7/ "&7/ $/ $&(

7  $

& '  7/ $" / &"/ $(&/ 0 & "/ =&./ 7 &>'  "=/ " =/ =/ 1& =/ )".=/ $&"/ "(= &' &($/ &" ($/ &"$ "&/   / 9 &"0/  &"/ &$ (! *+ %      + "$+        

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

+   60 $& "$ K

U(&" '

(+  $7  60 ",   ( "$& &K 4+  &" 0$(  0 0&&7 "K

U 0 " '

@+ #7 6 "  /    "0& "O

&0'

C+   "$ $( O

&(&" '

D+  $7  $& (&"O

&(&" '

F+  &" 0$(  "=  "$&K G+  $7  $&  "( 7K

U(&" '

(C

   

I+  &" 0$(  &" K J+    "2  ( "$& &K

(! ++   + #  .&  $"+             (! ,+ = + "* &+ 0                   

                  ! 0 &6"  > $ 7!   .&7 (! -+ 7       + #7 "  O     ,    (         &  &  "( + + + O     ?   :  -  4 #                              +   

   + (+ 4+ @+ C+

/&  >&  G 0$O    >& . "&O /&  >&  ( 0$O    >& *(&O   6 ";&O

D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

/&  >&  ( 0$ @C (&K & " & 7$6 /$K /&  >&  0 $ "&&K    >& ""  $ K   " ;& "  6K

(! 4+ :       +  7+ 8   +          /        +   + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

(D

 &" 0$( 6   0 " $ &7K   6 $  = $&K /& 6  (&"K   6 &"K   6 "2   .K  &" 0$( $  = (" "($$ =6 K  &" 0$( $  = $  =&  ( "$& & K

UNIT

C

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . . .

          /            

      

         2     

   A Professions and occupations 

)    '( )          6            %  / &  "/ % " & 7/ & &/  $ 5 ;4  (2  &"  06 6 "&+ & $? " # "A 0 F2'

(F

   



+  ,   ( /'

A=& 7 ! *"?.  A" *? $ ,( B/ (0 @ !F $ B7$ $&"B @$ *B$* &7G$ ,( B/ $F7 &"/ (6?&/ E&/ " &?& 7

A=& 7 ! *"?.  1 .?" *".F$ *B$*".@$& @$ 6$@& 7(@$&/ $ B (& @0 $ $.@ &7G$ $F7 &"/ ,( B  ",&A&" $ ?$ $?& 7(@$&/ ?&" "? I  ,B&J

8         *



p

H %6 ? 27/ & &B + + + O H / ?;+  + + + H  ?;/  B (/  + + + H "?7B H  "?7B

+    ,  ( 4G' -    ! 

  

  

  



$&( A& T&?"4   $A  (0@&   &"? 

$&( A& T$&@.  ?&  & &"? 7; A. 

B B"  4 @& 

0                    2                   T 0  

                     1 / ,= ( %" $$@"2

$ " &?"2 *@ (*A&0.  A"S ""@$&

"  ?& 7  & "?" >&0 &A"7 *".A& "0 ,@ &"&"@$& ,( B

(I

   

B Cultural awareness 

6 &    0   4 +" %@.! &  F0&$=

J  (

G$

- & &

4 @ C D F G I J  ( 4 @ C D

A&$ $

0?7= 2B

& &

 B= $"A == 2B 4$. * &A06 ,@0 $

F G

I (J (

%% #%%  #!   !

  #!   # -T ! -

9! %  .@$ "?, "$

B= $"A == 2B

) '

  #!   # -T !

@0 $ ( "$&A& ,( B $& 6 $&&F& $ "&B"=  & "?"=  A= 

(( (4 (@

*

$ "&F"

  %#< #%  T 4J

7  '



24 &   :&1 "             

  &'        

     

& '  Y       

   

       

&' ) 5 *              O



) "& &   .5 '- 4 +    

        .     /               7        /                    A       

               2       /                2   +              + 3                      

 + 9 IGG  F 

  CG     :    .           /           /   F        )   D     "  +

4

   

     DI       :    /      G     6   4     8B " /   @J        /   D(     6   C     "  + A                            /     + =         :             /         /                3//          

    + = >   /    /     5 * + 9 IGG/            (G              ((J  /                H::+ & :           / 3  / HA/ II@! @F(K4'

$

'

+    ,     27(' " 0                              8   )#                 

   

   *

+ H ? $& "0B+    (0@$=K + H  B0  .@$ $&&F&  $& "0B+

@A ? !@$ #B= ?$= "@$ A # "A "@ ?  "@ # "A @ $@  A"

( &: & 'O +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ $"A ;; 2(

@ * 1 "0 +++ "?, " +++ $&;" A$$ +++  & "?" +++ *".A& +++

">" +++ 9$("$B

+++ $$@"2

=

/& L? B0& '!  & "?"=  A= L $"A == 2B L $ "&B"= L  .@$ $&&F& L F"$6 $&;" A$$ L F"$6 9$("$B  L  .@$ (0@4 L "?, "$ (0@4 4(

7  '

@A ? !@$ #B= ?$= "@$ A # "A "@ ?  "@ # "A @ $@  A"

( &: 1 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ $"A ;; 2B( +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

@ * 1  +++ "  ?& 7 @$ =6? +++ 2*>" +++ ,( B +++ ,@ +++ (*A&0. +++ &A"7 +++  A" ""@$& +++

/& L? B0& '! ,( B $& 6 $&&F& L & ,@0 $ $&&F& L ,@0 $ $&&F& L *@0 $ *(7&A& ' L F"$6 2*>" L &A06 &A,( L $"A == 2B

'

+    , +    # & ,  ,  27(' ",   ' 3           )I#             *

(

on

-

 (0@$=   .@$ $&&F&  $& "0B+

 8    &&   " &+    &6 F027$=K   &6 ,B0 27 $&&7K

< (0F$7 L $ A  +  < ,0F $&&7 $ 9  + 

8   >           *!     . $    0;  : 1 I+(+@+   I+(+D+

C Interests and hobbies 

p

     ##   % "  > -L+> -L2 ' +> - +   9      & "A$!      G& !    ( 0A !   

& " $?&7$=!       ?&7$=!        ( ?&7$=!      

= & " $F;$7 = ?;$7 = ( ?;$7

U

$     

44

   

p

8   >              ;  :  I+(+4+(+ 4  & $  F0+


 .A"/ $ "?&  B+  $ "?2 $ ,  B B " A$=&7/ & 0& A 0 "?+ &  (@ 2*>" &$@K  ? (@ 2*>" &$@K 9            +                            /              +

7  '

2

  8    07+'  & (' 6(   7 *   &' # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0!

2

# "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0!

" @ B/ 0& 6 A 0 "?K '&" = $ A B/ 0&? A&(  $F2 B$&  "? + B$ A  = , @  @+ A0 " = , @  & ?&"+  B @ 6 , @K   @  F. B"7+ F; 7A$( 6 $&"A  & ?&" K I%" $ $&"CJ+

&(' # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0!

 &B" 0$F 6 2@  @K < C2   B   0$?+   &B" 0$F 2@ BK  0 &C" 0$?+  ? 6 2@  & ?&"K  $ 7+   ? 6 "2@ BK  A$=&7+

&4' # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0! # "?&  B! "@$  &"B0!

B 6 $&"A&/  ? 2  @K ;+ /& ? A K ? 2  &A(+  B 6 $&"A&/  ? 2  & ?&" K ?+ /&  AK  $&G  $&B &B($+ 6 2@ B A$& +

  8    $'-   2;  /      L         &B $ "?&  B $ "$@ 7RRRR &BRRR ( .BRRRR + &' # "?&  B! 7 &B!

# "?&  B! 7 &B!

/& 6 + + + 0 "?K '&" = + + +  ( "$&A&  A.+ &B "B&  "&B"RRRR+ B$ A  = + + +  &A(+ A0 " = + + +  & ?&"+ F; 7A$RRRRR 6 + + +  & ?&" K I%" $ $&"CJ+

&(' # "?&  B! 7 &B!

 &B" 0$F 6 + + +  &A(K  0 &C" 0$RRRR + 4F

   

2$

# "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B!

  &B" 0$F 6 + + + BK  2 $&7 0$RRRR +  ? 6 + + +  & ?&"K  B$ 7 0$RRRR +   ? 6 + + + BK   @ .&7+

&4' # "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B! # "?&  B! 7 &B!

B 6 $&"A&/  ? 2  ( "$&A&K ?+ B 6 $&"A&/  ? + + +  &A(K "@$  &"B0  A(+  0& A "@$  &"B0K  + + + RRRRR +  0& A A ?  K  + + +  &A(+ 6 2@ A$& + B 6 $&"A&/  ? + + +  & ?&" K A(+  0& ? + + + O ? $&G  $&B &"?=+

  8    $  * +  #'  0       & & 2 # :  3$ &        

          ( +   )         

      #     ,    (       *#  '   ;  *#  '  

@3  "$6

F&"

( ? , @K

 ( "$&A&

 6O /& & AK

$F2 A.

 &B" 0$F 2>O  &B" 0$F "2> BO B $&"A&K

4G

&B

B$ A 

 *A IB$$J A   ( 0$?

 B $ A B 0&? ("? $&"A *7 I!EJ  F 0$B  @ 0$?

; &? 2  A.'

A( &? 2  *A'

A0 "

 J 0$B

+  "B  B H A( &? 2  B' (+ B$ B H "@$ & 2>

B'

7  '

A1  "$6

F&"

( ? ,  O

&B  *A IB$$J

 6?K

B /& & A K $ ?  &B" 0$F 2?O  &B" 0$F  D 0$ (&"? "2? BK B $&"A& O

? B*  ( 0$?

B$ A 

A0 "

 &A(

 B

?$7

$&"A *7 I!EJ  B  F 0$B B$ B H  "B&(  J 0$B

 @ 0$?

? &  ; & ? 2 ? &  2> 2>  *AW  &A(W  B'

!                  

F Folk tale 5

V

) "   4 &   / 3 ' + 0

 K $ A&7  $&F

 ?&7

 "?&

$&G&7

 F.

4I

   

' K $ @&7$= $ $&7

@&7$=  07

 $&(

;

%' K  "?&7

$&?&7 $&&7

;

$ $&A

;

$ $&F

V

B $ $&F OJ  A . $&"A  $"A  $&(  $?  & "B! I& $ A  > $&F OJ  @2 (@  ? 7 $&(  "0?! I& $ A  > $&F  $? OJ &B  A  2@  "(F; B&(+ I&  ?  A "?&OJ H "B $? 72B  A 7+ I&  ?  A "?&OJ H  & "B $?  A .+  @2 $&"A  ? 7(; "?&7  (@  A0(+ I& ?B ==B & ?BJ H "0? + A0 (@   A / "C(  B  ( ?   $  $B" 2?

"B( B+ &+ + 0A/ ++ )"B &$$&+'/ !F$$ $?/ I!F$$ =CJ/  A . " $&"?  %B+ %?&6  &"( ;@6/  ("A+   & "? :+ # A0/ I# F&J# IGC! C+'



V

24 &   :&1 " 6          @$K +  A . " $&"? (+ ? 9$ @. 4+  @&6 @+  "?&" C+ &"B$K " B 0 D+ ("A F+ (& 2A$&  G+ &?&6 I+ (0?$& 9$ @. J+ (0A  A + 9 ? (+ 9&B"* 4+ D

 "F$$K                   2      2     2 

            

3            !8'#         @=L*@=

.?7$&7L $&"?

B"$&

"*A$$= 

"(@ ?6

"7  9$ @.

+ + + +

+++

D4

+++

(+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

 "? +++ )! +++ +++

+++ +++ +++ +++ +++

+++ +++ +++ +++ +++

+++

RRRRRR

$&"F 

.?&"  ? 9$ @. +++ +++ +++ +++  A . " $&"?  %B "0

+++ $7 " +++ ""$ " +++

F+ + + +

@4

   

8  F  &*/- :*& D&-F0 !8,' $  -  $ +  *

:" # A0 6 "0B  9$ @. I%@"$J+

 6                     +                               @

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

)  6  : 1 >       '  07    1 &C+4'

+ 4 &   -3 " (! )+    + "&+  

                 /                 + !            #                    

     :                    ,= ( + & $   0& O $           & '  $(&( = 6  & &" $ &"&' + + + &' 0 " = ( $ &"$' + + + &' < "  &  *( $ &&"4' + + + &' 70 ,   (  $ &(0& 7' + + + & ' 0 "  6  $&  $ && .' + + +

& ' < ,0( "&7 $ &&=' + + + &' & . ,   ." $ &" ' + + + &'  "" $ & "* $$"' + + + &' &7 (=  " $ &$6' + + +

(! 5+ A   + "  I$J/ IJ/ IJ/ IJ  IJ+ !               + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

&7 + + + $6 (= + + + " +   * + + + + 6 $  + + + $&  "" + + + ( "$& & +  &   + + + 0 + + + (2+ #&( &6 $  + + + (* &   (& "" 6 + + + $6"+  $&"  *7 + + + $ + + + & " $+ + + +   "" 2> + + + *(& + 0 " "* $$" $&" &$= + + + "("$+ "& + + + $ $&" (0&$= + + + 2 +  "  0 "   ( + + + $">+

@F

   

(! 6+ = + %"   =+ $           

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

        3          +       3          ,?(  * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

6 &O

,  N

  (  K

 6  0 "+   K

0 "  0 " 6 $ $ $&" $&"  &  " +  "2  (     )".;    + #&( &  $7 7 $   &   $= "($$ =6+    0$& "  & $+ #&. !$$ 6 &$= $+ "* $$" $&" 0$= $   &   ( &"+

(! ))+ :       + ! +                     4

       +  6  9 "06 B 8& 2$ = $B I!'## #%!J "2 &  "&(  " $&"  $  % "$ (.   6 " $&"  "& + 2 " $&"6 &"6&6    ;0= $" $ 7 $ J+JJ 0$ (&"  J+JJ 0$  0 "+ 8& 0&/ 0& "&  I!'## #%!J 60 0 &$=  G+JJ 0$ (&"/  0 &$=  +JJ   (+JJ 0$ 0+  0/ "&  * $"*(! F 0$  7+ $ 6  & $&"6 =6/ $ 6 ,&& "&&7  (7&("  "=& &$* " / $ 6 ;& "&&7  & $ &  / & "&  I!'## #%!J H 9& 2$ = $B 2  " $! J4JCJ $/ (+ = "=/ @D+ ! $&" I!'## #%!J &($&/  2&   "& ! ">  "&(' @G

7  '

+ + + + &( &! + + + (J

" =  

!J # #% )" I!'# = + + + + + + + 6 ! & "   "$76 +++++ %  * + + + )+++ + + + + +  + +   & &  " $  $  & & & !       (  $7 + + + & #    (   & & L(0& + + (&  $ 0$ " #%!J! + + +  +  # & #  '  I! 6

 " $&"  =6 + + + + 2   &    " #%!J! + + + (J   $7! + + +    #7  # # ' I!  &7 "& ( 0&7

(! )*+ ;   +     !$$;+ )       #              0   

                       ;7  7

I+JJK(+JJ G+JJ

* $ = T. "&! 72 & &" $ "$

&"

(&"  0 "

" $ / 2/ #=

! &  $ &7 I%" $ $&"6J

$" 

(+JJKC+JJ D+JJ

6  $ &=  "(6!  .=  &

0 & "

(&" G+JJ

 $ $ "$ ( $ (2 "$

I+JJK+JJ G+JJ

$$     #& & "("

$(&

F+JJ

>  0 "

#& & "(" !($$ (  ." $ 

$" $ 7

(&" +JJ $   I+JJ

8"& " $&" I# J 9$("$=  " (    $(

=&.

@I

   

V 

0 4&  4 &  Ktrcbxtcrbt eghf;ytybz

4+

:    + & " $6/ ( 0 =+           * /  *   

4+(

:    + (  6 , O /& 6 & O      

     /      *                       - &  $+ >&0

(& 2A$& 

&B

"B&

 A .

" &?& 7

"  @&7 $?&7

(& 2A$&&7 C$&7

" &?&7

?$$

&A

&A"7 (*A&0. $$@"2

(*A&

2B7

6   

       & 0   &$=O Q      + )              O - &  $+ $&B"= *(&B

F6 & "&F" ,@= & ?&

*@

& "&("A

*$B*=

$F$$&

,@ (6?& *B$*

$($$&A

2?,&6

2,&@$&

& ?& $&B" *(&@$&

*@

CJ

 &A&7

)    + & (  , &  6 7O 6   

       >      0               1 - &  $+ 2B

4+C

"B&&7

"  ?& 7

" B 0 4+@

"  ?&7

6$@& 7

$?& 7

&7

 A&7

7  '

4+D

)  + "& 76 + 3              "    2

 

'-5

'

(7

(7

''

&

3



;

4



4

+'

2

5

+ R R R  (+  R R  4+ &"( R R R ;6 @+ & '( R R R 6 C+ * R R R 0 $ D+ (0 R R 6 4+F

F+ * R R R $ G+ , R R R $ I+  R R R $ J+ R R R 6 +  R R R  (+  R R 7

4+ $ R R R  @+  R R R $ C+  R R R 6 D+  R R R 6 F+ $ R R R R 6

=    +  O (  O &(  O 6            

  ? ! + $&&7 (+ 6, &7 4+  &7 @+ &7$= C+ $ &7$= D+ & F+  &7 G+ $ &7 I+ &7$= J+ $&( &7 + $&" 0&7$= 8    !  "&?  !$$;?  &  ? ?  $&( ?  "&7? $ "&?  $&(?  * ?  ( "$& &?  

4+G

:    + '0 6  =+ /     

 + (R R R 9$("$  (+ ,R R R 0 R R R  $&&(& 4+  R  R R & R R R 6 & ,( @+ $&&(&  R R R &" R R R  C+ $ R R R  R R R = D+  R R R 6 2*>" F+  R  & R R R 2 G+  R 

I+ " R R R , " R R R R (04 J+  R R R & R R R R +  R R " R R R =  = (+  R R R $ R R $&&(& 4+ R R R R 0 $ R R R ( "$& & @+ ,(  R R R & R R R =  = C+  R R R R 0 R R R R R ( "$& & D+  R R R  (04

7       

      H  C       ! = 84 ;

>&"   %"   = I%"$J   

(! )+    + & (  $   ,   $" $ 7 O             #             %5&" &2

$   $ %  $  $ " $ 7 $  $ "$

(  ,   "6  & &"  (   & ( (   $& (

0& &  &.  0& /  &6  ("6 $&"  $ &7 I%" $ $&"6J ($&"  $&"  &  " $&"  6$&( "($$ "*

3                 * & $   (  ,   $" $ 7 /  0&  & +  !

 $" $ 7 + + + $ + + + ,   + + +/   + + +

(! *+    +   6 ,&  $&&7  &$& O   6 "& & $ 0$O       0              

  +          *             &'  L    O'E     

  1 &'   O' (! ++ :  + 0 ( 6 &(  $&( O 8   +                 #       * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

C(

0 ( 6 $&(   90 $ *(7& &O &9$&' &( 0& = ,0( $&&7 9$&+

0 ( 6 $&(     "6 *(7& &O &  "' 0 ( 6 $&(   ,0 $ *(7& &O &,' 0 ( 6 $&(   0 $ *(7& &O &' 0 ( 6 $&(   & 06 *(7& &O && "7' 0 ( 6 $&(    .$ *(7& &O &"0' 0 ( 6 $&(   0 $ *(7& &O &(0& 7' 0 ( 6 $&(   *(7& & ("$&O &("$&' E         ! < $&( &'  *0 $ *(7& &/ &( 0& + + +

UNIT

D

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . .

2          2               

   A Possession 

p

: 8  =   8   : 4!  - - - - ,  

    

              2   +   =   (  G

p

&6 ( & G

 (  B

2     * H ' & G $&7 $?"7K H ' $ $&7 & &"? 7K

? (  >

6 ( $

6 ( $

@ ( ,

&O ( BO

H / $&7+ H  &/ A&(+ H / $&7+ H  &/ A&(+

:           L        #  ?#  ;   

  #   #   :   + 

              

      !



p

H ' & G $&7 "? K H ' $ $&7 2@ K

H / $&7+ H  &/ A&(+

+    ,  :  7  -  

    

            >   2   +

C4

   

  

p

on

p

( ? 2  $ $&"C ( E& $&( A&T ( ?& ( "@

' ? $&7 &.@/ ( ?& $&7 "F0/  ( &?2 $&7 + + +

/   8 # ,  : 4!  - 4 H ' & G $&7 "&O H / $&7+ '  G $&7 "&+

H ' $ $&7 $ $&"?O H / $&7+ '  G $&7 $ $&"?+

H ' & G $&7 "&O H  &/ A&(+ '  G  & "?&+

H ' $ $&7 $ $&"?O H  &/ A&(+ '  G  & $ $&"C

 

    

            2     +       



 & "?&  & &.@  & (0@& =  & 0?=

 & $ $&"C  & B2  & & &"?   & A.

 & ?  & B"=  & 4 @&=

3              8%#                        0    

       *  * - L *  L *  L *     +  !

$

( $&?"2  "?& ( E& $&( A& ( 2B7 (0@& = (  $A=

$        

 

'

  

T 

   

               +     &  )'    . & !  %+ E         

   H  @              + : 0;   1 &+('+

 !



  

'  G  &  7D& "/ 2@6/ & &"?  + + +  ( @  & $?/ $"G/ " 2? + + +

    8 - - -  : !  43' - - ) 2              /       

   $ #) &         '+ 8     2   2 L  2        0;   1 &I+4+@+('+ 8     2   0   1       0;   1 &I+4+@+'+

C@

7  (

2                                /            &*B

"? 

 7D& " , @7 &  @"

2@  $ A

*&

"?&

2         

  * + '  G  B& $&7 + + + (+ ' $  4 @& $&7 + + +

4+ ' $  *(7&A& $&7 + + + @+ ' $  "&@" $&7 + + +

B Present reference 

5       0 )3 5 "

V

A (2

G =

/

?(2

?

" @& 

&A.

&>&=

&7 =

"&  G

p

W

$ $&"?

W

A&

$6

07

(

F0

 B F&K  B A (2(

G ; & B &.?T ? 2  "?& $&?"2  $C ?2   G F

'% + + +

 G.

 > F&K D ?(2( &>&; &D &7 ? 2(; $ $&"F $&?"2(; 07 ?2(  G.( F0(

'% + + +

CC

   

TE /          /  "  &  '      *2 "         + 8          !  0;   1 &(+C+'+ 8               >  0;   1 &F+   F+(+'+ 2     0                  



' 

p p

8      L   2     :       

6  8 &       .  - - - 3  - - - 3 7G - -  @  L"&

 B  L"?& &" B  L"?& 0 &C" B  L"?&

 ? F& L$ $&"?

 F&6 L$ $&"C &" F&6 L$ $&"C 0 &C" F&6 L$ $&"C

  B

 ? &" ? 0 &C" ?

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

CD

7  (

C+ ? .&7  & ? 6  @$7+ % A"7 6 >  0A$& " /  = "B&;  ( "$&A& +  $B  "A= = ?;$7   7D& "6, F"$,+ &  ( !B "&  *&"?*+  (0@& 7/ "  >& & ?&(  2B +  B 0&? &  ( ? &$= ?+ "? &  $$*B  $B  "A=+ D+ '  G  "?&+ #&?"2 "&  $A " @$=  $A  C+  $&?"2  G  $ 7  &+  >&  #"?& / "B& &  @.+   ?&+

?  $A= "B& & $$@"2   $&"B + > F& )@+ ' ,  @ $6 K   G @2/ $&( A& &"B F"$ #"?&$ @0 $ $&&F&+ F+  &  ? 2 "& # "A $ $ 7>+  B  G  A$=&7  &+  " @$=   "? /  B >&  $A+  "*A$$  *@+ B  ? ?= K @$&/ "B& &  $ "&B"/  .?7$& ? "(@+ ' , ? 7= B0/ G  G.+ > F& ?&=+ ? (0 @. &"B ?$$ @$ 2B6+ ?&= ( ?&$=  F6   $ B"&+



p

)      &  / !I  "  4       #           

    "    *                     *     

     

     

= &6 L? 6 6 @

"B&+ + + "B& 27 "B&+ + + "B&+ + + "B& & "B&+ + +

*                     *     

     

     

= &6 L? 6 6 @

+ + + >27 + + + + + + >& + + +

= &6 L? 6 6 @

?+ ?+ ?+ ?+ ?+ ?+

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

& " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+

"?+ "?+ "?+ "?+ "?+ "?+ " " " " " "

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

 +  +  +  +  +  +

( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

8              0;   1 &I+('+

CF

   

p

8   

            "   #   /    #           7              

p

-        

                  

  + + +

 "A=  + + +

B$  + + +

)               

     

 ?&"+ + +

 $ &?+ + +  "A= ?&"+ + +  "A= $ &?+ + + B$ ?&"+ + + B$ $ &?+ + +

$

 A.+ + +

 0>&+ + +

 "B&+ + +

 "A= A.+ + +  "A= 0>&+ + +  "A= "B&+ + + B$ A.+ + +

B$ 0>&+ + +

B$ "B&+ + +

6 .  #     +13)  4 4  &+ : 

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

CG

7  (

'

9   $  

p &F 

 "B   "B 

 "B  ? "B 

(

on

Z

?2 &7K 2 &A.K > ( L B  ?K &G ?(2 &  & "@$ @'O & A (2 &  &.B$ @'O



#

Z

$ ? !$$@ "?  1&?  &?

Z

? '"?

Z

"@ 8 F" B  F !@ #"?&

6 .  #      1(  4   +, .& -$*   , -   L *=>+ +, -$* /   $  $ *   &/,      +  $ F&K  6 " @$7O  6 @  A&$& O  6 >& $ 0?$K  F& L ? ?2( ?(2( L ?2  A (2(  & "@$ L &.B$ @O  F& ?2, " @&  K #B7 ( $ "?&7   $ $&>"O  , F&O @ $&?"2 @ B $O @  ?&6 L ?( O ' , $&7 A&O  , F&K  ? 6 2@  2B(O #B7  & 6 (0@$7  2B O @ " A&6 6 ;@L ;@  2B K /& 6 A B$ 2B6O  B $&&F& 6 $&( @ B$ 2B6O  B *(7&A& 6 $&( @O #B7  & 6 (0@$7O   6 $&?K 6 ?(  L  ?&6O  F& ?2  F L ?2(  FO   L? "B& &O ' $ $&7 A&O  , F&K  , :    !%<  "/  # / :/ : /  / 0$ = $ / / ?& = $ / @  = $ / *  ?  / =  !   /  #  / + 2       

  *  / * / /  / #$/  -/ $/  / /   "/ #+  B =6A @ "G&O #                

        $ ?.6 "G& + + + )".F6 "G& + + + 0? "G& + + + &7G.6 "G& + + + )@6 "G& + + + A.6 "G& + + + ? .6 "G& + + + !F$$ "G& + + + G "G& + + + "A "G& + + +

D(

? $  B7$ *@$ $ ?$ "F$$ "A0 $ *".F$ &7G$  A. @$

7  (

2

6 4  '2  I/ &+>J  - &"?7 A" $&7 (B$&" :&?+ &  E& ?  ?  ?"&( @"+  2 $&? .& A $ ?$ "@ $?  "@$ B" B(; ?&(; $&"F+ %" "G C2  $ ?$ B"& ? $ A& CD &&C$=0 =&7$B& 2 $&? .&' B +  "G, C J &$& A$=&7' $ ?$, $ ?&+  "A @/ A./ (@  A;+ # ?&6 $2@ $ "G  A"   2@  72F;  A$(; "A;+  &? "$@ $? $&?"  A.  "?7+ H  6? &$= E& $&"?O H $ "$@  &? $ ?$+ H :&?B &I ?;BJ' H &A& $&"@  A$+  &?  F/ 0& :&? H ? E& $&"C/   $? B  ?"& + % E&& (B$&" 6? &$=  $, "+ &A  #+ A+ &+'/ HH &&B &*#$# 

/ IDI! F4K @'

2

24 &   :&1 " 6           + $&@ &@ "&@ (&@ 6&@ " &@

p p

8    

        *2      0;   1 &I+F+@'+ 3&(  K %" "G C2 # ?&6 $2@

2$

-. -$.

$ ?$ B"& ? $+ "G+

+   3   3   ,  , ,3 2+3   , +, 7        6          #         

  +  *  1 # *#   1 1

D4

   

2'

!&   8   02    + 0         #        

         

&  "A @/ A./ (@  A;+ &  - &"?7 A" $&7 (B$&" :&?+ &  2 $&? .& A $ ?$ "@ $?  "@$ B" B(; ?&(; $&"F+

& &  E& ?  ?  ?"&( @"+ &  &?  F/ 0& :&? H ? E& $&"C/   $? B  ?"& +

& H :&?B &I ?;BJ' H &A& $&"@  A$+ &  &? "$@ $? $&?"  A.  "?7+ &  "G, C J &$& A$=&7' $ ?$, $ ?&+ & # ?&6 $2@ $ "G  A"   2@  72F;  A$(; "A;+ & % E&& (B$&" 6? &$=  $, "+ & %" "G C2  $ ?$ B"& ? $ A& CD B + & H  6? &$= E& $&"?O H $ "$@  &? $ ?$+ 2(

!       &+ (6 + (A$

# + A (0?

 &6  &/  5    $&"/   "  "   + ! =& .&7  &(/  $"  (/   "(    "(+    /   ;    $; ( $ ( $;!

   6  & 6     7, $&"  ;$=/  "$& 70(+ ! =& .&7  "$ / $=    /   "( (6(&7$=  $ +  "0 /  ,( /  & (  "( $  $ !

" ! I &/  &/ (6& $7/  7 (6 H 9& * "=/  &/  &/  &=& $7/ %7 $ 6 "=;&$= "=BJ

D@

7  (

F Cultural awareness 5

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

DC

   

5

24 &   :&1 " !      

   "    $            #  #A         " . "F$$ =C B= & "&F" A& & ?& $&"B= $&B"= $&"?6 =C 4 $&A  ,@= "" A  "$?  "?*= F6 *@ *(7&F" 0     "        .       1

5

%    &  0 "" 5 '   

    :                5,    6+ /           =   /      IGC 

 /           ?+          @C        + >        K 

   K     + =      &     ' 

    ?!+ $/                     2  /        ?!!!+ =      *         ?!!/ 

   "      

    + 7                 2      K      /        K        /    2               DJ       + !               +       /   !M &   '                              :     K   

           5  K            + =               +             +                &      #  '+     

           /    DJ     *        

    * &'      /         2                  +   IGC 

                 &      '/   /  /  / /  /    /           + =        M  /     >     !                /   /             /    M!/   + & :           / 3  / HA/ II@! @F@'

DD

7  (

Q  p

-

8             &         '  07    1 &D+'+ 8            

  07    1 &D+('+ 8           &       '  07    1 &D+4'+

+ 4 &   -3 " (! )+    + "&+  

                 /                 + !            #                    

     :                    ,= (   1(

 +     

 * + ' & = $&7 $"7K (+  9& " 6 & &"K 4+ &(  K @+ #7 ( & = $ $&>"K C+ /& &6 (  K

/ $&7+  &/  9& "  6 & &"+  "   !$$+ '  =  $ $&"6+ < (  (&6( +

(! ,+ :  *   >  + 6 6+ : "   

         :            = / G -    $  ? $ 1 0&&7

&7 (0&7

(=&7 $&&7 "$&7

 & ,&7 &7

&7 &7 $&7

(! -+ E + /   &+ /   6+ $  

          @&   ->? - / $ 0  = A + (+ 4+ @+ DG

'  = $&7 "&+ '   $&7  +  " $&7 & &"+ ' & = $&7 $6+

C+ D+ F+ G+

0 " 6  .=+  &$& (   6 "(+  $" $ 7 6 9$("$=+ ' $  " 6 ."+

7  (

(! .+ E      + #7 ,K :                      + 4&: - / + 7 *  &/ "&/ 7/  / $7/ "/ "(7/ $ $&"/ $&/ $&( &/ $&( &/ $&( +  2  & 0 &6" + + + /  + + +   + + + (+ '  =  + + +  &" + + + 4+  (   + + +  + @+ 6 ( 6  $  + + + C+ 8&  $&&  .&7  + + + D+ < 0& E&( ( 0 &6" + + + F+ #  =  "( (0  + + + G+  2  "(  + + +  &" + + + (! 4+ 6 +  /  /  &+ 4

               + 4  &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

< (0$=  $&&(& =&7 + + +  0 $&&(&  + + +  + 2 $ 7=   $ $=&7 + + + /  & " ,   & "("+  "( "&   & "(" &" + + +  & . "&  2  .&7   + + + < 0 2(  0 "   + + + $&(   $&&(&+  2  2(  $ 7 + + + + + +  =    )".;+   $=  &" .&7 0 &6" + + +  2 (0&$=   .&7 + + +

(! 5+ V      +  $ 7 + 6  +      

           @  ->? $ -  -B- ? $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

'  = $&7 $ $&"   "&+   "& (&  "+  "&  2 +  0 $&&(&     +  "&  2   &"  + > (&  +

F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

/  ( +   62 ( $ 7  &  + / $&7+ '  >  $6+ , (&   &"+  $&( &6+  &$& 6   '" +

(! 6+ ;   + #  6 7+ :    

                   +   :& $ -B- ?  $ $ $  = + + ' $ 72=  "(= $ 7=+ & 2 $  6 7+ (+ 8& =+ + + + + + + &2+ > + + + "$+ = + + +  &"+  "2  ( = + + +  ( "$& &+ 4+ 8&  + + +  + + +  ( $&"6 +   "&;&/  (  + + +  (&

 / + + + '" + DI

   

@+ 8& + + + + + + + + + + "$  &"0+  "* $$    "+  "& & + + + 72  + C+ 8& =+ + + + > + + + "= +  $ 0$ "& &  + + + +  "0+  + + +   .$ $&&(&  $ + D+  9& = $&"2= $ $&"/ > + + +  > + + +  + + + $ # &+ = + + + $ 0$  "& &+   >& " >+ > + + + >&0+ > + + + 27+  (  $(  + + + (! )7+ E  * + #&"6  $&.6+ 6   

    

     + - F  0  +  /1 " $ "   

!  "(& % "2   $

 $&"= " = )".= =  =

72 !$$= &= / ,= < =

(! ))+ E  * + /  9& "&" &O :    

            + 4&: - / / $  $   =# $ &&B+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +

& "$ $&'  (" "&" & + + + &6 "(' <  $  " $ + + + &$&"2 "&' 6 $   & + + + &"7' < $&" & $ $&"( + + + &(0& 7' (2 & &   "$ + + + &&"'   $7 $& + + + O &" ' (2 "0& $7 + + + &&2 ' ( + + + H   "+ &"=' '   $&7 "&" & + + + & 2= $ $&" ' 8&    + + + &&>&='     "&  + + +

(! )*+ A   + "  IJ/ I(J/ I$J/ I $ J  I " =J+ !              + $ ?  - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ FJ

& .  + + + #"+ + + +  =  & "  + (2 $& + + + $&(+  + + + "0  $ 7+ 6 $  0$& $&" 0$7 + + + "&6+ + + + 0= ( "$& &  $& "  0+ + + +  6 &" $6+    *"& + + + 6+  "  + + + + + + + $   & &  "+

7  (

(! )++ = + #7 $&&  7O !                          +   :& $$   / $-+ $- &+   6 E& ! "& >"$ &2> L 2>' ++++   " ( " +  &  L ( ' ++(++ / 0& T&6 0   &   L( ' ++4++  " (+   T 6   0   & "6 L "6(' ++@++  " (  &$ $L $ $' ++C++ &+ &6 0   &  L ' ++D++ (  (  &(+ ; / &"6 &  L( ' ++F++ 9&/ $! I , 0  J+  ,&  &"$&7 L "$&7' ++G++ & "&  " (+  ! "& >"$ $! H   B &6 0   (02 $ ,  &/ $7 $&&  7+ & &# A   A  / (   /  "T H 9& /  0 &>"&6,/ 2  $" &$=  >&T/ &( 0& 2  6 &$= &B + $* 0&7 ,  /    "( ,  

 ; . ,  

7 ,  &=& ,   >& , "

 7 ,  

" , * 

(! *+ % + "$= 1 0+                 2       4  &+

6 0+ ++++  "$= 1 0+   $   ++(++/  > ++4++    $(+  (; ++@++ "$= 1 0 ,   $&  (2 +   $(  ++C++ +  $   0 7 ++D++ $&7+   6/   "$= 1 0 ++F++  (2 /  ++G++   $( +  ,&  ++I++ "$(; 1 0(/  $0 ++J++ >! H (  &6 ++++/ "$= 1 0 K H < ++(++  $&  (2 / H $ "$= 1 0+ %    (! IBBB (02 ++4++  (2(/  "$(; 1 0(BJ      (2  ++@++ >+ ++C++ "$= 1 0 "2  (2 /  ++D++  (2 "&/ ++F++ $" &(   ++G++ H  "$&(/ (2 B H $ "$= 1 0+ H  "$&(/ = ++I++B H $ + H 0 ( ( & = & 72  O H $ "$ "$= 1 0+ F@

7  (

H /&6 (02 ++(J++ & =/ H & & + H  0 ( ( & = & ++(++ (2K H /&6 (02 ++((++ & =+ H  0 ( ++(4++ & 72 (6K H /&6 ++(@++ & =BBB   ++(C++ "$(; 1 0(+  9& ++(D++   2>  $+  ( +   ++(F++ (2  "$= 1 0+ "2   &+ "$= 1 0 62 ++(G++   $/      $0$&B C  

% !         

  7    Q O

     

     

  ; @  @@  % '('-3 J (J 4J @J CJ

A$=&7

? .&7 &"@ .&7 $B" =&7 $G&

DJ FJ GJ IJ JJ

2 $&7 $G& $A7 $=& B$ 7 $=&

=B$& $&

&B 0         %'   %''      

     

       

   

   



p   

FD

6  8 &   .+'-3) & 1  

    

            2  + = 

&6 & A

 F

? 

6 

6 

@ 

0&K 0 FK

&O FO

7  *



p

24      H #B7 & AL  &O H  + + + H #B7 F  &K H F+ + +

H #B7   &O H + + +

C/ @/ 4/ (/  C(/ @(/ 4(/ ((/ ( C4/ @4/ 44/ (4/ 4 C@/ @@/ 4@/ (@/ @ CC/ @C/ 4C/ (C/ C CD/ @D/ 4D/ (D/ D CF/ @F/ 4F/ (F/ F CG/ @G/ 4G/ (G/ G CI/ @I/ 4I/ (I/ I DJ/ @J/ 4J/ (J/ J / (/ 4/ + + + I

p

U

B 

U

 &

 

    

             2  +

  

p



  

  

$&?"2 ( "?&( E&( $&( A&( 2B7( (0@& ;  $A;

$&?"2  $ $&"A E& $&( A& ?& "@

#B7 FL   &K F "?&( ?(  "A; ?;  $ $&"A #B "@$ "@

U

QM 

QZ B 

(C  &

FF

   

$

24     0 '-   L) '  $B7  &  &?' $&?"2 LB & GK      2       8        1 d

º

f

u

l

FG

7  *

'

'

 &         - -H :                   

  +    BL > F&K #B7 FL   &K

 L? >&K  L? "B& &LF0&$=K =

+++  A$$ +++ "B& &  *A

"@ +++ (C  &  "B& &K

+++ $ I  & F0&$=  '

? +++ D  &  F0&$=O 

"@$ +++ @D  &  "B& &K

+++ #& & "F" +++ "B& &  @

 +++ +++  F0&$=K

+++ $? +++ F0&$=  2B

B Suggesting a course of action 

p

     "  

  "   

   " 

= &6  6 6 @

= &6  6 6 @

= &6  6 6 @

H(LH; H 27 H & H  H & H(&LH;&

HFLHD H>27 H>& H> H>& HF&LHD&

H(LH; H27 H& H H& H&LH=&

8                 >     0;   1 &I+(+@C'+ $   "    

    !     "        

p

!    & " $?&7$= $&?&7  &@ &7 (0@&7$= ;@&7 A &7

$     & " $F+ + + $&+ + +  + + + + + + (0+ + + ;+ + +L;+ + + + + +L  + + +

E + N            & !    %      

 

  (   4 & 0;   1 &+(''+ (+ 9  *            >    *          !  $&*  ) $   $    ?  #B  ) B#   B#    : 0;   1 &I+(+C'+ 4+   >    . $   2 *       > + : 0;   1 &I+(+D'+ 3             #       +     

 

  * &'        &('        &4'        1        +              @ 



GJ

7  *

( ? &6  R R R $ B = A0 "K  &6  R R RO  &6 F0 R R R R RO /  &6 & " $F R R R R RO /& &6 D R R R A&7K   &6 ,B0 R R R $&&7K  $B7 &6 $& R R RO ( ? &6 A R R R A&K



<  R + + + <  R + + + < (0 R R R + + + < & " $F R R R + + + < ; R + + + < ,0 R $&&7 + + + < $& R + + + A& = A R + + +

F& # &? ?  "A"+ ? " ?$7  ? /  (0@$7  "B $ ( "$&A& +  4J  &+ ? >&  8 F" /  F. ! #&"&/  B XD+ ?  2&? /  "F$$=+ ? "B& &  8 F"$ ( "$&A& / "  >&  ?* " "F$$ =6?+ %" B  ?  C2 ?(   "?.+ '  > $&7 ? 7= B0/ &B"(; F& "@+ ? 6  ? $ B0 A &  !$$@; & 6,?&7  @ &7$= $ "?&/ # "A  ? 0  ?2+ > " @&  F " B+ ? 6 "/  ? ? $"? &$= A,&7  !$$@;/ ?  G & A&(/ 0&B6 (0@&7 @(+ <  % )@= .?7$&7 = A$& " A= &0 $& A$& @& 7$& A07= *@= "? ! 

A$& "B&6 L "*A$$= B"$&  " $

'

:          8                     L  

  +  *  &G *@=O  &> @=LB&0 $&K  &6 F027$=K #B7 & A  &K  &6 >27K & &6  .?7$&K G

   

 &6 " @$=L" ?$7K B ( & G "? !  B $"A  L B $"A  L C$2 K 0                  

D Expressing likes and dislikes /

p

24   .   + - "  & A F    

& ' "?&$= "F6 & ' "?&$= E&& "$$? & ' "?&$= E& 7A$ & ' "?&$= BB & ' "?&$= E&& "? & ' "?=&$= E& $&,@ & ' "?=&$= ?(" "6

:   

            #      #  L       #   ) #  )  # #     #  -  # '"  *. #  $"  #     '* ##     

     8     #         *

/

?2 L B( "?&$=L=&$= + + +  L F  "?&$=L=&$= + + +

+    . ,  %  L 4 +  " :  2     -               

#                 #     0        #                                 L  +               *   #     #     

E Structuring an argument 2

0     - + ;> "?= " ?.=B # 0?$ B "G&  @2(&  B& 6, +  "B2 B " ?2  ("? 0&?&  $?/ 0& ?  & 6,?&7 &@+ /& ?0& I&@JO ?0&/ ?  A&7  "C&7 B$ "B&6K B (/ E&  "?7+  ? 0 A ",B & $ "B&6/  ($&?/ F F  B+  & 0 B ,B  &/ 0& D   $7 A0 " 0&?;& A&6/ ("?6 @ @+  @ $B&"=& &  @"/ "(@ $ G&  ? / $F2;& F6(+

G(

7  *

8& A+  A"6,/ &F/ 0& 0 A B & $ B $ A&7 @  ?&7+ &"C,/ &F/ 0&  (>& B B  & "A$+  A$ 0 A  $7 A0 " "? &  *(&B  A &/  ($&>&+ < F;/ 0& E& ? "A  H  =  "B7=/  = "B&6+  4A/  ? D  & 6,?;&/ @ A;& &/ 0& D=&!  @ "?&$= $ "&/ "(@ ,B =&  &?.6/ &"A&7 $ 4?;& & ?&"6  B/ 0 &>"&6 " 0&?;& &  @"+ ? ( H $>B # "A&/ @  &"B B/ $A"

2

p

#  #  ->? $ / * C   L   . >#  >  -. L  -.# *$  L *$ #  # L $-# $C$ B L $C$1B#  . :  + -+

F Leisure 5

V

on G@

6      2   2   #  ->?  $*  $ / &/# &&* - -

A& " & F &'

 7 & >&' $B. &$A&&' "B &$&@&' $  & >&' B &   ! ?' ,B

& B "?

A&" LA&" 6 7LA&" = B 

 @L  @6 7L  @= B  $B 0L$B 06 7L$B 0= B  "BL"B6 7 $A6 &>+' B0LB06 7 ,B L,B 6L, ?&7 & BL&> 6L& A&7 ?"L?"

+, -$*  - $ 9,+ 9&/,  -  $+ +&/,# && $ - $ G    $  : .1

7  *

5

0    +   > &2 %  '>  #  $*  $ / $  ,0# *$ - /  #0.+ 3  L  L        #                       *

 $B A& B$ 7; B

 ?K 4 #

$B. A& " $ 

 7 "

$@76 "B6 B  ? &F0 &(? @$&7=

 F; B (K &-* /, #

/& A;&K G- &*>  1/B+

 &@ &?=&7 $&G&7 $ &@&7  ?&7

(&7 & A&7 , ?&7 $"?&7$=  ($?&7$=  &A&7

&?&7$=  $?, &?&7$=  7?, "?&7  G ( ?&7$=  B" / " A/ B "

A&7 $A(; ?( $"?&7 A"6 . &C "&7 $ $B B& "?&7 "C  , @&7  2B( "6?&7 B @&7 "C(  ?&7 4 $?&7 ?0( "?&7  $ @ , @&7  ,B 6 &?&7$=   ?" $"?&7 "C  G 6   $F ($&"?&7 @ A &7  ?0(

0      #    1 #@& / 0& A& D   "&@2+ f

º

GC

   

d u

l

G Reading and comprehension 

6 4  6  «3J     

           +       '0@ =  F ? 7(; A0( 0&?&7  $?&7+ A0( ? "@(2/ C  0 &C" B  =&7 A$=. + /A"  A$=&7   ? (A ? 0&?&7  I?J/  I ? J/  I#?2J/  I?2J+ $&?$7 (  > &B7 F I=J+ 27O %6  F  B+  $ 2BO < &B / A0/ $ G$=+  &B = $?! H <  F/ "@(2/ =  F/   &6  FB ? $?! H <  F  BO % E& F I=JK &   "$$?( + & A / !9.& #1& # / '/ X / IF4! D4C' :    8   

  +   + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+



p

)   

   9    O Q    O Q         01   01O )          O )    *       O )  9        O )   

      O )   

      2 O )   

 O % 9   * 

      O

 &     8  .+'-3) & 1 9    >  ?  F( = $? & A! E& F I=J   5=$@&7 0&?  0&SF 7

GF

   

p

 L  



'

UCW

$ 2B $&C 

3        #             .         +, - -.  $* H :  +   1 H   :+ + + + =  $F0+ "@$( ?"+ #?2 ,B + #&( A&( $&C +  "A; $ 2B+ "@ A$ + '0@& 7. C "G&+ 7 "F$&+

%  "&F" B (, @J "? ($ & ?+    &B$=  &"B7+ '  > $ B =  0 "@+ &  > (2> (+ 

 $F0+ "@$( ?"+ #?2 ,B + #&( A&( $&C +  "A; $ 2B+ "@ A$ + '0@& 7. C "G&+ 7 "F$&+



A.=  & "A$=+ #&G& $@76 "B6+  $B&"& A ;  &  @"(+ '0 @   "@ . &C+

< #  ,''3 /   %   9          9           

 * 0&?&7

A&7

$?&7  &@

&7 $ G&7$=

H Cultural awareness :

) "   4 &   C (7  2&1 " +       

GG

?&7

7  *

(+ 3     + $  

        * $7B A"6 0 &>"&6

&"B G&6 2 $&B

G&6 $ 7B

$G&6 &"A&

4+ /  

         

      =  

      (*A& (G&7 ? A &7 (0 @

 $?

7 @(6 B$ 7 (0A6 

 $&@ ("B ?&7$= $ B"& A& "B0=  A= (0@& 7

&B&7 ("B G& F& ("B 2B7= $&B=

@+ 6        

             2    ;        #   + '0A6  0? &$= (+ '0A6  A&$= 4+ !B0=  A= @&$= @+ '"B " ? &$= C+ B$ ?  ("B

:

 

& $B" =&7 F&+ & ($&"? &$= " A+ &  0A& "&+ & A" $ &="G+ & =&7  +

!&   K '- 4 +  D  & " @&  & D& " >  2B(+ '0A6   $ , 2B, ?2  $&"C 0? &$=  & A"' $ &="G+ '0A6   2B A&$=  0A& "&! A"= @&$= $  & A"' $ &="G  @ &0 &>"& ' ="G/ &"?= H $ J & $G&' ="G  (I & ? .&7 G& '

"G/ &"A&7= H $  &  @ .&' ="G  (4 & ? .&7 &"A&7 ' ?"&/ 0 &>"&= H $  & A"'  "A=  .? ?=+ B$ ?  0A& "& $&( ?;& @(6! $A / @ /  $A / A& + !B0=  A= 2B7 @&$= C  + '"B  2B " ? &$= @C &$B" =&7' F&+ B$ ?  ("B ($&"? &$= " A & " "C'  J & A$=&7' F&/   $ " @ = H 72?= " A H  4J &&"@ .&7' F&+  E& "A= (0 @ B(& ?&"&7  2B7 $&B @ (*A& +  ? 2, ?$$, 6? & C0 4K@ ("B  7/  $&?"2, H CKD+ B$ ("B A&"6 (0 @ $&D&$=  2B /  "F " > =/ &F 0& , " @&  ?=&6

>  "B& + % A& A ;&/ & 6,?;&/ (G;&/ ?;&$= $ B"&  &B=& ("B+   B ?$$ C0 F0&$=  B 4J &&" .&@W (0 B+ # 0?7 2B &$ A"  0 &>"&6 $$' G&= C0  >&  @ (0@& 7+  $&?"2, ?$$, &$ G&   @ .&6' ? 6 " A&  >& (0@& 7 $ .@$&+ GI

   

?= (0?4,$= .A;&$=  =&?7 $$&A + '0?4 $= B(& (0@&7 $A (;4 .AL&A&+ C @ 4 ( 

:

& =&>" ' &0 &>" ' &&"B ' & B ' & @. '

H &@0 H ,"2B H (  &"@& 7 H  (  &"@& 7& B,W H B0 7 B,

24 &   :&1 "  2 + =           (+ !             

         (0 @ $&

IJ

?=& 0?&7

"B&&7 2B

7  *

4+ 3    #      

        &' & ' &' &' &' & '

       *   :   +        5  +      L        C + =   @C  +     

 4    +

@+ !          &' & ' &' &' &' & '

! @&  & D& " > + + + 2B( + + + D  &+ '0A6  + + + 2B A&$= + + + 0A& "&+ A"= 0A& "&7 @&$= + + +  & A"' $ &="G + + + @ &0 &>"& ' ="G+ + + + ?  0A& "& $&( ?;& @(6+ + + + ?  ("B ($&"? &$= " "C + + + J F&+ + + + ? 2, ?$$, 6? & C0 4K@ ("B + + + 7+

E         2    >      / 2/  !      * *       C      * )  $ "

 C       '"  * )    #      +

:$

/  &    &+  )   

    /           0              +       =  1             

  /       /                

 + :   .

       2   5      &ID        DF       IGG'+           /  /     5      +   .              *         /                &  

   '+ 6      /            + =          /     

                                     + %       /  / 

        2         5  +   2                          !    IGCLGD    4F         &  4(   /   @@   '/  IGGLGI  *     (F    &  ((   /

  4@   '+ =  J+C   /                                 /        + I

   

             + A       5                -+ + +. /           +           :     IGGLGI/      (     =    4I       +        IFJ          IGJ+ 8        /       *                  + 3        *   /            &   (JJ    IIJ/ @J

        '+ & :           / 3  / HA/ II@! @FC'   ' = +  &+  )

+ @ 2B7/ " $@  " A$ /  ? F&  4 @&=,K (+  A  & 72$&B " $@,  " A$, 2B7K 4+ @ 2B7 $ 4?;& "F ( " > =O /  @ & ?;&$=K @+ #B7 " A$,  " $@, &A $ 4? "?72  $ 4? & & A"7 "F ( " > =K C+  F0&$= 2B7/ 07 $ A6 $&G& 7$&  G;&  &7

B K D+ 0 F A&"6 2B6 "B&;&   $A6K F+ 0 F $A= $$&A  $  ? =G &$=  &?76 "?&K

on

8  ! " + 6 ( ? &  $&"(&F" 2B7 "?=  !$$@ &0?7= 2B/  B= $"A ==  B= $"A == 2B '+ !$$@&  $&"(&F" 2B6  ?2  $&"A+ (+  ?2  $&"A ?  &@&7  (0A  2B O F  &@&7  (0A/ @ 2B >& ,  $ ?&K 4+  !$$@ A& $&( ?;&  2B(  D  &+  ( $K @+ #B7  & ?  (0@&7$=  2B  ?2  $&"AK C+ ?70  A0 F0&$= A$& / @ $&7 ($@  A$ 2B6K D+ ? $$&A .A  ?2  2B K F+ !$$@&  B  " @ 2B7 =+ & ? 0?;&$= G&=  2B O #B7 "A  " ? &$=  @ ("BO #B7 "A  " ? &$= 72?= " A/  ? (0 @ A ;&O  @ A ;&!

B   2B O  ? 0?;&$= G&=O' G+ #B7 " ?  $ ?&7 9? 6  2B K I+ #B7 "  (0A  F   ? 6?;& 2B76 @(6O #B7 "A  @ " ?;&$=K

I(

7  *

:'

)   @(A '- " (A) . - -         8  8   6                  %, 7>&$= &, /

>&6  $=. , &  + , &  2   " 7+  & >&6  $=. & 7+ 8&  4 7/ 8&  4  / (   / $6  &;"7 / & $7   + &I4I'

p

-

Q  8         &        > K      '  07    1 &F+'+

+ 4 &   -3 " (! )+    + "&+  

                 /              + !            #                    

     :                    ,= (   (. /  (  72(; $(+  $&6 L$ 2+  & ' "&$= "(6+   ""  &  *(+ "* $$"  ( $&( &(+ #7 &   &O  4I  &+ <  (  "&(+

(! ,+ H    + "$&+ 0                   +&/# & &  + +  (+ &= 4+  @+ (2 C+ (2 D+ 

(D @( CG I( GF C4

F+ G+ I+ J+ +

& . # "> %= "$  0 ;  "$

D( (C @ 4I @C

(! -+ N    + (  6  >& O 8   +             .                         A $  $ #  #  $ $ $ & &+ (  6  >& O

 6 / "(= &/ T("/ *= "&"=/ $&"6 "(/ (2/  2= $ $&"/  " / # ">/ T6$&/ $&( 0 $ 4 & / 72 & &"/ !($$ ( / T*"/ (0= & / " $= 7./ T"&/  / &>&=

(! .+ :     >  + 6 6+ 0  

     "    

    :            ,= ( G -    $  ? $ 1 "&7 &&7 (0&7$=

$&" &7 ;&7

$&=&7 &&7

, &7 $ &7 IC

   

(! 4+      +  "$! 0& ( U W "&$=O 3     #                    @       8           #    @    /         

    ! I! (7&&6  "$ / 0& $  "=&$= $&, (2+ + + + J+   &&  # $- +

"&7  *(& , &7  &.6 &7$= 2

 &$= (,= $"  = (6   .  $$0 $  & "6  ; $&, (2

  &"0

&=

"

= =   =

 "$0

3 3 7

3 3 7

7 7 3

3 3 3

7 7 7

7 3 3 7 7 3

7 3 7 3 7 3

7 7 3 3 3 3

7 3 3 3 3 3

7 7 7 7 7 3

(! 5+ + /&  (O :                   4   0# -$ -B- ?  $+ &O (2

0&  &K 0& & 2(& 5=$= &

" $6;

>27 (  & "  >&

0&K $(

(K ((

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

/ IDI! 4(K4' (! )*+       + "       $7 +               : &  $   / +  $   $7 "  &$= &"  $=.+  $ "  "& 4>  & $ /   ( & &+   "  == &$= "= &"/    (    >6 $&7=  " 7=,/ "6 . &6+   $( ;& &.6+ ;7  ;7 H $6 "=&6  &  $=.6+  ;=& "&7 & ($  &+  9& " =  , & 6,&7  " /  $  ,"2   $7 !  0    & 6,+ +"2 ( &7$=  "  / (=&7   $(/ $"&7 "6  = 6+  &   $7 &>  /     " +    (&  /   &> 6  " ;&$=  + IF

   

 ,  "6 $   $=. H $ &="7+  $ &=" 4>  , /  &" (  & &/  $&7=  " 7=, >&6 / "$6 / "0 6 + !($$ "=&! I# &="7 H &= $ 7J+ &="7 ( , 6  $=.+  (&  /   $&& , =  $6"=/ ( &  & "+ $ 7; ,"2 & 6,&7  ; /  />" " /   9& " = $  ,"2+ '  "/   &  "&("  (,/     " &> =+ !($$ 0 7 ;=& (+   "(& & ($ + "7/ ="7  * "7 H , 6   $=.6+    $&=& $76 "6/  0$& =" $ && $. +  "$  6 $  B   $  &&7$=  6,   7,   $,B ' " =  & $&(+ !   #                                        

IG

&' :       +

:     + =     + )      + =     + =      +

& '  6 + + +  $ ( "$&(& "$6 + + +  $" $ 7   "&&7/  + + +  "6  $   $=. H + + +  * " 0 7 , / $&& $76 + + +

II

   

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

V '

(JJ

4J      @[

  (   (@[

 (   [

0 4&  4 &   C 7  2&1"

C+



 + /& &  U W "&$=O                :  $  $?# &  $ $  L $  * 1    1    

C+(



 + /& &  U W "&$= &7O        "           " :  $  $ -  # &  $ $  @ $  * 1   1   

7  *

C+4

=>  

 + #$0 &=! "& 76  $(4 $&& 76 + 6     

  "       8" * + 27=/ (+  7=/ 4+  2 / @+ 72=/ C+  &" =/ D+ (0 6/ F+  (;/ G+ 276/ I+  & / J+ "($$ 7 *  / $&=/  / 7/  ;/ =6/ $$6/ "  / 0/ (6

C+@

:    + &6+ /          

     &  ->?  $ + &   , 

C+C

  

0&7$= "&

:    + /& 4 +    

                    0         9-   $   :&  + +  (6/ / "$/  " (+ "/ "$$/ $/ $&, 4+ , / *(&/ & $/  

C+D

 . "7

@+ $ &="7/ ="7/ "&/ "7 C+ &"/ $" / 0 & "/ $(& D+ &"/ "=7/ &"/ * &

  + $&=4 " =+     + %6 + + + + (+ 4+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+

&7 (0&7$=  & & " $&7$=  &7 $&7 "&7 ($&&7 $ =&7$= $ &7 ,& &7  &7 ;&7 $&&7

(J

   

7       

      H  F       ! ( ; QC

# &   " " ( I&6J %, 7>&$= &,  + + +

(! )+ % + 1(&+         

    #  

          

  4  &+

6

Hfpuj^jh

 0   + + +   + + + /  "( + + + I + + + OJ I &BJ I + + +OJ I &BJ I + + +  "&6OJ I &BJ I/&  / ( + + +  &     $&& 

1J I + + + / &7 + + + J IOJ I< 0$& + + +  " (+J 6

Yfi ghtgjlf^fntkm

H 2 "  & 7 * + + + $ $ $+  2K H 2 & +   9&  + + +  + + + / 0& 6  + + + + 6

Vfvf b ljxrf

 7= 0 $ &  + + + (+  > + + + ! H  0> &6 + + + O H  + + +  "&! H   &6  + + + O %6 + + + 0 7 "+ 07 + + + ! H / = + + + "/  =  + + +  "( 7 &7  &/ 0&  7= 0 $ &  + + + H /& &6 + + + / 0 7 O H + + + &7+ H < + + + $7  + H  &6  4>  + + + $&7+ H (  0&  B =  "( =  + + + 0&&7+

(J(

7  *

(! *+ 7      +  6 (0+               

              &  $  :& 3# - /+ "7

+ %= #" H "  & 7.+ (+ & % (&    + 4+ %= >&  "  + @+ %= (0&$=  ( "$& &  " ("$ + C+ %=  &$= $ =6+ D+ % "=&$=  7;& "6+ F+  $  " = %= ;& 0&&7 "6  $&,+ G+ %= 0 7 ,"2 >&+ I+ !   $=.  >&  $&( 0 $ ," + J+ #  = ( %  & =&+ + %= $ &  $   " + (+ %= 2 & $7 $6(+ 4+ %= & 0 &  $7 $ $&"6+ @+ &  6 (0 $&& "=  $  + C+  6 (0 0& & > $7+

 "7

& & & & & & &

& & & & & & &

& & & & & & & &

& & & & & & & &

(! +    +     8 ("+         



        0                         4   0+ /&  "$7  8 (" K  8 (" ! ' . . . (' #&"6  6 + + + 4' + + + + + + @' " . "(

 $  " =! ' + + + (' + + + + + + 4' + + +  + + + @' + + + &.6 8 ("   $ #& & "("

 ;&

 "&$=

  "&$=

(J4

   

4+(

:  + /              &/ - # $$   ->? $ + H /& "&$= % O H /&   "&$=K H /&  ;& &7  $  " =K (! ,+ V      + /&  U W "&$=O 8   +               $  $ +

(J@

UNIT

G

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. *    .       In this unit you will revise how to:

.      1 /     

   A Talking about people 

V

)      )                       6                    /          27OJ+ A $ "$@  G/ ( ? =  F+

p

A $ "$@ "F! I( ?  >& ?OJ+ A $ "$@ "F/ ( ?  >& ?+

5         9     /  < $ "$@ "F! I%6 @  E&& *7OJ+ < $ "$@ "F/ @    E&& *7+ < $ "$@ "F! I? @  E&& *7OJ+ < $ "$@ "F/ @   ? E&& *7+

/

  8   * -? 6+ %               

  IDC       *  1             + 4    

             2      # 8  #   +         +                $ 3 L6 .'"

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +

! @$=  $A  I(C &&C$=0 =&7$B& ? .&7 G&'  F+ &A. / " E7/ 6 $?&  + $? @  " ?$ A/ 7A$6 = "A$ & ?&"+ ' "  $$A  C & &( "(>+  $?&7 = ?0 "?/ A"6 $ E&@0 $ " B $ A  &  (+ &B 0?$7 ?/  I@(  F (2>  *"&/  ?/ 6 "? + B$ ?. (0@$=/ B0 $B$ $&&F&/ "B& "  ?&    2B + / "B&  "?$7/ ,&G (0@&   = 6/  ? &$=/   $&G4+ @, &@0 $, .A  (  G A 6+ < 6 $?&  + +&A/ 0&B6 A "?  $(4 $&? & "&F" $B =/    "A&6, &   "A+ & "?  "@.(/ &F 0&  && A&  $7  0?&&7 9& C  B+

$ 3 6 .'"

(+  ? " $&? &.?/  C @  &/  2B 4> (0@$=+ 4+ %/ 0& $(0@$7/ A 6 =  G  @ $&7;/ = / 0& &A. 0?& &$=  "@. + @+  @ $&7; C "(B ! B$ B "A$&  2  ", @ B6   B6 D   " ? $D B47+ &!%&$& $'/  $ &="G/ IGG'

(J

7  ?

E Cultural awareness 2

6" 8  &   $427  A   

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

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

Q             O )              O )           

  O Q             O Q           O Q        L  O 9       O =             O

  (0A=  F2 H & 0 &6">,  2 $&@ & &C0 =&7 &'+ '0A6 

@&=  &= G  D7  A&=   A$&  &E '+ B$ ?  A$&  &( ?&  ? 9? H 9.B= A$$= &E ('+  ? (; A$$; &( A&6  D&  B72 =&@ 9?  2&@ 0>&+ 72&B 9?  !$$@ F&6+ '&6 9? ?;& &"   ?&=+ &( A&6  F&  @ A&  ?42  &A+  A&  @$6  6/  &B"6 &( A&6 C &A&&7+  ?  A& &7    &   ?&/ 2A  ?0+  &( A&  ?&  /  B& =&7 (B A&/   E& F0 &A&  &A& F & @ + ' ?  &( A& &7 0>&= @/  &B"(;   ?&7  @$6&  A&  .A(/ &B"(; &( A& (0@  &A&+ E! &' '0A6   "$$@$, F2 0?&= A  A" &= G  A&= 

 A$& + A"6 A$& 0?&=  &= A   ?&= @ A$=./  .?

 G+ B$ @ A$$ 0?;&= &( A0 @ @(6+  FKJ * G 0?&= &  A$& + 3 @&= &B @ A$=.  ?0&=  .A ?=+  D  ?(& A& @(6+ &(' /& &B $A$$=O 4  A  = A  A$=.  D &( A&6  D& 0>&6  9?6+  E&  A= ( 2 & G&+ (K@ = &( A&6 &B=&=  9?(/ &B  D& B+ (

    8&&  B 6?&= I@==LA&== 0>&9.B= $A$$=J @  ?& H IA$$=J+

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

Q             

O Q       O )       O Q       2O Q   2L   O Q         O =      2     O )     5        2O )             2 5 O )      1    O

&A .A = 9? 0&6 >2?7=! &@0 &C'/ 2 2B U\W/ ( & @&7 &4'/ ( & @&7 &('  = 0>&! I0>&J/ I0>&J+ &( A&/  (A2  A" ?  &7 0>& @ 9?  B(F 7  A&(/ A & ? 4>   ?&7 B  &(  A$$;+    &   F  ( >&=  &7 E&& E?/  &0G&=  (0A  A=+ + (+ 4+ @+

Q                 2O Q                 O )      2  O )             2  O

&( A&6/ &B"6 ( A2  G;&=  (0   ?/ (0?;& ( ? &(; & A ;+ ' &( A&&@0 & A = C2= & (C[ C2 C0'+ + )      O (+ )  (C            O '0>  F 0?&=  ?0 ( ? &62 9?/ 4@&  B B&6+ + )  *  2      O

2

!    8- 2 

? 6 &&F& &( &A&' A;&   &@6 ?6/   & 4? / & B6+   ? &( A& 2B =& =?&76 G&=  B"&+ " &B/ ?;4 &( A&6 B(& ?&7=  @062   &@62 A.=2/ (0?&&7   ?=2+  &&F&6 A;& @06 &( A0 &?& 6/  A$& 6/ 2 / &.?76  (@+ > E& 6?&= I2( B&=  A=&7&7J+ '0?& 2( B&  A=&7& 6&( ?;&  &( A02 0 ?2/  &A2/  &( A02 F2+ &( A&6 A;&  *D/ &B"6 A$&    ?&7 *D B&&=    7  & 62 &( A&+

((

7  ?

!        .              

2

:  &    3   

                   0            +                        /             + 9 IGGLGI  3// 

 GIG  /                       /      DI       + /

        (JJ        /         /      +     /    /    2  + 9 IGG     +I        IGI (+/                   /        + =   IGI  /  FJ          / ((          D      $3+  * 

      C@    

 &   '/ 4C    

             &     '+ >          + =    /        > /            +  / 2   ,

 (   /      

    H::       2+ & :           / 3  / HA/ II@! @FDKF'

(4

      ' = +  3

+ ?6 &  A.= B " *B"6 C$2  "?= =G$7 ?0 $&/ & $*?.=  9** &@ @" K (+ ! *B" "   ? &' ( 0A @ $"4A @0 $& F  $&( ?;4,/ &(' "$2"A @ "0A $ .?7$& O  &$@$7 " *B"  $G= A ( "?   &"A$&= "C2 $&K 4+ #B7 C F  IGGLI  FO #B7  , ? C$2 "* $$?7 "?  $B7 C ( "$&A&K @+  @, F, &B (0& AK C+ #B7 6? & $&( ?;4,  ?  A$&  F,K D+  @, $"A , (0A6,  A=, (0@$7 $&( ?;4 K F+  C0 F& $&( A&6K G+  @ $"A $& F& $&( A&6K I+  $B7  & "$$0@& ""?  F,K J+  .A;&$= ?= $&( A&K

2$

)   +2     

         6              & "($    &( "= (B++ /& 4 &   $&" >O /& (   "; " O++ ";& 6 H  & " $4 &/  0& >&$=  $" &+ + + '6B  $0$&=  4 &   & $0$&=  &B   $&"(= $ &  ("/   (0 $. &+ + +  / =& 6/ "$& ("/  ( &  ("=, $&7 B &%B H$:  $# %H9 6  .=O  " * "& 6 2& K @+ & &$ "0'   ,0 & $&&7 2 "(O '  6 $  =  &=O (   , O ( 6 O  6 6  &  *(O &  &   "$&O &(  "2 (0 K C+ &(02=  "( ' (  (   &  O    "$$6 O #   6  >&  & &"O (  &6  >27  $" $ 7 O  6    6$& O &   " ,   K (! *+ V      +  "$6  & &6+ 8   

  +             $  $ #  # =# $ &&B+ + /  6  & $7  $  " =O &"($$= & "&("/ "($6 $ "&' (+ /  &6 & " $( 27$=O &  (="= (6/  $=  $7/ & &"7 $($$&' 4+ /  & " $( &$= 9&& $&( &O &9/  $' @+ /  6 (  & $7O &$$0 $  &/ $"  =  " ' (! ++ A   + " + 8   

  +                               $  $ /  #  $  =# $ &&B+ + ! #   6 $&" &$7 0 " O && "(' #   6 & 6,  &  ; O &$ 7=' #   6 "" $ 0$O &"& ' #   6  & $7 "($$ =6O & "  & 7' #   6 " "($$O &&("$&  $ ' #     6   &  !$$;O & 0 ' (+ !    (O &. "&'   6  "($7 O &$ &7'   6 ,   O &  '   6  "($7   " O & '   $&( ;& (6O & = 0 & "&7'   ($&" &$= "   O & 6 ("' 4+ *! '  $&7 " 2O &/ &=' '  0 "  6  .O &=/ 6/ ' '  &  O & / / & ./ $ $&" ' '  62= &  = & (C[ 62 60'O &&( &&0' @+ L!  6 0$& $&" 0$7O &" $&"L 4 7 (2 '    $6O & '  "& &7  &6O &*"L"  $ 0$  "=&  2(&O & & 6,'  0> &&= *;O &  7   (0 &( &' I+ !   $$&   >&= (0  (2O &( = & '  ( "  &( ( $ 9 O &$&"=' J+ !     ( "O &". ' (   ( ,O &". '    62 (O & " .' (! ,+ 8  +  6  6O !               

     :            $ /  =$ + !   * =&7/ & &&7/ $&" &7/ 6(0&7/ &7/ $&7/ $ &7/ "&&7/ $&7 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

< 6 + + + &  "( &.(+ %6  6 + + + $ $&"  &  *(K  6 + + + ("+  6 + + + $&  &  "(+ 6 6 ( + + + / 0&    $&" &&7$= $ + 6  6 + + +  $7 "( K  6 + + + 6 $+  >&  7/  = 6 + + + &+

(! -+ N + 6+ : "   

         

  /             :         @& =  > -    $  ? $ O "&7 (=&7 $&7 &7 &7$= &7 $(2&7 $&=&7

 &7

&7  &7 &7 ;&7 ( &7 $&" &7 &. &7

"&7

"&7  &7 0&7 6&7 "$&7 $ &&7 (0&7$=

&&7

&7 &7  &7  $& $ &7 $ &7 , &7

(! .+ 9 

+  "$6  & &6+ 0  +      

          +$ $ + $  $ + 0 (K &K K (D

  K /&K K

 K  0>K / K

(  K  K #7K

7  ?

(! 4+ ;    + & 0&   /   $  O !           +   @   /           +& & $$ / -  & &/-  - />O  *  =&.(   K $ L  + (+ 4+ @+ C+

= &K 

$  0&  K 

  K 

 $&"  0&  K 

*7 0&K 

 ( +  0>K  L  

!   ; = ,   +  6  $=.  " &  (  " $&" /  " (6+  6    . "& K  0> 6 0&K   &= "2 /  (    $ &7+

(! 5+ V      +  $  + 8   

  +      $  $ C&+  $ (&O  2 *=O  (& 2( &7L2  &. O  (& 2 " & O   "& & 2 L2 & .O  6 (0$7  2 O #7  & 6 & (0$7O  "  &6  "$7L "$7  2 O   6 $&(   ( "$& &O  =6 6 (0 & O #7 "   ; 6  & $7 "($$ =6O  "  &6  "=&$=L "=&$=  " ("$ O   "  & ( $ 9 6L0>&6  " O  6 $ 0$ >& O  "&$= &7  4 &L$&7 &(O 0 (O /& 6 ;& &7  $  " =O   6 ,&& $&&7 $ 0= ( "$& & K (! 6+ V      + /& 6 ,&& &7  "(,O $ +      

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u 8!  4 & ' ++++ + 0 $&&(&+ !&; &(0& 7' ++(++/ & "  &7 9' ++4++ ,;  $"   2   $$ + & " $(;$7 &*&"*=' (G

7  ?

++@++/ 0$& &*&"*"&7 9' ++C++ "" (  " +  ."(;  6 &"6&+  $  " = &;&7 99' ++D++ 0&&7 ;$&""6 ("6    &$($$&' ++F++ + +0( " $6&7$= $   &(0& 7. ' ++G++  &)".=' ++I++ u ! &?    + ? * + 0&7/ (+ &&7$=/ 4+ "&7/ @+ &7$=/ C+ (0&7/ D+ $&&7/ F+ (0$&&7/ G+ "&7/ I+  $&7/ J+ &7$=/ + $ 4&7/ (+  &7/ 4+ $ &7/ @+ 6$&( &7 7 *  (67 $&"( & / " "&  / *(7& & "/   / =&=/  0$/   $  $&"/  $.  /  9 (/  &/ . (/ "/  $" =,/ 0>&

@+I

 

 + O =O  O  O 6   "       - -B- ?     &  ->?  $ + 8" * + (0 =/ (+ $( "$& 6 / 4+ $&7=/ @+ $=&(&6 / C+ (0  / D+  =/ F+ "0/ G+ & "&(" / I+ (676/ J+  0 " / + $ "&6/ (+ $&( 0 $ 7 * / "&/ ""/ &   / 7/ "  / " "66/ $&"( &/ "/ (/   / 9 6

7       

      H  G       !  ( @

(0   (,

7 $&( & "($ &+ :+  "&'

(! )+ % +  &" +            

            %   ,$&6 CJJ =&$B&6 DJJ 2 $&$B&6 FJJ $ $B&6 GJJ $7$B&6 IJJ =&$B&6

8             ;    &G+(+(+'

)  .   K '-3 & 3 0  #        8          )  

     "  8             * ' !     )         1     4                       "  B0 0  1  3         3O " A&6 "F$$ =C & "&F" & ?&

=

?$$6 !  ( 4

@

C

D

F

G

I

J 

+O+ W D

D +O+ @

D ( D

@ ( D

4 ( D

4 4 D

@ @ C

@ 4 C

J W D

G W +O+

( @ D ((F

   

" A&6 $&B"= 4 $&A  "" A   "?*= *@ B= $&"B= $&"?6 =C ,@= "@& 7 $F$$& F6 *(7&F" & ,@0 $ &"(

0 "0A *(7&&@6 G&=

" A&6 "F$$ =C & "&F" & ?& $&B"= 4 $&A  "" A   "?*= *@ B= $&"B= $&"?6 =C ,@= "@& 7 $F$$& F6 *(7&F" & ,@0 $ &"(

0 "0A *(7&&@6 G&= ((G

?$$6 !  ( 4

@

C

D

F

G

I

J 

W W W W W W W W W

W W +O+ W W W W W W

W W ( W W W W W W

( W ( W W W W W W

+O+ W W ( W ( W ( W

( W W +O+ ( ( W ( W

( W W ( ( +O+ W  (

4 +O+ W ( 4 ( W  (

@ ( W ( +O+  W  4

4 ( W ( ( ( +O+  4

( ( W W ( (   (

  ( +O+ W

  ( ( W

  ( ( W

 +O+ ( ( W

  +O+ ( W

  ( ( W

W W ( ( 

W W ( ( +O+

W W ( W 

W W ( W W

W W ( W W

W

W

W

W



(

4

@

@

C

D 

?$$6 !  ( 4

@

C

D

F

G

I

J 

( W +O+ ( W W W W W W W W

J W D W W ( W W W W W W

G W D W W +O+ W W W W W W

D W @ ( W ( W W W W W W

@ ( D ( W W ( W ( W ( W

+O+ ( D ( W W 4 ( ( W ( W

4 ( D ( W W ( ( ( W  +O+

4 4 D 4 W W ( 4 ( W +O+ (

@ @ C @ ( W ( @ +O+ W  4

@ +O+ C 4 ( W ( ( (   4

( @ D ( ( W W ( (   (

  ( ( W

  +O+ ( W

+O+  ( ( W

  ( ( W

 +O+ ( ( W

  ( ( W

W W ( ( 

W W ( ( 

W W ( W 

W W ( W W

W W ( W W

W

W

W

W



(

4

@

@

C

D

7  B

B   

p

on



p

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

  >       9 + + + &    ' ,  $        +  B  FK

on

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

   

on



p

 B  F 6 B0 2B(K  B  F 6 $&( @  ( "$&A&K  B  F 6 A & (0@&7$=  !$$@;K +&/,# $ && -. 2 *  - ,  .  + +& &  1  / &-*  .  1  " A=  $A"&  $? " # "A 0 F2 FII G4F ,@ :"7 0 A"& G@ G@ ? $@7 0 B7 GJI GC( ? # "A 0 %("A  GG GG4 )> " ,?0 $&A$ G( GG   ? 0 %$&B G(G IJ &B ?0 /A, GDJ IJ@   "A  ,?& GGI IDD

   >       + + + &   ' ,  $           B A K

 *

 "B2 A   .?& A  + + + A  B A " @$= F2K

 $ ? .&+

 B A @ " ? C &@0 $ .A&" !$$@K XKX999 +!   X999KXN999 +! $ XN999KXX +! #& & "(" XX +! $



p

on

(4J

  +++ +++ +++ +++

B"

+++ +++ +++ +++

    &  >      ";     9 + + + $    $   ,  $         $       +  P  I@!  D I@ &&C$=0 =&7$B& $B" A"' B   & ! A$& $= $F+ ?$, H $?6 ?6 "?  "F$$ "$? .A" H 6? &  $B/  ?"& @   "A + XG &B=& F$6 (@0  ?$,(/  A& "?$=& G.+  B07  .A"  >& $,?7= $F/ &B"(; " D&  "?    &  @"(+ ?$,( C0 "? (;&

B+



V

AB   :&1 " 5*                  "?  B6 

+++ ?$,

V

p

> +++ +++ " A$& $ +++

+  !    !            ,     #     ( ! $&B B6 

B6 

?$,(

& 0?;& +++ +++ +++

:   

              L    

! $&B & 0?;& $ 7B ="G+ ?$,( "? (;&  $B+  "?  " D& F6(+  ( ("2?;& "F2+  = &A "F;& F&" +

   L ;  ! $&B & 0? & $ 7B ="G+ ?$, "? ( &  $B+  "?  " >& F6+   ("2? & "F2+  = &A "F;& F&" + (44

   

$ #33M

 8    &&   " &+    &

 7 > "&F"

#$A !

on

on

+G  0 "@!

@& / 0& =  2? ?2 ( "? (+ < &B7 ,0F $?&7/ 0& $ 0?$ (A C 0$B (&"? C ="G + + +  B B  H 6 &B ? & O++

! $&B  B6   !$$@+ +, -$* * . . . . . .

0 F "F$$ ! $&B "? (;& F ="GK /& ?0& I$&?"6J B6  K /& "@=& "@&7  B6  L  ! $&BK  "@=&  "G&7 $ "? K /&  !$$@ &B=&  ! $&B L  B6  K  "? (;& ! $&B L B6  ( ,  $ 7AK

! $&B ( $ B+ 9&/, -$* >*  "? (;& ! $&B L B6  ( $  $ 7A+ ?= ( $ 6? >  E&  F+ &   > ("2?+ &  0& &B  " A$& $ A + /&   "@  ! $&B "B+ F  0& 6  "@  ! $&B L B6  + -,  # $=&B  &@B

7  B

/

    1'+"

?; && AL' $   

'

:            :5                   *

,

$0?$&7=B  "B7=B ($ A,  "B& L (0> + + + B

 "G; & G $ + + + B

?; & A + + + B

 '    ('-3  G     

       +  

 :               3                  :            8        ;    &(+C+@'+ $ * + "  &"B0 #@ " H A (2/ GJ  &/ >&  "A C+ ?   &"B0 1&? H 0?7 "&B"  $@"$ *#-&*

7 " A= 7 $7B ?"& ! $&B X"$&B

0? ( "$&A& B6 

7  

 *  "@& 7 = &"6&

(4F

   

E Cultural awareness 2

' V

)    4 &   C (7  2&1 " 3   

    #           *  @$ + + + O

"? &A0 $& = $&B (&0

V

A

H H H H

"$ ?

" ?$= B&& 7 "@& 7$&

    & '     

 &"'() 

"? &A0 $& = $&B (&0

p

=

 &"'() >

      

"$ ?

" ?$= B&& 7 "@& 7$&

H H H H

 B& B  $  ! $ IJC B   $  !  IJF B 

 $ $$!  IJF  &  '

    &  1))  * " 000 0  #        8          ) 4

    

    *  +   1 =      * %            A"6 >& 0 A  B$$  "@ I$&B=J " "A  "0> $&   "?76 $ " &"> ## "0> $& "  A& ###!  "@ ?$$&  " $&"B 7. $& "  A& !$$@ (&0  $A !$ ? ###!

D3  1  0 +++  IG + +++

?"7 I(( + +++ I(@KIC4 +++  I@C + +++ ICDKD( + +++ ID@KG( + +++ "& IGI + +++ D7 IIJ + +++

?"7 II +



A  72 @$&$ " D.  !$$@ $? $&? $&@.  #A&$ !$$@ " ?$= ? "? ###! # "&7 A #&? H   "?76 $ " &?"7 ## 0?$7  @= &A0 $& = ? 0? &"B "B C # "&7 #&?  "@ IB&& J " X"(4> A"6 >& 0 A  B$$  "@ I$&B=J " "A  "0> $&   "?76 $ " &"> ## "0> $& "  A& ###!  "@ ?$$&  " $&"B 7. $& "  A& !$$@ (&0  $A !$ ? ###!

F Biographies   

     :      .        

!

B  9A('  ('- 7 C 

  

  "               

&  @  &  $ B47; $$A   A "?&/ (0@$= 0&?&7  &  F@  F B$  "F$=  "B (  $? $B$

$?&7+

( "$&A&   A; F+

(4I

   

&  0?& 76 "F$$ (0>6 ,@ $@7 0 B$/ &B"

0?$& 6?;& I"F$$  ?"   @0J/ " @$=  "6?. "A   B & ",? 7$   " F A B"=  F  F+

& B F4J B  =& .&A& B$ ",? 7$  $F+

"2> 2B 

&  &>"  " 2@ (0@&7$= ?72 + & # F4 B   ?0 (0@&7$=  $B$ #G"A&@$  A+

& # 0?$ B @= B$& $B$ $( ?"$& 6 ( "$&A&+ & ' " + + B$  FDC  F+ & '0@$=   $&G4  $  " A&+ & /A"   B $?   "?; = (0A= ,@   &("@+               

!

B   *'-(7 %)  )                  

  +   & 3 &  2

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

 0> "? &7  @&" K /& ? A K  ? /$ ?0 (0@&7$= "?&7  *"& 7GK /7; F6(  $B  ;@K  B B"$& /B$ $&( @  (0@4 "A =K   (0?$&  & &"?7 @  & "F" K #B7  & C /B$(/  ?  B0 (0@4 K    $&  0? (0@4 "A =K ( ?  $&( @ (0@&7$=  (( B  K F;  ?7  (0@  0? $ "&B"K  ?  " A,   & "F"  $FK      "B&  $AK

7          4> " > >&" 7@0 /B$ B0 7 ;@ $F2&7 "B 6  B ! &7  @&" 0?$& "?  "G  A  (G"6  & "A= A$  "?$6+  "?  A&$& 0@$7 B A"6 ("B "C  *"& 7G+ % ?   ?0 B&7$= $ " A= &7G$,   A.,  @&"+ $B  "=0B ;@   B   @  F6( B "6 I  (?J B."&+  B"$& $=&@  & /B$ $&( @   & "F"$ (0@4 "A =+   & "F"   "C B$= $ @" & ?&"/ $ B "  A&/ $ $*@0 $ $F$$&+  " A $ (0>  (0@4  ?$= F6/ (0?$&  ,B" / " ("B "C  *"& 7G ( (@J

7  B

A$&6, @$&+ B$ 0?= (0@4  =& .&A&  B"$& /B$ $&( @  $F( 0B+  ? .&7  B   $&( @  &B7 0& &"C&(;   & "F" A"(; "$$@$(; $ "&B";+   .&7 =&7  & /B$ B0 $ "&B"; $ $ "A"=  ?7;  ?$$(  @.+ /A"  

 @&" " A,  $F/   $& "  ?&  /   A "A&" $B$ $ "&B"+ /B$ F "  GI4   F+ "?&"@ ;. -   -$ & *- + @*/- & *- -. $ -  $$ & & !%B, , $:  $'  !  ,: (&$&' $,    $* :* $#.  #- 2 $ - & *-+  , $  & *-# & 1  *$  $   $ $ - & *- + B 0$? + + + O  + + + O B + + + O

!

 B  F + + + O ( ? + + + O #   + + + O

& + + + O  + + + O #B7 + + + O

/& + + + O /  + + + O

  *++ 4 & 

% 8%K -               -         ,(@ ,7( +      !                +  #   

!

0   /7-# ';# +-# &  6 6 6         8   )   6            07/ (./ *"7/  & /  $$6$ 6  &($6 $ &+

 4> ,&7 0 & "&7   H $> ( & &+ $,   &+

'">27 H 0>27  =&7 $0/  &"&$= $>/  $&"7! 07/  == "=7 /  & / (./ *"7+ & &-  &-$: ) &# %G%&" 9    !       >&" 9 $& ."> $ #& & "("/  $&.6 !$$ & " 99/  "&". & 0 $& =  $    $$& "$&  # &$ 4   #&  & "(" + " $&7=$= " *"  $ " 99 '$&  $ " 99 & """$& ! ;.= IJC   0$7  "= "=  ) "7$= " ;.=! "   "& 7$& &="7$= " ;.= '$& ."= = 99!  . $& !6,

7  B

$  $ .&+ &'     "$7 "  "($$ $( "$&O   6$7O &('     !$$= "= ,"$&$&O &4'     " =7  " ,O &@'     0$7 L 0$7 &&"$ O &C'     ( " /$,O &D'     6 $ $ O &F'   $ $& &0 $ . &" !$$O &G'     " ."7  "6O &I'     0$7 ."$& $& !6,O &J'     >&"  "6 $& .">O &'     6 $ #& & "("O &('     "  "&". & " &"=O &4'     6 & 0 $& =  $   O &@'  6 $$& "$&O &C' & ( ."=  $ " &"O &D' #7   " $&= !6,O &F'      !$$ 6 &" " ;.K        <     

  +   &'   0$7  "= "=  O &(' #7  & " $7 " $=  O &4' #7 " ;. 6  !$$  IF  (O &@'    ( 6 " ###!O &C'   ( "  O &D'   ( " #&O &F'   !$$ 6;& &"(; "(; (O &G' & 6   "76 $ " &"> ##  " = &" " 6O &I' & 6   "76 $ " &"> ##  " = >& "  $$O &J' "  6 "

I$&=JO &' #7  & $(4 $& # &$ #;O &(' & 6 $  "  & ###!O &4' & $& "  & !$$ $ "$   ###!K 3                                       ./     /   0  

    

 (! ,+  + + + 1$&0+ :         4&:  $+ &" &" 0 1$&0 " ++++   & "("  $ &=++(++ IJD++4++ ++@+++   ( 6++C++ 4  &/  $&++D++  $ "&"++F++   &"" /   ++G++ (67 & "   "&++I++ (  $&  &++J++ (+ #; "(; $*;   ++++/   ( 6 $  $  ++(++  &+  I4@++4++ ++@++   $  ++C++ I& " J+  0 $++D++ $;  &(; $ 7(; $*; &I " $(;J'  " = ++F++   " /  ++G++ > (  $ / (   9("  " ++I++  6  " +  IF++(J++ ++(++   $ $; $ ;;/ =& .&(; $*++((++ +  $6 $ H  $&6 ++(4++  ">"+ (! -+ ; + + + 1$&0+ 0      

     /    #      +       &/ => + + 6&$:/ $$  $ + %  :    IJD       A    ?    1      2   :        A       (@4

   

       = 2  99+ :           /       :  A         II+ Q   / *       I(4/         I(C+  8  :  /        /         H::    + %    I(J : - .  

      7/   ; 1  /      I@C +  I@D +   ;  "& 7$& )"./ "=2 $&&(.; / &>"& ! $ (+ &  &6 I$7$= " J' $  $ C&+ &'  (& L  9& 0   O &('    " $=O &4'    ( "O &@'    6  I4D +O &C'   "$ $= " 6 *"&O &D'    6 " $&O &F' (   6 & "   I@4 +O &G'    6 $ >O &I'    $&  I@D +O (! 4+  + 1 ( ,0 27 + + + O $           $  $ # && $ /> = +  $  <  ;&/ 0& G &"&' ++++/ H   (" 6  $ 7+ & $ = .6 & 0;& I($ " J @ &* "7' ++(+++ *.7 H 9& 7 &$=&  &' ++4++/ &"6  , $&",    & " &7' ++@++  I 7 ;>6,J/    6 ;  & "&7' ++C++

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

"6, 0($&,/ ++++ &"6  = $&" 0 "($$ ;   " =         ++(++ 2( $&"(+ (@C

   

 ;$7/ 0& ++4++  $ (;4 "   ( $&$= &7$= ++@++ & 0+   H $= "$   ,"2 (0$7+

; &  ($ , ++C++ (0> / ++D++ $($$&  ++F++ B $"  / "" & %9&0 "J+ & (" I# $ J/  " 7 IIJ +' (! 6+    +  $ "  $ "0 +   

 

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

V 4 J+

(@D

B  B   C 7  2&1" )    +  "&7 $(4 $&& 7 K 6          >                       - &  $+

7  B

0

(0 

" 

 $ &7

$ "&7 " 0 $ $  47 $&" 0  ("2   " 

.   " >&

" &7$= &7  "=&7

&7 07

(0&7 "&7

. &7 $&" 0&7

" &7

 J+(

("2&7

& $6 & "$

& $ "6

 & &7 ( " &7

" ;.6 

$,76

$, "

  76

(0> $&" $( "$&

 =

276 (0 6

"  " ;.=

" 06

" 6

2 &06

&7

&0 

)   + /& 4 K    

                    0         9-   $   :&  + & "&("/ & &/  "*= ! $&/ $,/ 6 

%$&/ %("  / 

J+@

0&7

)    +  "&7 "& 7 K 6          >                       - &  $+ $&"6 "6. $( "$& 6

J+4

 "&7

"

)".=/ $&"=/  $ $/ !/ " /$/ 1$&0/ !,

:    + & 9&  0& 9&K 4

        

                

     0       1 $ ?  &$ + ( ?  DB  $A K ,K K "* $$K K K K (K K "*$&K K $7K

K $K K &K K &,K K K K $&K K &"6&K

(@F

   

K K K & "&("K K  K K $&K K "K K  "$& K K  K J+C

K ,&K K $&"K K  K K 60K K " K K ,(K K &K



 / #$0 &=+ 6             - -B- ?  $: &  ->? ?$  + 7 * + 6/ (+ (2/ 4+ >&/ @+ & " $/ C+ "/ D+ " "6 7 *  & &"(/  "7 " /  *"& 7=/  " /  $$/  & "$ 

J+D



 / #$0 &=! "& 76  $(4 $&& 76 + 6   "          + - -B- ?     &  ->?  $ + 8" * + $&( & 76 / (+ " $=/ 4+ " 06/ @+ "6.=/ C+ $&"6/ D+ &="7$=/ F+ " 6 / G+ & ,0 $/ I+ 6/ J+ $=&/ + "$=/ (+ $ " "==/ 4+ " 7 * . "7/ &$&/ 7/ / 9 6/ =6/  &/ " =/ "" $$/  7/  / $/ " ;.=

7       

      H  I       ! 8 8( 8@

, $7 0 $ >&" 70 /$ 07/ (./ *"7/  & 

(! )+  2  + 6"  "  6, &2 +            /          6           

  +    $ + $ ?   $+ $ -+  - !  7 &" $"  0 & " 0&. $(& $" $ 7 (@G

@- 1

  7  + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++

7  B

% 0 ! ="7 * "7 "&  " 7  ;7 ;7 ($& $ &="7 &="7 ="7

"7   -!  $  & $ 7 

@-*1

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

@- 1

 $ +++ +++ +++

(! *+ % + "  "($$ " +          

          

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

                        # #        4   & JKJL - // ?$ -  $ =  /- -  ? $ +

(CJ

UNIT

J

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. 

  .        /     N  

   A Numerals 

p

/ &       0 '  7 '('-3A  

    

            +

               

  

               

  

  

  



 @  @  B  B  F  @ &'  B

 ?  F  F  B  B  B &'  B

 B  B H  B  F  @ &'  B

  

  







(,

(,

(

(G &' (,





(,

(,

(

(G &' (,



 H

(,

(

(G &' (,

(C

   

(!+ :    

    7                 

p

               

  

&" &" &">, &">, &"> &" G &' &">,

0 &C" 0 &C" 0 &6">, 0 &6">, 0 &6"> 0 &6"7G &' 0 &6">,

=&7 =&7 =&7 =&@ =&@ =&7D &' =&@

         

  

2 $&7 +++ +++ +++ 2 $&7D &' 2 $&@

$ 7 $ 7 +++ $ @ +++ UW   

B$ 7 +++ $7@ +++ $77D UW + + +

         

  

A=&7

A=&7

=&@

=&@

=&7D &' =&@

A$=&7 +++

$=&@ +++ +++ UW + + +

? .&7 +++ +++ +++ +++ &' + + +

)            *       O E      @J/ IJ   JJ        

  + E            CJ/ DJ/ FJ/ GJ   +          

  

&" .&7 +++ +++ +++ +++ &' + + +

$B" +++ $"? $"? $"? &' + + +

=&7 $G& +++ =&@ $=& +++ +++ &' + + +

8             0;   1 &G+'+

(C(

7  @



on

9     0 - - -  - -   &"6? &$=K   "6? &$=K

  "B& &K # + + + $  

 + + + $  

 0$   0$?  &" 0$?  0 &C" 0$?  =&7 0$B  2 $&7 0$B  $ 7 0$B  B$ 7 0$B  A=&7 0$B  A$=&7 0$B

$ 0?$ , $ 0?$( $ (, 0$B $ &">, 0$B $ 0 &6">, 0$B $ =&@ 0$B $ 2 $&@ 0$B $ $ @ 0$B $ $7@ 0$B $ =&@ 0$B $ $=&@ 0$B

 0?$ ,  0?$(

 (, 0$B

 &">, 0$B

 0 &6">, 0$B

 =&@ 0$B

 2 $&@ 0$B

 $ @ 0$B

 $7@ 0$B

 =&@ 0$B

 $=&@ 0$B

8       

           @-*  #@

#,@=*= 1 'a &"C& $ J 0+  F 0+ ?$$ "B& &  D 0+  B- -* %! ! #%! &"C& $ +JJ  (@+JJ 0+ , $ &@&    (4+JJ 0+ )%!)< "B& & $ I  G 0$B *  * = H $ # %5 .O

@ "B& &   + $ G+JJ  I+JJ 0 &+ $ J+JJ  (+JJ 0 #"+ $ I+JJ  (J+JJ 0 /&+ $ I+JJ  (J+JJ 0 &+ $ I+JJ  (J+JJ 0 #+ $ I+JJ  4+JJ 0 $+ $ J+JJ  G+JJ 0 -  1$  %9'' - %I'' :

B Telling the time 

+     ,  0 '-    &'    !

 0$  (L4L@ 0$?/  C/ D/ F/ + + + ( 0$B & '          !   =&@ 0$   $=&@    0A& "& L =&? .& =&7 &'          !

A$=&7 F& &"B 0A& "&7 L =&? .&7 F& G& @ 2 $&B

(+CC +CJ @+@C +J @+C C+4J (C4

   

on

(C@

/        

7  @



  *+ &B"6 0$K % 

  ?&7$=

 "&A

?&"

?&7 (G&7

A

G&= $

"?&7 F



& 6,?&7 0&A

3                 #     $ (      :* $ B  -, /, - $& *& +  5> &&"C&7 *B"&0(' (A& &("?&7 $&A7/ (C&7$=/ 0@$&&7 F6/  A&7$=' ?&" "B  2B(  F&" == "F A" 2B G&=  2B 72?= " A! ?&"  2B "B B  "F B$ 2B6 A

$ A 6 $/ B& 6,/ 0&A # "&@6 G&=  B (, A6 &"( / B47 ?  B( B  "&A ("B  0A"== "F/ @"6  B (, ' /&A / $&B76 @"6/ % "&A  $( #  ,# && 1: B- $ - F  :* O

(CG

F+JJ F+JJKF+4J F+4JKF+CJ F+CJKG+(J G+4JK(+4J +JJK+C (+4JK4+JJ 4+JJK4+(J 4+(JK@+(J @+(CKC+4J C+4CKD+JJ D+JJKD+C D+CKF+@J F+@CKG+CJ I+JJKI+(J I+(JK(J+@C (J+@CK(+JJ (+JJKF+JJ

7  @

/

p

     8   %  7 & ' - - - (  7  - - )                   /      

     * $    $     

 $  $ !  $  !  *

p

/A"   A; B$ A   "F$=  "B&(+ 6 "2@  & ?&" 0A"  =&7 F& B$ 0? $ &?=+

)                    /      

     * ,    $     

 $  $  $  !

on /$

0A"  0$ B$ A / B$ ("B + + + 0A"   B$ $? 76/ B$ C + + +

 *

 0$  A /  7  $? 76 + + +  F&(  ?/    C + + +

6 "2@  & ?&"  =&7 F&  0? $ &?=+

0        $ (     #         !$                 

)     4    ' 31 "A  3A 5 ) (!+ /         

      " $ + + + F $ + + + A" $ + + + $+ ++

 $ + + + $$+++ $ $ + + +  $ + + +  $ + + +  $ + + + 0A"  $ + + + B$ $ + + + 0A"  $ + + + B$ $ + + +

"  &"A 9 &A"' $&@.  !$$@ $&  & "F"+ "(7G $"@$7  $&B F B B + ? @  A" 9? +  $" $A7=/ 6 C0 ,B   & ?&"+  C ? ?  A" + @ F&  $A $ $ &="G+  "B& & $ (&"?  A0 "+ 6 "2@  & ?&"  0$  $ &?=+ B $ 0?$  &+  F & 0A"  0$?+ B$ $ &?= 6 $ 2@  "+ B$& (2@ 0A"  0$ B$ A +

E Short story 2

6 4  8' 43' 42('-

6 ( @7 + '  B C ($C/ 2G   $A" . / &B" "B $&(0?+  &2A B ( @7 $F2 $&( $ B $A" .   0&?  $0?$&7 +  ( @7 " 2@  @&7$=+  " 2@  @&7$=/  ? F &   =&? .& A=&7+ !B  B$ 7  $ A " A (&C $  B + (CI

   

(&C $  B &(&  $$@$7/   0A& "&7 G& > ( $@  ?(;  C  ?(    "B 6 "

+ A C $ A/  (&C

 "F$7  $&B  ( @7( (A F  ?+ C ? .&7 F& G&+ "A  $&?$7 ?+ ( @7 & ? $ A " A 0?

+

0@ C $&?"6    "?& 6, @ ?( ? (2+ 0@  F =&7 F&  $$@$7/   E&& A& ,  G&7 C  ?( ? (2+ C (A ? .&7 =&7 F& G&+ % ? ( @7 C$&" $ A " A @

+

@ $"?( $$@$7/  ( @7 $&  &7/  ?  F &   =&? .& A=&7+ #A" . B $@7 @$7/ F ,&A$7 "B &7+  &(& B G  "C  F2

/ &F 0& C $" $A7 / 

&B  B  ,&A $&?&7+  & "B   =&? .& A=&7 ( @7  @  = $ G  @$=   F2 + &; @  &"(2A$=/ #? = "B$6,/ !H'# X I/ IIJ! DF'

V

V

B   3 



>

( @&7 &O' $&(0?&7  ? $ " @&7 C&LC &7 ?(

( @7 $&(   "B

(

  "B 6 F==

                       + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

(DJ

" 2G  $A" . ( @7 F2  F2 ($C

& & & & & & &

'   '      '  ' 

 '  '   '  

7  @

F Cultural awareness 5

9     / 3  3A   

        +          2  

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

? "G (  (&"?  A &+ . ) 5   

      O . )         &'       

 / & '      / &'     2 O . Q  4F+G                O

(D

   

# $$@6 B& 6, "B4 ! CC ".A& $B&"=& &  @"/ $&B7  0&?;& ,( B $& (; & "&F"(/ /C H $F2;& "? / F/I H "?;&  2?,&6+ A$& 4A= 0A=  A &! ,&7  &"? / ,&7  $F / ,&7  $$A $ F, + (J ".A& "?/  "B&/  B$&  ,B =&   $  $&A  "2?;&+ I" >27 $ "B&6 H B  ,B0 &$=  @ &7/  $C2&7J/ H & @06 &A&+ . 7  

 0 1    O . Q            O  ( @& 7/ 0& CC ".A&   "B2 6, 0F$&(;& $ G  ?/  (J H B,+  ?  "0? " E& "4? &$= 27  @ 0 A  $=&@+ . Q        "      1       O &!&'/ X (J/ IIC'

5

    H $ 7 +  1(  ! 2                 

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

5

0   $3A   

                   3 

   +      #                      

    + E                    /  

                     

*            + = ;+ 9+ 6 /           / 0 

(D(

7  @

               /        

   ..      /       1+ =   5 /       0 *         /               /     /      /                1+      

        / >         /        *     "B& + +   B ?$$ C0 F0&$=  B (J &  .&@W (0 B+ (+ # 0?7 2B &$   @ $$' G&= C0  >&  @ (0@& 7+ 4+ I!B0 7J &( A&  ?&=  I & =&@W  @ &0 &C" .&' 0$B+ @+ G&  &&F& &( &A&' &@&  &">, ("B+ C+   (0A=  F2 H & 0 &6">,  2 $&@ & &C0 =&7 &'+ D+ B$ ?  A$&  &( ?&  ? 9? H 9.B= $A$$=+ F+ 72&B 9?  !$$@ @$7 6 + G+ &A .A = 9? &">,?7=! 2 2B &@'/ ( & @&7 &4'/ ( & @&7 &('+ I+ ' &( A&&@0 & A = C2= & (C[ C2 C0'+

(D@

7  @

Q  p

-

8           >  &     >  /       >  '  07    1 &J'+

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+ 

   + &"6 0$O 0         

    ->? $ / $   $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

C+@C ++ G+4C ++ 4+@J ++ +CJ ++ D+J ++

D+ F+ G+ I+

+CC ++ C+(J ++ +JC ++ I+J ++

J+ + (+ 4+

(+J ++ (+4J ++ @+@J ++ I+@C ++

(! *+ 

   +   2 "& :"+ 4

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

p

(! ++ A   + " + /                     

         $ ?  - + $-  ->? - /   & # &+ 8            0;   1 &J+4'+ (DC

   

$   ! /  " =/ / / / " / $ / $/ 0 "  + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ (J+ (+ ((+ (4+ (@+ (C+

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

$=&7 (& $ ("/ 0 "  &"  $=. + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ (DD

9   1   

   + ) 

 *            + =

       

       +      *           

+             +              + H     9      /  9     

  : +

7  @

G+ 7      +      + I+        & &7$='      2   + J+ #   2             + (! -+    + + + %$&   

         =          4  

       

  /           - # $ & &/-  #0+ - $ $ / $  B  +    0 %$& " $= I $ &="= G(G    "    &/ $ $&" &.+  G@  ( $ 7= %$&6, & " &7L " ,&7' ++C++  7/  "( &>& +   %$& & $&( &7L $&( &7' ++D++  ( "$& &/   &(0&7$=L (0&7$=' ++F++ $ G@@  G@F  / &   $ &"4&7$=L "(&7$=' ++G++  7  I(( 9"(JO = (&7   $6,  6, &  "&  / (DG

7  @

"" $  &6 I& "&("  &6J "   "$ &( $"  27 $6+ X&= 9&  & " $7 (  =& .&  &  / $"  ( 0&& ;/  "=&/ ( & & " $ (&7  ;6, " 0, $ &$, 27  ,  =,+ &/  " "/ 0& & &   "$6  &6   .& &== = ) / (0 .    $$, 2+  "$ "6! %  " $&"; 0$&/ $   (6+  6"; &7 &/ 0&  & " $    &7+   &0 & " &    "&/ ( ; " = (&!  ;; "= &"&&7 " =  ($&6  $(06 " 0+   $ =&  $&"=& $>  "= H ,  ,"2 / $ (&"   0 "/

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

!    +           5& "&("=  &J+

F+(

3    

          (DI

   

F+4

V

(FJ

!               #                9         +

9      + 9         + 9      + 9       +

      +

      +        +       +       +

     $  = 7+ + + + H  &   &"   " (&"  ( "$& & + + + + H  &/ &" + + + ( $ "=  .= + + + + @+ H =/ ( + + + /  &6 4>  &+ %6     27  + + + B H   &B ' & = 0$6 $ 2&! $ 0$ &7 + + + /  & $  + + + ,&7 $ + + + +  ($=/ = $> ($ ;+ C+ H 6   & /   + + + $  $ $  K H + + + + H  0 &$=K H $  $ $ 0 &$=+ + + + C  6                  !   "     # 

  

  

  

+ 0$6 &$&;& (+ " 4+   &7 @+ 0&7$= C+

"6

(! *+    + 2 7+                          &/# & : -   $ && : $ + (! ++ V      +  &" 0$(O   =O   O = 

     +              +   $  $ C&+

(F4

   

(! ,+ 7       + (@ 0$   "$$=+     

      

               4   0+ I 6 "  0 "2 7OJ H &  "$ $.  $&&(& 4 $& 6, (   ( &6$=0 &   !$$+ & 0& "=& 6  "$! $   "2  + + + 0    ,!

$& "

[ $"    $&"

 D 0 (&"

 D+4J (&"

 F (&" 0$& (6 " (2 ,   6 0&  &6 0& ("6 0&  $(2 "  $&"  &  " 6  "& 7$7  7;& " $7 ;7; ,   . "7 $  >  $  $ (+JJ 0

 "(

 $  =!

[

"0 ! " $&7= ! $ "6! $0!  >7  $&( &6! 27!

 46! (06!

$&( &6  (04 $=! "0 ! &  & "  &6 I $&=J (F =/ IIC +'

(! -+ :  +  $  !  = ">L "  0 "2 7+  

  %'&%<    9&/ - M : N# && $ $  $:  -+

(F@

UNIT



.

In this unit you will learn how to:

.      1   /         1  .  >/                     

   A Astrology 

:&   .+3 1 "  &' 3 ?& " A=

  ?  A&

8 A&

$C 0 "&C ,"?& "

( ?"& H (J  "A=

  %

B7

 $>$&7/ &  "? &$&7/ $$&G& 7$&7

(  "A= H (J ?=

% A. 

 G

& " @$&7/ $$@$&7/ ;B7  *B"&(

( ?= H (J D=

 . %&.

B (,

B$& $&7/ & A&/  7/ $$@

( D= H ( D=

! *

 ?

 "B$&7/ $?$&7/ ;B7  (0>

(( D= H (( ?($&

  + 0

B7

$@/ F $&/ " 2@& 7$&7/ ;B7  ?$&

(4 ?($& H ( $ &="G

A %&.

 G

"&@0$&7/

@&$&7/ $ $B$&7  ?( (FC

   



V

(( $ &="G H (( &="G

 $C 

B (,

 " 2@& 7$&7/  0&?& 7$&7/ 0F$& D"

(4 &="G H ( ="G

#" B %   

 ?

;B7  ""B / "$0>&$&7/ 9@/ &@$&7

(( ="G H (J "G

#&" A. H,

B7

9 "@0$&7/ "&$&@0 $= &F"/  ? B07 "(@

( "G H (J ="G

 "B +.

 G

$@ $&7/  &@/ ;B7  7?

( ="G H I * "G

 A H,  *

B (,

"&?/ 0A$&$&7 ;B7  &"( F/ 0F$& B

(J * "G H (J ?"&

!C6 +.

 ?

7&"(@/ 4A "$&7/  ? (0@&7 "(@,/ "&$&@0 $ &?&

 &@6 +++ 9$&@06 +++

2        

       *        4 "  

       *                                     

  *+ ' ?& / & E&B @*/-  - ,  $G B&,&  & M# -N+  #,& & -. $ *&+ -, - $  * #,& # *&  :* $ B# &:# # , +  1 - /1 -*# & 2

B Lonely Hearts 

p

)   &8  &   7+ "  

    

                          +

0&?;4 , &B"6 0&? & F4 , &B"6 >& D4 , &B"6 >& "$F;4 , &B"6 "$F & &B=4 , &B"6 &B& $ G4 , &B"6 $ @&  ?4 , &B"6  @& (0?4$= , &B"6 F0&$=

0&?;4= , &B"= 0&? & F4= , &B"= >& D4= , &B"= >& "$F;4= , &B"= "$F & &B=4= , &B"= &B& $ G4= , &B"= $ @&  ?4= , &B"=  @& (0?4=$= , &B"= F0&$=

0&?;4 , &B"6 0&?;& F4 , &B"6 F& D4 , &B"6 D& "$F;4 , &B"6 "$F;& &B=4 , &B"6 &B=& $ G4 , &B"6 $ G&  ?4 , &B"6  ?& (0?4 $= , &B"6 F0&$=

4             )  ,= ( 99



)   &  $4Q" ' " )    

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

C Professions 

      /  & '  34+ " $&@ "*A$$ ? &$= 9* A"6+ /        /     

              1 $& $G&6 B 6

A0/ A"  $ + + + ?= *+ + + + 8&B @ /  &B @   "2@ /

"(+ + + $ .@$&6! &  + + + / ,@+ (FG

7  

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

 0 + + + GJ6,/ 0A"   + + +  & B$ A"6,  "B$/ *@ + + +   "?", "*A$$  .A &"B $G&+ &B 2*++  &"A&7  $G&  ?  $ 7B  $ + + + U27 + + + . @ B$&7 IA6,J ?"&'/ " A.   + + + $ @$ "  $&@$=  &F; $ " @(/ A$& $  + + + / *.?&  "&C+  "B0  " $&7 + + + "* + + + ?$7  $? F "@ 6+ A& $@$7  " ?& 7$&7  A"6, "*A$$+ . " 3 3

 " (7&?&  " + + + II@ B / @ " =G &$= ;"@$&+ /(&7 @ ;"@$& H ?$ "B&/  $A/ "  + + + /  2 &"B6 "+ + + + 4> @ / "A"  &  & B"/ H ""@$&/ " + + +  (,?& "/ (" + + + / $ + + +  ",&A&"+  A"   .?&  $ + + + " ?& 7$&7 "G  "*A$$/ & + + +  =@$7  ", A$=&7  &  + + + / ( ?! 2*>"  "&B (A   $@, ("@"&7 $ "*A$$=/ & + + + ;& 7 + + + @ 6 2?$6+ F H  "A ( "B0 "*A$$! &B"7/ &0+ %  &"&+ + + +   ? " $&7G$= "* + + +  $ " + + + $ @$ H *A" "+ &  $&&$/ !&'/ IIC'



24 &   :&1 "  2 2       

                    

  

    !     

      @   #          (FI

   

on

 &B  $0A;+ -, $1 =  #&/ , B6 &$"A  A 'O H "?&7=/ $>$&"6/ B6 / "(7G &?2 $" A'O   6 $? ,&A $&&7  A&$& O 0 FK   6 $&?O 0 FK & B  " 2@&7/   $&&7K

(GJ

7  

(+ $   ,:  $ -$* + ' $ + + +  , : %"6  "@6 &A"  &>"2

@&"6

">"6 ("@$&6 $$@"2 " $$>"6 >&0 ="C 2@$& 2@$&6 (6?&6 *.?& 0&7B6 " [email protected] "* $$"? $&="? $&"@&  $&;" A$$6 2*>"6

"0@ H D / &B"6 A0& ; A  @ + E ?  @&7 6 ?&7

?&7

A&7

"@"&7 "?&7 $ G&7 "?$&7  &?&7 0?&&7 $?&7  ?&7 (0?&7 "?&7 "$@&7 " "G&7 " ?&7 "B&&7 $?&7 $&"B&7 &. ?&7 0&?&7

E ? EO 2 ? A&6

A7

(A&6

? ? $&"(A&6 *@76 @ A. 2@6 A 7 B$& "A$&" @$7   ? "B $>&6 $&&7@ $&A6 &  "?6 &?"6

?  ?= &A

  A= "BT ?$$ "&@" $&F =T & ?&" .A"&6  @ $& "$?= "? T " ?.= " $&"? $&"BT $.AT & ?&" &  @  T ( "$&A& (0"  A

=                     -+ 7              + 8 

         0;   1 &(+C+4'+

(G

   

D Reading and grammar /

) "   4 &  C (7  2&1 " /  

         

      =   

  ?"= 72B "?& (? C$&" "B$6 @ &7 ( F0 ? B"

"A=

/

A0

A&

A&$&

07



"(7G  ? A$&6 A& @ B&  B

A   07 B &A. *.A" $?& 7 $7B $?&7 @$7 6 $& "$$? "B  "(?

$

$ &B $ 7G $B. $ &7 $&"@ $&?"6 $6 & B &@, F&" ,B 

6 4   ' )  + &  +2 - 2           

    . 

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

B A$& $ /  ?;& B/ B   0&?;&+ @/ A" /  ?;&/ & / 0&  A &+ 8& ,"B2 D /  C /  7 ( , $$A "(?=/ 0  6? (  B+  A    >&  @$7 ( $&F/ $ @&$=+  &  $ @&/ @2 &/

(G(

7  

$0? A  / &B $> 6$&"A +  B @2 &/ @2 & $; 07+ "(B $> &@,+ $&( @ F&"+ # &B+ #A&& $B. + #&?"6 $?& 7 $>  $&>&/   (A  @2 &+  $ &+ (? & A"7 (A  0@$&=  A=/  "?72 + B6/ $A  B "$$?  @& &B6  @$7  $&A+  B&( ,B & ? 7= A0+ 8& =/ &B"= >&  &  B +  "(A (  > $7B+ H  "?$&(& / A (2/ H A$  "@& ?+ H 8& +  $&"@  & 0? &+ H A (2/ H &"G & ?/ H  $7B+  $&"@ $>  & 0? &+ H A (2/ 6  "B6O H B0 7 &@, $ "?2 & =+

/

p

6     3 3  :   

         + %     8& $&?"6 0 A+ 8& =+ 8& +

%   > 8&& 0 A >&  @+ 8& A0 >&  &  B + 8& $7B "2B F&"+ 8& D   ?;& B+

8          >           0;   1 &F+(+('+

/$

p

   ,(7  2&1 " =>    + :    

    8           0;   1 &J++@'+ >



  

  

 

&>6

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

A$&6

+++

+++

+++

+++

0@$&

+++

A=

+++

 B

+++

+++

&"C&6

+++

"B$6

+++

+++

 

+++

+++

+++

 B"

$0$&@6

+++

+++

+++

+++

>=

+++

+++

+++

+++

? 7

?

 B

+++

+++

+++ (G4

   

>   

p

  

 

+++

+++

A  6

+++

+++

+++

+++

C$&"=

+++

+++

+++

+++

&@,

+++

+++

+++

+++

$ &B

+++

 $>=

+++

+++

"(B

+++

+++

 

@$7 6

+++

N       + :    

     * 

     

4      

4     

$ &7

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

$ @&

+++

+++

?;

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

$B&"=&

 ?&7

+++

+++

/'



2F

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

,&G&

+++

+++

B &

+++

+++

$&D

+++

+++

$&G&7

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

@ &

+++

+++

0F$&(;

+++

+++

&7

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

 F&

+++

+++

,F

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

&"G;&

!     + $          2               /                     

/(

6                  #      

     

(G@

7  

E Cultural awareness   

          +             )            

            

                        ",@ "?&6&7 A  4 @&  "?&6&7 &"B

2

$&?&7 ?"&= ?& &?&7 .A "B& (0>

7@.  ?& 7$&  "B  &@"&7 $&?" 0 &>"

("@$& $&B" A$&  B& C$&7 $& A = $A$$=

!  #    &1(- 2 2 4 $& (A "C  &F/ 0& $&( A&6 ( $  $&"A  A;&  "2? 

(2B/ "B @ " $& A / &B"(; 6 ?0;&  $    $  ?+ *.?7 ? ? "G&7$= ?7 ?"& ?& ;$ (C[/ A$ F027$=   &"B /  ;$ 4> (C[ H A$   0 &>"+ #&( A&6 0?$& $&F;&/ &F;&/  &@"(;&  4A  ?  2F =G;&/ 0& ?  C$&7 $& A ;  6 ?0&7 > $   $  ?+  , &B  $F2 &+ /& $&>&$= A&7 A ( $&( A&(O 6?&7+ B5 27(- " 9,:C

 ' $ $& A   A0 +  ="A >  $"A    G&7  B C$  CJ "(A+ A0/ "A" $& A  @$& & .A  9 .B(; $A$$;+  4 @&  ' $"@& 7  "B + *.?7  A$=. H @/C "(A+   *.?7 + + + A$ &B& ,B0 & &7  @/ & B 

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

   

2

24 &   :&1 " !      

               )  ' 

:     

     +         +        (+       2   4+      @+       C+   >   D+              

:         (C[     +      (+     02

 1   4+     01   02

 1   @+  

 2 C+     5      2   @  '

Q    +       

  (+           

    4+          )           

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+

            

               2                    

 '

:          +     + *    

   & /  / +' (+            4+       @+        C+             

(GD

7    &  '  ; &            '

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+

  5     2              

              CJ[     0 1                       CJ[                       0 1  

      +     

     >"&6 F2 99F2 ?7= ?"&= ?&

2

,$&C  "2?  (2B

!     0&    

                   9   IGJ    +     

      .           +         " /         1    + 8        2        GJ           DJ               + 9                     "   IIJLI+

2$

2    4   

                   3 

   +      #         A   >      

                  2      + 3    :  8         /   

         +                              + 9         *                   *    K        + 8 

/   IGJ/   2    *                

 ?                 

     + :  *        DKCI       DKC@     + 9 IGI             CC 

 / 2            +          G 

        / JJ/JJJ     4JJ/JJJ        +        4I 

 + :     (J 

    

   IGD+ C B      ( 

 ?                    + =   @  @+C 

        /          + 8 

/  4 

           .  ?        (GF

   

     IGG+ =      /               2     

+ & :           / 3  / HA/ II@! @4'      4

+ & 0? &$=   !$$@ "$& "B0  $@6O $ / & 0@& 76 @ (A" 6K (+  @, "B, #  C2  #A&$ #D & 0? &$= "$& $ A=K 4+ !B& &  72$&B A4  B K @+ " @ =&  $ .@$&6 "?.;  " A7  " ?  ?2  ( F4 K C+ B ".A& ; A $B B"$& " ? & "B&&7K D+  B B"$& D  (0?;& A$;K F+ #B7 "B& & ; A  $B B"$& K G+ #B7 "B& & $A"/ $&"?.    $ "2 A&,K I+ #B7 0 A "B& &  $( ?"$&  $A&" / $B7  0?$&6,  A76, (0?$&,  $B7   "&@,K J+ @ $A&"6 0@& 7 "$@  $A  B 6K

2$

 . 8    0A  " &         

     6           

#33M

F ! + + + %6    > " ?  =    $0($&=  &  $&   +   7  &6    $> " ! &7 &6 (   H   + &;7/ GG'

#33M

G      $ /   &=$&6, " (  $( 7,   " 6 H &6    

"   "/   / (0  $ 6 "($$ =6B  ( 7 & = H    $&7  &0= "  $ / 0& $ "2 &$=  O   7=  "&7/ 0&6 & =6  6   ( " (B &;7/ GG(' &+ #+ %("  / #&,&" =  " / + :/ & $=&6/ IX( $& = & "&("J/ ID(/ CD/ @C'

p

Q              0;   1 &@+/ @+(   C+('+ 8      *  &>/    /  >/

    '  07    1 &'+

(GG

7  

-

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+ A     + #$0 &=   $&  0$ + 4&:  ->? - / / $  $: $ /$ : + 3                    

 

    

p

+ $: * $&"6 &("$&/ 7 /  7 &>/ 276 (0& 7/  &6 ,"("/ $  9 / ,= & &/ $  & " >/  $&6 "* $$"+ 8 

         0;   1 &(+C+4'+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+

 $ ( $"$7 + + + #&" ($&/ >    "6 + + + #&( &6 $  + + +  .  0& + + +  2( ";&$= + + + # " & = (0   $  + + +   0$& " ;& + + + ' 2  2 " $7 + + +  2 7 (0 + + +

(! *+ %*    + & 0&  &O E  C&  ->? =#  # >#  )+ =               +  * ,"("  "= . (0& 7

"0 H 0  / &"6  0& ; + $&"(&" ",& &" $ " &"72$&

"* $$" $&"& 7 9$("$

$&( & $& 7

(! ++     + #; $ I&"6J+ $ >#  ) $ / = + !            + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +

< ( & / + + + ";&  " + < ; 0  / + + + >&  $7+   (/ + + +  &  (+ '  = $&7 &>&=/ + + + >&   " +  0& & $7/ + + +    $& + 6   *7/ + + + 2> 0 " ( $  ( K < ; "  & =/ + + + "&  '+  $( " , $&( &6/ + + + (0;& "($$ =6+ < & 6,  &(" / + + + , &$=   +  &.    0 " / + + + 6  $(&(  *(7& & + 6  & $&( &(/ + + + " ,  &K (GI

   

(! ,+    + " &06 "  = $ $; I&"6J+ 4  : -:  - /   >#  )+                               + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

(2/ $&=4=  &($ $& / (0&$=  2  "( +   = $= $   "/ "&;4  $ + < 0$& 2(  "(/ (4  $&"+   & $  0   / "=4   $  .& =6,+ <  $ (2/ "&;4  " + < ; (0 (/ (0;4 ( "($$ =6+ #&( &/ $ =4   ./ 0 7 $(0+

(! -+     + #; $ I&"6J+ $ >#  ) $ / = + $                     + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

< ; $&( &/ + + + (0&$=  $$ ( "$& & +  "& (0&$=  2 / + + + , &$=  2  (. + 6   $7/ + + +    0& =4 K < $ 2(  $ &7/ + + + 0 &$=  $ 7 0$+ "&$&  $/ + + + =   "72  $62+ 6 2 $$ &6/ + + + 6 ,&  ( &7K

(! .+ %     + '& 7  $&  + $ &#    C  # C  C  C  $ / = + !             + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

+ + + $&( &6 ,"2 "=& "($$+ < ( "0& + + + ("6+ + + + $&( & "72    & "(" +    + + + ( "   + + + + (2 (  (0 & "($$ =6+  (  + + + $"   + <  $ + + + $0  +  &"4 (   + + + *7+ 6 ( 6(0 + + + $+ + + + 4 & $&"  +     $(2&7 + + + $(06  .+ + + + $& "72 $&=  $7/ + + +   $&=  $& /  + + + $&(7= $&= &+

 * + /& + + + O

H + + +  6 "&* 7+ H < (  + + + "&* 7  +

(+ & + + + O

H + + + $&( &+ H + + + $&( & (0 & ,;+

4+ 7& $7! + + + 2 6 $&( &6+ + + + 2  &"/  + + + :" + + + + $&( &6 " ,  " + (IJ

7  

(! 4+ A       + 0 (  >7 6" & &(  (; "* $$;O $ $$>? - + !                "* $$ $   (="6O 8&  "$ & " $(;&$=  (0& =/  " & /  $./  $,+ & " $ $"&7/   = &$= &2   > ++++ "6 "* $$=+   ++(++ (J6  6/  "6  6 $ &$ $&/ "  $, 27  "$ & &&7 ++4++  "$!    ,&=& $&&71 H 72$& 70 & &! $ / (0&  / "+ 6  "( "* $$! "&/ $&="/ ( ./ "0+  = &" &7= 0 ++@++ &  6 ,&  $&&7 (0& 7.   "&,+    ,&=& $&&7 $ 7$ 27 $  =O  6 0 &>"&6 70 H 2*>"/  6 =&6 H >&0+ &  (&!  6/ "=/   "/ & ,/  / " & ,/ "0/ $&"& 7/ "/ &"&"$&+ #" 

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

              = 6  7/ = (2 0$& &"$$6L"$$ ' ++++  "6 $+   6  &"$$6L"$$ ' ++(++  &(; $(+

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

"((+  2 6 &=>6 /   (2 ( , 6  + &#+A+ A  &+'/ HH &&B &#$# 

/ IDI! (@KC'

V 

(ID

0 4&  4 &   C 7  2&1"

4+

:    + 46 6;& + + + :  $   /  B  $  0  B :  /?+                 

4+(

:    + (06 6;& + + + :  $   /  B  $  0  B :  /:+                 +

7  

4+4

:    + =O :  $  =   ->? & *  /     /  $+       

   

4+@

:    + &6+    &  ->?  $ + /          

   72 &"6&7 $&"6 ,"2  &

4+C

(  &"6&6 &  " 2& 76 "($&6

 " , &, $$6

   "  ,

$6

:    + "* $$+ $ ?  &$ + /      



     

        

     

     0   1 + W &> W/ (+ W " W/ 4+ W   W/ @+ W " W/ C+ W ( W/ D+ W *. W/ F+ W 07 W/ G+ W &= W/ I+ W   "& W/ J+ W 0 W/ + W 0&  W (+ W $$"2 W/ 4+ W "&" W/ @+ W *.& W/ C+ W $$> W

4+D

  + "0$&=+ =    + &"6 ;&? (+ &"6  &? 4+ &"6 & " $( &$=? @+ &"6  7>&? C+ &"6 "&? D+ &"6 $&&? F+ &"6 >&? G+ &"6 (0 &? I+ &"6 $ &

(IF

   

4+F

:     / "&6 ,"& "+  # E $  $ )<  -   $   :&  + 8      .      )<            

   *  /     /   /    /  /  / / /  +

4+G

:    + / "&6 ,"& "+ &/# &&  $  $B- $  :&> + 0            1 6 0 $&6 $6  6  " 2& 76 $$6

 "6  "6 $ "7>6 $ 6 $ 6 &,

&6 "($&6 " 2& 76 $$&=& 76 $76 9 "06

"6 &6 ;=4 "$0>&6 $ &06 & " 6

( $& 6  "6 (6 $6 9$&06 &"($6

7       

      H         ! %( C

$  "$$ #&,&" =  "

(! )+ % + &$ "$ +    &  #  &+        

     + $! & & +' ,  

 "7 &+' ,    

 &0 & + + + / &$ $&"  " =;& ,"& " + + +   #.(   (/   (  (( .(+ 8&& . "  &$= ( + + + /   6   &$   " $&  &+ & 0& "$$6 &  + + + &$ "$  $&0=    +   6   (

 + + +  $   $&  + + + + + + $ , &6,+  "2 &7 ( $& +   (

 + + + ,   "$&7   "  (  "; + + + (6  W  & "=  /    " "2   ( + + + +  " "2  (

"6$/    W 6/ & "2> %"/  %" W 2/ & "2 "   =/   W 2 7/ >/  7=   &(,+ $  "2 #  #7=+ # & , "  $&0 + + +  6  $&  & &/ &"(   (

  " 9&&  + &    + "$$/   - $B/ IGJ'

(IG

7    $0 $ ( " =6                   :          



&

IGD IGF IGG IGI IIJ II II(

2

>  7=

  



&

II4 II@ IIC IID IIF IIG III

 &(,

  

6

             #                      *  *

IIF  W  6

(! *+ 7       +  $$  "$ 2 +    /  $  $ +            

  +      + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

 (& "" $  &/     &  "& &K  6 &$= 2 K #7 (0   9& 2 K  ,  $&"K  "&;& , " & K #7 0$  7 " ;&$= ("/  $7     ; ;&$= &K   =6  (&$= ("K /& (0;& &/ " $6,/ =& 76, "  &K #7 $&& (0   9& 2 K & 60 &&  (0  K

(! ++ %*    + "* $$+    -   #&:  ->? - / O 4   &#  && = - :+  

                 

     /                   + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+

/  / &"6 $&"& + + + , + + + /  / + + + + + + 27 , + + + + + + / &"6 + + + "&6 , + + + /  / + + +  & + + + + + +  + + + , + + + ; / + + + (0&$=  + + + , + + +

4/ &"= 6 >& + + +  + + + , + + + + + + / &"= + + +   & , + + + + + + / + + +  0& 76, , + + + + + + / &"6 + + + "  + + +   + + + , + + + (II

   

J+ + (+ 4+

+ + + / + + + ""( & + + + , + + + (2/ + + + 0& & + + +  ( &6 , + + + + + + / + + + + + +   $( , + + + + + + / + + + + + +   " + + + , + + +

(! ,+    +   6 ,&  $&&7    6 $&O    -   $  0+                       

   *     

         E       E    "                 (! -+ :  + '$& $0  + 9&/# & $ B   $ -$  & $ B    &: $+ 3       #                          = ,& L,&  $&&7  &$&    = ,0( $&&7 $ 0= ( "$& &+ +   = 6  7L6  7=/ = ,& L,&  $&&7 + + + (+   = (0$=L(0$7  2 / = ,& L,&  $&&7 + + + 4+   = 0L0 2(/ = " 2L" 2 $&&7 + + + @+ # 0$ = (0($7  + + +  + + + C+ $ 0= ( "$& & = ,0( $&&7 + + +

4JJ

UNIT

(

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

.      1       .     .  >             

   A Dress 

/   $ 1

V

"D

@$6 D

F

?&7

"(?2 $@& "

"A 

4J

   

)(&B

?$&(

0@

$&D /&  >K  > @$6+



/&   K    ?&7 +

+    ,                  !              * ' L 3? E  ? E  ?

4J(

7  

4J4

   



V

/   &  $ 1  ;   0>"6, "D,

 "B F

 > ?&7

 $@, @$,

 "?$ "(?2

 "@0  D

 $A" $@& "

 A "A 

 "?$ *(&B

 "B ?$&(

 &>6, 0,

 0>" $&D / A  0>"6, "D, "B& &  ? +

4J@

A4  A "A  &B& F  F, +

7  

:          

    + :2   >+ + + ?$&(+ + + &.F &  $&A + (0@  A+ + + "(?2+ + + "B& &  ?2  *@" +

A4  $@+ + + D+ + + $B&"& &  @"+

A4  "?$+ + + ?&7+ + + " "G & A&6+ ?70  $A"+ + + *(&B+ + + "? &  *(&B+ A0  "@0 + + + "A + + + ? & ? + A(2  "?$+ + + F+ + + "? &  &?"  >&+ #&"@   >+ + + "D+ + + "B& & B(  ." + #&( A&  $@+ + + @$+ + + A &  $& B+ #&"F2  &>+ + + 0+ + + " ,B & "B(+

$

  *+ '  1? +-  :-  - . $ B-  # -$+  1 $  $ *>  #, $>   /  &A./   $> &.F ?+  ? 6 "B  "B . 2@ A$&   $ (G&7+  "( $&"A0(  A & ?&6 ?"  &"B +  > 6? B=  ,?= 2?   2F/  ?, &> 6 $ @/  "(?, &> 6 "(@.6+ #6 " 2@ ?&7 &.F $D $@(+ "C(   ?"(  2F(  $& B "B&7+ ?" $"?( >"/ ,&G 2F (  B 6? B0 7 &> =/  "B A,+ "B .  "F$=  &.F  "@& F A$ ! I@ 27/ B = $@76BJ  &A. F & 0? &! I(/ $6B/ "B&7 ?& H E&  &"F +  & @ 27/  >&  "B A 6 (@/  "(?, (  B & B" H ?0&/    $ 

"?T $"?$=+ $ &6 $(A 27 E& (? "B&7/ ?0&/ &6   "? ( $@76J+ I(/ E& "( ?B H $? "B .+ H  (A& $&?"= F"&  2? /  $ @ (  B "?6 BJ "C(   (F  $ @+ B ( (? >"/   2> 6$&"A /  &B  B  ?/  F $&? & B+  "B . ( ?  "? $ ? 

"B(+ % ?  "C(  (F  F"&(+ F"& 6? $&?"=  ,B =+ (@ $= F"&(/ = & B"  ?0 "(@&7 "?+ F $&? ?"/   $= 2? (  "(@.6+ ? (@ "B&/ "B . " F "(F; 2F&(!  $ "G&$=  "(@.6  $& &  &7+ !(@.6 $&? ,B 6  &>" 6 /  > + (@ B0 "(@&7 "?/  A F"&(  2? (/ $&  ?&7 "(@.6 H $B&"&/  & "B . $ @&+ % ? (@  = & B"  $& & "B  "(@. &7+ "B . $ (?$=T  0(&7 B " ?  &.F+ &#+ A+ A  &+'/ HH &&B &#$# 

/ IDI! (CKD'

V

+ $* T " "4?&7L " "&@&7! 0&O  0&O ,        T "? &  +' , *  T $ (?&7$= ,   /   

4JI

   



p

24 &   :&1 "  2 0  !1 H     4       +            * " "4?&7 "$?&7 ?&7 ?&7 $"?&7$= ( ?$&7 &7

p

"6?&7 B ( "$F &.F &.F   $  $ ? & "B

A; 0&K

$A 0 K

 >

 B,  $> $D $@(  "?  "B(  "(@.

(! 1 0     '  2 +' &' 2 +' 1+   ' 1- 2  (;A 2  (;3 +' A'3  '  +- 2  (;3  ' & & 2  (; 4-

$

!&  &  2 2               

    

&  & @ 27/  >&

 "B A 6 (@/  "(?, (  B & B" H ?0&/    $  "? $"?$=+

&  "B . ( ?  "? $ ?  "B(+ &  &A. F & 0? &! I(/ $6B/ "B&7 ?& H E&  &"F + & ?" $"?( >"/ ,&G 2F (  B 6? B0 7 &> =/  "B A,+ & 6 (  B $6/  B   $>6+ &  "( $&"A0(  A & ?&6 ?"  &"B + & F $&? ?"/   $= 2? (  "(@.6+ & $ &6 $(A 27 E& (? "B&7/ ?0&/ &6   "? ( $@76J+ & 6  $A " "B "?$6 $+ & ? B "B .+ & F"& 6? $&?"=  ,B =+ 4J

7  

& A&  & 6,?/  B (  B C B0 7 B "B&6! 

"6? A; $A/ " "4? B (  > / "$? "$F  B,/ $&G ; A $@&7 &> (;  A (! 2F(/ 2? (/ 2"*/ $ @  "(@.6+

& "B .  "F$=  &.F  "@& F A$ ! I@ 27/ B = $@76BJ & "B . $ (?$=  0(&7 B " ?  &.F+ & (@ B0 "(@&7 "?/  A F"&(  2? (/ $&  ?&7 "(@.6 H $B&"&/  & "B . $ @&+

& (@ $= F"&(/ = & B"  ?0 "(@&7 "?+ &  > 6? B=  ,?= 2?   2F/  ?, &> 6 $ @/  "(?, &> 6 "(@.6+

& B ( (? >"/   $&? & B+

2> 6$&"A /  &B  B  ?/  F

&  ? 6 "B  "B . 2@ A$&   $ (G&7+ &  6 B0 7 ,B  &.?/ A $>/  &A./   $> &.F ?+ & ? (@ "B&/ "B . " F "(F; 2F&(!  $ "G&$=  "(@.6  $& &  &7+

& "C(   ?"(  2F(  $& B "B&7+ & "C(   (F  $ @+ & !(@.6 $&? ,B 6  &>" 6 /  > + & #6 " 2@ ?&7 &.F $D $@(+ & % ?  "C(  (F  F"&(+ & % ? (@  = & B"  $& & "B  "(@. &7+ & I(/ E& "( ?B H $? "B .+ H  (A& $&?"= F"&  2? /  $ @ (  B "?6 BJ

D Health /

V

)    #  %+   ' %A!     *             + !(? (+ ? 4+ # ?

@+ ? C+ ?7.6 D+ A

4

   

V

.B!     *             + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

L? "& $ F6  2A=  $F2

G+ F,LF2 I+ F6 J+ 4> + B$6 (+ "B

%                   +

4(

7  

/

on

p

  &   &) 2 7+ $,  0B $    $:*+

Z

" &  "&F" ?2 7 ?$"

/& $ L K

'  BL > + + +

/& (  BL > @&K

'  BL > @& + + +

Z

/& (  BL > $ BL"(BK

'  BL > T$B + + +

Z "(?

( F, ? ?

T8          0;   1 &I++(+('+

44

   

on

:,#  & - :#  #  ->? =*# + (0@

A4

?70

A0

" >

p /

$ "?$6 B$ $ " > $ A& $ ($? $ $F0  A   2G  0?,  7&B  $@& "  $&D   A  ?$&(  F"&

"G  $  K

A"  K   K

B BK $A & BK $ "? & BK

8    

         0;   1 &D'+

: &    A    

                   3 

   +      #            : 

    +4 

   &DD       '   4+C 

      & 

 

 '  IIJ+   #D $?&  + &9 :+ "+ ?70 ,B0 & &@  $@ "F2/  $B/  0 &>"&6 "/ ?  &+ ?  "@&! H ?  $"A ?&7 B&"+ A"/ 2 ?70 A+ A"/  0 "? *A& 5A$=+ ? B&"+ ",B & B&"  0?,  $ &"F+ B&" "@& A& ! H 8& 0&  B$&B 0 F &6 ?  27K A&= "@&! H  ?; 0 F/   B ? ;+ B&" "@& ? ! H  ( " A7& E& " >/ = B $ 0?$ $&"D+ ? " A A&;/  B&" $& B $F2&7+ B&" $F2 B 0A"  &"F(  "@&!

4D

7  

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

"(B 7 A&= $  A $@ 2&@2/  @, F 6, $&B" $  B72  "2B+ &4 / I9.& #1& # / J/ 4/ IFD! 4GKI'

2

V

24 &   :&1 "  2 3 /  /                   B 0 "?& $&A7

"F0 2&@2 B

4F

   

V

+  /  !       @       

       #                     * @&7

V

; 7  

$0&?&7! BO &' 0 OL O &    ' $&?&7

?&7

5A$&7$=

 "4?&7$=

7  

 

               #  #      #    #   :       

   *           

F Cultural awareness 5

6 4  / A( &(7 )H   

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

4G

7  

5

24 &   :&1 " !      

                                  

  + (+ 4+ @+

                  

9                   + (+ 4+ @+

                   

/    8        



5

6 4  . - I9/J   

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

 B & A &@0 $&( A0 $ "  B @" &"( ?

;" @0 $=  A= "B  $&( A&6 $& A = 4 @& 6 ($@

4I

   

5$

!    " 0 0>"6 0 0>"6 / 0 (0 / 0 $&"$&6  " "$6 B  ;; = $/  ;$7 = $/ &7/ (  $ =   "6 0$+

0 , ? (0 ,    $&"$&6 ,  ? " "$6 , 

=&7$= ,    "6 ,   

#& "&7  = & / $ ($"6 $ =&  "( 6 $+

$& "&7 ,   ? &7 ,   

($" ,  ?  "( 6 ,         

27    $ &/ 7>& 2 $   0& &  I &7J .6$ +  0&&7 ,  ? &7 .6$ ,      &.6 , ; '  60;/ "  S"($$(/  60; ,        60;/  & "("$(/

&7    6   2 $    &"/   .6$+ &" ,    &      

       ' . (  =/ & = & =/ &  $& 6 "$. ( $=+   > (& =&7  + + + 0>  =&7+

. &7 ,     &7 ,  ?  =&7 , 

0 0>"6 / 0 (0 / 0 $&"$&6  " "$6 B  ;; = $/  ;$7 = $/ &7/   "6 0$ ; = $+

Q  p

-

          0;   1 &C+D'+ 8      *  &     /     '  07    1 &('+

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+  + " 6  +   ->?  $ $ - / -/ -$ : #  $# -  #    + $  

             #        # #        & "&(" (  7

4(J

&7 0 $&.=



= #"7

;7 4 & " =

7  

(! *+  + " 6  + $  $ # && $ =  - / -/+ $              + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+

 &= $&=  &"$= 4 7' + + +    &72 ' + + + "* $$" "  &"($$= 9=' + + +  &' + + + $&(   $/  &$ &="7' + + + H $ 7+  &;$&7' + + +  $ $&,+  & "26  ' + + +  &;7' + + + 6    )".;+  & "2=  =' + + +  &&, " ' + + + 6  $ 7 +  &" &$&' + + +  &(= $&"$&7' + + +  ; $+ #= 6  &0>" &7 ' + + + /    &$ $&;' + + +  &( (4=  =' + + + 6 (  +   $=  &"($$=' + + + " & ' + + + 6 "+ #& & "(" $&" " &>&"  ' + + +

(! ++  + " + $ ?  - + !        + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

&7 "& + + + 0& /  & . + + + "&(+ + + + ( "$& & "& "(+  " + + + &> 6, "=,/  ;  , =& + + + >   + + + + "   $&  " + + + * & + + + +  &" 6 " ;.=+ + + + &=,  7= "&7 + + + $ "&+ >&" >& + + +  /    + + + "6(+

(! ,+  +  $&  0$+    ->? - / $$  $# $ -   &$ # $ =  /$ : +    

    # 

              + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

# 0$ (0  $ =&  & + !0 "&;&  =&   #$-+ 6 (     #   &&+ #&( &6 6  +     & . $ "2 &    + 6 0&  9&  #+ #&( &6 (&  ?/+ 6 6  D&&  #+

4(

   

(! -+  + #; $ I&"6J+ $ ># !& ' $ / = + $                     + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

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

   

& 9=' ++(@++/ 0&  & 07' ++(C++ $&,/ $  0( / $ "(  "( " / (=  &(&"' ++(D++  (.  "/       &  ' ++(F++ +  &"(' ++(G++  $7 $ &  9&' ++(I++   ( "=. 6+ / "  &" & 7' ++4J++   $7+ & ' ++4++ 6 $  .&7 & ' ++4(++/ & ' ++44++ H  .&7   & ' ++4@++?  (0$7/  "&  &*" ' ++4C++ + &7  " 2  & 7= & ' ++4D++    & =&6 9&' ++4F++/ &"(;  $ (  / $ &$$" ' ++4G++ $ & & .' ++4I++ + $> 9& "$,   &&" .&7 2 $&  ' ++@J++ + / "   & ' ++@++ " $&+ &  "( &"  "$/ @ ;$/ HA/ IDF! (K@' 8   

  +      6            &' Q    M    MO &(' )           

 0M 1O &4'+ )      O &@' )      O &;  +' &C' )               O Q      O &D' )        O &F' =              O &G' Q      

      &       'O &I' )           O &J' Q         

O &' )  N      O &(' )   

O (! 6+ A         +    2, ,+ $ ?  - +                        $ /   ++++ "(, "$$$, " , ++(++ $( "$&  $ &" $&7

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

(, &0$' ++(C++ &">, &0$'+ 72 "&"6 / "$  6 ++(D++  $7, 9&,/ 6 &$= I( "J+ ' " &"6;&$= "72 /  "6;&$=  / 0  606 6/  "&;& D   ++(F++  ; ++(G++ " "6 ++(I++  + 4(@

7  

#6  $&6 $$ ( " H ' H , &$= ++4J++ . &" $&.6/ ++4++ "$ 4 /  "& " =+ ++4(++   " $6 $&7 & "6/ (  * " "6 "=& $  4  *"(&6/  & =$6  06 " (&6+

0               3        (! )7+    + + + / ,+ +$ &  $ B   $ /#  + (B$+   

     : :              .  =& 0 /2  $=  GDJ  (      /  ; !$$+ ' /2 6 0&6   &  $$& +   $&  ($= &( (>/   GII  (/  $&(  0/  $$=  ?  $ + 6   "           8" * + =/ (+ 276 / 4+ (""&6/ @+  &=/ C+  6 / D+ ;"$&0 $ / F+ &> =/ G+   76/ I+  6/ J+ "6 7 * ("/ "  6/   / &;"7/ $ / 7 $/  6/ " / "$$6/ ( 4(F

   

+C

:    +   + : 8%&89  :  $ -  -/- # &  -/ &$ ## #   + : 

   8%&89    

              

  

* (# # H

+D

:    + &6+ -  + 6   

    "6  &7  &7$=

+F

&> 6

  + /$& & + - &+ 0  &  

 

4(G

&  &7

$=&7 , 6

" &7$= , &7 7

7  

7       

      H  (       ! ( (

"   ;=& "&7 (06   46O    &  $  0  $ & &  #  : $  /:  /?  $ -B & && &/# & &- $  D  * $ -$ &-$:&/  :&'? $ > &-$ &/ > '? $#  & /: / /? '+ - -/ & $ B - / B+  

                   !   .     

           +                                *

 &$& 0 + + + /  70 + + +  ;$& (2 + + + /  ;2 + + +

46 ;=& + + + /  (06 + + +

(! *+ % + " $  =6+    &#+ 4  &  $  $ C &+         

            +        ' &  + + + /  + + + /  + + + /  + + + /  + + +    + + + &  + H #/ (2/ H + + + &=/ H 0 ( 9& + + + $   /  =6 + + +  /  $ + + +  K H  &(/ = + + + / H + + + (2/ H 0&6 &6 72 + + + / 72 + + + / 72 + + + "(/ 72 + + + /  0&6 &6  72 + + +  $ $ (      $+ &/ 6 &$=/ + + + =6  $ + + + 6 & &7 + + + 8   

  +  * + (+ 4+ @+

%   + )       O )     O )   2              O

(! ++ %      +   $&(.+    - + - -B- ? -  &  ->? 0 + $ ?   $  $ -+                              

            

   +0+ +  "("$ =&$= " 0 =&+ + '0& 7. $ "2 &  (0   $$ + + #&( &/ &"6 " ($&  .;/ "4 &$=  "  & ;+ +  0   =&$= "( $ "(   0 " + 4(I

    .' 6

02;" 6 6 6

H + + + / &6  7O  + + + (&K H + + + (& + + + H   &= + + + O H #"/ + + + #"+ H (/ + + + / $ $7+ .' 6

02;" 6 6 6

H ( 7& "6/  = + + + & + + + "6(K H 8& =+ + + + $+ H "$&& / =  + + + 2  + + + H &0 $&+ H  = + + + ;  + H ;  / + + + *=  &"/ $&( & + + + ("$+ < + + +  " ($& 2(+ + + +  7=  (0&7 + + + $(7&.;K H ($&/  + + + $ =&+ .' 6

02;" 6 6 6

H + + + /  "$&7 $ &. &7O 6 $   + + + + !" 2& " $&&7$=!  "62+ H "$&& /  + + + /  $7 0 7 2(+ /& 6 $K H < H = "62/ + + +  &/ &.( K H ( 0& / & +  & " $B (/  0&   6 + + + O H  &/ + + +   $& " $$ / $0=; + + + /    + + + +  & 6K H  = H " ;/ 6 " &" + + + I/$&= 7J+ / $&&/ $ 0$ 0 7 (  + + +  "  + H "  O   & / "/  (/ 6 0 7 ,"2 + + + B .' 6

02;" 6 6 6

H + + + / 6 & ( & (0&7$=  " + + + O H / = &7 0& + + +  + + + &   + H  = & B (  6! + + + + H + + + ! # "  "+ (! ,+ 7     *    + "  6+      #$ - +   -    - + $  $ C &+             

   0       .         8   +          & 3)

  6 6 6 "    6 6 6

&' Q            O & ' %         O &' )       2 O

44J

7    )

  6 6 6 "    6 6 6

&' )      2 O & ' )       2   O &' 9             2 (@  O  )

  6 6 6 "    6 6 6

U '           O & ' )           +

       U A" W B6 ? U A" W B6 "&@" U A" W B6 4 @&=



p

7  @ ('-3) & 1; 2&4'  4/  !  

 8   

  +           

F= 4>& " ?2 & B"

44(

"@&



 ? "F0

&A.

B.6

B

7  

/  G& $( K /  $&"F& B$6K /  "F=& "?K /   7G $?&7  9?  K /  0@$&=& F6K

/  "A(& , O /  "A;&$=O /  @2(& @$7 K /  B;& "FO /  6&"?;&$=O

0                       *  * B H " A&/ &B"6 G& $( / ?2(  &+ +

p

4/  !  

  8   

  +           

&"(

$?"7

( B7$&

B47  7D& " (A

72?= $B"$&7

72B

 $&( A&6 $F2 A.;K ?  >  *AK   &A $>&K  ?0;& *.?7 $7BK  6 "  @ $&&7DK   "@& "F$$K   "?;& "&>"  ;"B B$&K

p

& 0?O # 0  6 7>& B* K 444

   

#   6? ? G( B  K #   6 @ $7  0AK #   6 " @$6 & $7K #   6 B$7O

p

# 0  6 " 0&? & (& ""B 6K # 0  E& "@K # 0  7D& O

4  ! / /  8   

  +              $&A"$& "= &("@$&$ A$&$ $B$ ( "$&A&   "F &$= * "A.=K   &B&$= B6 "A&K   ($&"? &$=  0 "@ K

A$&6 ",&A&"6 $&( A0 $ $A& ?2 "  ?&    @"( &$= 2B7= ""? K   " "G;&$= $0A=K   "B =&$= 9$F"$  B" (K

8      0;   1 &I+D+   I+G'+

B Festivals 

6 4  6 " &"?  ?=+ &D'  &("@$&6 =&$= $ "$&$&= 8 F"/  =&  &@=2/  &($2 @   ?,  $&?"6 2&? $ " ?/ $?&";& ".C ?/ ?=&/ $&C/ $&"@6 ."+ & "&/ %, " (" 0((6/ %,  (06, 0  ""06 $("/  $  (6/   =  &   2(/ 0&;     6/  =$6 $ =4 " 6 ($&66, (./  $ &  "& $= / /  ($= &7( 0(;  &6   $/   "= $ &7 "((; # 2&/  0 0$ + + + & &"6  96  $ " # " 0 (2/ I 6 $ J/ G44'

44F

   

C Cultural awareness 

p

+   ,   2+-3 73 +   1 &  8/  

 ! ! 

!       ;           .     *@2 $4?;&/ @ $ &?  F&  & ?&",+ *@2 $4?;&/  ?   B & ?&"  >& $ &?7+  " "&(?" & ?&" $4?;& &? $ .?76   A76  ?=+  &/ 0&  >&  A$&6, & ?&",/ @2(&  A&,  " D&  "? + A&6 " D&  & &"?76, ?$$,+ A& >& *"?.;  &/ 

A,&7  & ?&"+  A& C0 (? ?  "A= 0? $ &?=+



 *@2, $4? &$=/ @ $ &?  F&  & ?&",+  *@2, + + +/  ?   B & ?&"  >& $ &?7+  " "&(?" & ?&" + + + &?  $ .?76,  ?=,+  &/ 0&  >&  & ?&",/ + + +  A&,  + + +  "? + A&6 + + +  & &"?76, ?$$,+  A& + + + *"?.=  &/ 

A,&7  & ?&"+  A& C0 + + + ?  "A= 0? $ &?=+

  8   * -? 0 +       

   1 :   +              +       + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

6

  ( @&7 &6  & ?&"K  (?&7/ 0&/  ?    $&"&7K /& ;& "@&   "= &"?&O C "?  =  "@& 7 ?O ?= *"?.= >&$=  &&"?7 & K ? $$& $F= "@&  K

& + 6 6 6 >

&A&!  F.2 $&7 &&"?76 *@2/ &"6 $4?;&/  $ &?7/  ?    &&"  >&+ ' 2   ? 6 &&" $@& " "&(?"=

$?/ *"@"(;4=  &/ 0&  >&  &&" $  =/ ?&"   ?2(; ? (+ 3 &/ 0&  >&  $&6, &&"2/ $4? &$=  $ , $&"@., &/  E& " D&  "? + 3 " "&(?" &&" $4?;& &? $ .?76   76  ?= I*@2J/ I&"?76  & "F"J  "(@ + 44G

7   6

& + 6 6 6 >

&A&! &6 " D&$=  ?$$,/ &"6 2 =&$=   ?=, &&"/  &?  & &"?76, ?$$,  F.,/   &"/  ?  72@, @,/ $&@.,/ $&&F&,/ ( "$&&,/   ,/ *?",  ?2+ 6

& + 6 6 6 >

&A&!  &  "0&?&7 ? &&"/   " $/ "= 0? $ &?=/  ?/ .( &+  A& (?6 &? "=   " "$  "&A"   B +  "?& $&" A& >&$= *"?.=  &/  2&7  &&"/  &?  A&"6, "?,  =  &&"+

6

& + 6 6 6 >

&A&! ' 2   &&" &6 " "G;&  &>"6+ 3@  " D& ""?6/   7 I*@2J/ I&"?76  & "("J  "+  ?  &&" $&7 " "+  " " $ D& ",;;   (/ 2G 6/ &6/   (0?;&  "@+  $7  =&7 7+ ?&=&  7 C0  @ $ $ &?=+ #F4 &&" ?;& "@& = &@ $@  $&?  "@& 7 ?+ $6

& + 6 6 6 >

&A&! $ &"&7  ? , @&7  "@& 76  H  "&"  *&&" H  6, @&7  "@& 7 ?  "" 2? &$=+   G&7$=  +  "@& 7 ?  "= $ &?=  "?";&+ 56

& + 6 6 6 >

&A&!  "= &"?& "@&  (& & 62&7/ $&?=$7  "@& 7 ? @  * &&"/ (& &@  (*&+ F"=&  &&" &B7 &/  $&7 $ .?7= &@0 I$& = ("=J+ &I!($$ =6  "( J/ IFG/ @/ @KD'

44I

   



% ;      #   91- /'-!-

:    ! O  &@K B &$' $ "$@&7K

;      ! + ?($&+ / 0+

)     ! F02  ?  + + + 30 7 7/  + + + "$&@& L@& /  + + +  &/  7G+

8  !  7G+  B+ 6  C + + +   B  $F0 B

8   

  +    

   + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

$

V

/& B (?&7  & &"?7 *@2O  4> B "0&?&7L($C2&7  " "&(?" & ?&"K F; *"?.; B "0&?&7  A& K  B ( @&7 A&6  & ?&"K /& B A&7  "A= &"?& O  B ("@&7  "A= &"?& O  B =&7 B7O  ? F  &@&7  B7O ( ? F $ ?&7 7&B  B&O ( ?  7G , @&7  &F  6, @&7 B$ &"A&7  ?K  ?  7G "?"&7K   7G ("@&7  & ?&" K

&  / -$ & #$  .& -$F    # && #F# :# &-F  - /   $ *B F  -+   -  &  , && :   /  

4@

   

D Meeting famous people /

'

5   8    ' ('-3 4' 3 3   +      #       @      -           #                     D +   *

. . . .

 F & 0 "O /& ?0& -O & & )@7 $ "O    ? $$&@&$= 0 "K H  B $&F K H  ( ? " $(O &F.  X ' H  &( ? "2&7K . $  (& "&@  0 "O

4@(

. & "2? &  0 "K . #   ($&"?&$= $&"0O . /&  ""? A0 " K H   7K H  0$?O H  &" 0$FK . # 0   7G , @&7  K

7   D +  

. . . .

  ? $$&@&$= 0 "O & (0?$&( &  0 "O & &   O  ?   $$&@&$= 0 "K H   7K H  0$?O H  &B" 0$FK

. /& ?0& - =O . & & @&" "*K . /&  ""? 0 "O H    ? L ? K H  B( ? " $(O &F.  X '

4@4

   

   

                     

E Verbs of motion 2

p

4@@

6   / 3 7 " ''  + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

  >&  $&"B+ '0@& 7  >&B $7B  < B  !$$@;  >& C  + /$C  F& ,"2B+ "A=  >& C$&"+  7  >& $ (&"?+ /&  >&  B $ B =K

7  

:* - /  #-* $ & &*/-  # B+ . A   

+  & ?&" I BJ  >& B6 *".F$ *7+ (+  72B & ?&" ?&" A0 "  >& I@= ?J+ 4+ ? 6 7  &  @"(  F& IC76 B "6J+ .  

+  F. ,B /  >&  7L$ + .  

+ / @ 0$C  F& "?7+ < " "G ,  "? + (+ $7B  $F  >&  A;+ 4+ 'A B07!  C$&"  >& "A=B $-, - /  -.  $  $ + .   #  #  

+ H  B0 7  >& "B6 . &+  B . &  >& K (+ H B (/ @(   >& E& 2G +  6  F & K . 

+ H 6, @& B 8&& &"?  >&  "+ H   ?  >& $A (;4 &"?K (+ H  ( "$&A&(  F& &"A($6 X^  J+ H @ &( ?  F& &B($6K 4+ H   ?  B   F& ? 6 0$+ H   0?$&  F&   ?  ?K . ?"' '  

+ H  ( &B" XMQ  >& 9?   & ?& + H    >& 9?   $&B"K (+ H  E& $&"A  >& ?+ H #B7 A$=.   >& ?K 4+ H ' $ ?  F&  B,+  ( $K @+ H # 0?$  E&(  "B$(  F& " B"6+ H   F& " B"6K

2

6 &   ,''3  (  ( !               /             *   >&  $&"B  + + + F +   >&  $&"B   $>& F + 8 *  $?/ C $/  $>&/  $>&/  $>&/  $?/  $?/  $F&/ >$/ &>$/ ">$/ " $@/ ">$ +  2>  $&"B  + + + F + (+  "2>  $&"B  + + + F + 4+ A0  >&  &*B"  + + + "@+ 4@C

   

@+ A0 2  &*B"  + + + "@+ C+  F.  F& 2B7  + + + @+ D+ # " &?"2 2  "A&"(  + + + F (?+ F+ (   >& E& A4 $ "@ . &BO  + + + ,  "C+ G+ &  >&  ?= A4+  + + + " >+ I+  ("B $&( A&6 + + + (0A+ J+ 0&7B + + + $A A&6+ + ? + + + . &6  B&6+ (+ ? + + + . &6  B&(+ 4+  ?2 @O < + + + ,  &A(+ !                     1 0   

        1

2

6 #     .      ,''  ( !               /             *  F.  >& A4  + + + " >  2B(+  F.  >& A4   >& " >  2B(+ 8 *  >&/  >&/  ?/  ?/  ?/ >/ "  ?/ "  @/ " >/ " @ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

 F. 2 A4  + + + " >  2B(+  ? "  2 ?  + + + A(; $?(+ A  >&  F. +  + + + ?&;  "+ 8$("$B + + + &("@$&  C$&(+

A4 2 A  / &F 0& ? + + + ? "(( $D ? 7(; 07+ A + + + ? 2  "?&  (B( "0F+ < = " > ? "((  + + + B 0A"  F.(+

! '   '+ &  (3 &  (

G+ B + + +  "(F; "B&(+ I+ #&( A& &@0 + + + E&& & $& $ "F$$  @$+ J+ @ + + + $" $A7 ( "(A  "A +

F Cultural awareness 5

5  8     +'   

            2                    *                #        #            # "A  A& 0? &$= $ B * $&? + &"6? & $ B $?6  @&6 * $&?7  *".F$ B"    "A7

4@D

7  

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

Q  p

-

           0;   1 &@+C+   C+C'+ 8      07    1 &4'+

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+  + %"& 76  + $  $ # && $ $  -/ -$ : + $                + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

4@G

  >&   $ & 7= 07'+  "" & $ &"($$ $&( &'+ #= $&" &$7 $ &$&"6 6'+  2   $ &$ "=& '+ #&( &6 $&" &$7 $ & $&6 $& 7'+   $ "&( $ &$ "7>6 2'+

7  

(! *+  + %"& 76  + $  ->?  $ $ $  -/ -$  /$ : + =     

     

               + $&" = (+  "( 4+ $ == $&7 @+  2= 07

C+  &== 07 D+ $&"2 "& F+  7 " >

(! ++  +  $&  0$+    ->? - / / $$  $/ $ -   &$ $ =  /$ : +       

              + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

 ( ( "$& & 6 $&" 0 $ $&  + "* $$" "" & $ $&( &+ 6 $&" &$7 0 "  " $ $ $&"+  6 0 "  & &" $  "(+  ( 6 $7 $ ("$&+ < ,   6$&( $ "(+

(! ,+  + /   $ 0 O $  $ # && $ /> = + $          + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+

 " $= &'+  , $ &('+ 6 , $ & " $ '+  "& &" $'+ 8& 0   $ &" $'+ < $ &&"( ' / 0&  "&+   $ $0  $ & 47' (0& =+ &7 , $ &72= $"$&7'+ 6  $( &'/  =$ &'  &'+

(! -+  + #$0 &= $    $(4 $&& 76  &"& 7   $ "  IJ  I J+ $  $ # && $ $  -/+ $              +  &0' + + + $ 0+ (+ &7 , &  & ( ' + + + 4+  $ >&$=  &,=' + + +

@+ 7  & 7' + + + $&$7 &  + C+  $&"&  & &' + + + D+ 7 (   &0' + + +

(! .+ A   + "  I$J  I  J+ $ ?  - + !               + (+ 4+ @+

  , + + + 72 $"$&7;+ !=  + + +  6 72 "+  0 " $= $ 7= $"$7 + + + $&+  (= + + +  >+ 4@I

   

C+ + + +   &= $   6 "(+ D+  (& $$    / + + + (+ F+ !   ; 6 ,  + + + ( + (! 4+     + #; $ I&"6J+ $ ># !& ' $ / = + !                 + (+ 4+ @+

 "& & (2/ $ + + + &6   $=K < 0$& 2( $7 "(7=/ $ + + + = $=  "2  (+  $&"   " /  + + +  &  6 &.6+  (&   / "=  $ + + + 6 72 "+

(! 5+           +  " , 6   " , 6 6+ $   $ $ & & $ / = + :  

 #               + &' 8&  " + + + $  =  "6+ & ' & + + + "7 "$O &' 3" $&" + + + ( "&;"(+

$ =&7&$=' $ &7&$='

(+ &'   "&$& + + + $; ";/   " $7   $ &6+ & ' #& /   + + + . "&K &' # &7 + + +  I 0$/  6  "($7   J+

0&7&$='

4+ &'  " = &"& 6 + + + $ "(7=+ & ' < + + + > $  =  (.+ &' 6    + + + $6+

$&" 0&7&$=' $&" &&7&$='

@+ &' 6   &  &&"  + + +  &6  $$(+ & ' 0 " 6 + + +  &&"  + &' ( " $   + + + "&+

"4&7&$='  "(&7 &$='

C+ &'   + + + 9&& O & ' /   + + +  "7  2>  + &' 3  6&$= + + +  "7/   &   + + +

&"6&7&$=' &"6&7 &$='

D+ &' "  $/ 0& 9&&  + + +  $2 $&.=2+ $&&7&$=' & ' < + + + / &( 0&  / (   &+ &' 1*>" + + + 2(/ &( 0&  / (  2&7+ F+ &'   + + +  6 7  I 0$+ & ' "(7= 2(&/ 0&  (0  $7/  = + + +   &  + G+ &' !" + + + ( 0$+ & ' 0 " 6 + + + 2 ""+ I+ &'   = "$$   &> "  /  0 7 + + + & ' 0 "  + + + $ $ "+ 4CJ

0&7&$='

$&&7&$=' & "=&7&$=' & "&7&$=' " &7&$=' " &7&$=' ( =&7&$=' ( &7&$='

7  

(! 6+  + 6  $&=4  "  + $   $ /> =   ? $ + $      

           + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

 &" 2"2 + 8&( 7 $( "&  0&+  9& &&" 2 I= " J+ "&      "+  $2 $$, "   &6  9&( 7 $(+ 360 = "   &  &&"+ "( " ,  &" =+

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

"= I"76 J

"( $ &2 =! &&7L &7' ++G++  " = & &" =' ++I++  &  *(/ "2  /     " $&" H  & &&7L &&7' ++(J++ 60  +   &  ' ++(++ ,  &7 & /   &$"&7$=L $"&7$=' ++((++ 72=  =+ "( 6    $& "$&  $=    /  &:" ' ++(4++ 0 (& 6 $&"2+  =$= > & & .' ++(@++/ $&" 72 / 62   &/  & "7 $&"  0  -+ :"   $  " $&&7 $, " &   H & .   0 "      " /  &7  &. "7' ++(C++ H "=  $ &$ 7=' ++(D++  6+  :" " 2/ 0& (02   &7+ #0 ( & $&( &7L $&( &7' ++(F++  ;" 0 $ $&&(&!   0& $&&7 & &' ++(G++ + "  $  

  $&&7  / 0&7 &"&6&7L"&&7' ++(I++  7+

&7      & "(   2 6   , + &  "( + !6/ & "&/ / IGF! (GK4J' =           +     &' Q    6  :         O &(' )   /  I($ ;4J ++(++ G4( + #&"2 ( =$7/  $ "$= ++4++ $ 6 "&6 / ++@++

, $/ (  . ( $7 (0&7 "&( ++C++ 0 $& "  0  " .  & ++D++ (", IJ  I%  $ J+  G4@ + IJ 0& & "(; "&0 $(; $&&7;  $ I& "&("6  0&=J  ++F++ 9&  &  $&$&7  $  & "&(" "& 0 & "$&+  G4I +  $ "  & ++G++  & "("  0 & "&&7 ++I++ (" I& 0 $& 6  $J+   >& "&0 $ &  9& ("  2 $&  &/ >6 & $  72 & "&(" =/  ("( "(;  (="$&7/  "& & & / 0&  "6 & $  "7 +  G@F + "(7= $";& 7 ++(J++   (  $ ++(++ ".( =  0 =/  9&     & ( 27 ++((++ 0 7 "& $"+  $ ( " ++(4++ &( "(> (D = G@G + &P    A  / 4 $  $  # !      # A   Q

9    / 7  / ID4! @CKD' 8   

  +   &' 8   #     O &(' ;             + &4' )         O &@' 8      2 

O )O &C' )     

   O = O &D' )         G4IO &F' )           O &G' )        O &I' )     O &J' Q       O (! )++ A         + $7 "("$+ $ ?  -   $   +    .  

  #     4C4

   

          8   

       %''&%&6 ++(J++ "6 "  &/ ++(++ & 0$  ++((++ $(+ # $$= 6 &  " ++(4++  H ==   &==+ $ $ 27 $ 9 6  0>&6/ & ( & $&  = ++(@++ $ (;4 $  $&"/  $ ,&7   "  &  $ 27/ & $&    ( & ++(C++ $ (;4  $ $$B #&( 0 $ $&  / " / &  7 / 0& ++(D++ 7 $> "  ,& &/ 9&( =  "&6; ++(F++ 0& ++(G++ $" $ 7=/ "2( &  "6+ #  "   $&>&$= /  $&";$7  " ($&7 6 *76/ $ & /  0/ ,( ++(I++ $ $&( 0 $  0 " ++4J++ 4 &+ 4 & 2 "$   ++4++ ( "$& &/ (7 ++4(++ (+ % 0& ++44++ (&"  6, &7 ++4@++ C (& ++4C++ + 4 & 72 /  $&& >2 /  ($= &/ " /    2"6 + &6 ++4D++ 0 &6" 0  / / ++4F++ 0 &6">, "&  ++4G++ $&/  $&  &  ++4I++  2*/  ++@J++ $7  $&+ $&>&  "$!    &7$=O ", &$= ++@++  0 " $ &7 ++@(++ ( "$& &$ &  + % & &   &,/ 0& =   "$& $6 ; ++@4++ $(06 (0 B (/ ,&& ++@@++ $  + % "7 &6  "$$ ++@C++ $  + ($&/ 2   "($$/  ++@D++ 2  ( (4  =  4; $ "7> =&7$= $/ ++@F++ &  47;/  0B

4C@

7  

++@G++  & "    ( &  & & ++@I++ > $7+   " $! !##< + #& H  & "("/ 6&$=  " =

 @/ & (F/ 34 & #'  $ "( $ ( ++CJ++ "( $ " &/ % 6 6 #2 $ 

V $ @+ %(

0 4&  4 &   C 7  2&1" :    + 6 $ "=&=+ $ ?    $ /> = + !             '35-  '25-

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ %4(

-  2 -3 -  & -

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ @+(

0 " 6 + + +  "( I #($J+ 6 + + + $&7O ' 6 " $7 0B   (&" = + + + " +   & 7 + + + "* $$"+   "&7 "0 H  2 + + + < 0   + + +  9&  0   ;+

6 ( + + +  "  & =K < ($62 2(  + + +  /   (.   6+ 3 $& 0/ &  $ &$& 2 + + + 0 " 6 + + + & " $(; " 0(  &  "(+  $(&( 6  > + + + 6 *7 (  +  &6 ( + + + 9&& *7K

:    +  & &" + $ ?  &$ + /     

 & '        RRR#RRRRRRRR 3RRR  RRRRRRR RRRRRR RRRRR% %RRRRRR -RR RRR T[[[

4CC

   

& ' A       R R % R R R R R R  )RR RRRRRR RRR% !RRRR @+4

 

 + #$0 &=! "& 76  $(4 $&& 76 + - -B- ?     &  ->?  $ + 6   "           8" * %   (" 6/ (+  ",==/ 4+   76 / @+ "& 76/ C+ 72/ D+ $&"=/ F+ & &"76 / G+ & &"7=/ I+ 0$&= 7 ! *2/ $$/ 2/  =/ / . "7/   / * $&7/ & &"

@+@

:    + /& 4 O 9-   $   :&  + =  

       

                 &"&  &

$ "& 76   " "6 &  $

@+C

"&$& $&"   7 "& 7 & 7 " $$>"

( &"= $&. (" . "&6  0 $(2& 7

*2

0   "& $& &0

7

 0&& 7  "   & &"

:    + "* $$+ - $$>? #$ = &  ->?  :&  + 4

    "                 :  "           

   + " $&"/ . "&6 / & (+

2(4= 2/ &  */ *$

4+ &"(/  "$&/ 7. @+ 2== "&/ 2/ $

& "0 & ">" & $ " &"2 & (0& 7

7                   "&$& $& 7 .

4CD

$&"& 7 ("$& 9$("$

2*>" "0

" $$>" ", "

7  

@+D

  +  & &" + A      

7       

      H  4       ! # ) $&7 (6  "6 #4 ) $&7 $($$& I 6 0J #C ;; & =/  &" &" 7 (! )+ % + ) $&7 $$0 $ (6  "6(+   $ &/ #  &+         

      "6$ + + +  " "$=  = H " "&&7 + + + (""&6  . &"6 $($$&/ (6/ (7&("6+ $>  &  + + + " , ", =& & &"76 $&"/ . "&6/ (676 ("$6+ "6$= $$..= $ $&= 4CF

   

(7&(" &&$=  + + + ("$(  " (6  ,0$" + / ,$= $$..= + + + " & & &"76 * $&7  "6  (6&6 $ $ , . 62  #;/  $&0 " 6+  & 0  (,  7 "&$&0 $  &6 $&""  $  + + + (""&+ & " $  + + + "$&>& $  6  +  + + +  "&"/  " $ ">"6  $*0 $ " $&"6 ( 6$   6$&( &7  + + + I",& $  J/  $&6 & &"76 " $$>"6 "(;& + + + $ $&  + + +  (+ &  & "( I  .=J/ IIC' (! *+ 7       + 2 & 6,   " $&&$&!  "$ $0 +   $ &/ #   0+           

          #$ 6  "$!

[  "2 6, L  

H  ;& 0(  $ 6 (0$&  $ H " =& & ($  $  0 H " =& & ($ ( " $&   6,  !$$  # H " 0&;& " &7 & ($  H  =&  (""&6/  $&"/  & 6, H  =&  &("$&0 $     !$$ H  &  & 6,;&/  $&";&$=  "&&7 H "(;& " $& & ($  "(  H "(;& " $& & ($  $& $ $ 7> ( " &   H &"( $7 & &&7 U  & " (" I>J/ IIC' (! ++ 7       + & "7; $ " &" * $&= I 6 0J+   $ $>/ -  -B- ? $ &    $ +           -        #  

  +            ,0  7 ( 4   0                 $ !   (" 6 * $&7 I 6 0J ", &  #& & "("     ;  $=. /  " =  6, 0 + 4CG

7  

$ (!    * $&7    " ;&  (, &6$=0 $&"6, (6& H " $&"6/ .6/ ">"6/ =&  (67 $($$& $ $  "+ $ 4!  " = * $&= 0 $& $&"6, &("$&   & "(" 0& 7 62 $"  + #$ *.7 $&&$& /  ;  & "(" $ 4;& " " & (  @ &6$=0 &("$&+ $ @! - 6   &6  * $& "06 + -  $& & &/   & &"  . "&  6$&( ;& (6&6/  & & &/ $7   &6  " + $ C! 60    ; ( $ &0= H  0 7 "/    , +   H $ & $; 07B  0/ $ 6 $" & $7 (=&7  " ( " $ &  6, 0 / & (  &7$= &  H  & 7  &7 $& "    & 7&+ $ D!  0 B  $ 6 ,&& " ,&7  $  2 / & ( " (0&7 (  $(7$& !$$  "( + 6  & & (  $7   & "(" =&7 &7 H $ 2*>"    2*>"+ 8& $&&  & "+ $ F!   72 $ $   $ (+  $ =/ $  ,"2 +

4CI

UNIT

@

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . . .

        0 1   2                    

   A Future reference 

p

6     6 2I  "  LM $ 1 0 #)  = &6  6 6 @

F ( F 27 F & F  F & F (&

 

p

4DJ

H  6 F & F&"K H '&" 6 F   9$F"$+

H  &6 F 27 >K H > = F (  &A +

H  ? F & 9$F"$=K H 8$F"$= F & F&"+

H  ? 6 F &  & ?&" K H 6 F   & ?&" A0 "+

H  ? F (& 9? 6K H 8? 6 F (&  D +

H   &6 F 27K H < F ( " B 0+

8     2    /            0;   1 &I+@++'+

7  $



6     62 I  "  -   ! / > ? ! = F ( &6 F 27  F & 6 F  6 F & @ F (&   *

U

$     * 

9   &  '   = &6  6 6 



F ( F 27 F & F  F & F (&

0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7

$?&7 $?&7 $?&7 $?&7 $?&7 $?&7

"B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7

  *+; I0&' J & & "F

6'  F &O  ?  $  O /& @ F (& & A&7  O

+-  :- ,   &  * -. :&#  $ $> &  -G  ->?  -+ . &O . /& F (& A&7O

.  O .   O

. #  O . K

@-* - / #&:#  ->? - :* ! >' $ B+

$

p

p

6     6 2I  "  -  ! / >  ? ! = &6  6 6 

"0&?; "0&? 27 "0&? & "0&?  "0&? & "0&?;&

     

2F @2 27 @2 & @2  @2 & @2(&



27

$&

 @

 @&

 F&

8          0;   1 &I+@'+

4D

   

'

 &     (3 ''    

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

(

)   '  42'+        $ (  6            I$> >J/H $? ?&? I$> >J/H $? (?&+ I$> ( DJ/H $? ?&? I$> 7FJ/H $? (?&+ & &- +$:  &# %H $                                       $=@ $ 4JKA&  ("? I# F&J/ " ?.= " ? & $   ?;4 "G&7 (0?$&  B("$ I4*  $ 9,>1J+  A $=/ 0&   & ?&7$=' + + +  $@2 $B6+ '$B= " A=! +  B("$ I4*  $ 9,>1J B(& "G&7 (0?$& &B7 "(A6 0&?&  &"B "?  $( ?"$& #  ?&'+  & " @&7$=' + + +  &" &F"+  "B$6 & (?&7$=' + + +  =?"$/ * "?7$  ?"&$  "?, ("? + (+ &A&6 & .A&7$=' + + +  =&?7 $$&A " $&@& 76 ;"@+ =&7  @& 76, ? & (0@&7' + + + (0?$& B("$/ &B"6 $ &A& &"A&7  &F" & "$?&7' + + + $7B"   ?.; I $ 6 = 6 ?6 " ?&" 0# F& 1 + + +J+ 4+  @&  ?  &F" B("$ & (0@&7' + + + "+ &"6 B & "A$6, 9$$A  "   ?. & (0@&7' + + + $ .?76 $( @"6+ @+ $D&6  @&   B("$ &$&&7' + + + (0?$& $ , &">, &F"/ &B"6 "?  $F $? 72B @0 $& ?+  $F0 , "? $& ( (,  B 0 A  @& = &  " @&7' + + + "A+ C+ # @$ $ ,  @&   &6&7' + + +  (B  (" + &+&/ $ &="7/ IID +'

4D4

   

B Plans for the future 

'

:    2+ &  3A+-  '  ( 2'3,                    

  5 + +, - -.  :-+ H ( ? A & #B=L"7  A& @(6O H  L? F & & 6,?&7K H #B7 "A  L? & F &K H /& L? F & & A&7K

H  ? L? &( ? A &K H  0> + + + O H #   + + + O H  L? F & &7K =

#B= ( ? A &O  F & & 6,?&7O  ?K $  O  0> A &O $B7 "A  & F &O  F & &7K 0& F & A&7O

T/>" B" ?($& T$>& ?&

#B= ( ? A &O  F & & 6,?&7K  ?O $  K  0> A &O $B7 "A  & F &K  F & &7O 0& F & A&7K

4D@

"7

#B0

"(7G  $&&F& &"  A ( ?&7$=  B" / "?&7  G / , @&7  B"6/ "$?&7 ?

:" " @&  TA$=. &?&7$=  G,& / "?&7  &A$/ $?&"&7

$& " 0?& 7$&

"7 "?& D7 T B 

T ?0



7  $



p

 8    &&    && +' , @&7 H A &7 8                  0;   1 &I+F++   I+F+('+ 8         @   @& :*1

&6 ,B 27

? 6 7 "   A; 0?$&L"A  C0  ? $  ?L ? & '  $(B& @& :*1

 BL & ?&"  B$&  &A(   0 "@  A.  "B&(  "0F &6 A 27

&-*1

?  A& "  A$=. "A L0?$& C0  ? $  ?L ? & '

on

 )"?.;  $F  "@.( ? "

B & "(B B" '  " @& =

&A&7&   "B$6+ . #B7 "   A;

on

"B0 ,B =& 2B7 ,B =& $&( A&6 ,B =& . ( ? " $@ @&  A =& A&K L  B& ($K

 "B&(K  2B(K  G&=K

+, -$* #  # - -.+ /?$&  6 A & &&6 A 27' = ?2 "(7GLALB6O /?$&  6 ,B & &&6 ,B 27'

 B "A= B  A =&

on

&-*1

? " O L  ?0(O L   "BK  &&"O L  BK L  .A"&6OL  C$&O L  &A(O L  $ "&?K  $$AO L  B$&K  "?O L  G K

2 7   B 3 @ &K .  6 @LF & &7O . #B7 "A  6 & CLF & K . /& 6 & ALF & A&7K +,  -$* # : @* .- - # &-* $ - + . . . . .

A &  L?  B& ($O $ / & ( ? L  $B7  A7K  ? (  > 0>&$= "B& K F ? F & "$$?6&7  @ ( $K /& ?  "$$? &K  ? ? $B "A &  K

$  $ -$*   # : $ * -   .-? - L :# -$ - L   &:* $+   . . . . . . . . . .

4DD

 ? 6  ">& $7  ( "$&A&  G&=K @ ( $ F (& B6 " A&6  &"B F"$ K  6 F & &7K F &  6 "B&&7   0 "?O L  $(B&  $" $A7=K ( ? 6 A &  &"A&7  F"$ K  $B7 "A  6 &( ? A & K /  6 & F & ?&7$=K  0> 6 F & $?&7  B(; "B&(K  ? ( $ F (& 6 ($C L $( ?"$& 6 9? 6K  6 F & /   6 F & "B&&7 L  6 F & &7 + + +  &+ +/  ? B0& ( "$&A&K

7  $



on

%&    9  )  (   -. * B   &. .& # &* $ %&$.+  $*  *  $> - >+ 9&/, C.&# : $ .- -   A7  D=

IK+4J! G&= L $&&F&? A L $&( A0 $= $&B=? &B! 9$F"$= L " 7? F+4J! .A"& L $ "&B"=

&B" ( D=

F&"! ?2  ? , ( "A=  $0A && "&F" '?

>!  *@7 I"EJ? J 0+ A0 "! $&A

$" ? 4 D=

F+4J (&"?! ?&"? G+JJ! &B($   L  /B$? A ! " $&"? I A 7J? F+JJ! "4A L $?? (J+JJ! F &$ $ "  ?& '

0 &A" @ D=

F&"! A.= "*A$$" +

>! ' L  ?" &"&/ $ $&" '?  @/ $?"7/  &$  '? (+4J! % L &  $ &?7 I/?J

G&. C D=

F&"!  &B  0>&(? (+JJ! $&&F& L 0>&? A / &B "F L "? G+4J! $&"A0 &$ " G& '? & ?&" I BJ L *7 I[email protected]

$(B& D D=

F&"! $$A L $ "&F? D+CJ!  9" B"& L $>& " $ =) (4 L  & "F"? F+(J A0 "! $&@. I# F&J L F

$" $A7 F D=

F&"! $& " 0?& 7$&?

>! !($ (A/ 8"&?? J+@C A0 "! &5A L 0B B 

 & "F" ? $? L "C&  D+4J (&"?

4-**  , -  %9&%5 - /  2  -$&.+

4DF

   

$

0     -  (') $                                      "@ ?2 A&B 6 $ &.B $A&$7 / A./ B$ B, $ B" " 2@/ 0&  ?  &C&' + + +  A$;/ 6 & " ?&7' + + + $   $A  & " A,&7' + + + &7  $&"?;+ % 6 &( @&7' + + + *A"(  &&7' + + +  &"B&&7' + + +  "A /  ""B + 6 ,&@ &7   B & B"=/ &F 0& 6 B/  6 ? & / ( ? $= B 6 $ B"&+ ' $ F & ?"($= B /  6 &&?&7$=' + + +    ? 6 A0 " A"

,B  $B.+  > &( ?&7$=' + + + / & ?&7' + + + / &"?&7' + + +  (G&7  A" ( B"=+ / A0/ $> E&/  $A;/ ? &B7  0&C+ #? B(/  A$ &.F 4> B  &"/   E& "A= B  @ B &  @&7$=+ F02  ? 6&7  "> B (/ ? $>+ 2@& B "A  . F  $ B,  ?2( ;@(; F0(+ ?2 ? $ ? +

'

    # ' - - - L + - - $  $ $ .-? $ + + /& 6 F & A&7/  ? B0&$= E&& (0A6  O /& 6 F & A&7/ A$ F & ,"B2= B   $" $A7 K (+ /& 6 F & / A$ C" & A7  & "A;O /& 6 F & /  ? F &

7 " A= ?2  "F K 4+ /& 6 7>& $ $B/  ? A &  $FO /& 6 7>& $ $B/ A$  >&  7K @+ /& 6 $? & /  ? ( ?2   "F F & 7 " A=O /& 6 $? & / A$ ? F & 2 7 " A=K C+ /& 6 F & A&7/  ? B0& ( "$&A&/ A$ ( $ F & "B& O /& 6 F & A&7/  ? B0& ( "$&A&/ $ ( $  F & "B&6K

C Studying abroad 

8    # ' 27(- "3  C   

     !                 

4DG

7  $

# ' 27(- "#  '-  CV :7(- " '    "#  7# & (1#  6 6 6 7-  V @  & # 7 (   3 (;"  4 1( )  6   1 - '" 4  & A'(7  4- 6 %43 &7- +52 4 2 ' 75 &!- '># 3 &'++ C#@/*# : 0P DW & WT ?'" &  ) 7+ ) 5 ' J67 J ! C & 27 4F& +'-) &+# 4) () J'-4J &;+'- '"  A  )# & 2&+>IA 7+ 3 '()  5 '36 4  " 1 4(- "     &I-> 1 2 && +'>   + 4  !6  4  !)  "   5 '-  &'+ "  ' +'-F& +'-" &+6 $(  "  (7   +  2( C#  " " '()    

'  ' 4 4)F +2 # & ! 6+ ) '+6 0 -    7K ?@@ Y+  4'   7K (@@ .&'('-2> +;> 1 &'27- & '26 @'3 (3 J'-4J+

9 HESTU DTZFZ[FT\] C HEWERU R\R TT WW &=      ' 0                  (   #   #         1 4DI

   

D Reading and grammar /

6 4  62( 0 2 

" $B ?&"!  ? = 6 ? 7 H B0 7/ B0 7 B/ H = 0&?  F @(! ? 6?$7 IB/ @ , A= " G F6J & " G= F &7G$ H ("&@'+ < 0?$& "$$?6 @ &?"4/ A0  ?70/ ?& 76 ";0A= ("&@+  &  @ & "G$7/ & = "$$?6 ? 6 " "?(/ 6 F6 &@ , A=/ @,  @ $$A  A 6+ % A"7/ 0A"  BB  &/ = " B  B $&?" "F ("&@   F "$$?&7 / A0  ?70/  60?(; $&B"; " E& " G 0 A+ & $  %$&' A    2 + =  

      

      ?(

"A7= &B $? @4 "$&@ (0@&7$= . &

A&7L ?&7

A7 & @$& &7 $ B ,$& 2B

A 6 $F&7 (? A& A$  $ &7 ,"?&7

  G ( @&7 =F(&7 B $ 2@&7 ,"B

           

  +     * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

)  #         O )            O )   O )       O )  #       7   8 O )  #  1 *         O )       O )      O

           

        * ("&@ $ 2@ B+   ?  A$   A$ (/ &B"(;  $ $0@! I=&7 &C,/ =&7 &C,B F   = , + + +J &B  $& F&7/ 0&  F &  =&7 &C, A&/ &B"6  "A 

"?  (A+ I( D ? ?" B(; F"&(/  $ A H "$@(; ?(( $ "&@+  F  2B(/ F ( ,"2B (0@&7$=  F ( $  ? $F2&7$= ? ( ?"+ B & 6&7/ & ? = $&?( $&G4 ?70BJ  "(  "B B $&@ B @4, H $ B & @  ,"?= $? @$+ H  "?$&(/ B" 7 ("&@/ H $? $?+ H ( ? &6 & $ 2@27K H  0& ( & G  (AO H $ "$@ &+ 4FJ

7  $

4F

   

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

7  $

&/  = & A $F+ #F2  G ?& 7!  ? &6  ? 27 A&6  A;/ $? 27 2A $B I" $K* $K $BJ/ &B $G 27  "D 2A B=  F 27  &7  (&"?+  &B7 $&"@/  $ + $ $>27 ,&G 6  F&(/ A"   C"$& &B + + + &  $? + + %$&B/ 4  @ G:& ,  & >: ),/ I A&$= & "&F"J/ IF4! (IK4/ C('

/

p

24 &   :&1 "  2 /   

             *              #                   / ( D/  F/ F ( $F2&7$=/ $ 2@27/ &"C/ $"? 27$=/ F (

A&7/ ,B0 27/  >/ 5=$D/ "$&F&/ " >27/  ? 27/ $? 27/ F (& $A&7/ ">27/ A";/ F 27  &7/ $>27 " F&   2@& A. $&B" $ =&7D &C+

E Suggesting a course of action 2

p

!   &  &  . +) - - ?L ?& $   &*      '   *

H ?&& '  > ?&"  C$&(+ H ?BL ?& +L ?  >+L ?&  >+ H ?&& ' $B&" A0 " B6 *7+ H  $A;/  F! = B0 7 ?=&+ L < 6 $ ( B7$& /   ?  "B&&7+

'

H ?&& ' $&"A&$= ( & ?&" A" 0? $ &?=+ H +"2B+L ?&& '+ A   H !& ?" /  8           @     /  )            /  )         @     /  8    +   =

 

 2

+ F  F @(  $F$$&(+

+ %6 ? 27/ 0& "$,B & $ 0?$  !$$@O

(+  >  "&@(;  "A;  $B&" C$&(+

Q+ $&"@/ = ( @ $&@( " F6  @ I B =J+

4+ + + + C 7  2 ?$+

4+ B$&  "2@ / A" /  " F&/  = B0 7 ,0F $&7+ 4F4

   

@+ F02 "?   B(; "F I B=J+

\+ # B = @ D=+

C+ "&B ("@$ "4+

C+ ' $ ?&" 0>&  "?& /  =   F  &B+

D+ #*&"*@"(  ?=&  "?$ B4 +

Y+ 4 @& ,B / $& A   ,&? &/  @, 0 B  &  $>

B"+ /& A&7O



 2

+ @ ?2 "(7G  "@ +

M+ '  G $&?$= &B7  @  "  *& "?& +

(+ #5 @ "@+

(+ "G&/ 0& ( $  B" &"C$7 & "A$= C$&+

4+ $B&" $A  A$&=  $C+

Z+ ?&" ( ? 7 " A=+ /& F  "@&7O

@+  @2  $7B  $&( A0 $(; A&(+

\+ < $ ? $ 9? 6  &@0B

C+ $F2  B(; A$; "F 6 I??J+

N+  $F0+ B &/ $6"?   ?"&6O

D+ ? $= "F$$ =6B+

Y+ /A"   A; F & A0 "  ?* " "F$$ =6?+

#

F Cultural awareness 5

6 4  9 + 4 2I   

    =       !                   

      @ B6 (0"  A=  @ B6 "B0  $&? =G;&$=  $AO 8& "A $ B (0"  A=/ $G6 $ &"B / $&@06 $A"$/ 4A$& 6 &?  &" $&"?6/ *A/ ?"6/ $&B6 / F$06 / (*A&6  &+ +'/ ( "A   C ($F &"@06 $(7&.B6 *@"6/ ;" @0 $ $F  &+ +'/ $&?/ $F   " B& &A, & "A"/ 0$B & "?06, $&?.  &$A"$6, $& "$@,  $A C"$  A$7 "'/ *?$6 ($F &?/ $&",C  ?  &+ +'+ %@ B"/  "$ &@ $> B72= 0$&7 $0A F & ?=&   "B $&  $*A" +  E& &D 7  0? &/ 0&  B" $0A & $ "$  "B&

4F@

7  $

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

B+ $ B7(&  E& B$&B &  @  &$&*  # -# $ / $?/ 8 "B$/ IIF! (IK4J'

5

6 4  92  G B?* 

4FC

   

/     '       # "           ,+ H & I 2 DSR\ +

4FD

7  $

%@. H $ 4A (A   IGF  F ! $ F

/$B (A 

$ 4A (A  & JJJ @&  '

 " ? "A=  "F$$= "F= ,$&? "@= ?&= &?  ?= !#)#! % $&? %("A= ' $&? '"@ 8$&B=

( D IG ( GD I FI @G F JD( (J (J C( IG FC

CJ 0 + FCG CF DD DD (@G GG (4 CCI FD4 (@ J 4(D D@C I@

@ 6 % 2  +- ;(3 ) 4'(;3

  

    6                         

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

4FF

   

5

p

-

!&  4   &  02     3  +  *  0 F & ' + + + O  0> "G& .@*"6 + + + O /& B $?&7  + + + O

:  * + + + / &B $&7 &&+ +' + + + + + + /  @  + + + + + + / @ &0A + + +

/+  * A&"6 $0&?;&/ 0& + + + A&"6 F;&L ?;&/ 0& + + + B F;&L$0&?;&L ?;&/ 0& + + +  A"6,L&"C,L&"A&7,/ + + +

3  *  "?* @ / 0& + + +  &@.6 @ LG$/ 0& + + +  &@. @ LG$/ 0& + + +

 @ + + + / "(@ + + + / &"A&7 + + +

 ?6 &@.6 B $?&7/ 0& + + + ?6 &$=/ &0&' + + +

/    * B &F/ 0& + + + ? &$=/ 0& + + + %"F  $?&7 &B0 + + + B & 6&7/ + + + /  B & 6&7/ + + +

  * B (/ F + + +  ? &$=/ 0& F + + + A" / F + + +  "G&/ F02 + + +

/   

  *  &B7 + + + /   + + +  + + + / &  + + + B & 6&7/ + + + /  B & 6&7/ + + + #  B $&"C/ + + + / $ "(B $&"C + + +

:   * A0/ #A & 7/ + + +  &$ B' $? $A ( &/ 0& + + +  E& B $ A&7 C / 0& + + +

Q  8           &2  '  07    1 &@'+

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+     + ( (4 " = $ "2   + $  ->?   $ / =  -? $  $  $-+ $    

                 

+

$&" &&7 < + + + &"  "((   9" "&(+ 6 + + + &.  0 "   +  + + + %; (&"  * + %6 + + + "(  $& K  " & &  D 0$ (&"+ 6 > + + + O

4FG

7  $

(+

& &&7 < + + +   $7 &"+  + + + /   (0& $7K %6 + + + /   (027 &  "(K  + + + / $ , $ "$=&+

4+

"$&7  $" $ 7 ( $  0 "+ 6 + + + $ , "( +  "$ &6 + + + O < + + +  $& &2(   +

@+

$ "$&7 $ "  & 7 + + +  =/ = $&";$7 & &&7+ $ =  (   / = + + + (0& =+  &6 + + + "  & =/ $ &6  >27K  + + + . "/  "&  +

C+

( &7 <  (  (.(  + + +  &(+ $ 6 + + +  &(/ $&"& ""( &   =+  0 " 6 + + +  &6   >  +

D+

07  0/ =  + + + %6 + + + (2 &"6&7  "7K  0/  + + + "((+ $  ( & &"( / "( $&( &6  + + +

F+

 07 6 $&" &  "  + + + $ &7+  6 & + + + $ &7K  &/ =   0&;/  & + + + & (=;&/ (;&  + + + $ &7+

G+

=&7 %6 + + + 9&( (  &  K  &/ =  + + + >/ &( 0& = ( 0& > "72 + < (;/ 0&  + + + >/  ,0 & > "0&&7+  ("6 6 + + + O 6 + + + ("6 I:$&7J  I(  7J+  0& + + + 2 "(7=K <  ;/ 0&  + + + 4FI

   

I+

=&7 $ &6  + + + 6 $/ &6 $&"27 ,  $" K  0/ $  + + + / & $&"; ,  $" + < (;/ 0& 6 + + + 9&& "$$!   &"( 6+   6 ( & /   & + + + O $ 6  + + + 9&& & $&/ 6 "0&   4> "+

J+

$&7   & (/  &  + + + / $&7  ( , 9& + $ =  (  6$&(/ = =& 7 + + + &   9&+ 8& $ " &/  $/ 0& &6 (  9&  + + +

+

"$$&7 < + + + &  9&( $&"; &"+   $&( &6  "(&$=  $6/  + + + /   & +

(+

&7 < "$(; "&("(/  & + + + > &  +  "$( &6 > + + + O < (;/ 0&  & + + + &  $ "$(+

4+

&"6&7 &" (&" = + + +   $ ; $&(+  + + + (  ( & 0&&7+ %6 + + + 2*  7>27 $&;+  + + + $"7   (&  $+

@+

"6&7 < + + + /  &7 &6  "$27+ $ ( & , / 6 + + + + %6  >27 ( $  + + + $"7+ # 0$ 6 + + +  "7+  + + + ( &";/   0&$=  .=+

C+

$&&7 < + + + &" "+ 6 + + + &"  +  + + +   (& (=&7+ %6 + + +  0>27 &7$=+ 6 + + +  ( & &"&7+

4GJ

7  $

D+

($&&7 $ = + + + / =  ( & 6,&7  "+ 6 0& "&&7/   + + + O  0/   6 + + + / 6 0 "&&7+

F+

0&7 < $" + + + (0&7 "($$ =6+ # $ &="= 6 + + + (0&7 $ =6+ (! *+ =        +  6   ( (4 " =+ $   # && $ =  -? $  / $-+ !                        + (+ 4+ @+ C+

$ =    9&& *7/ = =& 7 + + + + &$&" &7L $&" &7' $ &" ( & ,"2=  / 6 + + +  " + & ,&7L  ,&7'  ( & 0($&&7 $ = (02 / $ + + + $ "&+ &&7$=L=&7$=' $ &6 27   $(&(/ 6 + + +  6$&(+ & &L &'   &  "/ $ ,"2 + + + 9 6+ &$ &7L$ &7'

(! ++ =        + #0  "$$+   :& $$   / $-+ $                                      = &6&7' ++++ 72/ = &$&&7' ++(++   "+ < &$&"&7' ++4++ / $&6  "+ < &, &7' ++@++  "&(  6 7/   / & ", &7' ++C++   /  (&" &0&&7' ++D++  &(   &""&7' ++F++ $ /   $   &6&7' ++G++   /   + < & $&"&7' ++I++ 72 "$6 $&  "& 26+  (0& 7. &$&7' ++J++! H  "$6 72 $&B &  $&"K  = & & &&7' ++++! H 8& =/  &= /  $&"+  (0& 7. & $&&7' ++(++  =&>"(  $0  +  $ " =& 

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

6 &  &7' + + +  $&  &= &7' + + +  & " ='+ + + +  $ 0$ 7 (  = $(0=+ &  O &I' )            O &J' )              O &' )       O &(' )     O &4' Q          O (! .+ =        + -"7  "(2+   :& $$   $ / =  / $-+ $- &+ $                    #     #                       ."7 &=     $! I( ."$& = & & &7L& &7' ++++ &(/ &  = & 0&7L6 0&7' ++(++J+ %  $"$7 ( " .6  $& & (&7L 4G4

   

 (&7' ++4++/  6 0&7 ."=+ &  + %7   ( " . $! I< ;/  6 0&7 ."=+   & $0$& 0  / $=&7 $   "(2(   &7 >  ."=+ %  2 ."7 6 " &J+ -"7 & "6&7L "&7' ++@++ & $0$& 0  + -"$ $6

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

    8

     

   

 ( &7 $(2&7  &7

 ,&7L( ,&7 &  "(&7$=

$&" &7 &"&7 (&7

" ,&7 (=&7 " & &7L( & &7

)  * I& 6,&  9&0 $, $&",  %,   BBB 6 " &&  =&.(  0 "  + + + "" & 6, =&.

#(&

$" $ 7

4G@

(J+JJ (J+4J ((+JJ (4+4J (&"

  4+JJ @+4J  0 " ((+4J (&" I+JJ

"6&   9" "& $&"  "   $&.( I   $&J (! " $&" $&.6 $ 4  0 ( I#&" &J &"?     %,( =  ! " $&.6 I%,(J "(  "6 $ 9$("$  "4   / (

$& ! ""(  I$J &" 9$("$=  $&" IJ/ $&"

$& " 0& 7$& ! /  "/ . "7

.A"7 B"6  $ " ? B " ?

+ 

(+4J

9" B"& 7* = ? $A"* ?"($6 $ "&

+ %+'

4+4J C+JJ

" B "6?.= "A= $&@. &$&"?   A= "B A$&= "B

+ 

7  $

"4   (/ 

    "6.(; " ;! (  $( "/ (6/ " 6 &.6/ (  9" "&/ $>&L" $ ) (4L  $&

4GC

   

V

?

0 4&  4 &   C 7  2&1"

G+

:    + /& 6 ( & &7 $  =  0 "O :      $ $  $- $ -? $ +       

    

G+(

:    + /& 6 ( & &7  9&   O :      $ $  $- $ -? $ +       

  

G+4

:    + /& 6 ( & &7  &O :      $ $  $- $ -? $ +       

  

G+@

:    + /& 6 $  &  $=&7  &O :      $ $  $- $ -? $ +      

     (



G+C

    + ( (4 " =+ $ ?  &$ + /    



          

    ?  $ + 6                   ";0  0>&

 $&7

&"4

" 

"(

"

 6

$&"6  " = $0&7 G+G

$ 2&7

 7

, = 9 

4

6$&06 

"(7=

(&7

 &7

    + #" + -  $   $+ N    

         "

  ( * $&7

=  9&

 $&"

 & &"

7       

      H  @       ! D %

&  (& ("&  #&" ("

(! )+ 7      + %  *6 ""6+     =  #$  $  $ .&* & &O (O (  " ;& &O #  O  &/ . &# : &# $ $+ 2                (! *+ %       + $&0+    &  #  &+ &/ &## $$  $  &+ 4



       

        +  + + $* $ K $6!  $&0 K $&0!  /  

"&7L  "&7!  /  "$ &7L "$ &7! 

("&7L( " &7!  "$&7L"$&7!   $ =&7$=L$ =&7$=!    &7L   &7!    

&7 + + + $6  + + + &7 , &= $ + + + + #6    $& + + + + = + + +     $  0 7 + + + ,  "&7+    & + + +  6/  + + +  ( $(  + + + >+ 4GF

   

 " + + + &7 ( / 0&  &"   ,& & + + + $6 +  $  9&+ + + +  + + + & . "&! I &/  + + +  &( 7  $ + + + $(OJ $ & &! I &J+ = + + + /  & $! I &/ =  J+ %  & . $! I $ &( 7  $ + + + $( $ &" / 9&/  0/  ,"2+  = ;$7/ 0& 6  + + + $&7 $6+  + + + $&7 $&0+ $ &( 7 + + + $&0(/ &  + + + 7 + + +J+ =     $! I &/ = $&0( "$  + + + BJ %  $ + + + /  = + + + + 3   +         @       (   (! ++ =           + #7 $&& 2 "&" &O    &  #   + &/ & C &+        

                 

  3            #                +    &  #   0   &* L L    +

(+

4+

@+

     

    

      + + + + (+ + + + 4+ (, ,   @+ + + + + + + + (+ + + + 4+ + + + + + + + (+ + + + 4+ + + + @+ + + + + 2(" ,   (+ + + + 4+ + + +

    

+ + + +

+ + + + (+ + + +

(+ &/ -/ & C &+ 0               #              

4GG

UNIT

C

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . .

 *2                   /           2   

   A Prefixed verbs of motion 

) 4  8 #    ,''3  1 " & +



4GI

   

p

8    

        *2       ;  :  I+F+@+ < >&" " 2@ &@ $ "F   ?"

>&" C2  

B  J 0$B (&"?

 2> 

+ + + 2> 

F.

"F/

F2/

+ + + "2@ @ ?=& ?"(/

@ 2@   ?"+

4IJ

+ + + @ " 2@

B4 7/

 2@   ?"+

 2@ "F A& $ &@"+ %@"6 $ ?+ "(7= $&? $F0 + + +

@  2@  ?$$  ( @ A&6+

+ + +  @ (2@   ?"  2@ "?&7  *(&B+

7  '

p

1 ?  &"B0 " 2@ + + + A,&7  ?0( $ $ " &?"2 +

?  &"B0 + + + 2> 

B  $   2@0

 + + + ,  B  I (&"?+

 + + + A,  $ " &?"2 +

@ + + + A, @ $&A"$&/

+ + + 5A, "F ?=& + + +

 + + + A,  2$$A+

 + + + A,  F. =/

+ + + A,  B4  =B$/

@ + + + A,  $&? 0A"  $FS" F/

4I

   

+ + + A, 0A"  $& + + +

&B @ $A  2@(  + + + A,

 ?0  =&@ 0$?



 0A"  0$? + + + 5A,  "A; B2

   + + + 5A,  "B&

?0/ B $ " &?"2 C2  2@6  &"C "B&+

@ + + + A, 0A" 

"A;  $&@ 2@(/ 0&B6 "G&7$=+

  &"0 + + + 5A,  "  $?! IA.S& + + + A,+\

24 &   :&1 " !            &F = 2F

&?2  $7+ ? &7 0& + + + 2?+ ? B+ &?2  &+ ?   + + + 2?+ >  & B+ && + + + >$ . &C+ & @+  @" F&" + + + B& 07  2B(  2@ /  A0 " + + + B&+

F H "( = 3F

  "7 $&(0?+ H + + +  @& B H $? "@$+  B&( + + + 2> ?+ H  "?$&(/ "@$/ H $? ?+ H ?  / ?($&/ $?"7+ H &/ 7@+ ? = $?"7  + + + 2   B&6+ 4I(

7  ' &F H&FU = F H FU

H ?/ "B& / ?($&/ B/ H $? (0@& 7+ ? $&/ + + + 2>  F/ "C B/ + + + 2> & ?  $   $> A$&+ FL& FL&F

H #@& / ?($&/  + + +A,&7  ( "? I$?JK H 0A  A,&7O 8&   B+ 6 B & + + +&  ( "? 2B+ + + + @& A$ "$ A&  "(F; $&B"(/ + + + @& @ *A "B / @ @ I "?76 B 6J/  0A"  =&7 F& 6 F & B I$CJ+ ",B &  $ A+  + + +2> F.(/ + + +2> @ *A   =&7 F& + + +2>  ( "?+



.    8   &    &)(  & A- 6         

   

+ (+ 4+ @+

 @& "G+  ?  >&  .A"/  "@&  "?+ ?  A,&7  $ &*B"  " A,&7 "$ A& @"+ ?  "A,&7  F.6/ ( &"A&7  $ "F&7  "?+  ? A &  .? F.6/  "@&  "?+ 4I4

   

C+  ? 6 C &  B4 7/ 5A & ?=& F2(/  "@& A  "$ A&( @"+ D+ ' "5A  ?  A,&7 A+

$

V p

) "   4 &   C (7  2&1 " ?$&!   F $&!   

$ @!    B! 

"A&!     ?"!  

/   

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

/ IDI! G(K4' 7  

        

  

    3     

           +

4I@

7  '

4IC

   

'

% 8 #    61+-3 &'3-3  (3  (3 (  

         5   /  *2   *2+          

5         .   +  ?&7

6&7

 $&@

 $&@

 &@

4

         #               /     ?     * " >/ "  &@/ " A,&7  F " $&7G( F C + + +  B   "(B A"  " @  + + + &( ? B/ F   F$&(+ B  (  B 6? ? 7=/    C A$& &B7 = $B (?+ $ , A$& + + +  ? 7 B  C  B+   4ID

7  '

$&?&7 B $ B   &/   "(B  " F  7G!  > &(&  $5 $&+  7G C $&?&7  F $  F$&+ B $0? + + + F/  &B >  7G $&?&7  "(B  " F  $ B/  $  F$&+ #& (@

F&7+  " F + + +   / ?2 (/ F6 " $&7G + + +  B  B/ F   F$&(K -% %! &' " > F/  "F$=   F$&? &(' " >  F$&(/  F > "?&? &4' $&? F/ " > B   F$& ? &@' $B  "F$=  B  " > > $A  . . 7   4G+ %       "    &              " 

?     !  $@/  ?/  ?/ "2>/ 2  A0 + + + B  + + + "C  A$+ @ C C " , @&7 0A"   A(; "B(+ @ F/ 0& B  4>  B/  2@ 0A"  "A7$6+  "( ?$= B  + #&?"2= A0 + + + ? /  ? 2= ("@ "C  $&? $"?&7 ,+ B  6 (A $$A @+ #&?"2= A0 "0?! I"$7 "C_  @_J  ? 7= A0  $C2  " ? $"?&7 ,+ 2@$&   $&@&7 B  /   A,  A0(+ #&?"2= A0 "0?   ?+ $$@"6 $&"A  B B+  ? B  + + + / & $ (@ / 0& A0  @& A ( "A7$ .B    2 A&$=+ /A"  A&" "A= A0  =? B(/ $0@ ? / $"? "C  + + +  $ $&"A+ &#& "?* + + %$&B/ @ 99/ 99/ 4K@'

(

)   9"7      6              $>6  =0/ %6 (  0$= $07K

< % =  7; + + %6 $   % +

>&6/ "$6/ (/  (&7$=  &B

%6 =& .&7 !  "=

"6  (   +

 & %6 &$=  

 "&$=+ &$=  " / &$=  "&/  &$=  "&/    "&+ %   4IF

   

  $+  (/ + ( H &  $>B &#(@ & $+ I(/ H F & $?/ H  E&& &"($+ + + + 0 A $?&7J+

4IG

7  '

 + + + $? &  A =+ A ?/ A/  $7  $ + + + / H $>  & 0 A+ + + + ? A.   F2( A$  $A & ,F&7+  0 A  "   $ 

"? $"?$=+ %(&   F2  $&"A& B $?+ + + + ?  0 A(  "@&! H / A/ 0 A/ ? A$& &7 $&? B / A $?! H/&  / + + + $ +  + + + 0 A $?(  $ A  + & $&( @ A0 "+ / A $F+  B07 ?$7 $? &A  2B",/  ?= ?+  0 A  $&>&+ "B0 ?= $?+ "$F$= 0 A  "0?! H 8/ $?0 GB $ &6  ?/ & A27/   $ &7   2?+ %(& $? 0?/ A  $ &7  ?+ # & , " ? ( 0 A  $&?$7+  & A"7 >&+ &# /  !+&''



V

24 &   :&1 " !     

                :      

                                  8  *  &@/ ?=&7/ & A&7/  0 "A&7/ $&( @&7/ "0?&7/ "@&7/ 0?&7/ &7

C Expressing purpose 

p

)        - - - 3  - - - 3 '" - - .  $           >   / 5  +  "2>    + + + $A&  B47;+   =? ?  &.?/ "4?=$7   F + + + 

A"+ .  $      02   1   /   /     + A7 + + + "B(+ '0@&7$= + + +  A"+

"C& + + + " &+  @&7 + + + 7&B+  &"?&& A7 + + + ($&=@+

.  $             >   L     + ?  + + + (?



p

A& + + + 0&A=

A$& + + + ("A=

!#  &    743 L (

  >  ! #) $  *     2   +  *

6 A   $F/ 0&B6 (0?&7 "F$$ =C+ 4II

   

A" C    "@.(+   

        +      #     "   ! #) L     "A $ B = C    "@.( F  " ?$ "&+ = (0A= " ?$ "&  F A&7   B 6 A&6  0 &C" *&"?*+ 8& (A&6 ?  " $&@  !  A$&( @& 7$&+  B( 0A"  A$=. 6 C (0@&7 ?$ "&+ (0@ ?$ "&/ B 0?&7 *"G&7

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

     A&7 @ *&"?*   G&7 A&( A&7 "2A  &@  $B7$&

A&7 "@( & ,A"6  &@  @( A&7 " ?$ "& A&7   ("B 6  @& 7$ "?  =&7 @(; A&(  @$6&7 &A  ?$ "&  @( " @&    &@  &("A&$&

D Cultural awareness /

6 4  .   (;)   

    /           %C$=0 &A ( ?;& (0@&7$=  "@.(+ #" @ ,  ? &A "F 6, 0B+ /& E& H 7 B @  A"  $D $&"F/  > $$&A( "?=/  F (4 !$$@K #&B$&7 (0>6  0?$&6, 2B,  ( "$&A&, / 1 .?" @ #1 B & " C$&7 J &6$+ B"   + E&( G$/ 0& &F; "B$27 B(& $ A B&7 &B7  $ A0 6 D ! @"6/  *&=C I"@J/ B 6 &>"6+ + + + / ?6 &$=/  "@.   F0 F&  F0&$= 

A& "$$@$, 0B + + + 0 F &  &"&@06 ?2 @&/ & "G= $@, &A  (0A  "@.(O 6&7 B &/ ( $ B, F0&O  $@& + 0?7 (0A  !$$@ ? $ B =/  "A= "@$ $$&A6 "?=/ 0&@  "=?

@JJ

7  '

F02 ;B $&"?+ C2 F" 7 ? ( ?2, 2B7  B$& &B06, F+ & &B7 $ (&?"6 " A&  =6? 6   6$&A+  C$2  2B &  ?0 $?&7  7G+  '/ ?($ ( "$&A&/ )%/ $ "&B"=  B "(@ F6  ($&( ?;& ?  6+  $>  A (&  A (& A& 6$ $&? 6, @& (0@&7$=  ?  + &I)J/ 4F/ IIC' )   '  + !   5E   "6       

 

 +         *   +  #   #     # +  #     #    

  #    

B + 5=$@& ."F$$#  6 ? & $A (;4 $?  6"A=6

"F 6 0B 0?$&= 2B  $ A0 6 D   *&=C I"@J 0?7 (0A &B06 F (&?"6 " A&6

/

ED  *+F  ( 2           

  

   8

             

6

!B&  B& 6,6 =  

         *       # 

  *   ).

&B&7 F "?&7  2?,&6 $F2&7 "?  , @&7  B$& $"?&7 "@6  G 6 "B&&7  "B  ?0 6

, @&7  @ (G&7 $&"?&7 0&?&7 & "&F"( A &7  ("B"&6

"*A$$6               

   *

"B& "C2 $& "B& &"?$ "& (7&F"6 A=&  6

?&7$= $ B"& 4?&7$= $ "(7= $&"A&7 &  @" 0&?&7 A&6 "6?0&7

"B& $&"@& 7$& B

 $&? "B&66              

   *

(0"  A=/ $G6 ! $ &"B  $ *?$6 ($F

$ 4A$& 6 &?  $ (7&F"

$ C ($F $ "B $&

@J

    6

&6+ =  

        

A 6

A& "B$6 @. " $B B"$&  *.@"6 "B0 $A"6 " $@ @&  $6

;? $A7$ @&  6 ($@ .? $ C$2 "?  ?&6 $  "G (0?4 $=

%("@6 /             

   

  

? ! &7? *"G&7? A,&7? "@&7? "B &$=? " D&$=? $4?&7? $5?;&$=? $?&"&7? 2 @&7 + + + + +

p

-

+ + + + +

+  ("B 6 *$&?7 +  @  F  + " $@ $& "0?&7$& + (A&6  C 

+  "@.(

+ + + &("@$&6 + + + C$&  (A + + +  $&@., + + + ?$ "&(; *&"?*; A&6 + + +  ?$$2

Q  8          &  *2 '  07    1 &C'+

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+ N        + 6  =  $& &$&(;4 " + $ ?  -   $-   &+ !               + (+ 4+ @+ C+

 , & + + + &(+  6, & + + + $&.6+   , & + + + (+ %6 ", 27 + + + ("+ 6 ,  + + + &"4(+

D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

 , =& + + + + 6 " , & + + + (.(+ < ",( + + + $& + 6 (,  + + + &6+  &, & + + + +

(! *+ N    + 6  = I, &7J  I &J $ "$&+ $   -$/  -B- ?  $&  $  -  #  ?  P-? $ + /           ,    (   

     =    #           + (+ 4+ @+ @J(

6 6$&" + + + 0 "  4 7+    + + + + 7 + + +   ( &7 $" &6+ 0 ( &6 + + +  "&"6   & O

C+ D+ F+ G+

6 + + +  " =+ %= + + +  . (.6+ "* $$" + + +  ">    6+  2 , 6 + + + 0 "  % "$(; (.(+

7  '

(! ++ A *2     +   = I &J $ "$&+ $ ?  $&+ !       0 " $   "7 " 2 ++++& (=&7+  ++(++2     & "$=  (&7+  (&  ++4++2>  &"4(/ # " ;/    $& ++@++2   $+    ++C++,   $&./  (  &  "$  ++D++& $ + "(7= ++F++2   $  (= 0$+    ,    $(/   ++G++2> 70  $ "$ ,/ &"6 0$+ & 70 ++I++2> & ,/ 

"(7= "  "((+  ./  ++J++2  "   & $  & ,(&7+ / "  0$  ++++2 " (  $&(  & "$7  "&6 (&7+  $&. "(7= ++(++2$7+   "7 ++4++2> /   6  6 + (! + A *2     + 6  = I $&J/ I $&J  I &J+  :& $$ - # - B   $+ !      

   *            + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

"& " ,     & ">$L ">' + + + &&(  & " $6 *&"*+ #&( & "2>  &   & ">$L ">' + + + (0 + 6  >  & (  & $>L >' + + + + # $&" & $>&L >&' + + + $   7 "&   $ + & . & $>&L >&' + + + $   7 $6  "(,+ &7 & $>&L >&' + + + $6  "((  "((+   "2> "&  & ">L ">' + + + $  "(+ 6    & "("  & $>L >' + + + $ $  +

(! -+  + #(0  "  + 4&:  $+ :     .

    

                 

   #"7!

T( 6 H   T(&(&7 H   

T$ $& 7=   H   T& 7 H 

 "( &"  = ; & 6,&7  " R R &'+ &"  0 7 ,"2/  =   ,( +   6  $" $ 7 6 " (&"R R &('  ,  " +   6 " "$R R &4'+   $  0 0&&7 R &F'+  6 0 7 & " $R R &G'/  = 6  $   $ & +   = $&"   0$6/ 6R &I' (  0$+ H &"B H "( =/  & &R &J'  6+ < $&  $&"  "(+ &"  6  + H  T(&(B H  ( =  0 "0&7  &7  47+ &    T$ $& 7R R &'  +   & "$7 $&7 &"+ < & "$$=   (/  6"=/ 0&6 & $  "(R &('+ < ($&  " 2  "(&7$=   " +  9&&  &    &  = =$7  &"+ @J4

   

H /& &6  $7  27O H "0 =+ H ; $&7 0  R &4'/ &"6 (&(/ H & & &"+ <  / $ " &7$=   " &7$=+ H  7 9& & = 4(&+ < (/ 0& &6 (&(/ H $ = &"R &@'+   6  6   " R &C'/ &" "$$  ! I< " 6 0 "  " R &D'  "(R R &F'  " / > & & ,(&7  T&   ($(+   = "$($=/ 6 (  (, 0$+ < ($62 "/ 0&  "  && (&(+ & =   6  $ $&7J+ &#+A+ A  &+'/ HH &&B &#$# 

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

7  '

&= = ( &.  &(/ $ >   "&  "+ H (/ = ++D++ B   4> $  $$ = &7+ "4& B  &=/ " $&6/ ++F++  (.(+ &  =+ + / ,(/ !$$6/ I+(  $& = & "&("J/ $/ IFJ/ (4K(C'  6     "   #      

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

)        $& +  & 6&7/ 6  > $0$&7 + %  $&"2 $! H <   (   $ $ &+ &   &/ "    $  9& & 7' ++(++   & 6&7/ 6  "7 & =&7' ++4++ $  "   $ H  > 6   $/ " >& 07/ 6  (  &"  ' ++@++    >

"( & ' ++C++  $   > " (/  6 " 6> >O  & 6&7/  6$&"=O $ 6 $,&   & H 6      & & 6,' ++D++  "(+   H  $!  $0$&7 6  >  9& & ' ++F++  & 6&7/ $ & & $0$&7  >&/  6 $  ,&+   2 "& $! H  (/  &+ $>  $ "7+ $ 6   >/ &( 7

"( "0& &  7   >& $0$&7 + < (;/    &+ %   2 "& 2>   $/  $&"2 2> & ' ++G++    2 "& &&' ++I++   $/  (  &"  ' ++(J++/ " 6 >  &(&   "(  " ( (    .(+  &$ &7' ++(++  T$,&   &   +      &" ' ++((++/ &6&' ++(4++ ( $&" 0( " ! $   .">+  ."$& =&7 & ' ++(@++  2 $&  T    ."$& "( ."7+ %   2 "& 2>   "2>  $&"2 ( "&(+ #&"2 "&   & " =' ++(C++  ,"2/  ,+  "& " $7  0 "&7  $  &7' ++(D++ #&"2 "& $! H  27/ = 6 "+ < $> " =  &,  ,"2/  &6/ T,&=  6 &."7' ++(F++/ &   $0$&7=  +   2 $! H < " / 0& 2> &    $  &" ' ++(G++ +&=  ,  $  =/ & $&7/  &0&' ++(I++T$ &7/  &   $ &7  0 + &I( "* + + %$&J/  99/ 999/ 4@KD' G+(

)    !  & - & D&$$   ->?B  $+ !           

      



G+4 @JD

       

  

   

 /    

 & - & D&$$   $ $ $ & &+ -# &&

7  '

&  $ - $$$  $ $ $ & &+ 4    

               /     

     

                 

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

"(J/ H  (   $ "+ H I,= " &! "=&/ $(0&$=  "=&$&7/ $ 0>"6 & & " , &7L " &' ++G++ "(BJ  $"  6  & ! &($ &  , &7L  &' ++I++ 6/ ;  & >  "> / 6 2(  (2+ $ $$"6 & &&7L &&7' ++(J++

7  $$(&&  &"&7L=&7' ++(++  &6+   $ " & ,&  &"&7L=&7' ++((++  &/  &7 &(& =/ 0& &6&7L6&7' ++(4++ 2 > $  07; + I0 J/ H  ( / H I 9&& " = & ,&7L  ,&7' ++(@++  $ &/  &  $ (;4 " & &&7L &&7' ++(C++ $=&7    $& =&J+   ($   9&  (&7/  &$62&7L($62&7' ++(D++ " $ @JF

   

&">"! I"  / "2( &7 2  &6BJ     $ " 6 0 7  +  "$   &, $ &"&7L $&7' ++(F++/ 0&  & (  >  &/ &( 0&  &  0+ I%  & &&7L  &&7' ++(G++ 2&"* H &" "(=BJ H " &"  &">"+  &($  "( $& &,/ $ &$&" &7L $&" &7' ++(I++  (  $ "(+  &(&  & &7L( &7' ++4J++  &($ "=  &"0+ !=  $ / " $& (6=$7/ $  &=  7= (2 $ 72 ( & . &+ % "7   $ " &0  &/ 0& 0>"6 & H   "(B =          

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

7  '

(! ))+      +  "$, 6  ", &$= $"4&7O : #  +  # -     >+      / && B- $   &? $ D -+   

   0        %5&%H       

   0                     

&  & "  &6 I$$ $&J'

V  (+

0 4&  4 &   C 7  2&1" :    + &  >&O   $  - // :$/ & - /$+ /           

  

  :      0   

   $ * $ 7= ,= $ *    &;"7 $7$&  &

(+(

."7 &.

;0>6 $

& 6,;4 $&( &

"&"

 & 6, $&.

&("

 $&6"7

4 &

" . $&"

)  

 + #$0 &= $ $(4 $&& 76  "  $+ - -B- ?  $: &  ->? ?$  + 6             7 * + 6  / (+ . / 4+ "($$ =6/ @+ ( &6/ C+ "2  / D+ "/ F+ $ "/ G+  $&/ I+ " 7 *  6  / & , "6/   "7 / & " $& / =  $ /  ".(/  & /  9 .(; $ $$;/  $&  ; @JI

   

7       

     H  C       ! =D =0 (! )+ %  + &  >&O &// - /$  / :   B-/&+     

     !          #

     

@J

7  '

(! *+  + " " ,  (.6+   $ &/ $$ ?   $+ $  $ C &+        



   8      +           + + + /   &"$ "&   " = + + + (.6 0 7 2"=/ 2 , 6 + + + ,"2 &7 " (0  =  " " , + "  $ / $ ( & + + + / 0& ( $ "$&"   +  " , &7 (.( "" 2 &$= &7  " ">$&, $ + + + "/ ( $ &*"/  $&7 $ & & = 2 , /   $ .7 & >6, + + + / 0 6,  I " , J+ "  0  " , &7  + + + (.6/ $0   $&" &7  + $ 6 + + + / 0& &"$ "& $&  &/  + + + " , &7  $ " 6 (.6+   6 + + +  $ " 6 (.6/ ( + + +  $&" &7  "  &7 & + + + " , + $  + + + $&7 $ & & = 2 , / & " , &7  &7 & /   " &$= + + +  $7 I % BJ+ $  "& + + + & I#%% BJ/ ( + + +  &"&(" /  + + + &"$ "&+  $   & "("  + + + $&7   6 " , 6+  $7 2 , 6 (&   $ " , &7 + + + &    ("7>/ R;  -$/ S & 3

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

)               *  O )     

      O &' + + + & ' + + + &' + + + )             O )            O )      *  O )                &  ("; + + +  "&! I7  = @

   

(/ ("7J+  ("7  & 0 &! I =+ + + +  ,0(  &7$=/  ( (02 &7/ &   2 &+   &6    , 27 H ( 7 $ ( & =

6+ + + + + + + & = (BJ - =   & $&6   + + +  &( "& +

("7 + + +  $  + + + ! I"= =  + + +  $ = . ;+  (& &7 $(0+ + + +  =&7   / + + + >   = + + + +J + + +   .   "&! I(  /  "( & =+     = (J+ I &/ H "& . =+ H & "7 ( = + + + + + + + + +  & = (+  $     + + + J+ ("7 "$$ " $=  "&! I(  $&$= $; 7  $&"6, ,BJ  + + + ("7  6, ,  &( "& + - =  =&7  ($7! I  "(   " ( &  = ( + + + + + + OJ + + +  $  (">! I ("(2B   (/ + + +  & = (J+  ("7 ! I%6 + + + /  = + + + + + + BJ %  + + + . =  ("7 "(  "((  &(  $, "B

@(

UNIT

D

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

.               > .  >            .      /   /      

   A Degrees of comparison 

p

) "   4 &   ,(7  2&1 " $0$&@6

 $0?$&6

   $0$&@ B $0$&@6 A $0$&@6  $0?$& B  $0?$&6 A  $0?$&6

    $?6 $0$&@6

$?6  $0?$&6

8           0;    &F+@'+ 8           0;    &F+C'+



    ,'& & # &            

(    $&&F& E  "? $& " &@ 6B 8& A$&=  $> @"  "?$= "?.=  (0A; 4A$&  A= H $ *?  B, $&"?, @" H  ? " ? 4>  B $.@0 $ $$A    (? *.?76 I@ $ $0?$&7=J  @" +   B $&? G$/ 0& $?6 $0$&@6 D    A H "? .6/   D / &   $A " $&"C+  @J[ @&   7$& " &A& "  "B$ / 0& @ IB0 7 $0?$&6J+ $&7C @&  "&?$, $&"B 0&@ &   B0 $0?$&6/   A6 "$@$&6 H C2 ,G  :!+ #?$  "B$(/ 2A 6/ &0?  ? .6/ ,&G   & $0?$&6/   "?.6 @ = B.6/  &B $0$&@   "? $& / 0  $ ?.6/ *".F6   7@.6+ /@.6  0 "B @&  :!/ A$ ?   $?6 $0$&@6 D   $A& /  $>  "?  $0$&@ A.   @4

   

&7G. /  &B"6, $0?$&  B 4[ $ A=+ #?6 I $0?$&6J $0&?;& $ G *@6 + + + &  & "?   A7 I. #'/ IGI'



V p

24 &   +"  2  

 ,     (      4                              4                      ,   (     0       1 3 "  

           4  

   L         # #     ,     (# ,

(# ,  (# ,     (# , (#   !                     p   B $&? G$/ 0& $?6 $0$&@6 D    A H "? .6/   D / &   $A " $&"C+ p $&&F& E  "? $& " &@ 6B p  @J[ @&   7$& " &A& "  "B$ / 0& @ IB0 7 $0?$&6J+ p $&7C @&  "&?$, $&"B 0&@ &   B0 $0?$&6/   A6 "$@$&6 H C2 ,G  :!+ p #?6 I $0?$&6J $0&?;& $ G *@6 + + + p #?$  "B$(/ 2A 6/ &0?  ? .6/ ,&G   & $0?$&6/   "?.6 @ = B.6/  &B $0$&@   "? $& / 0  $ ?.6/ *".F6   7@.6+ p /@.6  0 "B @&  :!/ A$ ?   $?6 $0$&@6 D   $A& /  $>  "?  $0$&@ A.   &7G. /  &B"6, $0?$&  B 4[ $ A=+ p 8& A$&=  $> @"  "?$= "?.=  (0A; 4A$&  A= H $ *?  B, $&"?, @" H  ? " ? 4>  B $.@0 $ $$A    (? *.?76 I@ $ $0?$&7=J  @" + :     

              

    :    ,     (   #     =

 !  C , B0 7 $0?$&& ' @ , $0?$&& ' 4 ,  B0 7 $0?$&& ' ( ,  $0?$&& '  , B0 7  $0?$&& ' !> * 0                      



@@

7  (

-* !                     

       )  !      / !    = II ;

 

 4J                   + #              /  4I[  

            /   @[  E  9          0   1/     C[  P       4[  ;  +

B Job vacancies 

   4 *2(  A&$& I&("@$&J & & "F"$ & A ' "2? &  "B&( $ " &"G2@$&(/  A;4(; @$  *".F$ =6B &" B =C H "F$$'/ $ $&?  "B&6  A =&@  &+ B6 A   "B&  ;/ )"?.;  ? (+ E $  $ # I: .'         > ! <  2   I :+          + @  &"B

7 B

B"$&

(I

@@

$& "B&6

D

(I

UMW $B  "@& &(' ? &   B, "@&

UMW 0&? & $ $"> UQW  B "@&

$B7  & (0? $&"?6 =6@! H @$ H *".F$

@$  *".F$!  2B D  &   $&&F& C  &

@$  *".F$! D  &  2B  ( B    0A", F"$,

A$& "B&6  $&G4 "A=

"  ?& 7 @$ =6?  $&&F&

$ " &?"7K2@$&  B "F6

$B"$&7 0?&=  2@ ! & ' "F$$ &' @$ &' *".F$

&' @J $  F&( U' 4J $  F&( &' (J $  F&(

&' DJ $  F&( U' DJ $  F&( &' DJ $  F&(

? =6?! &' @$ &(' *".F$

@C

   

 *>  -1B D * B &$,:&O 1B "B & 0 " B B"  F"$6

= (0A=  $ .?7$&! # ! %!TK###% % " ?  ! . " $&@(; $" A(; $ .?7$&7 .  $ ?& (0A . "&@" &"( ($&"B$&

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

@F

   



V

V

24 &   +"  2 #"? + !                   =            !

( ?&7$=!  L 

( ?76!  L  

B B& 6,

A$=&7 ?&7$=

2B " 0?&7 @ "C

 $7 &A$ B" "?7

#$0 &?=+ /         

   

  * + + + B& ($ + + +  &A$ + + +  "B7



B72 ?&= "? $&7

+ + +  $G& " + + +  B" + + + $& " 0?& 7$&

+ + + G&  (2A + + +  9$F"$;

 8    &&   " &+   -.  .+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

I+ J+

+

@G

 6? &$= E& $&"?K  "$ B L,B &$= E& $&"?K B .A& > *K  2@&  "*@0 $ $B $& E& $&"C! B"6/ "A/ "G/ >"/ ,C/ "A/ " ? + + +  6? &$= $&@. $&"CK @  $&@. $& " 0?& 7$&K @  $&"A $&7 ("B"&6K  ,B =&$= E& ("B"&6K H  "?,O H   $FK H  B" O H  B " K H  " AO H  B" K H  "A O H+++  ? & 0? &$=L0? &$= ("B"&6 $ BK /& & $&7 = & 6,?;4,K H GO H F6K H # "&@6 4? / B"&6K H $&@.6K H+++ /  & B(& ?&7$= & 6,?;4 O H ( ?&7$= H "?&7 H ?&7$= &0 O'

7  (

H "?&7 & 0&O' H , @&7LA &7 &( ?O' H+++  , & * >  G  2    &B+

on

("B"&6 ( $  ( $+ +, -$* +  D=& & 6,?&7 "F$$ H BLA&L $BLB$ 7;K /  A$&6 E& ("B"&6K @ & $&7 ( B$& = &("@$&! $&@.6/ ? B& 6,/ $&B"/  &+ +O @ & $&7 $& " 0?& 7$&/ (7&F"6 L$ "&@6 " 0A=/  &+ +O  & B " @&7 "A=K ( ? 6 $? C0 A &  B& ($K /& &B ?0 K 9&/, -$* >+  & 6,?;& ?2 $&A0 $&  BLA&L $BLB$ 7;K /  A$&6 E& ("B"&6K @ & $&7 ( B$& = &("@$&K @ & $&7 $& " 0?& 7$&/ $ "&@6 4? /  &+ +O  & B " @&7 "A=K ( ? 6 $? C0 A &  B& ($K /& &B 0

 1O

$

6 4  %  1 - &  +'-) )   

    !           /     

      8 * A&? ? ? $&"A0?  A&,?  .@$?  "A"? &? ? ?&? E &("? " $&"?? $&B$&7? &("@$&$ ? ($F,+ C0  $& ?"&6 + + + ( $/    $> @" / ;0? &$= " 4A / + + + / 9$F"$/ + + +  "B 6  9" "&F @     "B + + + / ($F @  " B 0+ /?$&/   $  ?/  .A( &F" ;0? &$= $&B$&7   ("B  ? @    "B+ + + + $  " ? 5=A  E&& $0>&  & (?/  "B$ $&B& (&0@&7+ = .A F"= " B  . C "A $ B $A ( & C=$&7  "B$&  $&@.  &? H (, B ?6, + + + $&B$& &F"+ " $&?&7 " ?76 $$ $&@.6 B &  @& 7= *"?.=/ + + + /  "F   ( B$&, B "/  @0 ?"/ + + + / $$A/ 

"(@, + + + " $&G 6, ? $&@. +  @2  F & *"?.=  "(@, ($F,/  "A"/ ,B &   (?(;  " ? .A( + + + @6/ + + + $&",B/ , ?= + + +  (A  "(@ + + + 5A&6+ &I#$ J/  ?"&/ IIC' @I

   

D Tourism and travel /

p

6 4  C+)  H 4  

           2     

           "             "( A2=  !$$@ .A"=  ?= I'# J $(4 $&F & $ B  @  +   E&&  6 (A ($ A "$?&7$=! 9(@" "$$@$,

 ?&  @"/ " @ $?   (&?"(; B47  "@06 I"G0 &B0J A&6+ '#  " ?;&! H '% 1 #%  H 2"B C" "A$  $  !$$@/ #  @ ( "(A7;/  &?    ("B 6  "A=+ .  $>&, ?2   ? 6 B & A,&7   &("$&@0 $ A / &    (G"6 $ 0?$ 2 &F"6+ . ! (G"6 0?"& "6 "A$6 $&?=& $  &@ " ?/  *@6/ (?/ @"/ #&F  "(@ + H 6 # 13 : " H A&$& I&F"J  ?&7 $ A B "  $&@. C$2  ?$$  ;B B" + H :% &6 B  .A&( H @ "?2 6  &>$@  "?$6 . & $ ? $7;  "&F &C F! I'# J @(J

7  (

%  *B  ?! &JIC' @4@ IF F %  *B &("A&$& I&F"J! &JIC' @4G DI J &  & "? !% @ &0 '/ D7 II@'

/

6 4  '5  2&  2   

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

' + + + $ , 9$("$B6, A + + + +  9" "&F  ?  " &A2, $&" 0? & A$&6 " $&@& 7 *@"6  "? & , + + + &A7 I1 "&BJ+ ;?& 76 " ?;&$= 9$F"$= + + + C2  ?

?&$ "? & + + + $ 4A  "( A2  ?&$ "&@  "A/ "F + + + ?&$ @" / B$& + + + " $ & &"/ A  + + + @(

   

@;; "  A.; "A$ $ 7@  $B&" (A= ?$ +"$&?  "$ + $B A$& ? & $ 4A ? "G "$&? 9N/ + + + &B"/ + + +  A / "? & & 7 &.? ? &+ $ " A 6 + + +  ? ( &B7 + + + 0>"6, (@, + + + I "$?76J 2*>"+ &=      '

E Postcards 2

p

/ &    3    &     *+3 7    (' 8        0;   1 &(+C+@'+    

        - (       

 I 2  D   + + &+++' >&  $A+ (+ ' &+++' $&7 $6 B=+ 4+  &+++' 0?$& ",B &  "F &?2+ @+  "$@&  &  *B( &+++'+ C+ &?2 $ &+++' $&G&  B0 " + D+ " &+++'  E& F02  "@&7+                2 ! *   I+2+D+               *")  I+2+D+ 0         -           N  :%#         :  2%#          2  2  $A/ @[ $0A A;& ?0(/ $ B6 (0?$&  $B+ "A" &" &7  "B2 6,  II@  F $"?$7 " $&@ A& B& ($  ?0 + 8& "A $ B $? &$= ; A $"A   B"$&/ $ $"A  "? / $F4,/ *.@"6, "B0,  & A.+ 4> (D[ " $  A&  " ?$7 " $&@ B& 6,

B/ ( ?  ( ?=+ 8&  $B C D / $A"6+ #" @ "(@, *" " A= B& ($ ([ " 0&?;& 0 "B"$  &@$ ("B"&6/ ? B& 6,  D[ H &("$&@0 $ A   !$$@? 4[ @"(;& $ B7&7  *"?76 ?6 = " A= B& ($ H ( "B $&   B6,  !$$@  #+ $&7C F[ 4>  " 2@/  F (& & 6,?&7+  "( B @"(;& " $&@ B& ($ 4[ $0A/ "0> E&& ?& 7  =&7 " C2 = " "?&    ; A/ ?=&6,  A"0 $, $&"(&F",+ & "A$/  ?/ &A&&7 0&  $A6 &? $&" G&$=  $@"&7 A&/  "A= B& ($  $&?& 4A=  "B0 /  I[  , @" & 6,?&7   "$B26, ("B"&,/  ( " C,  B6,  !$$@+

4A $&7 A&  B& 6,  >  " "?&   ?0 $&  &0? &$= & ?$$  A B& ($+ $ B72 @6 $ ,  "B2 6, ( ?;&  ?0( @ 4A $&D&$= B/ & B72 &"A& " "?&     C, ; A " 0&?;& (A,&7  ?72 & $C H  "6/  "@.(/  (& 2A$&  !$$@ @  $?&+ # "(B $&"C/  >7 0?4 / 0  D  $&?"2, "$&B/ A&  & 6,? &/  $&"? &$=  "B&&7 &([ $ ,  "B2 6,  B"$&  (@  &  D[ $&( A& ? &@ &A&6'+ = 44[ ; A $"A    $&?"2  B"$& ?0  (0?$& =G;&$=  &B7 " ?7 B47;  &"F  & "?7 $&(?./   $@"(;& "A" $&7 &@ .A$&=/  "?&$&7/  F0 $ 7@+ ?0 H $@ $ A & "?./ B4, & "A$+ &  & "? ("? I&J/ (@/ D7/ IIC' @(4

   

 , -*  # & $  ->?>  ,0 $ 0B /      +  >7  (@  &

$&( A&6

" "?& 

& 6,?;&  ?72 & $C  & 6,?;&/  "B&;& & 6,?;&  ?0 & 6,?;&  "@.  & 6,?;& ( " C,  B6,

Q 

-

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+     + #"& 7= $& 7+ 4&: - / # $  $   =# $ &&B+  * &$ $&" ' 6 $&"2 + + + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

@(@

6 $&"2 $ $&"6+

&& .' #6 62 + + + &='   + + + &&7'  & .   $&"2 + + + &&6' &=  & "($$ =6 (02 + + + & 7' $ 7; 07  + + +

D  $"A    $&?"2  B"$&

7  (

(! *+     + #"& 7= $& 7!     " & 7   + 4  - /   $ !: '  -B- ? D&$$  # D  $+  * + (+ 4+ @+ C+

 $&"2 / 0  "&+

 $&"2 +

(  &"    / 0  +  "& "($$ (02 / 0  + !$$ & " $ / 0  *7+ "& &$= $ &7 "72 / 0  =+ 2 $"7 " / 0  +

(! ++ :    + " $, = $& 7+ $  $ # && $ /> = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

 (&  &$6 72 ' + + + < ,0( $&" &&7 &2  2= $ $&" ' + + + 6  2  &$= (02= "& ' + + +  ( + 1*>"  5 ,  &$ 6$   ' + + + " & "7 " &  &$= $7=  >= *(&7=   ' + + + $&"6+ D+  &" "$$ &$&( &6 0 "' + + +  &$=  7= " =' + + +  *" +

(! ,+     + #"& 7= $& 7+ 4&: - / # $ ?      $ $  + + (+ 4+ @+

8& ,/  & + + + C+ < "2>  /   4> + + +  6$=/   4> + + + D+  &/   4> + + + =$ >2 /  "6 4> + + + F+ < (  /   4> + + + " (/    4> + + +

(! -+     +   "& 76  *" $"& 7 $& + 4&: - / # $$ $  :&    $ $  + 8" * &>6/ 6/ "&/ (/ &"( 6/ & " $6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+

07 $&$7 $> + + + "$7  $+  $&$7 + + + / 0 + + + 2 = $& + + +  0 $7 + + + / 0  6 (+ 6 $&"    /  "  &"6$7 "&6  

"( + + +

@(C

   

(! .+     +   "& 76  " 0  *" $"& 7 $& +   :& $      : $ $  + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

2 6  & "' + + + $&"+ /& &' + + +   ( 27 &' + + + &7  9&  " &' + + + "&/ 0  6 &"' + + + ,  &  ' + + + & " / 0  + 2 &6$=' + + + $ ,  $$ +  " "  & ' + + + / 0  6 "  + H & & =' + + + H &6  $ $&" K H < &$&"=' + + + $ $&"6+ G+  "=& *".($ &,"2' + + + / 0  "($$+ I+ 8&& "  4> & ,' + + + "  +

(! 4+ % + & 76  + $ ?$   # && $ -  -/+          ,= ( II   5I + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+

'0 && &(0&7'+ =& &"'+ 3&.  &&=' 7+ =  $ &$$&"'  &=='+ &7 (  &=$' 7&+ '0&7 "  >& &&=' $&";+ 3&. 5=$=& &= "' 2;+ "& &&7'  &  (2'+  6  &0"'+

J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

3 2  &"'+  &07' 2>  7+ '0 2>  &(0&7'+ 8  &&&'+ 3& ($  &7'+ 3 $=  &;7'+ 3 "&  &&*'+ 3  >&  &&7'  & '+

(! 5+ % + & 76     $&  0$ + $  $ $ -   &$ $ -  -/  /$ : + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

@(D

"*$$" 0&& .; -+ < 2( $7  # = =  -$&+ '0&7 & :&+  (  -  "+ <  -  &  *(+ 8$("$   &  "  $&. + %("$& "=&  #>  &($ + 9:   & ($   ;+ 9&   " &7$= $ &7+

7  (

(! 6+ % + & 76  ! $ 6 5 &+ $  $ #  #  $  $ / $ &&B+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+

( 6  " $((O &= $&"2= $$&"' ( 6 & (0&7 "($$ =6O &  6 $&( &' ( 6 4 &7 9&( (O & "( ' ( 6 $&(& $&"&7 9&& *7O & "=& ' ( 6 $4 9&( $&7O &  "(7='

(! )7+ % + #; $ I&"6J+ $ ># !& ' $ / = + $- - /   & # &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

&/ + + + 6  " "(2/ 6 07 " 6+ './  + + + 6  >&/ 6&$= % "$=+  (& 0/ + + + 6  &  &&"K <  ; *; $&( &/ + + + =  $ $"7+ 70/ + + + = "$$ 2(&(/  $ =$=+ (2/ + + +  $  "   / $$$7+

(! ))+ % +  (O $  $ # && $ /> = + + < 0$& (  &$= $&"=' + + + &>&+ 4+ 3  & " &' + + + (+ 3  >&  &$ $&"6' + + + &.(+ @+  &=  "7' + + +  2> 0&7+ (! )*+ A   + "  IJ  I J+ !          

    $ ?  - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

6  (= + + + "(+ 7 0 7 $(0 + + + "  + #&( &6 "2  $(7&.; + + + "  & ;+ %("$&6  2 + + + "  62/  ./ + + + ";+ #&( &6 6 ,"2  &&7$= + + + 9 +

(! )++ A   + %,= 7   6+ : >  $$ ?  - + I6 & & 6,&7 ++++ 62(; :$;O H $ "2 "(7=+ H "7BJ "  6 0(&7   $& 6 " $ " / (   &6 ++(++ ;" &(" " $7 $ /  ++4++ &(   & "+ ("/  ;4,  & &7 ++@++ & ($ ++C++ ( 6/  " / 6 + +"&= $7 $0/  ++D++ $ $ (7&*7/ $&"! ++F++ 6$ "/  >6  $/  06    &> 6  "&0 $ " / & ="$/ 0& ++G++   "$& 7 = &7B 2 (""&6 " /  (/ , ++I++ " 0(; &"6&(+  . 6 ++J++ $>  / 0  6  ! 9$("$= ++++  0 $ $&" "/  " "/ $&& ++(++ &" .& "+ @(F

   

++4++ & ""$ ++@++ ,  ++C++ 2( $&.( I&"=J .  "6/  ++D++ $&, H 0$& 2 "6 $& "&  0 ++F++ . &+ ++G++ ($& ++I++ (""& 6 &  &("$&  $&= &= "/ 0& ++(J++ $ , $&.,  " $&", 6 ($&+ ++(++ ,  $ ++((++ (  H $, $& 6,  ". 6,  & H $&" 0 $ ,= I&"J

+ I "?BJ H $  0& "($$  ,    ( ++(4++ $  + +"&$ =6  ++(@++ "($$(! "($$  ,"&6   (& 5=$=&7$= "( ++(C++ "( ++(D++ $"=+  ++(F++ 6  "$   :$  6$= I$ ","&$J+ &/ ++(G++ "($&7; = = ++(I++ ($&(; & ""$(/  0    "( $ $ "2    (; ++4J++  &$&/  7.  $7, " $&"  $&. *"(! I  7 =  0& 7= 7 ++4++ $ 6 ++4(++ ($&,BJ &  & " I% @ &0J/ II@' (! ),+  +   & "("$ " $ ;" 9$("$+ $  $ # && $ /> = + @&'A3 X 2 

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

 + "   & " &$= &7  &$$6' + + + ;" 9$("$!  & ".= 4 7' + + + /  &$$ ' + + +   $ $ 4  ( $&.6 I$&"=J+ 5A3 X 2 

+  &6  2 , 6 9$("$ $ &9$("$ ' + + + I  " 6  6/ )&  J  "" $&  $ ;" &($6, 9$("$  $ $ 4 / (   &$ ' + + + - =&  &"(  "(.+ (+ "(;&$= 2 , 6 9$("$ $ 9$("$   & & $ ' + + +  & " .' + + +  &"  "+  &6 " ;&$=  $ ( =& &"6' + + +   &  $ (+  $7   ( &7  &6  & 2 , = 9$("$=' + + + I$7  $&"= ,$ J+ 4+   "   $ " $ "6 " (=" "(;&$= 2 , 6 @(G

7  (

9$("$ I && "&("6 =&' + + +  " =J+ 8$("$ " =&$=   / " 0 & "/ $   D 0$+  &6 " ;&$=  $$, ( &, ' + + +   4 +  42 3  &5A3 X 2 

&($6  2 , 6 9$("$ I && "&("6  $& ' + + +  & "(" H  &""  H  "  H  & "("J "(;&$=   +  9$("$ ;0  $ 4  "&"  (   , $&  /  & I& "&("6, $&J  $  4 +  &6  "$ $ 9$("$  (0&7  &$ $' + + + ;" 9$("$+ &      ' (! )-+ = + 1(&  ;"$&+  -    / $-  -  $ + $ =$ $ /> =   ? $ +  &6  "$ $& 7 " % / &" I% # "J 6  $&  &  " "$6  &"  "$$0 $ 26, $&"+   6 " %  &(=L (=' ++++  (.  7 " / (   & " L " ,' ++(++ 0&&7  .;+  0  . $&$7 4>  0$/  $& 7 &" 2L" 2' ++4++ $&" &7 " +     (. $& = & $&L$&' ++@++  6 ;2  $/ 0& (   $&7 = =/ &"6    &$ =&7$=' ++C++    &(6&7$=' ++D++ + " %  0 7 & " $$=  & "$L  "$' ++F++   0   " $& = ;  0 "    .;+  $/ 0& =& 7 $&& = ; "$$ =&7$=+ :2 &$2$=L$$$=' ++G++  0 "   .   0   $ =  &$ L $ ' ++I++  " "= (+ " %  $"( & 0L &' ++J++ ,  $& "4&7$= "=  +  " =  .   $7  0 " &"$$6L"$$' ++++  $ 26, $&"/  $7  &$ =$=L$ =$=' ++(++/  = = ;2   &(6$=L (6($=' ++4++ + %  $& 7 & " , L " 2>' ++@++  $6 $ 26 $&"=/ &"6 /  . $&"  "  ( & $&$7L$&$7' ++C++ $ "7>6+  . ./ $ "2   $$ 6/ " %  &(, L(2>' ++D++ $ $. 6+ $& 7 0 7 & "0$=L"0$=' ++F++  &" " = $ ($&= " %  "$$ "((  9& $&" $&" / &"6  "(   &(6$=L(6($=' ++G++   $7  0 "+ H 0 / H $ "(/ H  "$$&"& $7B < ,"2 &&7' ++I++ 9& $&"+  (   & $;& (,  $$  0   &$62&7' ++(J++ + 8& "$& 6 2(&  + (! ).+       +   7   9$("$ + : &  $$ /  &: + @ :$ ::& $$ & :$ ? B &$+ # &/ 62= "  & 7. & 0R R R & ,(/ >&    ( 0& =& .&7  &+ !& (  > $ R R !  H    @(I

   

 , "($$=606,  / &"6,  $   "&R R 0   &" .&7/  72 + ' # &R  & I( 0J &I#  #J'/ &"6 (0;& $  6 6$2  *. $ (, 06, ("$   $& 0 7 &"( 6, 9 + I0J  &7 "&"R R R 6$(; &( &@JKCJ *(&  0$'/   >& "  &7 9$("$&  $R R " $&R R $& " 0& 7$&R R  / &/   $&$& "$ &$&/   " &/ " $ "  .  &+ + # & I  0J (0 & CK(J *(&  0$/ ,&= "& & 9$("$ R R ( 0 &>"&6  ?   & $  > "2;&  &$&/ $ ."(;4 $=  2R R &("$&,+ #  = ( # &6 " R R R "(   "  H $  .&7 0  + ,   $&" &&7   $7R R R  9" "&( &/ $&&7  & 7   / "&7 &"R R / " $& 9$("$R R  . &"R   

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

  +   + (+ 4+ @+ C+ @4J

)  :  1 >   O Q         7  O %      > + )        0#  #1O %    1     E    +

7  (

D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+

V *

;        :   + %   3 + )  3  5  :  1  O )       7  O )            O E                + )      3                 O Q   3       + )        O Q   :       O

0 4&  4 &   C 7  2&1"

F+

:    + %("  & 6,+ :    -  / &  0>  $  - B     /#  $ B# $ $ -#   -:+

F+(

)  

 + #$0 &= $   "  $+ - -B- ?  $: &  ->?    + ? * + "2&7/ (+ $5  &7/ 4+ "&7/ @+ 0&&7/ C+  &7/ D+ " $&/ F+  &7/ G+ $&&7$=/ I+ ( 0&7$=/ J+ (0&7/ + "&7/ (+ ( &7/ 4+ ( =&7 7 *  + + + "/  & & ($/ $ =6/  0(/ & ($/ /  "&(/  / (/ 0(/  9$("$;/  2 / & 6,;4,

F+4

)  

 + #$0 &=! "& 76  $(4 $&& 76 + - -B- ?     &  ->?  $ + 8" * + 4 $&  / (+ =/ 4+ 6 / @+  &$&0 $=/ C+ & $6 / D+ " $=/ F+ "=0=/ G+  &/ I+  2/ J+ "=/ + &("$&0 $=/ (+ 2 $& $=&&">,&6$=0 / 4+     / @+ 0>"6/ C+ 0"& "6/ D+ 6$ / F+ $(;4 7 * $&"/ & ($/   /  / $   / "$/ 0 $&/ " $/ (/  4/ "&6/ ; / / &0/   / (& 2 $& / (6

F+@

:    +  = + $ ?  &$ +   $ -/ $ & !   $ #-&' &%('+ R%RRR R!RRRR RRRR RRR R RR #  R R < R R R R R < R RRR R R 1 RRRRR

RRRRRRRR+R%R

@4

   

F+C

:    + #6+ - -B- ?  &  ->?  $ +  ) 3A>I)  

 2'3 &"  3A

F+D

V

@4(

&

4 &2'  ') & I 4'-;

;  -

 3)   2" ) &' '  ' " &2 2    3)

X 2 "

  + #"& 7= $& 7+ + 2>6/ (+ &6/ 4+ ="/ @+ (/ C+ "/ D+ / F+ &>6/ G+ / I+ " / J+  7/ J+  / + ,"2/ (+ 72/ 4+ "&/ @+ 2"/ C+ "/ D+ 6$/ F+ >

7  (

7       

     H  D       ! 

:"

(! )+   + #"& 7= $& 7+    &  #   & -$ - / # $ & B $$> -  #  $  $ &/- - +  #- &# & -  && $/  /  + -+     * &'  &  & &" $&& C "(  &('  &   $&& ( "( +  * &'  &  & &"  4 "(= " / 0   &  + &('  &    4 "(= 2  / 0   &  & &"+

6

*'+ 3)  ')

&' &2  + + +  & + + + / 0  + + + &(' "7  + + +  & + + + / 0  + + + 6

 ' + "1'3)  ' )

&' !;  + + +  + + + / 0  + + + &(' /    + + +  + + + / 0  + + + 6

0 + )  5 3)

&'   + + + "(  + + + / 0  + + + &('    + + + "(  + + + / 0  + + + 6

)+ ' H 6$&"

&' $7  $6  < ;  >&  + + +   + + + / 0  + + + &(' $7  <   $(  >&  + + +   + + + / 0  + + + $6

,  + '   4' 

&' & $6   & "("  + + +  + + + / 0  + + + &(' & $6  6 $ &$& 6, $&" " 0>"(; (/ " $&"$&7T    =/  &6 $2   6, $  &(   "&7  ,0 27  0&( 7/ "  =+

T   / 25 T 

  "$$( = &  " &" 0 $ $ / " $&"6 76/ "  ,  6$6, &"T+ + + T        %6 0 27O $(2B >  " /

6$6 " & "*+ &%G'H'

@4D

UNIT

F

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . .

 >              5 *      /                   

   A Genitive plural 

   .(' B @ +"$ 6 A$&    ?  "A   A&$ $?& 7+  " > $ @$ B $& &" .B6, A&$, $&2B/  &B"6, $ @&6$7 B A= @$, &A/  &B"6   B C  B6 ?2 " G&+ + +"$ 6 &?  ?$& " "B& "$$? = "B$6,+  B0 7 ;@ I $$C$.(J 8 "  @"  "(@, $& "B IB$ $J+  B "$$?,  "A  "$F&$&( & 0&& I$&"?& J H &" B  "".?7 +



6 4  * 4   + I,'24+" +- ^ @J

  @ "C 0 A/ ( &B" A 6   (2A+ '  B A 6 &?  B$/ & 0& "C B 6? ($B+ "@&7   / &  (  B A 6 "&+ B$ &B (  B A 6+ '  B A 6 ? "(  / A 6  ?7. +  &? (  B A 6/  $ C A 6/   &A/  C (  B &B A 6+ 0 B A 6B % 0&  G&/    >& " 07+ ' F02 6  >  F  B72 "@&7B -I4F +. &%< # $*> &0, #  ?72 + (   A & A7 H A '  F + "G&/ 0& A$ F&" @& ?/ ?  C &7 &B ( H B '+     *L      

     + +  $7 B "B (+ &            ' (+ +&@& 0?;O & +&@& 0FO       ' E  ' / ! / #! / +       

5  + 4+ +G " @  7=F+ @+ TB (/ ?  ?&7 $?,"(+ C+ T($B0  $C"(+ &T      /   ' 0              1 /                  

C Approximation 

p



 8    ' #B7 F  &K  $B7 &6 "A 27K #B7 ( & G A K  ? " >& & , &A&K

F  & $B"+ /$B  2 $&7+ !(A =&7$B&+   0A"  A$=&7+

 $"?  &+  2 $&@ 0$B+  =&$B& "(A+ "A" 0A"  A$=&7  +

! "  6';F&  ' " :                        .A&" $C "" $  A&6 A&$& I " $$J " @ F06 .  "B$  &A(! I/&  $@$7 E& B07;OJ+ C  "B2  (II ",B, B I B7 $J  F2$ B4 + . 4 ".A&  "B2 6,  B& $@, $+ . @& ".A&  "B2 6, 4A  ? 0 B  $@&$=+ . =&7 $ @ ".A& F0$7  $$B. / G ".A& H 2?" &B  , "G&/ 0& ( , E& 0B$7 $ " $&"B'+ . D/IC ".A& @   $ A7/ C/IF ".A& H F+ . %B7 (/II ".A& @   $ $ $ $ ;@6 0 A+ & & "? I@   & *$- J/ ?"7/ II4'

@4I

   



24 &  :&1  8

  

          &           + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

2 ( "$&A& ,B &$= & "A"'  $=&@ A&", & .A&" B" + 3C0 G&= 0?;&$= & "A"'  I 0$B (&"?+ !$$&G & $C   & "F" & "A"' DCJ A&"+ (&C B   0? GJ6, $&B & "A"' @ "(G+  A0 " C & "A"' (C 0 A+

D Collectives and quantifiers /

 &8    04+'-3 2I  ('-3             7    L     

    $> $ A "@= (0?$&  " * "A ( + !?72  >7  & " $?$7 @&+  B  F ?2 $ 7G " A,  $FK "B ?$=/ 0& .A6  " F&6  @(&$=+

/ #33M

 &8 M    6'-5  L-5               7    L     

    % F & 72$&BL 72$&B+ 72$&B (0@ "?&6 & A7+ 72$&B A4 ,B0 & "?&6&7 A7+ 72$&B  "B2 6, &A&L&A&/ 0& + + + &'  "B2 6, $0&? &L$0&?;&/ 0& + + +

/

p

!   6'-5    &53A  @ + + + "(@ + + + B A&"6

U

  "B2 6,

72$&B  72$&B

U

&'  "B2 6,

[ & ".A&' ([/ 4[/ @[ & ".A& ' C[K(J[ & ".A&'

U

$ A= ,       "B2 6, ,    

8    

      0;   1 &G+4'+ @@J

7  *

/$

p

p p

E    93 +'3  '- - - B ? A$7 $B7 $&B7

U

$      

   

0  B  2F/ B "B (+  "?   $F " ? & B &("@$&+ '  G B "(A+  B& $@2 B A +  A. "*A$$" 6 (? B B  & "A$+ 3 $ C ?/  , B+ 0 7 ? C, ; A ? &$= $ B"&+ '  B C ? "(A+ 1   B0 "  $&G A$7 0 A+ A$7 "B0, $"@$7  $&"?.;+

E The woman's question 2

V

6 4  +& 4 '3A &7+ A &? A

 

$B 67

  

  

         #          !$$?&"; A&$ "$F  &A( IG $ 7GJ+ ? "$B ( &C/ ?70 "?$$/ ?&" "$F/  (0A/ ?  $B&"& &  @"+  "@&$=/ ? ( $>+  & B! A0$>$&"6   &?;& / (  B  "(A A/ ( "(B $B/ ? 6&"? & 67+ C $ 7@  "$F 4A  &+ & " $F;$7 ( A0 ! I  OJ+ I ?   "(B B& / H 5=$G;&

A0/ H & 6,? & B$ "B&6J+ %@ "&@/ "$B6 &7@  "B$7 $,B/ B7 & @06/   &A&6 62A   "B$! H & 0?4 $ B $ &B "? &K H ?+ H  & & A 0&? & A" $K H ?+ @@

   

# "B$ 4>/ & &B&/ $&"? &/ ("? &/ ? &/ $ @& $ 7C " >/ $> ( ? &/ ? & A&7 ("B + + + ?/ ?/ ? + + + &  & "? A&6 I*$-J/ IGG'

2

6 4  / 21    ' ) (J             H:=/ @J[      

              +                             +  [  

 [    [    [   [                     

@F (C ((  C4

(D 4@ 4( @( D

G (D (I 4( D

C F I F G

D G G I F

!            +              T       -. + + +  C,  "?.  $?$/ 0& A&7 " >  ? ,&G& B $( "F+  $? 0? / $"?( B$ " A= " >  ?/  ?  $0?$&6  ?+ &B $&(?.=  B  G &$=/  (,B  " > $> - . + + +  - . + + + @&$=  A4(+  @    "B$/ -. + + +   "?$, (A  ?   G;& > &+ + + ['  - . + + +  ,  ?  ?;& >  "@&7 " >  0? &+ + + ['/  ( ?&7 " >  ? &+ + + ['+  ?/ -. + + +  , $>   ? (? 6;& &A $ &7 &+ + + ['/  - . + + + $  ? ( ?;& " >  ? &+ + + [' @ $&D&  0? "@&7 " > &+ + + [ '+ &   A7 I   =*& J/ CJ/ ?"7! IGI'

@@(

7  *

2

6 4   ( &+772>              $        *          #   #   #  #          8& ?6 G&6  B @ $.B + & ?2 ? ?&$=  $B  A$ A0+  $ , $A7=,+  A/ "4?=$7 $ "B&6/ ?2 A46  6 $&( ?;&  &" 0$? ? .&7 F& I ?2  $A6J+ "0>  "F&  $ G $?(; &"( >(;  I &B"0 $(;J 0$&7 &"( ?+ (0@ "?&$= ( ?&7 " F&6/  ?0&7 $0 &?  "&@"(/   &  *B+  A&"6, $A7=, E& ?;&$= $;0@& 7 (0@6+  $"A   "$,B "A   ?2 ? "$ " G &$=  $" A $ 7A "A" &!   A; &B&! ( ? & " F&6! $&"? &  ? &! ("? & "&@"(

A4 JK( 0$B DKD/C 0$? C/CKD 0$B @/C 0$?

(0@ /C 0$? 4K@ 0$? J/C 0$?  0$

(0? &$=/ 0& " 07  >& 27  B4 A4  ,G$&(/   7 6 "@  ".?7 "$ " A G$&   $ 7AB  ,B $$A =  " @$7  &?= A"$&7!  $A7=,/  $&7  ? / A&/ ? $?6 ? 7 / A;&  " >6 G$&  B( &   $&@  B& / @&7 . &C/ ( @&7 , / & $&@  0@( $@  ?6 &F*  &+ +'+  "B&/ ?70 H  "B$& H  B 0 A/ T " A L"$ " A &"( ? ,     @@4

   

F4 B   $&@. / 6"$&? &  (0@(/ &B"6   $> $B$&  B F & ?&7 @.; I A.JT & ?2, B&+ &4+ ( $B$ A&$& IN2 A  J $" @  C, ; A "?6, .?7$& / ?$7/ 0& $?6  ?6 >  $0&?;&$=! . . .

 A;  "F$ H "F$$ A46  A; &62A H "(@  A; "(@ H "G+

$&7C " 0&?;& A4 $A .?7$&! "F$$ ,&G&  @&7$= &B7  "F$$/ ("@.6 H  ("@ / 9$&B.6 H  9$&B +  & 0& &A& " @&   "@06, " $ F, C2  #A&$ #D   "B$! I#$@$7 6 6/ 0&B6 ?2 07 C2 ?(  "F$$OJ "&@ & ".A&,' C= & &! %.    %  ! #

4C[ (([ @[

&3$&7C  ".A&  "B2 6, &"( @$7 &A&&7'

 @   &"B &@.6/ B72 $ , ,&A 6 " @&7$= $ "F$$ $A7  '"@    "F$$/  A72 $ , H  "F! %@. ( & ".A&,' "G  "F$6 "(@6 &62@ &B.6 '"@.6 8$&B.6 @@@

 4@ D4  Q] ( CI G

 % 44 @ FJ ZP D @ @(

# ! 44 (4 (I \M (F 4F @J

& ?6 A&6 ]+-&J/ IGI'

7  *

2'

6  M    8  ) & 3            3       +    #       

    %    :   /                0 5 1   0 1+ #   IFJ/ :   

     0  1 5  2/ 0 1 5       + =      :           /  

   

             >                + 9                                 +        0    1  0  1       *    /            +              2  *              + 3  /                + %    #                       /          + H  ;             =

H       )    / 0& @ F;&  B ( " *B"6 "?=+ = , " *B" 0? &! $"4A @0 $& (0?4,$=  (J @@F

   

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

5'

   +  6   

        +   G "@&/   "6  &@&/     @&/   " @&+ (+  >&  ?; 0>" /  6,B & "?$ + < "?;$7  4+ "F  "(A/ # F  $ (A/ = F  = (A/  = (B "B4/  "B4 @ A" A;&+ @+ 27 H B = @&/ B  >27 H   $ = @&+

F+  "(?2/  $2@&/  ($&/  $ $&B0/  0 A/  "@&+

(+ <  /  $ /  0 $&@ ( $ ,/  " (?+

G+ /&  >&  B"   B" /  @=$7 $ A$& K I+ ' $  "C, "?&7    B $ $&"@. / #B7 , $ ,K

4+ ' "F$$, " B/  ( &7G.  H " ?+ @+ '  @, $ B/  ( "(@, $$A  &+

(J+ (/ A ( H #A ( A&(/ !A(/ "A( H "B A&(+

C+ & ,B &   K 8 *

& ? & @ & $?," & & B" & B$ 7 & ? &  & " & 0 A  B2  & 0$C & $B. / &F0/ " ?/ $A" .

& B    A & A & A7 & "?  & E,

&  & A& " & "B & "C

Q  p

         0;   1 &@+4+   C+4'+

-

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+  + ! & 76  + $  $ # && $ -  -/ -$ : + + $ &(0& 7' (+ &$& & "' 4+ $ &=='

@+ (0 &$. ' C+ $ "  &07'

D+  "  &"  ' F+ 0 &6" & 7'

@@I

   

(! *+  + ! & 76  + $  $ # && $ / = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

#& / $7 &" =' + + + O 0 "  6 & & "' + + +     &$&7' + + + &# " ' + + +  & + '  >  6  &&7' + + + /  & & .' + + +

D+ F+ G+ I+

 ;  &=' + + + "& ( & = =' + + +  &= 62 & & .' + + +   F & ' + + +

(! ++  + ! & 76  + 4&: - / / $$$  $ # && $ / = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

' &  "7' + + + $&= (0 &6$ "$&' + + + %= ; &2( & &== 07' + + + 6  H & " ' + + + &="7' + + + . "& ( &   &=' + + + &/$' + + + #&"     & & 07' + + +

(! ,+ ;  !   + ! & 76     $&  0$ + $  $ # && $ =  -  -/ /$ : + + (+ 4+ @+ C+

$& &6$=0 &"(7' + + + =&7 &  .' + + + = &(. ' + + +  & 4 7' + + +

  .&7 &0$' + + +  $7 &0  ' + + +

D+ F+ G+ I+

 & "(' + + +

$=&7 &"(0 ' + + +  &" 2' + + + $7 &$&7' + + +  ,& & & 7' + + +

(! -+ ;  !  + ! & 76  + $  $ # && $ /> = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +

@CJ

", & 6 & & " ' + + + &=' + + +   & & & "("'  &$ '  >& D &0$' + + +  "& $ &(&"' + + +  & 0 "' + + + &  "$& & &2 7' + + +  & 7' + + +   6,   &$ 7=' + + +  "& & " .' + + + 6 "+ # 0$   &0 & "&7' + + + 0$+   &  &">, & ' + + +  &0' + + + &=&=' + + + $&$7 =&7 & ' + + + " &6' + + + &   6+ (6&6 $ = (6( & .' + + + &XN999  ' + + +

7  *

(! .+ A   + "  I J/ IJ/ I" J/ I $ J/ I$J  I&J+ $ ?  - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

 ( , + + + $6+  (2 + + + $&.+ 6 $&"  " + + + +    + + + "  "&  " +   ( + + + +    9& + + + 6,+  "   + + + =& $&"6, =6+ " 7= $&=& 6 / + + + $&7 + + + + 9  (0  ( , + + + + & " &  9&  +

(! 4+ = 2 + "& 7+ #  - / /  # -$ # : B  - $ /   ! # ' M N #   -&  $ MN -   + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

 , 7 $&$7 C (&6 + "" & %9&0 " "   &+ < ;$7 "($$ =6 D  $=. +  "2   0$+  0 $&$7 &" $" &6+  $ $&" D  &+  9  $&$7 C  7+

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

/    T ". ,    T $ ,  *

T " & , /    T & , /   T "$, 6 , 2  

(! )7+ A   + #&"6  (+ $ ?  - + $& 0 7 $&"+  (    , /    / (2  $62  (  6+ #6 ++++   " $&  $&7 ++(++ $&   ( 

& 7 ++4++ ((+   6   $6  ( $( ++@++ = 02 + #&" > ("  "+  $6 $& "(&7 $&"  $/ 0& & "7  ( & &7 ( $( ++C++ " = 02 +   6 ( ++D++   $    ( / 0& ,  7 $6 $ & ++F++ (  0&&  & ++G++ " + & . $ "$! H /& &6  27K  $6 & &! H < " =(; 02( ;+   6 ++I++ & "7; ( & $&"6/ = $ ++J++ 9& 02 ( ( "&7+ (( ++++   $& $&6 /  ++(++ & , " $;&   ++4++ $&  (,;& ++@++ + &+ + %$&  +  "$/ + .  &$$&+'/ )# &#&  &# M+ + 8 N/ 8  7  A   Q/ ?    + ? * +  &7/ (+  &7/ 4+ &"&&7/ @+  0&7/ C+ & $&/ D+ " $& 7 *  "$/ " >/  0(/ $0>&/  $ / " =

4+(

)    + #" + - &  $+ 9-   $  & + $2  $&7$= "  $ &6&7$= "& 7 (0$&  $$. "$(&7$=

4+4

 &7$= $$ =& 76 6"$& (0$& . &7 $ & " &7$=

( &7 (& 2 $&&7

$ 4&7 &&7

&7 ("&7

:    + 2 + $ ?  &$ + ( ?  DB  $:1 'RRR  RR RR ("&7 R R R R

R R R R R &  $ &7  R R R R R R " (&6  R R R " >  R R " >   1 R R   $&  R R R R R R R R  $& /  R R R R R (7  R R R R >

RR RRR R #RRR @C@

 $ $$&7$= &   $ "  "  6 $ && 7

:    + /  7(;&$=O :   $?/ &  0>  $   ->?  $-  -  + $&"&7 &7$= & 6,&7

4+@

  $"  6 =$&7 " = (0$&&7 .  "$6 "  

R R R  7> R R R  &  R R R R R . &6  R R   (

7  *

4+C

:    + /& 4 O 9-   $   :&  + (    (0   4 $&  $&(     "     "( $  ;

$6  07 )".=  !$$= *(&  ,  $   &(*   = $ 7  

,    $   =" $    7 6 &7=    H < 0&; $&, "/      + + + < ;; H  "  ($&6 H ($&6=!   "   &    7>&/   "6."   "& / "6."7!     /&  > 6 $&"&   >&+  ("( =   $& / " &"($  "0 /   ( 7  4  '&(2   ($& ;4 +

4 7!    ;4! 

/& &   $  &"6&6 "& $&&$/ ""6 "/ "!    &( /  "/ 6&"7 "!  ? 6&"7!   &  '  ( . "(&! I$&BJ ( .!    U+ %(>W

@CF

G

UNIT

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

.        .        In this unit you will revise:

. 2     .     

   A House and home 

p

   &   &  %  A "  

    

      + !                   

           







 @CG



"

7  ?

$  &

$ " &

  &

 $  "( &

  (

p

 ;( &

 + + +  &", &

   ( &

"=  $



 $&( &

   &

8          0;   1 &J+('+

@CI

   



      %  (='1(=  ( 3          #      

  &B



$& ?

B&6   4A=! $&B= 0 " ? A& F,=

 "7

B

$ ?7= $&@= ?=

"C2 "A ==  ? &(A&

7           #         # &  #   + A 7  &+ +! @6 2* @$7 6 $& >"LB" ?

@DJ

$&L$&B

? $&(L$&F7= &   ' A" F,= &?

2*L2?*0 B $&B7= ?  "? (&?

"A$ "?&7 &(A&6 $&B $&"?7= 2@

7  ?



     / " (   

         +       " ; "&@"(  .A&" / @, + &@C('/ F,=/ ?=/ &(A&/ G 9&+/ *&? B/ . &"+ & A /   "B / &  *B/ $ ( B$&+ % ! 4@CDFGI  $(+  $"+ &      '

2                                   

on

$  $ +  B 9&A E& "&@" K ?= (  > B4 7K @ $&7 ( B$&  "&@" L B K

#B7    B&  @ K @ B&6 6,B =&  BK  B $&7 *&K

@D

   

7          ;  

$

6 4  9)   !  &   

                   

       ?2  B0& 0?$& $&" 0?;&$= @$7 $ "B$7 B07 + + + $&"B&7 + 6 $&@& 7   B B +  "A / E& $ A &  "&@ I# BJ+  A$&/ ?  $&"@& 7$& 0? &$= $ "A&+ $&"@&  "$F+ "?&$=O % ? 6 B & (0@&7 "?76 "A&   (?7 (,9&? " @0 B B B4  B4 7; (DJ(+ /& F &  ?2  B O 72?= $&@= $ @/  $&@& 7= F,= $&B=/  $(?/  $ ?7 H C $?/ "A& (0@&6 & & "A$6 $&?"2   ? 2  A ?2  $ 7@+ %" "$&B"6, ,B/ &> 6 "?/ $?( $ $$A/  "? /  $& "$@,  &"  C,   ?7  4A/ & ""?$/ @ $ / B$&7 ($&"B$&  0 " A

 @& 76, B& H $> E& =G &$= C2  *B"&$&7; = $ B =2  =/  F & $ "?&7$= $&A$&   "C0 ?2

&7@  F  XX9 A + #A&= $&B$&7 B H (CK4J &6$+ "(A & @$$& & "?& '+ &  & "? ("? I90J/  IGI'

@D(

7  ?

'

on

 8    &&   " &+    &

 7 > , -$* &#*  L &$,L-*:+ H  B "B B"  L? >&K H #B7 0 A >& ( ,  "&@" L B K H #B7 ( , B&  @ K H ?=  ?  B& A 7K H ?= (  >L(  B $?= ;@= B&  0 FO  &+ +

+,# &&,  $*> &  $ -:& ?/,+ H ?=  , A 7K H #B7 0 A >&   B B& O  &+ + 9&/,  $*  &  $ ?/,L &$,L $*  - +  *  #-*+  , -  $ & L&$,L $ - + /                    ,# $ && & # : - >+  *  $&B A ;&+

@D4

   

(

'

+     , , ( I, = $   

         * / $&?/ "F0/ &? 0/ 0?/ 2G / B&/ "0?&+ 2           8                         #&( A&   B & &@! 0?2(/ =0/ $&@(/ 0@/ A&(/ "? / $"A&6/ $F(+

 $   

         * 0?2/ =0/ $&@/ 0@/ A&/ "? / $"A&6/ $F+ 2           8                         #&( A&   B & &@! @(/ $&?/ "F0(/ &? 0/ 0?/ 2G (/ B&/ "0?&+

@D@

7  ?

B Imperative 

 M    -43 6          .       + L      .     /       + < ,0F &7+ (+  , @7 0 B  &+ 4+ <  ?;+ @+  B& F2+ C+  " B" B0 7 2F+ D+ '  G  & " 2?+ F+ <  ?;/ B "G&7  ?"$&+ G+ '  $&A+ I+ ' & G  & $"GO J+ %6 B  $? ?(2 + +  & A  ?&=&+ (+ 8&  "A/  B6 B6+



p



& 7@  $?"7+ & ?& / ?($&/ " ?2+ & "B& / ?($&/  "7+ &  2@ + & &"B& / ?($&/ B+ & &@&  ?$$(+ & &"@& / ?($&+ & @ "0F+ & B7& $7/ ?($&+ & " $@& / ?($&/  C+ & #, @& / ?($&/  @+ & #G 7& / ?($&/  $&+

5       8   '('-  '  4           #         8             0;   1 &I+I+('+

6 4  . 1  J. (7 "  ("J  

        

              II+ "(7GB $ 6  7. H $F& &!   "B$  $,"A #D  "0>( &A&7& I %J+   "B$  $ "B  "? "  A& !$$@ H I J+   "B$  "=C, C", E" $C H I J+ $ 6  "0>/ $ A& $> "B&+ & A ! &,:& 9, '/  $? II +'

$

       3  3 $ 0&F 7 $(0@$7  &B  ?&/  , @ &( ?/ ?0 ?&6 F 27 &6+

# "G07$=  F 7  $&"B /  &B  @ B+  " &/ 0& @  E& F  "@+ &"" $& "/ -  $ / +/ II(/ 4' @DC

   

'

7  #&      + ' &'- " '

   

          6    .           

           A' " ''   

+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

         

      L

   

         

F+ G+ I+ J+ +

   

               

2       

        + (+ 4+ @+ C+

A&  B"   $&"C  " "C6 $? 0?& 76 "$0>&

D+ F+ G+ I+

 "?&" &B $ A ( 0A "B$&

2               

     '$C2  " "C6 $?/  "@& B "+ '$C2 &A& A&/ @& ?2(+ , " &A& A& B0 "B"/ A$7& &"F(+ , B$ "B"

@DD

7  ?

@DF

   

(

24 &   :&1 "  

          /                   

@DG

7  ?

C Reading and grammar 

6 4  '5 4 '      (     

    !                  /           

@DI

   

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

7  ?

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



24 &   :&1 "  2 0       #                $&"@ + + + @ " B "$? + + + $A $  + + + $&"? &6 $$B"$= + + +  &K + + +  > B "?$ "& + + + B  A & &?&7$= "?$  ? + + +     ? + + + F.(

$ A + + + $A + + + $A  2> ?70 + + + &B 0&& $(0@$7K = ( F + + + ( ( ?&7 + + + E&  ?  $ $&"? $ A + + + $&B  F + + + 2A $B + + + $ F B A 6

4                           

                @F

   

       

                     

        

                         

      L      

      L            L            L       

    5 

                   

      

                   

        

                                   

9     

9      9      9      9       9      

?2  ? + 3   

          * " ?/ $A/ ?&7/ $$B"&7$=/ "?$/ &?&7$=/ B / 2A6+

D Reading /

6 4  L  $                     /   

   "A, $ "B&6 B?  G&6 9&?  G$=/  $A A"  2>  "? $=+ +"2B 6&7  ?&6B & $ 0?$ D+ ?  "7 &"B &+ @ &/ . F &/ B & "  A&7$=  A  B"&+ B$ A  "G( =  ? & ,F&7/  ?  G A  "B &  A&( $(, 0&? &+ D + + + 0 B+ 4> " D+  G&7 0 B+ < (6?&7$= " $&?! 0 A .A6 7 "B&/ ($&?/ " ?$=/  &(& 4>  "7 $ & &"6&7' ++++B

@F(

7  ?

$&? = ;0/ 2>/ ( ? B $&G&7/  B   "7 &"C+ C (A/  E& A &$= H =&7  &  ?&+  "&@"( ,F H & B  0A F$6  ?, &+   $ A  $&?+ < $ & >/   "&@" F$&+  &  C+ < &( ?$; ?/ $&"D H  @&  @$+ IA& 0B "BB B27/ A" $? $? 7 &6  4? $; 7 $@&7  G  "(?,O A$& E& A  $ B = $/    G+ < $> "&B/ A  &A+ % A F &B7 B ""A&7+ #(  $&"D 0 H ? ,B  &D B(; 2G (! &B  > 7=+ G$  "&B2  $"B  / 0  0? + ! BB  & ?&7$=' ++(++ H & A &7' ++4++  F, + F,= H 9&  72?= B& "G  $ ?+ /&B6 & A C A0 > &@/ = "A   "7 (?(/  &B"  @$! IF,=J+  ?  >27/ & &&@W ++@++ (&"7  &$&&7' ++C++ .B  F+ # "? & $ G/  (F/ &6 (@ 27 @ 7 2?*0 $ A6 "F0  ",F+ 8& &?+    (? $ ? $7; I &?J+ /&B6 ""A&7 A / F A07 + A& 7/ &B7/ "?  B/ $&"B  H &$&" &7' ++D++  &  07$=' ++F+++ $ $> F & ,"2B/ & 07' ++G++   $" B  0?? = E& &  "(&7' ++I++ &"F;  &"A&7; & ? A 7 "F0+ &=&7' ++J++  $&A &"A( H &(/ &B"= @  &A+ $ "7>27/ &=&7' ++++ &(/ &B"=  ?72 - $G $F0 = $&? 0 &C" .+ B$ A  &6&' ++(++  F,/ & 07' ++4++  ?  & &7' ++@++  G+ A&( & A 0&?;/  ? " F+ <  "?, "$  (F/  @ B" ($ + +0F  "? ( 6&7 "$@/ 0&B6 &6 ;@  G/  & ?+  &$ " @&7$=' ++C++   &$(0?&7' ++D++B "A / "A  & G . F;+ %G ?2J+ < A$7 " " 0&?  @$(+ 2> F,;+ "(&@ A(; "F0(  &A+  A $D B(; 2G (   ?  "?, "$(;+ =  F ? "(  ">$ B/ "G  F,;+ +"2B 6&7  ?&6B &+ B0  IHJ'

/

24 &   :&1 " =                  

    &"C&7 "A07 $&&7

G&7 & ,F&7 (@ &7

. ?&7 "C&7 =&7

B07 &@

$  $ +  F&  "B= "$$? K  @ $  B C0 "B =& A0 "K 0 F  @&/   &"6? &  "7 ;0BK /&   4?  A A" $? 7K /& $&? F  ?  A K @F4

   

?= B& "$ B  "G  $ F, K  $&@& &?K #B7 &"A $&?  ?  0 FK ( ? ? (2?  0 FK /& " 2@ $ A&7 (  .A "$$? K

E Furniture and household objects 2

p

%8    =  #1 &   + -  4'-    

           >! @&7 $&?&7 A$&7 =&7

2

0&K 0&K 0&K 0&K

( ?K ( ?K ( ?K &F  O

%8    =  #1 &  + -  4'-   2       

          

   "       = (! 7&B 0? ("?6 . & ? &A. $?"7 ?&6 &@ A" $&"?7= 2@ $&B7= ?  "? ? &  @"

! A2 $&( &$&(7G' "?&7 &  @" ("?76 $&B &"A= @$7 6 $& @6 2* $& 2* "A$

? &(A&6 $&B F,= &? B

  " B" F,= $&@= $ ?7= $&B= ?= &(A& "A == A& "? , 0 " ?  ?

F May the sun ever shine 5

9      &2 - L - -  *

&

5 ' @F@

($&7 F & &/  6 ,&@& + ($&7  & '? &$=/  ?  F  2?&7+ ($&7 A& & '$ G&/ 4> "?+ ($? &?' A &/ 0& ,B0 &/  $> "B+

7  ?

A$= Y]S,  B #B 06 "(/ A "F+ 8& "$F 70@2+ "$?   $&A   $?  (A!

5

$* ($&7 $  ? F & $B. B ($&7 $  ? F & AB ($&7 $  ? F & ? B ($&7 $  ? F ( =B

            2 -   ' - - 8            

         0          #          *

# A + + + ($&7 L? $ A & + + +

 &@  &  *B(

" $&@ 0?2( 0?=

( @&7 " F&6 "C&7 B @FC

   

&"C&7  "7

C&7 $F (

G Cultural awareness 

6 4  2+'    

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

@FD

7  ?



:   8'-   

                   3 

   +      #               ?      IGI  /  C                        

    ; /            1   + : DF                      ;    F       + =      II @+C 

           + /  /              +  *   0  1  

     "  +     

     C 5     + 9                      /     II  *    @J 

  .    ; + )              !              IFD   2          IGF?      9           ID+        "                 3//     

   !      / / 5           B+ -+ + +. :      5              + =  @                       

. ; /   (J        *          . 

. ; + -+ + +. & :           / 3  / HA/ II@! @K@('   M  ; 8'-

+ B ".A& " $B $ A= >&  (?76, "&@",/ 4 @&=, @ $? & B&(K (+ #B7 $ A >&  $@, "&@", @    (?76, ?,K 4+ #B7 $ A $&G  B0 "    B4 7  II  FK @+ >&  E& $&&@$& &B0 " $&A  &/ $B7 $ A ( ?$7   B4 K C+ #?$ E& $&&7A/ $B7 $ A @  B, "B$6, ( ?;&$=  & A76, "&@",K D+ #B7  &  (& "&@"(  @$   "F&$ K F+ @ &@0 $ $C&= G  ( 0A @0 $& ; A    B4 /   "A"/ $ ?&/ A . / B K G+ ?&  @ "A" "=A=  $ " @$&  "$ " A  B4 +



)   8 ! 8& $&,&"A  @$  "A= C/  ? ?&"/ A$&6 $A&$ E&/ 6  *"B& /  B B  ?  ?= "$@=  ? H &"@$  &@ # "B+ @FF

   

+ #+

  =/  =  "($7+

  =/  =  "($7+ %7 0 7  +    "

/    =& "($&7 % / &  & ($&7/

>&6  / /& 6&7 "+ + +

/   $   &(&/ ($&7  "=& $6  &7

/   "/  &/ 0&  &  =/

/   "(,   (&/ ($&7 "(7= ($&(&  &7/ 6 0 "+ #= (& ( =/

/    7,  $& 6 7;& "7  $   " >&/   (2+ + +

/   (   $&

+  $    $ / &  $&  >&+ 6 &7  $ 2+

  =/  =  "($7 $  $ "&= + &     =/ && ($&7 # &! I J+  =&7   2 /  $"  =    $ %6 $ $  =+  = 6/ (  &7 %7 6 $ & "$& &6 (   &7/  & "(+ %GI% &$&& #/ +B F  F 9&# / / I+(  $& = & "&("J/ I@I! CIKDJ'

Q  p

8          /  07    1 &G'+

-

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+ 7  +  "$  6 "  O E # -  /  ->? -   > & %&$+  *

& "(" "$    ;$&( & $6+

+ #& & "(" (+ ( 4+  $$

@FG

@+ $ C+   D+ ", 7$

F+ 7 G+ + /&  $&&/  &  $&!  :& $$ - #  ->?B   $ $ / = *   # &     + 8& = &+ '  ++++ $7 6 $&+  > ++(++  / ("6/ (+  $& ++4++ $&7=  + # " & $& ++@++ +   ++C++ "&+ !=  $  ++D++  " $   7 $& =  &+  > ++F++  &6  ("6+ #  & $& ++G++ 6 2*+ (! ++ V      + /&  , &$=O @  ->? $ -  -B- ? $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

H 2  , &$=  . &" " + H 2 "&"  &" 9& + H  $&&  $ 72 & + H    & $&& $7 6 $&/ / 6 2*  " $+ H  $&=&   2*(+ H  2   &" 9&+ H  & "&" &" &6+

(! ,+ =    + $&=& 7$&  $&+ $  $ + A        + +  $&( &6K

4 & T 0& T "  "= "

'" T .= (+   & K &  T$& T  4+  $&& $&K & T  (,= @+  $&  "O &( & "&" T$& 

T;

" = T=& T$& "6

$

T9$("$= T(.  $ #"7 & '

2* T T0 "  T $&= $

2* $ 7= (

T  T"&7 ( &"= "&"=  & " " ==   =

(! -+ =       + $&=& 7$& "     $&+ $  $ # && $ /> = +  "2 & ' ++++  & 6,  & 0 ' ++(++  &"6' ++4++ +     7 & ' ++@++  & " ' ++C++ "=+ >  (=  & $' ++D++   & "' ++F++/ ( $7  &" ' ++G++/ "  & =' ++I++/ $" *"(&6  &$ ' ++J++ +

@FI

   

(! .+   2    &     '+ $&=& 7$&  $&!  / (   &(  O $ -B- ? -  U  $  $ # && $ /> =     #>$&"6  UU &72 ' ++++ UU &&" 9&' ++(++ + UU & "6 9&' ++4++ UU &9&&  ' ++@++  $&"6 ,( + +(  0$& 6 UU &$&' ++C++ ( $ $&>"+    2= $ $&"  / "0 $/ 0&   7= 6, &7 UU & ' ++D++ UU &(. ' ++F++/  7= $&&7 RR &"&7' ++G++ + - 6 =   7= UU & $& 7' ++I++  $&"  UU & ' ++J++ +       

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

/ IDI! (' @GJ

7  ?

(! 6+ A   + # ">+ $ ?  - +

>& # "> ++++ / &>&  2   (7=60 + ++(++  ++4++ , &" &6+ ++@++   $ & # "> ++C++ / ++D++ "( &>&= 2 ++F++ (7=60 /  &" &7= H $&=+ ++G++ $&=, =& ++I++ $&/  ++J++ $&  H ++++ (, + #0& &$=/ 0& , "  7+ # ">   &"4 (;&/ 0& 9&  "7+ 72 " + ++(++ > $&7 6  =&/  + H # "> 7/ H $ / H  27/ 0&O  ,0 &$=/ 0&6 ++4++ $ 6  + # ">  = ++@++  > +   ( ++C++ 9&+ ++D++  , " =& $&7  6/ ++F++ "(,  &+ ++G++ # "> &  &!    (& ++I++  ? # ">    &7 ++(J++ "&0 +    .  "&0(  # ">  . &7+  ++(++ &$&7; " 6 (6 ++((++ $& (/ &(2 ($= ++(4++  6,=/  ;  0($&!    ;&7 &/    &7 ++(@++ "&0 +  $&= ++(C++ 6  =   "$& 7 $&"   ++(D++ .+     " ! $0 "  4 / & ,  = "$& "$7    (2+ 1> &  $ "$! H  7 ++(F++  6 ,/ "  O "  K H / H & & / & 0 (& 2> &+  $    6 ++(G++ 9& ( " +  $ I J &(/ 0&  ,& $7/ 0&6  $ I J+ /  6&7/ ++(I++   $>& (02 + &  + / +// A  A / ID@! F' (! )7+      + !$$=   " $&&$&+   > C& % " =+ 0 &=' + + + "&$=  &/  "( +  &9& &  ' + + + = & "&L ", &7' + + + 0$&/ $&";$7  " ($&7  & "&("6  &   $=06 ("6'+ + + +   &  " $&"; $ &( 7$& ' + + +  6  0 "+ % "7 0$& 6;& &,"2= " 0!   ' + + + =  >/ $  $ & 07'+ + + +    (  =  &"(!   ' + + + & " $6 & &/ = ( " ($&&7  &$= (02= &  " 0 ' + + +

@GC

    6

@" C2 # : '#  " ' ;+

 & 6&7/ =  $"  /  &  "  ;;+  0/ $&";/   6;& 0&& 0 7 & " $ /   " 0&; &,"2=  ' + + + +  7  H 9& $  /  &    >& &7 $  =2 & 7' + + + + ;; " !  (/  "  & " $  "" / 0  %+  &27= &  ' + + + ;$7 & =  =' + + + / ,&=  (  = & 0 7  + $6

  'A# 8 '# 47)  2" 7 +

'0($7  & 0 " &   ' + + + & ,0 $ $&&(&/ > "&;+   &/   "( "$&  ,& & &" ='+ + + + /&; $>/ 0& (   ( H   &"   &&"' + + + /  "&  & '+ + + +  && !   ' + + + = & &L, &7' + + + " /     &&7$=  &9 6'+ + + +  &  "( 6"; &7 $  ! &$&7!   ' + + + / *".6 ""6+  ;&  $&7 (&7  $>/ 0& "$, & "( &6' + + + C  6 %           $

+ &'   2 /       ? (+        ? 4+ N             ? @+         

   ? C+         ? D+ 9   

  ? F+ N        1  ? G+           ? I+ 9   9    9  ? J+            ) '

:                #            +

@GD

UNIT

I

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

. . . .

2     5         >         &('    >

   A Expressing wishes 

p

6 #1 &8   $ A73 743 - - 2    /  / 5  ,B0 &/ 0&B6 $ ? E&+ ?  "$@  G/ 0&B6 = "2? "?+ 8      >    0;   1 &I+I+4'+



E 

  ,1( @@"  3  J!/ ! #) + + + L / #) . $L. $/ ! #) + + +      #    +    5D   $ J+ F B B  I& "&F"= A&J "&@$7  $@ 0&?& = H  C & "G  &.? H $ $A (;4  A&! @ 6 6 ,&A @ &7 $ B " >  (JJ  FK  *

 B L? F & ,BL ,B H  &.? @  &7K < ,0F/ 0&B6 L? 6L6? ,BL ,B  &7+ < 6 ,&AL,&A/ 0&B6 L? 6L6? ,BL ,B  &7+

@ (  BL > F (& ?/ B$6/ "$&/ *F" K & F & BL > $ @&6&7 H 6 $ F  @ ?(2 K F &  L? , @&7  A&$ $ K  B 2B L? F & (0@&7$=K  L? F & (0@&7$=K /  L? F & & " $?&7$=/ ( ?&7$=K B (  BL > F & ,"?& "K @GF

   

$&F &  L?  ( "$&A& B$ 2B6 @  >& "B&&7K   L? $&? &  "*A$$K  L? F & "B&&7K @ (  BL > F (& &2A= $ " @& =/ &+ + $ ?K  ?  A&$=L ?  C & ?(K #B7 (  BL > F & &AK & F & G0&7 BL > &AK



'

/    &   0;+'-F& A'(7 " ' 14   

0         +                    (   =           

 +   9) +'

+ B"$&

& + + +  + + +  &+

(+ .?7$&7

+++

4+ !$&

p #"A 

p 6$B

@+ "?

p #"A  p C$2

p '0>= $&A 7

C+ !B& &   B  p $F$$&/ (7&F"+ $A (;4, &"$A! p "C2 $&7+ p %"B= L #A&" ($F+ p &@0 $= A=& 7$&7+ p "? + D+ # A $$&G

p  "?  $$&GL$$&G+ p ! >L" ?+ p  A.L ?+ p ?( L ?&+

F+ @46 ($B=

p #(A=  B4 7+ p  B4   A &+

G+ &2A  ("A; p F"& $&G+ I+ &2A  $ "&C  @& J+ " A $F

+ & "A$6

@GG

p F  &A,+ p #A7$ ,G$&+ p  ","A + p %"?$ "&+

p B&+ p & A7= "&@"+

p F"& @" +

p  F"&+

p  7>&+ p B & C &7  "? 06 $&B+ p " 0&? & C &7  "(F "(A+ p D& " @&7 $F B/  $ 7A+ p D& "F   B0 $& + p  D& $ A&7 B+ p D& " @&7 $F $ "(7G+

p $ 4A B/ & ?&"/ .A"&+ p $ 4A " $&"?/ , A  B$&+ p "?  2?,&6/ 2"? 6/ $&B76 @"6+ p !C= B=/ ,B&/ ?" 6 "F+ p # "&+ p $$@6 B& 6, ( &  @"+ p  .@" + &%      ! +0* .B ,:&  ./ #& $/ 8/ +/    '

7  B

0             < ,&AL,&A 6/ 0&B6   ?76 $ F& @ + + + < ,0F/ 0&B6 L? + + + < ,0F/ 0&B6 (  BL > + + +

$

p

%  4    / 1 = +3 743 - -  

  2  

       >    2  + ! > B  &7/  $ G  $&@+ F/ 0&B6 " > /  $ G  $&@+ " $?  $>& $ $$@"6 C $&?&7$=  $@,  $&?,+ " $?  =?& 7/ 0&B6 $ $$@"6 $&?$7  $@,  $&?,+

'

V

6 4  $( ;  3 ('"   " A    2 +    

             

   (0$&@$7   A=  &A "A = , ?=  "7 &"6?&7  "7  . B0

$&?&7$=  F B7&7$= B  . B0 C&7 @.;

=  

         *  #  "       ?  ?& 7 @.=  7G " @& 

, ?=  "7 B ?   , @ $$A 

B B   ?& 7 F &  *B

A& A$&.  B6 0 A " > . B0

/             

   ? * C&7/ $&?&7$=/ & 0?&7/ &"6?&7/ B7&7$=/ " "G&7/ ($&@&7 $* + + + B + + + B + + +  "7  . B0 + + + @.;  &  *B( + + +  &  *B6 @ + + +  F B + + + / $>   "G    

       

    :         

     L              L ! #)      $A  "A= (0$&@$7 $F0   A=  &A  $B$, "&@",+ $ 2 " > 0?$& $&>&$=  @ B/  , @ "A $ B/ 0&B6 , ?=  "7 6? "A / 0&B6    C  A (, B  . B0+

?& 7 &? / 0&B6   "@ 6 ($&B  B+ F/ 0&B6 2 " > ,"2B /  B7&7$= B  . B0+ 5=$@& " >(/ 0&   B  $F0  7G &"6?&7  "7/ ?  . B0 / @GI

   

A$ B "C& $ "(B $&"C/ @ A$  A$&. $&@&  B6 0 A/ @ 4A B  &+ ?/ 0&B6 " > /  C&7 @.;  &  *B( J(+ ', G  B/ " @&  C  B&7 " >(/  ?  & 0?&7  B   "7/  &  *B6 @    $&@ $ G $  B6 ; 7@+ 4A   ?& 7/ 0&B6 A& , @$7  B(  @  "&@" +  A$ ( ( " @&   "(B C,   &/ B  "$@&7 $$A / 0&B6 @ "A= & "A  " "G/ $>   "G  + &    I   =*& J# %GG5'

B The conditional mood 

p

p 

6 &     # ' 43 $ $    

$ 6 $     

$ F & ,"B2= B / 6  >  9$F"$;+

$ 6 6? ,"B2= B / 6 2@ 6  9$F"$;+

$ 07 F & &> / 6 F  0 ?&7  &"C&6 A+

$ 6 07 6? &> / 6 6 0 ?  &"C&6 A+

< 7F E&( @(/ A$ ? & A B72  (?+

< =L=? 6 E&( @(/ A$ 6 ? & A B72  6? (?+

<  F  & A A0 "/ A$ ($ A;+

< 2>L2? 6  & A A0 "/ A$ 6 ($ AL($ A+

$ F & $"? / =  "F$7 B B +

$ 6 C $"? / =  "F$= 6

B B +

$ ( $ F (& A&6/ 6  >  & ?&"+

$ 6 ( $ C A&6/ 6 2@ 6  & ?&"+

$ 6 C  B" =/ 6    ?   B  +

$ 6 6 C2 B" =/ 6    ? 6  B  +

8          0;   1 &I+I+@'+

24 &   :&1 " :    

     $ = $&?( "?/ + + + $ 6 = $&?L$&? "?/ + + +

$  $ $& $ 9? 6/ + + + $ 6  $  $ 9? 6/ + + +

$ 6 F  (0@&7$=  $A/ + + + $ = C";  & "A( A&(/ + + + $ 6 6 (0@$7  $A/ + + + $ 6 = C"LC"  & "A( A&(/ + + + @IJ

7  B



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

    =      

$

!8   05 '+   & (' - - /      

      8      #          .A (0A B    "B$ $.B I+&A$7 6 & A (A,&7 &7  "@.(OJ B $&"2 ?$$/   F6=$7/ ? @& 76 &A&+ " E& D2 $&"B 6 B " 2@& 7/ 0  A(2! 27  @  0 &6">, ?70   ?  =&@ A(2  &A&   "B$ &".?& 7+ & "A$/ 0& $?6 &"&@06 ?$7 A&  A  $ A0 6, $ A H  "*A I> B,/  ? A   ,&? &J H @ $$&G;& 72$&B  & ,/ & ( ?&7  $"? &$=+ #" @ MNSA&, ?$7 B72  ?;4, 9"@"&7/ 0  $" @ MYS  FA&,+ ? ".B6, $&"A $" @ $&"2 ?$$ ? $A (;4(; "&@(! D/C [ (J [ ( [ (4/C [ G [

  F6=$7/ (A, 6 &7  "@.(  ,&G& ( ?&7  "@.( ?  " 2@/  I$"A H / 0  H  &J ?  " 2/  I$"A H  &/ 0  H J &"( @$7 &A&&7 &  & "? A&6 I@   & *$-J# II@' @I

   

C Reading and grammar 

6 4  63     (     

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

@I(

7  B



24 &   :&1 " !               + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+

0&B6 A& C + + + $ , ?, ?6 "B$6 C 6 C , + + + $> $F2&7$= ? $ A 6 + + + A  %6 0 F E&  ? B ( + + + ,A $&7K %6 = @ + + + $ G + + + A"B + + + B &6 ,B K  "$?0$= + + + $&F B 2> 6 ?  + + + "B&6  B& 9& &B "? + + + $; 7+ &(& 6 = "2>$= + + + B& + + + A  $ @& $7 + + + ("B/  = + + + B  FB  6 + + + &BB 0 "? , @ + + + 7 " A= &  &"@ .&7  A  + + + "B  /  $>B

$            + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+



< &, @&7L &@W + + +  B&  ?  ?/  ,&A+  "( &, @&7L&@W + + + ? + < F "0?/ 0&B6  &, @&7L &@W + + + 6&7 "F+  & "A=/  6 A / & ", @&7L "&@W + + + ?(2+ B$ A   $G (& A&7 ("B/  = & &@L &@W + + +  B+ ?  ?  $?/ 0& @ &B ,&G& &, @&7L &@L &@W + + +  B+ %  " @&  0 "? &, @&7L &@W + + +  7 " A=/ = ,  =  B+  $" $A7 = , & @&7L $&@W + + +  ."+

)   0 +   ; 0'+3  G  43 ! ,    & + ) ; F' 4     

     $ (      6     %" .6   "=    0 "+

"=$&7 ,    & '

I $  = 6 ."./ H "&   ./ H %   $7 " 4>6 " "&  = "J+

" ,  5/ 

I $  = 6 ."./ H "& > $ $&"./ H %   $7 6 "   & 6 &J+

&&7 ,   & ' @I4

   

I $  = 6 ."./ H %" &7=  ./ H <  = &;2 ."= !  &6"=J+ %7 6&7 ($ /  "7 &,7 $" /   $ &.( , & ."7/ #&"6 & $( "7+

$ &. , &

I "$&(/ "$= ./ H "& / H ( 7 .".  "  &6"=   0( $ &="=J+

&    =+ :+ A '

D Indirect speech /

p

24    M =&   9- +'3 743 - - 6  "$@ "  ?& =! I&"@& / ?($&J+ 6  "$@ "  ?& = &"@&7+ &7 $? $C(! I' "@ B&(BJ &7 $?/ 0&B6 $6 ("? B&(+  ! &7  A $C( ("?&7 B&(+

p

"*A$$" "@&! I=?& 7 "0&?& E&( $&&7D+J "*A$$" "@&/ 0&B6 $ =?& 7 "0&? E&( $&&7D+  ! "*A$$" $A&( & $  =?& 7 "0&?&7 E&( $&&7D+  

          *      5L + . "$@&7L  "$@&7 H  5L  + + +     . $A&&7L $A&&7 H  L   . "?6&7L "?&7 H    L   .  A&7 & 

L   '      $?&7

/

  &  &  %=743 4 , - /    :> - /   &$ :>+ + A0 " @ $?! I'  G @& ?+    ?"$& & B B+J (+ @2  $? &.F! I"2@  / ?($&/ A J+ 4+ $$@"2 &A&! I&@&  A&6  ", @&  J+ @+ I @& "G   "@& AJ/ H 5=$@ .A"+ C+  ?  B6 0 A  "$@! I@&  / ?($&/ &@ $ "?0 ;"BJ+ D+ I=?& 7 $&"@ E&& *7J/ H $A&  "&+ F+ I 2(@&  $7BJ H &"A  $ $&"?+

@I@

7  B

G+ I ("@&  B72 (G& J/ H  A 7B( "0+ I+ -"7 "? $ ?&(! I @ &( ?/  ?; ( ?/ " $@ &/  ?; 0& + + +J 4 , - /  &$ :> - /     :>+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

/

V

%"A " $?/ 0& $ "&$A6 " F&  D 0$?+ %"A " $?/ 0&B6 $ "&$A6 "2@  D 0$?+  &A $?/ 0& $&( A& ">$ @( 0 "?+  &A $?/ 0&B6 $&( A& ">$ @( ?&"+  $7A &7 $?/ 0&   A   9$F"$;+  $7A &7 $?/ 0&B6   A   9$F"$;+ &7 $?/ 0& A& A + &7 $?/ 0&B6 A& A + #4@& / 0& @ "A,+ #4@& / 0&B6 @ "A,+

6 4  )( 2+3  +> 2+3 & ( 3  +> 7 - - A    2 +    

          

   *  #       8                                 #       ,(     , ( &7 (@

 @&7  $  $&@&7 ?&7 $@ $=@ "$$ " @&7$= $$@&7$= F. ."7?&;2

A 7  @&7$= A0 &7 ?&7  F&0 $(@&7 $ ?&  "A ( "A&7 0A"&

@&7 "?  ?&7  ?0( "$?. ( " ?&7 "A& "?&7 $ , $ ?&$=  ? F.

6 G&7   $A& "$?. > ( $  B (@&7 "4?&7$= $A& && $ & ."7

            

C ."7+ -?"$&  J  &/ 6 (A  B /  $> 4>   ?&+ #F0 F C    C &7+  >& ."7  ? 6 A0 "  F. / $C2&  ?, $ ,/ G 6 &  B H  ?  B ( $  B  $&B $ G&+ ", @  @ B $ ?&  "A=+ =F   F  B  &&@  B &! ;@$= ."7  $ ?&$(;  F/ "$?.( >(/ $ A" G  B ? ."7 $ B B $A&  "@&! H %6 0 A + " F/   $ ?&  "A= (@&7+ +0F  B  A  @&7$=B $  " F 27  (&"F/  D & G @&7+ 2> $A& B/  & B &7  >& H 4> A B H $&G4= A 7+ @ & &7/ 0& $6 "2>  A$ /  $ "?2 &! @IC

   

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

7  B

$A"& 0A"& "? @&7 F (&+  $A& 2 ($&7 $? &/ ( ? 6 , @/ ($&7 ? & $@ $=@  "$$? &/  B  & $A& 0A"& (@ @+ -"7 $&"A  $A&  A" $ ?&(+ A&7 A0 / & ($&@   "A= B+  B( $A&( $?! H D & A  =   0A   "62A + $ 0A"   =  " F 27 A" $ B$ (@&7 $ ?&/  D & G @&7 + + + &         + + 0A/ + + )"B &$$&+'/ 9.& &*#&/ I!F$$ =CJ/ / IGF! FCKG@'

/$

24 &   :&1 "  2    

         + " F/   $ ?& = "A= (@&7 (+  @  ."D  $@ F! ($&7  2>& $ ?&  && $ &  $&@&7 $&?" ."G?&;2( 4+ $, @S &6 ?&"  && $ & @+  $&@  B ?&;2( C+ (?/   & >& D+ "A& &  G " ? F+  "($&@ G+ @$7 F02 $ &7 I+  @  ."D J+  "$@ $ A   F&0 B $A& + 7@ $ $B > A0 (+ "$7 A" $B A0 4+ 9/ 0A"&B & ($&@& ."G?&;2( @+  6  B  F&0 7@& C+  $A& 2 ($&7 $? &/ ( ? 6 , @ D+ ($&7 ? & $@ $=@ F+ ($&7 "$$? &/  B  & $A& 0A"& (@ @ -. # : ? #  $& $$ 0G - # : ,  -* - +

/'

p

!  1 &8   +  &'+'-3 4  

   "      %(+       #          #              8        >  0;   1 &F+4'+

@IF

   

E Cultural awareness 2

6 4  G1- (' &2 & -,   

                  

         + + + 72@ A7 + + + A7 + + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

  + + + C$2 "? + + + & A&= "B&  $ .?7$& & "A$= "*A$$= + + + "7A" C0= 7 $ @ ; 7@ + + + $" ?.= 0A"  "? $B  + + + $B$&  A ,"B2= "*A$$= + + + ,"B2 "? ,"B2 A7

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` +'

@IG

7  B

Q 

-

+ 4 &    -3 " (! )+     + $L $ 6+ 4&:  ->? - / + + (+ 4+ @+

6    & &"/ $ + + + 2&  &  "(/ $ + + + %6    27/ $ + + + ( 6&7 "0/ $ + + +

C+ < ;   &  *(/ $ + + + D+ $ &6  27  & (/ + + + F+ $      &/ + + +

+ 6  , 6  " / C+ $ 6 &6 ,& / + + + $ 6 + + + D+ $ 6 ( $ 6 $  (+ < $&$= 6  $7/ $ 6 + + + " =/ + + + 4+ < ">$ 6 &  (/ $ 6 + + + F+ $ 6  6   @+ "& 6 6   "/  ,&7/ + + + $ 6 + + + (! *+ 8   + /&  0&6O $ /  >#+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+

< (;/ + + +  (  ,&7  9$("$;+ &.( ,& $7/ + + + $6 $& &>"+  &  "6 = =/ + + +    & $&" 0&7+ 70 "$/ + + + ( (  (+ "* $$" $/ + + +  "& &  "&"+ &7 $  (/ + + +  "0& 9&& "$$+   $ & "/ + + +  ( "0& 9&& "$$+ '0& 7 $/ + + + $ & "2  9$("$;+ '0& 7 $/ + + + 9$("$= 6 & " $=+ & .  $ 0 "/ + + +  (0 > $7  6 " (+ & .  $ 0 "/ + + +  $" & & (  $7+ (  $   / + + +  >&  $&. I$J+ (  $   / + + +  $6 ( $7  $&.( I$J+   $ & / + + + (    &6  +   $ & / + + +  $"  $7/ $ ,0 & & $   +

(! 4+  +  +  # -  ?$  # #&:  ->? - / $  $ /$ :  $ - # - B- +

6

2-"  &2

&' < (0; $7 + + + & ' <    $&7 $7 + + +

&' <     + + + &'  $(&(   " (& + + +

@II

    6

 ;3  2

&'  2  "  + + + & ' < ;; , &7 + + + 6

&' $&"6'  (  + + +  "+ @+ &6'  " $&7 2 $&7 + + + C+ &"&' & 0 7 ;=&  $ + + + D+ &' 8&& $& 7  $  + + + F+ &$$ ' # $&" 2  $&  + + + G+ &6/ 7  $'  & &;&$=  + + +/  + + +   + + + I+ & &6'  0> 2(& $  =  + + +O J+ &(0& =' ' "$& & && + + + + &$&"6'  9& "( &("$&6  $  + + + (+ &$&.  &"' #7  $ + + +O 4+ &0>&6  9 6' 6 &$=  + + + @+ &"   >" '     + + + , =+ C+ &"   " ' 6 " ,  $7 + + + (! -+  + "& 76 + &/ = /&  - - -$ :   = /$ :   ->?B    B /      "      + $&"6 &" & ,0 $ $ 6 &, " $

"  0 "

$  "=0 $0$&6    "6 " &6

0( (

> 

6 ,"2 72

"  $&=4 & " $6

"6 " 6$ "$6

(! .+  + "& 76   $& =+   :& $$ / &:+ &' 6 (0$7  $&&(& + ++++ $&( &6  0&  & " $++(++ "& / 

>++4++ ",/  (& 2 $&=,/  =  0&    $& + CJJ

7  B

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

& ' &= $&"2= $ $&" ' + &  O (+  6  >& O 4+ #   6 $ "  & "&(" K @+ ( 6  & K C+ /7= 9& *&"*=K D+   6 "$$6 & K

(! 5+  + #; $ I&"6J+   :& $$ / &:+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

#  =   " >& &"4/ &" + + + =    + < ( "0& (/  &" + + + &6  "+ 6 62   $  (  " (/  &" + + + , $7 " =+  $  = 0  /  &" + + + "&  $=.+ < $&" & 0  / . &" + + + $7  6+   / &" + + +  &  $& + %"4 "$$   . "& /  &" + + +  6 0 "+ CJ

   

G+ < ,0( ($ &7    / &" + + + &, &  F 0$+ I+ < (0 $7 & "&/  &" + + +  $4  $> $&(    $&&(&+ J+ 6  2  & &"(/ " ,   &" + + + 6  " (+ (! 6+  + #; $ I&"6J+ +$ # &# B - /  / - /#  # ># !& '+ +  2  "(

(0&$= $&( &+

 " ,  + '  >  "( + < $= $    $ + (+ '  = $&7 &"4+  (&  =+  (0&$=   $&&(& + < ; ( (0&7 $ =6+ 4+ #  =  (" 6 0& "$$+ !$$  0 7 "$=+ 6  $ "  9& "$$ + (! J+ :  >+ "& 76  "& *" +  -     $ / = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+

8& (  & 7=L ' + + + " 6 & =L  ' + + + "+ $ "&= "&= H & "=L " ' + + + "&=+ =   $   ( &/ 0&  & "=L " ' + + +  # >0  & $  =  "& +  &7L ' + + +   4 + + + &7=L7 '+ 7=.    "  26+  & 7 62   26  $! I# (/  4> &L' + + + BJ $ (;&/ 0& = 0 7 &L' + + + " >+  &(6L( ' + + + &+ 2 H 9& 0 7 &(=L( ' + + +  47+  0 7 &2"=L2" ' + + + 7 & 0 7 &2"=L2" ' + + + " +   7 "& H 0 7 &(6L(>' + + + 70+ '  > 0 7 &"$6 L"$6' + + + + 07; > 6    0 7 &"$6 L"$6' + + +

(! ))+ :  >+ "& 76  "& *"  "& $&" & 7 "0$& + $ ?   $# $ $ $ # - / &+ 8 * &/  / &6/ =&/ =&/ 6/ &"6& +  &"6 &$=  G 0$ (&"  "6 &$=  D 0$  0 "+  + + + $ G  D+ (+ 8& &(* @ " "+   " " D+ 8& &(*  + + + 4+ H  9& $& &  $ &K H  &/ 9&& $& + + + CJ(

7  B

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

   

(0&7$=' ++D++ $&7+   $ $  & "7;   " ( "=+ 70 &"L =' ++F++ (; (  "2>   "  "=+ 6$&" & $L $' ++G++   $ $/  0 "  (&( "$=  &$6L$6 ' ++I++ +   =&7 & $L $' ++(J++/   =&7 &$6L$6 ' ++(++ + %  (0$= $&7   (  " 2+ &", L "2' ++((++   &+ : #( &$&$=L$&' ++(4++   (0>6+   $, " ;  $ ;&/  (0$=  7 : #(+ &A  #+ A+ &+'/ HH &&B &#$# 

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

4 ,&  6&7  (  6  $2   6+ &A  #+ A+ &+'/ HH &&B &#$# 

/ IDI! DIKFJ' (! )-+    +  "6 276 7+ : &#  $  $ + < 2>  2(   "72 / 0  9& 6     "$&(/      .&7  / 0  9& 6      ";+ %  = $& (0&7$=  2 $ (, 76    / ,  4 / ( ($ 6, "( (0 / =  / 0& 66 ( , &"4  (6/  &  &" 6 $ , $$+ %/  " "/ =  / 0& ""&7  $$ 4  7=/  $ ( "&7/ &   $&"&7$= CJ@

7  B

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

)             *      O Q           O Q           O )         O E                    + )                   O Q                 O )         O )   O )        O )       O )           >O

(! ).+ ;   + : E $     $ $  / #& $ M%,$& &6$=0 $ +   $7 H   ;B  6 & & H $&7 $0$&7=B 2 *" "&"( & $,"&7 $ 2 06 $ " &6  & +  " ( 06, " " &$= $"  6  &  $ 47;  7;& "   $ .7 ""& $,0 $ "" / "&"(= " 9& (; * .7$&7B  = & 0&6 2 $& "2  "=& &$* " / "    $&" &&7$= $ 2 6 "&>"  2  "  $&. / "$     $(/   " ( $6" + CJC

   

$   FC "(    6 " $&  6"  =&   &/ $ .7  "6, $;0& 7  &7 = $B $     6   >& $  ( (4  "(   "(( / *" I#J " & &"& $  4>   H    & 7 &6+ " 0&& 7  0&& 7.B $ 6  / $  ,0 &$= ;/ $  (   "6 "( H 2&    " $(! #/ 6 0&&/  &6 =4 X 4/ *"K &$& I#J

   ;  $0$&7=  B (! )4+         + 0 $&  0 $&O  # =&  &  : & ) - =&    $ :     $   # $> - /> = 0>  #     > > C&   # :  $  $-  #   $- $- - B+ UW "&$ &  6   $  & " (=" " =&  "$6 &  "&  + - 7  "$ H 6=$&7/ $7  (="6 , " 0 $"  "6, "$&6, "( + ! (7&&6  "$ ;& "&7 0 $&  0 $& ( (4, &  " 0/  $ & 7/  ;  &6 &     2 ( (4 + &/  " "/ 0&  / $ $"&7  "$6 &  "&  / " >6  IG(   II(  ,!

&W "  $ /  "*  / 0&  &II(' + + +  ( $6 ;6 &  "&  H & &@' + + +  &C' + + +  & H " =& ( &  "  . 6 0$ 72 / 0  &J' + + +  &  + 0 (O  & 6&7/ &( 0& " 0 = &  $& (02 / 0  "72 O /  & 6&7/ ( " &   "$&  & "   &7$=

&7/     $&=;& &   , ( &  " K CJD

7  B

& " $ $"&7 6 "*  $ $&"2  "( &  "&  +  $ "6  72 $&"=& &  " H 0&  0$  72 / 0   0 &GJ,' + + +  +  0>  "0 O  &/ 0&   (& & "7  &(; 7   O / / 0 $& " 0 = "&   $&"2 &CC' + + +  & $& ,( +   , $ $&7 6/ 0&  ,& &     ( (/   "  ( &  " O  7 7  9&  6 $& 4> " B

V

? G+

0 4&  4 &  C 7  2&1" :    + "* $$+ :  -$ = $ &/- #  ->?B &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

G+(

% , "62 $&7 # 7$ ,=$& ( #.7  $ 0  %"=/ 4 $&  &

F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

#&"& 7$& %"$ "&  ","  $($$&/ (7&(" " &0 $= =& 7$&7

:    + & 0  7( &$=O - $$>? #$ = &  ->? - + 2  " 0 *.&  $ $& &$

"0 , ,& "(7> (0& 7

$$   0 $&"& 7

$$"2 .6 ", " &"&"

7       

      H  I       ! 4

#  ." #&

(! )+ % + / &6"  =+ 4  & - -&$&  &/ &# C &+ 6 +   + + + 0$&6  6 $ / &"6 $ "  $. +  " 6 0 7 "$+  6 7 &= + + +  $,/  6,   7,+   6  "2>  0 " $ (.6   $! H  ,"2 B +0(/ 0&6 $   6  B & . 2>  $    &  + + + $  $ +  + + + &  $(; (  $! H + + + $>     $(; (+ "2  $+  " 7=, + + + $&7=/ $> "(    + &= + + +   $ "6  $   $! CJF

   

H  "$  $   $(B < ,0(/ 0&6 $   6  $ B & . $! H + + +  $(; (/ &"(; =  &  /  + + +   > 9&   + + + + "  &+ &=   0 / + + + / "/ ,  $ &.  "6(+ &= $! H   $   &B < 0 7 20(/ 0&6  &    + + + B & . $/ 0&6 &= + + +  9&     $(; (+ $ 7; &= $ &.  ,  (2  " ;+ &= + + + (2 $

(2 $"&7 =  $ (+ (2 + + + =0 " 7   &/  ($6 =06 "+ &= 0 7 ; $  +  $ $&"  $>  "! H $ 7; (02 $ B +0(/ 0&6 $ 7 + + +  $ 0+ %  & . + + +  $(; (  + + + & / 0&  " &  $ $0   / &   $ / &   &  & "7  $ + (! *+ 5+ "$76+ 4      :>    &$ :> 4   & $   +  * & '  "(  "$! I=& 7   $ J -=. & '  "(  "$/ 0&6 = =& 7   $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+

# "  $/ 0&6 + + + - "(.  # >0 ,0 &/ 0&6 + + + -". "=   "$/ 0&6 + + + -. ".  = ,0 &/ 0&6 + + + - "  & 7.  "/ 0&6 + + + - 07. & .   / 0&6 + + + - &.

(! ++       +   +    &#  $  $  & &/ &## # $     :>    &$ :>+  ! +    &(  "2> # "> K (+ 0 ( (   6 , $&"  K 4+ /&   (/   ( / 0&  "&" & K @+ /&  (   $& K C+ (  ( , " &   0 (K D+  ( $& (K F+   & 7K G+ /& $&   $ .7 = # ">K I+  " 0$& $ (&6/ &"6  $    $ ! H  "7 + + + H ;0  . 0 + + + H &  *6  + + + H " =&  0 + + + CJG

7  B

H   *"&0 + + + H . 6  4  "&" + + + J+ /& # "> 2>  , 7 K +  *7 $=   $$ & K (+  # "> "$ $&" &7 K (! ,+          + /& 0&;& *".(6O  && $  $  &/ : # / B $ & =&$ $- &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+

)             O Q      

   1              O )           O E             + Q   

                O 8     1         O )      8        O )     8       O )         8  O )            O )     8             O )                O Q             O )             /       *    5  O C+ E       8           

   1   + (! -+ 7       + $$ $=&$$   " +    &  # $ # $  $  - &    &/  /#  & &$ $ $  & +  ! $&=  $ " &  &7 ("   0 "K  " 2;&$= " 6  *&6  2  $ 7 K  6 60 "$7  26 H 2/  &($ /  2 K #7 "   $7 72= "    2 /  0& 6 ($  $ &7  9& " =K  6 & 0  (", H   ,&    6( (0& =K  6 6" "  &  2  2 O  "  &6 6 0 6"K /$&  ( $ 6 &"76 "&6/ 0>&6  9 6K 6 "&  $  " =L   0 "L  $(&  $" $ 7=K  6 & 6,  " $7  $(&  $" $ 7=K ' / 2 (/ 7  0 H ( "($$,/  "$, 27  ( $  $&" K  &2 =/ 2 (/ 6 6&7   ( (0& =/ " & =  $&"2 $$K CJI

UNIT

(J

.

In this unit you will learn how to:

.   *     .      .       

   A To be able 

p

6 # #   2 -7-2 &  

    

        * $ / !   * $ + (A&7 $   

07 $   L  

+&G F &B7 &" < (A F 0&?&7 A&6 B /  (A (A & "($   $"G+ 0&?&7+ & &F 0& B & &F 0& B (0@ ?;$7 "F$$ =6B' ?(2 '

CJ

($ A&7 $   <  ($ A; "0&?&7 E&( A&(  ?&"+ & &F 0& (  G  & "A / = ?=&'

<  (A; "@&7  &?$+ & &F 0&  (0? &?$ =C'

<  F  $?&7/   >&+ & &F 0&  ?; B ? " $ '

 " &?  $ ? " $  &  *B(/   ($ A $?&7/    F A,&7+ & &F 0&  &?& B0$7 A&6'

' $ =&A$=06 " >/ &B"6 (A (A & , @&7+

  "G &$= B$  "?.  (A B & , @&7+  ? 6 C   & "F" / 6 @ B7&7$= (@0 &A+

 &5A  = ($ A &@  "F(  "4?&7$=+  ($ A $, @&7  &A(   "F&7 @ B" =+

7  @



+ &   ,  2 +*$  ,0+ @ :   - 1 &?&7$=  7?, "?&7  2?,&6 ?&7



"@&7 $ ?$ 0?&&7  2@ F$ &B&7

 @&7 2@( "?&7  &?"

+     8   ,  2 & +*$  ,0+ ( $ $* -  # - >1 $ A&7 F  ? &7 $F2&7 F6( ?&7$=  &A 0&?&7 ;@6, ?&" $&"A&&7$= $ "(7G $, @&7  $&A( "&B&7 ?2  ?=

$

$&"?&7 ("?&7 B&( $&"A&7 &  @" ?&7$=  *B "&B" 0&?&7 A&6 $ A&7  ?" $, @&7  B$&  "(7G

+ &   - - - ,   76            

'

& ' 07

&F 0&

<  F 0&?&7/ <  F &7/ <  F "A,&7/ <  F &"C&7  "7/ <  F &. ?&7/ <  F $&?&7 "? F&"/ <  F (0?$&&7  $ ?" /

&F 0&   &B$7   F+ &F 0& 2@  " B& + &F 0& $? B(+ &F 0& @& B"+ &F 0& C ;0+ &F 0& & "G 0@+ &F 0& B  F$7+

   8   # ' 2 & > - - 6             < $  $0A B" =/ ? $?/ 0&  ">&$=  B07/ 6 B0 "B&(   A;/ < =?& 7 "A ( $ " @&7/ ?&" $&( A&  ">& @(  &A(/

A$ ($ A$ ($ A$ ($ A$ ($ A$ ($

A & > "0&?&7+ A  "@"&7 ?6 + A; B  $?&7+ A &  $A  &B($+ A;  ?  &,B  B  +

C

   

B Indefinite pronouns and adverbs 

p



p

        8 #   - - - "@$  ?&  & 0 F& &&T 0&&T B&T

6 "B7  ?&+ <  &  E& $C2+  "&@" 0 F& ?$ $ &+ && & A @/   $?/ 0& " ?&7+ ?  =?& 7 0&&   "@&7+ ", @ B& (0@  $ "?2 & G+

        8 #   - - - "/*6:.O  ?( 7  ( 7 &( 7T 0&F 7T B( 7 KF 7

 ?( 7 &6 $ B $> (? 27+ 6  F 7 6?  "@. O $ &F 7 " >&/ ($&7   >&  G+ ' B( 7 $&7 " ?2K  07/ 6 0&F 7 " F + ' $ $&7 B( 7 ,"B2 & &@K 6 $ (0@$7  B( 0 F( 7  F 7+  &

T    !        >               #+ )               #O 8       *      0;   1 &4+F'+ (!+ 2        #*                   + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

 G &  0>&L 0>( 7' $ "?2K ? = &0&B&L0&BF 7' &A& F 2> &+ % &A. &0A&L0 F 7' $ 0?$ ?=&K ? $ 0?$ F0& &B&LB( 7' *"?$ =C+ #@/ &6 & ?&L ?( 7' 6 ;>K ?& $ > &0&&L0&F 7'  $> + 7 $  ? &( ?&L( ?( 7' $ 2@&+ $ &&&L&F 7' "$$? & ?2( &?(/ & 6 B 7>+ % G $ "?2 &?=&L?=( 7' $ &@0= A(2+ ? $  ? " "? &$=/ $  ? &0A&L0 F 7'  B7+

C Negation 

p

C(

>  8 8 #  /( H  ?   A  ( ?  &F   ? 

<  ?    E& F. + <  A   $ &@+ < ( ?  (, @+ < (A B &F   (0? @$ + < ?  F E& B&7+

7  @



p

>  8     / H &B  B  F  B   $       

0&B  0 B  0 F  0 B  0A    0> 

 

&B  ", @+ 0 B B ?  (?+  E& F  "@& B

8      0;   1 &J++'+ /             

    + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

&B  ", @   @+  "&@" C & B/ B A 6 B+   $    "@  E&+ 0&B >  "? + 0 B B 6  (?+ ?($&/  E& F  "@& B 6 &  & B 0 B  $@ (?&7+

' "A + $  $ 0* + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+



& ", @K #   &6 6? 0 "?K   6 "@K B &6 D27K /& &6 $?K  0>  $ "$@K /  &6 ? 27$=K %6 (A "$$?  E& FF 7K  BF 7 "$@  7 " A=K 6 $ AF 7 "?"K

6 4  0+     

    /                  #"&? &  %("A (' ' " ( ?& &A./ ( "?  &7+ #&? ?&= "F $"&B+ A( C ?&; @&7  "@&7/ A  C &7+ B ( ?& A 6/ "B G  $ &>& /  @ C D  A 6 / $? @  "B 7+ G = A A0(  "@&  A! H A0  A&7/ 7> ?&;  $ A+ C4

   

  ? & 0? &! H  $@, &A ?&7 A( + 7> A0( H $A ==  A   > ( >&/ A  0& F & $B ( @&7/ A0  F & 4  $@&7+ G =  F  "@&! H (/ F  4   $B $&7+ #&?  &>& 7 A0(/  G @ ?&;  $ A+ &;     )       1     =  / A  (/ 3    #/      7  / ID! 4@' !              

  A $&7 ?$&7 B&0 $&

$

p

$ "&7 "@. &A&

A&$ & "@$

B

D 6

>  8     8 #  F   F  

    

                *2         $  L     <  ?  $(0?;+   A  "B& &+ @ 0 B  A+ ?   0>  F &+ 6 B  @+ ?  $    , @  B+

$ L      A  $(0?&7+ F A "B&&7+  A0  A&7+  A  0  F&7+  A C @&7+  A $   C &@  B+

' "A + 4  &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

C@

 ?K  K ( ?K 0&K &K 0&K ( ?K &K

H 7 $  ? $ 2@/  C $  ? + + + + H ' $  *(7&A& + + + $ A&7   @&7 B* + H &7  "A $F0/ + + + &@ A0 "+ H 6 ,&A &@  B/   & ?&", + + + $&"A&7+ H  + + + C  E& $A&&7$=+ H  + + + "@&7 "( $ "F+ H "&@" B0 7 ? 7=/ + + + $&?&7 "G7+ H  $F0/  "F$&/  + + + "F(  ?&7+ &A"&'

7  @

D One another /

p

9    .2      *       

    +

"( ( "F

"( "F(

"( "F

"(  "F

"( $ "F

"(  "F

"(  "F

!?72 6 0?$& 6? "( ( "F+ 6 0?$& @ "( "F(+ @ ,"2B ?;& "( "F+ A(2 $ G$7   ? $&"A "(  "F+ @ B B6 "( $ "F+ ", @&   F/ "(  "FB @  6?;& "(  "F +

/        *          6  @  "( "F (A B  &+ @ B  &? ;@ "( "F+ 6 B " @$6 $=/   ?  @ $7 "( $ "F+ D  C ?&7 "( "F(+ $ 6 ,"2B ? & "( "F+ 6 B B6 "( $ "FK @ $ $$A = @ "F/ 0?$& , @ "(  "F(  B$&+ #&"@ A B&$7 "(  "F + @ $$B"$7  & A"7 "( $ "F ?   "B;&$=+ # 2B76,  & @ "@ "( "F( "? (+ !?72 6 0?$& 6? "( ( "F+ " $&"A0 @  (? "( "F+ A&/  ,"2B $ @$6&7 "( ( "FB @ $  ? ?;& "( "F(+ D  B0 $&G  B0 "  "(  "F+

/

      ,' '  :+);  ( :* &   , $ .+ /         "B&&

&BO !@$ O & B D&L D&O & $   >&O

@& O ; @ O

& 0&   , A$&+ "0 D& &B+ ; @  $&( A& 0?$& ,B =&  B$& "(  "F(+ #&( A& D& !@$(+ "0  &B F& "G  "( $ "F+ $$@"2  @& D=& "( "F+ !@$   A" F& "( $ "F+ &B   A"  @ =& "( "F+ "0  @& F&  B "( & "F+  A"  ; @ 0?$& @2(& "( "F(+ #&( A&  @&   "B;&$= "( $

"F+ CC

   

/

+    ,  2+ & (-  " + < $$ B * -+ &*/- :   ,  $ >, 

 #   + :* & - &,&+  ,# & - 1: -, #   + /    

 $ 7A B6, ? 6 ? & $> A$&  $&B+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+

on

A (2 $  ? $ @& ( ?+ ? $  ? $ @&  "B& ?(2/ @  A"+ A&=  ?2  ?  $ G& "G  "( $ "F+  "B& ?2 C0 $ @& ? /  "G  $  $ @& A&=+ ?   ?(2  ?  $ G& "G  "( $ "F @  "B& "(

"F+

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

2

24 &   :&1"  2   

6

/ '6 >           1

(

 ?

$( 7G

>           1 ( H  ? CG

$( 7G H  ?

 ? H (

$( 7G H (

7  @

>          1 ( H  ? ( H $( 7G 6

$( 7G H  ? $( 7G H (

A 6 0             1 8      

  (          

&K +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

2$

 ? H (  ? H $( 7G

/& A &K ( G &$= "? ( &$= (4? &$= (6? &$= ?0 &

K $ ( A  "? $& &$ "? $&7;' $ (4A  $ (C $ &0?= 

)   @3  3         

   6         

  ($& 6 $ " 06 &6 / =$7/  /  $ $0$&6  0&6  (2 ;  ( + "    (0 $&;/ # $& 0  $   & $6?  "; !  6 6B  6$;!  & = ;;B &+ #+ (2/ G(G'

F Reading and lexis 5

6 4  62 3          

                 .          (0@& 7$ B& A$ ? $ A A$7 (0& A+ #&?"6 (0@& 7 & ?& $?! H  "A  $?0  G F&+  ?  $&" 0? 0 A $ &@ @  B&0 $&+  ? " A 2=$=  2B( (0@& 7. $&B"/ &B $@7 ?=/ "@! H (/ E&  ( @& 7+ &0 $& ?2 H ( $/ "F$$,/ B7 "A  +  & $&"?$&7!  @=/  B&0 $& (  G $?6 6A6 H &?7=  $? "/ H  = &B  $, " B  ? $ &@ @  B&0 $&+ #&?"6 & ?&  0&?& 7 $?! CI

   

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

 CK [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[  "A= CK [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ B$ CK [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

(+  ? "@=& (, @&7O

C((

&  F0 & B$ F0 &F&"

7  @



on

!&       &(" 2  7+-   )   &/,# && B-  $:,&  $ - +  $&" 0?;& $&AO

&. F;&$= & "B;&$= ? "((

/& " E& "G& B$&  ,G  O  0> "@=&L "@=& "@&7  $? 0? A0 "/  ? $"?;&$= B$&O & " 2? &/  ? $ @&7$=  $&   "$$?&7$=  $&BO  "2?;& $&A  $&O  0> "@=&L "@=& "@&7  $&BO   "G& ,G(  FO /& "G&  .A F/  ? 6,B =&  $&?O  "4?;&$= $ $&GL,G K %B$&6! & "B$& &B$&6O  0&LB 7;&K



ED  *+ FF  ( "?7 @  "?7K $ "$@  B$& " @&  ?2  "F/ C $0@+ + 6 @&   $ "?2 & /

(+ 6 " 2@ " $&@

&& 4> F &   0 "@ + &0& F &  F+ &0& " $&@ $ $B+ &(&C( ?+ &. &C+ &*A&6+

4+ 6 " 2@  A&7  0A" ?&7 L$&D  ?$&(+ @+  $&G, 6

C+ B$ A0 " 6 . F &

D+  $A (;4 7 6  "@& ,G 

&$? & B(7   ? & &? 0+ & "B$& "" 2A=  $?&7 B(7+ &$? 6"? & $ A A$&  $&B+ & "B$& A"6 &$&  ,G(+ &,G(+ &,G+ &"F( ,G+ & "4? & $7 $ ,G  ? "((+ &  B0& + &  &  *B(+

0                   +

          *

 !$$@ "@=& . ?&7 ,G /  ( $ + + +

C(4

   

Q 

-

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

7 + + + " 

G+

   + + + ".( "7 + + + $ ( "7 + + + " & + + +  & I+ " 0 + + + &  "( (0  + + + $&" 9  + + + & "&(" $ .$& + + + ",& &(" "" + + + &  *( J+  & + + +  , + + + & &" "2  + + + & &"    + + + &;

(! ++        + #*7=  &"+ $  $ # && $ /> = + $ &$ "&7' ++++ ( #*7=  &" $&(   ("$6 2 $+   6  "   "" $& & "* $$=' ++(++!  7 = &7 0& & " , &7L " &' ++4++  & $=&6 $$' ++@++  4>  $" 0>& "&6&7  7+ 0 &2 ' ++C++/    ( & &$ &7L$ &7' ++D++ $&( & 76 C(@

7  @

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

  5         &   '+ &' )  :  A           O &(' Q      O &4' %  *         O &@' )          O &C' )      >  5  O &D' %   >   O &F' )           *    O &G' )              O (! ,+ = + 72   7+   :& $$   / $-+ 8& 6 72   7+ %;2 (     + % 6  "$6, "(2 /  0 $&"  &7    =+ H 0/ = 0 7 &,& &7' ++++ 9&   =+ H  $ 0$/ %;2+ # 0$ =  &07' ++(++ & ( &7L( &7' ++4++ + %;2 6 2 $&7  &+ & . > &("&7L( " &7' ++@++ &"    +  6

7 %;2 &$&" 0&7L$&" &&7' ++C++ &7    & &7L 07' ++D++  $& $(( $ " (&+ $  &" =  & ", &7L "&' ++F++  + %;2 &&7$=L  07' ++G++ $ &7    >+  &  $" $ 7  &  , &7L  &' ++I++  "& %;2  $! H $&/ 0+ & &L &' ++J++   ( &7   =+ 0 6 0 7 " +   &6&7' ++++    /  %;2 ,&  &7   =/ &"    "72 + & %;2 & &7L  &7' ++(++  "+  ,&  &7   = $ "(7=+   7 &"&7$=L "&7$=' ++4++ $ +  "(  % &   &7L   &7' ++@++  = 0+ H  ( & = "$6   7B H &"0&7L"0&7' ++C++ 0+ H & &7L &7' ++D++  / = ,0( "&7 $ + C(C

   

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

"(  &+ H & &7' ++(C++/ 0/ 0 &"4&7L "(&7' ++(D++ &    =/ H $ + H 8&/  "/ ,"2= 0+  $"( & &7L =&7' ++(F++/ 0&   ; 72 & &' ++(G++ "(=  &+ H < (/ 0& 0 72 (    & ", &7L "&' ++(I++/ H $ %;2+ H  &6  & (&7O H & & &7+ H (  "&7 ; =+ $ &6 ( 27  "&7 ; =/  & =    & 6&7L(&7' ++4J++ + &  "$$( +   &/ A   A  / (   /  " *$6 $&(  = &   ("  &(" $$&  .  + + + "  "+ $ = "&  9&&   &(" + + + " # $&"= H + + + " / #1 H + + + + # 0$  #1 &(" $& + + +   0 $ &" 9+  , $&",/  + + + / &  + + + "/ &(" ( "  6, &  "  $&/    &$=/ 0&  + + +  (   " & $

"(  6 90 $ =& 7$&+ !$$=  /  $  /  >& I$ (&>J+ 2 &(" &$&  =&7 ( ($& 2$+  "2  ( 7 + + + "$$$, &("$&/ & 6,2, + + + / " 2 "=  "6 $&"6, *"/ (= 2 "$$$   &("$&$  +  $&"6 &("$&$ *"6/   ( "0/ 7 6$&" + + + / 0& !$$= H 9&  /  "06 $&0  & &("$&/  + + +   $" 6&  "$$$ &("$&0 $ "6+ # 0$  $   $  !$$ $(4 $&( & 0& + + + "( 6, &(" &$&+ !.   ( + + +  2 I "4 6J &(" &$& $$&&  &/ 0& $&"6   ( + + +  ;& ,"2 "&6 $=  $ ( "(+ C(F

   

 (& " &7 &("$&( 2" 6" + + + $&./ &"$ "&  9" "&  + + + / &7 $ + + + ? (& ""&7 0"& "6 + + + " $6+  " 9& + + +  &("    ( , $> " =  ;&+ % 0&  + + + " =/   "=&  / "$$$ &("$&0 $  = (" & + + + (" .= $ $&"6 "( 6, *"+ &  & " I  .=J/ ;7 II@' :   +  * + )     *       O (+ 9                       2+ 4+ )            0* 1   0 1     O @+ 9            O C+ Q      

     O D+ Q       *            O F+ )                O G+ )    *     O &E      ' I+ )       O J+ )        M         O (! *+          + 8$ "&   $&+    &  $  $ C &+ &/ & C &+ :   +  * + Q   0    1 

       /  '+ 8       2                 & "  $&&7$=  + + + L + + + L  $&7  + + +  $&'+                      2+ 9   

 

     / 2     *        /    /     2 /              & " $& ? " & 7$&7? " & ,  "",= , C@F

E '  

"  '           + 3   *                     /     1             

              2               +                 /            2      + :  /                    2       1                        +          /   /        5              2 !                + 

5         8 /                 2+ 9     2  H  !      &            '/       &                    '         &   !           "      '+ :  /                     >  +   /                    + 8 

/     2         

            2+



C   /  &  !   9      

    

 2   H + 8     H  I/                &'       2             * /              +         2? 

                       * 1     /     /       +             +                * 1    &   /       /       /              '+                    +            

   2    /        &     '                  + = 2                    

        /                /                          

* + 9    /     /             2       +  2       2         + :            2    2  +              

       2         + )                

C@G

E '  

    /                    /  /    / / "/  /        

2 +  

                     + 3  H   H  (

/     A      L     L                              L        > &0   # 1!                            /       /  /       ? 0:&1!             '+ CC@

E '  

/  /  

 + 

+               *      + 9         

      !              *2    /     

        

 + /  9+ =  

     2/     1      

      /      

           &      

'!                /     O                2   + 3               +      2    

  &   '  2+ 9  *      1                    0 1+ 9       /              /     

/     + 9   /                                      2              +                 1  + 9  *         2      /  2   2  

             2+ 9       2    01/     

          L   + 9    1 2   /  *               2            L                        

/    5                /      /                         + 

5 

 "  /  

9                           2   2      2  /          /         + 9                          /           2+ 9      

                        2!      /   2     2/       1      2       + %

C   /  !      & =                2/   

              + 9                 ! &'                  CCC

E '  

     !       1    /    *   / 

   

         2 &('       1              0 1         

      *       

        

 0  1  /    0  1                   /  *   2   &    /        '/      2         / 

          +                2       /   5                      &         K   

   

    /   >  /        '+             1                        +        

               1 &'                      / & '                             2 / &' 

      2  2      * 

 &'  *                 *        + 

C   /  / &    !  

6

   ' B 

           

   2!              

  &  /    '      

   &              '+ 9 H  4/    /       



   I 6 &7  $6J       +       

        

 

+  2         

! .       

      2  .   *      !    

5             .            &       '          .                   8   /  2    .       >      

!                        5

                  1           + :      

                +      

       5       "!      

                5                 

       CCD

E '  

     + =   >  /       

 0    1      0*  1/           

               +         

              & L  '         1      

+ 6

 '     ' B 

Q          +    

  /                  1  /        2                       2+ =

                       /    + =

            

  +              + >      +                  

        /      +    + =                             L 

      2+ :    + :               2+  

5        1 /   /         /   >  /         + &    

2    

    +                  2  2     2       +' $F+ =    2                &   '    5              2+                     + 8

   + &" 70 /$ " $7  " .; $7 & " &   $7 "("$     8 ("  " =   = 7& $7B   &( /  ; ( / + + + ($&" I ;J

                  

           

        

                          

                

                                          

     

     

           

G+( I+8 G+=@ J+ I+C (+( @+8 I+C C+=D D+8 4+( F+( F+( (+I (+8 J+8 I+8@ + I+( (+J J+D (+ G+ +#( D+D I+C I+4 C+F I+4 4+#G (J+C (+8@ F+ D+D C+( C+= I+8( G+ F+ @+#@ 4+4 F+4 I+4 +( I+%4 D+( DI

B & B 

 6 $  "$$ $ &(& / 0& &7 0 (  >7 6" & &(  (; "* $$;O 0 (  "$$ " $7O " " ,  (.6 "  "($$ "  "2   &("   ( " $  =6 "6  6 "$76 (&7  ; &"(  ! $&7 ! 6 !$$$   !$$=   " $&&$& #2  #= # & #  6 7 # "> #"& #$&  "= #  ." #& /  $6  + + + #7 $&& 2 "&" &O #7 $&&  7O #7 "  O #(0  "  # &6 & / & ,0 & ,( &7 #*7=  &" #.7= (,& "= #.7 $,0 $= $( $& #0   *(& #0  "$$ #&"  $&"(, #&"2 $$ $ "$ + + ++ #&"6  ( #&,&" =  " #&( &  " #(  & " % 6"! &      O %     & %  *6 ""6 %  *= (  I%"$J    %,= 7   6 DI(

   (+;4    +%(

      G+@ "47(.4 MM;^  

     

        

     

     

         

     

       

                    

       

       

                                

       

             

F+ C+( I+( D+%( (+( (+@ I+( I+D C+D D+4 (J+ G+J 4+4 @+G D+I G+I (J+4 C+# I+4 @+4 D+4 @+C C+C G+4 (J+4 F+ I+=4 4+;( @+4 G+G I+#@ F+J +@ (+;( +G G+C J+F @+ @+%( C+; D+4

B & B 

%, 7>&$= &, + + + %,6 %$& %"   = %6  6 ' "= '   $&" 0   6 $6 '$&    " $=&7 ' = " .= ' "6 : #( ) $&7 $$0 $ (6  "6( ) $&7 $($$& I 6 0J )$&7 (6  "6 +& $  " $6&7$= - =  ("7 -"7  "(2 />"6 &   "( / &6"  = /& 6 &6 $ / $ 6 6 2 O /& 6  &  $" O /& 6 0& & O /&  &O /& (;& (06   46  $ 7 O /&  >&  &  "(O 9/& ( $O: /& 0&;& *".(6O /7 >6  (7= (02 17 " 1 ( ,0 27 + + +O 1$&0 1(&  ;"$& 1(& 8$ "&   $& 8$ " $$ H  "$ : 97 :" $ :" <  6

                        

             

         

        

     

        

     

     

     

                 

     

                

     

F+QC D+#( J+C C+8( (J+@ 4+J (+F C+  G+4 I+4 4+ 4+#4 4+# G+( C+4 @+D C+I I+ I+#4 D+@ F+4 4+;4 F+( @+D D+ I+@ F+ @ F+Q( I+F I+@ D+C F+ (J+( F+( G+%( G+% D+ F+@

DI4

  4   &  & & 

4/  / H  4   ? ;    @+(   C+(? 7     4+4 %   >/ H  4# =    & '/ H  48? ;    J+( 4= / / ;    F? 7     +      &

  '/ ;    F+@+4   F+@+@     / H  D=? ;    F+@ %   / H  KF? ;    F+ Q     >   / ;    F+ A >/ ;    F+(+ :   / H  I8? ;    F+4 :    / H  D=? ;    F+C 4/ / ;    J+? 7     I++   I+(  " =/ $ / / H  D#? ;    J+4+

/ H  (

/ H  4% $+ + + + + +/ H  J=? ;    J+4+    / H  48? ;    J+4+ 8         / H  %? ;    J++( ;   / H  J%? ;    J+4+   $7/ H  %? ;    F+(+4 %   > 9&&/ &&/ H  %? ;    F+(+( A >/ H  D#? ;    F+(+? 7     +4 '  (*   8 / H  @? ;    I+@++( A/ H  D? ;    I+4+@+( A  / H     D   / H  ? ;    (+? 7     +4+(        L=/ H  (=? ;    (++4           7/ H  (? ;    (++(  /  / H  D   F? 7     D+4        / H  F=   D ;      / H  F=? ;    (+@ A   / H  F# #0!$   $ $     / H  @# $ $     / H  I? ;    I+I+@ 0    / H  G 0&6/ H  I 3  / 5/ H  I? ;    I+I+4+4 : / 5 / H  G 0   / H  C   4? ;    @+C   C+C? 7     C+4 0 /   $7O/ H  @=? ;    J++4  O/ H  %? ;    J++4 0 O/ H  C? ;    J++4 / H  =? ;    F+D &O/ H  =? ;    4+( (  O/ H  48? ;    J++4 &(  O/ H  D#? ;    J++4 0 (O/ H  @? ;    J++4 $7O/ H  @= 0 / H  F8? ;    F+D 0&O/ H  ? ;    4+(

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

A *2     / H  @%/ D/ C=? ;    I+F+@ A     &  '/ H  D   F? ;    I+(         / H  I   4=? ;    I+G H *2     / H  C   4? ;    I+F+K4  + / H  4 + / H  4=? 7     4 A/ H  4=? ;    I+G +  8  L  / ;    (+(++(/ (+(+4+(   (+@+@ 5       / 7     I+(       / 7     4+@+   

   / 7     @+4

DIF

6 &    

    +J + +( +4 +@ (+J (+ (+( (+4 4+J 4+ @+J C+J D+J D+ D+( D+4 D+@ F+J F+ F+( G+J G+ G+(

                              >    !                             

      / 5              / 5        2  

    2                1                            Q   7            7     ;    :  :      N     

B    I+J I+ J+J J+ J+( J+4 J+@ J+C J+D

)             1   %       Q            )         Q             )          Q           )            C44

E '  

J+F J+G J+I J+J J+ J+( +J + +( (+J (+ (+( (+4 (+@ (+C (+D 4+J @+J C+J

Q        2  72 *  %     

  )     2  72 2  Q       

       

!  /   /              /               +



-       !   &'        1             !                                                          ? & '              /        >            !        5                                      

      /                         /                           ? C4C

E '  

&'                        

            ? &'      

          &  /   /        '? &'    >     

   ? & '                  /   

            ? &'       5                

         + 

-    

/   !  

&'                   ? & '                          /                           ? &'                          ? &'         

  

                            ? &'       1            *            *  + 

-  / = /  !                !   =             2   &'                    2   !       

  / 5 /  /    &  /      /  L     '? & '    

 /     /  5         2   !                   0N     1?  

  ?      ?         ? &' /  "        /              

   !      

    ?        /  / *  /   /     / /        "      ?          ?            L

      ?     

   2? &'   

   

   ? &' 2               2   !        /  / ?           

          2    ? & '            !                    /             + &'                   +

C4D

E '  

9 /     5      

               + 

-    !            !         /       2    ?      *       /       2      2?            /                  +                      +                                      /          2   5     1  +



- "*"            "              0 L /  /  /     1+    !  0            1?    

 0    2         1+          5        + :                *    + #              2     

                   *        +     5      

            +      2    +                     +



-   7  9     !

 

                5            2   +    / 

             !                    +                         !              2              0   1      2 /            

  /      + 

-   7  9     !  

 

 2       5        

      .               ! &'    !    /    /     /

      /    /   /      /   & '    ! /  /  /    /      /        /         /       /   /       &'   !   /  /     C4F

E '  

          5                              2+                   2                .             5           

    +                                  +                  /      /             + 9             1   

     /         2            &+ (/FJJ'/            &+ FJJ'+  "      1        2/     

      /     

     2       

  + 9        

21               /     /

   *        1    +         2                   + 9  2   /    /             & + + + L $&( &7 + + + L 0&7/ 0&7 L 0&7 2(+ + +              0 1  0 1! (0&7$=/ (0&7/ &7$=? (0&7/ "  &7/ + :      2                      *2   *2+ 8   /               ?     2                          *+              &  /            '              +                                            2! &'  & ", 6 '  !             2                         &++/  1    2        H  J'? &('   2! 2    

     

                      &6 &7 (!    H  J 0( 71     6& (   &7$=    2'? &4'  2! 2    

                2     &&7/ (0&7$=/ "&&7? " &7$=/ $&( &7/ &' &'0&7/ " ,&7/ 6& (/  &7$=/ $&&7/ ( " &7    2       H  I   J'+ 

-    !  *"    =

2   /    *  /          + 9          *            /       /     + E     2       

/        +                + %                 2         

C4G

E '  

           + Q /       /                  2           + 9     1     0 1           

       1              2       &                 '       2 & 2       /    

       '      & /  /    '+ =

 2/      0    1/     2 /                  2          + 9     1       1      *       5          +     

 2    

    + 

     & /        '                 2  2     2       + :            2                 

            2      /     2               2 + 

-                                 2                +                /              /                    +



-   $             0  1+              !                      +  *              2 +          2       + #            O =                

       /          

     

        2/                                  +                                                                      + :                   5   

          /                   

  +



-                  + 3     /                              2       + %              C4I

E '  

                +                 /      1/ 5  +



-  !            ! 9           &   /      '+  2     &H  DKG'       2   !      ?      H  G                       + 9         /   H     /          2       2   2+ 9       1   5                 5          + 9                  

          +    

       1       5    

               2   / 

          *      &'              / & '         

   &'      /     /               2+         !  *                */     1     2    2        

        +        

        +      2         *      &'   2    +        

       + C@(

E '  

: ! + =

        /          * +  2 &        '                   2      5           + %

C &    *   2                  + +  2                 2   + :   2            

+ :             !           

  /                       + 3  5         2+ 9       

5               /            + =          2           2 2         +  2 2      1     2   &'       .  &$ 7=! &7/ & ./ $6/ 07/ "&/ $ $&"/ +'? &('            &" / " &7$=/ " / " / " & 7/ "  '? &4'       >  &  9&/  $&6 $& 7/ "26  / 9&  =/ &" 9&'     

  &$&7 "&"(/ "&7 & ($/ &7$= "($$ =6/ , &7 2'   &@'                                    +

%

                  1  +            2          !/           + 9          2        

          2 + =

     +   2             !    2 /  /    /     &       '    

        5 +

D

 !   

D

     07    1                  2              +                   /                           5                    2            + 9          C@4

E '  

  5           /     5    5       * +                        2           *     + :                      +      2             2               +     2         5  +  5              

   5     2       + 9                               + 9          9      &7 / 8  / ;    :  '          +                          

 /                +  2     

     &       ' "     + )  2      /             + D



 

"

:           0;   1       /                   + 9       "        + 9             !                    "   "+  0;   1         07    1  + A

1" 

A

1

" ! !

 0:   !1  2    

                 +         ! 

     5     + :                    +                                       > !  /    /       O         O         O A

+"  &  0N     1                 

       + #            2                    + 9                         

   

        +  2            

  /           /     5      +

C@@

E '  

    .   "

 "

"

 1?                     /          &++   '/   *2   . / .?         2                2/         + &  / IGC/ IGKI'     2     + 2      ! /  5 /   /  + &E  / IGG/ CG' 1              + &:/ IFF/ 4'         /    /  / +  # */ IGJ/ C! #          

       

                     

        +  /    /      *               

    +1       "             2   *                        +         K   /    /   /      /  + 3           

       &# / IIJ/ ' =                                  + 9  / "       /        + &  / IGC/ 4JJ'

6" # / 

 &IIJ' :   /  * 8 $  8    / .   3 32 ! # 

+ # */ + &IGJ' 08  *      !    *               +1 9  '/  $ /   &(   > '/    &2  > '+ .               >                   !  !# H  !# ?  $ H  $ ?  ! H  ! +         2      ?    

  

     !  / !# /  # / P + +(+4

: 

    4!    / / / / / #/ $   "    

  + .                           ! /

 $+ .             (   >          

       !  /  /  + +(+@

: 

    @!    / / #/ $   "    

       + .                              

     ! " /  + .                              

     !  + .                             

    E3  !  /  $/ "/ "+ .                             

      ! #/ "/  "+ .                "             !

"/ "/ "+ .   /        >            

     /   /   &      '     &  '        !  + +  +

   72 72( &' 72

   72 72 &' 72

.   /         >        

        /  /  &      '    &  '         !        + ,"2  ,"2  + ,"2 ( ,"2   + &' ,"2  &' ,"2  D@

  E          >        / /      

   / / / +       + 8 2 ! "($$ "($$=

64

/

(+

; 

(++

"($$/ "($$(/  "($$ "($$/ "($$/  "($$

$&",

     7  =  = &'  =,

 .  .  .  .=  .= &'  .=,

& &"  & &"  & &"  & &" = & &" = &' & &" =,

  (+4+4+

(+@ (+@+

: 

    : 

                     / / / / / #  $   /  /  /  ! / !   #+ &: +(++' :          ( 7+ &( 7 $ &( 7 &/ $/ 0& = $" " (+

4+F+4

9 *                       0&'   1+ H         /        +

64

) &    &  ""    

@+

        2   

 ! .   >     ! .   >     ! .   > *   >! .   > *    ! .   >L       ! .   >  ! .         !

@+(

& . 0& &+ & . ($&+  "$=+  H (0& 7+ & . (&L" L" $&+ '  > " $= $6+ )7 $  "$=+ ' $ $&7 $6+

      2   

 ! .     >       ! .    !

D(D

0&  0   0  & & 0 '  0 ( &  0 ('  0  & $ 0 '    0> 

;&7 (6(/ 0&&7 (  6  ? $; 07? . 6 7

  @+4

        2   

 ! .    * !

!  !  >! .   >  5 * !

 ! .        >   >! .  !

@+@

      2   

 ! .   >     > ! .   >    ! .   >   2   ! .   >       ! .   >      ! .   * !

@+C

 &. "  $&  0&   "   ? =&7 (&? ($ $6" 02 0=? (&6  6  & ?  & "   @ = II(  

 9& " 0  "&$=  $(0  G  &   ( 9&   "  & $&7 $7 &.(

&7 $ &6 "&( ( &7  " $ $&"

            2   

 ! .     L  ! .  !

.         ! .    !

$&7 " 2 " &7  ) 6L( & 3 "&L"& & "+ $&L$& & 0&  7 $6 &"  $/ /  &/ $ 7;/ (&"/  0 "/ >/ 07;

@+D

                 +

$64

  &  ""    

C+

                + : 07    1 &(+('+

D(F

&        C+(

           2 

2 



 ,&7  " ? "  $(  =&7 0$?  0 & "&7 &"?  $" (?  "2(; =&.(   " 72 "&7  2,&6

&= '    5   >  I"&7J



&= '       &=  '   &'  &(' &= "&'          1    L2     I6& (J



L        

 ?         >      

 &   .;? "  ;? $&" &7  "6 "  $&  $ =6  "( 7?  ! $& " ,&7   ;? 6  ( (4 & &   "$ $ " &7$=  $ $&"( ,  &.

7   &? &7 &(&'  0



        &= ' 

 6 

&7  &"( (  $ 7 $=&

"

 

6&7 " , ? $ " 

("

   /   &  '

" 0 "   ? " , 0 "  4 7L(.( 0 "  0$? 0 "  7 $ "  

0 " 

&= $'  

   

D(G

 ,&7  ".(? $. 2  &(0(  0$L (&(    (  &" .&7 $ $  47 $&6   ,  ? " $&7  "& "7  " " 2&7  $6 &&7  ( (  62 (  

  C+4

            2 

2 

 

&= '    

(0   2 ?   $  $(0

=

        

& = $&   $& = (" =



&=&' 2 /       &= ' 2 /       

"(  " ? &   $ &7   ? "&&7 $ (&"  0



&='       !             /   

&>&=  $6?   &  "2    $   (, ; ? "&"  =& & .&&  ? (&7   &

    

 &= '  

$$"&7$=     $& S $&?  " , S ".6

&

&= '     

&& & 

  & $6 $7 & C ="=

&

&= '       &'  &('    I$ &7J

$7 & & " " & & "(  "6 &  =? " $&7 & $&" 0 .  $& & 0 $&

 !   &,  "&'   /  "

. "7 6 "& 26 6 "& 9& "  =

$

&= '        &= '           L 

 $ '" $ (&"? $   " =? $ "2   "  $ "($$

(

 

( "= ( $ $&7 2? (   " ? ( $&( & $" (6 ( $$  , ? ( $  !$$?  $(&( ( $ 6  0 " =&7 ( "& ( "$&7 ( &. 4L  

"&

        5

D(I

&        C+@

           2 

2 



 &  "0(  =  (? "(  ";?   . &"( "4   " (? "4&7$=  "0 &&7$=  9  (   $&"2? ;7  "" &2   (0> L"&

&= &'   &   ' &= &'   & '      >         

         5  &   '   *

C+C

              2 

2 



$ &7  $&? &7  "    ?  "&?   $, &7   L ? $&7  "0? 0 " 7  ,   (   

&=  '           I( J

  (



$

          

  (     >?   ( "   "   $$"   ( (     &2 =   ( !$$   & 

&=  '   >     >  

$ &7  $& "&&7  " & 2(&&7  $$ 

"

&= '     



&=  '          

  $? (=&7   >  "( $&

&=  '   

* $ ? 0 $ ? (& "" $ $6" 6 $ "&? &7 $ " & = $$  $ &"? $ "&7 $ &.  "= $ 6  B

  &  '   L      I  "=&7J D4J

 &  " ?  (. ? "   " ( "= "&7  &  *(? " 0  &  "(  $" $ 7= 9   & "&(" ? $$   (

"  H  "  >

  C+D

                      + 9    2 ! + (+ 4+ @+

7 &     /    !'  &     /    !' %  &    '       /    /  /  * / + &    '

   2 

2 



&= '          

  $(?  ( "$& &  ($& ?  "2  (/  &$& $&"  $&; L0,



&= $'   /  

   I &7$=J

  " (   ?  "& ?  (" ?  9  ?  . "& ,&7  &($     . =6 ? "&7  $&"6, =6,   $=  "

 

*7  $ ? "&7  ,

 ! > 

"  6 $ ? "  &"6&

&$ $

"  &" 9? " "0> " " & =,? " &=,

        L  

 "

     &    '      C+F

:             

+

  

 +

2

 +

2 2



2 2

2



2

S

2



2

  ( 

 +

2

=



+

2 2

2

D4

&         

+



 +

+

2

 "&

 + 2

2



2



2

&

2

"

2



2



2

2 2

"

2

"

2

"&

2

"=  $

2

$

2

(

2

0 " 

564

2

2

0  +        

 

 

   +

;7  (6 & " $  $($$&(  &  9 (  " &(O'  " (

;&7 (6( & " $&7$= $($$& &&7$=  9 (  "&7 &0&O (O'  " (

    +

0 $ $,"  4 $ " >  "  $ " 

&7 0 $ $," $ &7 & ' $ " >  "&7 $ " 

    +

D4(

 +

"  $ $

"  &7L "  $& $ $

    +

0   $," "&   " "6

&7 0   $," "&&7   " "6

   +

"$$  ; ""  

"$$6&7  ; ""&7  

   

 

 

    +

$(  4  $&  "  6,  & &"

"&7 $(  4  $ &7 $&  "  6, &7L6&  & &"

   +

 &   ,  & &" "2   " $&"     )".;

( &7  &   , &7L&  & &" "$&7 &O'  " $&"  ,&7  )".;

    +

 "$& & 2= $7 & $ $&"6

   +

"2    0 " " "6  

& &  $7 7  $&  ;

7  "  "   "($$ =6

"$&7 &O'   0 " $ &7 " "6  

& &&7  $7 &7  $&  ; &"&&7 7  "  "  &7L "  $&  "($$ =6

   +

&   & "7  "     ".(

&&7   & "&7$=  "  ,&7  ".(

    +

7  ". 

&7  ". 

!   +

" 0  &  "( ""  &  *( (0   $&" $0   & "&(" 9   & & $ .$&  * & &   6"(

" &7  &  "( ""&7  &  *( 0&&7 (0   $&" $&7 $0   & "&(" $ &7L$ &7 9   & & 6&7 $ .$&  * & 6"&7L6"&7 & (

"=&7  "$& & 2= (0&7 $7 & $ $&"6

:64

*.     

F+

     > Q     >!    /        

 0 1   01 >+ 0Q 1 >              / 01 >       +              /   /    

     +  >   >               + E  >                          +

F++

Q  >     

    

       0 1 >            /  /  /  /  / ! +

D44

&       

+ +  + +  +  +

  

  



 

6 6 &  '  & '  ( 6 

= (;

 

   

 ( 6 

6 6 &  ' 6, & ' 6, 6 6 6,

= (;    &' 

   ( 6 &' 

6 6 L6, 6, 6 6 &' 6,

8 2 ! + +  + +  +  +

6 6L  ( 6 &' 

 

    

       0 1 >               /   /  /   / # /  +

+ +  + +  +  +

  

  



 

  &  '  & '  ( 6 

= (;

 

   

 ( 6 

6 6 &  ' 6, & ' 6, 6 6 6,

7= 7(; 7 7 7 &' 7

7 7 7 7( 76 &' 7

76 76 L6, 76, 76 76 &' 76,

8 2 ! + +  + +  +  + F++(

D4@

7 7L 7 7( 76 &' 7

: > : >      +        /   / / / / /  / ! / / + 3  01 >  

      5        ! / / / + 8       G+(+(+  

    

       01 >+

 

+ +  + +  +  +

  

  



 

  &  '   & '    (   

== ;;

 

       

   (   

  &  ' , & ' ,   ,

 &==  &;;  &   &   &  &'  & 

 &  &  &   & (  & &'  & 

 &  & L,  &,  &  & &'  &,

8 2 ! + +  + +  +  + F++4

 &  &L   &   & (  & &'  & 

: 

    =   / >         

   +     >     / / / / / #/ $+       >   

   021+ =

     

    ? >     / #/ $                 

    @+       

! &' =>        / /            /   /  / /  / / /    # +       

    + &(' =>        / / / / / #/ $             /     /    /  /  / !  /   /   /       # +       

    + &4' =>        / / #/ $           /     #/  /  #/ #/   $/  #/ #          $+       

       @+  

    

      + &' :   !    / /  + +  + +  +  +

"($$ "($$L"($$ "($$ "($$( "($$ &' "($$

"($$= "($$(; "($$ "($$ "($$ &' "($$

"($$ "($$ "($$ "($$( "($$ &' "($$

"($$ "($$ L"($$, "($$, "($$ "($$ &' "($$,

D4C

&        &(' :     !    / / / / / #/ $ + +  + +  +  +

72 72L72 72 72( 72 &' 72

72= 72(; 72 72 72 &' 72

72 72 72 72( 72 &' 72

72 72 L72, 72, 72 72 &' 72,

,"2= ,"2(; ,"2  ,"2  ,"2  &' ,"2 

,"2 ,"2 ,"2  ,"2 ( ,"2 &' ,"2 

,"2 ,"2 L,"2, ,"2, ,"2 ,"2 &' ,"2,

&4' :   !    / / #/ $ + +  + +  +  + F++@+

F+( F+(+

,"2 ,"2L,"2  ,"2  ,"2 ( ,"2 &' ,"2 

=>             >        + :      !  /   &  '/      !   /  / +        >+                  >!  /  / #   #

+ +  + +  +  +

     

  

     

  

L> L>      (  &' >

= ; ;       &'  

2L2 2L2 2  2  2 ( 2 &' 2 

2 2( 2( 2  2  2  &' 2 

E! +   >  LL    LL    2    LL+ (+   > #LL*    2   #LL* + 4+  4       !  &/ '/  & / '/    & '        

     +             >+ @+ )   >           >    /  "2  >     +

D4D

  F+(+(

         >  

+ +  + +  +  +

F+(+4



 

9&& 9&&L9& 9& 9&( 9& &' 9&

9& 9&( 9& 9& 9& &' 9&

9& 9& 9& 9&( 9& &' 9&

9& 9&L9&, 9&, 9& 9& &' 9&,

  

  



 

 $7  $7L$  $  $ ( $  &' $>

$= $; $  $  $  &' $ 

$> $> $  $ ( $  &' $>

$ $ L$ , $ , $  $  &' $ ,

      >       >  

   >    / ++/              0 1  5   &         '+ :    >          /               + :    >              &      '      5  + :    >    *        *   2    5 + 9   *               >     *   2+ 3                 0 1  0   1        !     /      >   /  /     +  $&"6+  $&"+

F+4+

  

      *  > 

+ +  + +  +  + F+4

  

        &        0  1'+      &        '+

8        >      >                              /     /       L    + N    >     + =    ** / * *  **             !    2       /          >    +        >     2!               5   + $&"6   & " $6 , 6 "

$&"/ $&"?/ $&"B/ $&?"6 B /  ?/ B / B 6 &A" $ / & "A$/ $& "A$/ $& "A$6 ,B / , ?/ ,B / ,B 6  , C "B/ "?/ "B/ "B D4F

&        F+4++

       >               / 7/ 7/ 76



0 K

   "

 "/  "/  "/  "6



+++

  "$=/ & "7   "+

 /  /  /  

  

(K

8& 7& " >(  +

/ / / 6

 

(K

8& & ( 6+

$ / $ / $ / $ 6

 

+++

6 $ 6 &"  0 "O

=&/ =&/ =&/ =&6



+++

 &/  $ ;/ = =&+

 " /  "/  "/  "6

 

(K  0&K

<  "  "((  47+ 6  "6   "&(+

&/ &/ &/ &6



$  *   0 (K

< & $ "&7 $   9&+ #&( &6 &6  9 +

 / 7/

7/ 76



0 O  K 0& $  

'0& 7   ($ , & + &7 7/ 0& $6 $&(   $&&(&+

/ / / 6

 

+++

    2(/  $&$= +

/ / / 6

   

(K $  K $ 0 K

8& $&&7=  ( + 6 6 $   + <   $ 9& "&+

( / (/ (/ (6

 

(K

7( (  +

 

 K

 ,  &.+

" / " / " 6

 

0 (K (K $  *  0& $  

6 $ " 6 9&(+ <  0 7 " + ! $  &7+ & . " / 0& $6  & ($ ,+

$0$&/ $0$&/ $0$&/ $0$&6

 

$  

7 6 $0$&/   2 (; "&(+

,/ ,/ , / ,

D4G

+

  F+4+(

F+4+(+

F+4+(+(

F+4+4 F+4+4+

:         :              +             +  

     !    $$ / $$/ $$/ $$6

 

$  K $ 0 K

6 $  $$6K <  $$  $    +

( " / ( " / ( " / ( " 6

 

 0> O & &'/ 0&

<  9& ( " +  ( " / 0& $6 ,"2 $ $& 9 6+

$/ $ $/ $6



+++

'   $ + 8&& " 2 $+

   "6&/ "6&/ "6&/ "6&6

 

  K  0&K

&  "6&  $" $ 7 +  "6&  " &+

&"6&/ &"6&/ &"6&/ &"6&6

 

  K

(  &"6& $ J  G 0$+

 &/  &/  &/  &6

 

K

! > &   &+

=&/ =&/ =&/ =&6

/  

  K 0 K +++

"* $$" $ 0$ 0 7 =&+ '0>6 =&6 6 + 8&  $& =&+

H    >  2       E )        0 1/  2          >  /  /   /   0  1+   >           >/     >             + #&( &( (  (0 +

F+4+4+(

#&( &( (6 $"+

3          2       + 3             >  /  /   +        01+    "&&7+

F+@

#&( &( ( +

  "&&7+

 6 "&&7+

       > &   '        >             >+ 9             >         L    5 +            !      &  '        & '+ D4I

&                    >  

           + :     

           > &++       '?       

      > &      '+              + 9        >            5 */        >+     L    + F+@+

F+@+(

              

        &    '      >+ Q /           /        &  '+                                   >+   

$76

   $7



$ &6

$ &

 

&>6

& 

   

& " $6

& " $



"$6

"$

  

   

 / 

   

        

       

 

       )          >/  *      2      + )            /      >           2    + &' 9   2           >  + &(' 9   2          >  + )                 >  + :    

F+@+4

     $76   $76  $ &6   $ &6  &>6   &>6  & " $6   & " $6  "$6   "$6

$& $ & " $ / 0  %$&+ &    ' $& $ & " $ %$&+ &   ' $& $ H  & " $6 $& 7/ 0  %$&+

=                    *2    /  *2     !  ? !

$ ? 2! & ? 0!

? ! F+@+@

  ( 6$ "& " 

 H ,"2 H (02  H , H ,(  H 72 H 72 

H  7 H  72   H $&"6 H $&"2

                        >+ E  

       !

  ? 72 ,"2 ? (02

F+C

L  L 

L L  L

 L

9

          

 !  H > H 72  H 2>6 H 2 

   H  H 72   H " H "72  H 2" H 2"   H   H  2 L

F+@+C

  ( 62 "0 " 

 ? 72  ? 72

" ? "72  ?  72

       >        >    2       >      5 +            /             +                >+ #     +                      

  /               !  (02 $ ,+  " & (02 $ ,+  $& 72 $ ,+

&>' & ' &5 * '

                       + 9       * L     + 9       *2 #L#?        >+              /  2                      

$6 & " $6 $& 7 & " $ 2 $& 7 $&&7=  $ & " $ $&  L  & " $ 2  $& 

E             >    &

    '! . ,"2

+ (02 (+ $6 (02 4+ $6 ,"2 D@

&        .

,

. 72 .  7 . $&"6 .   . 6$ .  .  . >

F+D

+ ,( 2 (+ $6 ,( 2 4+ $6 , + $6 72 (+ 72 &* ' + $6  7 (+  72 &* ' + $6 $&"6 (+ $6 $&"2 &" >  $ 7 ' + $6   (+ $6  2 &" >  $ 7 ' + $6 6$ (+ 6$2 ,    &* ' + $6  (+ 2 ,    &* ' + $6  (+ 2 , 2/   &  2  ' + $6 > (+ 7 2 , 

 /   & + + +'

9 

 >     

 >!  / /  /      

  > / / / + '       01     >   



 + E      01  >    

 + #       5 + '       >+ E          +    (  " $=K /7= 9& 2 K

D@(

 IDF  (+ 8& 2 &.+

G+J

E  

G+

                /  

     /      +              *     +  

             

  +        (                 +         !   /       ?    (    !                 +    (

  

  



     

  

+ +  + +  +  +

   L     (   &'  

   (L (       &'  

       (   &'  



L (,

(,

(

(= &' (,



 L (,

(,

(

(= &' (,

  + +  + +  +  +

&" &"L&">, &">, &"> &" = &' &">,

0 &6" 0 &6" L&">, 0 &6">, 0 &6"> 0 &6"7= &' 0 &6">,

E                         ! + +  + +  +  +

=&7 =&7L =& =& =& =&7; &' =&

+ +  + +  +  +

=&7

=&7

=&

=&

=&7; &' =&

2 $&7 2 $&7L2 $& 2 $& 2 $& 2 $&7; &' 2 $&

$=&7

$=&7

$=&

$=&

$=&7; &' $=&

$ 7 $ 7L$  $  $  $ 7; &' $ 

  .&7   .&7   .&   .&   .&7; &'   .&

$ 7 $ 7L$7 $7 $7 $77; &' $7

  .&7

  .&7

  .&

  .&

  .&7; &'   .&

 .&7

 .&7

 .&

 .&

 .&7; &'  .&

E      CJ/ DJ/ FJ/ GJ      &++/  *      *'   ! + +  + +  +  +

&" .&7 &" .&7 &" .& &" .& &" .&7; &' &" .&

+ +  + +  +  +

$ 7 $=& $ 7 $=& $  $=& $  $=& $ 7; $=&7; &' $  $=&

$" $" $" $" $" &' $"

$ 7 $=& $ 7 $=& $7 $=& $7 $=& $77; $=&7; &' $7 $=&

=&7 $=& =&7 $=& =& $=& =& $=& =&7; $=&7; &' =& $=&

=$&

=$&

=$&

=$&

=$& &' =$&

2 $&7 $=& 2 $&7 $=& 2 $& $=& 2 $& $=& 2 $&7; $=&7; &' 2 $& $=&

$& $& $& $& $& &' $&

D@4

&        G++ G+++

H                            2 ! &' ! ( =&7  & &('  !   =& $ 7

G+++(

9 "                  5   &'            /  / /          !   O !  + &('   2    2        ! A     +

G++( G++(+

E                 / /        &" / " /     + + +'    

            +   0$

  (&

 .&7   "(7

       L/            &" / " /     + + +/ " / " /     + + +/ "  / "  /      + + + '     

            +

 0$

 (&6

 .&7  "(=

         !         &" !/ " !/    ! + + +/ " #/ " #/    # + + +/ " / " /     + + + '     

           + =&7 0$

=&7 (&

 .&7 =&7 "( 

           "                  

           +

  .&7 0$ G++(+(

  .&7 (&

  .&7 "( 

                                     + 8 2 ! < ( < ( < ( < (

  " 2+   +  =&7 " 2 +  =&7 +

   2                                 ! O  !   +

D@@

  G++(+4

3 5  9 

            + #       5          +          + 8 2 ! < " (  =& 0$+  "& & $ (, &0$'  =& &0$'+

G+(

3      3         >+      >!         /           5 +  

            KI/ JKIJ   JJKIJJ            +  "6 (  &" 4  &" & @ 0 &>"&6 C =&6 D 2 $& F $ 7 G $7 I =&6

G+(+

JJ $&6 (JJ (,$&6 4JJ &" ,$&6 @JJ 0 &6">,$&6 CJJ =&$&6 DJJ 2 $&$&6 FJJ $ $&6 GJJ $7$&6 IJJ =&$&6

                     2        >+ E  

  

     0 1  0 1   +  (  4  @ C D F G I J 

G+(+(

J $=&6 (J  .&6 4J &" .&6 @J $" CJ =& $=&6 DJ 2 $& $=&6 FJ $  $=&6 GJ $7 $=&6 IJ =$&6

6   "6 &" &" & 0 &>"&6 =&6 2 $& $ 7 $7

=&6

$=&6   .&6

4   "= &"= &" &7= 0 &>"&= =&= 2 $&= $ 7= $7=

=&=

$=&=   .&=

7  " &" &" &7 0 &>"& =& 2 $& $ 7 $7

=&

$=&   .&

           3          >+          

      ! &' ! /  / ! /  /  / +           ? &('   / # /  /   / +             ?   &4'   +  

    

       + E   5           

     2            +

D@C

&       

+ +  + +  +  + G+(+4 G+(+4+

  



  

 

&" &  ! &" &7    ! &" & &" &7  &" &7 ( &" &7  &" &7 

&" &7 &" &7

&" &7= &" &7;

&" &7  &" &7 ( &" &7  &" &7 

&" &7  &" &7  &" &7   &" &7 

&" &7  ! &" &7,   ! &" &7 &" &7, &" &7 &" &7  &" &7,

H         2       3         5      

       2  ! &'     !  2     /   B  *  + &('    !  2        

/   *  ?  2           

/   *   EAD*   ?   2         /      !  &(!J'+ &4'     !  2        

/    EAD*             

/    "  +     6 ( 4 @6 C6 D F G I6 J6 6

G+(+4+(

   " &" &" &7 0 &>"& =& 2 $& $ 7 $7

=&

$=&   .&

  " &" &" &7  0 &>"& =& 2 $& $ 7 $7

=&

$=&   .&

  &' " &' &" &' &" &7  &' 0 &>"& &' =& &' 2 $& &' $ 7 &' $7 &' =& &' $=& &'   .&

3         3            2  &'   " L     ! 8   !  + &         

    *  " +'? &('          !  !  + &=      

          /   +'? &4'        ! 8       +

G+4



     

     /  /           +    ! &'            !     ? & '                          !   /  ? &'   2   L    L L !            / +

D@D

 

864

G 

I+

8     *       N                   + )                            *   & I++@'+         /  /       

              +             * ?  >      ?           +      



    *   +

I++

9 *    *          

*      +   *           & / /  / !'+              *       &/ / / '   & / !  '+   *           !      >   >       @        O   + 9         ! &'     2     1          5 ! < ;; 0&&7+ < ,0( 0&&7+ < $";$7 0&&7+ < ( "& &"+ < ( ; &7+ & '      /  /   /   /     "&7  "$&  6 7+  7= ("&7+  &K &'    

      /         ! / /  / !/ !  + &9        *     +' &'   !     &'    >        !    ! + + + & '  5 ! E O

I++(

A                   + A       >/    > 5   +                   +            !    + 9     

                    + =     /     2                 + 6  /  /

      +

I++(+

A       A                         >    $ &$/ $/ $'+    

          ! B /   $  ! &  / H   + , B /        ! &  / H   +                      /  

$ &,  '+

I++(+(

A     &   '         5 + 9   

          + 9           + 6 

              +     ! &"6& &  ' =& & '

"6& & ' $ & '

$ &  '  & & ' D@F

&        I++4

;            /   5        +             &++ :   5 /           '+         ! &'          & '      +            + 9                   /         >  /   *   + 9                                   /       ?                01/ 0 1/ 0 1/   0=  L:    / P      +1 A               *            ?             0 1/ 0 1/ +   0)  LQ      /         +1

I++@

8    8                      + 9             & /     !  I+(KI+@   07    1/ D++('?        &/    !  I+G   07    1/  4+'?       & /   /  >      !  I+I'?          &/ (   4 !  07    1/ (++   D++'           &      '+

I+(

         :                     /           /             + 9           ! &'    &/ (   4 '    > & '    &      '                     * +

I+(+

        0 1           0 1  + :  >2          ! B   /    + )              /          H /    >             +           >    /   &H! '       + A                0 1 &+ 7  '+ 9       2    ! (   O           /         + (    O  2             /               2 +

I+(+(

 

    

                   (       4           

(     

4     

D@G

9  &  ' L   &      ' 

= &6 L 6 6 

(L; + + +27 + + +& + + + + + +& + + +&

                    ! .              .         .         *      >

I+(+4

8   >  

      

         

I+(+4+

 *      $&&7! $& = $&; &6 $&>27 L $&>& 6 $&> 6 $&>&  $&;&

,&7!  = ( &6 27 L & 6  6 &  (&

 &!   =  ( &6  >27 L  >& 6  > 6  >&   (&

            *      ! / !/    *  0&&7 &"&7 "&7

(&7

I+(+4+(

 *     0&&7! 0& = 0&; &6 0& 27 L 0& & 6 0&  6 0& &  0&;&

= 0&; &"; ";

(;

&6 0& 27 &" 27 " 27

( 27

L 0& & &" & " &

( &

6 0&  &"  " 

( 

6 0& & &" & " &

( &

/

 0&;& &";& ";&

(;&

       "2  ! / / /  "2                  +  *  &7$= ( &7$=  &7$= 0&7$=

= ;$7 ( ;$7  ;$7 W

&6  27$= (  27$=   27$= W

L  &$= (  &$=   &$= 0 &$=

6  $= (  $=   $= W

6  & $7 (  & $7   & $7 W

 ;&$= ( ;&$=  ;&$= 0;&$=

D@I

&        I+(+4+4

                         *  ! / !/ !/ !  *  &7 $&7 &7 &7

I+(+4+@

 (& 2(& 7;& ;&

=  (  $( "$&(  (

&6  >27  $>27 "$&>27  >27

L  >&  $>& "$&>&  >&

6  >  $> "$&>  >

6  >&  $>& "$&>&  >&

  (&  $(& "$&(&  (&

= (

&6  27

L  &

6  

6  &

 (&

= $&;

;

&6 $&>27

>27

L $&>&

>&

6 $&>

>

6 $&>&

>&

 $&;&

;&

= "$(; &.(;

&6 "$( 27 &.( 27

L "$( & &.( &

6 "$(  &.( 

6 "$( & &.( &

 "$(;& &.(;&

=                  = 

         >                  > +             

   ! ? ?0 $?2 $ ? 4

DCJ

6 >& 2 & 7>& >&

            *       /    >     *2  /    *2      /         + 8 2 !  *  "$&7 & &7

I+(+4+G

6 > 2  7> >

            *         >     *2 *   *2      + 8 2 !  *  $&&7

&7

I+(+4+F

L >& 2 & 7>& >&

            *        *  07

I+(+4+D

&6 >27 2 27 7>27 >27

            *      ! / / /   *   &  $& "$&  $&

I+(+4+C

= ( 2( 7; ;

&=' (! &&6'  27 &7! = 0(/ &6 0 27 $&7! = 2(/ &6 2 27 $&7! = 4(/ &6 4 27

    

 

  I+(+@

        >         (       4           

(     

4     

I+(+@+

0 2

(L; 27 &  & &L=&

=  ( = "( = (0($7 = $ 2(

  &  "&  (0&$=  $ 2&

=                      >                 + H   *   >  /      *        +             

   !  ?   ?  ? 

?

? &?0 $?2 $& ? 4 I+(+D

= &6 L 6 6 

: 

                    4              

    (   4!       / / #/   $         ! 

I+(+C

9  &  ' L   &      ' 

;&7! = ;;/ &6 ;27 &&7! = &;/ &6 &27 $ &7! = $ ;/ &6 $ 27 $ &7! = $(/ &6 $ 27 , &7! = ,(/ &6 , 27  &7! = (/ &6  27  &7! = (/ &6  27 &7! = (/ &6 27 &&7! = 0(/ &6 &27 $&7! = 2(/ &6 $27 "$&&7! = "4(/ &6 "$&27

/    /        

 

/       

 & '  

0 !  /       

        021  > /  /            *       > +           0 1    01+ = &6  6 6 

,0( ,0 27 ,0 & ,& ,&& ,&=&

 27 $&  & =&

DC

&        I+4

              /          *       

    !                 

    

   

)   *       /       + 9           ! &'       & '    &  /      '    > &'    &      '    > I+4+ I+4++

I+4++(

I+4++4

I+4++@

DC(

ff faf/ff/ff ff

                     & '  * 

   =L&6L

   =L&6L

 

  6L6L

6&7

6

6

6

6

           *      ! / / /    * 

   =L&6L

   =L&6L

  6L6L

0&&7 &7 $ &7 $&=&7

0&  $  $&=

0&  $  $&=

0&  $  $&=

     "2  ! / /   "2      K            +  * 

   =L&6L

   =L&6L

  6L6L

&7$= (0&7$= & " $&7$=

$= (0$= & " $$=

$7 (0$7 & " $$7

$7 (0$7 & " $$7

           *      ! / !/ /   * 

   =L&6L

   =L&6L

  6L6L

$&7 ( $&7 $&7 $ $&7

 (   $ 

 (   $ 

 (   $ 

  I+4++C

I+4++D

I+4+(

           *      ! / / /   * 

   =L&6L

   =L&6L

  6L6L

 &  $& "$&  $&

2> >$ "$ >

2  $ "$  

2  $ "$  

           *      !  / !    * 

   =L&6L

   =L&6L

  6L6L

07 07

 

 

 

A         

    %     

    &'         + 8 2 ! & 0& 9&& ("O

& ,   K

     

    &'       + 8 2 ! /& 6  $& K I+4+4

/& 6   K

=                 !         +                      +  

               + =  

               + &:   07    1/ C+(+   D+(+' &' 9                 &           '+             

                  2+              7     Q! Q  0+   "$= 1 0+      " /  > (2    $(+ &(' 9                              +           7     Q!  (;  ; "$= 1 0    $&  (2 +   $(  +  $   0 7   $&7+ &4' 9             /   /   

     +           ! & ' H /& &6  0 " O & ' H (  &6 ,  0 " K H 0 " = $    0& "+ H < ,   + &@' 9         2          + &C' A        5      

+ &D' A       /      5    /       +

DC4

&        I+4+@ I+4+@+

A / / /        A      =                           !    '  = $"7+ ' (0& = + ' &. + ' $ $&7 K

I+4+@+(

7     E                          !     $&  & $6"+ ' (0& =  & + '  =  & $"=+ ' $  & " 2 K

I+4+@+4

    $&  6 $6"+ ' (0& =  6 + '  =  6 $"=+ ' $  6 " 2 K

E :  0 1  2                      >   & /   /   '/      

       & /   /  '                +     (   &+  ( 9& +

I+4+@+@

   '  = 6 $"7+ ' (0& = 6 + ' &. 6 + ' $ 6 K

    (  6  &+  ( 6 9& +

3      2   9             & /  /   '       & /   /   /  '    + 9                               >+ 9            &  '  +       "&&7+ &=  "&&7+  6 "&&7+   &7$=+  $7  ("&7+ %  7= ("&7+

I+@ I+@+

               = &6  6 6 

DC@

      6 "&&7+ &=  6 "&&7+  6 6 "&&7+   6 &7$=+  $7  6 ("&7+ %  7= 6 ("&7+

( ( ( 27 ( & (  ( & ( (&

  I+@++

A / /   /       9 2     / / +      /                     2  ?       >     ! >?      '  = + '  + ' (0& =  +

    '  = ( & + '  ( (& + ' (0& = ( &  +

>?  7 7   "7 "7   7      (  + #&( & (6 + #6   "&&7+    & 6,&7+  =&7 $"7K I+@++(

     (  ( & + #&( & (6 ( (& + #6   ( & "&&7+    ( & & 6,&7+  ( & =&7 $"7K

7/  2       2   2     /           &

                   '+    '   & "(0+  $  =  & +

I+@+(

    '   ( & "(0+  &"  ( & +

8       &  '                          &   2  /  07    1 @'       * + = &6  6 6 

( ( ( 27 ( & (  ( & ( (&

)

      * 

          

      /        + 9 

    

       ! 0

L

? 

L

  ?     L   1+   /         /      +          2                 ! O       + I+@+4

8      & '  ! = &6  6 6 

"0&&7 "0&; "0& 27 "0& & "0&  "0& & "0&;&

      

$&7 2( 2 27 2 & 2  2 & 2(& DCC

&        E! +   >     & '                /              + (+ N        *   *2 L! ? L ? L! ?  L!  / +      >       + I+@+@

=        ?

? ?

$&7! $( $ 27 &7! (  27 I+@+C

DCD

$?2 ,?2  ? 

?0 &?0

$ &&7! $ 4( $ &27

$ "$&7! $ "2( $ "$27

$&" &&7! $&" 0( $&" &27

"$&7! "2( "$27

& &&7! & 0( & &27

( &7! ( ; ( 27

 ?   ? 

$&7! 2; 2>27

         =  &6 27  $&

I+@+D

&?4 $& ? 4 $ ? 4 ?  $ ? 2

6   6  &   (&

:*2         E  

   >                + !. ** $&&7 $&&7 ($&&7 0&7 & ,(&7 "6(&7  &7&$='

$&(/ $& 27 $&(/ $& 27 ($&(/ ($& 27 0(/ 0>27 & ,(/ & ,>27 "6(/ "6 27  (&$7'/   27&$='

!. ** =&7 =&7 $=&7  =&7

7(/ 7>27 (/ >27 $(/ $ 27  (/   27

!. ** $ $&7 "  $& & &

$= (/ $= 27 "  (/ "  >27  (/  >27  (/  >27

 

I+C I+C+

!. **(**  07 $07 07

=(/ = 27 $(/ $ 27 (/  27

* *  "6&7 &"6&7 6&7&$='

";/ " 27 &";/ &" 27 ;&$7'/  27&$='

8 5      9  !   &  '    &7 &7 =&7$= "&7  &7 &7 $&&7 &&7

&7  &7 $&7 ,&7  &7 &7 &7  & $&7 &7$= $&7  & &7 &7$= 07

 =&7$=  $& $&7 &7 $&7 &7 &7

 (/  27/ + + +  (& 7;/ 7>27/ + + + 7;& ;$7/ 27$=/ + + + =&$=  "(/  ">27/ + + +  "(& (/  27/ + + +  =& (/ 27/ + + + =& $&;/ $&>27/ + + + $&;& &;/ &27/ + + + &=&

;/ >27/ + + + ;& (/  27/ + + +  =& / 27/ $&/ / & / =& & !  /   ' (/ 27/ + + + (&  (/  >27/ + + +  (& (/ >27/ + + + (& (/ >27/ + + + (&  (/  >27/ + + +  (& 4(/ 4 27/ + + + 4(& ($7/  27$=/ + + + (&$=  (/  >27/  (& & !  /   '  0(/  &27/ + + +  &=& ($7/ 27$=/ + + + &$= & !  >/    ' (/  27/  &/  /  & / (& & !  /   '  ;$7/  27$=/ + + +  ;&$=  $(/  $>27/ + + +  $(& & !  >$/   $ ' 2(/ $27/ + + + $=& ;/ >27/ + + + ;& 2(/ 2 27/ + + + 2(& 7;/ 7>27/ + + + 7;& 0(/ 0 27/ + + + 0(&

 /       

 &      '     /    &      '   &      ' 

 

/   & '

  /     &    ' "

  /     /   

  

 & '  / 

          DCF

&        &&7 6&7 "$&7 "$& $ &7$= $ &7 $62&7 $ &7 $&&7 $&&7$= ( &7 , &7 ,& &7 I+C+(

I+C+(+

I+C+(+4

       &  ' /      & '  

A   *     *2        /  *2          + 27/ + + + 6(& "2(/ "$27/ + + + "$=& "$&(/ "$&>27/ + + + "$&(& & !  "$/  "$ ' $($7/ $ 27$=/ + + + $ =&$= $(/ $ 27/ + + + $ =& $62(/ $6227/ + + + $62& $ ;/ $ 27/ + + + $ =& $&;/ $&27/ + + + $&=& $&;$7/ $&27$=/ + + + $&=&$= ( ;/ ( 27/ + + + ( ;& ,(/ , 27/ + + + , =& ,0(/ ,0 27/ ,0 &/ ,&/ ,&& / ,&=&

"&7 $&7

"&7 =&7

&7 6&7

( &7 ( &7 " $&&7 " $&&7 "$$&7 "$$6&7

  I+C+(+@

I+C+4

 

    

               * 

   * 

    * 

   * 

"&7 &' "4&7$= &' $&&7 &' $&" 0&7 &' "&7 &('

&7 &' 6&7 &' "6&7 &' &7$= &' $6 &7 &'  &7 &' 0&7 &' &7$= &(' 6&7 &' , &7 &(' 0&7 &'  &7 &' $&&7$= &' $&&7$= &' & 0&7 &'

=&7 &'  "(&7$= &' $&&7 &' $&" &&7 &(' $&7 &'

&7 &2  >+' 6&7 &' "6&7 &' =&7$= &' $(&7 &'  &7 &2  >+' 0&7 &('  07 &' &7 &' & &' 0&7 &'  &7 &' $&&7$= &' $&&7$= &(' & &&7 &('

 &7 &' " $&&7 &' ( &7 &' &7 &' &7 &' &"6&7 &' $&( &7 &' $6&7 &' " &7 &' "&7 &' " &7 &' "$6 &7$= &' $ &7$= &(' $ &7 &' $&7 &' $ $&7 &' $&&7$= &(' (&7 &' (&7 &' ("&7 &'

( $&7 &' " $&&7 &' ( &7 &(' 07 &' =&7 &' &"6&7 &' $&( &7 &(' $&7 &' " &7 &(' "=&7 &' " &7 &2  >+' "$(&7$= &' $ $&7 &' $ &7 &2  >+' $=&7 &' $ $& &' $&&7 &' (&7 &' (&7 &' ( " &7 &'

     &  '    * 

    &   '

  

=&7 &'

7(/ 7>27/ + + + 7(& & ! =/ = ' $&(/ $& 27/ + + + $&(& $&" 0(/ $&" &27/ + + + $&" &=&

/ 27/ $&/  /  & /  (& ( (/ ( 27/ + + + ( (& ";/ " 27/ + + + ";& (/ >27/ + + + (& ( ;/ ( 27/ + + + ( =& =(/ = 27/ + + + =(& & ! >/   ' (/ >27/ + + + (& 0(/ 0>27/ + + + 0(&  (/   27/ + + +  (& $&($7/ $& 27$=/ + + + $&(&$= & 0(/ & &27/ + + + & &=& &";/ &" 27/ + + + &";& (/  27/ + + + (& & ! /  ' (/ >27/ + + + (& 2;/ 2>27/ + + + 2;&



$&&7 &' $&" &&7 &('

&7 &2  >+' 6&7 &' "6&7 &' =&7 &' ( &7 &('  07 &' &7 &' 0&7 &'  &7 &' $&&7$= &' & &&7 &(' &"6&7 &' 07 &' =&7 &' $&7 &'

         / 

 

     

     /         DCI

&        "=&7 &' $ $&7 &' $&7 &' $ $& &' $&&7 &' (&7 &' ( " &7 &' ( $&7 &' I+D

I+D+

"(/ " 27/ + + + "(& $= (/ $= 27/ + + + $= (& $(/ $ 27/ + + + $(& $ $(/ $ $>27/ + + + $ $(& & ! $ $/ $ $ ' $&(/ $& 27/ + + + $&(& & ! $&/ $& ' (7;/ (7>27/ + + + (7;& ("(/ (">27/ + + + ("(& & ! ( "/ ( " ' (  (/ (  >27/ + + + (  (& & ! ( / (  '

/     / 

  

 

"2   "2           +   "2   >       L  + 8 2 ! &7  $7+ & . 6$=+

   +   +

E             "2        & > '  + I+D+(

                  + 8 2 ! &7  & . $&" 0$7+

I+D+4

3 :     

      "2        "2     + 8 2 ! "$6 &7$= $ =&7$=

I+F

I+F+

DDJ

  ( "$& &O &,  "  ( "$& &' H (   &( L $&" & &; L (   6$& +

&!

I+F+4

H  $7L &" 0$( &6 2>  ( "$& &K H  I 0$+ H    &6 "2>   .K H  J 0$+  . 0$7  ( 0$+ H  & (  &6 2>K H  & (+ H    &6 2> K H < 0 0&&7  C 0$  2> +

H  *2     !   &  '       =    

  #   

, &7!    /   ,(/ , 27/ , &/ , / , & / , =& . < 0$& ,(  & &"+

 &!    /    (/  >27/  >&/  >/  >& /  (& & ! 2>/ 2/ 2' . #  =  0 " =  (  & &"+ DD

&       

I+F+@

DD(

  =    

  #   

$&7!  

   2(/ $27/ $&/ $/ $& / $=& . 0&7 $& $7  +

 $&!  

    $(/  $>27/  $>&/  $>/  $>& /  $(& & ! >$/  $/  $' . #&"/  >& 0&7   $>&  $7+

 &7!       (/  27/  &/  /  & /  =& .  6 7 &7  & " > 

&$ $ +

 $&!        (/  >27/  >&/  >/  >& /  (& & ! >/  /  ' . #  = &7 7/ 9&( & .  >& " >  &$ $ +

 &7!    ;/   27/   &/   /   & /  ;& .  " = " "6 &  ;&  27( "(+

 &7!    (/  27/  &/  /  & /  (& . 2 (  &.   &   (+

 &7!    /   (/  27/  &/  /  & /  =& . < 0$& (  )".;+

,&7!    /   (/ 27/ &/ / & / (& .   9&  ( = (  $ ;+

&7!         (/ 27/ &/ / & / =& . 60 0&( =&  $>& +

 &!          (/  >27/  >&/  >/  >& /  (& & ! >/  /  ' .  $  = $&/  0&(  (&    +

 &&7!  "  &;/  & 27/  & &/  & /  & & /  &;& . < 0$&  &; I9"*&J+

 & &7!  "  0(/  &27/  &&/  &/  && /  &=& .   9&& " =  0(  $>& "(  +

N     *2 3     *2/                        +           +  

    

        *2+  " 

 

    / / 

(

 

&/ / $



/ 

  & . /  ( "2>+ < " (    (+ " $  $"7+ "& (2>   4> (&"+   6 ( >& $  O 6 (2 $ *(7& &  &" 0$+ 6 (2 & =  =&7+  " = (  (      "(7=+ #&( &6 2  ( &";+

     6   

&    

&/ / $

 & / /&(O'

    



"    

0 " 

"  

     

 K  & K   

  ( /  / /  

    

$   "        I+G

$ 

   &K 6 62  + 7 62  & "0+   &/  62 +  62   $&+ 6 &2 & +  &>  =  $&"(+ & $  &( $$ (B ( & $& 0$6  $& "$(;+   &, &  (J+(C+ 6 2  (  2  "+  ./ 6 2  + <  ,  $  $=&7 (&+   ,&7   " K '.( " , =&  $7+  "  &  0 "  (.(+ 70 "   0 "  "  $ + 6 " 2  "( +  " ,  & 9$ &  9$ &(+ ( & ", &7  $/ ( &  &(+   " &;& $>&6+ < " (   ( $&+ " &  + < 0&$=  " , $; $&(+ '&" =  (  & (   (  &  + / B , B #. 2  &(0(+ 6 2   + 6 2 $ 6 ( =+ < 2> $ , 6,+ "0 2> $ , 76,+ &. $ &  $  &+  .= 0$7/ $ "2$7  + $7 ( " $  + < " $ #2 /  6 "2$7+

)  2                   ! + (+

        ! E         +                 ! 3         

 + #         + 9           +

+       !

(+         !

&'        4     

& '   "2   &'        &'        & '   "2           &'        DD4

&        +&' H       4      &   ' #0 = " "=;&L " "=+ &  '    L     + #0 = " "+ &  '      + +& ' H   "2      #0 = " "=;&$=L " "=$7+ &  '    L     + +&' H            #0 = &( ' " " 6+ &  '    L  &

'  + (+&'             / ++/  >     #0 = - 60/ $   . " "=;& "  & + &  '     -

/  

/   + + +.     + #0 = " " "  & + &  '         + (+& ' H   "2      #0 = " "=;&$=L " "=$7 "  & =+ &  '    L        + (+&' :      0    1            + #0 = " " 6 "  & =+ &  '    L L       + I+G+

              2                + + )    &'   ! "2   0    1 4     

 $7 " ;&$=  &6+

) E        +

,  $7 " ;& &6+  6 ;&$= $ I  I+

) #      I+JJ  I+JJ+

,  6 ;& $ I  I+ 6$& "6 &$= &"+

)  2      

+

, 6$&( "6;& &"+ $&"/  " "6;&$=B -$ 0$.  " 4 &= "6;&$=  07+ ,  " 4 &= "6;&  07+ - 60.

DD@

A     B        + )         +

  +  ! 0    1 4           )

$  &6 " +

    

  +

, $  &6 " 6+ &( ("+

)       +

, & ("+ &. " $&+

)               !  62   ((/ 0&6 $&" &7  " + & '         !     >              !  6  >  ((/ 0&6  $&"   " +

I+I+4+(

3  2           ! < 0& 6 4>  + %6  6 &.(  "+ %7 6 ( ,&7B

I+I+4+4

9 2     / /    N          /  /  /   /   / + 5       >                !  ,& / 0&6  = > $ $+  "L  "$L("/ 0&6     (, +

I+I+@

I+I+@+

     =    > /               + 9                         * + 9 

     + Q        &' $ 6 + + +/ + + + 6 + + +                ! $ 6  "2>/ 6 6 ,"2+ DDF

&        & '     /            L/      !     6 6    (/ & = 6  $= 6 $ + &'               ! ( 7 & $   "/ =  $(2 6 +  ( 7  =/  6 ( "+ I+I+@+(

464 J+

J++

Q                 ! < 6  , $  $ ( 7$& + 91       +

*      ;     =        >/     + 9    >      2   ! 8 L    !+ O      !  + 9

      2  /  /          & 07    1/ I+'+ E           

        *2    +                            +      (   &(  

<      9& (. + <    $ &+  (   (, + < (  &(   (0 $ +

3                !    , &  2(K  +                    

    ?       !    0   "&+ J++( J++(+

9 *         9 *                         /  / +  &  &

J++(+(

9 *                   .  5 /                 /    /        >        +  ( 7  ( 7

DDG

 &  $7   $&6 9&+ 6  & $  ( $&" 0$7+

6  ( 7  & I9"*&JK < ( " / 0& 6  ( 7 4> $&" &$=+

  J++4

9 

   9 

                    /  /         !  O  O &  '   O & '    O O &' O &  ' O

J++@

         9  /         >+  >    /        

        + :           &            .   . /             .  .'+ "  ,"2 , " &> 6 , 6 6$&"6   6

J+(

  K  K (  K &(  K 0 (K 0 K K

  ,"2 , " &  ,  6$&"   

=                   + &' =    2          + 9      5 O        2                  +  

             ! "&&7 $ &7  &7 $&=&7

   $&(  "&  0 " 

& 6,&7 $ &7

 )".  $& 

& ' =    2            + 9      5   O        2                    +  

             ! , &7 $ $&7  07 $&&7

 

 $&(  "&7  0 " 7

 &7  $&7 &7 $&&7

 )".;  $& (  $&(  

&' =    2             + 9      5   O

DDI

&        J+(+

:         K  $&&  (+ (K   "(  (+ &( K  6  S (+

 K   &  $& + (K   (  $&+ &( K  = ( $ $&+

 K  $ &  $&+ (K  $   $&+ &( K  $& S $&+

 K #&( &6 ;&$=  &  + (K #&( & 2>  & (+ &( K #&( & 62   & +

 K  & 6, &  ".>+ (K   ,  ".(+ &( K   "($= S ".6+

 K  "& &   + (K  2>   + &( K  62  $  +

 K '0& 7 $&& " $+ (K '0& 7  2>  $ + &( K '0& 7 &2> & $+

 K  >& ( " &  + (K  2>  " & =+ &( K   "($= & " &  +  K /    $&+ (K  $& 0    $&+ &( K  $& 0   S  $&+

J+(+(

E                   

J+4

 K #>&  &&  " +



   (

 &   

 $&.    0&

   *"  $& 

 2  $$

 ( "$& &  ( &"

 ("  &0

  .  $ "

 & &"  (

   ."

 $ &

 . "&

 $&"    #"

 "  $   

 4   (.    

 $  "  ;  $&   

=                   + &' =    2       + 9      5   O & ' =    2        + 9      5   L   O &' =    2        + 9      5   O

DFJ

  J+4+ J+4++

:       !       O   O  $7O  &" 0$(K &'    !

 0$  (L4L@ 0$  CLDLF + + + ( 0$ & '          !  =&7 (& "   .&7 =&7 (& &" &7   0 & "&7 =&   2 $& & (    ' &'          !   =& 0$ &          '   $=&     .& =& &"   0 & "& =&7

J+4++(

(+CC +CJ (+4C @+@C

  O   7O   7  0 & "  $" $ 7

J+4++4

(+JC (+(C @+C C+4J

 &"  =&.(

 $" (  $(&(

 * "    ($&  ="

 "&  ;  $ &="  "

  O    $=. O  ="   "   ;  &="

. 0/ $ " /  . + + +

 0 ="=  . ="=  $ "  ="= J+4++@

  O  0$ K  ="= @  " = F ;= J &="= .     

" = &" ;= &" &7  ;= J+4++C

 "  ="=  &"  ="=  " 0 & "& ="=

( * "= C = G ($&  ="=

4  "& D ;= I $ &="= ( "=

. /      =& $ &="= &6$=0 =&7$& =&7 $=& =&   2 $& &="= &6$=0 $ 7$& 2 $&7 $=& $ 7   $7 ="= &6$=0 2 $&7$& &" .&7 0 &>"&  

  O    (K  &6$=0 =&7$& =&7 $=& =&  (  &6$=0 =&7$& $" 2 $&  (

J+4++D

    K   .&  

 =& .&   DF

&        J+4++F

:            5 !   O    

J+4++G

DF(

 + + +   + + +

   + !      

 $(&(  $(&

  L  &  '

    +

 ="

 L  & '

 

 L  &  '

    +

 IGC  (

    

           

  IGC  

   

      +

 " $=  "& ID4   +

      

             +

 " $=  $" (  "& ID4   

 L

      

        

 2 $& $=&6  6  2 $& $=&6,  ,

  

  +

(&"/ >/  0 "

 

  +

/  $/  &/ $ 7;

  

    +

 &$& /   $&/  ;$&/  $&"$&

" ="=

/ / 2!  / ! # /   $L

$ & '  /    + + +

   +

 9&&L && 7/  0 "/  9&(L&( 07?  9&L& (&"

2 /    + + +

   +

 "(L $ (;4

7/  0 "/  "( (&"

 /     /   

     +

0 "  0 "/ >/ (&"

  L   

        

 =,

L L 2 

    +

 9&/  "2/  ( (4 L$ (;4   

 

    +

 9&/  "2/  ( (4 L$ (;4   $=.



    +

 9&/  "2/  ( (4   (

  J+4++I

     !  /              + + + + + +

J+4+( J+4+(+

J+4+4+

 0$

  

=&7 0$ =&7  &

- 6    $7  $7 0$L 7L $=.L

$;  ;

:       !       O :     0$&

J+4+4+(

    + + + !      + + +       + +      + + +

A   

. 6 0$L 7L $=.L

. (;  ; J+4+4

.      + + +      + + +

:       !        /    O

0$ 

J+4+(+(

- .      + !      

       !     +

60

 

" 

  

 6  6  7  6 &"  (; $" (  6 0 & "  (; =&.(  (; $(&(   $" $ 7

e e e e e e e

  7  &"  $"   0 & "  =&.  $(&  $" $ 7=

 6 0$L 0 "L 7L $=.L

 (;  ;   (&" e  (&"

DF4

!    & 

 

                 + =   /          /             

   +                  !             +                       !      *               *    + 9           2+ )                       2                  + =        "($$+ + +O   *  $+ + +O



=       #& / ($&/     ( "$& &O

 & "=L "L +

&



=   L   1 

 $ (&K  & = (&K   (&K  > (&K

 = (&+ + +

&

/& 9&O 8& O

&

8&     O

8& + / 9& +  &/ 9&  /   + 8& +

 " $&"K  0& O  O      O   O    O      O   $7 K   $7 &  K   $7  &"O

& + & + & + & + & + & + & +  &(&L&+ &  &(&L&+  &" &(&L&+

&

  $7  K   $7 "K   $7 * K

  "+  "=+   +

&





DF@

&



=   L     

=   L       L   

 (&+ + + > (&+ + +

) & & 



=   L      

& 9&O 8&  O 8&     O

8& + / 9& +  &/ 9&  /   + 8& +

&

& & &



2    

# $+



;  

" &BL "$&(&& 'B



9     

7& $7! 9& #2/  9& 2+



  

 $ =B



  

# $B

(

=    

  6 0$& ,   K    5              

(

=    

        L  L *        

 .= 6  $&"+  0> 6  .=K  0> 6 ""K 6 ""  & +  0> 6 ("K

(" 6  (6 +   6 *7K )7 6  #& +

&

(

=    

     L   

/& &6 K /& &6  K /& 6 K /& 6 0&K

< $(2 " + < $  + 6 ,   & &"+ < 0& ("+

&

(

=    

      

 &6 6K  6 6K  &6 6 K

< 6  (" + < 6   + < 6 +

&

(

=    

  (  &6 , K       L (  &6 ,  K    (  6 , K

< ,   + < ,   + 6 ,   +  = ,   . "&+

&

(

2      %6  27/  + + +O    

/ ;+  &/  ;+

&

4

=    

      L   L 

   * +0(+    *  ,0(+

&

%6 ,0 27+ + +O 6 ,&& + + +O

/ 0$&+ L  &/  0$&+ 6 ,   + + + + + + 6 7 + + + 6  0 " + + +  + + +60

& & &

DFC

&       

< L    "&&7+

4

=    

       

< $ $7 $  = (&" L  0 "+

&

4

=        < > $ &7  ( 0$+ $ &7K

&

@

=    

       

 $7 L   L  &" 0$( 0$7  .=O

 .= 0$7   0$+

&

@

=    

       

0 ( &6 $&   $  = (&"O

&( 0& =  0& 0 "  0 "+

&

@

9      

& &+ + +O & &=+ + +O

 9&+  &"$+

&

) & & 

#   &6 "  &  *(K #   6 6 0 "  ( K

< "  &  *( $

"(+ #  "(+

&

 (+ + +

&

C

  L 

        

C

,      

C

 5            

   

  &6 ,0 27 $&&7+ + +O < ,0( $&&7+ + +

&

C

:      

  

"7B  "7B

&

C

       L   &'   

/    &$=K /   & " $( &$=K /  (  &$= O

&  &$=' & "&("+ & & " $( &$=' $&"  !$$+ )(&+

&

C

       L   & '   

/  $= 2 "&K  $= (6+ /  &6 & " $$=K < & " $$= & "&("+ /  6 ( $7  < ( $= *(&+

&$& K

&

C

      

  6 "&K   6 / ,K   $& 2 $ $&" K

< "&   "+  6 $&  + "0+

&

C

          

(  &6 ,  0 "  0 "K (      &K (      $" $ 7 K

 & &"+

&

 !$$;+  $&+

D

=    

       L 

' & = $&7 $"7K

/ $&7+  &/  &(+

&

D

      1  &'    @   

   "&K    $& K

3 "& (0&  +  $&   " ""$&+  "& &   +  "& & (0&  +

&

      1  & '    

  " $7K

 " $7   " +  " $=  $ +

&

D

  "& &K    "& &O

  " $=K

DFF

&       

D

      1  &'    @



    &$& K

 &$&    $ +     $&"$&K  $&"$&   

"  +  >&  $ +   L  >&K  (&  "  +   (&K

&

D

      1  & '        

/   & " $(;&$=K

 & " $(;&$= & &"+ 3 & " $( &$= (6+  (  &$= "$ +

&

      1  &'    

   2>  2(K   $&&(&  $&(  $ 26K   *(7& &  $&(  K   (0$=K   $&&(&  (0$7K   *(7& &  (0$=K

 2>  2(  F  &+   .$+

&

D

/   & " $( &$=K /   (  &$=K

#7  &  (0$=K D

     6  &6K  1  &  '       6 ( K

   $7    K    $7 2 " & K D

DFG

 5       2     L  

%6 ,0 27 "&7  "&6K

 *0 $+  (0$=  '+  (0$7  & 0 $&&(& +  (0$=  $&"0 $ *(7& & +  (0$= (L4L@  + + + CLDLF+ + +  &+ / =  &+ '  = $&7  + ;  ( (& + <  $=   J  &  + / = ( + '  = $&7 (+   ( (& + < 62 (   J  &  + J  &  +

&

(J  &  + / ,0(+  &/  ,0(+ <  ,0( "&7  "&6+ < ,0( &  +

&

) & & 

 (  +  ((  +  (C  &+

&

F

2      5     

#7 &   &K #7   &K

F

2      5         

%  "&$= 9&& / "&$=+ "K %  "&$= 9&  K %  "=&$= 9& K / "=&$=+

&

F

2   

 L &  (  & 6, ( $$&7 ( L  (6 " *"6 (6 $ .$&6  L  L  (  

&

F

=    2  

/& 0& I+ + +JO 5=$& / ($&/+ + +

&

F

:     

F

2      

F

2    

 $&6   $2

&

F

2      L   

"7  "7

&

F

:        >  $&  

$& (+

/    O

&

F

2    

 $ ;/+ + +

I

=    

     

 $  = 0$K J ="=+  0$ 6 0 " K I ="=+  0$ ( &  ="=+ &" O

I

=    

            

  7 &6 , 27  $$ K   ( &  .=  $&"O

 "6,/ &( 0&+ + +/ &"6,/ &( 0&+ + +  + + +/ "( + + +/ &" &7+ + +/ 0 &>"&6 + + +  (   (  ;

 $" (+

&

&

& &

&

 =&.(+

DFI

&       

I

 ; +

   $=.  (& 9 6O    9&  ( $, K

I

=    

         

  ( " %$&K  IJ  (+    ( 6  II(  (+ $&(   ( "$& &K

&

I

=    

             

  0$7  K   6    "K

  I@C  +  ($& IIJ  +

&

I

=    

   L        

  ( & = 7 " =O  0$ "  & "&O   0;&$=  $  (6O

F $ &="=+

&

=    

   L   /          

  " $= (2K

D ;= FII  +

  "6 0    &   $$K   6 (&0  $ O

(  " = ID  + I ($& II  +

2              

 "=; &$' $ 6   L  ! $& L $ > " = L $ $ >B

; &' $0$&7= L  "7= L ($ ,B

&

%6 ,0 27 & $   L + + +O

/ $ ( 7$& +  &+  $ ;/  (+

&

 %     1  

 ,"& "(  L + + + 0  +

&

 2       

"0 H 0  / &"6  0& 76,+

&

I

I

J 9          

       

  "  +

(@ "=+ C "&+

(       1  

/& $ &K /& ( & = &K /& ( & = $ K

&

&

( %     1 &  0&  &O &       &O /&  >O

DGJ

&

=    

          

'  = " + '  = & (+ '  = $ +

&

) & & 

4 : /       K     

+ ($&+ /  0+ (02   + 0 7 7/ + + +  &/  7=+

&

@ 2         

< ( ( $&" &7 &  "+ < $";$7 $&" &&7$= $ "(+ < ( ( & 6,&7+ <  ( +

&

< $";$7  & ($+ < $";$7  ,&7  & ($+

&

  +

&

B L & +   >+  $ ;/  (! = 0 7 =&+ < 6 $ ( 7$& /     "&&7+ +"2+ && '+

&

 & "=+    ,&7 + + +  "&  "+

&

/& 6 ( & &7  0 "K /& 6 $" & $7

&7 &&" 'O /& &6 ( 27 &7/   $ 27 96K

@ 2      (  6 $" & $7K      @ 2           

  6 $" & $7  ,&7  $(K

@ :      H && '  >  &"  6$&(+ H && ' $&"  0 " 6 *7+

H && ' $&" &$= ( & &" " 0 $ &=+ C =        & L  ,&7   

+ + +O

F :5  

 "6,+ + +  &"6,+ + + &" &7,+ + + #   $&"6+ + +/ $ "( $&"6+ + +  + + +/ "( + + +/ &" &7+ + + &$0&;&/ 0&+ + +'  &"6 $0&;&/ 0&+ + +/  "( (;&/ 0&+ + +

&

F 2   

& $7' ( $&7/ 0&+ + + ( & &&7/ 0&+ + + < ,0( L ,&  6 $&7 $ (;4 !+ + +

&

F 2       

 (+ + +   (  ;+ + + < $0&;/ 0&+ + +   &$=/ 0&+ + + < ,0( &,&  6' $&7/ 0&+ + +

&

DG

&       

F  5      1   

 & (+ + +O  2 (+ + +O  &6 ( 27+ + +O  6 ( & + + +O

&

F =   2    L   

6 $$6K 6 $$6 $ 9&K 6 $$6 $ O

&

F =     

/ "7+ 6 "6+ (/ 6 "6+  (/ 6 "6+ < $$  L $$ $  L $ 9&+

&

F %     

 &/  "7+ 6  "6+ /  &+ /& 6B $  "&!+ + + <  $$  L  $$ $  L $ 9&+

&

F ,      

 (  $&7 &0+ + + %"(  $&7+ + + 8& L $> $& &+ + + < 4>  " 2/ 0&+ + + L + + + L + + +

&

F    

 ;0   $&7/ 0&+ + + &/ 6   & "7/ 0&+ + +  &$ ' $ 62 $ ( &/ 0&+ + +

&

G =     L "& "0 B 2   L &"& / ($&/ 0& 6 $+   * ( 7& "6/ &"& 4> "+

&

"$&& L & ($&/ =  "$$62& '/ 0& 6 $+ 5=$& / ($&/ 4> "/ 6  =+

DG(

G        " & / ($&/ 7   &+  

&

G         

 ("&  $7B (  "&  9&+  07/ 0+ &/  2(& /   2& &.( "&&7B

&

G = 

 & (02  &$+ =& 7 $&" 9&& *7+

&

) & & 

G 9  

", & B # & $7B ! & $7B ( 7&   B

&

G 5 /    

 "( " + $&"&  " L + " &  =&(; &*"(+   & (&(B " $& / ($&/ $0>&+

&

G ;     

 & " ($+  2& $0  + & &7&   "$6+

&

DG4

Outline of the course

Unit

Functions

General notions

Topics

0

Language awareness

Reading and writing the Cyrillic script. Articulating sounds in isolate word forms. Articulating stress patterns within words. Reading and writing the Cyrillic script. Articulating sounds in connected speech. Recognising international loanwords.

Words, phrases, clauses and sentences. The noun. Derivational morphology. In¯ectional morphology ± gender.

Location. Russian names. Past reference. Everyday and Theme/topic. leisure activities. Temporal reference. Occupations. Numerals 1±12. School subjects. Geography.

Conducting a classroom poll. Scanning to locate speci®c words. Grouping words in semantic ®elds.

Personal pronouns: person and gender. The noun: case. The nominative case.

Accusative case (direct object). Motion. Numerals 10±29. Reference to time.

Illustrating a narrative. The noun ± animate Scanning a text. and inanimate Decoding strategies: reference. recognising semantic The noun: countable/ and syntactic non-countable/ relations; using collective nouns. contextual clues to The accusative case. deduce the meaning Word order: of unknown words; statements. recognising Word order: de®nite/ international loaninde®nite reference. words. Naming and greeting. Constructing a summary using guiding questions.

1

Greeting and Location. Negation. leave-taking. Identifying people Gender. and objects. Locating people and objects. Giving directions.

2

Locating people and objects. Talking about the past. Expressing and enquiring about knowledge of information.

3

Talking about likes and dislikes. Asking and telling about desire/want/ wish. Introducing oneself and others and responding.

xii

Skills

Russian names. Professions/ occupations. Places in a town. Technology.

Russian names. Famous people. Work and leisure. Places in a town. Classroom activities.

Outline of the course Unit

Functions

General notions

Topics

Skills

Language awareness

4

Asking and telling when something happened. Asking and telling why something happened. Structuring extended discourse (narrative). Identifying people precisely.

Plural of nouns and adjectives. Numerals and nouns. Aspects.

Work and leisure. Daily routine. Biographiesin brief.

Recoding monologue into dialogue. Scanning a text. Classifying hyponyms. Recognising root morphemes.

The noun: number. Prepositions. Word order in questions.

5

Expressing your opinion. Enquiring about and expressing a wish/desire. Stating whether somethingis correct or not. Talking about interests/ occupations/ professions.

Instrumental case (complement of copula). Instrumental case with prepositions. Verbs of motion ([jlbnm, blnb, gjqnb).

Professions and occupations. Education, study, training. Interests and hobbies. Biographies. Geography.

Retelling/summarising. Expanding information contained in tabular form into a continuous text. Expressing information from continuous text in tabular form.

Verbs. Aspects. Direct object and complement.

6

Asking and telling about possession. Talking about people's lives and families. Enquiring about and expressing a wish/desire.

Genitive case. Present reference (1st conjugation verbs).

Family relations. Biographies. Education and schooling.

Matching nouns and appropriate nominal modi®ers.

The verb. Aspects in narrative. Nominal attributes.

7

Asking for an explanation. Structuring discourse. Expressing an opinion. Expressing emotions. Expressing agreement/ disagreement. Suggesting a course of action. Expressing regret.

Education, work Dative case. and leisure. Impersonal Weather. expressions. Present reference (2nd conjugation verbs). Numerals 10±100.

Recoding information Direct and indirect in continuous text to objects. complete a form. Responding to a letter. Identifying and replicating syntactic patterns. Using guiding questions to structure continuous discourse. Matching nouns and appropriate adjectives.

xiii

Outline of the course Unit

Functions

General notions

Topics

Skills

Language awareness

8

De®ning words.

Indirect speech. Case system (revision). Present reference (revision). Prepositions and nouns (revision). Interrogatives (revision).

Professions and occupations. Biographies. Education.

Paraphrasing: matching words and de®nitions; de®ning words. Parsing. Identifying root morphemes, pre®xes and suf®xes. Using Russianlanguage source materials.

Interrogative pronouns.

Holidays and specials occasions. History. Biographies. School subjects.

Distinguishingthe main idea from supporting details. Transcoding information from tabular form into continuous discourse.

Adverbs and adverbials. Word order and adverbials.

Conjunctions. Prepositions and conjunctions.

9

Time expressions: Enquiring and dates. telling when Ordinal numerals. something happened. Expressing greetings and good wishes on special occasions.

10

Enquiring and telling when something happened. Inviting. Accepting and declining invitations.

Time expressions: telling the time. Temporal relations (revision).

Daily routine. Television viewing. Leisure. Biographies.

Using the answers to a survey to identify questions posed. Identifying the plan of a text. Compounding words from derivational morphemes.

11

Describing a person's character. Explaining what people do.

Plural reference (nominative case): regular and irregular. Adjectives. Adverbs. Voice. Relative clauses.

Character. Professions. Student life. Biographies.

Nominal modi®ers: Deriving adjectives adjectives, from nouns. determiners, relative Understanding pronouns. relations between parts of a text through the lexical cohesion devices of synonymy and hyponymy. Recoding information from and into tabular or graphic form. Planning and organising information in expository language by describing a state and changes of state. Identifying key words in a text. Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details.

xiv

Outline of the course Unit

Functions

General notions

Topics

Skills

12

Describing a person's appearance. Talking about one's health.

The prepositional case (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns). Irregular locatives in -y.

Parts of the body. Health. Clothes. Colours. Student life.

Nominal modi®ers: Identifying and prepositional describing verbal phrases. governance. Composing a narrative based on a visual stimulus. Selective extraction of relevant points from a text, involving the charting of information.

13

Seeking, granting and withholding permission.

The instrumental Festivals. Theatre. case (of nouns, Cinema. adjectives and pronouns). Modals. Quanti®ers. Adverbials of means and manner. Verbs of motion. Transitive and intransitive verbs.

14

Expressing what you intend todo. Expressing where you intend togo. Expressing when you intend to do something. Suggesting a course of action.

Future reference. Aspects and the future tense. `If ' clauses.

Residential language courses. Travel and tourism. Moscow. Museums.

15

Asking for and giving directions.

Pre®xed verbs of motion. Adverbials of purpose.

Travel, transport, tourism. Russians abroad.

Scanning to locate speci®cally required information on a number of points. Report writing.

The dative case (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns). The comparative and superlative degreeof adjectives. The declension of surnames.

Workand holidays. Traveland tourism. Holidays.

Analysing the structures of extended discourse: understanding relations between parts of a text through grammatical cohesion devices (comparison and logical connectors).

16

Language awareness

Enquiring about an Voice. unseen document and reconstructing it on the basis of information obtained.

Verbs: auxiliaries.

Verbal pre®xation.

xv

Outline of the course Unit

Functions

General notions

Topics

Skills

17

Structuring extended discourse. Expressing your opinion. Enquiring about someone's opinion. Agreeing/ disagreeing. Epressing uncertainty.

The genitive case (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns). Quantitative notions.

The family. Men and women. Gender roles. Student life.

Identifying discourse markers in expository prose. Structuring extended prose. Deciphering riddles.

18

19

20

xvi

Asking for Adverbials of place House and home. repetition/ (revision). Housework. explanation/ The imperative clari®cation. mood. Fsking someone to do, or not to do, something. Advising. Inviting. Requesting, ordering. Giving instructions. Expressing wishes and requests.

The conditional and subjunctive moods. Indirect speech. Short adjectives.

People: desires, wishes, aspirations, dreams. Student life.

`To be able'. Inde®nite pronouns. Negative adverbs and pronouns. Lheu lheuf.

Social gatherings.

Extracting salient points to summarise the underlying idea of a paragraph.

Understanding word formation (roots, af®xation, derivation, compounding).

Language awareness

Aspects and functions.

Key to symbols used in the course

p

Grammar note

Reading material

Writing exercise

Drawing exercise

on

Conversation

Group work

' V

Pair work

Vocabulary development

Game

Song

Cultural awareness

-

Homework

Listening comprehension xvii

0     

9              /                 +      2       2      1             2                                + )    

        H               )     + )     2    7 / 8  / ;  / :         

                             2           + :                2               +                         

  

                  

     

 + 9   

            +          ! B"!     

       

    & '?        *                        + 8 2 !     K    K    K  K 

K       

K                K    $  

=       2 /         /       +    

  "   + :           &    '+    

     + 1"!                 /  /    + : 2 2                                    + 1 !         2 + :                                &++               '         L  2       &++   !    */     '+ 3 "!                 2      + =           2   

        L        + CD4

&       

1/ +

9     2!  /  /       

++

)  =        2 + 9     /  / >/  / + ) 



          + =                  2             + 9      *  

+

++(

A  =                *              ! -7  . -    9. -     . -   . -  :  8  .+ -3  . -  . -   . -     .+

++4

  =         /         /        *   + Z-9. -. - .U Z-. - . -  .U

++@

:   =           &      '+            !  &' 

             >        >   0 / /  /  1 &J+'       

       ?  &'             &,   '                 +     

      + L9   L 9      

  $

L  +L 9      

L9   L &" A

 A A 

   

  b   8 

   

   & &"

       

  &'         

  2 &'+  > 

Q  P + 9  + 9     + 9        +

9 :        !   > &      '      +  > 

P  +        +    P + 6       +

9 8     ;        !   >  & L '/     >  & / 1L '/     & L'+  > 9   P +    > P 1 +  9       + P  

     +  >   P +    > P   +  9         + (+(

;  L "     &('!      7   2   >          

   + 9   / 8     :          2                +   !     + 71     +       

+

     + 7    1+  

     +

P      + P Y      + P        >

P      + P Y       + P     >    +

P 

      + P       + P     >   +

P 

     + P      Y  + P        > +

9 ;  /  &  7 '       2             +           "   +              !   7        2 + &                     +'          CFJ

          

         

  

$& $& $& $&( $& $&

'' 

9 ;       +      

  +

9  

               ! B     "+ 4+(+@

2 !   3         

     /      * K     K       K   /      

 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

4+4

K   /      K      

9  P      +  :    8    P  + )     >       1 +              + 9      + Q            + %    2               ! P    

        + . =          >           + . :               &T   L       

     / 8     ;  '+

    L   "          + 2$& $&   + 7    

b    + % 7    S    +           +

            $&$=+ 7   1 

b+ % S    +     L     +

    L   " 9      + <  =+ P     +

     9   + < + P  + CF4

&       

9 c   =  + `     +

9    + `+

:        5      >+ 9   + 4+4+

9    +

2 !     3      "                    !                 ! $        "  + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+

4+@

9    +

)   *       +             * + =           + 9         +               + Q 1         O                   +       

+      

       + 6      *      1 + )     

    2  O )  < Q  

   "O 6           +

)    !     =

    

      !                K                       + 9                    5      + )    O      +

0 /  A + C       +

            /        2    !             +                               + 9            "        + )    O

9   8

09 A 1       5   5 + 9              >       /               +        *   +                 ?  >           + 9            >+ 9 /      ! ; F   !     N 

! ; F       + CF@

'' 

          2          >  ! 0       +1                     & (+('+ 4+@+

)             & ' .      >      )     1              !  ,  > ++/    

 ,  ++/    /&  O  "&+ 

 )     1               !  ,  ++/   

 ,  > ++/      & "2>K "2> + 

 .      >      )     1        $   >       !  ,  > ++      ,  $    > /&  K  0& (+ )     1         >          !  ,  > $ 

 ,  > /& 0& O  0& (+ )     1                $  >!  ,  > $ 

 ,  > &  $ 9&( (K 8&( (  $   %$&+

4+@+(

%*     *     9               &/ /  ' & %    +('                /            &! *    '                   *   &/  !  *    '+        

  *    /                    2! 0      +1 9               

 +  /             /    *    ! 03        +1  0        +1 9         +  * L *       2       !   $& +  $& +

      + 3        +         + CFC

&       

4+@

4+C

4+C+

2 !     0 +  #    #          1 &' & " ,K & ' /&  "&K

" , "&+

& ' & & 6,K & ' /&  & .K

& . & 6,+

&' & "  &  *(K & ' /&  &7K

" &7+

& ' /&  &K & ' & "K

& "+

& ' & "&K & ' /&  $ K

$ "&+

:  !        9   !                 2               + %                            / 5       + 9                         2                        +                      + 9              + 2  :    

             #      8    

O

 /  O

 *              &< / < /     /   

     + 8 2 ! /&  K  0> " $&( &6K   " $=      /          + 8 2 ! /&   0 " K (  &6 ,   0 "K  6 6  &K  6  K /& &6 0&  &  K

@+4+4

2  6            / " # ?   2 - "  0        

   

 * Q   >        >     /    +         0 1   

            0 1+ 8 2 !     L L L  L +     

L  +    +   LL L +

C++4

2 !   /                 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

C+( CG(

91

     

+ Q       + 6       + )              "+ Q     : 

   /    + % 1       + Q         + :  >    + )    O

%        /     + :   + :        +      + 9  1  / 91  + /  B 9       + Q     + 9       +

= !        9                      ! 

'' 

                          +  

      

      ! C+(+

        

           

     &'+            5     & '+ &' 6 0& 9&( (K   9&  O & ' 6  & &7  9&( (K

/ = 0& >+ / = 0& >+ / = "0& >+

U ' % 5     5              + & '  5                

    K    *   +  5            1             +      

    

  2 ! &' ' $&( & 6 &"7= "& O /&  $&( &6  =&O &  '/  $ &"7(; "&(+ & ' #&( &6 0 $&7 &"7(; "&(K #&( &6 $ $7O &  '/   $ &"7(;+ C+(+(

2  !                

  +    ! /&  &("$&6    O - . ("$&6 (& ,&7 72 O - . ' 9& "( 6 &("$& 6 9$("$=  " (O - . ("$&6 $&" " O - . $ ! + & +'  $&" " + (+ & +'  $&"  " + 0 +          

    1 6    *  ! )     O - . 9     O - . 9    O - .  ! + %6 &  K (+ %6 "&  K

CG4

&       

C+(+4

                           &'+             L   & '+ &' 6 $&"  *7 IXJK & ' 6 $&"  *7 IXJK

/ $&" +  &/  $&" + / $&" +  &/  $&" +

& '      5              * + & '                   *           

 L + &' & (   &6O ( =   & &7 7K & ' 6 (    &6  I    "JK & '                     +               $     & !      '+ & '                 K           +          >    K    & !  '+ C+(+@

2  !  

                  + (+ 4+ @+ C+

C+(+C

< ; 9&& *7! = ( &$&"  H $&" ' + <  &$&"  H $&" ' 9&& *7/ ,&=  $"$=+ 8& 0 7 ,"2 ! =  &  H 6 '   6+ 7 &  H 6 '  "$&  6 7+  &  H 6 '  "$&/  ( $&  0 +

            /                      /         &'+         *           & '+ &'  &"6  ,  &"6  $  "6  ,  "6& & '  &"6  ,  &"6&

C+(+D

2  3       + < 0& 9&( (/  (  = > $ 0$  &! = &" L=' > ( "(+ (+ "0 $/ 0& &  (  &7+ 0 ( &6 & (  O 0 ( &6 &$&L$&'O 4+ 0 ( &6 & L ' 6 $&;O ! $  = " K @+ 0&7 & "$L ">$'  $7+  $  6+ C+ ! > & "$6 $=L "$($='/  $ 0$   =&7 $ &+

CG@

'' 

C+4

:   !    >      :   

      ! + (+ 4+ @+

9     + 9     + 9    + 9    +

9    + 9   + 9    + 9       +

9      2  &'    0  1             + . 9  *     0  1           9 + 9       0  1           9 + . 9  *     9        >      >+ 9           >     +                >/       5      >+ &=            >! 9   + , 9  L +' . 9  *             *       9     + 9                    9        + . 9      >  2     + 9       2           +                  >      + 9              >+ 9             >           !     >       + 8 2 ! 9   

 %3

  + 

9 8     ;       

      ! P  Y  M    + P   M    9 + 3/   8     :  /  2         ! 9  Y  5 M     + P   5     + C+4+

2  !  

           :      "  2- + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+

         +             * + 3        + 7       

      + )       + 9      + : 

          + 9        + CGC

&       

I+ J+ + (+

=           +              + :            +           +

!  

         "  /#    :      "  2-         + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+

 $& (0& 7. + '  = &7 6  $ $&"+ $ 6 $&   $$ ( "$& &+  "& & "+  "& $0& &$= &.  .6+   "($= $ *"& *. "+  I4@  (   $& $&.  '##!+  6" $ " &"> & &+  $=  $$  " >+ > 6 "$. +

1/ 5 D+

D++

/  0  1  /                /          >+ 9    >     0 1  + A  &/ ( / 4 ' =

           + .           &   '            ! ++/ 9 &   '/  &   '+ .  (                   ! ++/ + 9  / 8  / ;    :    (            

       !   

 

CGD



6  H+ :

 

&6   

6  H+ :

6    

'' 

.  4            &      L  '    + D++(

     N     /      / ++/   /      /       ! P ! 09      +1 P ! 09       +1 P ! 06 

       

+1 P ! 0P        Y+1 P ! 0P   Y   +1 P ! 0N            +1 P ! 09    S   +1 P ! 09      +1 P ! 0#       ; +1 P ! 0       +1 P ! 0  5`    +1 P ! 0 &93'     5 !       O       O (   (O

=E:)!   + =E:)! (2 +

     >       2 L            

 

     >! 9        + 9     + :  P   +

9         + 9       + :     P+

)       >  2      /           >+      >        

      ?             *     +      >                     + 8 2 ! Q     +

Q   +

9   /     >      5      >     

            >     + 9 8     :         >           ! P      Y P L 7      P + =       >   5     ! P      + L 7    + 9    ;      >  2           /        >  2           +         

                *     ?         

           + CI

&       

  $ 3   $

$7 +

&.(+ +

&.( +

$7+ +

)                 &  ! >      K   K >      '?             /          2          1   +           :

N

%3

93

9       >            + )          >               /                    + 8 2 ! $&7 "(( &7 $ $&" & 0&7  "( F++4

$7 "(( 47 $ $&" & &  "(

2  !         "    

    * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+

Q  P  

 + Q       + :    +  + 6   1        + 6      +

/      

      &'   > & $   ' & '    > & !    !  L  ' 0&&7 "$$6&7 $6&7 ( &7 5=$=&7

"&7 $ &&7

&7

 

L      2    

$(2&7  4&7 &7 ;&7 &7 &7 $&7

 

 L  

L      

:        0             

          :                      CI(

'' 

1/ 7 G+

:   !  

          

         5 + 8 2 ! 5        O =       & +@'/    /                +         !  >  

     / 

 .    /   

9 8  /              + /                 

                   !     



  >    >    

5 5 5

9 :                  !     



 



gV O gVO

9 ;               +     

 > 



 

Q /        

      +                     &/  / +' 9  /                        +    

      +          

  

   &   (   &' 

 .   0& 0& 0  0 ( 0  &' 0>

N      

   /  /                !       &   

   '+   

     

        ! E     O   

     

          ! '    O CI4

&       

G+(

2  $               @      

         + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+

&/& ' &&  ' &&  ' # $ &0&  ' &/& ' && ' &/&     ' # $ &&     '  $ &0&     '  $ &0&    '  $ &&    ' " $ &0&    

++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

+ &7O + &O + $  =  &O + 0&7O + 6 & " 6O + &6  O + (  07O + $ &&7$=O +  $ 0$ "& &K + &6 ( 27O + 6 "O + &(& =O

1/ 8 I+

I++

=       =          & '/   &   '    &   '+      !  %Q Q          1 +  " & $7 $&( &6+ 4+ $  0$7  .=+  " & $&( &6 $7+  .= 0$7 $ + #&( &6 $7  " & + (+  ($& " &   "($7+  ($&  "($7 " & + ! &   "($7  ($& +

@+    0 "  "&+    0 " "& + "&     0 "+

8   

  + *  &6 ">  &K  &6 (027$=K  , &$= * " "($$ =6 K & "  >& "($$ =6  9& ( "$& & K   0$7 9& =& K /& &6  0 "  0 "K 8 +      

        * '"  2 0;&$=  I+JJ+ "* $$" & &   "$6  .  .+   . $( "* $$"+ #&( &6   4 &+ #&( &6 $  9 6  =" +  . = " ,  "&+ $ =&= =  * + =&7  &  = "&  2 +  " " &+

1/ 4 J+

:   !  >        >     2                /     +

J+(

     >  !  / /  /  /        >   >   L  L      5

        + P  

CIG

  $

   >         ! 8"     +   >           ! 8"  /      + N  @/  + J+4

:      >  ! /  /  /  / /  / + =       >                     + #      + + + )     + + + )       + + + H  9   + + + 9     + + +       + + + 9                 2   /   /      + #     /    + )    /    

  :  8  + )      / 9      

+ H  9   /         + 9    / 1

   + 9        + E      01   !    &'      + 9   &'     +

J+@

A       >   K 2        9                         >  !  /  / /  / +         ;    :  /           8     + 9     /   /                  + $   L  =   = Y  >  E  & +

: "   L   =     / = Y      /

      +   

   + CII

&       

E        / %      ` $ &  6  $& &>&;/

      +    + 6 2  +

$   L  :       %       

 :    %      

 # 0 6

      / / >  / / / ? / / /  4+    / / 

/ / ?  /  /   / / ?  /  /   / / / ?  /  /  /   9      /       &'         + 9   / 8     :    &'       ! 0    1/ 0     1   0   `1+ 9 8     :  /           &'      &' + 8 2 !      + 7      

+

     + 7      +

9               !  &'   (+   >  /  /  /  ?  /  /  /  ? #/ #/ #/ #? #/ #/ #/ #?  /              +

DJ4

&       

+@

A         > 9            4            4     >+        /       *2  

            ! (      + 8      + '        + Q /  >                 *2! O   +         +

+@

2  !           #  = ( + + + 7 " =+ & L ' ' + + + "& 7 " =  " + & L ' # $&" $/ 0& ( + + +  "( " + & >L >'  "&" ( + + + $   6 &,+ & >L >' #&( & $/ 0&  $" ( ( + + + ( & 9 + &,L,' ' $&( &  ( + + + " &   6 ,"2 $&"  + &,L,'

+C

                  ! &'       /           & 

      '     + &'               >   ! ++/  5 *        + )     0P   2   + P     

1      0P 1           01  >       + 8 2 ! P /    2   /     

+ P   2         

+ 0P 1             01         + 9   /                   &L'        +     L              +             !   >  /   L              5 +                               + E     +  > 

       

 .     /  /   / / 

 !

9    

  2  + & >'        + & '

9     DJ@

'' 

9     9       !

           

    

          + & '   2  + & > -   .' L   hJJ+ & >'   9    + & '    +      + & '      + &  -   .'

9 8  /             2+          L      /             + 3   /                  +  >  >   

   5 5   5

 .   5 5  

5 / 5

/ 5 / 5



9 :                        + Q /                  9  9      + 9  / 7   ;                                /                           +

1/  (+

E  * !      :                 !

(+(

 $        &'         >  L        >! &7  2 "$& $&  4  $(7 &("  "" "(2  " 

 

               

DJC

&       

       *

     >! 2 "$&= &7 ""= $(7 &("

" =6 "(2

 

          

&('    L    !   &  $&( &  ' (+4

 $               >    !  =  . "& = $"    7 = (,

(+@

      +

  6 $  "  L  $ $= " " 

3     #            !      

        DJI

&       

C+(+

2  /            &' A *2! / / " +  + + +0& 9& 5=    & + (+ < + + +0& $   2  &  + 4+  " $ =   + + +0&+ @+ # 0$ = 0(/  $&$7 + + +0&&7  $7 $&".+ &' A *2! " / "/ 6/ $ +  9& &  + + + ;&  &7 0&& = 9& "+ (+  + + +  " & 0 "  $ $&"(+ 4+  + + + >& .( $ "7> 6"  + @+   + + + &7 ($&6 (&6  + &' A *2! (/ 6/ $ +   $7 7  + + +" $; "&"(+ (+ 6 + + + " & $7 $&&7 (0&  K 4+  + + + " & "+ @+ 6 + + + " & ( $0 =K

C+4

A *2 3       *2                      + /  2 /  *2 !    ! &'         !         & '                !         +

C+4

2  /            

     &N  ! &7/ 0&&7/ &7/ $ &7/ $ $&7/  &/ "&&7/ $&"&7/ (&7+' + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +

DJ

(  7= ( ,&7!    " + + + 9 + 6  & " + + +  " &  =  $(K #&( &   6 " + + + $ " &+ 8&& " = " + + + 0 "+ #& & /  = " + + +   (+ % "7    " + + +  "(   + 8&   " 2 " + + + = 7.6+ /&6 (02 $62&7/ = " + + + $ $=& "=   "6+  $=.   " + + +  (; "&(+  " + + +  9& ( "  /  >  2+ ' & = 0 " 6 "(    9&(  "$(/ &6 " + + +O

'' 

1/ 7 G+

=       =     / 5/  / /   /  /  /   / +

G+(

5/  / /                  !                  &  '   &'+              & ' &'              & ' &'+ & ' A  & ' 9    "0&& "$$+ 0 $&7 ( " =O % "7 0&& "$$+ &' %    $&" &7 9&& *7+ " &7$= $ &7+ &' # &(; $&" &7 9&& *7+ &/ & $7 $ &7B &' $&" 9&& *7+ %   ! ! 7& $7/ $= 7& + + +

Q  ! ", &  &(+ &' # & $7/ & 6,& + &'

9  5/  / +  /        + A  K 

8&( ( $&& ( &7+    (&+ < $ &(; ( &7 9&( (+ 6 6 &  + G+(

9   K   ("& +    ("&7+  7= ("&7+ 8&( (  $&& ( &7+  (, & B    (, &7B < $ &(;  ( &7 9&( (+ 6  &  , &7  +

2  3   

   #             

    

&7L &7? "&7L=&7? 6;0&7L6;0&7? ", &7L "&? "6&7L "6&7? 2( &7L 2( &7? ( &7L( &7?  &L &? "&&7L "&&7 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+

& $(2;& " /  9&  2 &  &7$=+ ' $  & "(0/  ( 2  "(  + ' $ 0$7 $" &6/  2 "(  >&  + 2 "(7= "2    $&+ 6 5=$= & "((/   ,&7   & . &" " + 6 ,&& ( &7  &  & &"+ /& 6 "&  $$ & &" K 2  2 "& 2(&/   6  & $7+ 2 $ $&"  ">& 2 + 2 "( ,0 & =&7 ( $ $"7+ D

&       

J+  & 0 7 , /   &"6&+ + 6 $62/ 0& 2 "( $" &$=  &  & 6,&7/  "&&7+ G+4

% /  /    H 6 ( & &" &7 $ $&" K H / = ,0( &$";$7/  / " 2/  " ' &7 + =         2 /     *         L  ,& &7/ $"&7$=/  / " 2&7/  " +

G+4+

2  8   

  +                      + (+ 4+ @+

%6 ( 27 $&" &7 &0  &  "(K 6 ( & &7 * K %6 ( 27 0&&7 9&& "K %6 ( 27 ( &7  9&  (  7&K )                ! 6 " 2 " $& & ($  ; + 6 " 2  " &7 & ($  ; +

8   

  +      *      ?       + + (+ 4+ @+

D(

/& 6 " 2O & $&&7$=L$&&7$=  $7 4>  &" ='  0> 6 "$7O &6&7L&7  &6  9&& *7' /& 6 ( & &7  &O & " &7L " 2&7  ;  0(' /& 6 $ & "&(O & "&7L "=&7  "$&'